CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 90th Edition

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CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 90th Edition CD-ROM Version 2010 Editor-in-Chief David R. Lide Former Director, Standard Reference Data National Institute of Standards and Technology Associate Editor W. M. “Mickey” Haynes Scientist Emeritus National Institute of Standards and Technology

Editorial Advisory Board

Grace Baysinger Swain Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Library Stanford University

Henry V. Kehiaian ITODYS University of Paris VII

Lev I. Berger California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science

Kozo Kuchitsu Department of Chemistry Josai University

Michael Frenkel National Institute of Standards and Technology

Dana L. Roth Millikan Library California Institute of Technology

Robert N. Goldberg National Institute of Standards and Technology, retired

Daniel Zwillinger Mathematics Department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Foreword by the Publisher Publishing the 90th edition of this landmark reference is a true milestone in the history of CRC Press. Since its first publication in 1913 – as a 116-page pocket-sized book priced at $2 – the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics has developed into a 2800 page tome that no longer fits anyone’s pocket but still finds a place on every scientist’s bookshelf. Certainly, the tremendous advances in science and technology over the past 96 years have fuelled the increase in the Handbook’s contents, but the immense task of data selection, compilation, and organization has been expertly performed by a succession of Editors, Advisory Board members, and Contributors. These people have played a significant role in shaping the Handbook that we see today, and it is to them that I wish to pay tribute in this Foreword. Covering such large subject areas, the Editors have always relied on a team of subject experts from around the world to contribute articles and tables. A cursory glance over the names credited through the years provides an interesting historical roll call of renowned chemists and physicists who have given their time and scientific expertise to the Handbook. These contributors include leaders such as Nobel Laureate Glenn T. Seaborg, space science pioneer James Van Allen, and C. S. “Speed” Marvel, considered the father of synthetic polymer chemistry. Originally conceived by the Ohio-based Chemical Rubber Company as an incentive to encourage sales of their laboratory supplies, the Handbook started life as a small booklet of useful mathematical formulae and laboratory data. By 1913, it had grown to 116 pages and was published in its own right as the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. The Editor was William R. Veazey, an Associate Professor of Chemistry at the (then) Case School of Applied Science. Who could have predicted that this pocket book was to become so well known that its users came to refer to it as the ‘Rubber Bible’ or, simply, the ‘CRC’? To paraphrase a review of the 88th edition –“if you can’t find a copy in your lab, that’s because someone in the next lab has stolen it.” Veazey’s successor was Charles D. Hodgman, his Assistant Editor for the first edition and an Associate Professor of Physics at Case. Hodgman went on to hold the position of Editor from 1915 to 1963, overseeing 42 editions of the Handbook. Under his

Editorship the Handbook grew to over 3000 pages and the coverage expanded to include x-ray crystallography, nuclear physics, synthetic polymers, and other fields that did not exist when his first edition appeared. Following Hodgman’s retirement Robert Weast took over the Editorship and published the 45th edition in 1964. Noticeably bigger with an 8” by 10” page size, the Handbook continued to expand in both scope and magnitude over the next few years. In 1972, The Chemical Rubber Company first published it under the CRC Press imprint, and in the late 1970’s sold off its laboratory supply business, moved to new headquarters in Florida, and began building its book publishing business. David R. Lide became the Handbook’s fourth Editor in 1989, and took the opportunity to radically overhaul the organization and content to reflect the needs of the modern user. He added, merged, and deleted tables, and during the period of his editorship, updated 100 percent of the content. Staying within the confines of a single volume has always meant difficult decisions on which tables to include – often at the expense of others –but with the advent of electronic media, the Handbook is now available electronically and space constraints are less of a problem. Modern production techniques and the move to a larger page size have given the current Handbook a cleaner and more user-friendly look. Publication of the 90th edition marks David Lide’s final edition as Editor-in-Chief, and the publisher wishes to take this opportunity to thank him for his tremendous expertise and enthusiasm that has helped make the Handbook so indispensable to today’s scientists. Starting with the 91st edition, the Handbook editorship transfers to W.M. “Mickey” Haynes, Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Thermophysics, Scientist Emeritus at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and former Chief of the NIST Physical and Chemical Properties Division. We look forward to a new era in the Handbook’s long and illustrious history. Fiona Macdonald Publisher, CRC Press Boca Raton, Florida March 2009

PREFACE TO 90th EDITION The 90th Edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics marks a milestone for this reference work, which first appeared in 1913. For almost a century the Handbook has been updated annually, except for a few wartime years, and has served several generations of R&D professionals, engineers, and students. Its aim has always been to provide broad coverage of all types of physical science data commonly encountered by scientists and engineers, with as much depth as can be accommodated in a one-volume format. The data contained in the Handbook have been carefully selected by experts in each field; quality control is a high priority and the sources are documented. The annual updates make it possible to add new and improved data in a timely fashion, and references to more detailed data sources have helped to establish the Handbook as the first place to look for physical and chemical data. This edition also marks the retirement of the current Editor-in-Chief after 20 years in that post. The reception to the changes I have made in the book is very gratifying, and I greatly appreciate the suggestions that have come from the Editorial Board, the contributors, and many users. The new Editor will be W. M. “Mickey” Haynes, who has had long experience in providing physical and chemical data through the National Institute of Standards and Technology and through his service as Editor of the International Journal of Thermophysics. I am confident that he will continue the tradition of excellence the Handbook has achieved. Many new tables and updates are included in the 90th Edition, especially in the following areas: Fluid properties (Sec. 6) - new data over a wider temperature and pressure range for - Water (including D2O) and steam - Air - Refrigerants and other important industrial fluids Biochemistry (Sec. 7) – new tables on - Enzyme catalyzed reactions - Structure and functions of common drugs - Chemical constituents of human blood Analytical chemistry (Sec. 8) – new and expanded tables on - Proton NMR shifts for solvents and other fluids - Mass spectral peaks - Nuclear moments and other data for NMR spectroscopy - Aqueous solubility of organic compounds Astronomy and geophysics (Sec. 14) – new data on - Properties of the planets and their satellites - Major world earthquakes, 850 AD to 2008 - Interstellar molecules Other new and expanded tables - International recommendations for the expression of uncertainty of measurements - Description of the new IUPAC chemical identifier (InChI) - Nobel prize winners in physics and chemistry - Threshold limits for airborne contaminants In addition to offering the full text of the print edition in searchable pdf format, this CDROM Version 2010 presents the major tables of numerical data in the form of interactive tables that can be sorted, filtered, and combined in various ways. Substances in these tables can be retrieved by

searching on name, formula, CAS Registry Number, or chemical structure, and such a search can be combined with a request for a desired property. Thus one can request a specific property of a specific substance (for example, viscosity of benzene) and receive a customized table with exactly that information. In addition, the CD-ROM version includes a section with pdf files of many older tables that have been removed from the print edition to make space for new material. Suggestions on new topics for the Handbook and notification of errors are always appreciated. Input from users plays a key role in keeping the book up to date. Address all comments to Editor-in-Chief, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487. The Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is dependent on the efforts of many contributors throughout the world. The list of current contributors follows this Preface. The assistance and support of Dr. Fiona Macdonald, Chemical and Biological Sciences Publisher for CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Books, is greatly appreciated. Finally, I want to thank Mimi Williams, Pam Morrell, Glen Butler, James Yanchak, and Theresa Delforn for their outstanding work in production of the book and the software team at Hampden Data Services for producing the CD-ROM version. David R. Lide April 2009 The 90th Edition of the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is dedicated to my wife, Bettijoyce Breen Lide, and to the members of my family David Alston Lide, Vanessa Lide Whitcomb and David Whitcomb, James Lide and Deborah Horowitz, Quentin Lide and Suzanne Romero, Neil and Lizzie Molino, and Van Molino and to my grandchildren David A. Lide, Jr., Mary Lide, Grace Lide, David A. Whitcomb, Kate Whitcomb, and Zoë Lide

How To Cite this Reference The recommended form of citation is: David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 90th Edition (CD-ROM Version 2010), CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL. If a specific table is cited, use the format: "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds", in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 90th Edition (CD-ROM Version 2010), David R. Lide, ed., CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL. This work contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Best efforts have been made to select and verify the data on the basis of sound scientific judgment, but the author and the publisher cannot accept responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. © Copyright Taylor and Francis Group LLC 2010

Current Contributors Robert A. Alberty Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Lev I. Berger California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science 2115 Flame Tree Way Hemet, California 92545 A. K. Covington Department of Chemistry University of Newcastle Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU England J. R. Fuhr Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 J. Gmehling Universität Oldenburg Fakultät V, Technische Chemie D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany Robert N. Goldberg Biotechnology Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Allan H. Harvey Thermophysical Properties Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305 Steven R. Heller Chemical and Biochemical Reference Data Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Norman E. Holden National Nuclear Data Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973 Henry V. Kehiaian 7, Allee de la Caravelle 94430 Chennevieres sur Marne France Carolyn A. Koh Center for Hydrate Research Colorado School of Mines 1600 Illinois St. Golden, Colorado 80401

Willem H. Koppenol Dept CHAB Lab. f. Anorg. Chemie, HCI H211 Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10 ETH Hönggerberg CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland

Cedric J. Powell Surface and Microanalysis Science Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

Eric W. Lemmon Thermophysical Properties Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305

Joseph Reader Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

Frank J. Lovas 8616 Melwood Rd. Bethesda, Maryland 20817

E. Dendy Sloan Center for Hydrate Research Colorado School of Mines 1600 Illinois St. Golden, Colorado 80401

Yu-Ran Luo School of Chemistry and Material Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026, China William C. Martin Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Alan D. McNaught 8 Cavendish Avenue Cambridge CB1 7US England Thomas M. Miller Air Force Research Laboratory/VSBP 29 Randolph Rd. Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010 N. Moazzen-Ahmadi Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada Peter J. Mohr Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 I. Ozier Department of Physics and Astronomy University of British Columbia 6224 Agricultural Road Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada

Lewis E. Snyder Astronomy Department University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 61801 Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Petr Vanýsek Department of Chemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb, Illinois 60115 Wolfgang L. Wiese Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Christian Wohlfarth Martin Luther University Institute of Physical Chemistry Mühlpforte 1 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany Daniel Zwillinger Mathematics Department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, New York 12180 Piotr Zyla Particle Data Group Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Berkeley, California 94720

CODATA RECOMMENDED VALUES OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS: 2006 Peter J. Mohr, Barry N. Taylor, and David B. Newell These tables give the 2006 self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry recommended by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) for international use. The 2006 adjustment takes into account the data considered in the 2002 adjustment as well as the data that became available between 31 December 2002, the closing date of that adjustment, and 31 December 2006, the closing date of the new adjustment. The new data has led to a significant reduction in the uncertainties of many recommended values. The 2006 set replaces the previously recommended 2002 CODATA set and may also be found on the World Wide Web at physics.nist.gov/constants. This report was prepared by the authors under the auspices of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants. The members of the task group are: F. Cabiati, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Italy K. Fujii, National Metrology Institute of Japan, Japan S. G. Karshenboim, D. I. Mendeleyev All-Russian Research Institute for Metrology, Russian Federation ¨ I. Lindgren, Chalmers University of Technology and Goteborg University, Sweden B. A. Mamyrin (deceased), A. F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Federation ¨ W. Martienssen, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Germany

P. J. Mohr, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America D. B. Newell, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America F. Nez, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, France B. W. Petley, National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom T. J. Quinn, Bureau international des poids et mesures B. N. Taylor, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America ¨ W. Woger, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany B. M. Wood, National Research Council, Canada Z. Zhang, National Institute of Metrology, China (People’s Republic of)

References 1. Mohr, P. J., Taylor, B. N., and Newell, D. B., “CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37, 1187, 2008; also appears in Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 633, 2008, and online at . 2. Yao, W. M., et al., J. Phys. G 33, 1, 2006.

TABLE I: An abbreviated list of the CODATA recommended values of the fundamental constants of physics and chemistry based on the 2006 adjustment. Quantity

Symbol

speed of light in vacuum magnetic constant

c, c0 μ0

electric constant 1/μ0 c2 Newtonian constant of gravitation

�0 G

Planck constant h/2π elementary charge magnetic flux quantum h/2e conductance quantum 2e2/ h

h h¯ e

electron mass proton mass proton-electron mass ratio fine-structure constant e2/4π�0h¯ c inverse fine-structure constant Rydberg constant α 2 me c/2h Avogadro constant

Numerical value

Unit

Relative std. uncert. ur

299 792 458 4π × 10−7 = 12.566 370 614... × 10−7 8.854 187 817... × 10−12 6.674 28(67) × 10−11

m s−1 N A−2 N A−2 F m−1 m3 kg−1 s−2

(exact)

6.626 068 96(33) × 10−34 1.054 571 628(53) × 10−34 1.602 176 487(40) × 10−19 2.067 833 667(52) × 10−15 7.748 091 7004(53) × 10−5

Js Js C Wb S

5.0 × 10−8 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 6.8 × 10−10

me mp mp /me α α −1

9.109 382 15(45) × 10−31 1.672 621 637(83) × 10−27 1836.152 672 47(80) 7.297 352 5376(50) × 10−3 137.035 999 679(94)

kg kg

R∞ NA , L

10 973 731.568 527(73) 6.022 141 79(30) × 1023

m−1 mol−1

5.0 × 10−8 5.0 × 10−8 4.3 × 10−10 6.8 × 10−10 6.8 × 10−10

F0

G0

(exact) (exact) 1.0 × 10−4

6.6 × 10−12 5.0 × 10−8

1-1

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-2

TABLE I: (Continued.) Quantity Faraday constant NA e molar gas constant Boltzmann constant R/NA Stefan-Boltzmann constant (π2 /60)k4/¯h3 c2 Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI electron volt: (e/C) J (unified) atomic mass unit 1 m( 12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/NA 1 u = mu = 12


Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

F R k σ

96 485.3399(24) 8.314 472(15) 1.380 6504(24) × 10−23 5.670 400(40) × 10−8

C mol−1 J mol−1 K−1 J K−1 W m−2 K−4

2.5 × 10−8 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 7.0 × 10−6

eV

1.602 176 487(40) × 10−19

J

2.5 × 10−8

u

1.660 538 782(83) × 10−27

kg

5.0 × 10−8

TABLE II: The CODATA recommended values of the fundamental constants of physics and chemistry based on the 2006 adjustment. Quantity

Symbol

speed of light in vacuum magnetic constant

c, c0 μ0

electric constant 1/μ0 c2 characteristic√impedance of vacuum μ0 /�0 = μ0 c

�0

Newtonian constant of gravitation

Numerical value UNIVERSAL 299 792 458 4π × 10−7 = 12.566 370 614... × 10−7 8.854 187 817... × 10−12


m s−1 N A−2 N A−2 F m−1

(exact) (exact) (exact)

Z0

376.730 313 461...

�

(exact)

G G/¯hc h

6.674 28(67) × 10−11 6.708 81(67) × 10−39 6.626 068 96(33) × 10−34 4.135 667 33(10) × 10−15 1.054 571 628(53) × 10−34 6.582 118 99(16) × 10−16 197.326 9631(49)

m3 kg−1 s−2 (GeV/c2 ) −2 Js eV s Js eV s MeV fm

1.0 × 10−4 1.0 × 10−4 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

2.176 44(11) × 10−8 1.220 892(61) × 1019 1.416 785(71) × 1032 1.616 252(81) × 10−35 5.391 24(27) × 10−44

kg GeV K m s

5.0 × 10−5 5.0 × 10−5 5.0 × 10−5 5.0 × 10−5 5.0 × 10−5

C A J−1

2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

Planck constant in eV s h/2π in eV s h¯ c in MeV fm

h¯

Planck mass (¯hc/G) 1/2 energy equivalent in GeV Planck temperature (¯hc5 /G) 1/2 /k Planck length h¯ /mP c = (¯hG/c3 ) 1/2 Planck time lP /c = (¯hG/c5 ) 1/2

mP mP c2 TP lP tP

elementary charge

Unit

ELECTROMAGNETIC e 1.602 176 487(40) × 10−19 e/ h 2.417 989 454(60) × 1014

magnetic flux quantum h/2e conductance quantum 2e2/ h inverse of conductance quantum Josephson constant1 2e/ h von Klitzing constant2 h/e2 = μ0 c/2α

F0

G0 G−1 0 KJ

2.067 833 667(52) × 10−15 7.748 091 7004(53) × 10−5 12 906.403 7787(88) 483 597.891(12) × 109

Wb S � Hz V−1

2.5 × 10−8 6.8 × 10−10 6.8 × 10−10 2.5 × 10−8

RK

25 812.807 557(18)

�

6.8 × 10−10

Bohr magneton e¯h/2me in eV T−1

μB

927.400 915(23) × 10−26 5.788 381 7555(79) × 10−5 13.996 246 04(35) × 109

J T−1 eV T−1 Hz T−1

2.5 × 10−8 1.4 × 10−9 2.5 × 10−8

μB / h 1 See 2 See

Table IV for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson effect. Table IV for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall effect.


1-3

TABLE II: (Continued). Quantity

nuclear magneton e¯h/2mp in eV T−1

Symbol

Numerical value

Rydberg constant α 2 me c/2h R∞ hc in eV Bohr radius α/4πR∞ = 4π�0h¯ 2/me e2 Hartree energy e2/4π�0 a0 = 2R∞ hc = α 2 me c2 in eV quantum of circulation

Fermi coupling constant3 weak mixing angle4 θW (on-shell scheme) 2 sin2 θW = sW ≡ 1 − (mW /mZ ) 2 electron mass in u, me = Ar (e) u (electron relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV

46.686 4515(12) 0.671 7131(12)

m−1 T−1 K T−1

2.5 × 10−8 1.7 × 10−6

μN

5.050 783 24(13) × 10−27 3.152 451 2326(45) × 10−8 7.622 593 84(19) 2.542 623 616(64) × 10−2 3.658 2637(64) × 10−4

J T−1 eV T−1 MHz T−1 m−1 T−1 K T−1

2.5 × 10−8 1.4 × 10−9 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 1.7 × 10−6

ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR General α 7.297 352 5376(50) × 10−3 −1 α 137.035 999 679(94) 10 973 731.568 527(73) 3.289 841 960 361(22) × 1015 2.179 871 97(11) × 10−18 13.605 691 93(34)

m−1 Hz J eV

6.6 × 10−12 6.6 × 10−12 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

a0

0.529 177 208 59(36) × 10−10

m

6.8 × 10−10

Eh

4.359 743 94(22) × 10−18 27.211 383 86(68) 3.636 947 5199(50) × 10−4 7.273 895 040(10) × 10−4

J eV m2 s−1 m2 s−1

5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 1.4 × 10−9 1.4 × 10−9

GeV−2

8.6 × 10−6

h/2me h/me

Electroweak GF /(¯hc) 3 1.166 37(1) × 10−5 sin2 θW me

0.222 55(56)

Electron, e− 9.109 382 15(45) × 10−31 5.485 799 0943(23) × 10−4 8.187 104 38(41) × 10−14 0.510 998 910(13)

electron-muon mass ratio electron-tau mass ratio electron-proton mass ratio electron-neutron mass ratio electron-deuteron mass ratio electron to alpha particle mass ratio

me /mμ me /mτ me /mp me /mn me /md me /mα

4.836 331 71(12) × 10−3 2.875 64(47) × 10−4 5.446 170 2177(24) × 10−4 5.438 673 4459(33) × 10−4 2.724 437 1093(12) × 10−4 1.370 933 555 70(58) × 10−4

electron charge to mass quotient electron molar mass NA me Compton wavelength h/me c λC /2π = αa0 = α 2/4πR∞ classical electron radius α 2 a0 Thomson cross section (8π/3)re2

−e/me M(e), Me λC λC re σe

−1.758 820 150(44) × 1011 5.485 799 0943(23) × 10−7 2.426 310 2175(33) × 10−12 386.159 264 59(53) × 10−15 2.817 940 2894(58) × 10−15 0.665 245 8558(27) × 10−28

2.5 × 10−3 kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

4.2 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−4 4.3 × 10−10 6.0 × 10−10 4.3 × 10−10 4.2 × 10−10

C kg−1 kg mol−1 m m m m2

2.5 × 10−8 4.2 × 10−10 1.4 × 10−9 1.4 × 10−9 2.1 × 10−9 4.1 × 10−9

recommended by the Particle Data Group (Yao et al., 2006). on the ratio of the masses of the W and Z bosons mW /mZ recommended by the Particle Data Group (Yao et al., 2006). The value for they recommend, which is based on a particular variant of the modified minimal subtraction ( MS) scheme, is sin2 θˆ W ( MZ ) = 0.231 22(15).

4 Based

sin2 θW

6.8 × 10−10 6.8 × 10−10

R∞ R∞ c R∞ hc

me c2

3 Value


μB / hc μB /k

μN / h μN / hc μN /k

fine-structure constant e2/4π�0h¯ c inverse fine-structure constant

Unit


1-4

TABLE II: (Continued). Quantity electron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio electron magnetic moment anomaly |μe |/μB − 1 electron g-factor −2(1 + ae ) electron-muon magnetic moment ratio electron-proton magnetic moment ratio electron to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (H2 O, sphere, 25◦ C) electron-neutron magnetic moment ratio electron-deuteron magnetic moment ratio electron to shielded helion magnetic moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25◦ C) electron gyromagnetic ratio 2|μe |/¯h

muon mass in u, mμ = Ar (μ) u (muon relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

μe μe /μB μe /μN

−928.476 377(23) × 10−26 −1.001 159 652 181 11(74) −1838.281 970 92(80)

ae ge

1.159 652 181 11(74) × 10−3 −2.002 319 304 3622(15)

6.4 × 10−10 7.4 × 10−13

μe /μμ

206.766 9877(52)

2.5 × 10−8

μe /μp

−658.210 6848(54)

8.1 × 10−9

μe /μ�p

−658.227 5971(72)

1.1 × 10−8

μe /μn

960.920 50(23)

2.4 × 10−7

μe /μd

−2143.923 498(18)

8.4 × 10−9

μe /μ�h

864.058 257(10)

1.2 × 10−8

γe γe /2π

1.760 859 770(44) × 1011 28 024.953 64(70)

mμ

Muon, μ− 1.883 531 30(11) × 10−28

J T−1

Relative std. uncert. ur 2.5 × 10−8 7.4 × 10−13 4.3 × 10−10

s−1 T−1 MHz T−1

2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

kg

5.6 × 10−8

u J MeV

2.5 × 10−8 5.6 × 10−8 3.6 × 10−8

mμ c2

0.113 428 9256(29) 1.692 833 510(95) × 10−11 105.658 3668(38)

muon-electron mass ratio muon-tau mass ratio muon-proton mass ratio muon-neutron mass ratio muon molar mass NA mμ

mμ /me mμ /mτ mμ /mp mμ /mn M(μ), Mμ

206.768 2823(52) 5.945 92(97) × 10−2 0.112 609 5261(29) 0.112 454 5167(29) 0.113 428 9256(29) × 10−3

muon Compton wavelength h/mμ c λC, μ /2π muon magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio

λC, μ λC, μ μμ μμ /μB μμ /μN

11.734 441 04(30) × 10−15 1.867 594 295(47) × 10−15 −4.490 447 86(16) × 10−26 −4.841 970 49(12) × 10−3 −8.890 597 05(23)

aμ gμ

1.165 920 69(60) × 10−3 −2.002 331 8414(12)

5.2 × 10−7 6.0 × 10−10

μμ /μp

−3.183 345 137(85)

2.7 × 10−8

muon magnetic moment anomaly |μμ |/(e¯h/2mμ ) − 1 muon g-factor −2(1 + aμ ) muon-proton magnetic moment ratio tau mass5 in u, mτ = Ar ( τ) u (tau relative atomic mass times u)

mτ

Tau, τ− 3.167 77(52) × 10−27 1.907 68(31)

kg mol−1 m m J T−1

2.5 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−4 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 3.6 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

kg

1.6 × 10−4

u

1.6 × 10−4

5 This and all other values involving m are based on the value of m c2 in MeV recommended by the Particle Data Group (Yao et al., 2006), but τ τ with a standard uncertainty of 0.29 MeV rather than the quoted uncertainty of −0.26 MeV, +0.29 MeV.


1-5


Symbol

Numerical value

mτ c2

2.847 05(46) × 10−10 1776.99(29)

tau-electron mass ratio tau-muon mass ratio tau-proton mass ratio tau-neutron mass ratio tau molar mass NA mτ

mτ /me mτ /mμ mτ /mp mτ /mn M(τ), Mτ

3477.48(57) 16.8183(27) 1.893 90(31) 1.891 29(31) 1.907 68(31) × 10−3

tau Compton wavelength h/mτ c λC, τ /2π

λC, τ λC, τ

0.697 72(11) × 10−15 0.111 046(18) × 10−15

proton mass in u, mp = Ar (p) u (proton relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV proton-electron mass ratio proton-muon mass ratio proton-tau mass ratio proton-neutron mass ratio proton charge to mass quotient proton molar mass NA mp proton Compton wavelength h/mp c λC,p /2π

mp

energy equivalent in MeV

proton rms charge radius proton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio proton g-factor 2μp /μN proton-neutron magnetic moment ratio shielded proton magnetic moment (H2 O, sphere, 25◦ C) to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio proton magnetic shielding correction 1 − μ�p /μp (H2 O, sphere, 25◦ C) proton gyromagnetic ratio 2μp /¯h shielded proton gyromagnetic ratio 2μ�p /¯h (H2 O, sphere, 25◦ C)

neutron mass in u, mn = Ar (n) u (neutron relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV neutron-electron mass ratio

Proton, p 1.672 621 637(83) × 10−27

mp c2 mp /me mp /mμ mp /mτ mp /mn e/mp M(p), Mp λC,p λC,p

1.007 276 466 77(10) 1.503 277 359(75) × 10−10 938.272 013(23) 1836.152 672 47(80) 8.880 243 39(23) 0.528 012(86) 0.998 623 478 24(46) 9.578 833 92(24) × 107 1.007 276 466 77(10) × 10−3 1.321 409 8446(19) × 10−15 0.210 308 908 61(30) × 10−15

Unit J MeV

kg mol−1

Relative std. uncert. ur 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4

m m

1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4

kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

1.0 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 4.3 × 10−10 2.5 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−4 4.6 × 10−10 2.5 × 10−8 1.0 × 10−10 1.4 × 10−9 1.4 × 10−9

C kg−1 kg mol−1 m m

Rp μp μp /μB μp /μN gp

0.8768(69) × 10−15 1.410 606 662(37) × 10−26 1.521 032 209(12) × 10−3 2.792 847 356(23) 5.585 694 713(46)

μp /μn μ�p

−1.459 898 06(34) 1.410 570 419(38) × 10−26

μ�p /μB μ�p /μN

1.520 993 128(17) × 10−3 2.792 775 598(30)

1.1 × 10−8 1.1 × 10−8

σp�

25.694(14) × 10−6

5.3 × 10−4

γp γp /2π

2.675 222 099(70) × 108 42.577 4821(11)


2.6 × 10−8 2.6 × 10−8

γp�

2.675 153 362(73) × 108

s−1 T−1

2.7 × 10−8

γp� /2π

42.576 3881(12)

MHz T−1

2.7 × 10−8

kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

4.3 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

Neutron, n 1.674 927 211(84) × 10−27

mn mn c

2

mn /me

1.008 664 915 97(43) 1.505 349 505(75) × 10−10 939.565 346(23) 1838.683 6605(11)

m J T−1

J T−1

7.8 × 10−3 2.6 × 10−8 8.1 × 10−9 8.2 × 10−9 8.2 × 10−9 2.4 × 10−7 2.7 × 10−8

6.0 × 10−10


1-6


Symbol

Numerical value

Unit


neutron-muon mass ratio neutron-tau mass ratio neutron-proton mass ratio neutron molar mass NA mn

mn /mμ mn /mτ mn /mp M(n), Mn

8.892 484 09(23) 0.528 740(86) 1.001 378 419 18(46) 1.008 664 915 97(43) × 10−3

neutron Compton wavelength h/mn c λC,n /2π neutron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio

λC,n λC,n μn μn /μB μn /μN

1.319 590 8951(20) × 10−15 0.210 019 413 82(31) × 10−15 −0.966 236 41(23) × 10−26 −1.041 875 63(25) × 10−3 −1.913 042 73(45)

neutron g-factor 2μn /μN neutron-electron magnetic moment ratio neutron-proton magnetic moment ratio neutron to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (H2 O, sphere, 25◦ C) neutron gyromagnetic ratio 2|μn |/¯h

gn

−3.826 085 45(90)

2.4 × 10−7

μn /μe

1.040 668 82(25) × 10−3

2.4 × 10−7

μn /μp

−0.684 979 34(16)

2.4 × 10−7

μn /μ�p

−0.684 996 94(16)

2.4 × 10−7

γn γn /2π

1.832 471 85(43) × 108 29.164 6954(69)

deuteron mass in u, md = Ar (d) u (deuteron relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV

Deuteron, d 3.343 583 20(17) × 10−27

md md c

2.013 553 212 724(78) 3.005 062 72(15) × 10−10 1875.612 793(47)

2

kg mol−1 m m J T−1

2.5 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−4 4.6 × 10−10 4.3 × 10−10 1.5 × 10−9 1.5 × 10−9 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7


2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7

kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

3.9 × 10−11 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

deuteron-electron mass ratio deuteron-proton mass ratio deuteron molar mass NA md

md /me md /mp M(d), Md

3670.482 9654(16) 1.999 007 501 08(22) 2.013 553 212 724(78) × 10−3

deuteron rms charge radius deuteron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio

Rd μd μd /μB μd /μN

2.1402(28) × 10−15 0.433 073 465(11) × 10−26 0.466 975 4556(39) × 10−3 0.857 438 2308(72)

deuteron g-factor μd /μN deuteron-electron magnetic moment ratio deuteron-proton magnetic moment ratio deuteron-neutron magnetic moment ratio

gd

0.857 438 2308(72)

8.4 × 10−9

μd /μe

−4.664 345 537(39) × 10−4

8.4 × 10−9

μd /μp

0.307 012 2070(24)

7.7 × 10−9

μd /μn

−0.448 206 52(11)

2.4 × 10−7

triton mass in u, mt = Ar (t) u (triton relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV triton-electron mass ratio triton-proton mass ratio

mt

Triton, t 5.007 355 88(25) × 10−27

mt c2

3.015 500 7134(25) 4.500 387 03(22) × 10−10 2808.920 906(70)

mt /me mt /mp

5496.921 5269(51) 2.993 717 0309(25)

kg mol−1 m J T−1

4.3 × 10−10 1.1 × 10−10 3.9 × 10−11 1.3 × 10−3 2.6 × 10−8 8.4 × 10−9 8.4 × 10−9

kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

8.3 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 9.3 × 10−10 8.4 × 10−10


1-7


Symbol

Numerical value

Unit


triton molar mass NA mt

M(t), Mt

3.015 500 7134(25) × 10−3

kg mol−1

8.3 × 10−10

triton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio

μt μt /μB μt /μN

1.504 609 361(42) × 10−26 1.622 393 657(21) × 10−3 2.978 962 448(38)

J T−1

2.8 × 10−8 1.3 × 10−8 1.3 × 10−8

triton g-factor 2μt /μN triton-electron magnetic moment ratio triton-proton magnetic moment ratio triton-neutron magnetic moment ratio

gt

5.957 924 896(76)

1.3 × 10−8

μt /μe

−1.620 514 423(21) × 10−3

1.3 × 10−8

μt /μp

1.066 639 908(10)

9.8 × 10−9

μt /μn

−1.557 185 53(37)

2.4 × 10−7

Helion, h 5.006 411 92(25) × 10−27

helion (3 He nucleus) mass in u, mh = Ar (h) u (helion relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV

mh

helion-electron mass ratio helion-proton mass ratio helion molar mass NA mh shielded helion magnetic moment (gas, sphere, 25◦ C) to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio shielded helion to proton magnetic moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25◦ C)

mh /me mh /mp M(h), Mh μ�h

5495.885 2765(52) 2.993 152 6713(26) 3.014 932 2473(26) × 10−3 −1.074 552 982(30) × 10−26

μ�h /μB μ�h /μN

−1.158 671 471(14) × 10−3 −2.127 497 718(25)

1.2 × 10−8 1.2 × 10−8

μ�h /μp

−0.761 766 558(11)

1.4 × 10−8

μ�h /μ�p

−0.761 786 1313(33)

4.3 × 10−9

γh�

2.037 894 730(56) × 108

s−1 T−1

2.8 × 10−8

γh� /2π

32.434 101 98(90)

MHz T−1

2.8 × 10−8

kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

1.5 × 10−11 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

shielded helion to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (gas/H2 O, spheres, 25◦ C) shielded helion gyromagnetic ratio 2|μ�h |/¯h (gas, sphere, 25◦ C)

alpha particle mass in u, mα = Ar (α) u (alpha particle relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV alpha particle to electron mass ratio alpha particle to proton mass ratio alpha particle molar mass NA mα Avogadro constant atomic mass constant 1 m( 12 C) = 1 u mu = 12

mh c

2

3.014 932 2473(26) 4.499 538 64(22) × 10−10 2808.391 383(70)

Alpha particle, α 6.644 656 20(33) × 10−27 mα mα c

2

mα /me mα /mp M(α), Mα

4.001 506 179 127(62) 5.971 919 17(30) × 10−10 3727.379 109(93) 7294.299 5365(31) 3.972 599 689 51(41) 4.001 506 179 127(62) × 10−3

PHYSICOCHEMICAL 6.022 141 79(30) × 1023 NA , L mu

1.660 538 782(83) × 10−27

kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

8.6 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

kg mol−1 J T−1

kg mol−1

9.5 × 10−10 8.7 × 10−10 8.6 × 10−10 2.8 × 10−8

4.2 × 10−10 1.0 × 10−10 1.5 × 10−11

mol−1

5.0 × 10−8

kg

5.0 × 10−8


1-8


Symbol

= 10−3 kg mol−1/NA energy equivalent in MeV Faraday constant6 NA e

mu c2

J MeV C mol−1

5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

3.990 312 6821(57) × 10−10 0.119 626 564 72(17) 8.314 472(15) 1.380 6504(24) × 10−23 8.617 343(15) × 10−5 2.083 6644(36) × 1010 69.503 56(12)

J s mol−1 J m mol−1 J mol−1 K−1 J K−1 eV K−1 Hz K−1 m−1 K−1

1.4 × 10−9 1.4 × 10−9 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6

Vm n0 Vm

22.413 996(39) × 10−3 2.686 7774(47) × 1025 22.710 981(40) × 10−3

m3 mol−1 m−3 m3 mol−1

1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6

S0 /R

−1.151 7047(44) −1.164 8677(44)

σ c1 c1L c2

5.670 400(40) × 10−8 3.741 771 18(19) × 10−16 1.191 042 759(59) × 10−16 1.438 7752(25) × 10−2

W m−2 K−4 W m2 W m2 sr−1 mK

7.0 × 10−6 5.0 × 10−8 5.0 × 10−8 1.7 × 10−6

b � b

2.897 7685(51) × 10−3 5.878 933(10) × 1010

mK Hz K−1

1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6

NA h NA hc R k

molar gas constant Boltzmann constant R/NA in eV K−1

k/ h k/ hc molar volume of ideal gas RT/ p T = 273.15 K, p = 101.325 kPa Loschmidt constant NA /Vm T = 273.15 K, p = 100 kPa Sackur-Tetrode constant (absolute entropy constant)7 5 + ln[(2πmu kT1 / h2 ) 3/2 kT1 / p0 ] 2 T1 = 1 K, p0 = 100 kPa T1 = 1 K, p0 = 101.325 kPa Stefan-Boltzmann constant (π2 /60)k4/¯h3 c2 first radiation constant 2πhc2 first radiation constant for spectral radiance 2hc2 second radiation constant hc/k Wien displacement law constants b = λmax T = c2 /4.965 114 231... b� = νmax /T = 2.821 439 372... c/c2


Unit

1.492 417 830(74) × 10−10 931.494 028(23) 96 485.3399(24)

F

molar Planck constant

Numerical value

3.8 × 10−6 3.8 × 10−6

TABLE III: The variances, covariances, and correlation coefficients of the values of a selected group of constants based on the 2006 CODATA adjustment. The numbers in bold above the main diagonal are 1016 times the numerical values of the relative covariances; the numbers in bold on the main diagonal are 1016 times the numerical values of the relative variances; and the numbers in italics below the main diagonal are the correlation coefficients.1 α α h e me NA me /mμ F

0.0047 0 .0005 0 .0142 −0 .0269 0 .0269 −0 .0528 0 .0679

h 0.0002 24.8614 0 .9999 0 .9996 −0 .9996 0 .0000 −0 .9975

e 0.0024 12.4308 6.2166 0 .9992 −0 .9991 −0 .0008 −0 .9965

me −0.0092 24.8611 12.4259 24.8795 −1 .0000 0 .0014 −0 .9990

NA 0.0092 −24.8610 −12.4259 −24.8794 24.8811 −0 .0014 0 .9991

me /mμ −0.0092 −0.0003 −0.0048 0.0180 −0.0180 6.4296 −0 .0036

F 0.0116 −12.4302 −6.2093 −12.4535 12.4552 −0.0227 6.2459

1

The relative covariance is ur (xi , xj ) = u(xi , xj )/(xi xj ), where u(xi , xj ) is the covariance of xi and xj ; the relative variance is u2r (xi ) = ur (xi , xi ); and the correlation coefficient is r (xi , xj ) = u(xi , xj )/[u(xi )u(xj )]. 6 The numerical value of F to be used in coulometric chemical measurements is 96 485.3401(48) [5.0 × 10−8 ] when the relevant current is measured in terms of representations of the volt and ohm based on the Josephson and quantum Hall effects and the internationally adopted conventional values of the Josephson and von Klitzing constants KJ−90 and RK−90 given in Table IV. 7 The entropy of an ideal monoatomic gas of relative atomic mass A is given by S = S + 3 R ln A − R ln( p/ p ) + 5 R ln(T/K). r r 0 0 2 2


1-9

TABLE IV: Internationally adopted values of various quantities. Quantity

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

relative atomic mass1 of 12 C molar mass constant molar mass of 12 C conventional value of Josephson constant2 conventional value of von Klitzing constant3 standard atmosphere

Ar ( 12 C) Mu M( 12 C) KJ−90 RK−90

12 1 × 10−3 12 × 10−3 483 597.9 25 812.807 101 325

kg mol−1 kg mol−1 GHz V−1 � Pa

Relative std. uncert. ur (exact) (exact) (exact) (exact) (exact) (exact)

1 The relative atomic mass Ar ( X) of particle X with mass m( X) is defined by Ar ( X) = m( X)/mu , where mu = m( 12 C)/12 = Mu /NA = 1 u is the atomic mass constant, Mu is the molar mass constant, NA is the Avogadro constant, and u is the unified atomic mass unit. Thus the mass of particle X is m( X) = Ar ( X) u and the molar mass of X is M( X) = Ar ( X) Mu . 2 This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson effect. 3 This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall effect.

TABLE V: Values of some x-ray-related quantities based on the 2006 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants. Relative std. uncert. ur

Quantity

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

Cu x unit: λ(CuKα1 )/1 537.400 Mo x unit: λ(MoKα1 )/707.831 ˚ angstrom star: λ(WKα1 )/0.209 010 0

xu(CuKα1 ) xu(MoKα1 ) ˚∗ A

m m m

lattice parameter1 of Si (in vacuum, 22.5◦ C) √ {220} lattice spacing of Si a/ 8 (in vacuum, 22.5◦ C) molar volume of Si M(Si)/ρ(Si) = NA a 3/8 (in vacuum, 22.5◦ C)

a

1.002 076 99(28) × 10−13 1.002 099 55(53) × 10−13 1.000 014 98(90) × 10−10

543.102 064(14) × 10−12

m

d220

192.015 5762(50) × 10−12

m

2.6 × 10−8

Vm (Si)

12.058 8349(11) × 10−6

m3 mol−1

9.1 × 10−8

2.8 × 10−7 5.3 × 10−7 9.0 × 10−7 2.6 × 10−8

1 This is the lattice parameter (unit cell edge length) of an ideal single crystal of naturally occurring Si free of impurities and imperfections, and is deduced from measurements on extremely pure and nearly perfect single crystals of Si by correcting for the effects of impurities.

TABLE VI: The values in SI units of some non-SI units based on the 2006 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants. Quantity

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit


Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI electron volt: (e/C) J (unified) atomic mass unit: 1 m( 12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/NA 1 u = mu = 12

eV

1.602 176 487(40) × 10−19

J

2.5 × 10−8

u

1.660 538 782(83) × 10−27

kg

5.0 × 10−8

Natural units (n.u.) n.u. of velocity: speed of light in vacuum n.u. of action: reduced Planck constant (h/2π) in eV s in MeV fm

c, c0

299 792 458

m s−1

(exact)

h¯

1.054 571 628(53) × 10−34 6.582 118 99(16) × 10−16 197.326 9631(49)

Js eV s MeV fm

5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

h¯ c


1-10

TABLE VI: (Continued.) Quantity n.u. of mass: electron mass n.u. of energy in MeV n.u. of momentum in MeV/c n.u. of length (¯h/me c) n.u. of time


Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

me me c2

9.109 382 15(45) × 10−31 8.187 104 38(41) × 10−14 0.510 998 910(13)

kg J MeV

5.0 × 10−8 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

me c

2.730 924 06(14) × 10−22 0.510 998 910(13) 386.159 264 59(53) × 10−15 1.288 088 6570(18) × 10−21

kg m s−1 MeV/c m s

5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 1.4 × 10−9 1.4 × 10−9

λC h¯ /me c2

Atomic units (a.u.) a.u. of charge: elementary charge a.u. of mass: electron mass a.u. of action: reduced Planck constant (h/2π) a.u. of length: Bohr radius (bohr) (α/4πR∞ ) a.u. of energy: Hartree energy (hartree) (e2/4π�0 a0 = 2R∞ hc = α 2 me c2 )

e

1.602 176 487(40) × 10−19

C

2.5 × 10−8

me

9.109 382 15(45) × 10−31

kg

5.0 × 10−8

h¯

1.054 571 628(53) × 10−34

Js

5.0 × 10−8

a0

0.529 177 208 59(36) × 10−10

m

6.8 × 10−10

Eh

4.359 743 94(22) × 10−18

J

5.0 × 10−8

2.418 884 326 505(16) × 10−17 8.238 722 06(41) × 10−8 2.187 691 2541(15) × 106 1.992 851 565(99) × 10−24 6.623 617 63(17) × 10−3 1.081 202 300(27) × 1012

s N m s−1 kg m s−1 A C m−3

6.6 × 10−12 5.0 × 10−8 6.8 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u.

of time of force of velocity (αc) of momentum of current of charge density

h¯ /Eh Eh /a0 a0 Eh /¯h h¯ /a0 eEh /¯h e/a03

a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u.

of electric potential of electric field of electric field gradient of electric dipole moment of electric quadrupole moment

Eh /e Eh /ea0 Eh /ea02 ea0 ea02

a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u.

of electric polarizability of 1st hyperpolarizability of 2nd hyperpolarizability of magnetic flux density of magnetic dipole moment (2μB ) of magnetizability of permittivity (107 /c2 )

e2 a02 /Eh e3 a03 /Eh2 e4 a04 /Eh3 h¯ /ea02 h¯ e/me e2 a02 /me e2 /a0 Eh

27.211 383 86(68) 5.142 206 32(13) × 1011 9.717 361 66(24) × 1021 8.478 352 81(21) × 10−30 4.486 551 07(11) × 10−40

1.648 777 2536(34) × 10−41 3.206 361 533(81) × 10−53 6.235 380 95(31) × 10−65 2.350 517 382(59) × 105 1.854 801 830(46) × 10−23 7.891 036 433(27) × 10−29 1.112 650 056 . . . × 10−10

V V m−1 V m−2 Cm C m2 C2 m2 J−1 C3 m3 J−2 C4 m4 J−3 T J T−1 J T−2 F m−1

2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.1 × 10−9 2.5 × 10−8 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 3.4 × 10−9 (exact)


1-11

TABLE VII: The values of some energy equivalents derived from the relations E = mc2 = hc/λ = hν = kT, and based on the 2006 1 m( 12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/NA , and CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants; 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = mu = 12 2 2 Eh = 2R∞ hc = α me c is the Hartree energy (hartree). Relevant unit J

kg

m−1

Hz

1J

(1 J) = 1J

(1 J)/c2 = 1.112 650 056 . . . × 10−17 kg

(1 J)/hc = 5.034 117 47(25) × 1024 m−1

(1 J)/h = 1.509 190 450(75) × 1033 Hz

1 kg

(1 kg)c2 = 8.987 551 787 . . . × 1016 J

(1 kg) = 1 kg

(1 kg)c/ h = 4.524 439 15(23) × 1041 m−1

(1 kg)c2 / h = 1.356 392 733(68) × 1050 Hz

1 m−1

(1 m−1 )hc = 1.986 445 501(99) × 10−25 J

(1 m−1 )h/c = 2.210 218 70(11) × 10−42 kg

(1 m−1 ) = 1 m−1

(1 m−1 )c = 299 792 458 Hz

1 Hz

(1 Hz)h = 6.626 068 96(33) × 10−34 J

(1 Hz)h/c2 = 7.372 496 00(37) × 10−51 kg

(1 Hz)/c = 3.335 640 951 . . . × 10−9 m−1

(1 Hz) = 1 Hz

1K

(1 K)k = 1.380 6504(24) × 10−23 J

(1 K)k/c2 = 1.536 1807(27) × 10−40 kg

(1 K)k/ hc = 69.503 56(12) m−1

(1 K)k/ h = 2.083 6644(36) × 1010 Hz

1 eV

(1 eV) = 1.602 176 487(40) × 10−19 J

(1 eV)/c2 = 1.782 661 758(44) × 10−36 kg

(1 eV)/ hc = 8.065 544 65(20) × 105 m−1

(1 eV)/ h = 2.417 989 454(60) × 1014 Hz

1u

(1 u)c2 = 1.492 417 830(74) × 10−10 J

(1 u) = 1.660 538 782(83) × 10−27 kg

(1 u)c/ h = 7.513 006 671(11) × 1014 m−1

(1 u)c2 / h = 2.252 342 7369(32) × 1023 Hz

1 Eh

(1 Eh ) = 4.359 743 94(22) × 10−18 J

(1 Eh )/c2 = 4.850 869 34(24) × 10−35 kg

(1 Eh )/ hc = 2.194 746 313 705(15) × 107 m−1

(1 Eh )/ h = 6.579 683 920 722(44) × 1015 Hz

K

eV

u

Eh

1J

(1 J)/k = 7.242 963(13) × 1022 K

(1 J) = 6.241 509 65(16) × 1018 eV

(1 J)/c2 = 6.700 536 41(33) × 109 u

(1 J) = 2.293 712 69(11) × 1017 Eh

1 kg

(1 kg)c2 /k = 6.509 651(11) × 1039 K

(1 kg)c2 = 5.609 589 12(14) × 1035 eV

(1 kg) = 6.022 141 79(30) × 1026 u

(1 kg)c2 = 2.061 486 16(10) × 1034 Eh

1 m−1

(1 m−1 )hc/k = 1.438 7752(25) × 10−2 K

(1 m−1 )hc = 1.239 841 875(31) × 10−6 eV

(1 m−1 )h/c = 1.331 025 0394(19) × 10−15 u

(1 m−1 )hc = 4.556 335 252 760(30) × 10−8 Eh

1 Hz

(1 Hz)h/k = 4.799 2374(84) × 10−11 K

(1 Hz)h = 4.135 667 33(10) × 10−15 eV

(1 Hz)h/c2 = 4.439 821 6294(64) × 10−24 u

(1 Hz)h = 1.519 829 846 006(10) × 10−16 Eh

1K

(1 K) = 1K

(1 K)k = 8.617 343(15) × 10−5 eV

(1 K)k/c2 = 9.251 098(16) × 10−14 u

(1 K)k = 3.166 8153(55) × 10−6 Eh

1 eV

(1 eV)/k = 1.160 4505(20) × 104 K

(1 eV) = 1 eV

(1 eV)/c2 = 1.073 544 188(27) × 10−9 u

(1 eV) = 3.674 932 540(92) × 10−2 Eh

1u

(1 u)c2 /k = 1.080 9527(19) × 1013 K

(1 u)c2 = 931.494 028(23) × 106 eV

(1 u) = 1u

(1 u)c2 = 3.423 177 7149(49) × 107 Eh

1 Eh

(1 Eh )/k = 3.157 7465(55) × 105 K

(1 Eh ) = 27.211 383 86(68) eV

(1 Eh )/c2 = 2.921 262 2986(42) × 10−8 u

(1 Eh ) = 1 Eh

STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (2007) This table of atomic weights includes the changes made in 2007 by the IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights. Those changes affected the following elements: Lu, Mo, Ni, Yb, and Zn. The Standard Atomic Weights apply to the elements as they exist naturally on Earth, and the uncertainties take into account the isotopic variation found in most laboratory samples. Further comments on the variability are given in the footnotes. The number in parentheses following the atomic weight value gives the uncertainty in the last digit. An atomic weight entry in brackets indicates that the element that has no stable isotopes; the

Name Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Darmstadtium Dubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium

Symbol Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi Bh B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Ds Db Dy Es Er Eu Fm F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf Hs He Ho H In

Atomic no. 89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 107 5 35 48 20 98 6 58 55 17 24 27 29 96 110 105 66 99 68 63 100 9 87 64 31 32 79 72 108 2 67 1 49

value given is the atomic mass in u (or the mass number, if the mass is not accurately known) for the isotope of longest half-life. Thorium, protactinium, and uranium have no stable isotopes, but the terrestrial isotopic composition is sufficiently uniform to permit a standard atomic weight to be specified.

References 1. Weiser, M. E., “Atomic weights of the elements 2005,” Pure Appl. Chem. 78, 2051, 2006; J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 36, 485, 2007. 2. Chemistry International, Vol. 29, No. 6, p. 18, 2007.

Atomic weight

Footnotes

Name

[227.0277] 26.9815386(8) [243.0614] 121.760(1) 39.948(1) 74.92160(2) [209.9871] 137.327(7) [247.0703] 9.012182(3) 208.98040(1) [264.12] 10.811(7) 79.904(1) 112.411(8) 40.078(4) [251.0796] 12.0107(8) 140.116(1) 132.9054519(2) 35.453(2) 51.9961(6) 58.933195(5) 63.546(3) [247.0704] [271] [262.1141] 162.500(1) [252.0830] 167.259(3) 151.964(1) [257.0951] 18.9984032(5) [223.0197] 157.25(3) 69.723(1) 72.64(1) 196.966569(4) 178.49(2) [277] 4.002602(2) 164.93032(2) 1.00794(7) 114.818(3)

a

Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Roentgenium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium Seaborgium

a g gr a a

a gmr g g a gr g gmr

r a a a g a g g a a g

a gr gmr

Symbol I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Mt Md Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rg Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc Sg

Atomic no. 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 3 71 12 25 109 101 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 111 37 44 104 62 21 106

Atomic weight 126.90447(3) 192.217(3) 55.845(2) 83.798(2) 138.90547(7) [262.1097] 207.2(1) 6.941(2) 174.9668(1) 24.3050(6) 54.938045(5) [268.1388] [258.0984] 200.59(2) 95.96(2) 144.242(3) 20.1797(6) [237.0482] 58.6934(4) 92.90638(2) 14.0067(2) [259.1010] 190.23(3) 15.9994(3) 106.42(1) 30.973762(2) 195.084(9) [244.0642] [208.9824] 39.0983(1) 140.90765(2) [144.9127] 231.03588(2) [226.0254] [222.0176] 186.207(1) 102.90550(2) [272.1535] 85.4678(3) 101.07(2) [261.1088] 150.36(2) 44.955912(6) [266.1219]

Footnotes

gm g a gr bgmr g

a a g g gm a

gr a g gr g

a a g a a a

a g g a g a

1-12

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Standard Atomic Weights (2007) Name Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium

Symbol Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm

Atomic no. 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69

Atomic weight 78.96(3) 28.0855(3) 107.8682(2) 22.98976928(2) 87.62(1) 32.065(5) 180.94788(2) [97.9072] 127.60(3) 158.92535(2) 204.3833(2) 232.03806(2) 168.93421(2)

1-13 Footnotes

Name

r r g

Tin Titanium Tungsten Ununbium Ununhexium Ununquadium Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium

gr gr a g

g

Symbol Sn Ti W Uub Uuh Uuq U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr

Atomic no. 50 22 74 112 116 114 92 23 54 70 39 30 40

Atomic weight

Footnotes

118.710(7) 47.867(1) 183.84(1) [285] [289] [289] 238.02891(3) 50.9415(1) 131.293(6) 173.054(5) 88.90585(2) 65.38(2) 91.224(2)

g

a a a gm gm g

g

No stable isotope exists. The atomic mass in u (or the mass number, if the mass is not accurately known) is given in brackets for the isotope of longest half-life. Commercially available Li materials have atomic weights that range between 6.939 and 6.996; if a more accurate value is required, it must be determined for the specific material. g Geological specimens are known in which the element has an isotopic composition outside the limits for the normal material. The difference between the atomic weight of the element in such specimens and that given in the table may exceed the stated uncertainty. m Modified isotopic compositions may be found in commercially available material because it has been subject to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial deviations in atomic weight of the element from that given in the table can occur. r Range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents a more precise atomic weight being given; the tabulated value should be applicable to any normal material. a

b

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ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES This table lists the mass (in atomic mass units, symbol u) and the natural abundance (in percent) of the stable nuclides and a few important radioactive nuclides. A complete table of all nuclides may be found in Section 11 (“Table of the Isotopes”). The atomic masses were taken from the 2003 evaluation of Audi, Wapstra, and Thibault (References 2, 3). The number in parentheses following the mass value is the uncertainty in the last digit(s) given. An asterisk * after an entry indicates the mass value was derived not purely from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Natural abundance values were taken from the IUPAC Technical Report “Atomic Weight of the Elements: Review 2000” (Reference 4); these entries are also followed by uncertainties in the last digit(s) of the stated values. This uncertainty includes both the estimated measurement uncertainty and the reported range of variation in different terrestrial sources of the element (see Reference 4 for full Z 1

2 3 4 5 6

7 8

9 10

11

12

13 14

15 16

Isotope 1 H 2 H 3 H 3 He 4 He 6 Li 7 Li 9 Be 10 B 11 B 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 14 N 15 N 16 O 17 O 18 O 18 F 19 F 20 Ne 21 Ne 22 Ne 22 Na 23 Na 24 Na 24 Mg 25 Mg 26 Mg 27 Al 28 Si 29 Si 30 Si 31 P 32 P 32 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 S

Mass in u 1.00782503207(10) 2.0141017778(4) 3.0160492777(25) 3.0160293191(26) 4.00260325415(6) 6.015122795(16) 7.01600455(8) 9.0121822(4) 10.0129370(4) 11.0093054(4) 11.0114336(10) 12.0000000(0) 13.0033548378(10) 14.003241989(4) 14.0030740048(6) 15.0001088982(7) 15.99491461956(16) 16.99913170(12) 17.9991610(7) 18.0009380(6) 18.99840322(7) 19.9924401754(19) 20.99384668(4) 21.991385114(19) 21.9944364(4) 22.9897692809(29) 23.99096278(8) 23.985041700(14) 24.98583692(3) 25.982592929(30) 26.98153863(12) 27.9769265325(19) 28.976494700(22) 29.97377017(3) 30.97376163(20) 31.97390727(20) 31.97207100(15) 32.97145876(15) 33.96786690(12) 34.96903216(11) 35.96708076(20)

Abundance in % 99.9885(70) 0.0115(70) 0.000134(3) 99.999866(3) 7.59(4) 92.41(4) 100 19.9(7) 80.1(7) 98.93(8) 1.07(8) 99.636(7) 0.364(7) 99.757(16) 0.038(1) 0.205(14) 100 90.48(3) 0.27(1) 9.25(3) 100 78.99(4) 10.00(1) 11.01(3) 100 92.223(19) 4.685(8) 3.092(11) 100

details and caveats regarding elements whose abundance is variable). The absence of an entry in the Abundance column indicates a radioactive nuclide not present in nature or an element whose isotopic composition varies so widely that a meaningful natural abundance cannot be defined.

References 1. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Lide, D. R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, 2005. 2. Audi, G., Wapstra, A. H., and Thibault, Nucl. Phys., A729, 336, 2003. 3. Audi, G., and Wapstra, A. H., Atomic Mass Data Center, World Wide Web site, 4. de Laeter, J. R., Böhlke, J. K., De Bièvre, P., Hidaka, H., Peiser, H. S., Rosman, K. J. R., and Taylor, P. D. P., Pure Appl. Chem. 75, 683, 2003. Z 17 18

19

20

21 22

23 24

25 26

94.99(26) 0.75(2) 4.25(24) 0.01(1)

27

Isotope 35 Cl 37 Cl 36 Ar 38 Ar 40 Ar 39 K 40 K 41 K 42 K 43 K 40 Ca 42 Ca 43 Ca 44 Ca 45 Ca 46 Ca 47 Ca 48 Ca 45 Sc 46 Ti 47 Ti 48 Ti 49 Ti 50 Ti 50 V 51 V 50 Cr 51 Cr 52 Cr 53 Cr 54 Cr 54 Mn 55 Mn 52 Fe 54 Fe 55 Fe 56 Fe 57 Fe 58 Fe 59 Fe 57 Co

Mass in u 34.96885268(4) 36.96590259(5) 35.967545106(29) 37.9627324(4) 39.9623831225(29) 38.96370668(20) 39.96399848(21) 40.96182576(21) 41.96240281(24) 42.960716(10) 39.96259098(22) 41.95861801(27) 42.9587666(3) 43.9554818(4) 44.9561866(4) 45.9536926(24) 46.9545460(24) 47.952534(4) 44.9559119(9) 45.9526316(9) 46.9517631(9) 47.9479463(9) 48.9478700(9) 49.9447912(9) 49.9471585(11) 50.9439595(11) 49.9460442(11) 50.9447674(11) 51.9405075(8) 52.9406494(8) 53.9388804(8) 53.9403589(14) 54.9380451(7) 51.948114(7) 53.9396105(7) 54.9382934(7) 55.9349375(7) 56.9353940(7) 57.9332756(8) 58.9348755(8) 56.9362914(8)

Abundance in % 75.76(10) 24.24(10) 0.3365(30) 0.0632(5) 99.6003(30) 93.2581(44) 0.0117(1) 6.7302(44)

96.941(156) 0.647(23) 0.135(10) 2.086(110) 0.004(3) 0.187(21) 100 8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2) 0.250(4) 99.750(4) 4.345(13) 83.789(18) 9.501(17) 2.365(7) 100 5.845(35) 91.754(36) 2.119(10) 0.282(4)

1-9

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Atomic Masses and Abundances

1-10 Z

28

29

30

31

32

33 34

35 36

37

38

39 40

HC&P_S01.indb 10

Isotope 58 Co 59 Co 60 Co 58 Ni 59 Ni 60 Ni 61 Ni 62 Ni 63 Ni 64 Ni 63 Cu 64 Cu 65 Cu 64 Zn 65 Zn 66 Zn 67 Zn 68 Zn 70 Zn 67 Ga 68 Ga 69 Ga 71 Ga 68 Ge 70 Ge 72 Ge 73 Ge 74 Ge 76 Ge 75 As 74 Se 75 Se 76 Se 77 Se 78 Se 79 Se 80 Se 82 Se 79 Br 81 Br 78 Kr 80 Kr 82 Kr 83 Kr 84 Kr 86 Kr 85 Rb 86 Rb 87 Rb 84 Sr 85 Sr 86 Sr 87 Sr 88 Sr 89 Sr 90 Sr 89 Y 90 Zr 91 Zr 92 Zr 94 Zr

Mass in u 57.9357528(13) 58.9331950(7) 59.9338171(7) 57.9353429(7) 58.9343467(7) 59.9307864(7) 60.9310560(7) 61.9283451(6) 62.9296694(6) 63.9279660(7) 62.9295975(6) 63.9297642(6) 64.9277895(7) 63.9291422(7) 64.9292410(7) 65.9260334(10) 66.9271273(10) 67.9248442(10) 69.9253193(21) 66.9282017(14) 67.9279801(16) 68.9255736(13) 70.9247013(11) 67.928094(7) 69.9242474(11) 71.9220758(18) 72.9234589(18) 73.9211778(18) 75.9214026(18) 74.9215965(20) 73.9224764(18) 74.9225234(18) 75.9192136(18) 76.9199140(18) 77.9173091(18) 78.9184991(18) 79.9165213(21) 81.9166994(22) 78.9183371(22) 80.9162906(21) 77.9203648(12) 79.9163790(16) 81.9134836(19) 82.914136(3) 83.911507(3) 85.91061073(11) 84.911789738(12) 85.91116742(21) 86.909180527(13) 83.913425(3) 84.912933(3) 85.9092602(12) 86.9088771(12) 87.9056121(12) 88.9074507(12) 89.907738(3) 88.9058483(27) 89.9047044(25) 90.9056458(25) 91.9050408(25) 93.9063152(26)

Abundance in %

Z

100

41 42

68.0769(89) 26.2231(77) 1.1399(6) 3.6345(17) 0.9256(9) 69.15(3)

43

30.85(3) 48.268(321)

44

27.975(77) 4.102(21) 19.024(123) 0.631(9)

60.108(9) 39.892(9) 20.38(18) 27.31(26) 7.76(8) 36.72(15) 7.83(7) 100 0.89(4)

45 46

47 48

9.37(29) 7.63(16) 23.77(28) 49.61(41) 8.73(22) 50.69(7) 49.31(7) 0.355(3) 2.286(10) 11.593(31) 11.500(19) 56.987(15) 17.279(41) 72.17(2)

49

50

27.83(2) 0.56(1) 9.86(1) 7.00(1) 82.58(1)

100 51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 17.38(28)

51 52

Isotope 96 Zr 93 Nb 92 Mo 94 Mo 95 Mo 96 Mo 97 Mo 98 Mo 99 Mo 100 Mo 97 Tc 98 Tc 99 Tc 96 Ru 98 Ru 99 Ru 100 Ru 101 Ru 102 Ru 104 Ru 106 Ru 103 Rh 102 Pd 104 Pd 105 Pd 106 Pd 108 Pd 110 Pd 107 Ag 109 Ag 106 Cd 108 Cd 110 Cd 111 Cd 112 Cd 113 Cd 114 Cd 116 Cd 111 In 113 In 115 In 112 Sn 113 Sn 114 Sn 115 Sn 116 Sn 117 Sn 118 Sn 119 Sn 120 Sn 122 Sn 124 Sn 121 Sb 123 Sb 120 Te 122 Te 123 Te 124 Te 125 Te 126 Te 128 Te

Mass in u 95.9082734(30) 92.9063781(26) 91.906811(4) 93.9050883(21) 94.9058421(21) 95.9046795(21) 96.9060215(21) 97.9054082(21) 98.9077119(21) 99.907477(6) 96.906365(5) 97.907216(4) 98.9062547(21) 95.907598(8) 97.905287(7) 98.9059393(22) 99.9042195(22) 100.9055821(22) 101.9043493(22) 103.905433(3) 105.907329(8) 102.905504(3) 101.905609(3) 103.904036(4) 104.905085(4) 105.903486(4) 107.903892(4) 109.905153(12) 106.905097(5) 108.904752(3) 105.906459(6) 107.904184(6) 109.9030021(29) 110.9041781(29) 111.9027578(29) 112.9044017(29) 113.9033585(29) 115.904756(3) 110.905103(5) 112.904058(3) 114.903878(5) 111.904818(5) 112.905171(4) 113.902779(3) 114.903342(3) 115.901741(3) 116.902952(3) 117.901603(3) 118.903308(3) 119.9021947(27) 121.9034390(29) 123.9052739(15) 120.9038157(24) 122.9042140(22) 119.904020(10) 121.9030439(16) 122.9042700(16) 123.9028179(16) 124.9044307(16) 125.9033117(16) 127.9044631(19)

Abundance in % 2.80(9) 100 14.77(31) 9.23(10) 15.90(9) 16.68(1) 9.56(5) 24.19(26) 9.67(20)

5.54(14) 1.87(3) 12.76(14) 12.60(7) 17.06(2) 31.55(14) 18.62(27) 100 1.02(1) 11.14(8) 22.33(8) 27.33(3) 26.46(9) 11.72(9) 51.839(8) 48.161(8) 1.25(6) 0.89(3) 12.49(18) 12.80(12) 24.13(21) 12.22(12) 28.73(42) 7.49(18) 4.29(5) 95.71(5) 0.97(1) 0.66(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9) 7.68(7) 24.22(9) 8.59(4) 32.58(9) 4.63(3) 5.79(5) 57.21(5) 42.79(5) 0.09(1) 2.55(12) 0.89(3) 4.74(14) 7.07(15) 18.84(25) 31.74(8)

5/2/05 8:33:35 AM

Atomic Masses and Abundances Z 53

54

55

56

57 58

59 60

61 62

63 64

HC&P_S01.indb 11

Isotope 130 Te 123 I 125 I 127 I 129 I 131 I 124 Xe 126 Xe 128 Xe 129 Xe 130 Xe 131 Xe 132 Xe 134 Xe 136 Xe 129 Cs 133 Cs 134 Cs 136 Cs 137 Cs 130 Ba 132 Ba 133 Ba 134 Ba 135 Ba 136 Ba 137 Ba 138 Ba 140 Ba 138 La 139 La 136 Ce 138 Ce 140 Ce 141 Ce 142 Ce 144 Ce 141 Pr 142 Nd 143 Nd 144 Nd 145 Nd 146 Nd 148 Nd 150 Nd 145 Pm 147 Pm 144 Sm 147 Sm 148 Sm 149 Sm 150 Sm 152 Sm 154 Sm 151 Eu 153 Eu 152 Gd 154 Gd 155 Gd 156 Gd 157 Gd

Mass in u 129.9062244(21) 122.905589(4) 124.9046302(16) 126.904473(4) 128.904988(3) 130.9061246(12) 123.9058930(20) 125.904274(7) 127.9035313(15) 128.9047794(8) 129.9035080(8) 130.9050824(10) 131.9041535(10) 133.9053945(9) 135.907219(8) 128.906064(5) 132.905451933(24) 133.906718475(28) 135.9073116(20) 136.9070895(5) 129.9063208(30) 131.9050613(11) 132.9060075(11) 133.9045084(4) 134.9056886(4) 135.9045759(4) 136.9058274(5) 137.9052472(5) 139.910605(9) 137.907112(4) 138.9063533(26) 135.907172(14) 137.905991(11) 139.9054387(26) 140.9082763(26) 141.909244(3) 143.913647(4) 140.9076528(26) 141.9077233(25) 142.9098143(25) 143.9100873(25) 144.9125736(25) 145.9131169(25) 147.916893(3) 149.920891(3) 144.912749(3) 146.9151385(26) 143.911999(3) 146.9148979(26) 147.9148227(26) 148.9171847(26) 149.9172755(26) 151.9197324(27) 153.9222093(27) 150.9198502(26) 152.9212303(26) 151.9197910(27) 153.9208656(27) 154.9226220(27) 155.9221227(27) 156.9239601(27)

1-11 Abundance in % 34.08(62)

100

0.0952(3) 0.0890(2) 1.9102(8) 26.4006(82) 4.0710(13) 21.2324(30) 26.9086(33) 10.4357(21) 8.8573(44) 100

Z

65 66

67 68

69 70

0.106(1) 0.101(1) 2.417(18) 6.592(12) 7.854(24) 11.232(24) 71.698(42) 0.090(1) 99.910(1) 0.185(2) 0.251(2) 88.450(51) 11.114(51) 100 27.2(5) 12.2(2) 23.8(3) 8.3(1) 17.2(3) 5.7(1) 5.6(2)

3.07(7) 14.99(18) 11.24(10) 13.82(7) 7.38(1) 26.75(16) 22.75(29) 47.81(6) 52.19(6) 0.20(1) 2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2)

71 72

73 74

75 76

77 78

79 80

Isotope 158 Gd 160 Gd 159 Tb 156 Dy 158 Dy 160 Dy 161 Dy 162 Dy 163 Dy 164 Dy 165 Ho 162 Er 164 Er 166 Er 167 Er 168 Er 170 Er 169 Tm 168 Yb 169 Yb 170 Yb 171 Yb 172 Yb 173 Yb 174 Yb 176 Yb 175 Lu 176 Lu 174 Hf 176 Hf 177 Hf 178 Hf 179 Hf 180 Hf 180 Ta 181 Ta 180 W 182 W 183 W 184 W 186 W 185 Re 187 Re 184 Os 186 Os 187 Os 188 Os 189 Os 190 Os 192 Os 191 Ir 193 Ir 190 Pt 192 Pt 194 Pt 195 Pt 196 Pt 198 Pt 197 Au 198 Au 196 Hg

Mass in u 157.9241039(27) 159.9270541(27) 158.9253468(27) 155.924283(7) 157.924409(4) 159.9251975(27) 160.9269334(27) 161.9267984(27) 162.9287312(27) 163.9291748(27) 164.9303221(27) 161.928778(4) 163.929200(3) 165.9302931(27) 166.9320482(27) 167.9323702(27) 169.9354643(30) 168.9342133(27) 167.933897(5) 168.935190(5) 169.9347618(26) 170.9363258(26) 171.9363815(26) 172.9382108(26) 173.9388621(26) 175.9425717(28) 174.9407718(23) 175.9426863(23) 173.940046(3) 175.9414086(24) 176.9432207(23) 177.9436988(23) 178.9458161(23) 179.9465500(23) 179.9474648(24) 180.9479958(19) 179.946704(4) 181.9482042(9) 182.9502230(9) 183.9509312(9) 185.9543641(19) 184.9529550(13) 186.9557531(15) 183.9524891(14) 185.9538382(15) 186.9557505(15) 187.9558382(15) 188.9581475(16) 189.9584470(16) 191.9614807(27) 190.9605940(18) 192.9629264(18) 189.959932(6) 191.9610380(27) 193.9626803(9) 194.9647911(9) 195.9649515(9) 197.967893(3) 196.9665687(6) 197.9682423(6) 195.965833(3)

Abundance in % 24.84(7) 21.86(19) 100 0.056(3) 0.095(3) 2.329(18) 18.889(42) 25.475(36) 24.896(42) 28.260(54) 100 0.139(5) 1.601(3) 33.503(36) 22.869(9) 26.978(18) 14.910(36) 100 0.13(1) 3.04(15) 14.28(57) 21.83(67) 16.13(27) 31.83(92) 12.76(41) 97.41(2) 2.59(2) 0.16(1) 5.26(7) 18.60(9) 27.28(7) 13.62(2) 35.08(16) 0.012(2) 99.988(2) 0.12(1) 26.50(16) 14.31(4) 30.64(2) 28.43(19) 37.40(2) 62.60(2) 0.02(1) 1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8) 16.15(5) 26.26(2) 40.78(19) 37.3(2) 62.7(2) 0.014(1) 0.782(7) 32.967(99) 33.832(10) 25.242(41) 7.163(55) 100 0.15(1)

5/2/05 8:33:37 AM

Atomic Masses and Abundances

1-12 Z

81

82

83 84 85 86

87 88

89 90

91 92

HC&P_S01.indb 12

Isotope 197 Hg 198 Hg 199 Hg 200 Hg 201 Hg 202 Hg 203 Hg 204 Hg 201 Tl 203 Tl 205 Tl 204 Pb 206 Pb 207 Pb 208 Pb 210 Pb 207 Bi 209 Bi 209 Po 210 Po 210 At 211 At 211 Rn 220 Rn 222 Rn 223 Fr 223 Ra 224 Ra 226 Ra 228 Ra 227 Ac 228 Th 230 Th 232 Th 231 Pa 233 U 234 U 235 U

Mass in u 196.967213(3) 197.9667690(4) 198.9682799(4) 199.9683260(4) 200.9703023(6) 201.9706430(6) 202.9728725(18) 203.9734939(4) 200.970819(16) 202.9723442(14) 204.9744275(14) 203.9730436(13) 205.9744653(13) 206.9758969(13) 207.9766521(13) 209.9841885(16) 206.9784707(26) 208.9803987(16) 208.9824304(20) 209.9828737(13) 209.987148(8) 210.9874963(30) 210.990601(7) 220.0113940(24) 222.0175777(25) 223.0197359(26) 223.0185022(27) 224.0202118(24) 226.0254098(25) 228.0310703(26) 227.0277521(26) 228.0287411(24) 230.0331338(19) 232.0380553(21) 231.0358840(24) 233.0396352(29) 234.0409521(20) 235.0439299(20)

Abundance in % 9.97(20) 16.87(22) 23.10(19) 13.18(9) 29.86(26)

Z

93 94

6.87(15) 29.52(1) 70.48(1) 1.4(1) 24.1(1) 22.1(1) 52.4(1)

100

95 96

97 98

99 100 101

100 100 0.0054(5) 0.7204(6)

102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

Isotope 236 U 238 U 237 Np 239 Np 238 Pu 239 Pu 240 Pu 241 Pu 242 Pu 244 Pu 241 Am 243 Am 243 Cm 244 Cm 245 Cm 246 Cm 247 Cm 248 Cm 247 Bk 249 Bk 249 Cf 250 Cf 251 Cf 252 Cf 252 Es 257 Fm 256 Md 258 Md 259 No 262 Lr 261 Rf 262 Db 263 Sg 264 Bh 265 Hs 268 Mt 281 Ds 272 Rg

Mass in u 236.0455680(20) 238.0507882(20) 237.0481734(20) 239.0529390(22) 238.0495599(20) 239.0521634(20) 240.0538135(20) 241.0568515(20) 242.0587426(20) 244.064204(5) 241.0568291(20) 243.0613811(25) 243.0613891(22) 244.0627526(20) 245.0654912(22) 246.0672237(22) 247.070354(5) 248.072349(5) 247.070307(6) 249.0749867(28) 249.0748535(24) 250.0764061(22) 251.079587(5) 252.081626(5) 252.082980(50) 257.095105(7) 256.094060(60) 258.098431(5) 259.10103(11)* 262.10963(22)* 261.108770(30)* 262.11408(20)* 263.11832(13)* 264.12460(30)* 265.13009(15)* 268.13873(34)* 281.16206(78)* 273.15362(36)*

Abundance in % 99.2742(10)

5/2/05 8:33:38 AM

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION AND IONIZATION ENERGY OF NEUTRAL ATOMS IN THE GROUND STATE William C. Martin The ground state electron configuration, ground level, and ionization energy of the elements hydrogen through rutherfordium are listed in this table. The electron configurations of elements heavier than neon are shortened by using rare-gas element symbols in brackets to represent the corresponding electrons. See the references for details of the notation for Pa, U, and Np. Ionization energies to higher states (and more precise values of the first ionization energy for certain elements) may be found in the table “Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions” in Section 10 of this Handbook. Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru

Element Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium

References

1. Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., Kotochigova, S., and Sansonetti, J. E., NIST Physical Reference Data Web Site, , October 2004. 2. Martin, W. C., and Wiese, W. L., “Atomic Spectroscopy”, in Atomic, Molecular, & Optical Physics Handbook, ed. by G.W.F. Drake (AIP, Woodbury, NY, 1996) Chapter 10, pp. 135-153.

Ground-state configuration 1s 1s2 1s2 2s 1s2 2s2 1s2 2s2 2p 1s2 2s2 2p2 1s2 2s2 2p3 1s2 2s2 2p4 1s2 2s2 2p5 1s2 2s2 2p6 [Ne] 3s [Ne] 3s2 [Ne] 3s2 3p [Ne] 3s2 3p2 [Ne] 3s2 3p3 [Ne] 3s2 3p4 [Ne] 3s2 3p5 [Ne] 3s2 3p6 [Ar] 4s [Ar] 4s2 [Ar] 3d 4s2 [Ar] 3d2 4s2 [Ar] 3d3 4s2 [Ar] 3d5 4s [Ar] 3d5 4s2 [Ar] 3d6 4s2 [Ar] 3d7 4s2 [Ar] 3d8 4s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s [Ar] 3d10 4s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6 [Kr] 5s [Kr] 5s2 [Kr] 4d 5s2 [Kr] 4d2 5s2 [Kr] 4d4 5s [Kr] 4d5 5s [Kr] 4d5 5s2 [Kr] 4d7 5s

Ground level 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 4 F3/2 7 S3 6 S5/2 5 D4 4 F9/2 3 F4 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 6 D1/2 7 S3 6 S5/2 5 F5

Ionization energy (eV) 13.5984 24.5874 5.3917 9.3227 8.2980 11.2603 14.5341 13.6181 17.4228 21.5645 5.1391 7.6462 5.9858 8.1517 10.4867 10.3600 12.9676 15.7596 4.3407 6.1132 6.5615 6.8281 6.7462 6.7665 7.4340 7.9024 7.8810 7.6398 7.7264 9.3942 5.9993 7.8994 9.7886 9.7524 11.8138 13.9996 4.1771 5.6949 6.2173 6.6339 6.7589 7.0924 7.28 7.3605

1-13

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5/2/05 8:33:39 AM

Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State

1-14 Z 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104

HC&P_S01.indb 14

Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf

Element Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Cesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium

Ground-state configuration [Kr] 4d8 5s [Kr] 4d10 [Kr] 4d10 5s [Kr] 4d10 5s2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6 [Xe] 6s [Xe] 6s2 [Xe] 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f3 6s2 [Xe] 4f4 6s2 [Xe] 4f5 6s2 [Xe] 4f6 6s2 [Xe] 4f7 6s2 [Xe] 4f7 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f9 6s2 [Xe] 4f10 6s2 [Xe] 4f11 6s2 [Xe] 4f12 6s2 [Xe] 4f13 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 [Rn] 7s [Rn] 7s2 [Rn] 6d 7s2 [Rn] 6d2 7s2 [Rn] 5f2(3H4) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f3(4Io9/2) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f4(5I4) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f6 7s2 [Rn] 5f7 7s2 [Rn] 5f7 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f9 7s2 [Rn] 5f10 7s2 [Rn] 5f11 7s2 [Rn] 5f12 7s2 [Rn] 5f13 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p? [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 ?

Ground level 4 F9/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 1 o G4 4 o I 9/2 5 I4 6 o H 5/2 7 F0 8 o S 7/2 9 o D2 6 o H 15/2 5 I8 4 o I 15/2 3 H6 2 o F 7/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 4 F3/2 5 D0 6 S5/2 5 D4 4 F9/2 3 D3 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 (4,3/2)11/2 (9/2,3/2)o6 (4,3/2)11/2 7 F0 8 o S 7/2 9 o D2 6 o H 15/2 5 I8 4 o I 15/2 3 H6 2 o F 7/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 ? 3 F2 ?

Ionization energy (eV) 7.4589 8.3369 7.5762 8.9938 5.7864 7.3439 8.6084 9.0096 10.4513 12.1298 3.8939 5.2117 5.5769 5.5387 5.473 5.5250 5.582 5.6437 5.6704 6.1498 5.8638 5.9389 6.0215 6.1077 6.1843 6.2542 5.4259 6.8251 7.5496 7.8640 7.8335 8.4382 8.9670 8.9588 9.2255 10.4375 6.1082 7.4167 7.2855 8.414 10.7485 4.0727 5.2784 5.17 6.3067 5.89 6.1941 6.2657 6.0260 5.9738 5.9914 6.1979 6.2817 6.42 6.50 6.58 6.65 4.9? 6.0?

5/2/05 8:33:40 AM

INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990 (ITS-90) B. W. Mangum A new temperature scale, the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), was officially adopted by the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM), meeting 26—28 September 1989 at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). The ITS-90 was recommended to the CIPM for its adoption following the completion of the final details of the new scale by the Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie (CCT), meeting 12—14 September 1989 at the BIPM in its 17th Session. The ITS-90 became the official international temperature scale on 1 January 1990. The ITS-90 supersedes the present scales, the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68) and the 1976 Provisional 0.5 to 30 K Temperature Scale (EPT-76). The ITS-90 extends upward from 0.65 K, and temperatures on this scale are in much better agreement with thermodynamic values that are those on the IPTS-68 and the EPT-76. The new scale has subranges and alternative definitions in certain ranges that greatly facilitate its use. Furthermore, its continuity, precision, and reproducibility throughout its ranges are much improved over that of the present scales. The replacement of the thermocouple with the platinum resistance thermometer at temperatures below 961.78°C resulted in the biggest improvement in reproducibility. The ITS-90 is divided into four primary ranges: 1. Between 0.65 and 3.2 K, the ITS-90 is defined by the vapor pressure-temperature relation of 3He, and between 1.25 and 2.1768 K (the λ point) and between 2.1768 and 5.0 K by the vapor pressure-temperature relations of 4He. T90 is defined by the vapor pressure equations of the form: Defining Fixed Points of the ITS-90 Materiala He e-H2 e-H2 (or He) e-H2 (or He) Nec O2 Ar Hgc H2O Gac Inc Sn Zn Alc Ag Au Cuc a

b

c

Equilibrium stateb VP TP VP (or CVGT) VP (or CVGT) TP TP TP TP TP MP FP FP FP FP FP FP FP

T90 (K) 3 to 5 13.8033 ≈17 ≈20.3 24.5561 54.3584 83.8058 234.3156 273.16 302.9146 429.7485 505.078 692.677 933.473 1234.93 1337.33 1357.77

Temperature t90 (°C) –270.15 to –268.15 –259.3467 ≈ –256.15 ≈ –252.85 –248.5939 –218.7916 –189.3442 –38.8344 0.01 29.7646 156.5985 231.928 419.527 660.323 961.78 1064.18 1084.62

9

T90 / K = A0 + ∑ Ai ( ln( p / Pa) − B ) / C 

i

i =1

The values of the coefficients Ai, and of the constants Ao, B, and C of the equations are given below. 2. Between 3.0 and 24.5561 K, the ITS-90 is defined in terms of a 3He or 4He constant volume gas thermometer (CVGT). The thermometer is calibrated at three temperatures — at the triple point of neon (24.5561 K), at the triple point of equilibrium hydrogen (13.8033 K), and at a temperature between 3.0 and 5.0 K, the value of which is determined by using either 3He or 4He vapor pressure thermometry. 3. Between 13.8033 K (–259.3467°C) and 1234.93 K (961.78°C), the ITS-90 is defined in terms of the specified fixed points given below, by resistance ratios of platinum resistance thermometers obtained by calibration at specified sets of the fixed points, and by reference functions and deviation functions of resistance ratios which relate to T90 between the fixed points. 4. Above 1234.93 K, the ITS-90 is defined in terms of Planck’s radiation law, using the freezing-point temperature of either silver, gold, or copper as the reference temperature. Full details of the calibration procedures and reference functions for various subranges are given in: The International Temperature Scale of 1990, Metrologia, 27, 3, 1990; errata in Metrologia, 27, 107, 1990. Values of Coefficients in the Vapor Pressure Equations for Helium Coef. or constant A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 B C

3 He 0.65—3.2 K 1.053 447 0.980 106 0.676 380 0.372 692 0.151 656 –0.002 263 0.006 596 0.088 966 –0.004 770 –0.054 943 7.3 4.3

4 He 1.25—2.1768 K 1.392 408 0.527 153 0.166 756 0.050 988 0.026 514 0.001 975 –0.017 976 0.005 409 0.013 259 0 5.6 2.9

4 He 2.1768—5.0 K 3.146 631 1.357 655 0.413 923 0.091 159 0.016 349 0.001 826 –0.004 325 –0.004 973 0 0 10.3 1.9

e-H2 indicates equilibrium hydrogen, that is, hydrogen with the equilibrium distribution of its ortho and para states. Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% para hydrogen and 75% ortho hydrogen. VP indicates vapor pressure point; CVGT indicates constant volume gas thermometer point; TP indicates triple point (equilibrium temperature at which the solid, liquid, and vapor phases coexist); FP indicates freezing point, and MP indicates melting point (the equilibrium temperatures at which the solid and liquid phases coexist under a pressure of 101 325 Pa, one standard atmosphere). The isotopic composition is that naturally occurring. Previously, these were secondary fixed points.

1-15

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5/2/05 8:33:42 AM

Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90 This table gives temperature corrections from older scales to the current International Temperature Scale of 1990 (see the preceding table for details on ITS-90). The first part of the table may be used for converting Celsius temperatures in the range –180 to 4000 °C from IPTS-68 or IPTS-48 to ITS-90. Within the accuracy of the corrections, the temperature in the first column may be identified with either t68, t48, or t90. The second part of the table is designed for use at lower temperatures to convert values expressed in kelvins from EPT-76 or IPTS-68 to ITS-90. t/°C –180 –170 –160 –150 –140 –130 –120 –110 –100 –90 –80 –70 –60 –50 –40 –30 –20 –10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280

t90–t68

0.008 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 –0.002 –0.005 –0.007 –0.010 –0.013 –0.016 –0.018 –0.021 –0.024 –0.026 –0.028 –0.030 –0.032 –0.034 –0.036 –0.037 –0.038 –0.039 –0.039 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.039 –0.039

t90–t48

0.020 0.017 0.007 0.000 0.001 0.008 0.017 0.026 0.035 0.041 0.045 0.045 0.042 0.038 0.032 0.024 0.016 0.008 0.000 –0.006 –0.012 –0.016 –0.020 –0.023 –0.026 –0.026 –0.027 –0.027 –0.026 –0.024 –0.023 –0.020 –0.018 –0.016 –0.012 –0.009 –0.005 –0.001 0.003 0.007 0.011 0.014 0.018 0.021 0.024 0.028 0.030

t/°C

290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750

t90–t68 –0.039 –0.039 –0.039 –0.039 –0.040 –0.040 –0.041 –0.042 –0.043 –0.045 –0.046 –0.048 –0.051 –0.053 –0.056 –0.059 –0.062 –0.065 –0.068 –0.072 –0.075 –0.079 –0.083 –0.087 –0.090 –0.094 –0.098 –0.101 –0.105 –0.108 –0.112 –0.115 –0.118 –0.122 –0.125 –0.11 –0.10 –0.09 –0.07 –0.05 –0.04 –0.02 –0.01 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.03

t90–t48

0.032 0.034 0.035 0.036 0.036 0.037 0.036 0.035 0.034 0.032 0.030 0.028 0.024 0.022 0.019 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.000 –0.001 –0.002 –0.001 0.000 0.002 0.007 0.011 0.018 0.025 0.035 0.047 0.060 0.075 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.49 0.53 0.56

The references give analytical equations for expressing these relations. Note that Reference 1 supersedes Reference 2 with respect to corrections in the 630 to 1064 °C range.

References 1. Burns, G. W. et al., in Temperature: Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6, Schooley, J. F., Ed., American Institute of Physics, New York, 1993. 2. Goldberg, R. N. and Weir, R. D., Pure and Appl. Chem., 64, 1545, 1992.

t/°C

760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300

t90–t68

0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 –0.02 –0.03 –0.05 –0.06 –0.08 –0.10 –0.11 –0.13 –0.15 –0.16 –0.18 –0.19 –0.20 –0.22 –0.23 –0.23 –0.24 –0.25 –0.25 –0.25 –0.26 –0.26 –0.26 –0.30 –0.35 –0.39 –0.44 –0.49 –0.54 –0.60 –0.66 –0.72 –0.79 –0.85 –0.93

t90–t48 0.60 0.63 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.75 0.76 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1

t/°C 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000

t90–t68 –1.00 –1.07 –1.15 –1.24 –1.32 –1.41 –1.50 –1.59 –1.69 –1.78 –1.89 –1.99 –2.10 –2.21 –2.32 –2.43 –2.55

t90–t48

T/K 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

T90–T76 –0.0001 –0.0002 –0.0003 –0.0004 –0.0005 –0.0006 –0.0007 –0.0008 –0.0010 –0.0011 –0.0013 –0.0014 –0.0016 –0.0018 –0.0020 –0.0022 –0.0025 –0.0027 –0.0030 –0.0032 –0.0035 –0.0038 –0.0041

T90–T68

3.2 3.4 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.8

–0.006 –0.003 –0.004 –0.006 –0.008 –0.009 –0.009 –0.008 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.005 –0.004 –0.004 –0.005 –0.006 –0.006 –0.007 –0.008

1-21

Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90

1-22 T/K 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

T90–T76

T90–T68 –0.008 –0.008 –0.007 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.007 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.005 –0.005 –0.004 –0.003 –0.002 –0.001

T/K 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

T90–T76

T90–T68 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008

T/K 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 110 120 130 140

T90–T76

T90–T68 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.014

T/K 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 273.16 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

T90–T76

T90–T68 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.000 –0.006 –0.031 –0.040 –0.040 –0.055 –0.089 –0.124

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) The International System of Units, abbreviated as SI (from the French name Le Système International d’Unités), was established in 1960 by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) as the modern metric system of measurement. The core of the SI is the seven base units for the physical quantities length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity. These base units are: Base quantity length mass time electric current thermodynamic temperature amount of substance luminous intensity

SI base unit Name Symbol meter m kilogram kg s second ampere A kelvin K mole mol candela cd

candela: The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540∙1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.

SI derived units Derived units are units which may be expressed in terms of base units by means of the mathematical symbols of multiplication and division (and, in the case of °C, subtraction). Certain derived units have been given special names and symbols, and these special names and symbols may themselves be used in combination with those for base and other derived units to express the units of other quantities. The next table lists some examples of derived units expressed directly in terms of base units: Physical quantity area volume speed, velocity acceleration wave number density, mass density specific volume current density magnetic field strength concentration (of amount of substance) luminance refractive index

The SI base units are defined as follows: meter: The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. kilogram: The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. second: The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom. ampere: The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2∙10–7 newton per meter of length. kelvin: The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. mole: The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles.

Physical quantity plane angle solid angle frequency force pressure, stress energy, work, quantity of heat power, radiant flux electric charge, quantity of electricity electric potential difference, electromotive force capacitance electric resistance electric conductance magnetic flux

(a)

SI derived unit Name square meter cubic meter meter per second meter per second squared reciprocal meter kilogram per cubic meter cubic meter per kilogram ampere per square meter ampere per meter

Symbol m2 m3 m/s m/s2 m-1 kg/m3 m3/kg A/m2 A/m

mole per cubic meter candela per square meter (the number) one

mol/m3 cd/m2 1(a)

The symbol “1” is generally omitted in combination with a numerical value.

For convenience, certain derived units, which are listed in the next table, have been given special names and symbols. These names and symbols may themselves be used to express other derived units. The special names and symbols are a compact form for the expression of units that are used frequently. The final column shows how the SI units concerned may be expressed in terms of SI base units. In this column, factors such as m0, kg0 ..., which are all equal to 1, are not shown explicitly.

Name radian(a) steradian(a) hertz newton pascal joule watt coulomb volt farad ohm siemens weber

Symbol rad sr(c) Hz N Pa J W C V F Ω S Wb

SI derived unit expressed in terms of: Other SI units SI base units m ∙ m-1 = 1(b) m2 ∙ m-2 = 1(b) s-1 m ∙ kg ∙ s-2 N/m2 m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 N∙m m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 J/s m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 s∙A W/A m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ A-1 C/V m-2 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s4 ∙ A2 V/A m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ A-2 A/V m-2 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s3 ∙ A2 V∙s m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-1

1-18

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International System of Units (SI) magnetic flux density inductance Celsius temperature luminous flux illuminance activity (of a radionuclide) absorbed dose, specific energy (imparted), kerma dose equivalent, ambient dose equivalent, directional dose equivalent, personal dose equivalent, organ equivalent dose catalytic activity

1-19 tesla henry degree Celsius(d) lumen lux becquerel gray sievert

T H °C

Wb/m2 Wb/A

kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-1 m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-2 K

lm lx Bq Gy Sv

cd ∙ sr(c) lm/m2

m2 ∙ m–2 ∙ cd = cd m2 ∙ m–4 ∙ cd = m–2 ∙ cd s-1 m2 ∙ s-2 m2 ∙ s-2

katal

kat

J/kg J/kg

s–1 ∙ mol

The radian and steradian may be used with advantage in expressions for derived units to distinguish between quantities of different nature but the same dimension. Some examples of their use in forming derived units are given in the next table. (b) In practice, the symbols rad and sr are used where appropriate, but the derived unit “1” is generally omitted in combination with a numerical value. (c) In photometry, the name steradian and the symbol sr are usually retained in expressions for units. (d) It is common practice to express a thermodynamic temperature, symbol T, in terms of its difference from the reference temperature T0 = 273.15 K. The numerical value of a Celsius temperature t expressed in degrees Celsius is given by t/°C = T/K-273.15. The unit °C may be used in combination with SI prefixes, e.g., millidegree Celsius, m°C. Note that there should never be a space between the ° sign and the letter C, and that the symbol for kelvin is K, not °K. (a)

The SI derived units with special names may be used in combinations to provide a convenient way to express more complex physical quantities. Examples are given in the next table: Physical Quantity dynamic viscosity moment of force surface tension angular velocity angular acceleration heat flux density, irradiance heat capacity, entropy specific heat capacity, specific entropy specific energy thermal conductivity energy density electric field strength electric charge density electric flux density permittivity permeability molar energy molar entropy, molar heat capacity exposure (x and γ rays) absorbed dose rate radiant intensity radiance catalytic (activity) concentration

SI derived unit Name Symbol As SI base units pascal second Pa ∙ s m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-1 newton meter N∙m m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 newton per meter N/m kg ∙ s-2 radian per second rad/s m ∙ m-1 ∙ s-1 = s-1 2 radian per second rad/s m ∙ m-1 ∙ s-2 = s-2 squared watt per square W/m2 kg ∙ s-3 meter joule per kelvin J/K m-3 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 joule per kilogram J/(kg ∙ K) m2 ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 kelvin joule per kilogram J/kg m2 ∙ s-2 watt per meter W/(m ∙ K) m ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ K-1 kelvin joule per cubic J/m3 m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 meter volt per meter V/m m ∙ kg ∙ s-3∙ A-1 coulomb per cubic C/m3 m-3 ∙ s ∙ A meter m-2 ∙ s ∙ A coulomb per C/m2 square meter farad per meter F/m m-3 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s4 ∙ A2 henry per meter H/m m ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-2 joule per mole J/mol m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ mol-1 joule per mole J/(mol ∙ K) m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 ∙ mol-1 kelvin coulomb per C/kg kg-1 ∙ s ∙ A kilogram gray per second Gy/s m2 ∙ s-3 watt per steradian W/sr m4 ∙ m-2∙ kg∙ s-3 = m2 ∙ kg∙ s-3 2 watt per square W/(m ∙ sr) m2 ∙ m-2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 meter steradian = kg ∙ s-3 katal per cubic kat/m3 m-3 ∙ s-1 ∙ mol meter

In practice, with certain quantities preference is given to the use of certain special unit names, or combinations of unit

HC&P_S01.indb 19

names, in order to facilitate the distinction between different quantities having the same dimension. For example, the SI unit of frequency is designated the hertz, rather than the reciprocal second, and the SI unit of angular velocity is designated the radian per second rather than the reciprocal second (in this case retaining the word radian emphasizes that angular velocity is equal to 2π times the rotational frequency). Similarly the SI unit of moment of force is designated the newton meter rather than the joule. In the field of ionizing radiation, the SI unit of activity is designated the becquerel rather than the reciprocal second, and the SI units of absorbed dose and dose equivalent the gray and sievert, respectively, rather than the joule per kilogram. In the field of catalysis, the SI unit of catalytic activity is designated the katal rather than the mole per second. The special names becquerel, gray, sievert, and katal were specifically introduced because of the dangers to human health which might arise from mistakes involving the units reciprocal second, joule per kilogram and mole per second.

Units for dimensionless quantities, quantities of dimension one Certain quantities are defined as the ratios of two quantities of the same kind, and thus have a dimension which may be expressed by the number one. The unit of such quantities is necessarily a derived unit coherent with the other units of the SI and, since it is formed as the ratio of two identical SI units, the unit also may be expressed by the number one. Thus the SI unit of all quantities having the dimensional product one is the number one. Examples of such quantities are refractive index, relative permeability, and friction factor. Other quantities having the unit 1 include “characteristic numbers” like the Prandtl number and numbers which represent a count, such as a number of molecules, degeneracy (number of energy levels), and partition function in statistical thermodynamics. All of these quantities are described as being dimensionless, or of dimension one, and have the coherent SI unit 1. Their values are simply expressed as numbers and, in general, the unit 1 is not explicitly shown. In a few cases, however, a special name is given to this unit, mainly to avoid confusion between some compound derived units. This is the case for the radian, steradian and neper.

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International System of Units (SI)

1-20

SI prefixes The following prefixes have been approved by the CGPM for use with SI units. Only one prefix may be used before a unit. Thus 10-12 farad should be designated pF, not μμF. Factor 1024 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 101

Name yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deka

Symbol Y Z E P T G M k h da

Factor 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18 10-21 10-24

Name deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto

Symbol d c m μ n p f a z y

The kilogram Among the base units of the International System, the unit of mass is the only one whose name, for historical reasons, contains a prefix. Names and symbols for decimal multiples and submultiples of the unit of mass are formed by attaching prefix names to the unit name “gram” and prefix symbols to the unit symbol “g”. Example : 10-6 kg = 1 mg (1 milligram) but not 1 μkg (1 microkilogram).

Units used with the SI Many units that are not part of the SI are important and widely used in everyday life. The CGPM has adopted a classification of non-SI units: (1) units accepted for use with the SI (such as the traditional units of time and of angle); (2) units accepted for use with the SI whose values are obtained experimentally; and (3) other units currently accepted for use with the SI to satisfy the needs of special interests.

(2) Non-SI units accepted for use with the International system, whose values in SI units are obtained experimentally Name electronvolt(b) dalton(c) unified atomic mass unit(c) astronomical unit(d)

Symbol Value in SI Units eV 1 eV = 1.602 176 53(14) ∙10-19 J(a) Da 1 Da = 1.660 538 86(28) ∙ 10-27 kg(a) u ua

1 u = 1 Da 1 ua = 1.495 978 706 91(06) ∙ 1011 m(a)

For the electronvolt and the dalton (unified atomic mass unit), values are quoted from the 2002 CODATA set of the Fundamental Physical Constants (p. 1-1 of this Handbook). The value given for the astronomical unit is quoted from the IERS Conventions 2003 (D.D. McCarthy and G. Petit, eds., IERS Technical Note 32, Frankfurt am Main: Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie, 200). The value of ua in meters comes from the JPL ephemerides DE403 (Standish E.M. 1995, “Report of the IAU WGAS SubGroup on Numerical Standards”, in “Highlights of Astronomy”, Appenlzer ed., pp 180-184, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht). It has been determined in “TDB” units using Barycentric Dynamical Time TDB as a time coordinate for the barycentric system. (b) The electronvolt is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 V in vacuum. (c) The Dalton and unified atomic mass unit are alternative names for the same unit, equal to 1/12 of the mass of an unbound atom of the nuclide 12C, at rest and in its ground state. The dalton may be combined with SI prefixes to express the masses of large molecules in kilodalton, kDa, or megadalton, MDa. (d) The astronomical unit is a unit of length approximately equal to the mean Earth-Sun distance. It is the radius of an unperturbed circular Newtonian orbit about the Sun of a particle having infinitesimal mass, moving with a mean motion of 0.017 202 098 95 radians/day (known as the Gaussian constant). (a)

(3) Other non-SI units currently accepted for use with the International System Name nautical mile

Symbol Value in SI Units 1 nautical mile = 1852 m 1 nautical mile per hour = (1852/3600) m/s 1 a = 1 dam2 = 102 m2 ha 1 ha = 1 hm2 = 104 m2 bar 1 bar = 0.1 MPa = 100 kPa = 105 Pa Å 1 Å = 0.1 nm = 10-10 m b 1 b = 100 fm2 = 10-28 m2

knot are hectare bar ångström barn

(1) Non-SI units accepted for use with the International System Name minute hour day degree minute second liter metric ton neper(a) bel(b)

Symbol min h d ° ’ ” l, L t Np B

Value in SI units 1 min = 60 s 1 h= 60 min = 3600 s 1 d = 24 h = 86 400 s 1° = (π/180) rad 1’ = (1/60)° = (π/10 800) rad 1” = (1/60)’ = (π/648 000) rad 1L= 1 dm3= 10-3 m3 1 t = 103 kg 1 Np = 1 1 B = (1/2) ln 10 Np

The neper is used to express values of such logarithmic quantities as field level, power level, sound pressure level, and logarithmic decrement. Natural logarithms are used to obtain the numerical values of quantities expressed in nepers. The neper is coherent with the SI, but is not yet adopted by the CGPM as an SI unit. In using the neper, it is important to specify the quantity. (b) The bel is used to express values of such logarithmic quantities as field level, power level, sound-pressure level, and attenuation. Logarithms to base ten are used to obtain the numerical values of quantities expressed in bels. The submultiple decibel, dB, is commonly used. (a)

HC&P_S01.indb 20

Other non-SI units The SI does not encourage the use of cgs units, but these are frequently found in old scientific texts. The following table gives the relation of some common cgs units to SI units. Name erg dyne poise stokes gauss oersted maxwell stilb phot gal

Symbol Value in SI units erg 1 erg = 10–7 J dyn 1 dyn = 10–5 N P 1P = 1dyn∙ s/cm2 = 0.1 Pa∙∙ s St 1 St = 1 cm2/s = 10–4 m2/s G 1G  10–4 T Oe 1 Oe  (1000/4π) A/m Mx 1Mx  10–8 Wb 1 sb = 1 cd/cm2 = 104 cd/m2 sb ph 1 ph = 104 lx Gal 1 Gal = 1 cm/s2 = 10–2 m/s2 Note: The symbol  should be read as “corresponds to”;

these units cannot strictly be equated because of the different dimensions of the electromagnetic cgs and the SI.

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International System of Units (SI) Examples of other non-SI units found in the older literature and their relation to the SI are given below. Use of these units in current texts is discouraged. Name Symbol curie Ci roentgen R rad rad rem rem X unit gamma γ jansky Jy fermi metric carat torr Torr standard atmosphere atm cal calorie(a) micron μ (a)

Value in SI units 1 Ci = 3.7 ∙ 1010 Bq 1 R = 2.58 ∙ 10–4 C/kg 1 rad = 1 cGy = 10–2 Gy 1 r e m = 1 cSv = 10–2 Sv 1 X unit ≈ 1.002 ∙ 10–4 nm 1 γ =1 nT = 10–9 T 1Jy = 10–26 W ∙ m–2 ∙ Hz–1 1 fermi = 1 fm = 10–15 m 1 metric carat = 200 mg = 2 ∙ 10–4 kg 1 Torr = (101325/760) Pa 1 atm = 101325 Pa 1 cal = 4.184 J 1 μ = 1 μm = 10–6 m

1-21

References 1. Taylor, B. N., The International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 330, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2001. 2. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Le Système International d’Unités (SI), 7th French and English Edition, BIPM, Sèvres, France, 1998; 8th Edition to be published 2006. 3. Taylor, B. N., Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 811, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1995. 4. NIST Physical Reference Data web site, , October 2004.

Several types of calorie have been used; the value given here is the so-called “thermochemical calorie”.

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Conversion Factors The following table gives conversion factors from various units of measure to SI units. It is reproduced from NIST Special Publication 811, Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). The table gives the factor by which a quantity expressed in a non-SI unit should be multiplied in order to calculate its value in the SI. The SI values are expressed in terms of the base, supplementary, and derived units of SI in order to provide a coherent presentation of the conversion factors and facilitate computations (see the table “International System of Units” in this section). If desired, powers of ten can be avoided by using SI prefixes and shifting the decimal point if necessary. Conversion from a non-SI unit to a different non-SI unit may be carried out by using this table in two stages, e.g.,

1 calth = 4.184 J

1 BtuIT = 1.055056 E+03 J

Thus,

1 BtuIT = (1.055056 E+03 ÷ 4.184) calth = 252.164 calth

Conversion factors are presented for ready adaptation to computer readout and electronic data transmission. The factors are written as a number equal to or greater than one and less than ten with six or fewer decimal places. This number is followed by the letter E (for exponent), a plus or a minus sign, and two digits that indicate the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied to obtain the correct value. For example:

3.523 907 E-02 is 3.523 907 × 10–2

or

0.035 239 07

A factor in boldface is exact; i.e., all subsequent digits are zero. All other conversion factors have been rounded to the figures given in accordance with accepted practice. Where less than six digits after the decimal point are shown, more precision is not warranted. It is often desirable to round a number obtained from a conversion of units in order to retain information on the precision of the value. The following rounding rules may be followed: 1. If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit less than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is not changed. Example: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 3 digits is 6.97 2. If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit greater than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is increased by one. Example: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 4 digits is 6.975 3. If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and at least one of the following digits is greater than 0, the digit preceding the 5 is increased by 1. Example: 6.974 851 rounded to 5 digits is 6.974 9 4. If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and all of the following digits are 0, the digit preceding the 5 is unchanged if it is even and increased by one if it is odd. (Note that this means that the final digit is always even.) Examples: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 952 6.974 950 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 950

Similarly:

3.386 389 E+03 is 3.386 389 × 103

or

3 386.389

Reference Taylor, B. N., Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, 1995.

Factors in boldface are exact To convert from to Multiply by abampere..................................................................... ampere (A)..............................................................................................1.0 E+01 abcoulomb.................................................................. coulomb (C)............................................................................................1.0 E+01 abfarad......................................................................... farad (F)...................................................................................................1.0 E+09 abhenry........................................................................ henry (H).................................................................................................1.0 E–09 abmho.......................................................................... siemens (S)..............................................................................................1.0 E+09 abohm.......................................................................... ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................1.0 E–09 abvolt........................................................................... volt (V).....................................................................................................1.0 E–08 E+00 acceleration of free fall, standard (gn).................... meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................9.806 65 E+03 acre (based on U.S. survey foot)9........................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................4.046 873 E+03 acre foot (based on U.S. survey foot)9................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.233 489 ampere hour (A ∙ h)................................................... coulomb (C)............................................................................................3.6 E+03 ångström (Å).............................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.0 E–10 ångström (Å).............................................................. nanometer (nm).....................................................................................1.0 E–01 E–01 apostilb (asb).............................................................. candela per meter squared (cd/m2)....................................................3.183 098 E+02 are (a)........................................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................1.0 astronomical unit (ua or AU)................................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.495 979 E+11 atmosphere, standard (atm).................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.013 25 E+05 atmosphere, standard (atm).................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................1.013 25 E+02 E+04 atmosphere, technical (at)10.................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 atmosphere, technical (at)10.................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................9.806 65 9

The U.S. survey foot equals (1200/3937) m. 1 international foot = 0.999998 survey foot. One technical atmosphere equals one kilogram-force per square centimeter (1 at = 1 kgf/cm2).

10

1-28

Conversion Factors

1-29

To convert from to Multiply by bar (bar)....................................................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.0 E+05 bar (bar)....................................................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................1.0 E+02 E–28 barn (b)........................................................................ square meter (m2)..................................................................................1.0 barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl)...... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.589 873 E–01 barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl)...... liter (L).....................................................................................................1.589 873 E+02 biot (Bi)........................................................................ ampere (A)..............................................................................................1.0 E+01 British thermal unitIT (BtuIT)11................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 056 E+03 British thermal unitth (Btuth)11................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 350 E+03 British thermal unit (mean) (Btu).......................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 87 E+03 British thermal unit (39 ºF) (Btu)........................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.059 67 E+03 British thermal unit (59 ºF) (Btu)........................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 80 E+03 British thermal unit (60 ºF) (Btu)........................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 68 E+03 British thermal unitIT foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ ft/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]............................................ watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.730 735 E+00 British thermal unitth foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ∙ ft/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.729 577 E+00 British thermal unitIT inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ in/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.442 279 E–01 British thermal unitth inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ∙ in/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.441 314 E–01 British thermal unitIT inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ in/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]............................................ watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................5.192 204 E+02 British thermal unitth inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit E+02 [Btuth ∙ in/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................5.188 732 British thermal unitIT per cubic foot (BtuIT/ft3)................................................................ joule per cubic meter (J/m3)................................................................3.725 895 E+04 British thermal unitth per cubic foot (Btuth/ft3)................................................................ joule per cubic meter (J/m3)................................................................3.723 403 E+04 British thermal unitIT per degree Fahrenheit (BtuIT/ºF)................................................................ joule per kelvin (J/k).............................................................................1.899 101 E+03 British thermal unitth per degree Fahrenheit (Btuth/ºF)................................................................ joule per kelvin (J/k).............................................................................1.897 830 E+03 British thermal unitIT per degree Rankine E+03 (BtuIT/ºR)................................................................ joule per kelvin (J/k).............................................................................1.899 101 British thermal unitth per degree Rankine (Btuth/ºR)................................................................ joule per kelvin (J/k).............................................................................1.897 830 E+03 British thermal unitIT per hour (BtuIT/h).............. watt (W)..................................................................................................2.930 711 E–01 British thermal unitth per hour (Btuth/h)............... watt (W)..................................................................................................2.928 751 E–01 British thermal unitIT per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]................................................ watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................5.678 263 E+00 British thermal unitth per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]................................................. watt per square meter kelvin E+00 [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................5.674 466 E+01 British thermal unitth per minute (Btuth/min)...... watt (W)..................................................................................................1.757 250 British thermal unitIT per pound (BtuIT/lb).......... joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................2.326 E+03 British thermal unitth per pound (Btuth/lb)........... joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................2.324 444 E+03 British thermal unitIT per pound degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/(lb ∙ ºF)]....................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin (J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 E+03 British thermal unitth per pound degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/(lb ∙ ºF)]....................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 E+03 British thermal unitIT per pound degree Rankine E+03 [BtuIT/(lb ∙ ºR)]...................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 British thermal unitth per pound degree Rankine E+03 [Btuth/(lb ∙ ºR)]....................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 British thermal unitIT per second (BtuIT/s)........... watt (W)..................................................................................................1.055 056 E+03 British thermal unitth per second (Btuth/s)............ watt (W)..................................................................................................1.054 350 E+03 The Fifth International Conference on the Properties of Steam (London, July 1956) defined the International Table calorie as 4.1868 J. Therefore the exact conversion factor for the International Table Btu is 1.055 055 852 62 kJ. Note that the notation for the International Table used in this listing is subscript “IT”. Similarily, the notation for thermochemical is subscript “th.” Further, the thermochemical Btu, Btuth, is based on the thermochemical calorie, calth, where calth = 4.184 J exactly.

11

1-30

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by British thermal unitIT per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]................................................. watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................2.044 175 E+04 British thermal unitth per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)].................................................. watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................2.042 808 E+04 British thermal unitIT per square foot (BtuIT/ft2)................................................................ joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................1.135 653 E+04 British thermal unitth per square foot (Btuth/ft2)................................................................ joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................1.134 893 E+04 British thermal unitIT per square foot hour [(BtuIT/(ft2 ∙ h)]...................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................3.154 591 E+00 British thermal unitth per square foot hour [Btuth/(ft2 ∙ h)]........................................................ watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................3.152 481 E+00 British thermal unitth per square foot minute [Btuth/(ft2 ∙ min)]................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.891 489 E+02 British thermal unitIT per square foot second [(BtuIT/(ft2 ∙ s)]....................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.135 653 E+04 British thermal unitth per square foot second [Btuth/(ft2 ∙ s)]......................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.134 893 E+04 British thermal unitth per square inch second [Btuth/(in2 ∙ s)]........................................................ watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.634 246 E+06 bushel (U.S.) (bu)....................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................3.523 907 E–02 bushel (U.S.) (bu)....................................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................3.523 907 E+01 calorieIT (calIT)11.......................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.1868 calorieth (calth)11........................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 calorie (cal) (mean)................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.190 02 calorie (15 ºC) (cal15)................................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.185 80 calorie (20 ºC) (cal20)................................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.181 90 calorieIT, kilogram (nutrition)12.............................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.1868 calorieth , kilogram (nutrition)12.............................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 calorie (mean), kilogram (nutrition)12................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.190 02 calorieth per centimeter second degree Celsius [calth/(cm ∙ s ∙ ºC)]................................................. watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram (calIT/g)....................................... joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................4.1868 calorieth per gram (calth/g)........................................ joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram degree Celsius [calIT/(g ∙ ºC)]......................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 calorieth per gram degree Celsius [calth/(g ∙ ºC)]......................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram kelvin [calIT/(g ∙ K)].................. joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 calorieth per gram kelvin [calth/(g ∙ K)]................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 calorieth per minute (calth/min)............................... watt (W)..................................................................................................6.973 333 calorieth per second (calth/s)..................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................4.184 calorieth per square centimeter (calth/cm2)........... joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................4.184 calorieth per square centimeter minute [calth/(cm2 ∙ min)].................................................. watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................6.973 333 calorieth per square centimeter second [calth/(cm2 ∙ s)]........................................................ watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................4.184 candela per square inch (cd/in2)............................. candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................1.550 003 carat, metric............................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................2.0 carat, metric............................................................... gram (g)...................................................................................................2.0 centimeter of mercury (0 ºC)13............................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.333 22 centimeter of mercury (0 ºC)13............................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................1.333 22 centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg)13..pascal (Pa)................................................................................................1.333 224

E+00 E+00 E+00 E+00 E+00 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+02 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E–02 E+00 E+04 E+02 E+04 E+03 E–04 E–01 E+03 E+00 E+03

The kilogram calorie or “large calorie” is an obsolete term used for the kilocalorie, which is the calorie used to express the energy content of foods. However, in practice, the prefix “kilo” is usually omitted. 13 Conversion factors for mercury manometer pressure units are calculated using the standard value for the acceleration of gravity and the density of mercury at the stated temperature. Additional digits are not justified because the definitions of the units do not take into account the compressibility of mercury or the change in density caused by the revised practical temperature scale, ITS-90. Similar comments also apply to water manometer pressure units. Conversion factors for conventional mercury and water manometer pressure units are based on ISO 31-3. 12

Conversion Factors

1-31

To convert from to Multiply by centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg)13..kilopascal (kPa).......................................................................................1.333 224 E+00 E+01 centimeter of water (4 ºC)13..................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 38 centimeter of water, conventional (cmH2O)13..... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 centipoise (cP)............................................................ pascal second (Pa ∙ s).............................................................................1.0 E–03 centistokes (cSt)......................................................... meter squared per second (m2/s).......................................................1.0 E–06 chain (based on U.S. survey foot) (ch)9............................. meter (m)................................................................................................2.011 684 E+01 circular mil................................................................. square meter (m2)..................................................................................5.067 075 E–10 circular mil................................................................. square millimeter (mm2)......................................................................5.067 075 E–04 clo................................................................................. square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W)..........................................1.55 E–01 cord (128 ft3)............................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................3.624 556 E+00 cubic foot (ft3)............................................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.831 685 E–02 cubic foot per minute (ft3/min).............................. cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................4.719 474 E–04 cubic foot per minute (ft3/min).............................. liter per second (L/s).............................................................................4.719 474 E–01 cubic foot per second (ft3/s).................................... cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................2.831 685 E–02 cubic inch (in3)14........................................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.638 706 E–05 cubic inch per minute (in3/min)............................. cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................2.731 177 E–07 cubic mile (mi3).......................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.168 182 E+09 cubic yard (yd3).......................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................7.645 549 E–01 cubic yard per minute (yd3/min)............................ cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................1.274 258 E–02 cup (U.S.)..................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.365 882 E–04 cup (U.S.)..................................................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................2.365 882 E–01 cup (U.S.)..................................................................... milliliter (mL).........................................................................................2.365 882 E+02 curie (Ci)..................................................................... becquerel (Bq)........................................................................................3.7 E+10 E–13 darcy15.......................................................................... meter squared (m2)................................................................................9.869 233 day (d).......................................................................... second (s)................................................................................................8.64 E+04 day (sidereal).............................................................. second (s)................................................................................................8.616 409 E+04 debye (D)..................................................................... coulomb meter (C ∙ m).........................................................................3.335 641 E–30 degree (angle) (°)........................................................ radian (rad).............................................................................................1.745 329 E–02 degree Celsius (temperature) (ºC).......................... kelvin (K).................................................................................................T/K = t/ºC+273.15 degree Celsius (temperature interval) (ºC)........... kelvin (K).................................................................................................1.0 E+00 degree centigrade (temperature)16......................... degree Celsius (ºC)................................................................................t/ºC ≈ t/deg.cent. degree centigrade (temperature interval)16.......... degree Celsius (ºC)................................................................................1.0 E+00 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (ºF)...................... degree Celsius (ºC)....................................................................................t/ºC = (t/ºF –32)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (ºF)...................... kelvin (K)......................................................................................................T/K = (t/ºF + 459.67)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval)(ºF)..... degree Celsius (ºC)................................................................................5.555 556 E–01 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval) (ºF).... kelvin (K).................................................................................................5.555 556 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ h/BtuIT)............................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................1.895 634 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ h/Btuth)............................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................1.896 903 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2/BtuIT)...................................................... square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W)..........................................1.761 102 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2/Btuth)...................................................... square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W)..........................................1.762 280 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT inch [ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2/(BtuIT ∙ in)]............................................ meter kelvin per watt (m ∙ K/W)........................................................6.933 472 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth inch E+00 [ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2/(Btuth ∙ in)]............................................ meter kelvin per watt (m ∙ K/W)........................................................6.938 112 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ s/BtuIT)............................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................5.265 651 E–04 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ s/Btuth)................................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................5.269 175 E–04 degree Rankine (ºR).................................................. kelvin (K).................................................................................................T/K = (T/ºR)/1.8 degree Rankine (temperature interval) (ºR)......... kelvin (K).................................................................................................5.555 556 E–01 denier........................................................................... kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.111 111 E–07 denier........................................................................... gram per meter (g/m)...........................................................................1.111 111 E–04 dyne (dyn)................................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................1.0 E–05 dyne centimeter (dyn ∙ cm)..................................... newton meter (N ∙ m)..........................................................................1.0 E–07 dyne per square centimeter (dyn/cm2)................. pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.0 E–01 The exact conversion factor is 1.638 706 4 E–05. The darcy is a unit for expressing the permeability of porous solids, not area. 16 The centigrade temperature scale is obsolete; the degree centigrade is only approximately equal to the degree Celsius. 14 15

1-32

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by electronvolt (eV)......................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.602 177 E–19 EMU of capacitance (abfarad)................................ farad (F)...................................................................................................1.0 E+09 EMU of current (abampere)................................... ampere (A)..............................................................................................1.0 E+01 EMU of electric potential (abvolt)......................... volt (V).....................................................................................................1.0 E–08 EMU of inductance (abhenry)................................ henry (H).................................................................................................1.0 E–09 EMU of resistance (abohm).................................... ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................1.0 E–09 erg (erg)....................................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.0 E–07 erg per second (erg/s)............................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................1.0 E–07 erg per square centimeter second E–03 [erg/(cm2 ∙ s)].............................................................. watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.0 ESU of capacitance (statfarad)................................ farad (F)...................................................................................................1.112 650 E–12 ESU of current (statampere)................................... ampere (A)..............................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 ESU of electric potential (statvolt)......................... volt (V).....................................................................................................2.997 925 E+02 ESU of inductance (stathenry)............................... henry (H).................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 ESU of resistance (statohm).................................... ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 faraday (based on carbon 12).................................. coulomb (C)............................................................................................9.648 531 fathom (based on U.S survey foot)9 ...................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.828 804 fermi............................................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.0 fermi............................................................................. femtometer (fm)....................................................................................1.0 fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz)........................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.957 353 fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz)........................................... milliliter (mL).........................................................................................2.957 353 foot (ft)........................................................................ meter (m)................................................................................................3.048 foot (U.S. survey ft)9.................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................3.048 006 footcandle................................................................... lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.076 391 footlambert................................................................. candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................3.426 259 foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg)13.................. pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................4.063 666 foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg)13.................. kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................4.063 666 foot of water (39.2 ºF)13............................................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.988 98 foot of water (39.2 ºF)13............................................ kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................2.988 98 foot of water, conventional (ftH2O)13..................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.989 067 foot of water, conventional (ftH2O)13..................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................2.989 067 foot per hour (ft/h)................................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................8.466 667 foot per minute (ft/min).......................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................5.08 foot per second (ft/s)................................................ meter per second (m/s)........................................................................3.048 foot per second squared (ft/s2)............................... meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................3.048 foot poundal............................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.214 011 foot pound-force (ft ∙ lbf )........................................ joule (J)....................................................................................................1.355 818 foot pound-force per hour (ft ∙ lbf/h).................... watt (W)..................................................................................................3.766 161 foot pound-force per minute (ft ∙ lbf/min)........... watt (W)..................................................................................................2.259 697 foot pound-force per second (ft ∙ lbf/s)................. watt (W)..................................................................................................1.355 818 foot to the fourth power (ft4)17................................ meter to the fourth power (m4)..........................................................8.630 975 franklin (Fr)................................................................ coulomb (C)............................................................................................3.335 641

E+04 E+00 E–15 E+00 E–05 E+01 E–01 E–01 E+01 E+00 E+04 E+01 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+00 E–05 E–03 E–01 E–01 E–02 E+00 E–04 E–02 E+00 E–03 E–10

gal (Gal)....................................................................... meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................1.0 gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gal)........ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.546 09 gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gal)........ liter (L).....................................................................................................4.546 09 gallon (U.S.) (gal)....................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................3.785 412 gallon (U.S.) (gal)....................................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................3.785 412 gallon (U.S.) per day (gal/d).................................... cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................4.381 264 gallon (U.S.) per day (gal/d).................................... liter per second (L/s).............................................................................4.381 264 gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal/(hp ∙ h)]........................................................... cubic meter per joule (m3/J)................................................................1.410 089 gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal/(hp ∙ h)]........................................................... liter per joule (L/J).................................................................................1.410 089 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm)(gal/min).............. cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................6.309 020 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm)(gal/min).............. liter per second (L/s).............................................................................6.309 020 gamma (γ)................................................................... tesla (T)...................................................................................................1.0 gauss (Gs, G).............................................................. tesla (T)...................................................................................................1.0 gilbert (Gi).................................................................. ampere (A)..............................................................................................7.957 747

E–02 E–03 E+00 E–03 E+00 E–08 E–05

17

E–09 E–06 E–05 E–02 E–09 E–04 E–01

This is a unit for the quantity second moment of area, which is sometimes called the “moment of section” or “area moment of inertia” of a plane section about a specified axis.

Conversion Factors

1-33

To convert from to Multiply by gill [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gi)................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.420 653 E–04 gill [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gi)................ liter (L).....................................................................................................1.420 653 E–01 E–04 gill (U.S.) (gi).............................................................. cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.182 941 gill (U.S.) (gi).............................................................. liter (L).....................................................................................................1.182 941 E–01 gon (also called grade) (gon)................................... radian (rad).............................................................................................1.570 796 E–02 gon (also called grade) (gon)................................... degree (angle) (°)....................................................................................9.0 E–01 grain (gr)..................................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................6.479 891 E–05 grain (gr)..................................................................... milligram (mg).......................................................................................6.479 891 E+01 grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr/gal)................................ kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.711 806 E–02 grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr/gal)................................ milligram per liter (mg/L)....................................................................1.711 806 E+01 gram-force per square centimeter (gf/cm2)......... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm3)......................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.0 E+03 hectare (ha)................................................................. square meter (m2)..................................................................................1.0 horsepower (550 ft ∙ lbf/s) (hp)............................... watt (W)..................................................................................................7.456 999 horsepower (boiler).................................................. watt (W)..................................................................................................9.809 50 horsepower (electric)................................................ watt (W)..................................................................................................7.46 horsepower (metric)................................................. watt (W)..................................................................................................7.354 988 horsepower (U.K.)..................................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................7.4570 horsepower (water)................................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................7.460 43 hour (h)........................................................................ second (s)................................................................................................3.6 hour (sidereal)............................................................ second (s)................................................................................................3.590 170 hundredweight (long, 112 lb).................................. kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................5.080 235 hundredweight (short, 100 lb)................................ kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................4.535 924

E+04 E+02 E+03 E+02 E+02 E+02 E+02 E+03 E+03 E+01 E+01

inch (in)....................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................2.54 inch (in)....................................................................... centimeter (cm).....................................................................................2.54 inch of mercury (32 ºF)13.......................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................3.386 38 inch of mercury (32 ºF)13.......................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................3.386 38 inch of mercury (60 ºF)13.......................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................3.376 85 inch of mercury (60 ºF)13.......................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................3.376 85 inch of mercury, conventional (inHg)13................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................3.386 389 inch of mercury, conventional (inHg)13................ kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................3.386 389 inch of water (39.2 ºF)13............................................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.490 82 inch of water (60 ºF)13............................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.4884 inch of water, conventional (inH2O)13................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.490 889 inch per second (in/s)............................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................2.54 inch per second squared (in/s2).............................. meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................2.54 inch to the fourth power (in4)17.............................. meter to the fourth power (m4)..........................................................4.162 314

E–02 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+02 E+02 E+02 E–02 E–02 E–07

E+02 kayser (K).................................................................... reciprocal meter (m–1)..........................................................................1.0 kelvin (K)..................................................................... degree Celsius (ºC).................................................................................t/ºC = T/K – 273.15 kilocalorieIT (kcalIT)................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.1868 E+03 kilocalorieth (kcalth).................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 E+03 kilocalorie (mean) (kcal).......................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.190 02 E+03 E+01 kilocalorieth per minute (kcalth/min)..................... watt (W)..................................................................................................6.973 333 kilocalorieth per second (kcalth/s)........................... watt (W)..................................................................................................4.184 E+03 kilogram-force (kgf )................................................. newton (N)..............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force meter (kgf ∙ m)............................... newton meter (N ∙ m)...........................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2)................................................................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+04 kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2)................................................................. kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 kilogram-force per square meter (kgf/m2)........... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm2)................................................................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+06 kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm2)................................................................ megapascal (MPa).................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force second squared per meter (kgf ∙ s2/m)............................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilometer per hour (km/h)....................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................2.777 778 E–01 kilopond (kilogram-force) (kp)............................... newton (N)..............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilowatt hour (kW ∙ h).............................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................3.6 E+06 kilowatt hour (kW ∙ h).............................................. megajoule (MJ).......................................................................................3.6 E+00

1-34

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by kip (1 kip=1000 lbf ).................................................. newton (N)..............................................................................................4.448 222 E+03 kip (1 kip=1000 lbf ).................................................. kilonewton (kN).....................................................................................4.448 222 E+00 E+06 kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2).......................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................6.894 757 E+03 kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2).......................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................6.894 757 knot (nautical mile per hour).................................. meter per second (m/s)........................................................................5.144 444 E–01 lambert18...................................................................... candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................3.183 099 langley (calth/cm2)...................................................... joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................4.184 light year (l.y.)19.......................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................9.460 73 liter (L)20...................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.0 lumen per square foot (lm/ft2)................................ lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.076 391

E+03 E+04 E+15 E–03 E+01

maxwell (Mx)............................................................. weber (Wb).............................................................................................1.0 E–08 mho.............................................................................. siemens (S)..............................................................................................1.0 E+00 microinch.................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................2.54 E–08 microinch.................................................................... micrometer (µm)...................................................................................2.54 E–02 micron (µ)................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.0 E–06 micron (µ)................................................................... micrometer (µm)...................................................................................1.0 E+00 mil (0.001 in).............................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................2.54 E–05 mil (0.001 in).............................................................. millimeter (mm)....................................................................................2.54 E–02 mil (angle)................................................................... radian (rad).............................................................................................9.817 477 E–04 mil (angle)................................................................... degree (º).................................................................................................5.625 E–02 mile (mi)...................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.609 344 E+03 mile (mi)...................................................................... kilometer (km).......................................................................................1.609 344 E+00 E+03 mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi)9.................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.609 347 E+00 mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi)9.................. kilometer (km).......................................................................................1.609 347 E+03 mile, nautical 21.......................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.852 E+05 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal).................... meter per cubic meter (m/m3)............................................................4.251 437 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal).................... kilometer per liter (km/L)....................................................................4.251 437 E–01 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal)22.................. liter per 100 kilometer (L/100 km)..........................................divide 235.215 by number of miles per gallon mile per hour (mi/h)................................................. meter per second (m/s)........................................................................4.4704 E–01 mile per hour (mi/h)................................................. kilometer per hour (km/h)..................................................................1.609 344 E+00 mile per minute (mi/min)........................................ meter per second (m/s).........................................................................2.682 24 E+01 mile per second (mi/s)............................................. meter per second (m/s).........................................................................1.609 344 E+03 millibar (mbar)........................................................... pascal (Pa)................................................................................................1.0 E+02 millibar (mbar)........................................................... kilopascal (kPa).......................................................................................1.0 E–01 E+02 millimeter of mercury, conventional (mmHg)13. pascal (Pa)................................................................................................1.333 224 E+00 millimeter of water, conventional (mmH2O)13 ...pascal (Pa).................................................................................................9.806 65 minute (angle) (')....................................................... radian (rad)..............................................................................................2.908 882 E–04 minute (min).............................................................. second (s).................................................................................................6.0 E+01 minute (sidereal)....................................................... second (s).................................................................................................5.983 617 E+01 nit................................................................................. candela per meter squared (cd/m2)....................................................1.0 nox................................................................................ lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.0

E+00 E–03

oersted (Oe)................................................................ ampere per meter (A/m).......................................................................7.957 747 ohm centimeter (Ω ∙ cm).......................................... ohm meter (Ω ∙ m).................................................................................1.0 ohm circular-mil per foot........................................ ohm meter (Ω ∙ m).................................................................................1.662 426 ohm circular-mil per foot........................................ ohm square millimeter per meter (Ω ∙ mm2/m)............................................................................................1.662 426 ounce (avoirdupois) (oz).......................................... kilogram (kg)...........................................................................................2.834 952 ounce (avoirdupois) (oz).......................................... gram (g)....................................................................................................2.834 952 ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz).............................. kilogram (kg)...........................................................................................3.110 348 ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz).............................. gram (g)....................................................................................................3.110 348 ounce [Canadian and U.K. fluid (Imperial)] (fl oz)....................................................................... cubic meter (m3).....................................................................................2.841 306

E+01 E–02 E–09 E–03 E–02 E+01 E–02 E+01 E–05

The exact conversion factor is 104/π. This conversion factor is based on 1 d = 86 400 s; and 1 Julian century = 36 525 d. (See The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 1995, page K6, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1994.) 20 In 1964 the General Conference on Weights and Measures reestablished the name “liter” as a special name for the cubic decimeter. Between 1901 and 1964 the liter was slightly larger (1.000 028 dm3); when one uses high-accuracy volume data of that time, this fact must be kept in mind. 21 The value of this unit, 1 nautical mile = 1852 m, was adopted by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference, Monaco, 1929, under the name “International nautical mile.” 22 For converting fuel economy, as used in the U.S., to fuel consumption. 18 19

Conversion Factors

1-35

To convert from to Multiply by ounce [Canadian and U.K. fluid (Imperial)] (fl oz)......................................................................... milliliter (mL)..........................................................................................2.841 306 E+01 E–05 ounce (U.S. fluid) (fl oz)........................................... cubic meter (m3).....................................................................................2.957 353 ounce (U.S. fluid) (fl oz)........................................... milliliter (mL)..........................................................................................2.957 353 E+01 ounce (avoirdupois)-force (ozf )............................. newton (N)...............................................................................................2.780 139 E–01 ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf ∙ in).............. newton meter (N ∙ m)............................................................................7.061 552 E–03 ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf ∙ in).............. millinewton meter (mN ∙ m)................................................................7.061 552 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per cubic inch (oz/in3)......... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).......................................................1.729 994 E+03 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (oz/gal)..................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).......................................................6.236 023 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (oz/gal)..................................... gram per liter (g/L).................................................................................6.236 023 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S.)(oz/gal)...... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).......................................................7.489 152 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S.)(oz/gal)...... gram per liter (g/L).................................................................................7.489 152 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per square foot (oz/ft2)........ kilogram per square meter (kg/m2).....................................................3.051 517 E–01 ounce (avoirdupois) per square inch (oz/in2)...... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2).....................................................4.394 185 E+01 ounce (avoirdupois) per square yard(oz/yd2)...... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2).....................................................3.390 575 E–02 parsec (pc).................................................................. meter (m).................................................................................................3.085 678 peck (U.S.) (pk).......................................................... cubic meter (m3).....................................................................................8.809 768 peck (U.S.) (pk).......................................................... liter (L)......................................................................................................8.809 768 pennyweight (dwt).................................................... kilogram (kg)...........................................................................................1.555 174 pennyweight (dwt).................................................... gram (g)....................................................................................................1.555 174 perm (0 ºC)................................................................. kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m2)].................................................................................5.721 35 perm (23 ºC)............................................................... kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m2)]..................................................................................5.745 25 perm inch (0 ºC)........................................................ kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m)]...................................................................................1.453 22 perm inch (23 ºC)...................................................... kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m)]..................................................................................1.459 29 phot (ph)..................................................................... lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.0 pica (computer) (1/6 in)........................................... meter (m)................................................................................................4.233 333 pica (computer) (1/6 in)........................................... millimeter (mm)....................................................................................4.233 333 pica (printer’s)............................................................ meter (m)................................................................................................4.217 518 pica (printer’s)............................................................ millimeter (mm)....................................................................................4.217 518 pint (U.S. dry) (dry pt).............................................. cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................5.506 105 pint (U.S. dry) (dry pt).............................................. liter (L).....................................................................................................5.506 105 pint (U.S. liquid) (liq pt)........................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.731 765 pint (U.S. liquid) (liq pt)........................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................4.731 765 point (computer) (1/72 in)...................................... meter (m)................................................................................................3.527 778 point (computer) (1/72 in)...................................... millimeter (mm)....................................................................................3.527 778 point (printer’s).......................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................3.514 598 point (printer’s).......................................................... millimeter (mm)....................................................................................3.514 598 poise (P)...................................................................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................1.0 pound (avoirdupois) (lb)23....................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................4.535 924 pound (troy or apothecary) (lb)............................. kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................3.732 417 poundal....................................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................1.382 550 poundal per square foot........................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.488 164 poundal second per square foot............................. pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................1.488 164 pound foot squared (lb ∙ ft2).................................... kilogram meter squared (kg ∙ m2).......................................................4.214 011 pound-force (lbf )24.................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................4.448 222 pound-force foot (lbf ∙ ft)......................................... newton meter (N ∙ m)...........................................................................1.355 818 pound-force foot per inch (lbf ∙ ft/in)................... newton meter per meter (N ∙ m/m)...................................................5.337 866 pound-force inch (lbf ∙ in)....................................... newton meter (N ∙ m)...........................................................................1.129 848 pound-force inch per inch (lbf ∙ in/in).................. newton meter per meter (N ∙ m/m)...................................................4.448 222 pound-force per foot (lbf/ft)................................... newton per meter (N/m).....................................................................1.459 390 pound-force per inch (lbf/in).................................. newton per meter (N/m).....................................................................1.751 268 pound-force per pound (lbf/lb) (thrust to mass ratio)............................. newton per kilogram (N/kg)...............................................................9.806 65 23 24

The exact conversion factor is 4.535 923 7 E–01. All units that contain the pound refer to the avoirdupois pound unless otherwise specified. If the local value of the acceleration of free fall is taken as gn=9.806 65 m/ s2 (the standard value), the exact conversion factor is 4.448 221 615 260 5 E+00.

E+16 E–03 E+00 E–03 E+00 E–11 E–11 E–12 E–12 E+04 E–03 E+00 E–03 E+00 E–04 E–01 E–04 E–01 E–04 E–01 E–04 E–01 E–01 E–01 E–01 E–01 E+00 E+00 E–02 E+00 E+00 E+01 E–01 E+00 E+01 E+02 E+00

1-36

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by pound-force per square foot (lbf/ft2)..................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................4.788 026 E+01 E+03 pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2).......... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................6.894 757 pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2).......... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................6.894 757 E+00 pound-force second per square foot (lbf ∙ s/ft2)............................................................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................4.788 026 E+01 pound-force second per square inch E+03 (lbf ∙ s/in2)............................................................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................6.894 757 pound inch squared (lb ∙ in2)................................... kilogram meter squared (kg ∙ m2).......................................................2.926 397 E–04 pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3)................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.601 846 E+01 pound per cubic inch (lb/in3).................................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................2.767 990 E+04 pound per cubic yard (lb/yd3)................................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................5.932 764 E–01 pound per foot (lb/ft)............................................... kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.488 164 E+00 pound per foot hour [lb/(ft ∙ h)]............................. pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................4.133 789 E–04 pound per foot second [lb/(ft ∙ s)].......................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................1.488 164 E+00 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (lb/gal)...................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................9.977 637 E+01 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (lb/gal)...................................... kilogram per liter (kg/L).......................................................................9.977 637 E–02 pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal).............................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.198 264 E+02 pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal).............................. kilogram per liter (kg/L).......................................................................1.198 264 E–01 pound per horsepower hour [lb/(hp ∙ h)]............. kilogram per joule (kg/J)......................................................................1.689 659 E–07 pound per hour (lb/h).............................................. kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................1.259 979 E–04 pound per inch (lb/in).............................................. kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.785 797 E+01 pound per minute (lb/min)..................................... kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................7.559 873 E–03 pound per second (lb/s)........................................... kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................4.535 924 E–01 pound per square foot (lb/ft2)................................. kilogram per square meter (kg/m2)....................................................4.882 428 E+00 pound per square inch (not pound-force) (lb/in2)..................................................................... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2)....................................................7.030 696 E+02 pound per yard (lb/yd)............................................. kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................4.960 546 E–01 E+03 psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in2).......... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................6.894 757 psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in2).......... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................6.894 757 E+00 quad (1015 BtuIT)11...................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 056 quart (U.S. dry) (dry qt)........................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.101 221 quart (U.S. dry) (dry qt)........................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................1.101 221 quart (U.S. liquid) (liq qt)........................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................9.463 529 quart (U.S. liquid) (liq qt)........................................ liter (L).....................................................................................................9.463 529

E+18 E–03 E+00 E–04 E–01

rad (absorbed dose) (rad)........................................ gray (Gy)..................................................................................................1.0 rem (rem).................................................................... sievert (Sv)..............................................................................................1.0 revolution (r).............................................................. radian (rad).............................................................................................6.283 185 revolution per minute (rpm) (r/min).................... radian per second (rad/s).....................................................................1.047 198 rhe................................................................................ reciprocal pascal second [(Pa ∙ s)–1]...................................................1.0 rod (based on U.S. survey foot) (rd)9..................... meter (m)................................................................................................5.029 210 roentgen (R)................................................................ coulomb per kilogram (C/kg).............................................................2.58 rpm (revolution per minute) (r/min).................... radian per second (rad/s).....................................................................1.047 198

E–02 E–02 E+00 E–01 E+01 E+00 E–04 E–01

second (angle) (")....................................................... radian (rad).............................................................................................4.848 137 second (sidereal)........................................................ second (s)................................................................................................9.972 696 shake............................................................................ second (s)................................................................................................1.0 shake............................................................................ nanosecond (ns).....................................................................................1.0 skot............................................................................... candela per meter squared (cd/m2)....................................................3.183 098 slug (slug).................................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.459 390 slug per cubic foot (slug/ft3).................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................5.153 788 slug per foot second [slug/(ft ∙ s)]........................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................4.788 026 square foot (ft2).......................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................9.290 304 square foot per hour (ft2/h)..................................... square meter per second (m2/s)..........................................................2.580 64 square foot per second (ft2/s).................................. square meter per second (m2/s)..........................................................9.290 304 square inch (in2)......................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................6.4516 square inch (in2)......................................................... square centimeter (cm2).......................................................................6.4516 square mile (mi2)....................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................2.589 988 square mile (mi2)....................................................... square kilometer (km2).........................................................................2.589 988

E–06 E–01 E–08 E+01 E–04 E+01 E+02 E+01 E–02 E–05 E–02 E–04 E+00 E+06 E+00

Conversion Factors

1-37

To convert from to Multiply by square mile E+06 (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi2)9..................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................2.589 998 square mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi2)9..................... square kilometer (km2).........................................................................2.589 998 E+00 square yard (yd2)........................................................ square meter (m2)..................................................................................8.361 274 E–01 statampere.................................................................. ampere (A)..............................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 statcoulomb................................................................ coulomb (C)............................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 statfarad....................................................................... farad (F)...................................................................................................1.112 650 E–12 stathenry..................................................................... henry (H).................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 statmho........................................................................ siemens (S)..............................................................................................1.112 650 E–12 statohm........................................................................ ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 statvolt......................................................................... volt (V).....................................................................................................2.997 925 E+02 stere (st)....................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.0 E+00 stilb (sb)....................................................................... candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................1.0 E+04 stokes (St).................................................................... meter squared per second (m2/s).......................................................1.0 E–04 tablespoon.................................................................. cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.478 676 tablespoon.................................................................. milliliter (mL).........................................................................................1.478 676 teaspoon...................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.928 922 teaspoon...................................................................... milliliter (mL).........................................................................................4.928 922 tex................................................................................. kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.0 therm (EC)25............................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 06 therm (U.S.)25............................................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 804 ton, assay (AT)........................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................2.916 667 ton, assay (AT)........................................................... gram (g)...................................................................................................2.916 667 ton-force (2000 lbf )................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................8.896 443 ton-force (2000 lbf )................................................... kilonewton (kN).....................................................................................8.896 443 ton, long (2240 lb)..................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.016 047 ton, long, per cubic yard.......................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.328 939 ton, metric (t).............................................................. kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.0 tonne (called “metric ton” in U.S.) (t).................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.0 ton of refrigeration (12 000 BtuIT/h)...................... watt (W)..................................................................................................3.516 853 ton of TNT (energy equivalent)26........................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 ton, register................................................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.831 685 ton, short (2000 lb).................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................9.071 847 ton, short, per cubic yard......................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.186 553 ton, short, per hour................................................... kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................2.519 958 torr (Torr)................................................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.333 224

E–05 E+01 E–06 E+00 E–06 E+08 E+08 E–02 E+01 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+09 E+00 E+02 E+03 E–01 E+02

unit pole...................................................................... weber (Wb).............................................................................................1.256 637

E–07

watt hour (W ∙ h)....................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................3.6 watt per square centimeter (W/cm2)..................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.0 watt per square inch (W/in2).................................. watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.550 003 watt second (W ∙ s).................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.0

E+03 E+04 E+03 E+00

yard (yd)...................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................9.144 year (365 days)........................................................... second (s)................................................................................................3.1536 year (sidereal)............................................................. second (s)................................................................................................3.155 815 year (tropical)............................................................. second (s)................................................................................................3.155 693

E–01 E+07 E+07 E+07

The therm (EC) is legally defined in the Council Directive of 20 December 1979, Council of the European Communities (now the European Union, EU). The therm (U.S.) is legally defined in the Federal Register of July 27, 1968. Although the therm (EC), which is based on the International Table Btu, is frequently used by engineers in the United States, the therm (U.S.) is the legal unit used by the U.S natural gas industry. 26 Defined (not measured) value. 25

CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURES From Celsius

Fahrenheit

Kelvin Rankine

To Fahrenheit Kelvin Rankine Celsius Kelvin Rankine Celsius Rankine Fahrenheit Kelvin

tF/˚F = (9/5) t/˚C + 32 T/K = t/˚C + 273.15 T/˚R = (9/5) (t/˚C + 273.15) t/˚C = (5/9) [(tF/˚F) - 32] T/K = (5/9) [(tF/˚F) - 32] + 273.15 T/˚R = tF/˚F + 459.67 t/˚C = T/K - 273.15 T/˚R = (9/5) T/K tF/˚F = T/˚R - 459.67 T/K = (5/9) T/˚R

Definition of symbols: T = thermodynamic (absolute) temperature t = Celsius temperature (the symbol θ is also used for Celsius temperature) tF = Fahrenheit temperature Designation of Large Numbers U.S.A.

Other countries

6

million

million

109

billion

milliard

10

1012

trillion

billion

1015

quadrillion

billiard

1018

quintillion

trillion

100100

googol

10googol

googolplex

1-33

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CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ENERGY UNITS If greater accuracy is required, use the Energy Equivalents section of the Fundamental Physical Constants table.

‒

Wavenumber v cm–1 v: 1 cm–1 1 v: 1 MHz  3.33564 × 10–5 1 aJ  50341.1 E: 1 eV  8065.54 Eh  219474.63 Em: 1 kJ/mol  83.5935 1 kcal/  349.755 mol T: 1 K  0.695039

‒

Frequency v MHz 2.997925 × 104 1 1.509189 × 109 2.417988 × 108 6.579684 × 109 2.506069 × 106 1.048539 × 107

Energy E aJ 1.986447 × 10–5 6.626076 × 10–10 1 0.1602177 4.359748 1.660540 × 10–3 6.947700 × 10–3

Energy E eV 1.239842 × 10–4 4.135669 × 10–9 6.241506 1 27.2114 1.036427 × 10–2 4.336411 × 10–2

Energy E Eh 4.556335 × 10–6 1.519830 × 10–10 0.2293710 3.674931 × 10–2 1 3.808798 × 10–4 1.593601 × 10–3

2.08367 × 104 1.380658 × 10–5 8.61738 × 10–5 3.16683 × 10–6

Molar energy Em kJ/mol 11.96266 × 10–3 3.990313 × 10–7 602.2137 96.4853 2625.500 1 4.184

Molar energy Em Temperature T kcal/mol K 2.85914 × 10–3 1.438769 9.53708 × 10–8 4.79922 × 10–5 143.9325 7.24292 × 104 23.0605 1.16045 × 104 627.510 3.15773 × 105 0.239006 120.272 1 503.217

8.31451 × 10–3

1.98722 × 10–3

1

Examples of the use of this table: 1 aJ  50341 cm–1 1 eV  96.4853 kJ mol–1 The symbol  should be read as meaning corresponds to or is equivalent to.

‒

E = hv = hcv = kT; Em = NAE; Eh is the Hartree energy

1-34

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Conversion Factors for Pressure Units Pa kPa MPa bar atm Torr µmHg psi

Pa 1 1000 1000000 100000 101325 133.322 0.133322 6894.757

kPa 0.001 1 1000 100 101.325 0.133322 0.000133322 6.894757

MPa 0.000001 0.001 1 0.1 0.101325 0.000133322 1.33322 × 10–7 0.006894757

bar 0.00001 0.01 10 1 1.01325 0.00133322 1.33322 × 10–6 0.06894757

To convert a pressure value from a unit in the left-hand column to a new unit, multiply the value by the factor appearing in the column for the new unit. For example:

1-40

1 kPa = 9.8692 × 10–3 atm 1 Torr = 1.33322 × 10–4 MPa

atm 9.8692 × 10–6 0.0098692 9.8692 0.98692 1 0.00131579 1.31579 × 10–6 0.068046

Torr 0.0075006 7.5006 7500.6 750.06 760 1 0.001 51.7151

µmHg 7.5006 7500.6 7500600 750060 760000 1000 1 51715.1

psi 0.0001450377 0.1450377 145.0377 14.50377 14.69594 0.01933672 1.933672 × 10–5 1

Notes: µmHg is often referred to as “micron” Torr is essentially identical to mmHg psi is an abbreviation for the unit pound–force per square inch psia (as a term for a physical quantity) implies the true (absolute) pressure psig implies the true pressure minus the local atmospheric pressure

Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units MULTIPLY ↓ by appropriate factor to OBTAIN→ BtuIT h–1 ft–1 °F–1 BtuIT in h–1 ft–2 °F–1 Btuth h–1 ft–1 °F–1 Btuth in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1 calIT s–1 cm–1 °C–1 calth s–1 cm–1 °C–1 kcalth h–1 m–1 °C–1 J s–1 cm–1 K–1 W cm–1 K–1 W m–1 K–1 mW cm–1 K–1

BtuIT h–1 ft–1 °F–1

BtuIT in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1

Btuth h–1 ft–1 °F–1

Btuth in h–1 ft–2 °F–1

calIT s–1 cm–1 °C–1

calth s–1 cm–1 °C–1

kcalth h–1 m–1 °C–1

J s–1 cm–1 K–1

W cm–1 K–1 W m–1 K–1

mW cm–1 K–1

1

12

1.00067

12.0080

4.13379×10–3

4.13656×10–3

1.48916

1.73073×10–2

1.73073×10–2 1.73073

17.3073

8.33333×10–2

1

8.33891×10–2

1.00067

3.44482×10–4

3.44713×10–4

0.124097

1.44228×10–3

1.44228×10–3 0.144228

1.44228

0.999331

11.9920

1

12

4.13102×10–3

4.13379×10–3

1.48816

1.72958×10–2

1.72958×10–2 1.72958

17.2958

8.32776×10–2

0.999331

8.33333×10–2

1

3.44252×10–4

3.44482×10–4

0.124014

1.44131×10–3

1.44131×10–3 0.144131

1.44131

2.41909×102

2.90291×103

2.42071×102

2.90485×103

1

1.00067

3.60241×102

4.1868

4.1868

4.1868×102 4.1868×103

2.41747×102

2.90096×103

2.41909×102

2.90291×103

0.999331

1

3.6×102

4.184

4.184

4.184×102

4.184×103

0.671520 57.7789 57.7789 0.577789 5.77789×10–2

8.05824 6.93347×102 6.93347×102 6.93347 0.693347

0.671969 57.8176 57.8176 0.578176 5.78176×10–2

8.06363 6.93811×102 6.93811×102 6.93811 0.693811

2.77592×10–3 0.238846 0.238846 2.38846×10–3 2.38846×10–4

2.77778×10–3 0.239006 0.239006 2.39006×10–3 2.39006×10–4

1 86.0421 86.0421 0.860421 8.60421×10–2

1.16222×10–2 1 1 1×10–2 1×10–3

1.16222×10–2 1 1 1×10–2 1×10–3

1.16222 1×102 1×102 1 0.1

11.6222 1×103 1×103 10 1

1-41

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY UNITS To convert FROM ↓ multiply by appropriate

factor to OBTAIN →

abohm centimeter microohm centimeter ohm centimeter statohm centimeter (esu) ohm meter ohm circular mil per foot ohm inch ohm foot

abΩ cm

1 103 108 8.987 × 1020 1011 1.662 × 102 2.54 × 109 3.048 × 1010

µΩ cm 1 × 10–3 1 106 8.987 × 1017 108 1.662 × 10–1 2.54 × 106 3.048 × 107

Ω cm

10–9 10–6 1 8.987 × 1011 102 1.662 × 10–7 2.54 3.048 × 10–1

StatΩ cm 1.113 × 10–21 1.113 × 10–18 1.113 × 10–12 1 1.113 × 10–10 1.850 × 10–19 2.827 × 10–12 3.3924 × 10–11

Ωm

10–11 10–8 1 × 10–2 8.987 × 109 1 1.662 × 10–9 2.54 × 10–2 3.048 × 10–1

Ω cir. mil ft–1 6.015 × 10–3 6.015 6.015 × 106 5.406 × 1018 6.015 × 108 1 1.528 × 107 1.833 × 108

Ω in. 3.937 × 10–10 3.937 × 10–7 3.937 × 10–1 3.538 × 1011 3.937 × 101 6.54 × 10–6 1 12

Ω ft 3.281 × 10–11 3.281 × 10–6 3.281 × 10–2 2.949 × 1010 3.281 5.45 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–2 1

1-37

HC&P_S01.indb 37

5/2/05 8:33:56 AM

Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics Equivalent Second Order Rate Constants B A 1 cm3 mol-1 s-1 = 1 dm3 mol-1 s-1 = 1 m3 mol-1 s-1 = 1cm3 molecule -1s-1 = 1 (mmHg)-1 s-1 = 1 atm-1 s-1 1 ppm-1 min-1 = at 298 K, 1 atm total pressure 1 m2 kN-1s-1 =

cm3 mol-1s-1 1 103 106 6.023 × 1023 6.236 × 104 T 82.06 T 4.077 × 108

dm3 mol-1s-1 10-3 1 103 6.023 × 1020 62.36 T 8.206 × 10-2 T 4.077 × 105

m3 mol-1s-1 10-6 10-3 1 6.023 × 1017 6.236 × 10-2 T 8.206 × 10-5 T 407.7

cm3 molecule-1s-1 1.66 × 10-24 1.66 × 10-21 1.66 × 10-18 1 1.035 × 10-19 T 1.362 × 10-22 T 6.76 × 10-16

(mmHg)-1s-1 1.604 × 10-5 T-1 1.604 × 10-2 T-1 16.04 T-1 9.658 × 1018T-1 1 1.316 × 10-3 21.93

atm-1s-1 1.219 × 10-2 T-1 12.19 T-1 1.219 × 104 T-1 7.34 × 1021 T-1 760 1 1.667 × 104

ppm-1min-1 2.453 × 10-9 2.453 × 10-6 2.453 × 10-3 1.478 × 1015 4.56 × 10-2 6 × 10-5 1

m2 kN-1s-1 1.203 × 10-4 T-1 1.203 × 10-1 T-1 120.3 T-1 7.244 × 1019T-1 7.500 9.869 × 10-3 164.5

8314 T

8.314 T

8.314 × 10-3 T

1.38 × 10-20 T

0.1333

101.325

6.079 × 10-3

1

To convert a rate constant from one set of units A to a new set B find the conversion factor for the row A under column B and multiply the old value by it, e.g.. to convert cm3 molecule-1 s-1 to m3 mol-1 s-1 multiply by 6.023 × 1017. Table adapted from High Temperature Reaction Rate Data No. 5, The University, Leeds (1970). Equivalent Third Order Rate Constants B A 1 cm6 mol-2 s-1= 1 dm6 mol-2 s-1 = 1 m6 mol-2 s-1= 1cm6 molecule –2s-1= 1 (mmHg)-2 s-1 = 1 atm-2 s-1 = 1 ppm-2 min-1= at 298K, 1 atm total pressure 1 m4 kN-2s-1=

cm6 mol-2s-1 1 106 1012 3.628 × 1047 3.89 × 109 T2 6.733 × 103 T2 9.97 × 1018

dm6 mol-1s-1 10-6 1 106 3.628 × 1041 3.89 × 103 T2 6.733 × 10-3 T2 9.97 × 1012

m6 mol-2 s-1 10-12 10-6 1 3.628 × 1035 3.89 × 10-3 T2 6.733 × 10-9 T2 9.97 × 106

cm6 molecule-2 s-1 2.76 × 10-48 2.76 × 10-42 2.76 × 10-36 1 1.07 × 10-38T2 1.86 × 10-44T2 2.75 × 10-29

6.91 × 107 T2

6.91 T2

69.1 × 10-5 T2

1.904 × 10-40 T2 0.0178

(mmHg)-2 s-1 2.57 × 10-10T-2 2.57 × 10-4T-2 257 T-2 9.328 × 1037T-2 1 1.73 × 10-6 2.89 × 104

atm-2 s-1 1.48 ×10-4 T-2 148 T-2 1.48 ×108T-2 5.388 × 1043T-2 5.776 × 105 1 1.667 × 1010

ppm-2 min-1 1.003 × 10-19 1.003 × 10-13 1.003 × 10-7 3.64 × 1028 3.46 × 10-5 6 × 10-11 1

m4 kN-2s-1 1.477 × 10-8T-2 1.477 × 10-2T-2 1.477 × 104T-2 5.248 × 1039T-2 56.25 9.74 × 10-5 1.623 × 106

1.027 × 104

6.16 × 10-7

1

From J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 470, 1980, by permission of the authors and the copyright owner, the American Institute of Physics.

1-43

Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation Conversion between SI and Other Units

Quantity Activity Absorbed dose Absorbed dose rate Average energy per ion pair Dose equivalent Dose equivalent rate Electric current Electric potential difference Exposure Exposure rate

Symbol for quantity Expression in SI units A 1 per second D joule per kilogram ·˙ joule per kilogram D second W joule H ˙ H I U, V X˙ X

Expression Special in symbols name for for SI units SI units becquerel s–1 gray J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1

J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1

coulomb per kilogram coulomb per kilogram second 1 per meter squared

C kg–1 C kg–1 s–1

φ

Fluence rate

Φ

Kerma Kerma rate

K ˙ K

Lineal energy

y

1 per meter squared second joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second joule per meter

Linear energy transfer

L

joule per meter

A W A–1

J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1

Mass energy transfer coefficient

µtr/ρ

meter squared per kilogram

m2 kg–1

Mass energy absorption coefficient Mass stopping power

µen/ρ


m2 kg–1

joule meter squared per kilogram

J m2 kg–1

Specific energy

1-44

1.602 × 10–19 J

sievert

rem rem per second

rem rem s–1

0.01 Sv 0.01 Sv s–1

volt

ampere volt

A V

1.0 A 1.0 V

R R s–1

2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 s–1

cm–2

1.0 × 104 m–2

cm–2 s–1

1.0 × 104 m–2 s–1

Gy Gy s–1

roentgen roentgen per second 1 per centimeter squared 1 per centimeter squared second rad rad per second

rad rad s–1

0.01 Gy 0.01 Gy s–1

keV µm–1

1.602 × 10–10 J m–1

keV µm–1

1.602 × 10–10 J m–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

MeV cm2 g–1

1.602 × 10–14 J m2 kg–1

W Pa

kiloelectron volt per micrometer kiloelectron volt per micrometer centimeter squared per gram centimeter squared per gram centimeter squared per gram MeV centimeter squared per gram watt torr

W torr

1.0 W (101325/760)Pa

molecules (100 eV)–1

1.04 × 10–7 mol J–1

Gy

molecules per 100 electron volts rad

rad

0.01 Gy

Sv Sv s–1 V

gray

J m–1 m2 kg–1

Radiation chemical yield

eV

J m–1


P p

electronvolt

m–2 s–1

µ/ρ

Power Pressure

Value of conventional unit in SI units 3.7 × 1010 Bq 0.01 Gy 0.01 Gy s–1

m–2

Mass attenuation coefficient

S/ρ

Symbol for conventional unit Ci rad rad s–1

J

joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second ampere watt per ampere

Fluence

Symbols using special Conventional names units Bq curie Gy rad Gy s–1 rad

G

joule per second newton per meter squared mole per joule

J s–1 N m–2 mol J–1

z

joule per kilogram

J kg–1

watt pascal

gray

Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation

1-45

Conversion of Radioactivity Units from MBq to mCi and µCi MBq 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 900 800

mCi 189. 162. 135. 108. 81. 54. 27. 24. 21.6

MBq 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 90 80

mCi 18.9 16.2 13.5 10.8 8.1 5.4 2.7 2.4 2.16

MBq 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 9 8

mCi 1.89 1.62 1.35 1.08 810 540 270 240 220

MBq 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.9 0.8

mCi 189 162 135 108 81 54 27 24 21.6

MBq 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

mCi 18.9 16.2 13.5 10.8 8.1 5.4 2.7

Conversion of Radioactivity Units from mCi and µCi to MBq mCi 200 150 100 90 80 70 60 50

MBq 7400 5550 3700 3330 2960 2590 2220 1850

mCi 40 30 20 10 9 8 7 6

MBq 1480 1110 740 370 333 296 259 222

5 4 3 2 1

mCi

MBq 185 148 111 74.0 37.0

µCi 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300

MBq 37.0 33.3 29.6 25.9 22.2 18.5 14.8 11.1

µCi 200 100 90 80 70 60 50 40

MBq 7.4 3.7 3.33 2.96 2.59 2.22 1.85 1.48

µCi 30 20 10 5 2 1

Conversion of Radioactivity Units 100 TBq (1014 Bq) 10 TBq (1013 Bq) 1 TBq (1012 Bq) 100 GBq (1011 Bq) 10 GBq (1010 Bq) 1 GBq (109 Bq) 100 MBq (108 Bq) 10 MBq (107 Bq) 1 MBq (106 Bq)

= = = = = = = = =

2.7 kCi (2.7 × 103 Ci) 270 Ci (2.7 × 102 Ci) 27 Ci (2.7 × 101 Ci) 2.7 Ci (2.7 × 100 Ci) 270 mCi (2.7 × 10–1 Ci) 27 mCi (2.7 × 10–2 Ci) 2.7 mCi (2.7 × 10–3 Ci) 270 µCi (2.7 × 10–4 Ci) 27 µCi (2.7 × 10–5 Ci)

100 kBq (105 Bq) 10 kBq (104 Bq) 1 kBq (103 Bq) 100 Bq (102 Bq) 10 Bq (101 Bq) 1 Bq (100 Bq) 100 mBq (10–1 Bq) 10 mBq (10–2 Bq) 1 mBq (10–3 Bq)

= = = = = = = = =

2.7 µCi (2.7 × 10–6Ci) 270 nCi (2.7 × 10–7 Ci) 27 nCi (2.7 × 10–8 Ci) 2.7 nCi (2.7 × 10–9 Ci) 270 pCi (2.7 × 10–10 Ci) 27 pCi (2.7 × 10–11 Ci) 2.7 pCi (2.7 × 10–12 Ci) 270 fCi (2.7 × 10–13 Ci) 27 fCi (2.7 × 10–14 Ci)

Conversion of Absorbed Dose Units SI Units 100 Gy (102 Gy) 10 Gy (101 Gy) 1 Gy (100 Gy) 100 mGy (10–1 Gy) 10 mGy (10–2 Gy) 1 mGy (10–3 Gy)

= = = = = =

Conventional 10,000 rad (104 rad) 1,000 rad (103 rad) 100 rad (102 rad) 10 rad (101 rad) 1 rad (100 rad) 100 mrad (10–1 rad)

SI Units 100 µGy (10–4 Gy) 10 µGy (10–5 Gy) 1 µGy (10–6 Gy) 100 nGy (10–7 Gy) 10 nGy (10–8 Gy) 1 nGy (10–9 Gy)

= = = = = =

Conventional 10 mrad (10–2 rad) 1 mrad (10–3 rad) 100 µrad (10–4 rad) 10 µrad (10–5 rad) 1 µrad (10–6 rad) 100 nrad (10–7 rad)

= = = = = =

10 mrem (10–2 rem) 1 mrem (10–3 rem) 100 µrem (10–4 rem) 10 µrem (10–5 rem) 1 µrem (10–6 rem) 100 nrem (10–7 rem)

Conversion of Dose Equivalent Units 100 Sv (102 Sv) 10 Sv (101 Sv) 1 Sv (100 Sv) 100 mSv (10–1 Sv) 10 mSv (10–2 Sv) 1 mSv (10–3 Sv)

= = = = = =

10,000 rem (104 rem) 1,000 rem (103 rem) 100 rem (102 rem) 10 rem (101 rem) 1 rem (100 rem) 100 mrem (10–1 rem)

100 µSv (10–4 Sv) 10 µSv (10–5 Sv) 1 µSv (10–6 Sv) 100 nSv (10–7 Sv) 10 nSv (10–8 Sv) 1 nSv (10–9 Sv)

MBq 1.11 0.74 0.37 0.185 0.074 0.037

Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems 1 torr (mmHg) = 133.322 Pa [at 0 °C] 1 in Hg = 3386.38 Pa [at 0 °C] 1 in H2O = 249.082 Pa [at 4 °C] 1 ft H2O = 2988.98 Pa [at 4 °C]

In SI units the value of the gas constant, R, is: R = 8.314472 Pa m3 K-1 mol-1 = 8314.472 Pa L K-1 mol-1 = 0.08314472 bar L K-1 mol-1 This table gives the appropriate value of R for use in the ideal gas equation, PV = nRT, when the variables are expressed in other units. The following conversion factors for pressure units were used in generating the table: 1 atm = 101325 Pa 1 psi = 6894.757 Pa Units of V, T, n T n K mol lb·mol °R mol lb·mol K mol cm3 lb·mol °R mol lb·mol L K mol lb·mol °R mol lb·mol K mol m3 lb·mol °R mol lb·mol

V ft3

1-46

kPa 0.2936228 133.1851 0.1631238 73.99170 8314.472 3771381 4619.151 2095211 8.314472 3771.381 4.619151 2095.211 0.008314472 3.771381 0.004619151 2.095211

atm 0.00289784 1.31443 0.00160990 0.730242 82.0574 37220.6 45.5875 20678.1 0.0820574 37.2206 0.0455875 20.6781 0.0000820574 0.0372206 0.0000455875 0.0206781

Reference Mohr, P. J., Taylor, B. N., and Newell, D. B., “CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37, 1187, 2008.

psi 0.0425864 19.3168 0.0236591 10.7316 1205.91 546993 669.951 303885 1.20591 546.993 0.669951 303.885 0.00120591 0.546993 0.000669951 0.303885

Units of P mmHg 2.20236 998.973 1.22353 554.984 62363.8 282878000 34646.5 15715400 62.3638 28287.8 34.6465 15715.4 0.0623638 28.2878 0.0346465 15.7154

in Hg 0.0867070 39.3296 0.0481706 21.8498 2455.27 1113690 1364.03 618717 2.45527 1113.69 1.36403 618.717 0.00245527 1.11369 0.00136403 0.618717

in H2O 1.17881 534.704 0.654900 297.058 33380.4 15141100 18544.7 8411730 33.3804 15141.1 18.5447 8411.73 0.0333804 15.1411 0.0185447 8.41173

ft H2O 0.0982351 44.5587 0.0545751 24.7548 2781.71 1261760 1545.39 700979 2.78171 1261.76 1.54539 700.979 0.00278171 1.26176 0.00154539 0.700979

S01_17.indd 1

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS 1 Group IA

1 H

2

13 IIIB IIIA

New Notation Previous IUPAC Form CAS Version

IIA

14 IVB IVA

15 VB VA

16 VIB VIA

17 VIIB VIIA

18 VIIIA

+1 -1

2 He

1.00794 1

3 Li

4.002602 2 +1

6.941 2-1

11 Na

4 Be

+2

+1

12 Mg

5 B

Key to Chart Atomic Number Symbol 2001 Atomic Weight

9.012182 2-2

22.989770 2-8-1

+2 +4

50 Sn

Oxidation States

118.710 -18-18-4

3 IIIA IIIB

24.3050 2-8-2

4 IVA IVB

5 VA VB

6 VIA VIB

7 VIIA VIIB

8

10.811 2-3

Electron Configuration

+2

9 VIIIA VIII

10

11 IB IB

+3

13 Al

12 IIB IIB

6 C

+2 +4 -4

12.0107 2-4 +3

26.981538 2-8-3

14 Si

7 N 14.0067 2-5

+2 +4 -4

28.0855 2-8-4

15 P 30.973761 2-8-5

+2 26 +2 24 +2 25 +2 27 +2 28 +2 29 +1 30 +2 31 +3 32 +2 33 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 Co Ni Cu +2 Zn Ga Ge +4 As +4 Fe +4 Cr +6 Mn +7 +5 39.0983 40.078 44.955910 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 63.546 65.409 69.723 72.64 74.92160 58.933200 58.6934 54.938049 55.845 -8-8-1 -8-8-2 -8-9-2 -8-10-2 -8-11-2 -8-13-1 -8-14-2 -8-16-2 -8-18-1 -8-18-2 -8-18-3 -8-18-4 -8-18-5 -8-13-2 -8-15-2 +1 +2 +3 +4 +3 +6 +3 +3 +2 +1 +2 +3 +2 +4 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 +3 +6 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb +5 Mo Tc Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn +4 Sb +7 Ru

19 K

+1

85.4678 -18-8-1

55 Cs

(223) -18-8-1

20 Ca

+2

87.62 -18-8-2 +1

132.90545 -18-8-1

87 Fr

Shell 0

+1

56 Ba

(226) -18-8-2

* Lanthanides

+3

88.90585 -18-9-2 +2

137.327 -18-8-2

88 Ra

21 Sc

57* La

+3

138.9055 -18-9-2 +2

89** Ac

+3

(227) -18-9-2

58 Ce

** Actinides

+2 +3 +4

91.224 -18-10-2

72 Hf

+4

178.49 -32-10-2

104 Rf

+3 +4

59 Pr

+4

+3

140.90765 -21-8-2 +4

232.0381 -18-10-2

91 Pa

23 V

92.90638 -18-12-1

(261) -32-10-2

140.116 -19-9-2

90 Th

22 Ti

+5 +4

231.03588 -20-9-2

73 Ta

+5

95.94 -18-13-1

74 W

(98) -18-13-2 +6

75 Re

101.07 -18-15-1 +4 +6 +7

102.90550 -18-16-1 +3 +4

76 Os

77 Ir

+3 +4

106.42 -18-18-0

78 Pt

107.8682 -18-18-1 +2 +4

79 Au

+1 +3

112.411 -18-18-2

80 Hg

114.818 -18-18-3 +1 +2

81 Tl

118.710 -18-18 -4 +1 +3

+2 +4

52 Te

+3 +5

190.23 -32-14-2

192.217 -32-15-2

195.078 -32-17-1

196.96655 200.59 -32-18-1 -32-18-2

105 Db

106 Sg

107 Bh

108 Hs

109 Mt

110 Ds

111 Rg

112 Uub

114 Uuq

116 Uuh

(262) -32-11-2

(266) -32-12-2

(264) -32-13-2

(277) -32-14-2

(268) -32-15-2

(271) -32-16-2

(272)

(285)

(289)

(289)

144.24 -22-8-2

+3

(145) -23-8-2

92 +3 93 +4 U +5 Np +6 238.02891 (237) -21-9-2 -22-9-2

62 Sm

+2 +3

150.36 -24-8-2 +3 +4 +5 +6

94 Pu (244) -24-8-2

63 Eu

+2 +3

151.964 -25-8-2 +3 +4 +5 +6

95 Am (243) -25-8-2

64 Gd

+3

157 .25 -25-9-2 +3 +4 +5 +6

96 Cm (247) -25-9-2

65 Tb

+3

158.92534 -27-8-2 +3

97 Bk

+3 +4

(247) -27-8-2

66 Dy

+3

162.500 -28-8-2

98 Cf (251) -28-8-2

67 Ho

+3

68 Er

+3

164.93032 167.259 -29-8-2 -30-8-2 +3

99 Es (252) -29-8-2

+3

100 Fm (257) -30-8-2

69 Tm

+3

208.98038 -32-18-5

84 Po

70 Yb

168.93421 173.04 -31-8-2 -32-8-2 +3

101 Md (258) -31-8-2

+2 +3

102 No (259) -32-8-2

+2 +4

(209) -32-18-6

+2 +3

71 Lu

35 Br 79.904 -8-18-7

+4 +6 -2

127.60 -18-18-6

186.207 -32-13-2

61 Pm

+4 +6 -2

78.96 -8-18-6 +3 +5 -3

121.760 -18-18-5

83 Bi

34 Se

183.84 -32-12-2

+3

207.2 -32-18-4

+3 +5 -3

180.9479 -32-11-2

60 Nd

204.3833 -32-18-3

82 Pb

103 Lr

Metallic solids Non-metallic solids 4/29/05 3:00:36 PM

Liquids Gases

36 Kr

86 Rn

(210) -32-18-7

(222) -32-18-8

K-L

K-L-M

0

83.798 -8-18-8

85 At

-L-M-N

-M-N-O

0

-N-O-P

-O-P-Q +3

174.967 -32-9-2 +2 +3

+1 +5 -1

+1 54 0 53 +5 I +7 Xe -1 126.90447 131.293 -18-18-7 -18-18-8

-N-O-P +3

(262) -32-8-3

The new IUPAC format numbers the groups from 1 to 18. The previous IUPAC numbering system and the system used by Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) are also shown. For radioactive elements that do not occur in nature, the mass number of the most stable isotope is given in parentheses. Elements 112, 114, and 116 have been reported but not confirmed. References 1. G. J. Leigh, Editor, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990. 2. Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27, 1985. 3. Atomic Weights of the Elements, 2001, Pure & Appl. Chem., 75, 1107, 2003.

K

+1 8 -2 9 -1 10 0 +2 F Ne +3 O +4 +5 -1 18.9984032 20.1797 -2 15.9994 2-7 2-8 -3 2-6 +3 16 +4 17 +1 18 0 +5 +6 +5 -3 S -2 Cl +7 Ar -1 32.065 35.453 39.948 2-8-6 2-8-7 2-8-8

-O-P-Q

UNITS FOR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES Quantity Magnetic flux density, magnetic induction Magnetic flux Magnetic potential difference, magnetomotive force Magnetic field strength, magnetizing force (Volume) magnetization g (Volume) magnetization Magnetic polarization, intensity of magnetization (Mass) magnetization Magnetic moment Magnetic dipole moment (Volume) susceptibility (Mass) susceptibility (Molar) susceptibility Permeability Relative permeabilityj (Volume) energy density, energy product k Demagnetization factor a. b. c.

d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k.

Symbol

Gaussian & cgs emu a

Conversion factor, C b

SI & rationalized mks c

gauss (G) d maxwell (Mx), G ⋅ cm2

10-4 10-8

tesla (T), Wb/m2 weber (Wb), volt second (V ⋅ s)

U, F

gilbert (Gb)

10/4π

ampere (A)

H M 4πM

oersted (Oe),e Gb/cm emu/cm3 h G

103/4π 103 103/4π

A/mf A/m A/m

J, I σ, M

emu/cm3 emu/g

4π × 10-4 1 4π × 10-7 10-3 4π × 10-10 4π (4π)2 × 10-7

T, Wb/m2 i A⋅m2/kg Wb⋅m/kg A ⋅m2, joule per tesla (J/T) Wb⋅mi dimensionless henry per meter (H/m), Wb/(A⋅m) m3/kg H⋅m2/kg m3/mol H⋅m2/mol H/m, Wb/(A⋅m) dimensionless

B Φ

m j χ,κ χρ,κρ

emu, erg/G emu, erg/G dimensionless, emu/cm3 cm3/g, emu/g

χmol, κmol cm3/mol, emu/mol µ µr

dimensionless not defined

W D, N

erg/cm3 dimensionless

4π × 10-3 (4π)2 × 10-10 4π × 10-6 (4π)2 × 10-13 4π × 10-7 10-1 1/4π

J/m3 dimensionless

Gaussian units and cgs emu are the same for magnetic properties. The defining relation is B = H + 4πM. Multiply a number in Gaussian units by C to convert it to SI (e.g., 1 G × 10–4 T/G = 10–4 T). SI (Système International d’Unités) has been adopted by the National Bureau of Standards. Where two conversion factors are given, the upper one is recognized under, or consistent with, SI and is based on the definition B = µ0(H + M), where µ0 = 4π × 10–7 H/m. The lower one is not recognized under SI and is based on the definition B = µ0 H + J, where the symbol I is often used in place of J. 1 gauss = 105 gamma (γ). Both oersted and gauss are expressed as cm–1/2⋅g1/2⋅s–1 in terms of base units. A/m was often expressed as “ampere–turn per meter” when used for magnetic field strength. Magnetic moment per unit volume. The designation “emu” is not a unit. Recognized under SI, even though based on the definition B = µ0H + J. See footnote c. µr = µ/µ0 = 1+χ, all in SI. µris equal to Gaussian µ. B⋅H and µ0 M⋅H have SI units J/m3; M⋅H and B⋅H/4π have Gaussian units erg/cm3.

R. B. Goldfarb and F. R. Fickett, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado 80303, March 1985, NBS Special Publication 696. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

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SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) have jointly developed a set of recommended symbols for physical and chemical quantities. Consistent use of these recommended symbols helps assure unambiguous scientific communication. The list below is reprinted from Reference 1 with permission from IUPAC. Full details may be found in the following references: 1. Ian Mills, Ed., Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988. 2. E. R. Cohen and P. Giacomo, Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, and Fundamental Constants in Physics, Document IUPAP–25, 1987; also published in Physica 146A, 1–68, 1987. 3. ISO Standards Handbook 2: Units of Measurement, International Organization of Standardization, Geneva, 1982.

GENERAL RULES The value of a physical quantity is expressed as the product of a numerical value and a unit, e.g.: T = 300 K V = 26.2 cm3 Cp = 45.3 J mol-1 K-1

Name Space and Time cartesian space coordinates spherical polar coordinates generalized coordinate position vector length special symbols: height breadth thickness distance radius diameter path length length of arc area volume plane angle solid angle time period frequency circular frequency, angular frequency characteristic time interval, relaxation time, time constant angular velocity velocity

Symbol x, y, z r, θ, φ q, qi r l h b d, δ d r d s s A, As, S V, (υ) α, β, γ, θ, φ… ω, Ω t T v, f ω τ, T ω υ, u, w, c, r˙

The symbol for a physical quantity is always given in italic (sloping) type, while symbols for units are given in roman type. Column headings in tables and axis labels on graphs may conveniently be written as the physical quantity symbol divided by the unit symbol, e.g.: T/K V/cm3 Cp/J mol-1 K-1 The values in the table or graph axis are then pure numbers. Subscripts to symbols for physical quantities should be italic if the subscript refers to another physical quantity or to a number, e.g.: Cp – heat capacity at constant pressure Bn – nth virial coefficient Subscripts that have other meanings should be in roman type: mp – mass of the proton Ek – kinetic energy The following tables give the recommended symbols for the major classes of physical and chemical quantities. The expression in the Definition column is given as an aid in identifying the quantity but is not necessarily the complete or unique definition. The SI Unit gives one (not necessarily unique) expression for the coherent SI unit for the quantity. Other equivalent unit expressions, including those that involve SI prefixes, may be used.

Definition

r = xi + yj + zk

SI unit m m, 1, 1 (varies) m m

T = t/N v = 1/T ω = 2πv

m2 m3 rad, 1 sr, 1 s s Hz rad s–1, s–1

τ = |dt/dlnx| ω= dφ/dt υ = dr/dt

s rad s–1, s–1 m s–1

α = s/r ω = A/r2

2-1

2-2 Name speed acceleration Classical Mechanics mass reduced mass density, mass density relative density surface density specific volume momentum angular momentum, action moment of inertia force torque, moment of a force energy potential energy kinetic energy work Hamilton function Lagrange function pressure surface tension weight gravitational constant normal stress shear stress linear strain, relative elongation modulus of elasticity, Young’s modulus shear strain shear modulus volume strain, bulk strain bulk modulus, compression modulus viscosity, dynamic viscosity fluidity kinematic viscosity friction coefficient power sound energy flux acoustic factors reflection factor acoustic absorption factor transmission factor dissipation factor Electricity and Magnetism quantity of electricity, electric charge charge density surface charge density electric potential electric potential difference electromotive force electric field strength electric flux electric displacement capacitance permittivity permittivity of vacuum relative permittivity dielectric polarization (dipole moment per volume) electric susceptibility electric dipole moment

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol υ, u, w, c a, (g) m µ ρ d ρA, ρS υ p L I, J F T, (M) E Ep, V, Φ Ek, T, K W, w H L p, P γ, σ G, (W, P) G σ τ ε, e E γ G θ K η, µ φ v µ, (f ) P P, Pa ρ αa, (α) τ δ Q ρ σ V, φ U, ∆V, ∆φ E E Ψ D C ε ε0 εr P χe p, µ

Definition v = |υ| a = dυ/dt

SI unit m s–1 m s–2

Ep = ∫F ∙ ds Ek = 1/2mv2 W = ∫F ∙ ds H(q, p) = T (q, p) + V(q) L(q, ˙q) = T (q, ˙q) – V (q) p = F/A y = dW/dA G = mg F = Gm1 m2/r2 σ = F/A τ = F/A ε = ∆l/l E = σ/ε γ = ∆x/d G = τ/γ θ = ∆V/V0 K = – V0(dp/dV) τx,z = η(dvx/dz) φ = 1/η v = η/ρ Ffrict = µFnorm P = dW/dt P = dE/dt

kg kg kg m–3 1 kg m–2 m3 kg–1 kg m s–1 Js kg m2 N Nm J J J J J J Pa, N m–2 N m–1, J m –2 N N m2 kg –2 Pa Pa 1 Pa 1 Pa 1 Pa Pa s m kg –1 s m2 s–1 1 W W

ρ = Pr/P0 αa = 1 – ρ τ = Ptr/P0 δ = αa – τ

1 1 1 1

ρ = Q/V σ = Q/A V = dW/dQ U = V2 – V1 E = ∫(F/Q) ∙ ds E = F/Q = – grad V Ψ = ∫D ∙ dA D = εE C = Q/U D = εE ε0 = µ0–1 c0–2 εr = ε/ε0 P = D – ε0E

C C m–3 C m–2 V, J C–1 V V V m–1 C C m–2 F, C V–1 F m–1 F m–1 1 C m–2

χe = εr – 1 p = Qr

1 Cm

µ = m1m2/(m1 + m2) ρ = m/V d = ρ/ρ ρA = m/A υ = V/m = 1/ρ p = mv L=r×p I = Σmiri2 F = dp/dt = ma T=r×F

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Name electric current electric current density magnetic flux density, magnetic induction magnetic flux magnetic field strength permeability permeability of vacuum relative permeability magnetization (magnetic dipole moment per volume) magnetic susceptibility molar magnetic susceptibility magnetic dipole moment electrical resistance conductance loss angle reactance impedance (complex impedance) admittance (complex admittance) susceptance resistivity conductivity self-inductance mutual inductance magnetic vector potential Poynting vector

2-3

Symbol I j, J B Φ H µ µ0 µr

Definition I = dQ/dt I = ∫j ∙ dA F = Qv × B Φ = ∫B ∙ dA B = µH B = µH µr = µ/µ0

SI unit A A m–2 T A m–2 A m–2 N A–2, H m–1 H m–1 1

M χ, κ, (χm) χm m, µ R G δ X Z Y B ρ κ, γ, σ L M, L1 2 A S

M = B/µ0 – H χ = µr – 1 χm = Vmχ Ep = – m ∙ B R = U/I G = 1/R δ = (π/2) + φI – φU X = (U/I)sin δ Z = R + iX Y = 1/Z Y = G + iB ρ = E/j κ = 1/ρ E = – L(dI/dt) E1 = L1 2(dI2 /dt) B=∇×A S=E×H

A m–1 1 m3 mol–1 A m2, J T–1 Ω S 1, rad Ω Ω S S Ωm S m–1 H H Wb m–1 W m–2

Quantum Mechanics momentum operator

p˙

p˙ = – ih∇

m–1 J s

kinetic energy operator

Tˆ

Tˆ = –(h2/2m)∇2

J

Ĥ = Tˆ + V Ĥψ = Eψ P = ψ*ψ ρ = – eP S = – iћ(ψ*∇ψ – ψ∇ψ*)/2me j = – eS Aij = ∫ψi*Âψjdτ 〈A〉 = ∫ψ*ÂΨdτ (Â†)ij = (Aji)*

J (m–3/2) (m–3) (C m–3) (m–2 s–1) (A m–2) (varies) (varies) (varies)

Hamiltonian operator wavefunction, state function probability density charge density of electrons probability current density electric current density of electrons matrix element of operator Â expectation value of operator Â hermitian conjugate of Â

ˆ commutator of Â and B anticommutator spin wavefunction coulomb integral resonance integral overlap integral Atoms and Molecules nucleon number, mass number proton number, atomic number neutron number electron rest mass mass of atom, atomic mass atomic mass constant mass excess elementary charge, proton charge Planck constant Planck constant/2π Bohr radius Hartree energy Rydberg constant fine structure constant

Ĥ Ψ, ψ, φ P ρ S j Aij, 〈i|Â|j〉 〈A〉, Ā Â†

ˆ ], [Â, Bˆ ]– [Â, B ˆ ]+ [Â, B α; β HAA HAB SAB A Z N me ma , m mu ∆ e h ћ a0 Eh R∞ α

ˆ ] = Â Bˆ – Bˆ Â [Â B

(varies)

ˆ ] = Â Bˆ + Bˆ Â [Â, B +

(varies) 1 J J 1

HAA = ∫ψA*ĤψAdτ HAB = ∫ψA*ĤψBdτ SAB = ∫ψA*ψBdτ

N=A–Z

mu = ma(12C)/12 ∆ = ma – Amu ћ = h/2π a0 = 4πε0ћ2/mee2 Eћ = ћ2/mea02 R∞ = Eh/2hc α = e2/4πε0ћc

1 1 1 kg kg kg kg C Js Js m J m–1 1

2-4 Name ionization energy electron affinity dissociation energy from the ground state from the potential minimum principal quantum number (H atom) angular momentum quantum numbers magnetic dipole moment of a molecule magnetizability of a molecule Bohr magneton nuclear magneton magnetogyric ratio (gyromagnetic ratio) g factor Larmor circular frequency Larmor frequency longitudinal relaxation time transverse relaxation time electric dipole moment of a molecule quadrupole moment of a molecule quadrupole moment of a nucleus electric field gradient tensor quadrupole interaction energy tensor electric polarizability of a molecule activity (of a radioactive substance) decay (rate) constant, disintegration (rate) constant half life mean life level width disintegration energy cross section (of a nuclear reaction) Spectroscopy total term transition wavenumber transition frequency electronic term vibrational term rotational term spin orbit coupling constant principal moments of inertia rotational constants, in wavenumber in frequency inertial defect asymmetry parameter centrifugal distortion constants, S reduction A reduction harmonic vibration wavenumber vibrational anharmonicity constant vibrational quantum numbers Coriolis zeta constant angular momentum quantum numbers degeneracy, statistical weight electric dipole moment of a molecule transition dipole moment of a molecule molecular geometry, interatomic distances, equilibrium distance zero–point average distance

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol Ei Eea Ed, D D0 De n see under Spectroscopy m,µ ξ µB µN γ g ωL vL T1 T2 p, µ Q; Θ eQ q χ α A λ t1/2, T1/2 τ Γ Q σ T ~ v, (v) v Te G F

Definition

E = – hcR/n2 Ep = – m ∙ B m = ξB µB = eћ/2me µN = (me/mp)µB γ = µ/L ωL = (e/2m)B vL = ωL/2π Ep = – p ∙ E Ep = 1/2Q: V˝ = 1/3Θ: V˝ eQ = 2 ∙ 〈ΘZZ 〉 qαβ = – ∂2V/∂α∂β χαβ = eQqαβ p (induced) = αE A = – dNB/dt A = γNB Γ = ħ/τ

T = Etot /hc ~ v = T´ – T˝ v = (E´ – E˝)/h Te = Ee/hc G = Evib/hc F = Erot/hc

J J J J J 1

SI unit

J T–1 J T–2 J T–1 J T–1 C kg–1 1 s –1 Hz s s Cm C m2 C m2 V m–2 J C m2 V–1 Bq s –1 s s J J m2 m–1 m–1 Hz m–1 m–1 m–1

A I A; IB; IC

Ts.o. = A〈 Lˆ ∙ Ŝ〉 I A ≤ IB≤ IC

m–1 kg m2

; B  ; C A A; B; C ∆ κ

Ã = h/8π2cI A A = h/8π2I A ∆ = IC – I A – IB

m–1 Hz kg m2 1

DJ ; DJK ; DK ; d1 ; d2 ∆J ; ∆JK ; ∆K ; δJ ; δK ωe ; ωr ωexe ; xrs ; gu’ υr ; lt ζrsα see additional information below g, d, β p, µ M, R re rz

κ=

(2B − A − C ) (A − C)

m–1 m–1 m–1 m–1 1 1

Ep = – p ∙ E M = ∫ψ´pψ˝dτ

1 Cm Cm m m

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Name ground state distance substitution structure distance vibrational coordinates, internal coordinates symmetry coordinates normal coordinates mass adjusted dimensionless vibrational force constants, diatomic polyatomic, internal coordinates symmetry coordinates dimensionless normal coordinates nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetogyric ratio shielding constant chemical shift, δ scale (indirect) spin–spin coupling constant direct (dipolar) coupling constant longitudinal relaxation time transverse relaxation time electron spin resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance (ESR, EPR), magnetogyric ratio g factor hyperfine coupling constant, in liquids in solids Angular momentum electron orbital one electron only electron spin one electron only electron orbital + spin

Symbol r0 rs

2-5 Definition

SI unit m m

Ri , ri , θj , etc. Si

(varies) (varies)

Qr qr

kg1/2 m 1

f, (k) fij Fij φrst…, krst… γ σA δ JAB DAB T1 T2 γ g a, A T

f = ∂2V/∂r2

J m–2

fij = ∂2V/∂ri∂rj Fij = ∂2V/∂Si∂Sj

(varies) (varies) m–1

γ = µ/Iħ BA = (1 – σA)B δ = 106(v – v0)/v0 Ĥ/h = JAB Î A ∙ ÎB

C kg–1 1 1 Hz Hz s s

γ = µ/sħ hν = gµBB

C kg–1 1

Ĥhfs /h = aŜ ∙ Î Ĥhfs /h = Ŝ ∙ T ∙ Î

Hz Hz

Quantum number symbol Total Z–axis

Operator symbol Lˆ lˆ Ŝ ŝ

ML

Л

l S s

ml MS ms

λ Σ σ

Ω=Л+∑ KR, kR

Lˆ + Ŝ

nuclear orbital (rotational)

Rˆ

R

nuclear spin internal vibrational

Iˆ

I

MI

lˆ

l(lζ)

spherical top other

z-axis

L

ĵ, πˆ

Kl

l(lζ) K, k K, k

sum of R + L(+ j) sum of N + S

Nˆ Ĵ

N J

sum of J + I

Fˆ

MJ

F

MF

Electromagnetic Radiation Name wavelength speed of light in vacuum in a medium wavenumber in vacuum wavenumber (in a medium) frequency circular frequency, pulsatance refractive index Planck constant

Symbol λ c0 c v~ σ v ω n h

Definition

c = c0/n v~= v/c0 = 1/nλ σ = 1/λ v = c/λ ω = 2πv n = c0/c

SI unit m m s–1 m s–1 m–1 m–1 Hz s–1, rad s –1 1 Js

2-6 Name Planck constant/2π radiant energy radiant energy density spectral radiant energy density in terms of frequency in terms of wavenumber in terms of wavelength Einstein transition probabilities spontaneous emission stimulated emission stimulated absorption radiant power, radiant energy per time radiant intensity radiant exitance (emitted radiant flux) irradiance, (radiant flux received) emittance Stefan–Boltzmann constant first radiation constant second radiation constant transmittance, transmission factor absorptance, absorption factor reflectance, reflection factor (decadic) absorbance napierian absorbance absorption coefficient (linear) decadic (linear) napierian molar (decadic) molar napierian absorption index complex refractive index molar refraction angle of optical rotation Solid State lattice vector fundamental translation vectors for the crystal lattice (circular) reciprocal lattice vector (circular) fundamental translation vectors for the reciprocal lattice lattice plane spacing Bragg angle order of reflection order parameters short range long range Burgers vector particle position vector equilibrium position vector of an ion displacement vector of an ion Debye–Waller factor Debye circular wavenumber Debye circular frequency Grüneisen parameter

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol ħ Q, W ρ, w

Definition ħ = h/2π

ρv , wv

ρv , wv

ρ = dρ/dv ρ ν = dρ / dν

J m–2

ρλ , wλ

ρλ = dρ/dλ

J m–4

dNn/dt = – AnmNn

s–1

Anm

SI unit Js J J m–3

ρ = Q/V

J m–3 Hz–1

Bnm Bmn Φ, P I M E, (I) ε σ c1 c2 τ, T α ρ A B

dNn/dt = – ρ v (vnm ) × BnmNn dN /dt = – ρ v (vnm ) B N

s kg–1 s kg–1 W W sr–1 W m–2 W m–2 1 W m–2 K–4 W m2 Km 1 1 1 1 1

a, K α ε κ

a = A/l α = B/l ε = a/c = A/cl κ = α/c = B/cl

m–1 m–1 m2 mol–1 m2 mol–1

k

k = α/4π v

1

nˆ

nˆ = n + ik

1

R, Rm

n

Φ = dQ/dt I = dΦ/dΩ M = dΦ/dAsource E = dΦ/dA ε = M/Mbb Mbb = σT4 c1 = 2πhc02 c2 = hc0/k τ = Φtr /Φ0 α = Φabs /Φ0 ρ = Φrefl /Φ0 A = –lg(1 – αi) B = –ln(1 – αi)

R=

mn

(n − 1) Vm (n 2 + 2 ) 2

α R, R0 a1 ; a2 ; a3 , a; b; c

m

m3 mol–1 1, rad

R = n1a1 + n2 a2 + n3 a3

m m

G b1 ; b2 ; b3 , a*; b*; c*

G ∙ R = 2πm ai ∙ bk = 2πδik

m–1 m–1

d θ n

nλ = 2d sin θ

m 1, rad 1

σ s b r, Rj R0 u B, D qD ωD γ, Γ

γ = αV/κCv

Madelung constant

α, M

Ecoul =

density of states (spectral) density of vibrational modes

NE Nω, g

NE = dN(E)/dE Nω = dN(ω)/dω

u = R – R0

αN A z + z _ e 2 4 πε 0 R0

1 1 m m m m 1 m–1 s–1 1 1 J–1 m–3 s m–3

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Name resistivity tensor conductivity tensor thermal conductivity tensor residual resistivity relaxation time Lorenz coefficient Hall coefficient thermoelectric force Peltier coefficient Thomson coefficient work function number density, number concentration gap energy donor ionization energy acceptor ionization energy Fermi energy circular wave vector, propagation vector Bloch function charge density of electrons effective mass mobility mobility ratio diffusion coefficient diffusion length characteristic (Weiss) temperature Curie temperature Néel temperature

Symbol ρik σik λik ρR τ L AH , RH E Π µ, (τ) Φ n, (p) Eg Ed Ea EF , εF k, q uk(r) ρ m* µ b D L

Definition E=ρ∙j σ = ρ–1 Jq = – λ ∙ grad T

µ = υdrift/E b = µn/µp dN/dt = – DA(dn/dx)

SI unit Ωm S m–1 W m–1 K–1 Ωm s V2 K–2 m3 C–1 V V V K–1 J m–3 J J J J m–1 m–3/2 C m–3 kg m2 V–1 s–1 1 m2 s–1

L = Dτ

m

τ = l/υF L = λ/σT E = ρ ∙ j + RH(B × j)

Φ = E∞ – EF

k = 2π/λ ψ(r) = uk(r) exp(ik · r) ρ(r) = – eψ*(r)ψ(r)

θ, θw TC TN

K K K

N

1

Statistical Thermodynamics number of entities number density of entities, number concentration Avogadro constant Boltzmann constant gas constant (molar) molecular position vector molecular velocity vector molecular momentum vector velocity distribution function (Maxwell)

n, C L, NA k, kB R r (x, y, z) c(cx , cy , cz), u(ux , uy , uz ) p(px , py , pz ) f(cx )

speed distribution function (Maxwell– Boltzmann)

F(c)

average speed generalized coordinate generalized momentum volume in phase space probability statistical weight, degeneracy density of states partition function, sum over states, for a single molecule

2-7

c , u , 〈c〉, 〈u〉 q p Ω P g, d, W, ω, β ρ(E) q, z

n = N/V

R = Lk c = dr/dt p = mc f(cx ) = (m/2πkT)1/2 × exp ( – mcx2/2kT) F(c) = (m/2πkT)3/2 × 4πc2exp ( – mc2/2kT) c = ∫cF(c)dc p = ∂L/∂q˙ Ω = (1/h)∫pdq

ρ(E) = dN/dE q = ∑ g i exp( – ε i /kT )

m–3 mol–1 J K–1 J K–1 mol–1 m m s–1 kg m s–1 m–1 s m–1 s m s–1 (m) (kg m s–1) 1 1 1 J–1 1

i

for a canonical ensemble (system, or assembly) microcanonical ensemble grand (canonical ensemble) symmetry number reciprocal temperature parameter characteristic temperature

Q, Z Ω Ξ σ, s β Θ

β = 1/kT

1 1 1 1 J–1 K

2-8 Name General Chemistry number of entities (e.g. molecules, atoms, ions, formula units) amount (of substance) Avogadro constant mass of atom, atomic mass mass of entity (molecule, or formula unit) atomic mass constant molar mass relative molecular mass (relative molar mass, molecular weight) molar volume mass fraction volume fraction mole fraction, amount fraction, number fraction (total) pressure partial pressure mass concentration (mass density) number concentration, number density of entities amount concentration, concentration solubility molality (of a solute) surface concentration stoichiometric number extent of reaction, advancement degree of dissociation Chemical Thermodynamics heat work internal energy enthalpy thermodynamic temperature Celsius temperature entropy Helmholtz energy (Helmholtz function) Gibbs energy (Gibbs function) Massieu function Planck function surface tension molar quantity X specific quantity X pressure coefficient relative pressure coefficient compressibility, isothermal isentropic linear expansion coefficient cubic expansion coefficient heat capacity, at constant pressure at constant volume ratio of heat capacities Joule–Thomson coefficient second virial coefficient compression factor (compressibility factor) partial molar quantity X chemical potential (partial molar Gibbs energy) absolute activity

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol

Definition

N

SI unit 1

mu = ma(12C)/12 MB = m/nB Mr,B = mB /mu

mol mol–1 kg kg kg kg mol–1 1

Vm w φ

Vm ,B = V/nB wB = mB /Σmi φB = VB /ΣVi

m3 mol–1 1 1

x, y p, P pB γ, ρ

xB = nB /Σni

1 Pa Pa kg m–3

n L, NA ma, m mf , m mu M Mr

C, n c s m, (b) Γ v ξ α

nB = NB /L

pB = yB p γB = mB /V CB = NB /V cB = nB /V sB = cB (saturated solution) mB = nB /mA ΓB = nB/A ∆ξ = ∆nB /vB

m–3 mol m–3 mol m–3 mol kg–1 mol m–2 1 mol 1

q, Q w, W U H T θ, t S A G J Y γ, σ Xm x β αp

θ/ºC = T/K – 273.15 dS ≥ dq/T A = U – TS G = H – TS J = – A/T Y = – G/T γ = (∂G/∂As )T , p Xm = X/n x = X/m β = (∂p/∂T)v αp = (1/p)(∂p/∂T)V

J J J J K ºC J K–1 J J J K–1 J K–1 J m–2, N m–1 (varies) (varies) Pa K–1 K–1

κT κS αl α, αV , γ

κT = – (1/V)(∂V/∂p)T κS = – (1/V)(∂V/∂p)S αl = (1/l)(∂l/∂T) α = (1/V)(∂V/∂T)p

Pa–1 Pa–1 K–1 K–1

Cp CV γ, (κ) µ, µJT B Z XB, (X´B ) µ

Cp = (∂H/∂T)p CV = (∂U/∂T)V γ = Cp/CV µ = (∂T/∂p)H pVm = RT(1 + B/Vm + …) Z = pVm /RT XB = (∂X/∂nB )T, p, nj ≠ B µB = (∂G/∂nB ) T, p, nj ≠ B

J K–1 J K–1 1 K Pa–1 m3 mol–1 1 (varies) J mol–1

λB = exp (µB /RT)

1

λ

∆U = q+ w H = U + pV

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities standard chemical potential

Symbol µ , µo

Definition

SI unit

J mol–1

φ

Name

2-9

standard partial molar entropy

SB

SB = – (∂µB /∂T)p

J mol–1 K–1

standard reaction enthalpy

∆rH

standard reaction entropy

∆rS

equilibrium constant equilibrium constant,

K ,K

φ

φ

φ

A, (A)

A = −(∂G / ∂ξ) p ,T = − ∑ νB µ B

J mol–1

∆ r H = ∑ νB H B

J mol–1

∆ r S = ∑ ν B SB

J mol–1 K–1

B

φ

B

φ

φ

φ

φ

B

φ

φ

φ

J mol–1

B

φ

affinity of reaction

∆ r G* = ∑ νB µ B φ

φ

∆rG

φ

standard reaction Gibbs energy (function)

φ

J mol–1

φ

HB = µB + TSB φ

HB

φ

standard partial molar enthalpy

K = exp( – ∆rG /RT)

1

pressure basis

Kp

K p = ∏pB νB

PaΣv

concentration basis

Kc

K c = ∏cB νB

(mol m–3)Σv

molality basis

Km

K m = ∏mB νB

(mol kg–1)Σv

f, p~

fB = λB

φ a

φB = fB /pB

1 1

f

fB = aB/xB

1

 µ − µB  am,B = exp  B  RT 

1

fugacity coefficient activity and activity coefficient referenced to Raoult’s law, (relative) activity activity coefficient activities and activity coefficients referenced to Henry’s law, (relative) activity, molality basis

am

B

B

lim (p / λ ) p→0 B B T

 µ − µB *  aB = exp  B  RT 

φ

fugacity

B

Pa

ac

 µ − µB *  ac,B = exp  B  RT 

1

mole fraction basis

ax

 µ − µB *  ax ,B = exp  B  RT 

1

γm

am, B = γm, BmB/m

γc γx

ac, B = γc, BcB/c ax, B = γx, BxB

1 1

Im , I Ic , I

Im = ½ ΣmBzB2 Ic = ½ ΣcBzB2

mol kg–1 mol m–3

φm = (µA* – µA )/(RTMAΣmB) φx = (µA – µA *)/(RT1nxA) Π = cBRT (ideal dilute solution)

1 1

φ

φ

concentration basis

concentration basis mole fraction basis ionic strength, molality basis concentration basis osmotic coefficient, molality basis mole fraction basis osmotic pressure

φm φx Π

φ

molality basis

φ

activity coefficient,

(i) Symbols used as subscripts to denote a chemical process or reaction These symbols should be printed in roman (upright) type, without a full stop (period). vaporization, evaporation (liquid → gas) sublimation (solid → gas) melting, fusion (solid → liquid) transition (between two phases) mixing of fluids solution (of solute in solvent) dilution (of a solution) adsorption displacement immersion

vap sub fus trs mix sol dil ads dpl imm

1

Pa

2-10

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities reaction in general atomization combustion reaction formation reaction

(ii) Recommended superscripts

Name

standard pure substance infinite dilution ideal activated complex, transition state excess quantity Symbol

r at c f ,º * ∞ id ‡

o

E

Definition

SI unit

Chemical Kinetics rate of change of quantity X rate of conversion rate of concentration change (due to chemical reaction) rate of reaction (based on amount concentration) partial order of reaction overall order of reaction rate constant, rate coefficient Boltzmann constant half life relaxation time energy of activation, activation energy pre-exponential factor volume of activation collision diameter collision cross-section collision frequency collision number collision frequency factor standard enthalpy of activation standard entropy of activation standard Gibbs energy of activation quantum yield, photochemical yield Electrochemistry elementary charge (proton charge) Faraday constant charge number of an ion ionic strength mean ionic activity mean ionic molality mean ionic activity coefficient charge number of electrochemical cell reaction electric potential difference (of a galvanic cell) emf, electromotive force standard emf, standard potential of the electrochemical cell reaction standard electrode potential emf of the cell, potential of the electrochemical cell reaction pH inner electric potential outer electric potential

X

X = dX/dt

(varies)

ξ

ξ = dξ/dt

mol s–1

rB,vB

rB = dcB/dt

mol m–3 s–1

v nB n k k, kB t1/2 τ Ea , E A ∆‡V d σ ZA ZAB, ZAA zAB, zAA ∆‡H o , ∆H‡ ∆‡S o , ∆S‡ ∆‡G o , ∆G‡ φ e F z Ic , I a± m± γ± n, (z)

 v = ξ /V = vB–1dcB/dt v = kΠcBnB n = ΣnB v = kΠcBnB c(t1/2) = c0/2 τ = 1/(k1 + k–1) Ea = RT2 d ln k/dT k = A exp( – Ea /RT) ∆‡V = – RT × (∂ln k/∂p)T dAB = rA + rB σAB = πdAB2 zAB = ZAB/LcAcB

mol m–3 s–1 1 1 (mol–1 m3)n – 1 s–1 J K–1 s s J mol–1 (mol–1 m3)n – 1 s–1 m3 mol–1 m m2 s–1 m–3 s–1 m3 mol–1 s–1 J mol–1 J mol–1 K–1 J mol–1 1

F=eL zB = QB/e Ic = ½ Σcizi2 a± = m±γ±/m o m±(v+ + v–) = m+v+m–v– γ±(v+ + v–) = γ+v+γ–v–

C C mol-1 1 mol m–3 1 mol kg–1 1 1

∆V, E, U

∆V = VR – VL

V

E

E = lim ∆V

V

Eo Eo E pH φ ψ

I →0

E o = – ∆rG o /nF = (RT/nF) ln K o E = E o – (RT/nF) × Σviln ai

V V V

 c(H + )  pH ≈ − lg  −3   mol dm 

1

∇φ = –E ψ = Q/4πε0r

V V

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Name surface electric potential Galvani potential difference volta potential difference

Symbol χ ∆φ ∆ψ

2-11 Definition χ=φ–ψ ∆αβφ = φβ – φα ∆αβψ = ψβ – ψα

V V V

µ α = (∂G/∂n α) B B I = dQ/dt j = I/A σ = Q/A

J mol–1 A A m–2 C m–2

electrochemical potential electric current (electric) current density (surface) charge density

µ

electrode reaction rate constant mass transfer coefficient, diffusion rate constant thickness of diffusion layer

k kd δ

kd,B = |vB|II,B/nFcA δB = DB/kd,B

transfer coefficient (electrochemical)

α

αc =

I j σ

SI unit

n

k ox = I a /(nFA∏ ci i ) i

− | v | RT ∂ ∂ ln| I c | ∂E nF

η = EI – EI = 0 – IRu

(varies) m s–1 m 1

overpotential electrokinetic potential (zeta potential) conductivity conductivity cell constant molar conductivity (of an electrolyte) ionic conductivity, molar conductivity of an ion electric mobility transport number reciprocal radius of ionic atmosphere

η ζ κ, (σ) Kcell Λ

κ = j/E Kcell = κR ΛB = κ/cB

V V S m–1 m–1 S m2 mol–1

λ u, (µ) t κ

λB = |zB|FuB uB = vB/E tB = jB/Σji κ = (2F2I/εRT)1/2

S m2 mol–1 m2 V–1 s–1 1 m–1

Colloid and Surface Chemistry specific surface area surface amount of B, adsorbed amount of B surface excess of B surface excess concentration of B

a, as, s nBs, nBa nBσ ΓB, (ΓBσ)

a = A/m

m2 kg–1 mol mol mol m–2

ΓB = nBσ/A Γ = ∑ Γi

total surface excess concentration

Γ, (Γ σ)

area per molecule area per molecule in a filled monolayer surface coverage contact angle film thickness thickness of (surface or interfacial) layer surface tension, interfacial tension film tension reciprocal thickness of the double layer average molar masses number–average mass–average Z–average sedimentation coefficient van der Waals constant retarded van der Waals constant van der Waals–Hamaker constant surface pressure

a, σ am, σm θ θ t, h, δ τ, δ, t γ, σ Σf κ

aB = A/NBσ am,B = A/Nm,B θ = NBσ/Nm,B

Mn Mm MZ s λ β, B AH π s, π

Mn = ΣniMi/Σni Mm = ΣniMi2/ΣniMi MZ = ΣniMi3/ΣniMi2 s = v/a

JX , J

JX = A–1 dX/dt

(varies)

qv = dV/dt

m3 s–1

qm = dm/dt

kg s–1 m s–1 W W m–2 W K–1 K W–1 W m–1 K–1

Transport Properties flux (of a quantity X) volume flow rate mass flow rate mass transfer coefficient heat flow rate heat flux thermal conductance thermal resistance thermal conductivity

qV, V  qm , m kd φ Jq G R λ, k

i

γ = (∂G/∂As )T,p Σf = 2γf κ = [2F2Ic/εRT]1/2

π s = γ0 – γ

φ = dq/dt Jq = φ/A G = φ/∆T R = 1/G λ = Jq/(dT/dl)

mol m–2 m2 m2 1 1, rad m m N m–1, J m–2 N m–1 m–1 kg mol–1 kg mol–1 kg mol–1 s J J J N m–1

2-12 Name coefficient of heat transfer thermal diffusivity diffusion coefficient

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol h, (k, K, α) a D

Definition h = Jq/∆T a = λ/ρcp D = Jn/(dc/dl)

SI unit W m–2 K–1 m2 s–1 m2 s–1

The following symbols are used in the definitions of the dimensionless quantities: mass (m), time (t), volume (V), area (A), density (ρ), speed (v), length (l), viscosity (η), pressure (p), acceleration of free fall (g), cubic expansion coefficient (α), temperature (T), surface tension (γ), speed of sound (c), mean free path (λ), frequency (f), thermal diffusivity (a), coefficient of heat transfer (h), thermal conductivity (k), specific heat capacity at constant pressure (cp), diffusion coefficient (D), mole fraction (x), mass transfer coefficient (kd), permeability (μ), electric conductivity (κ), and magnetic flux density (B). Name Reynolds number Euler number Froude number Grashof number Weber number Mach number Knudsen number Strouhal number Fourier number Péclet number Rayleigh number Nusselt number Stanton number Fourier number for mass transfer Péclet number for mass transfer

Symbol Re Eu Fr Gr We Ma Kn Sr Fo Pe Ra Nu St Fo* Pe*

Grashof number for mass transfer

Gr*

Nusselt number for mass transfer Stanton number for mass transfer Prandtl number Schmidt number Lewis number magnetic Reynolds number Alfvén number Hartmann number Cowling number

Nu* St* Pr Sc Le Rm, Rem Al Ha Co

Definition Re = pvl/η Eu = ∆p/ρv2 Fr = v/(lg)1/2 Gr = l3gα∆Tρ2/η2 We = ρv2l/γ Ma = v/c Kn = λ/l Sr = lf/v Fo = at/l2 Pe = vl/a Ra = l3gα∆Tρ/ηa Nu = hl/k St = h/ρvcp Fo* = Dt/l2 Pe* = vl/D

SI unit 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 ∂p   ∆xp  Gr * = l 3 g     ∂x  T , p  η 

1

Nu* = kdl/D St* = kd/v Pr = η/ρa Sc = η/ρD Le = a/D Rm = vµκl Al = v(ρµ)1/2/B Ha = Bl (κ/η)1/2 Co = B2/µρv2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

EXPRESSION OF UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENTS In general, the result of a measurement is only an approximation or estimate of the true value of the quantity subject to measurement, and thus the result is of limited value unless accompanied by a statement of its uncertainty. Much (but not all) of the scientific data appearing in the literature does include some indication of the uncertainty, but this may be stated in many different ways and is often explained poorly. In an effort to encourage consistency in uncertainty statements, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) initiated a project, in collaboration with several other international organizations, to prepare a set of guidelines expressing international consensus on the recommended method of stating uncertainties. This project resulted in the publication of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (Reference 1), which is often referred to as GUM. The recommendations of GUM have been summarized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology in NIST Technical Note 1297, Guidelines for Evaluating the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results (Reference 2). In the notation of GUM, we are concerned with the measurand, i.e., the quantity that is being measured. In physics and chemistry this is usually called a physical quantity and represents some inherent characteristic of a material, system, or process that can be expressed in numerical terms — specifically as the product of a number and a reference, commonly called a unit. Thus the density of water at room temperature is (approximately) 0.998 g/mL (grams per milliliter) or, alternatively 998 kg m–3 (kilograms per meter cubed). This statement gives the most likely value of the measurand, to this level of precision, but gives no information on how much the stated value might differ from the true value. It is important to differentiate between the terms error and uncertainty. The error in a measurement is the difference between the measured value and the true value; the error can be stated if the true value is known (to some level of accuracy). The uncertainty is an estimate of the maximum reasonable extent to which the measured value is believed to deviate from the true value, in a situation where the true value is not known (most often the case). The result of a measurement can unknowably be very close to the true value, and thus have negligible error, even though its uncertainty is large. The uncertainty of the result of a measurement generally consists of several components, which may be grouped in two types according to the method used to estimate their numerical values: Type A. Those which are evaluated by statistical methods Type B. Those which are evaluated by other means The terms “random uncertainty” and “systematic uncertainty” are often used, but these terms do not always correspond in a simple way to the A and B categories. This is because the nature of an uncertainty component is conditioned by how the quantity appears in the mathematical model that describes the current measurement process. An uncertainty component arising from a systematic effect may in some cases be evaluated by methods of Type A while in other cases by methods of Type B. In the GUM formulation, each component of uncertainty, whether in the A or B category, is represented by an estimated standard deviation, termed standard uncertainty, symbol ui, and equal to the positive square root of the estimated variance ui2. For an uncertainty component of Type A, ui = si, where si is the statistically estimated standard deviation, as determined from a

series of observations by appropriate statistical analysis. Any valid statistical method may be used. Examples are calculating the standard deviation of the mean of a series of independent observations; using the method of least squares to fit a curve to data in order to estimate parameters of the curve and their standard deviations; and carrying out an analysis of variance (ANOVA) in order to identify and quantify random effects in certain types of measurements. Details of statistical analysis are given in References 4–7 and many other places. In a similar manner, each uncertainty component of Type B is represented by a quantity uj , which is obtained from an assumed probability distribution based on all the available information about the measurement process. Since uj is treated like a standard deviation, the standard uncertainty in each Type B component is simply uj. The evaluation of uj is usually based on scientific judgment using all the relevant information available, which may include • • • • •

previous measurement data experience with, or general knowledge of, the behavior and properties of relevant materials and instruments manufacturer’s specifications data provided in calibrations and other reports uncertainties assigned to reference data taken from handbooks.

The specific approach to evaluating the standard uncertainty uj of a Type B uncertainty will depend on the detailed model of the measurement process. The following are examples of steps that may be used: 1. Convert a quoted uncertainty (for example, in a calibration factor) that is a stated multiple of an estimated standard deviation to a standard uncertainty by dividing the quoted uncertainty by the multiplier. 2. Convert a quoted uncertainty that defines a “confidence interval” having a stated level of confidence, such as 95% or 99%, to a standard uncertainty by treating the quoted uncertainty as if a normal distribution had been used to calculate it (unless otherwise indicated) and dividing it by the appropriate factor for such a distribution. These factors are 1.960 and 2.576 for the two levels of confidence given. 3. Model knowledge of the quantity in question by a normal distribution and estimate lower and upper limits a– and a+ such that the best estimated value of the quantity is (a+ + a–)/2 (i.e., the midpoint of the limits) and there is 1 chance out of 2 (i.e., a 50 percent probability) that the value of the quantity lies in the interval a– to a+. Then uj ≈ 1.48 a, where a = (a+ – a–)/2 is the half-width of the interval. 4. Model knowledge of the quantity in question by a normal distribution and estimate lower and upper limits a– and a+ such that the best estimated value of the quantity is (a+ + a–)/2 and there is about a 2 out of 3 chance (i.e., a 67 percent probability) that the value of the quantity lies in the interval a– to a+. Then uj ≈ a, where a = (a+ – a–)/2. 5. Estimate lower and upper limits a– and a+ for the value of the quantity in question such that the probability that the value lies in the interval a– to a+ is, for all practical purposes, 100 percent. Provided that there is no contradictory information, treat the quantity as if it is equally probable for its value to lie anywhere within the interval a– to a+; 2-13

Expression of Uncertainty of Measurements

2-14 that is, model it by a uniform or rectangular probability distribution. The best estimate of the value of the quantity is then (a+ + a–)/2 with uj = a/√3 where a = (a+ – a–)/2. If the distribution used to model the quantity is triangular rather than rectangular, then uj = a/√6. The rectangular distribution is a reasonable default model in the absence of any other information. But if it is known that values of the quantity in question near the center of the limits are more likely than values close to the limits, a triangular or a normal distribution may be a better model. When all the standard uncertainties of Type A and Type B have been determined in this way, they should be combined to produce the combined standard uncertainty (suggested symbol uc), which may be regarded as the estimated standard deviation of the measurement result. This process, often called the law of propagation of uncertainty or “root-sum-of-squares,” involves taking the square root of the sum of the squares of all the ui. In many practical measurement situations, the probability distribution characterized by the measurement result y and its combined standard uncertainty uc(y) is approximately normal (Gaussian). When this is the case, uc(y) defines an interval y – uc(y) to y + uc(y) about the measurement result y within which the value of the measurand Y estimated by y is believed to lie with a level of confidence of approximately 68 percent. That is, it is believed with an approximate level of confidence of 68 percent that y – uc(y) ≤ Y ≤ y + uc(y), which is commonly written as Y = y ± uc(y). In fundamental metrological research (involving physical constants, calibration standards, and the like) the combined standard uncertainty uc is normally used as the statement of uncertainty in a measurement. In most cases, however, it is desirable to use a measure of uncertainty that defines an interval about the measurement result y within which the value of the measurand Y is confidently believed to lie. The measure of uncertainty intended to meet this requirement is termed expanded uncertainty, suggested symbol U, and is obtained by multiplying uc(y) by a coverage factor, suggested symbol k. Thus U = kuc(y) and it is believed with high confidence that y – U ≤ Y ≤ y + U, which is commonly written as Y = y ± U. The value of the coverage factor k is chosen on the basis of the desired level of confidence to be associated with the interval defined by U = kuc. Typically, k is in the range 2 to 3. When the normal distribution applies, U = 2uc (i.e., k = 2) defines an interval having a level of confidence of approximately 95 percent, and U = 3uc defines an interval having a confidence level greater than 99 percent. In current international practice it is most common to use k = 2, corresponding to about 95 percent confidence, but the

value of k should be stated in each case to avoid confusion. See References 1 and 2 for methods of calculating k when a value other than k = 2 is needed for a specific requirement.

Summary of Key Steps • •

• •

Group the uncertainty components into Type A (can be evaluated by statistical methods) and Type B (must be evaluated by other means). Determine the standard uncertainty for each component of Type A by statistical methods and for each component of Type B by other suitable methods, based on modeling the measurement process. Take the square root of the sum of the squares of all the standard uncertainties to get the combined standard uncertainty uc. Specify a coverage factor k which, when multiplied by uc, gives the expanded uncertainty U. In fundamental metrological research k = 1 is usually chosen; in other cases, k = 2 (corresponding to a confidence level of about 95%) is the most common choice.

References 1. ISO, Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1993. Several supplements have been published; see Bich, W., Cox, M. C., and Harris, P. M., “Evolution of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement,” Metrologia 43, S161, 2006. 2. Taylor, B. N., and Kuyatt, C. E., Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results, NIST Technical Note 1297, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1994; available for free download at . 3. Bell, S., A Beginner’s Guide to Uncertainty of Measurement, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK, 2001; available on the Internet through <www.npl.co.uk/server. php?show=ConWebDoc.1785>. 4. Eisenhart, C., “Realistic Evaluation of the Precision and Accuracy of Instrument Calibration Systems,” J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 67C, 161, 1963. 5. Mandel, J., The Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data, Dover Publishers, New York, 1984. 6. Nantrella, M. G., Experimental Statistics, NBS Handbook 91, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1966. 7. Box, G. E. P., Hunter, J. S., and Hunter, W. G., Statistics for Experimenters: Design, Innovation, and Discovery, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2005.

Nomenclature for Chemical Compounds The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) maintains several commissions that deal with the naming of chemical substances. In general, the approach of IUPAC is to present rules for arriving at names in a systematic manner, rather than recommending a unique name for each compound. Thus there are often several alternative “IUPAC names,” depending on which nomenclature system is used, each of which may have advantages in specific applications. However, each of these names will be unambiguous. Organizations such as the Chemical Abstacts Service and the Beilstein Institute that prepare indexes to the chemical literature must adopt a system for selecting unique names in order to avoid excessive cross referencing. Chemical Abstracts Service uses a system which groups together compounds derived from a single parent compound. Thus most index names are inverted (e.g., Benzene, bromo rather than bromobenzene; Acetic acid, sodium salt rather than sodium acetate). Recommended names for the most common substituent groups, ligands, ions, and organic rings are given in the two following tables, “Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands” and “Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems.” For the basics of macromolecular nomenclature, see “Nomenclature for Organic Polymers” in Section 13. Some of the most useful recent guides to chemical nomenclature, prepared by IUPAC and other organizations such as the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) and the American Chemical Society are listed below. These books contain citations to the more detailed nomenclature documents in each area. Two very useful web sites providing links to nomenclature documents are: www.iupac.org/publications/index.html www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/

Inorganic Chemistry

Block, B. P., Powell, W. H., and Fernelius, W. C., Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature, Principles and Practice, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1990. Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry - IUPAC Recommendations 2005. Connelly, N.G., Damhus, T., Hartshorn, R. M., and Hutton, A. T., The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2005.

Organic Chemistry

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Class Names of Organic Compounds and Reactive Intermediates Based on Structure, Moss, G. P., Smith, P. A. S., and Tavernier, D., Eds., Pure & Appl. Chem. 67, 1307, 1995. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Basic Terminology of Stereochemistry, Moss, G. P., Ed., Pure & Appl. Chem. 68, 2193, 1996. Rhodes, P. H., The Organic Chemist’s Desk Reference, Chapman & Hall, London, 1995.

Macromolecular Chemistry

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, Metanomski, W. V., Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1991. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science, Jenkins, A.D., Kratochvil, P., Stepto, R. F. T., and Suter, U. W., Eds., Pure & Appl. Chem. 68, 2287, 1996.

Biochemistry

International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 2nd Edition, 1992, Portland Press, London, 1993; includes recommendations of the IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1992. IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, Nomenclature of Carbohydrates, Recommendations 1996, McNaught, A. D., Ed., Pure & Appl. Chem. 68, 1919, 1996.

General

Chemical Abstracts Service, Naming and Indexing Chemical Substances for Chemical Abstracts, Appendix IV, Chemical Abstracts 1994 Index Guide. Principles of Chemical Nomenclature: a Guide to IUPAC Recommendations, Leigh, G. J., Favre, H. A., and Metanomski, W. V., Blackwell Science, 1998.

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Recommendations 1993, Panico, R., Powell, W. H., and Richer, J.-C., Eds., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993.

2-15

Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands Willem H. Koppenol The entries below were selected from Table IX of Connelly, N. G., Damhus, T., Hartshorn, R. M. and Hutton, A. T., Eds., Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2005. Two changes were made: in the case of the hypohalides, the oxidohalogenate names are listed, not the new halooxygenate names. Thus, for BrO− the still acceptable name “oxidobromate(1−)” is listed, not the more correct, but less palatable, “bromooxygenate(1−)”. Similarly, and for reasons of consistency, ClO• is not named oxygen (mono)chloride, but chlorine mono(o)oxide. The symbol ' ’ is used for dividing names when this is made necessary by a line break. When the name is reconstructed

from the name given in the table, this symbol should be omitted. Thus, all hyphens in the table are true parts of the names. The symbols ‘>’ and ‘O, oxy, epoxy (in rings) =O, oxo

oxygen (general) O•+, oxygen(•1+)

oxide (general) O•−, oxidanidyl, oxide(•1−) O2−, oxide(2−); oxide −O−, oxido

O2−, oxido

O2

O2, dioxygen O22•, dioxidanediyl, dioxygen(2•) −OO−, dioxidanediyl; peroxy

O2•+, dioxidanyliumyl, dioxygen(•1+) O22+, dioxidanebis(ylium), dioxygen(2+)

O2•−, dioxidanidyl, dioxide(•1−); superoxide (not hyperoxide) O22−, dioxidanediide, dioxide(2−); peroxide

dioxido (general) O2, dioxygen O2•−, dioxido(•1−); superoxido O22−, dioxidanediido, dioxido(2−); peroxido

O3

O3, trioxygen; ozone −OOO−, trioxidanediyl

O3•−, trioxidanidyl, trioxide(•1−); ozonide

O3, trioxygen; ozone O3•−, trioxido(•1−); ozonido

HO

HO•, oxidanyl, hydridooxygen(•); hydroxyl −OH, oxidanyl; hydroxy

HO+, oxidanylium, hydridooxygen(1+); hydroxylium

HO−, oxidanide, hydroxide

HO−, oxidanido; hydroxido

HO2

HO2•, dioxidanyl, hydridodioxygen(•) hydrogen dioxide −OOH, dioxidanyl; hydroperoxy

HO2+, dioxidanylium, hydridodioxygen(1+)

HO2−, dioxidanide, hydrogen(peroxide)(1−)

HO2−, dioxidanido, hydrogen(peroxido)(1−)

S

sulfur (general) S, monosulfur =S, sulfanylidene; thioxo −S−, sulfanediyl

sulfur (general) S+, sulfur(1+)

sulfide (general) S•−, sulfanidyl, sulfide(•1−) S2−, sulfanediide, sulfide(2−); sulfide −S−, sulfido

sulfido (general) S•−, sulfanidyl, sulfido(•1−) S2−, sulfanediido, sulfido(2−)

ClO

ClO, chlorine mon(o)oxide ClO•, oxidochlorine(•); chlorosyl −ClO, oxo-λ3-chloranyl; chlorosyl −OCl, chlorooxy

ClO2

ClO2, chlorine dioxide ClO2•, dioxidochlorine(•) ClOO•, chloridodioxygen (O−O) (•), −ClO2, dioxo-λ5-chloranyl; chloryl −OClO, oxo-λ3-chloranyloxy

ClO3

ClO3, chlorine trioxide ClO3•, trioxidochlorine(•) −ClO3, trioxo-λ7-chloranyl; perchloryl −OClO2, dioxo-λ5-chloranyloxy

ClO4

ClO4, chlorine tetraoxide ClO4•, tetraoxidochlorine(•) −OClO3, trioxo-λ7-chloranyloxy

IO

IO, iodine mon(o)oxide IO•, oxidoiodine(•); iodosy l −IO, oxo-λ3-iodanyl; iodosyl −OI, iodooxy

IO2

4/10/06 9:49:49 AM

Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands

2-16 S2, disulfur −SS−, disulfanediyl >S=S, sulfanylidene-λ4sulfanediyl; sulfinothioyl

S2•+, disulfur(•1+)

S2•−, disulfanidyl, disulfide(•1−) S22−, disulfide(2−), disulfanediide −SS−, disulfanidyl

S22−, disulfido(2−), disulfanediido

HS

HS•, sulfanyl, hydridosulfur(•) −SH, sulfanyl

HS+, sulfanylium, hydridosulfur(1+)

HS−, sulfanide, hydrogen(sulfide)(1−)

HS−, sulfanido, hydrogen(sulfido)(1−)

SO

SO, sulfur mon(o)oxide [SO], oxidosulfur >SO, oxo-λ4-sulfanediyl; sulfinyl

SO•+, oxidosulfur(•1+) (not sulfinyl or thionyl)

SO•−, oxidosulfate(•1−)

[SO], oxidosulfur

SO2

SO2, sulfur dioxide [SO2], dioxidosulfur >SO2, dioxo-λ6-sulfanediyl; sulfuryl, sulfonyl

SO2•−, dioxidosulfate(•1−) SO22−, dioxidosulfate(2−), sulfanediolate

[SO2], dioxidosulfur SO22−, dioxidosulfato(2−), sulfanediolato

SO3

SO3, sulfur trioxide

SO3•−, trioxidosulfate(•1−) SO32−, trioxidosulfate(2−); sulfite −S(O)2(O−), oxidodioxo-λ6-sulfanyl; sulfonato

SO4

−ΟS(O)2Ο−, sulfonylbis(oxy)

SO4•−, tetraoxidosulfate(•1−) SO42−, tetraoxidosulfate(2−); sulfate

S2

S 2O 3

selenium

SO42−, tetraoxidosulfato(2−); sulfato

S2O3•− = SO3S•−, trioxido-1κ3Odisulfate(S−S)(•1−), trioxidosulfidosulfate(•1−) S2O32− = SO3S2−, trioxido-1κ3Odisulfate(S−S)(2−), trioxidosulfidosulfate(2−); thiosulfate, sulfurothioate

S2O32− = SO3S2−, trioxido-1κ3Odisulfato(S−S)(2−), trioxidosulfidosulfato(2−); thiosulfato, sulfurothioato

selenide (general) Se•−, selanidyl, selenide(•1−) Se2−, selanediide, selenide(2−); selenide

selenido (general) Se•−, selanidyl, selenido(•1−) Se2−, selanediido, selenido(2−)

Se

Se (general) Se, monoselenium >Se, selanediyl =Se, selanylidene; selenoxo

SeO

SeO, selenium mon(o)oxide [SeO], oxidoselenium >SeO, seleninyl

SeO2

SeO2, selenium dioxide [SeO2], dioxidoselenium >SeO2, selenonyl

SeO22−, dioxidoselenate(2−)

[SeO2], dioxidoselenium SeO22−, dioxidoselenato(2−)

SeO3

SeO3, selenium trioxide

SeO3•−, trioxidoselenate(•1−) SeO32−, trioxidoselenate(2−); selenite

SeO32−, trioxidoselenato(2−); selenito

SeO42−, tetraoxidoselenate(2−); selenate

SeO42−, tetraoxidoselenato(2−); selenato

telluride (general) Te•−, tellanidyl, telluride(•1−) Te2−, tellanediide, telluride(2−); telluride

tellurido (general) Te•−, tellanidyl, tellurido(•1−) Te2−, tellanediido, tellurido(2−)

[SeO], oxidoselenium

SeO4

487_S02.indb 16

SO32−, trioxidosulfato(2−); sulfito

Te

tellurium >Te, tellanediyl =Te, tellanylidene; telluroxo

CrO2

CrO2, chromium dioxide, chromium(IV) oxide

UO2

UO2, uranium dioxide

tellurium

UO2+, dioxidouranium(1+) [not uranyl(1+)] UO22+, dioxidouranium(2+) [not uranyl(2+)]

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487_S02.indb 17

2-17

NpO2

NpO2, neptunium dioxide

NpO2+, dioxidoneptunium(1+) [not neptunyl(1+)] NpO22+, dioxidoneptunium(2+) [not neptunyl(2+)]

PuO2

PuO2, plutonium dioxide

PuO2+, dioxidoplutonium(1+) [not plutonyl(1+)] PuO22+, dioxidoplutonium(2+) [not plutonyl (2+)]

N

nitrogen N•, nitrogen(•), mononitrogen −NNH, azanediyl =NH, azanylidene; imino

NH+, azanyliumdiyl, hydridonitrogen(1+) NH2+, azanebis(ylium), hydridonitrogen(2+)

NH−, azanidyl, hydridonitrate(1−) NH2−, azanediide, hydridonitrate(2−); imide −NH−, azanidyl; amidyl

NH2−, azanediido, hydridonitrato(2−); imido

NH2

NH2•, azanyl, dihydridonitrogen(•); aminyl −NH2, azanyl; amino

NH2+, azanylium, dihydridonitrogen(1+)

NH2−, azanide, dihydridonitrate(1−); amide

NH2−, azanido, dihydridonitrato(1−), amido

NH3

NH3, azane (parent hydride name), amine (parent name for certain organic derivatives), trihydridonitrogen; ammonia

NH3•+, azaniumyl, trihydridonitrogen(•1+) −NH3+, azaniumyl; ammonio

NH3•−, azanuidyl, trihydridonitrate(•1−)

NH3, ammine

NH4

NH4•, λ5-azanyl, tetrahydridonitrogen(•)

NH4+, azanium; ammonium

H2NO

H2NO•, aminooxidanyl, dihydridooxidonitrogen(•); aminoxyl HONH•, hydroxyazanyl, hydridohydroxidonitrogen(•) −NH(OH), hydroxyazanyl, hydroxyamino −ONH2, aminooxy −NH2(O), oxo-λ5-azanyl; azinoyl

HONH−, hydroxyazanide, hydridohydroxidonitrate(1−) H2NO−, azanolate, aminooxidanide, dihydridooxidonitrate(1−)

NHOH−, hydroxyazanido, hydridohydroxidonitrato(1−) H2NO−, azanolato, aminooxidanido, dihydridooxidonitrato(1−)

N2H2

HN=NH, diazene N=NH2+, diazen-2-ium-1-ide H2NN2•, diazanylidene, hydrazinylidene =NNH2, diazanylidene; hydrazinylidene • ΗΝNH•, diazane-1,2-diyl; hydrazine-1,2-diyl −ΗΝNH−, diazane-1,2-diyl; hydrazine-1,2-diyl

HNNH2−, diazane-1,2-diide, hydrazine-1,2-diide H2NN2−, diazane-1,1-diide, hydrazine-1,1-diide

HN=NH, diazene N=NH2+, diazen-2-ium-1-ido HNNH2−, diazane-1,2-diido, hydrazine-1,2-diido H2NN2−, diazane-1,1-diido, hydrazine-1,1-diido

−

HNNH2+, diazynediium

N3−, nitrido(3−), azanetriido

−

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2-18

487_S02.indb 18

N2H3

H2NNH•, diazanyl, trihydrido dinitrogen(N−N)(•); hydrazinyl −NHNH2, diazanyl; hydrazinyl 2− NNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1,1-diide

H2N=NH+, diazenium

N2H4

H2NNH2, diazane (parent hydride name), hydrazine (parent name for organic derivatives) − NHNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1-ide

H2NNH2•+, diazaniumyl, bis(dihydridonitrogen) (N−N)(•1+); hydraziniumyl H2N=NH22+, diazenediium

NO

NO, nitrogen mon(o)oxide (not nitric oxide) NO•, oxoazanyl, oxidonitrogen(•); nitrosyl −N=O, oxoazanyl; nitroso >N(O)−, oxo-λ5-azanyl; azoryl =N(O)−, oxo-λ5-azanylidene; azorylidene ≡N(O), oxo-λ5-azanylidyne; azorylidyne −Ο+=Ν−, azanidylideneoxidaniumyl

NO+, oxidonitrogen(1+) (not nitrosyl) NO•2+, oxidonitrogen(2+)

NO−, oxidonitrate(1−) NO(2•)−, oxidonitrate(2•1−)

NO, oxidonitrogen (general); nitrosyl = oxidonitrogen-κN (general) NO+, oxidonitrogen(1+) NO−, oxidonitrato(1−)

NO2

NO2, nitrogen dioxide NO2• = ONO•, nitrosooxidanyl, dioxidonitrogen(•); nitryl −NO2, nitro −ONO, nitrosooxy

NO2+, dioxidonitrogen(1+) (not nitryl)

NO2−, dioxidonitrate(1−); nitrite NO2•2−, dioxidonitrate(•2−)

NO2−, dioxidonitrato(1−); nitrito NO2•2−, dioxidonitrato(•2−)

NO3

NO3, nitrogen trioxide NO3• = O2NO•, nitrooxidanyl, trioxidonitrogen(•) ONOO•, nitrosodioxidanyl, (dioxido)oxidonitrogen(•) −ONO2, nitrooxy

NO3−, trioxidonitrate(1−); nitrate NO3•2−, trioxidonitrate(•2−) [NO(OO)]−, (dioxido)oxidonitrate(1−); peroxynitrite

NO3−, trioxidonitrato(1−); nitrato NO3•2−, trioxidonitrato(•2−) [NO(OO)]−, oxidoperoxidonitrato(1−); peroxynitrito

N2O

N2O, dinitrogen oxide (not nitrous oxide) NNO, oxidodinitrogen(N—N) −Ν(Ο)=N−, azoxy

N2O•−, oxidodinitrate(•1−)

N2O, dinitrogen oxide (general) NNO, oxidodinitrogen(N—N) N2O•−, oxidodinitrato(•1−)

N2O3

N2O3, dinitrogen trioxide O2NNO, trioxido-1κ2O,2κOdinitrogen(N−N) NO+NO2−, oxidonitrogen(1+) dioxidonitrate(1−) ONONO, dinitrosooxidane, µ-oxidobis(oxidonitrogen)

N2O32− = [O2NNO]2−, trioxido-1κ2O,2κOdinitrate(N−N)(2−)

N2O4

N2O4, dinitrogen tetraoxide O2NNO2, bis(dioxidonitrogen) (N−N) ONOONO, 1,2-dinitrosodioxidane, 2,5-diazy-1,3,4,6-tetraoxy[6]catena NO+NO3−, oxidonitrogen(1+) trioxidonitrate(1−)

N2O5

N2O5, dinitrogen pentaoxide O2NONO2, dinitrooxidane, NO2+NO3−, dioxidonitrogen(1+) trioxidonitrate(1−)

NS

NS, nitrogen monosulfide NS•, sulfidonitrogen(•) −N=S, sulfanylideneazanyl; thionitroso

NS+, sulfidonitrogen(1+) (not thionitrosyl)

H2NNH−, diazanide, hydrazinide

2−

NNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1,1-diido H2NNH−, diazanido, hydrazinido

H2NNH2, diazane, hydrazine NHNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1-ido

−

NS−, sulfidonitrate(1−)

NS, sulfidonitrogen, sulfidonitrato, thionitrosyl (general) NS+, sulfidonitrogen(1+) NS−, sulfidonitrato(1−)

4/10/06 9:49:52 AM

Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands P

phosphorus (general) P•, phosphorus(•), monophosphorus >P−, phosphanetriyl

phosphorus (general) P+, phosphorus(1+)

phosphide (general) P−, phosphide(1−) P3−, phosphide(3−), phosphanetriide; phosphide

PO

PO•, oxophosphanyl, oxidophosphorus(•), phosphorus mon(o)oxide; phosphoryl >P(O)−, oxo-λ5-phosphanetriyl; phosphoryl =P(O)−, oxo-λ5-phosphanylidene; phosphorylidene ≡P(O), oxo-λ5-phosphanylidyne; phosphorylidyne

PO+, oxidophosphorus(1+) (not phosphoryl)

PO−, oxidophosphate(1−)

PO2

−P(O)2, dioxo-λ5-phosphanyl

P3−, phosphido, phosphanetriido

PO2−, dioxidophosphate(1−)

PO2−, dioxidophosphato(1−)

PO3

PO3−, trioxidophosphate(1−) PO3•2−, trioxidophosphate(•2−) PO33−, trioxidophosphate(3−); phosphite (PO3−)n = (P(O)2O) nn−, catena-poly[(dioxidophosphateµ-oxido)(1−)]; metaphosphate −P(O)(O−)2, dioxidooxo-λ5phosphanyl; phosphonato

PO3−, trioxidophosphato(1−) PO3•2−, trioxidophosphato(•2−) PO33−, trioxidophosphato(3−); phosphito

PO4

PO4•2−, tetraoxidophosphate(•2−) PO43−, tetraoxidophosphate(3−); phosphate

PO43−, tetraoxidophosphato(3−); phosphato

AsO3

AsO33−, trioxidoarsenate(3−); arsenite, arsorite −As(=O)(O−)2, dioxidooxo-λ5-arsanyl; arsonato

AsO33−, trioxidoarsenato(3−); arsenito, arsorito

AsO4

AsO43−, tetraoxidoarsenate(3−); arsenate, arsorate

AsO43−, tetraoxidoarsenato(3−); arsenato, arsorato

CO•−, oxidocarbonate(•1−)

CO, oxidocarbon, oxidocarbonato (general); carbonyl = oxidocarbon-κC (general) CO•+, oxidocarbon(•1+) CO•−, oxidocarbonato(•1−)

CO2•−, oxidooxomethyl, dioxidocarbonate(•1−)

CO2, dioxidocarbon CO2•−, oxidooxomethyl, dioxidocarbonato(•1−)

CO3•−, trioxidocarbonate(•1−), OCOO•−, (dioxido)oxidocarbonate(•1−), oxidoperoxidocarbonate(•1−) CO32−, trioxidocarbonate(2−); carbonate

CO32−, trioxidocarbonato(2−); carbonato

CS•−, sulfidocarbonate(•1−)

CS, sulfidocarbon, sulfidocarbonato, thiocarbonyl (general); CS•+, sulfidocarbon(•1+) CS•−, sulfidocarbonato(•1−)

CS2•−, sulfidothioxomethyl, disulfidocarbonate(•1−)

CS2, disulfidocarbon CS2•−, sulfidothioxomethyl, disulfidocarbonato(•1−)

PS

PS•, sulfidophosphorus(•); −PS, thiophosphoryl

PS+, sulfidophosphorus(1+) (not thiophosphoryl)

VO

VO, vanadium(II) oxide, vanadium mon(o)oxide

VO2+, oxidovanadium(2+) (not vanadyl)

CO

CO, carbon mon(o)oxide >C=O, carbonyl =C=O, carbonylidene

CO•+, oxidocarbon(•1+) CO2+, oxidocarbon(2+)

CO2

CO2, carbon dioxide, dioxidocarbon

CO3

487_S02.indb 19

2-19

CS

carbon monosulfide >C=S, carbonothioyl; thiocarbonyl =C=S, carbonothioylidene

CS2

CS2, disulfidocarbon, carbon disulfide

CS•+, sulfidocarbon(•1+)

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2-20 CN

CN•, nitridocarbon(•); cyanyl −CN, cyano −NC, isocyano

CN−, nitridocarbonate(1−); cyanide

nitridocarbonato (general) CN−, nitridocarbonato(1−); cyanido = [nitridocarbonato(1−)-κC]

CNO

OCN•, nitridooxidocarbon(•) −OCN, cyanato −NCO, isocyanato −ONC, λ2-methylidene azanylylideneoxy −CNO, (oxo-λ5azanylidynemethyl

OCN−, nitridooxidocarbonate(1−); cyanate ONC−, carbidooxidonitrate(1−); fulminate OCN•2−, nitridooxidocarbonate(•2−)

OCN−, nitridooxidocarbonato(1−); cyanato ONC−, carbidooxidonitrato(1−); fulminato

CNS

SCN•, nitridosulfidocarbon(•) −SCN, thiocyanato −NCS, isothiocyanato −SNC, λ2-methylidene azanylylidenesulfanediyl −CNS, (sulfanylidene-λ5azanylidynemethyl

SCN−, nitridosulfidocarbonate(1−); thiocyanate SNC−, carbidosulfidonitrate(1−)

SCN−, nitridosulfidocarbonato(1−); thiocyanato SNC−, carbidosulfidonitrato(1−)

CNSe

SeCN•, nitridoselenidocarbon(•) −SeCN, selenocyanato −NCSe, isoselenocyanato −SeNC, λ2-methylidene azanylylideneselanediyl −CNSe, (selanylidene-λ5azanylidynemethyl

SeCN−, nitridoselenidocarbonate(1−); selenocyanate SeNC−, carbidoselenidonitrate(1−)

SeCN−, nitridoselenidocarbonato(1−); selenocyanato SeNC−, carbidoselenidonitrato(1−)

CN+, azanylidynemethylium, nitridocarbon(1+)

Where an element symbol occurs in the first column, the unmodified element name is listed in the second and third columns. The unmodified name is generally used when the element appears as an electropositive constituent in the construction of a stoichiometric name (Sections IR-5.2 and IR-5.4). Names of homoatomic cations consisting of the element are also constructed using the element name, adding multiplicative prefixes and charge numbers as applicable (Sections IR-5.3.2.1 to IR-5.3.2.3). The sections mentioned refer to parts of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, see above. b Where an element symbol occurs in the first column, the fourth column gives the element name appropriately modified with the ending ‘ide’ (hydride, nitride, etc.). The ‘ide’ form of the element name is generally used when the element appears as an electronegative constituent in the construction of a stoichiometric name (Sections IR-5.2 and IR-5.4). Names of homoatomic anions consisting of the element in question are also constructed using this modified form, adding multiplicative prefixes and charge numbers as applicable (Sections IR-5.3.3.1 to IR-5.3.3.3). Examples are given in the Table of names of some specific anions, e.g. chloride(1−), oxide(2−), dioxide(2−). In certain cases, a particular anion has the 'ide' form itself as an accepted short name, e.g. chloride, oxide. If specific anions are named, the ‘ide’ form of the element name with no further modification is given as the first entry in the fourth column, with the qualifier ‘(general)’. The sections mentioned refer to parts of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, see above. c Ligand names must be placed within enclosing marks whenever necessary to avoid ambiguity, cf. Section IR-9.2.2.3. Some ligand names must always be enclosed. For example, if ‘dioxido’ is cited as is, it must be enclosed so as to distinguish it from two ‘oxido’ ligands; if combined with a multiplicative prefix it must be enclosed because it starts with a multiplicative prefix itself. A ligand name such as ‘nitridocarbonato’ must always be enclosed to avoid interpreting it as two separate ligand names, ‘nitrido’ and ‘carbonato’. In this table, however, these enclosing marks are omitted for the sake of clarity. Note that the ligand names given here with a charge number can generally also be used without if it is not desired to make any implication regarding the charge of the ligand. For example, the ligand name ‘[dioxido(•1−)]' may be used if one wishes explicitly to consider the ligand to be the species dioxide(•1−), whereas the ligand name '(dioxido)' can be used if no such implications are desirable. The section mentioned refer to parts of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, see above. a

487_S02.indb 20

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ORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS The first part of this table lists substituent groups and their line formulas. A substituent group is defined by IUPAC as a group that replaces one or more hydrogen atoms attached to a parent structure. Such groups are sometimes called radicals, but IUPAC now reserves the term radical for a free molecular species with unpaired electrons. IUPAC does not recommend some of these names, which are marked here with asterisks (e.g., amyl*), but they are included in this list because they are often encountered in the older literature. Substituent group names which are formed

by systematic rules (e.g., methyl from methane, ethyl from ethane, etc.) are included here only for the first few members of a homologous series. In the second part of the table a number of common organic ring compounds are shown, with the conventional numbering of the ring positions indicated. The help of Warren H. Powell in preparing this table is greatly appreciated. Pertinent references may be found in the table “Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds.”

Substituent Groups acetamido (acetylamino) acetoacetyl acetonyl acetyl acryloyl* (1-oxo-2-propenyl) alanyl (from alanine) β-alanyl allyl (2-propenyl) allylidene (2-propenylidene) amidino (aminoiminomethyl) amino amyl* (pentyl) anilino (phenylamino) anisidino anthranoyl (2-aminobenzoyl) arsino azelaoyl (from azelaic acid) azido azino azo azoxy benzal* (benzylidene) benzamido (benzoylamino) benzhydryl (diphenylmethyl) benzoxy* (benzoyloxy) benzoyl benzyl benzylidene benzylidyne biphenylyl biphenylene butoxy sec-butoxy (1-methylpropoxy) tert-butoxy (1,1-dimethylethoxy) butyl sec-butyl (1-methylpropyl) tert-butyl (1,1-dimethylethyl) butyryl (1-oxobutyl) caproyl* (hexanoyl) capryl* (decanoyl) capryloyl* (octanoyl) carbamido (carbamoylamino) carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) carbamyl (aminocarbonyl) carbazoyl (hydrazinocarbonyl) carbethoxy (ethoxycarbonyl) carbonyl carboxy cetyl* (hexadecyl) chloroformyl (chlorcarbonyl)

CH3CONHCH3COCH2COCH3COCH2CH3COCH2=CHCOCH3CH(NH2)COH2N(CH2)2COCH2=CHCH2CH2=CHCH= H2NC(=NH)H2NCH3(CH2)4C6H5NHCH3OC6H4NH2-H2NC6H4COAsH2-OC(CH2)7CON3=N-N= -N=N-N(O)=NC6H5CH= C6H5CONH(C6H5)2CHC6H5COOC6H5COC6H5CH2C6H5CH= C6H5C= C6H5C6H5-C6H4-C6H4C4H9OC2H5CH(CH3)O(CH3)3COCH3(CH2)3CH3CH2CH(CH3)(CH3)3CCH3(CH2)2COCH3(CH2)4COCH3(CH2)8COCH3(CH2)6COH2NCONHH2NCOH2NCOH2NNHCOC2H5OCO=C=O HOOCCH3(CH2)15ClCO-

cinnamoyl cinnamyl (3-phenyl-2-propenyl) cinnamylidene cresyl* (hydroxymethylphenyl) crotonoyl crotyl (2-butenyl) cyanamido (cyanoamino) cyanato cyano decanedioyl decanoyl diazo diazoamino disilanyl disiloxanyloxy disulfinyl dithio enanthoyl* (heptanoyl) epoxy ethenyl (vinyl) ethynyl ethoxy ethyl ethylene ethylidene ethylthio formamido (formylamino) formyl furmaroyl (from fumaric acid) furfuryl (2-furanylmethyl) furfurylidene (2-furanylmethylene) glutamoyl (from glutamic acid) glutaryl (from glutaric acid) glycylamino glycoloyl; glycolyl (hydroxyacetyl) glycyl (aminoacetyl) glyoxyloyl; glyoxylyl (oxoacetyl) guanidino guanyl (aminoiminomethyl) heptadecanoyl heptanamido heptanedioyl heptanoyl hexadecanoyl hexamethylene (1,6-hexanediyl) hexanedioyl hippuryl (N-benzoylglycyl) hydrazino hydrazo hydrocinnamoyl

C6H5CH=CHCOC6H5CH=CHCH2C6H5CH=CHCH= HO(CH3)C6H4CH3CH=CHCOCH3CH=CHCH2NCNHNCONC-OC(CH2)8COCH3(CH2)8CON2= -NHN=NH3SiSiH2H3SiOSiH2O-S(O)S(O)-SSCH3(CH2)5CO-OCH2=CHHC≡CC2H5OCH3CH2-CH2CH2CH3CH= C2H5SHCONHHCO-OCCH=CHCOOC4H3CH2OC4H3CH= -OC(CH2)2CH(NH2)CO-OC(CH2)3COH2NCH2CONHHOCH2COH2NCH2COHCOCOH2NC(=NH)NHH2NC(=NH)CH3(CH2)15COCH3(CH2)5CONH-OC(CH2)5COCH3(CH2)5COCH3(CH2)14CO-(CH2)6-OC(CH2)4COC6H5CONHCH2COH2NNH-HNNHC6H5(CH2)2CO-

2-16

HC&P_S02.indb 16

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Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems hydroperoxy hydroxyamino hydroxy imino iodoso* (iodosyl) iodyl isoamyl* (isopentyl; 3-methylbutyl) isobutenyl (2-methyl-1-propenyl) isobutoxy (2-methylpropoxy) isobutyl (2-methylpropyl) isobutylidene (3-methylpropylidene) isobutyryl (2-methyl-1-oxopropyl) isocyanato isocyano isohexyl (4-methylpentyl) isoleucyl (from isoleucine) isonitroso* (hydroxyamino) isopentyl (3-methylbutyl) isopentylidene (3-methylbutylidene) isopropenyl (1-methylethenyl) isopropoxy (1-methylethoxy) isopropyl (1-methylethyl) isopropylidene (1-methylethylidene) isothiocyanato (isothiocyano) isovaleryl* (3-methyl-1-oxobutyl) lactoyl (from lactic acid) lauroyl (from lauric acid) lauryl (dodecyl) leucyl (from leucine) levulinoyl (from levulinic acid) malonyl (from malonic acid) mandeloyl (from mandelic acid) mercapto mesityl methacryloyl (from methacrylic acid) methallyl (2-methyl-2-propenyl) methionyl (from methionine) methoxy methyl methylene methylthio myristoyl (from myristic acid) myristyl (tetradecyl) naphthyl naphthylene neopentyl (2,2-dimethylpropyl) nitramino (nitroamino) nitro nitrosamino (nitrosoamino) nitrosimino (nitrosoimino) nitroso nonanoyl (from nonanoic acid) oleoyl (from oleic acid) oxalyl (from oxalic acid) oxo palmitoyl (from palmitic acid) pentamethylene (1,5-pentanediyl) pentyl tert-pentyl phenacyl phenacylidene phenethyl (2-phenylethyl) phenoxy phenyl

HC&P_S02.indb 17

HOOHONHHOHN= OIO2I(CH3)2CH(CH2)2(CH3)2C=CH(CH3)2CHCH2O(CH3)2CHCH2(CH3)2CHCH= (CH3)2CHCOOCNCN(CH3)2CH(CH2)3C2H5CH(CH3)CH(NH2)COHON= (CH3)2CH(CH2)2(CH3)2CHCH2CH= CH2=C(CH3)(CH3)2CHO(CH3)2CH(CH3)2C= SCN(CH3)2CHCH2COCH3CH(OH)COCH3(CH2)10COCH3(CH2)11(CH3)2CHCH2CH(NH2)COCH3CO(CH2)2CO-OCCH2COC6H5CH(OH)COHS2,4,6-(CH3)3C6H2CH2=C(CH3)COCH2=C(CH3)CH2CH3SCH2CH2CH(NH2)COCH3OH3CH2C= CH3SCH3(CH2)12COCH3(CH2)13(C10H7)-(C10H6)(CH3)3CCH2O2NNHO2NONNHONN= ONCH3(CH2)7COCH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO-OCCOO= CH3(CH2)14CO-(CH2)5CH3(CH2)4CH3CH2C(CH3)2C6H5COCH2C6H5COCH= C6H5CH2CH2C6H5OC6H5-

2-17 phenylene (benzenediyl) phosphino* (phosphanyl) phosphinyl* (phosphinoyl) phospho phosphono phthaloyl (from phthalic acid) picryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) pimeloyl (from pimelic acid) piperidino (1-piperidinyl) pivaloyl (from pivalic acid) prenyl (3-methyl-2-butenyl) propargyl (2-propynyl) 1-propenyl 2-propenyl (allyl) propionyl* (propanyl) propoxy propyl propylidene pyrryl (pyrrolyl) salicyloyl (2-hydroxybenzoyl) selenyl* (selanyl; hydroseleno) seryl (from serine) siloxy silyl silylene sorboyl (from sorbic acid) stearoyl (from stearic acid) stearyl (octadecyl) styryl (2-phenylethenyl) suberoyl (from suberic acid) succinyl (from succinic acid) sulfamino (sulfoamino) sulfamoyl (sulfamyl) sulfanilyl [(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl] sulfeno sulfhydryl (mercapto) sulfinyl sulfo sulfonyl (sulfuryl) terephthaloyl tetramethylene thienyl (from thiophene) thiocarbonyl (carbothionyl) thiocarboxy thiocyanato (thiocyano) thionyl* (sulfinyl) threonyl (from threonine) toluidino [(methylphenyl)amino] toluoyl (methylbenzoyl) tolyl (methylphenyl) α-tolyl (benzyl) tolylene (methylphenylene) tosyl [(4-methylphenyl) sulfonyl)] triazano trimethylene (1,3-propanediyl) trityl (triphenylmethyl) valeryl* (pentanoyl) valyl (from valine) vinyl (ethenyl) vinylidene (ethenylidene) xylidino [(dimethylphenyl)amino] xylyl (dimethylphenyl) xylylene [phenelenebis(methylene)]

-C6H4H2PH2P(O)O2P(HO)2P(O)1,2-C6H4(CO-)2 2,4,6-(NO2)3C6H2-OC(CH2)5COC5H10N(CH3)3CCO(CH3)2C=CHCH2HC´CCH2-CH=CHCH2 CH2=CHCH2CH3CH2COCH3CH2CH2OCH3CH2CH2CH3CH2CH= C3H4N2-HOC6H4COHSeHOCH2CH(NH2)COH3SiOH3SiH2Si= CH3CH=CHCH=CHCOCH3(CH2)14COCH3(CH2)17C6H5CH=CH-OC(CH2)6CO-OCCH2CH2COHOSO2NHH2NSO24-H2NC6H4SO2HOSHSOS= HO3S-SO21,4-C6H4(CO-)2 -(CH2)4(C4H3S)=CS HOSCNCS-SOCH3CH(OH)CH(NH2)COCH3C6H4NHCH3C6H4COCH3C6H4C6H5CH2-(CH3C6H3)4-CH3C6H4SO2H2NNHNH-(CH2)3(C6H5)3CCH3(CH2)3CO(CH3)2CHCH(NH2)COCH2=CHCH2=C= (CH3)2C6H3NH(CH3)2C6H3-CH2C6H4CH2-

5/2/05 2:50:39 PM

Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems

2-18

Organic Ring Compounds 5 4

1 3 2

Cyclopropane N 1

5 4

1 2

3

1 4

5 4

Cyclobutane

Spiropentane H N

2 3

2 3

1

O

H N

5 4

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

Furan

Thiophene

Pyrrole (Azole)

2 3

Cyclopentane

H N

S

S

S

5 1 2S 4 3

H N

2 3

3H-Pyrrole (3H-Azole)

Pyrazole (1,2-Diazole)

O

O

N

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2N 4 3

2H-Pyrrole (2H-Azole)

S

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2S 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

N 1

O

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2N 5 1 2N N N N S 4 3 4 3 2H-Imidazole Isoxazole Thiazole Oxazole N N (1,3-Diazole) 1,2,3-Triazole 1,2,4-Triazole 1,2-Dithiole 1,3-Dithiole 3H-1,2-Oxathiole (1,2-Oxazole) (1,3-Thiazole) (1,3-Oxazole)

S

O

O

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2N 4 3

N 1,2,4-Oxadiazole

N 1,2,3-Oxadiazole

Isothiazole (1,2-Thiazole)

O

O

O

5 1 2O 4 3

5 1 2O 4 3

N5

1 2N 4 3

O

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

1,2,5-Oxadiazole (Furazan)

N N 1,3,4-Oxadiazole

O

H

5 1 2N 4 3

O

O

H

5 1 2 4 3

N5

O

1 2S 3

1 2N 3

N 1,2,3,5-Oxatriazole

1

6 5

5 1 2 4 3

O

4

N N 1,2,3,4-Oxatriazole

O

4

N5

4

1

6 5

2 3

2 3

4

N N O O S H 1,2,4-Dioxazole 1,3,2-Dioxazole 1,3,4-Dioxazole 5H-1,2,5-Oxathiazole 1,3-Oxathiole Benzene Cyclohexane 3H-1,2,3-Dioxazole N

O

O

6 1 2 5 3 4

2H-Pyran

4H-Pyran

6 5

H N 1

6 1 2 5 3 4

2H-Pyran-2-one (2-Pyrone)

N

6 1 2 5 3 N 4 N

2 3

6 5

N 1

O

O

O

O

O

6 1 2 5 3 4

6 1 2 5 3 4

6 1 2O 5 3 4

6 1 2 5 3 4 O

O 4H-Pyran-4-one (4-Pyrone)

1,2-Dioxin

1,3-Dioxin

2N 3

6 5

N 1

N 1 4

6 1 2N 5 3 4

2 3

6 5

N 1 4

2N 3

6 5

O

4

N 1

6 5

2 3

N

4

2 3

N Pyrazine

O

O

6 1 2N 5 3 4

6 1 2 5 3 4 N

6 1 2 5 3 4 N

N 1

Pyrimidine

Pyridazine

Pyridine

O

O

2N 3

6 5

6 1 2 5 3 4

4 4 N N N 1,3,5-Triazine 1,2,4-Triazine 1,2,3-Triazine 4H-1,2-Oxazine 2H-1,3-Oxazine 6H-1,3-Oxazine 6H-1,2-Oxazine 1,4-Oxazine (s-Triazine) (as-Triazine) (v-Triazine) Piperazine 4

N H

O

6 1 2N 5 3 4

O

Oxepin

6 5

7 4

N6 5

O

O

O

1 2S 3 4

6 1 2N 5 3 4

H N

O

7 1 2 3 5 4

6 1 2 5 3 4

6 1 2 N5 4 3N

6

N N N 1,2,5-Oxathiazine 1,3,5-Oxadiazine 1,2,6-Oxathiazine H Morpholine Azepine 1,2,4-Oxadiazine 4H-1,4-Oxazine

S

N

7 1 2N 6 3 5 4

7 1 2 6 3 5 4

1 2S 3

6 5

6 5

7 4

H N

1 2 3

Indole

6 5

7 4

N

1 2 3

3H-Indole

7

1

4

2 3

6 5

7 4

1

6 5

1 2 3

7 4

6 5

2H-Indene (Isoindene)

Indene

4H-1,2-Diazepine

Thiepin

Benzo[c]thiophene

HC&P_S02.indb 18

6 1 2S N5 4 3

6 1 2 5 3 4

2H-1,2-Oxazine

7 1 2 6 3 5 4

O

O

H

2N 3

1H-Indole

3 2

4 1

7 4

O

1 2 3

Benzofuran

5

6 7

N Cyclopenta[b]pyridine

O6 5

7 4

6 5

7 4

1 2O 3

6 5

Isobenzofuran

N 1

2 3

Pyrano[3,4-b]pyrrole

6 5

7 4

S

7

1 2 3

4

Benzo[b]thiophene

H N

1 2N 3

Indazole

6 5

7 4

O

1 2N 3

Benzisoxazole (Indoxazene)

5/2/05 2:51:05 PM

Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems

6 5

O

7

1 2 3

6 5

N

4

N 1

7 4

2O 3

7 6

8

1

5

4

2 3

7 6

2-19

8

1

5

4

2 3

7 6

8

1 4

5

2 3

O

8

7 6

1 2 3 4

5

7 6

O

8

O

1 2 3 4

5

Octahydronaphthalene 2H-1-Benzopyran 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one 1,2,3,4-Tetra(Decalin) hydronaphthalene (2H-Chromene) (Coumarin) (Tetralin)

Benzoxazole 2,1-Benzisoxazole Naphthalene

O 7 6

O

8

1 2 3 4

5

7 6

O 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one (Chromen-4-one)

N 7 6

N

8

5

6

1,8-Naphthyridine

7 6

8

1

5

4

4

5

2O 3

1 2 3 4

5

2O 3

7 6

N

1H-2,3-Benzoxazine

8

1

5

4

5

N

8

7 6

1 2 3 4

5

N

1,7-Naphthyridine

1

7 6

N

7 6

N

4H-3,1-Benzoxazine

O

1 2N 3 4

8 5

1 2 3 4

5

7 6

8

1

5

4

N

8

1 2 3 4

5

H 7 6

7 6

N

4

5

2N 3

5

1 9 8

7

2

7 6

3

6

4 5

8

9

5

1 4

Fluorene

2 3

7 6

8

1

5

4

2 3

7 6

8

9

1

5

10

4

Carbazole

O

Xanthene

2 3

6 7

5 8

N

4

9

1

3 2

Acridine

1 2 3 4 N

5

O

8

1 2 3 4

5

N

2H-1,4-Benzoxazine

8

9

1

5

10

4

4

2 3

Anthracene

10

N

8

Quinazoline

7 6

4H-1,4-Benzoxazine

H N 9

7 6

Cinnoline

1 2 3 4 N

7 6

N H

2H-1,2-Benzoxazine

1

2H-1,3-Benzoxazine

1 2 3 4

5

N

8

7 6

O

8

O

8

2N 3

Isoquinoline

Quinoline

1,6-Naphthyridine

1,5-Naphthyridine

2O 3

N

8

7 6

O 3H-2-Benzopyran-1-one (Isochromen-3-one)

N

8

2O 4 3

8

7 6

1H-2-Benzopyran-1-one (Isocoumarin)

N7

1 2 3 4

1

8

6 7

3 2 1

5 8

9

10

Phenanthrene

2 1 3 4 7 6 5

Norpinane (Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane)

N1

2

6 3

N

H N 5 4

7 8 9

N

7H-Purine

Phenalene

R' R 2 3

1 4

H 11 12 13

10 5

14

R'' 17

16 15

9

8 H 6 7H

H

R = Nearly always methyl R' = Usually methyl R'' = Various groups

Steroid ring system

HC&P_S02.indb 19

5/2/05 2:51:19 PM

REPRESENTATION OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURES WITH THE IUPAC INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL IDENTIFIER (InChI) Stephen R. Heller and Alan D. McNaught The IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI) is a freely available, non-proprietary identifier for chemical substances that can be used in both printed and electronic data sources. It is generated from a computerized representation of a molecular structure diagram, which can be produced by chemical structuredrawing software. Its use enables linking of diverse data compilations and unambiguous identification of chemical substances. A full description of the Identifier and software for its generation are available from the IUPAC Web site (Ref. 1), and a helpful compilation of answers to frequently asked questions has been put together at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Science Informatics (Ref. 2). Commercial structure-drawing software that will generate the Identifier is available from several organizations, listed on the IUPAC Web site. The conversion of structural information to the Identifier is based on a set of IUPAC structure conventions, and rules for normalization and canonicalization (conversion to a single, predictable sequence) of an input structure representation. The resulting InChI is simply a series of characters that serve to uniquely identify the structure from which it was derived. The InChI uses a layered format to represent all available structural information relevant to compound identity. InChI layers are listed below. Each layer in an InChI representation contains a specific type of structural information. These layers, automatically extracted from the input structure, are designed so that each successive layer adds additional detail to the Identifier. The specific layers generated depend on the level of structural detail available and whether or not allowance is made for tautomerism. Of course, any ambiguities or uncertainties in the original structure will remain in the InChI. This layered structure design offers a number of advantages. If two structures for the same substance are drawn at different levels of detail, the one with the lower level of detail will, in effect, be contained within the other. Specifically, if one substance is drawn with stereo-bonds and the other without, the layers in the latter will be a subset of the former. The same will hold for compounds treated by one author as tautomers and by another as exact structures with all H-atoms fixed. This can work at a finer level. For example, if one author includes double bond and tetrahedral stereochemistry, but another omits stereochemistry, the latter InChI will be contained in the former. The InChI layers are 1. Formula 2. Connectivity (no formal bond orders) a. disconnected metals b. connected metals 3. Isotopes 4. Stereochemistry a. double bond (Z/E) b. tetrahedral (sp3) 5. Tautomers (on or off ) Charges are not part of the basic InChI, but rather are added at the end of the InChI string. Two examples of InChI representations are given below. It is important to recognize, however, that InChI strings are intended for use by computers and end users need not understand any of their

details. In fact, the open nature of InChI and its flexibility of representation, after implementation into software systems, may allow chemists to be even less concerned with the details of structure representation by computers.

InChI=1/C5H5N5O/c6-5-9-3-2(4(11)10-5)7-1-8-3/ h1H,(H4,6,7,8,9,10,11)/f/h8,10H,6H2

InChI=1/C5H9NO4.Na/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8;/h3H,12,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10);/q;+1/p-1/t3-;/m1./s1/fC5H8NO4.Na/ h7H;/q-1;m The layers in the InChI string are separated by the ‘/’ character followed by a lowercase letter (except for the first layer, the chemical formula), with the layers arranged in predefined order. In the examples the following segments are included InChI version number /- chemical formula /c connectivity-1.1 (excluding terminal H) /h connectivity-1.2 (locations of terminal H, including mobile H attachment points) /q charge /p proton balance /t sp3 (tetrahedral) parity /m parity inverted to obtain relative stereo (1 = inverted, 0 = not inverted) /s stereo type (1 = absolute, 2 = relative, 3 = racemic) /f chemical formula of the fixed-H structure if it is different /h connectivity-2 (locations of fixed mobile H) /q charge /t sp3 (tetrahedral) parity /m parity inverted to obtain relative stereo (1 = inverted, 0 = not inverted, . = inversion does not affect the parity) /s stereo type (1 = absolute, 2 = relative, 3 = racemic) One of the most important applications of InChI is the facility to locate mention of a chemical substance using Internet-based search 2-27

2-28

Representation of Chemical Structures with the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

engines. This is made easier by using a shorter (compressed) form of InChI, known as InChIKey. The InChIKey is a 27-character representation that, because it is compressed, cannot be reconverted into the original structure, but it is not subject to the undesirable and unpredictable breaking of longer character strings by some search en-

gines. The usefulness of the InChIKey as a search tool is enhanced by its derivation from a “standard” InChI. i.e., an InChI produced with standard option settings for features such as tautomerism and stereochemistry. An example is shown below; the “standard” InChI is denoted by the letter “S” after the version number.

Use of InChIKey also allows searches based solely on atomic connectivity (first 14 characters). Software for generating InChIKey is available from the IUPAC Web site (Ref. 1). The enormous databases compiled by organizations such as PubChem (Ref. 4), the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI), and ChemSpider (Ref. 5) contain millions of InChIs and InChIKeys, which allow sophisticated searching of these collections. PubChem provides InChI-based structure-search facilities for both identical and similar structures (Ref. 6), and ChemSpider offers both search facilities and Web services enabling a variety of InChI and InChIKey conversions (Ref. 7). The NCI Chemical Structure Lookup Service (Ref. 8) provides InChI-based search access to over 39 million chemical structures from over 80 different public and commercial data sources.

References

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

http://www.iupac.org/inchi http://wwmm.ch.cam.ac.uk/inchifaq/ Pure Appl. Chem., in preparation. http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov http://www.chemspider.com http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search http://www.chemspider.com/InChI.asmx http://cholla.chemnavigator.com/cgi-bin/lookup/new/search

SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND SYMBOLS This table lists some abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols encountered in the physical sciences. Most entries in italic type are symbols for physical quantities; for more details on these, see the table “Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities” in this section. Additional information on units may be found in the table “International System of Units (SI)” in Section 1. Many of the terms to which these abbreviations refer are included in the tables “Definitions of Scientific Terms” in Section 2 and “Techniques for Materials Characterization” in Section 12. Useful references for further information are given below. Publication practices vary with regard to the use of capital or lower case letters for many abbreviations. An effort has been made to follow the most common practices in this table, but much variation is found in the literature. Likewise, policies on the use of periods in an abbreviation vary considerably. Periods are generally omitted in this table unless they are necessary for clarity. Periods should never appear in SI units. The SI prefixes (m, k, M, etc.) are included here, but they should never be used alone. Selected combinations of these prefixes with SI units (e.g., mg, kV, MW) are also included. Abbreviations are listed in alphabetical order without regard to case. Entries beginning with Greek letters fall at the end of the table. A Å A AH Ar a a

a0 A/D AAA Aad AAO AAS ABA Abe ABL abs Abu Ac ac, AC Aces ACT ACTH Ad Ada Ade ADI Ado ADP ads AE

ampere; alanine; adenine (in genetic code) ångström absorbance; area; Helmholtz energy; mass number Hall coefficient atomic weight (relative atomic mass) atto (SI prefix for 10–18) absorption coefficient; acceleration; activity; van der Waals constant Bohr radius analog to digital acetoacetanilide 2-aminoadipic acid acetaldehyde oxime atomic absorption spectroscopy abscisic acid abequose α-acetylbutyrolactone absolute 2-aminobutanoic acid acetyl; acetate alternating current 2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid activated complex theory adrenocorticotropic hormone adamantyl [(carbamoylmethyl)imino]diacetic acid adenine acceptable daily intake adenosine adenosine diphosphate; ammonium dihydrogen phosphate adsorption appearance energy

References 1. Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Third Edition, IUPAC 2007, RSC Publishing, London, 2007. 2. Kotyk, A., Quantities, Symbols, Units, and Abbreviations in the Life Sciences, Humana Press, Totawa, NJ, 1999. 3. Rhodes, P. H., The Organic Chemist’s Desk Reference, Chapman & Hall, London, 1995. 4. Minkin, V., Glossary of Terms used in Theoretical Organic Chemistry, Pure Appl. Chem. 71, 1919–1981, 1999. 5. Brown, R. D., Ed., Acronyms Used in Theoretical Chemistry, Pure Appl. Chem. 68, 387–456, 1996. 6. Quantities and Units, ISO Standards Handbook, Third Edition, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1993. 7. Cohen, E. R., and Giacomo, P., Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, and Fundamental Constants in Physics, Physica 146A, 1–68, 1987. 8. Chemical Acronyms Database, Indiana University, < www.oscar.chem. indiana.edu/cfdocs/ libchem/acronyms/ acronymsearch.html>. 9. Acronyms and Symbols, <www3.interscience.wiley.com/stasa/>. 10. IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (Gold Book), . 11. IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, Pure & Appl. Chem. 56, 595, 1984. ae

eon (109 years)

AEP AES

1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine atomic emission spectroscopy; Auger electron spectroscopy audio frequency atomic force microscopy 2-aminohexanoic acid artificial intelligence

AF AFM Ahx AI AIBN AICA AIM AIP Al Ala alc ALE aliph. alk. All Alt AM Am am AMP AMPD AMTCS AMS amu AN anh, anhyd ANOVA antilog ANTU

2,2′-azobis[isobutyronitrile] 5-amino-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide atoms in molecules (method) aluminum isopropoxide Alfén number alanine alcohol atomic layer epitaxy aliphatic alkaline allose altrose amplitude modulation amyl amorphous solid adenosine monophosphate 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol amyltrichlorosilane [trichloropentylsilane] accelerator mass spectrometry atomic mass unit (recommended symbol is u) acetonitrile anhydrous analysis of variance antilogarithm 1-naphthalenylthiourea

2-29

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

2-30 AO AOM APAD Ape API Api APM Apm APPI APS APW aq Ar Ara Ara-ol Arg ARPES ASC ASCII ASE Asn Asp at ATEE ATLC atm ATP ATR at.wt. AU AUC av avdp B B b b BA BAL BAP, BaP bar bbl BBP BCB bcc BCF BCG BCNU BCP BCPB BCS BDE BDEA BDMA

atomic orbital angular overlap model 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide 2-aminopentanoic acid atmospheric pressure ionization apiose atomic probe microanalysis 2-aminopimelic acid atmospheric pressure photoionization appearance potential spectroscopy; adenosine phosphosulfate augmented plane wave aqueous aryl arabinose arabinitol arginine angular resolved photoelectron spectroscopy 4-(acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chloride American National Standard Code for Information Interchange aromatic stabilization model asparagine aspartic acid atomization N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester adsorption thin layer chromatography standard atmosphere adenosine triphosphate attenuated total internal reflection atomic weight astronomical unit (ua is also used) area under the time-concentration curve average avoirdupois bel; asparagine or aspartic acid (unspecified) magnetic flux density; second virial coefficient; susceptance barn van der Waals constant; molality benzyladenine British anti-Lewisite [2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol] benzo[a]pyrene bar (pressure unit) barrel benzyl butyl phthalate bromocresol blue body centered cubic bioconcentration factor bromocresol green N,N′-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea bromocresol purple bromochlorophenol blue Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (theory) bond dissociation energy butyldiethanolamime benzyldimethylamine

Bé BEBO BEI BEM Bes BET BeV BGE BHA BHC Bhn BHT Bi Bicine BIRD Bistris Bistrispropane BLO BN BNS BO BOD BON BP bp BPB BPG bpy Bq Br BRE BrUrd BS BSE BSSE BTMSA Btu BTX Bu bu Bz Bzl C °C C c c c0 CA ca. CADD cal calc cAMP

Baumé bond energy bond order (method) biological exposure index biological effect monitoring 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (isotherm) billion electronvolt butyl glycidyl ether tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole benzene hexachloride [hexachlorobenzene] Brinell hardness number butylated hydroxytoluene [2,6-di-tert-butyl-4methylphenol] biot N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine blackbody infrared radiative dissociation 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl) propane-1,3-diol 1,3-bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]propane γ-butyrolactone bond number; benzonitrile nuclear backscattering spectroscopy Born–Oppenheimer (approximation); bond order biochemical oxygen demand β-hydroxynaphthoic acid base peak (in mass spectrometry) boiling point; base pair bromophenol blue 2,3-bis(phospho)-d-glycerate

2,2′-bipyridine becquerel butyryl bond resonance energy 5-bromouridine Birge–Sponer extrapolation back scattered electron(s) basis set superposition error 1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene British thermal unit benzene, toluene, and xylene butyl bushel benzoyl benzyl coulomb; cysteine; cytosine (in genetic code) degree Celsius capacitance; heat capacity; number concentration centi (SI prefix for 10–2); combustion reaction amount concentration; specific heat; velocity speed of light in vacuum collisional activation approximately computer-assisted drug design calorie calculated adenosine cyclic 3′,5′-(hydrogen phosphate)

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols CAN CARS CAS CASRN CAT CBE CBS CC cc CCD CD cd CDNO CDP CDT CDTA CDW CEM CEP CEPA cf. CFC cfm cgs Chaps Ches CHF Chl Cho CHT Ci CI CID CIDEP CIDNP CIE cir CKFF CL CLT cm c.m. c.m.c. CMO CMP CN CNDO Co COD conc const COOP cos cosh

ceric ammonium nitrate coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy complete active space Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number computerized axial tomography; clear air turbulence chemical beam epitaxy complete basis set (of orbitals) coupled cluster; combustion calorimetry cubic centimeter charge-coupled device circular dichroism candela; condensed (phase) complete neglect of differential overlap cytidine 5′-diphosphate 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene (1,2-cyclohexylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid monohydrate charge density waves channel electron multiplier counter electrophoresis coupled electron-pair approximation compare chlorofluorocarbon compound cubic feet per minute centimeter–gram–second system 3-[3-(cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1propanesulfonic acid 2-(N-cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid coupled Hartree–Fock (method) chlorophyll choline 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene curie configuration interaction; chemical ionization; color index charge-injection device; collision-induced dissociation chemically induced dynamic electron polarization chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis circular Cotton–Kraihanzel force field cathode luminescence (spectroscopy) central limit theorem centimeter center of mass critical micelle concentration canonical molecular orbital cytidine 5′-monophosphate; chemical measurement process coordination number complete neglect of differential overlap Cowling number chemical oxygen demand; 1,4-cyclooctadiene concentrated; concentration constant crystal orbital overlap population cosine hyperbolic cosine

2-31 COSY COT cot coth CP Cp Cp* cP cp CPA CPC cpd CPL CPR cps CPT CPU cr, cryst CRF CRU CSA csc CSR CT ct CTEM CTP CTR cu CV CVD cw cwt Cy Cya Cyd cyl Cys Cyt D D d d 2,4-D D/A Da DA da DAA DAB Dab DACH DAP DART

correlation spectroscopy 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene cotangent hyperbolic cotangent chemically pure cyclopentadienyl pentamethylcyclopentadienyl centipoise candle power coherent potential approximation centrifugal partition chromatography contact potential difference circular polarization of luminescence chlorophenol red cycles per second charge conjugation/space inversion/time inversion (theorem) central processing unit crystalline (phase) charge remote fragmentation constitutional repeating unit (in polymer nomenclature) camphorsulfonic acid cosecant charge stripping reaction charge transfer carat conventional transmission electron microscopy cytidine 5′-triphosphate controlled thermonuclear reaction cubic cyclic voltammetry chemical vapor deposition continuous wave hundredweight (112 pounds) cyclohexyl cysteic acid cytidine cylinder cysteine cytosine debye unit; aspartic acid diffusion coefficient; dissociation energy; electric displacement day; deuteron; deci (SI prefix for 10–1) distance; density; dextrorotatory 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid digital to analog dalton donor–acceptor (complex) deka (SI prefix for 101) diacetone alcohol 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene 2,4-diaminobutanoic acid trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane diammonium phosphate direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry


2-32 dB DBA DBCP DBMS DBP DBPC dc, DC DCB DCEE DCHA DCM DCPD DE Dec dec DEET deg den DESI det dev DFT dGlc DHH DHU DHR DI diam dil DIM dm DMA DMAC DBMC DBP DMF DMP DMS DMSO DMT DN DNA DNase DNMR DNP Dod DOP DOS doz d.p. dpl Dpm dpm dps dr

decibel dibenz[a,h]anthracene 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane database management system dibutyl phthalate 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol direct current dicyanobenzene dichloroethyl ether dicyclohexylamine dichloromethane dicyclopentadiene delocalization energy; delayed extraction decyl decomposes diethyltoluamide [N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide] degree density desorption electrospray ionization (in mass spectrometry) determinant deviation density functional theory 2-deoxyglucose dehydroheliotridine dihydrouridine dehydroretronecine desorption ionization diameter dilute; dilution diatomics in molecules (method); digital imaging microscopy decimeter N,N-dimethylaniline N,N-dimethylacetamide 2,4-di-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol 2,3-dibromo-1-propanol N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl phthalate dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfoxide dimethyl terephthalate; dimethyl tartrate donor number deoxyribonucleic acid deoxyribonuclease dynamic NMR spectroscopy dinitropyrene dodecyl dioctyl phthalate density of states; digital operating system dozen degree of polymerization displacement 2,6-diaminopimelic acid disintegrations per minute disintegrations per second dram

DRE dRib DRIFT DRP DRS DSC DTA DTBP DVB dyn DZ E E Eh e e EA EAN ECD ECP ECR ED EDAX EDB EDC EDI EDS EDTA EEDQ EEL EELS EES EFF EFFF EG EGA EHMO, EHT EIMS EIS ELISA ELS EM emf EMPA, EMA emu en ENDOR EOS EPDS EPR EPT-76 EPTC EPXMA eq, eqn

Dewar resonance energy 2-deoxyribose diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform dynamic reaction path diffuse reflectance spectroscopy differential scanning calorimetry differential thermal analysis di-tert-butyl peroxide divinylbenzene dyne double-zeta (type of basis set) exa (SI prefix for 1018); glutamic acid electric field strength; electromotive force; energy; modulus of elasticity; entgegen (trans configuration) Hartree energy electron; base of natural logarithms elementary charge; linear strain electron affinity effective atomic number electron capture dissociation effective core potential electron cyclotron resonance electron diffraction energy dispersive analysis by x-rays ethylene dibromide [1,2-dibromoethane] ethylene dichloride [1,2-dichloroethane] estimated daily intake energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ethyl 2-ethoxy-1(2H)-quinolinecarboxylate environmental exposure level electron energy loss spectroscopy excitation emission spectrum empirical force field energy factored force field equilibrium in the gas phase evolved gas analysis extended Hückel molecular orbital (theory) electron impact mass spectrometry electron impact spectroscopy; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay energy loss spectroscopy extended molarity; electron microscopy electromotive force electron probe microanalysis electromagnetic unit system ethylenediamine electron-nuclear double resonance equation of state electron photodetachment spectroscopy electron paramagnetic resonance provisional low temperature scale of 1976 dipropylcarbamothioic acid, S-ethyl ester electron probe x-ray microanalysis equation

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols eqQ erf erg ES ESA ESCA ESD e.s.d. ESI ESR est esu ET Et Etn ETS Eu e.u. eV EXAFS EXELFS exp expt ext F °F F f f FAB FAD FAIMS FA-SIFT fcc FD FEL FEM FEMO FET fid FI FIM FIR fl FM Fo fp fpm fps Fr Fr Fru FSGO FT

quadrupole coupling constant error function erg (energy unit) equilibrium in solution electrostatic energy analyzer electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis electron stimulated desorption estimated standard deviation electrospray ionization electron spin resonance estimated electrostatic unit system ephemeris time; electron transfer ethyl ethanolamine electron tunneling spectroscopy Euler number entropy unit electronvolt extended x-ray absorption fine structure (spectroscopy) extended energy loss fine structure exponential function experimental external farad; phenylalanine degree Fahrenheit Faraday constant; force; angular momentum formation reaction; femto (SI prefix for 10–15) activity coefficient; aperture ratio; focal length; force constant; frequency; fugacity fast atom bombardment flavine adenine dinucleotide high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry flowing afterglow – selected ion-flow tube face centered cubic field desorption free electron laser field emission microscopy free electron molecular orbital field effect transistor free induction decay field ionization field ion microscopy far infrared fluid (phase) frequency modulation Fourier number freezing point feet per minute feet per second; foot–pound–second system franklin Froude number fructose floating spherical Gaussian orbitals Fourier transform

2-33 ft ft-lb FTIR FTMS FTNMR fus FVP FWHM G G g g GABA Gal gal GalN GB GC GC–MS GDMS GDP gem GeV GIAO GIBMS gl Gla GLC Glc GlcA GlcN GlcNAc GLP GlcU Gln Glu Gly Glx GMP GMT GPC gpm gps Gr gr Gra Gri Grn Gro GTO GTP Gua Gul Guo

foot foot pound Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform mass spectrometry Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance fusion (melting) flash vacuum pyrolysis full width at half maximum Gauss; guanine (in genetic code); giga (SI prefix for 109); glycine electrical conductance; Gibbs energy; gravitational constant; sheer modulus gram; gas (phase) acceleration due to gravity; degeneracy; Landé g-factor; statistical weight γ-aminobutyric acid gal; galactose gallon galactosamine gas-phase basicity gas chromatography gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy glow discharge mass spectroscopy guanosine 5′-diphosphate geminal (on the same carbon atom) gigaelectronvolt gauge invariant atomic orbital guided ion beam mass spectrometry glacial 4-carboxyglutamic acid gas–liquid chromatography glucose gluconic acid glucosamine N-acetylglucosamine good laboratory practice glucuronic acid glutamine glutamic acid glycine glutamine or glutamic acid (unspecified) guanosine 5′-monophosphate Greenwich mean time gel-permeation chromatography gallons per minute gallon per second Grashof number grain glyceraldehyde glyceric acid glycerone [dihydroxyacetone] glycerol Gaussian-type orbital guanosine 5′-triphosphate guanine gulose guanosine


2-34 GUT GVB GWS Gy H H H0 h h Ha ha HAM hav Hb HCA hcp Hcy HDL HDS HEIS HEP Hepes Hepps HF HFA HFO hfs His HMO HMX HN1 HOAc HOC HOMAS HOMO HOSE Hp hp HPLC HPMS HQ hr HRE HREELS HREM HSAB HSE Hse Hx Hyl Hyp Hz I I i i

grand unified theory generalized valence bond (method) Glashow–Weinberg–Salam (theory) gray; gigayear henry; histidine enthalpy; Hamiltonian function; magnetic field Hubble constant helion; hour; hecto (SI prefix for 102) Planck constant Hartmann number hectare hydrogenic atoms in molecules haversine hemoglobin heterocyclic amine hexagonal closed packed homocysteine high-density lipoprotein hydrodesulfurization high-energy ion scattering high energy physics 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinepropanesulfonic acid high frequency; Hartree–Fock (method) hexafluoroacetone Hartree–Fock orbital hyperfine structure histidine Hückel molecular orbital cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine 2-chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethylethanamine acetic acid halogenated organic compound(s) harmonic oscillator model of aromatic stabilization highest occupied molecular orbital harmonic oscillator stabilization energy heptyl horsepower high-performance liquid chromatography high pressure mass spectrometry p-hydroquinone hour Hückel resonance energy high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy high resolution electron microscopy hard-soft acid-base (theory) homodesmotic stabilization energy homoserine hexyl 5-hydroxylysine hypoxanthine; 4-hydroxyproline hertz isoleucine; inositol electric current; ionic strength; moment of inertia; nuclear spin angular momentum; radiant intensity square root of minus one electric current

I/O IAT IC ICD ICP ICR ICVTST ID id Ido IdoA IDP IE i.e.p. IEPA IF IGLO IKES Ile Im IMFP imm IMP IMPATT IMS in. InChI INDO Ino INS Ins int IP IPA IPMA IPN IPR IPTS IQ IR IRAS IRC IRMPD IRMS IRS isc ISE ISS IT ITP ITS IU J J j

input/output international atomic time integrated circuit induced circular dichroism inductive-coupled plasma ion cyclotron resonance improved canonical variational transition-state theory inside diameter ideal (solution) iodose iduronic acid inosine 5′-diphosphate ionization energy isoelectric point independent electron pair approximation intermediate frequency individual gauge for localized orbitals ion kinetic energy spectrometry isoleucine imaginary part inelastic mean free path (of electrons) immersion inosine 5′-monophosphate impact ionization avalanche transit time ion mobility spectrometry inch IUPAC International Chemical Identifier immediate neglect of differential overlap inosine inelastic neutron scattering; ion neutralization spectroscopy myo-inositol internal ionization potential isopropyl alcohol ion probe microanalysis interpenetrating polymer network isotope perturbation of resonance International Practical Temperature Scale 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo(4,5-f )quinoline infrared infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy intrinsic reaction coordinate infrared multiphoton dissociation isotope ratio mass spectrometry infrared spectroscopy intersystem crossing ion-selective electrode; isodesmic stabilization energy ion scattering spectroscopy ion trap; information technology inosine 5′-triphosphate International Temperature Scale (1990) international unit joule; leucine or isoleucine (unspecified) angular momentum; electric current density; flux; Massieu function angular momentum; electric current density

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols JT K K k k kat kb KC-MS kcal KDP KE KERD keV KG kg kgf KIE kJ km Kn kPa KS kt KTP kV kva kW kwh L L l l Lac LAH lat. lb lbf LC LC–MS lc LCAO LD LDA LDL LDV Le LE LEC LED LEED LEIS Leu LFER LFL

Jahn–Teller (effect) kelvin; lysine absorption coefficient; bulk modulus; equilibrium constant; kinetic energy kilo (SI prefix for 103) absorption index; Boltzmann constant; rate constant; thermal conductivity; wave vector katal (unit of catalytic activity) kilobar; kilobases (DNA or RNA) Knudson cell mass spectrometry kilocalorie potassium dihydrogen phosphate kinetic energy kinetic energy release distributions kiloelectronvolt kinetics in the gas phase kilogram kilogram force kinetic isotope effect kilojoule kilometer Knudsen number kilopascal kinetics in solution karat potassium titanium phosphate kilovolt kilovolt ampere kilowatt kilowatt hour liter; lambert; leucine Avogadro constant; inductance; Lagrange function; angular momentum liter; liquid (phase) angular momentum; length; mean free path; levorotatory lactose lithium aluminum hydride latitude pound pound force liquid chromatography liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry liquid crystal (phase) linear combination of atomic orbitals lethal dose; laser desorption local density approximation; lithium diisopropylamide low-density lipoprotein laser-Doppler velocimetry Lewis function localization energy liquid exchange chromatography light emitting diode low-energy electron diffraction low-energy ion scattering leucine linear free energy relationships lower flammable limit

2-35 LI lim LIMS liq LIT LLCT lm LMCT LMMS LMO LMR ln LNDO log LOMO long. LPG LPHP LPU LSFE LSI LST LT LTE LUMO lx ly l.y. Lys Lyx M M Mr m m Ma MA Mal Man MASNMR max Mb MBE MBER MBPT MC MCAA MCD MCP MCPA MCPF MCS

laser ionization limit laser ionization mass spectroscopy; laboratory information management system liquid linear ion trap ligand to ligand charge transfer lumen ligand to metal charge transfer laser microprobe mass spectrometry localized molecular orbital laser magnetic resonance logarithm (natural) local neglect of differential overlap logarithm (common) lowest occupied molecular orbital longitude liquid petroleum gas laser-powered homogeneous pyrolysis law of propagation of uncertainty linear field stabilization energy liquid secondary ionization local sidereal time local time local thermodynamic equilibrium lowest unoccupied molecular orbital lux langley light year lysine lyxose molar (as in 0.1 M solution); mega (SI prefix for 106); methionine magnetization; molar mass; mutual inductance; torque; angular momentum component; median molecular weight (relative molar mass) meter; molal (as in 0.1 m solution); metastable (isotope); milli (SI prefix for 10–3) magnetic dipole moment; mass; molality; angular momentum component; meta (locant on aromatic ring) Mach number maleic anhydride maltose mannose magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance maximum myoglobin molecular beam epitaxy molecular beam electron resonance many body perturbation theory Monte Carlo (method) monochloroacetic acid magnetic circular dichroism microchannel plate (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid modified coupled pair functional Monte Carlo simulation


2-36 MCSCF MD Me MeCCNU MeIQ MeIQx MEK MEP MERP Mes MESFET Met MeV meV MF mg MHD mi MIAK MIKES min MINDO MIPK MIR misc MKS MKSA mL, ml MM mm MMDR mmf mmHg MNDO MO MODR mol mol.wt. mon Mops MOS MOSFET mp MPa MPA Mpc MPI MPTP MR MRD MRI mRNA MS ms MSA

multiconfigurational self-consistent field (approximation) molecular dynamics (method) methyl 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1nitrosourea 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f ]quinoline 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f ]quinoxaline methyl ethyl ketone molecular electrostatic potential minimum energy reaction path 4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor methionine megaelectronvolt millielectronvolt molecular formula milligram magnetohydrodynamics mile methyl isoamyl ketone mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry minimum; minute modified INDO (method) methyl isopropyl ketone mid infrared miscible meter–kilogram–second system meter–kilogram–second–ampere system milliliter molecular mechanics millimeter microwave-microwave double resonance magnetomotive force millimeter of mercury modified neglect of diatomic overlap molecular orbital; methyl orange microwave-optical double resonance mole molecular weight monomeric form 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid metal-oxide semiconductor metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor melting point megapascal Mulliken population analysis megaparsec multiphoton ionization 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine methyl red multireference double substitution (method) magnetic resonance imaging messenger RNA mass spectroscopy millisecond methanesulfonic acid

MSDS MS-K MSL MTBE MTD Mur mV MVK MW mW Mx N N NA n n NAA NAAD NAD NADH NADP NANA NAO NBO nbp NEDOR Neu NEXAFS ng NHO NHOMO NICI NICS NIR nm NMN NMR Nn NNDO NO NOE NOEL NOx NP NPA NQR NRA ns NSE NTP Nu Nu o obs, obsd Oc OD

Material Safety Data Sheet mass spectroscopy – kinetic method mean sea level methyl tert-butyl ether maximum tolerable dose muramic acid millivolt methyl vinyl ketone megawatt; microwave; molecular weight milliwatt maxwell newton; asparagine angular momentum; neutron number; number density Avogadro constant neutron; nano (SI prefix for 10–9) amount of substance; number density; principal quantum number; refractive index; normal (in chemical formulas) nuclear activation analysis nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced NAD NAD phosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid natural atomic orbital natural bond orbital normal boiling point nuclear electron double resonance neuraminic acid near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure nanogram natural hybrid orbital next-to-highest occupied molecular orbital negative ion chemical ionization nuclear independent chemical shift near infrared; ribosylnicotinamide nanometer β-nicotinamide mononucleotide nuclear magnetic resonance nonyl neglect of nonbonded differential overlap natural orbital nuclear Overhauser effect no-observed-effect level nitrogen oxides nitropyrene natural population analysis nuclear quadrupole resonance nuclear reaction analysis nanosecond neutron spin echo normal temperature and pressure nucleophile Nusselt number ortho (locant on aromatic ring) observed octyl optical density; outside diameter

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols ODMR Oe OFGF ORD Oro oz P P p p Pa PA PABA PAC PAH PAM PAN PAR PAS PBA PBB PBD PBMA PBT PC pc PCB PCM PCR PD pdl PDMS Pe Pe pe PEA PEG PEL PES PET peth pf PFOA pg Ph pH Phe PhIP PHPMS pI PIB PIMS PIN Pipes

optically detected magnetic resonance oersted outer valence Green’s function (method) optical rotatory dispersion orotate; orotidine ounce poise; peta (SI prefix for 1015); proline power; pressure; probability; sound energy flux proton; pico (SI prefix for 10–12) dielectric polarization; electric dipole moment; momentum; pressure; bond order; para (as aromatic ring locant) pascal proton affinity; pyrrolizidine alkaloid p-aminobenzoic acid photoacoustic calorimetry polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(s) polyacrylamide 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol; polyacrylonitrile 4-(2′-pyridylazo)resorcinol photoacoustic spectroscopy poly(butyl acrylate) polybrominated biphenyl poly(1,3-butadiene) poly(butyl methacrylate) poly(butylene terephthalate) paper chromatography; photocalorimetry parsec polychlorinated biphenyl polarizable continuum model polymerase chain reaction potential difference poundal poly(dimethylsiloxane) pentyl Péclet number probable error poly(ethyl acrylate) poly(ethylene glycol) permissible exposure limit photoelectron spectroscopy; potential energy surface positron emission tomography; poly(ethylene terephthalate) petroleum ether power factor perfluorooctanoic acid picogram phenyl negative log of hydrogen ion concentration phenylalanine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine pulsed high pressure mass spectrometry isoelectric point polyisobutylene photoionization mass spectrometry p-intrinsic-n (diode) 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid

2-37 PIV PIXE pK PLM PLOT PLS pm PMA PMMA PMO PNDO PNO PNRA POAV pol POx ppb ppm PPO PPP ppt Pr Pr PRDDO Pro PS ps PSD psi psia psig PT PTFE pt PTMS Pu PVA PVAc PVC PVD PVDF PVME PVT Py PyMS p.z.c. Q q QCD QCI QCT QED Q.E.D. QIT

particle-image velocimetry particle induced x-ray emission negative log of ionization constant principle of least motion porous-layer open-tabular (column) partial least squares picometer poly(methyl acrylate) poly(methyl methacrylate) perturbation MO (theory) partial neglect of differential overlap pair natural orbitals prompt nuclear reaction analysis

π-orbital axis vector polymeric form phosphorus oxides parts per billion parts per million poly(phenylene oxide) Pariser–Parr–Pople (method) parts per thousand; precipitate propyl Prandtl number partial retention of diatomic differential overlap proline photoelectron spectroscopy picosecond photon stimulated desorption pounds per square inch pounds per square inch absolute pounds per square inch gage perturbation theory poly(tetrafluoroethylene) pint propyltrimethoxysilane purine poly(vinyl alcohol) poly(vinyl acetate) poly(vinyl chloride) physical vapor deposition poly(vinylidene fluoride) poly(methyl vinyl ether) pressure–volume–temperature pyrimidine pyrolysis mass spectrometry point of zero charge electric charge; heat; partition function; quadrupole moment; radiant energy; vibrational normal coordinate; glutamine electric field gradient; flow rate; heat; wave vector (phonons) quantum chromodynamics quadratic configuration interaction quasi-classical trajectory (method) quantum electrodynamics quod erat demonstrandum (which was to be proved) quadrupole ion trap


2-38 QMRE QMS QSAR QSO qt quad Qui q.v. R °R R r r RA rad RAIRS RAM RBS Rbu, Rul RCI RDA RDS Re RE RED REELS REM rem REMPI REPE RF RGA Rha RHEED RHF RI RIA Rib Ribulo rms RNA RNase ROHF ROM RPA RPH RPLC rpm rps RRK RRKM rRNA RRS RS RSC Ry

quantum mechanical resonance energy quadrupole mass spectrometry quantitative structure–activity relations quasi-stellar object quart quadrillion BTU (=1.055•1018 joules) quinovose quod vide (which you should see) roentgen; arginine; alkyl radical (in chemical formulas) degree Rankine electrical resistance; gas constant; molar refraction; Rydberg constant; coefficient of multiple correlation reaction (as in ∆rH) position vector; radius right ascension radian reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy random access memory Rutherford back scattering ribulose ring current index rubidium dihydrogen arsenate rate determining step real part resonance energy radial electron distribution reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy reflection electron microscopy roentgen equivalent man resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization resonance energy per electron radiofrequency residual gas analyzer rhamnose reflection high-energy electron diffraction restricted Hartree–Fock (theory) resonance ionization radioimmunoassay ribose ribulose root–mean–square ribonucleic acid ribonuclease restricted open shell Hartree–Fock read only memory random phase approximation reaction path Hamiltonian reversed-phase liquid chromatography revolutions per minute revolutions per second Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel (theory) Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (theory) ribosomal RNA resonance Raman spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy reaction-solution calorimetry rydberg

S S s s SAED SALC SALI SAM SAMS SANS SAR Sar sat, satd SAXS Sc SC SCD SCE SCF SCP SCR SCRF sd SDW SE SEC sec sec SECSY Sed SEELFS SEM sepn Ser SERS SET SEXAF SFC Sh Shy SI SID SILAR SIM SIMS sin sinh SIPN SLAM SLUMO SMILES SMO SMOW

siemens; serine area; entropy; probability current density; Poynting vector; symmetry coordinate; spin angular momentum second; solid (phase) path length; spin angular momentum; symmetry number; sedimentation coefficient; solubility; symmetrical (as stereochemical descriptor) selected area electron diffraction symmetry adapted linear combinations surface analysis by laser ionization scanning Auger microscopy self-assembled monolayers small angle neutron scattering structure–activity relationship sarcosine saturated small angle x-ray scattering Schmidt number spin-coupled (method) state correlation diagram saturated calomel electrode self-consistent field (method); supercritical fluid single cell protein silicon-controlled rectifier self-consistent reaction field (method) standard deviation spin density wave strain energy size exclusion chromatography secant; second secondary (in chemical name) spin-echo correlated spectroscopy sedoheptulose surface extended energy loss fine structure scanning electron microscopy; standard error of the mean separation serine surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy single electron transfer surface extended x-ray absorption fine structure supercritical fluid chromatography Sherwood number thiohypoxanthine International System of Units; surface ionization surface-induced dissociation successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction selected ion monitoring secondary-ion spectroscopy sine hyperbolic sine semi-interpenetrating polymer network scanning laser acoustic microscopy second lowest unoccupied molecular orbital simplified molecular input line entry system semiempirical molecular orbital Standard Mean Ocean Water (Vienna)

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols SNMS Sno SNU SOJT sol soln, sln SOMO Sor sp gr SPM SPST sq Sr sr Srd SSMS St St std, stnd STEL STEM STM STO STP sub, subl Suc, Sac Sur Sv SWIFT T T t t TAC TAI Tal tan tanh Taps TBE TBP TC TCA TCE TCG TCNE TCNQ TCP TCSCF TDI tDNA TE TEA TED

sputtered neutral mass spectroscopy thiouridine solar neutrino unit second-order Jahn–Teller (effect) soluble; solution solution singly occupied molecular orbital sorbose specific gravity scanned probe microscopy single-pulse shock tubes square Strouhal number steradian 6-thioinosine source spark mass spectroscopy stoke Stanton number standard (state) short-term exposure limit scanning transmission electron microscope scanning tunneling microscopy Slater-type orbital standard temperature and pressure sublimes; sublimation sucrose thiouracil sievert stored waveform inverse Fourier transform tesla; tera (SI prefix for 1012); threonine kinetic energy; period; term value; temperature (thermodynamic); torque; transmittance metric tonne; triton Celsius temperature; thickness; time; transport number time-to-amplitude converter International Atomic Time talose tangent hyperbolic tangent 3-{[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]amino}-1propanesulfonic acid 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane tributyl phosphate titration calorimetry trichloroacetic acid trichloroethylene Geocentric Coordinated Time tetracyanoethylene tetracyanoquinodimethane tricresyl phosphate two configuration self-consistent field toluene diisocyanate transfer DNA transverse electric triethanolamine; triethylamine transferred electron device; transmission electron diffraction

2-39 TEELS TEM temp tert Tes TFD TGA Thd THEED theor thf, THF Thr Thy TI TL TLC TLV TM TMAB TMS TOF TOF-MS tol TON TOPO Torr Tre TRE Tricine Tris TRMC tRNA Trp trs TS TSS TST TTF Tyr U U u u ua UBFF UDMH UDP UHF UMP uns, unsym UPS, UPES Ura Urd

transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy transverse electromagnetic; transmission electron microscope temperature tertiary (in chemical name) 2-{[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]amino}-1propanesulfonic acid Thomas–Fermi–Dirac (method) thermogravimetric analysis ribosylthymine transmission high energy electron diffraction theoretical tetrahydrofuran threonine thymine thermal ionization thermoluminescence thin-layer chromatography threshold limit value transverse magnetic tetrabutylammonium bromide tetramethylsilane turnover frequency time-of-flight mass spectrometer tolyl turnover number trioctylphosphine oxide torr (pressure unit) trehalose topological resonance energy N-[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]glycine 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol time-resolved microwave conductivity transfer RNA tryptophan transition transition state transition state spectroscopy generalized transition-state theory tetrathiofulvalene tyrosine uracil (in genetic code) electric potential difference; internal energy unified atomic mass unit Bloch function; electric mobility; velocity astronomical unit (AU is also used) Urey–Bradley force field 1,1-dimethylhydrazine uridine 5′-diphosphate ultrahigh frequency; unrestricted Hartree–Fock (method) uridine 5′-monophosphate unsymmetrical (as chemical descriptor) ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy uracil uridine


2-40 USP UT UTC UTP UV V V v v/v Val vap VAT VB VCD VDW VHF vic VIS vit VLPP VOC VOFF VPC VSEPR VSIP VSLI VSMOW VUV W W w w/v

United States Pharmacopeia universal time coordinated universal time uridine 5′-triphosphate ultraviolet volt; valine electric potential; potential energy; volume reaction rate; specific volume; velocity; vibrational quantum number; vicinal (as chemical descriptor) volume per volume (volume of solute divided by volume of solution, expressed as percent) valine vaporization vibration assisted tunneling valence band; valence bond (theory) vibrational circular dichroism van der Waals interaction very high frequency vicinal (on adjacent carbon atom)

WAXS Wb We WKB WLF WLN wt

visible region of the spectrum vitreous (phase) very low pressure pyrolysis volatile organic compound(s) valence orbital force field vapor phase chromatography valence shell electron-pair repulsion (method) valence state ionization potential very large scale integrated (circuit) Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water vacuum ultraviolet watt; tryptophan radiant energy; statistical weight; work energy density; mass fraction; velocity; work weight per volume (mass of solute divided by volume of solution, usually expressed as g/100 mL) weight per weight (mass of solute divided by mass of solution, expressed as percent) wide angle x-ray scattering weber Weber number Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (approximation) Williams–Landel–Ferry (equation) Wisswesser line notation weight

X X x X, Xaa XAFS Xan XANES Xao Xle Xlu, Xul XPS, XPES XRD XRF XRS

X unit; halogen (in chemical formula) reactance mole fraction unspecified amino acid x-ray absorption fine structure xanthine x-ray absorption near-edge structure xanthosine leucine or isoleucine (unspecified) xylulose x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy x-ray diffraction x-ray fluorescence x-ray spectroscopy

w/w

Xyl Y Y y y y, yr YAG yd YIG Z Z z z ZDO ZINDO ZPE, ZPVE ZULU α α β β γ γ Γ δ ∆ ε ζ η κ λ Λ µ µ

µF µg µm µs ν νe ν π Π ρ

xylose yotta (SI prefix for 1024); tyrosine admittance; Planck function; Young’s modulus yocto (SI prefix for 10–24) mole fraction for gas (when x refers to liquid phase) year yttrium aluminum garnet yard yttrium iron garnet zetta (SI prefix for 1021); glutamine or glutamic acid (unspecified) atomic number; compression factor; collision number; impedance; partition function; zusammen (cisconfiguration) zepto (SI prefix for 10–21) charge number (of an ion); collision frequency factor zero differential overlap Zerner’s INDO method zero point vibrational energy Greenwich mean time alpha particle absorption coefficient; degree of dissociation; electric polarizability; expansion coefficient; fine structure constant beta particle reciprocal temperature parameter (= 1/kT)

photon; gamma (obsolete mass unit = µg) activity coefficient; conductivity; magnetogyric ratio; mass concentration; ratio of heat capacities; surface tension Grüneisen parameter; level width; surface concentration chemical shift; Dirac delta function; Kronecker delta; loss angle inertial defect; mass excess emittance; Levi–Civita symbol; linear strain; molar absorption coefficient; permittivity Coriolis coupling constant; electrokinetic potential overpotential; viscosity compressibility; conductivity; magnetic susceptibility; molar absorption coefficient absolute activity; radioactive decay constant; thermal conductivity; wavelength angular momentum; ionic conductivity muon; micro (SI prefix for 10–6) chemical potential; electric dipole moment; electric mobility; friction coefficient; Joule–Thompson coefficient; magnetic dipole moment; mobility; permeability microfarad microgram micrometer microsecond frequency; kinematic velocity; stoichiometric number neutrino wavenumber pion osmotic pressure; Peltier coefficient density; reflectance; resistivity

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols σ τ φ Φ

electrical conductivity; cross section; normal stress; shielding constant (NMR); Stefan–Boltzmann constant; surface tension; standard deviation transmittance; chemical shift; shear stress; relaxation time electrical potential; fugacity coefficient; osmotic coefficient; quantum yield; wavefunction magnetic flux; potential energy; radiant power; work function

2-41 χ χe ψ ω Ω Ω

magnetic susceptibility electric susceptibility wavefunction circular frequency; angular velocity; harmonic vibration wavenumber; statistical weight ohm axial angular momentum; solid angle

GREEK, RUSSIAN, AND HEBREW ALPHABETS The following table presents the Hebrew, Greek, and Russian alphabets, their letters, the names of the letters, and the English equivalents. Hebrew1,3

1 2 3

4 5 6

‫א‬

aleph

’2

‫ב‬

beth

b, bh

‫ג‬

gimel

g, gh

‫ד‬

daleth

d, dh

‫ה‬

he

h

‫ו‬

waw

w

‫ז‬

zayin

z

‫ח‬

heth

‫ט‬

h.

teth

‫י‬

t.

yodh

y

‫ךכ‬

kaph

k, kh

‫ל‬

lamedh

l

‫םמ‬

mem

m

‫ןנ‬

nun

n

‫ס‬

samekh

s

‫ע‬

ayin

‘

‫ףפ‬

pe

p, ph

Αα

Greek4

alpha

a

Ββ

beta

b

Γγ

gamma g, n

∆δ

delta

Εε

epsilon e

Ζζ

zeta

z

Ηη

eta

ē

Θθ

theta

th

d

Ιι

iota

i

Κκ

kappa

k

Λλ

lambda l

Μµ

mu

m

Νν

nu

n

Ξ ξ

xi

x

Οο

omicron o

Ππ

pi

Ρρ

rho

p r, rh

Σ σ ς sigma

s

Tτ

tau

t

ϒ υ

upsilon y, u

‫ץצ‬

sadhe

‫ק‬

s.

qoph

q

‫ר‬

resh

r

Φφ

‫שׂ‬

phi

ph

sin

ś

Χχ

‫שׁ‬

chi

ch

shin

sh

Ψψ

‫ת‬

psi

ps

taw

t, th

Ωω

omega

ō

Russian

Аа Бб Вв Гг Дд Ее Жж Зз ИиЙй Кк Лл Мм Нн Оо Пп Рр Cс Тт Уу Фф Хх Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъ ъ5 Ыы Ь ь6 Ээ Юю Яя

a b v g d e zh z i, ĭ k l m n o p r s t u f kh ts ch sh shch ” y ’ e yu ya

Where two forms of a letter are given, the second one is the form used at the end of a word. Not represented in transliteration when initial. The Hebrew letters are primarily consonants; a few of them are also used secondarily to represent certain vowels, when provided at all, by means of a system of dots or strokes adjacent to the consonated characters. The letter gamma is transliterated “n”only before velars; the letter upsilon is transliterated “u”only as the final element in diphthongs. This sign indicates that the immediately preceding consonant is not palatized even though immediately followed by a palatized vowel. This sign indicates that the immediately preceding consonant is palatized even though not immediately followed by a palatized vowel.

2-27

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5/2/05 2:51:25 PM

Definitions of Scientific Terms Brief definitions of selected terms of importance in chemistry, physics, and related fields of science are given in this section. The selection process emphasizes the following types of terms: d d d d

Physical quantities Units of measure Classes of chemical compounds and materials Important theories, laws, and basic concepts.

Individual chemical compounds are not included. Definitions have taken wherever possible from the recommendations of international or national bodies, especially the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For physical quantities and units, the recommended symbol is also given. The source of such definitions is indicated by the reference number in brackets following the definition. In many cases these official definitions have been edited in the interest of stylistic consistency and economy of space. The user is referred to the original source for further details. An asterisk (*) following a term indicates that further information can be found by consulting the index of this handbook under the entry for that term.

Ab initio method - An approach to quantum-mechanical calculations on molecules which starts with the Schrödinger equation and carries out a complete integration, without introducing empirical factors derived from experimental measurement. Absorbance (A) - Defined as -log(1-α) = log(1/τ), where α is the absorptance and τ the transmittance of a medium through which a light beam passes. [2] Absorbed dose (D) - For any ionizing radiation, the mean energy imparted to an element of irradiated matter divided by the mass of that element. [1] Absorptance (α) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux in a given spectral interval absorbed in a medium to that of the incident radiation. Also called absorption factor. [1] Absorption coefficient (a) - The relative decrease in the intensity of a collimated beam of electromagnetic radiation, as a result of absorption by a medium, during traversal of an infinitesimal layer of the medium, divided by the length traversed. [1] Absorption coefficient, molar (ε) - Absorption coefficient divided by amount-of-substance concentration of the absorbing material in the sample solution (ε = a/c). The SI unit is m2/mol. Also called extinction coefficient, but usually in units of mol–1dm3cm–1. [2] Acceleration - Rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration due to gravity (g)* - The standard value (9.80665 m/s2) of the acceleration experienced by a body in the earth’s gravitational field. [1] Acenes - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement. [5] Acid - Historically, a substance that yields an H+ ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH1) and their intramolecular hemiacetals. [5] Aldoximes - Oximes of aldehydes: RCH=NOH. [5] Alfvén number (Al) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Al = v(ρµ)1/2/B, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] Alfvén waves - Very low frequency waves which can exist in a plasma in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. Also called magnetohydrodynamic waves. Alicyclic compounds - Aliphatic compounds having a carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system. [5] Aliphatic compounds - Acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compounds, excluding aromatic compounds. [5] Alkali metals - The elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. Alkaline earth metals - The elements calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. [7] Alkaloids - Basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom (but not excluding those of animal origin). Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, and amino sugars are not normally regarded as alkaloids. [5] Alkanes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. [5] Alkenes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one double bond are alkadienes, alkatrienes, etc. [5] Alkoxides - Compounds, ROM, derivatives of alcohols, ROH, in which R is saturated at the site of its attachment to oxygen and M is a metal or other cationic species. [5] Alkyl groups - Univalent groups derived from alkanes by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom: CnH2n+1-. The groups derived by removal of a hydrogen atom from a terminal carbon atom of unbranched alkanes form a subclass of normal alkyl (n-alkyl) groups. The groups RCH2-, R2CH-, and R3C- (R not equal to H) are primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl groups, respectively. [5]

Definitions of Scientific Terms Alkynes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n–2, RC≡CR´. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one triple bond are known as alkadiynes, alkatriynes, etc. [5] Allotropy - The occurrence of an element in two or more crystalline forms. Allylic groups - The group CH2=CHCH2- (allyl) and derivatives formed by substitution. The term ‘allylic position’ or ‘allylic site’ refers to the saturated carbon atom. A group, such as OH, attached at an allylic site is sometimes described as “allylic”. [5] Amagat volume unit - A non-SI unit previously used in high pressure science. It is defined as the molar volume of a real gas at one atmosphere pressure and 273.15 K. The approximate value is 22.4 L/mol. Amides - Derivatives of oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. [5] Amine oxides - Compounds derived from tertiary amines by the attachment of one oxygen atom to the nitrogen atom: R3N+O–. By extension the term includes the analogous derivatives of primary and secondary amines. [5] Amines - Compounds formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two, or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and having the general structures RNH2 (primary amines), R2NH (secondary amines), R3N (tertiary amines). [5] Amino acids* - Compounds containing both a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2). The most important are the α-amino acids, in which the -NH2 group in attached to the C atom adjacent to the -COOH group. In the β-amino acids, there is an intervening carbon atom. [4] Ampere (A)* - The SI base unit of electric current. [1] Ampere’s law - The defining equation for the magnetic induction B, viz., dF = Idl × B, where dF is the force produced by a current I flowing in an element of the conductor dl pointing in the direction of the current. Ångström (Å) - A unit of length used in spectroscopy, crystallography, and molecular structure, equal to 10–10 m. Angular momentum (L) - The angular momentum of a particle about a point is the vector product of the radius vector from this point to the particle and the momentum of the particle; i.e., L = r × p. [1] Angular velocity (ω) - The angle through which a body rotates per unit time. Anilides - Compounds derived from oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) by replacing the -OH group by the -NHPh group or derivative formed by ring substitution. Also used for salts formed by replacement of a nitrogen-bound hydrogen of aniline by a metal. [5] Anion - A negatively charged atomic or molecular particle. Antiferroelectricity* - An effect analogous to antiferromagnetism in which electric dipoles in a crystal are ordered in two sublattices that are polarized in opposite directions, leading to zero net polarization. The effect vanishes above a critical temperature. Antiferromagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are ordered into two antiparallel aligned sublattices. Antiferromagnets are characterized by a zero or small positive magnetic susceptibility. The

Definitions of Scientific Terms susceptibility increases with temperature up to a critical value, the Néel temperature, above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Antiparticle - A particle having the same mass as a given elementary particle and a charge equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. Appearance potential* - The lowest energy which must be imparted to the parent molecule to cause it to produce a particular specified parent ion. This energy, usually stated in eV, may be imparted by electron impact, photon impact, or in other ways. More properly called appearance energy. [3] Appearance potential spectroscopy (APS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Are (a) - A unit of area equal to 100 m2. [1] Arenes - Monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. See aromatic compounds. [5] Aromatic compounds - Compounds whose structure includes a cyclic delocalized π-electron system. Historical use of the term implies a ring containing only carbon (e.g., benzene, naphthalene), but it is often generalized to include heterocyclic structures such as pyridine and thiophene. [5] Arrhenius equation - A key equation in chemical kinetics which expresses the rate constant k as k = Aexp(-Ea/RT), where Ea is the activation energy, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. A is called the preexponential factor and, for simple gas phase reactions, may be identified with the collision frequency. Arsines - AsH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. [5] Aryl groups - Groups derived from arenes by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon atom. Groups similarly derived from heteroarenes are sometimes subsumed in this definition. [5] Astronomical unit (AU)* - The mean distance of the earth from the sun, equal to 1.49597870 × 1011 m. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic mass* - The mass of a nuclide, normally expressed in unified atomic mass units (u). Atomic mass unit (u)* - A unit of mass used in atomic, molecular, and nuclear science, defined as the mass of one atom of 12C divided by 12. Its approximate value is 1.66054 × 10–27 kg. Also called the unified atomic mass unit. [1] Atomic number (Z) - A characteristic property of an element, equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. Atomic weight (Ar)* - The ratio of the average mass per atom of an element to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C. An atomic weight can be defined for a sample of any given isotopic composition. The standard atomic weight refers to a sample of normal terrestrial isotopic composition. The term relative atomic mass is synonymous with atomic weight. [2] Attenuated total reflection (ATR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1.

2-45 Auger effect - An atomic process in which an electron from a higher energy level fills a vacancy in an inner shell, transferring the released energy to another electron which is ejected. Aurora - An atmospheric phenomenon in which streamers of light are produced when electrons from the sun are guided into the thermosphere by the earth’s magnetic field. It occurs in the polar regions at altitudes of 95—300 km. Avogadro constant (NA)* - The number of elementary entities in one mole of a substance. Azeotrope - A liquid mixture in a state where the variation of vapor pressure with composition at constant temperature (or, alternatively, the variation of normal boiling point with composition) shows either a maximum or a minimum. Thus when an azeotrope boils the vapor has the same composition as the liquid. Azides - Compounds bearing the group -N3, viz. -N=N+=N–; usually attached to carbon, e.g. PhN3, phenyl azide or azidobenzene. Also used for salts of hydrazoic acid, HN3, e.g. NaN3, sodium azide. [5] Azines - Condensation products, R2C=NN=CR2 , of two moles of a carbonyl compound with one mole of hydrazine. [5] Azo compounds - Derivatives of diazene (diimide), HN=NH, wherein both hydrogens are substituted by hydrocarbyl groups, e.g., PhN=NPh, azobenzene or diphenyldiazene. [5] Balmer series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the state with principal quantum number n = 2 and successive higher states. The wavelengths are given by 1/λ = RH(1/4 - 1/n2), where n = 3,4,... and RH is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen. The first member of the series (n = 2 ⇌ 3), which is often called the Hα line, falls at a wavelength of 6563 Å. Bar (bar) - A unit of pressure equal to 105 Pa.´ Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory - A theory of superconductivity which is based upon the formation of electron pairs as a result of an electron-lattice interaction. The theory relates the superconducting transition temperature to the density of states and the Debye temperature. Barn (b) - A unit used for expressing cross sections of nuclear processes, equal to 10–28 m2. Barrel - A unit of volume equal to 158.9873 L. Baryon - Any elementary particle built up from three quarks. Examples are the proton, neutron, and various short-lived hyperons. Baryons have odd half-integer spins. Base - Historically, a substance that yields an OH– ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH>7. In the Brönsted definition, a base is a substance capable of accepting a proton in any type of reaction. The more general definition, due to G.N. Lewis, classifies any chemical species capable of donating an electron pair as a base. Becquerel (Bq)* - The SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to s–1. [1] Beer’s law - An approximate expression for the change in intensity of a light beam that passes through an absorbing medium, viz., log(I/I0) = -εcl, where I0 is the incident intensity, I is the final intensity, ε is the molar (decadic) absorption coefficient, c is the molar concentration of the absorbing substance, and l is the path length. Also called the Beer-Lambert law Binding energy* - A generic term for the energy required to decompose a system into two or more of its constituent parts. In nuclear physics, the binding energy is the energy differ-

Definitions of Scientific Terms

2-46 ence between a nucleus and the separated nucleons of which it is composed (the energy equivalent of the mass defect). In atomic physics, it is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. Biot (Bi) - A name sometimes used for the unit of current in the emu system. Birefringence - A property of certain crystals in which two refracted rays result from a single incident light ray. One, the ordinary ray, follows the normal laws of refraction, while the other, the extraordinary ray, exhibits a variable refractive index which depends on the direction in the crystal. Black body radiation* - The radiation emitted by a perfect black body, i.e., a body which absorbs all radiation incident on it and reflects none. The wavelength dependence of the radiated energy density ρ (energy per unit volume per unit wavelength range) is given by the Planck formula

ρ=

8πhc λ 5 (e hc/λkt − 1)

where λ is the wavelength, h is Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Black hole - A very dense object, formed in a supernova explosion, whose gravitational field is so large that no matter or radiation can escape from the object. Bloch wave function - A solution of the Schrödinger equation for an electron moving in a spatially periodic potential; used in the band theory of solids. Bohr magneton (µB)* - The atomic unit of magnetic moment, defined as eh/4πme, where h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is the moment associated with a single electron spin. Bohr, bohr radius (a0)* - The radius of the lowest orbit in the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, defined as εoh2/πmee2, where εo is the permittivity of a vacuum, h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is customarily taken as the unit of length when using atomic units. Boiling point - The temperature at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure. The normal boiling point is the boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). Boltzmann constant (k)* - The molar gas constant R divided by Avogadro’s constant. Boltzmann distribution - An expression for the equilibrium distribution of molecules as a function of their energy, in which the number of molecules in a state of energy E is proportional to exp(-E/kT), where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature. Bond strength - See Dissociation energy. Born-Haber cycle* - A thermodynamic cycle in which a crystalline solid is converted to gaseous ions and then reconverted to the solid. The cycle permits calculation of the lattice energy of the crystal. Bose-Einstein distribution - A modification of the Boltzmann distribution which applies to a system of particles that are bosons. The number of particles of energy E is proportional to [e(E–µ)/kT-1]–1 , where µ is a normalization constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Boson - A particle that obeys Bose-Einstein Statistics; specifically, any particle with spin equal to zero or an integer. This includes

the photon, pion, deuteron, and all nuclei of even mass number. Boyle’s law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature. Bragg angle (θ) - Defined by the equation nλ = 2dsinθ, which relates the angle θ between a crystal plane and the diffracted x-ray beam, the wavelength λ of the x-rays, the crystal plane spacing d, and the diffraction order n (any integer). Bravais lattices* - The 14 distinct crystal lattices that can exist in three dimensions. They include three in the cubic crystal system, two in the tetragonal, four in the orthorhombic, two in the monoclinic, and one each in the triclinic, hexagonal, and trigonal systems. Breakdown voltage - The potential difference at which an insulating substance undergoes a physical or chemical change that causes it to become a conductor, thus allowing current to flow through the sample. Bremsstrahlung - Electromagnetic radiation generated when the velocity of a charged particle is reduced (literally, “braking radiation”). An example is the x-ray continuum resulting from collisions of electrons with the target in an x-ray tube. Brewster angle - The angle of incidence for which the maximum degree of plane polarization occurs when a beam of unpolarized light is incident on the surface of a medium of refractive index n. At this angle, the angle between the reflected and refracted beams is 90°. The value of the Brewster angle is tan–1n. Brillouin scattering - The scattering of light by acoustic phonons in a solid or liquid. Brillouin zone - A region of allowed wave vectors and energy levels in a crystalline solid, which plays a part in the propagation of waves through the lattice. British thermal unit (Btu) - A non-SI unit of energy, equal to approximately 1055 J. Several values of the Btu, defined in slightly different ways, have been used. Brownian motion - The random movements of small particles suspended in a fluid, which arise from collisions with the fluid molecules. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Buffer* - A solution designed to maintain a constant pH when small amounts of a strong acid or base are added. Buffers usually consist of a fairly weak acid and its salt with a strong base. Suitable concentrations are chosen so that the pH of the solution remains close to the pKa of the weak acid. Calorie (cal) - A non-SI unit of energy, originally defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C. Several calories of slightly different values have been used. The thermochemical calorie is now defined as 4.184 J. Candela (cd)* - The SI base unit of luminous intensity. [1] Capacitance (C) - Ratio of the charge acquired by a body to the change in potential. [1] Carbamates - Salts or esters of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH, or of N-substituted carbamic acids: R2NC(=O)OR´, (R´ = hydrocarbyl or a cation). The esters are often called urethanes or urethans, a usage that is strictly correct only for the ethyl esters. [5] Carbenes - The electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univa-

Definitions of Scientific Terms lent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state). [5] Carbinols - An obsolete term for substituted methanols, in which the name carbinol is synonymous with methanol. [5] Carbohydrates - Originally, compounds such as aldoses and ketoses, having the stoichiometric formula Cn(H2O)n (hence “hydrates of carbon”). The generic term carbohydrate now includes mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides, as well as their reaction products and derivatives. [5] Carboranes - A contraction of carbaboranes. Compounds in which a boron atom in a polyboron hydride is replaced by a carbon atom with maintenance of the skeletal structure. [5] Carboxylic acids - Oxoacids having the structure RC(=O)OH. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)OH group including its carbon atom. [5] Carnot cycle - A sequence of reversible changes in a heat engine using a perfect gas as the working substance, which is used to demonstrate that entropy is a state function. The Carnot cycle also provides a means to calculate the efficiency of a heat engine. Catalyst - A substance that participates in a particular chemical reaction and thereby increases its rate but without a net change in the amount of that substance in the system. [3] Catenanes, catena compounds - Hydrocarbons having two or more rings connected in the manner of links of a chain, without a covalent bond. More generally, the class catena compounds embraces functional derivatives and hetero analogues. [5] Cation - A positively charged atomic or molecular particle. Centipoise (cP) - A common non-SI unit of viscosity, equal to mPa s. Centrifugal distortion - An effect in molecular spectroscopy in which rotational levels are lowered in energy, relative to the values of a rigid rotor, as the rotational angular momentum increases. The effect may be understood classically as a stretching of the bonds in the molecule as it rotates faster, thus increasing the moment of inertia. Ceramic - A nonmetallic material of very high melting point. Cerenkov radiation - Light emitted when a beam of charged particles travels through a medium at a speed greater than the speed of light in the medium. It is typically blue in color. Cgs system of units - A system of units based upon the centimeter, gram, and second. The cgs system has been supplanted by the International System (SI). Chalcogens - The Group VIA elements (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium). Compounds of these elements are called chalcogenides. [7] Chaotic system - A complex system whose behavior is governed by deterministic laws but whose evolution can vary drastically when small changes are made in the initial conditions. Charge - See Electric charge. Charles’ law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant pressure. Charm - A quantum number introduced in particle physics to account for certain properties of elementary particles and their reactions. Chelate - A compound characterized by the presence of bonds from two or more bonding sites within the same ligand to a central metal atom. [3]

2-47 Chemical potential - For a mixture of substances, the chemical potential of constituent B is defined as the partial derivative of the Gibbs energy G with respect to the amount (number of moles) of B, with temperature, pressure, and amounts of all other constituents held constant. Also called partial molar Gibbs energy. [2] Chemical shift* - A small change in the energy levels (and hence in the spectra associated with these levels) resulting from the effects of chemical binding in a molecule. The term is used in fields such as NMR, Mössbauer, and photoelectron spectroscopy, where the energy levels are determined primarily by nuclear or atomic effects. Chiral molecule - A molecule which cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. A common example is an organic molecule containing a carbon atom to which four different atoms or groups are attached. Such molecules exhibit optical activity, i.e., they rotate the plane of a polarized light beam. Chlorocarbons - Compounds consisting solely of chlorine and carbon. [5] Chromatography* - A method for separation of the components of a sample in which the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary while the other moves. In gas chromatography the gas moves over a liquid or solid stationary phase. In liquid chromatography the liquid mixture moves through another liquid, a solid, or a gel. The mechanism of separation of components may be adsorption, differential solubility, ion-exchange, permeation, or other mechanisms. [6] Clapeyron equation - A relation between pressure and temperature of two phases of a pure substance that are in equilibrium, viz., dp/dT = ∆trsS/∆trs V, where ∆trs S is the difference in entropy between the phases and ∆trsV the corresponding difference in volume. Clathrates - Inclusion compounds in which the guest molecule is in a cage formed by the host molecule or by a lattice of host molecules. [5] Clausius (Cl) - A non-SI unit of entropy or heat capacity defined as cal/K = 4.184 J/K. [2] Clausius-Clapeyron equation - An approximation to the Clapeyron equation applicable to liquid-gas and solid-gas equilibrium, in which one assumes an ideal gas with volume much greater than the condensed phase volume. For the liquid-gas case, it takes the form d(lnp)/dT = ∆vap H/RT2, where R is the molar gas constant and ∆vap H is the molar enthalpy of vaporization. For the solid-gas case, ∆vap H is replaced by the molar enthalpy of sublimation, ∆sub H. Clausius-Mosotti equation - A relation between the dielectric constant εr at optical frequencies and the polarizability α:

ε r − 1 ρN A α = εr + 2 3 M ε0

where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Clebsch-Gordon coefficients - A set of coefficients used to describe the vector coupling of angular momenta in atomic and nuclear physics. Codon - A set of three bases, chosen from the four primary bases found in the DNA molecule (uracil, cytosine, adenine, and guanine), which specifies the production of a particular amino

2-48 acid or carries some other genetic instruction. For example, the codon UCA specifies the amino acid serine, CAG specifies glutamine, etc. There are a total of 64 codons. Coercive force - The magnetizing force at which the magnetic flux density is equal to zero. [10] Coercivity* - The maximum value of coercive force that can be attained when a magnetic material is symmetrically magnetized to saturation induction. [10] Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Colloid - Molecules or polymolecular particles dispersed in a medium that have, at least in one direction, a dimension roughly between 1 nm and 1 µm. [3] Color center - A defect in a crystal that gives rise to optical absorption, thus changing the color of the material. A common type is the F-center, which results when an electron occupies the site of a negative ion. Compressibility (κ)* - The fractional change of volume as pressure is increased, viz., κ = -(1/V)(dV/dp). [1] Compton wavelength (λC)* - In the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free particle (e.g., electron, proton), λC = h/mc is the increase in wavelength, at a 90° scattering angle, corresponding to the transfer of energy from radiation to particle. Here h is Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, and m the mass of the particle. Conductance (G)* - For direct current, the reciprocal of resistance. More generally, the real part of admittance. [1] Conductivity, electrical (σ)* - The reciprocal of the resistivity. [1] Conductivity, thermal - See Thermal conductivity. Congruent transformation - A phase transition (melting, vaporization, etc.) in which the substance preserves its exact chemical composition. Constitutional repeating unit (CRU) - In polymer science, the smallest constitutional unit, the repetition of which constitutes a regular macromolecule, i.e., a macromolecule with all units connected identically with respect to directional sense. [8] Copolymer - A polymer derived from more than one species of monomer. [8] Coriolis effect - The deviation from simple trajectories when a mechanical system is described in a rotating coordinate system. It affects the motion of projectiles on the earth and in molecular spectroscopy leads to an important interaction between the rotational and vibrational motions. The effect may be described by an additional term in the equations of motion, called the Coriolis force. Cosmic rays* - High energy nuclear particles, electrons, and photons, originating mostly outside the solar system, which continually bombard the earth’s atmosphere. Coulomb (C)* - The SI unit of electric charge, equal to A s. [1] Coulomb’s law - The statement that the force F between two electrical charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r is F = (4πε0)–1 q1q2/r2, where ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Covalent bond - A chemical bond between two atoms whose stability results from the sharing of two electrons, one from each atom. Cowling number (Co) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Co = B2/µρv2, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] CPT theorem - A theorem in particle physics which states that any local Lagrangian theory that is invariant under proper

Definitions of Scientific Terms Lorentz transformations is also invariant under the combined operations of charge conjugation, C, space inversion, P, and time reversal, T, taken in any order. Critical point* - In general, the point on the phase diagram of a two-phase system at which the two coexisting phases have identical properties and therefore represent a single phase. At the liquid-gas critical point of a pure substance, the distinction between liquid and gas vanishes, and the vapor pressure curve ends. The coordinates of this point are called the critical temperature and critical pressure. Above the critical temperature, it is not possible to liquefy the substance. Cross section (σ)* - A measure of the probability of collision (or other interaction) between a beam of particles and a target which it encounters. In rough terms it is the effective area the target particles present to the incident ones; however, the precise definition depends on the nature of the interaction. A general definition of σ is the number of encounters per unit time divided by nv, where n is the concentration of incident particles and v their velocity. Crosslink - In polymer science, a small region in a macromolecule from which at least four chains emanate, and formed by reactions involving sites or groups on existing macromolecules or by interactions between existing macromolecules. [8] Crown compounds - Macrocyclic polydentate compounds, usually uncharged, in which three or more coordinating ring atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) are or may become suitably close for easy formation of chelate complexes with metal ions or other cationic species. [5] Crust* - The outer layer of the solid earth, above the Mohorovicic discontinuity. Its thickness averages about 35 km on the continents and about 7 km below the ocean floor. Cryoscopic constant (Ef )* - The constant that expresses the amount by which the freezing point Tf of a solvent is lowered by a non-dissociating solute, through the relation ∆Tf = Ef m, where m is the molality of the solute. Curie (Ci) - A non-SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to 3.7 × 1010 s–1. Curie temperature (TC)* - For a ferromagnetic material, the critical temperature above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Also applied to the temperature at which the spontaneous polarization disappears in a ferroelectric solid. [1] Cyanohydrins - Alcohols substituted by a cyano group, most commonly, but not limited to, examples having a CN and an OH group attached to the same carbon atom. They are formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by the addition of hydrogen cyanide. [5] Cycloalkanes - Saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons (with or without side chains). See alicyclic compounds. Unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbons having one endocyclic double or one triple bond are called cycloalkenes and cycloalkynes, respectively. [5] Cyclotron resonance - The resonant absorption of energy from a system in which electrons or ions that are orbiting in a uniform magnetic field are subjected to radiofrequency or microwave radiation. The resonance frequency is given by ν = eH/2πm*c, where e is the elementary charge, H is the magnetic field strength, m* is the effective mass of the charged particle, and c is the speed of light. The effect occurs in both solids (involving electrons or holes) and in low pressure gasses (involving ions)

Definitions of Scientific Terms Dalton (Da) - A name sometimes used in biochemistry for the unified atomic mass unit (u). De Broglie wavelength - The wavelength associated with the wave representation of a moving particle, given by h/mv, where h is Planck’s constant, m the particle mass, and v the velocity. De Haas-Van Alphen effect - An effect observed in certain metals and semiconductors at low temperatures and high magnetic fields, characterized by a periodic variation of magnetic susceptibility with field strength. Debye equation* - The relation between the relative permittivity (dielectric constant) εr, polarizability α, and permanent dipole moment µ in a dielectric material whose molecules are free to rotate. It takes the form

ε r − 1 ρN A = εr + 2 3 Mε0

 µ2  α +  3kT 

where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Debye length - In the Debye-Hückel theory of ionic solutions, the effective thickness of the cloud of ions of opposite charge which surrounds each given ion and shields the Coulomb potential produced by that ion. Debye temperature (θD)* - In the Debye model of the heat capacity of a crystalline solid, θD = hνD/k, where h is Planck’s constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and νD is the maximum vibrational frequency the crystal can support. For T .

Chemistry 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955

Martin Chalfie, Osamu Shimomura, Roger Y. Tsien Gerhard Ertl Roger D. Kornberg Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, Richard R. Schrock Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon John B. Fenn, Koichi Tanaka, Kurt Wüthrich William S. Knowles, Ryoji Noyori, K. Barry Sharpless Alan Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa Ahmed Zewail Walter Kohn, John Pople Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker, Jens C. Skou Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold Kroto, Richard E. Smalley Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland George A. Olah Kary B. Mullis, Michael Smith Rudolph A. Marcus Richard R. Ernst Elias James Corey Sidney Altman, Thomas R. Cech Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, John C. Polanyi Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle Bruce Merrifield Henry Taube Aaron Klug Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger Herbert C. Brown, Georg Wittig Peter Mitchell Ilya Prigogine William Lipscomb John Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog Paul J. Flory Ernst Otto Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson Christian Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, William H. Stein Gerhard Herzberg Luis Leloir Derek Barton, Odd Hassel Lars Onsager Manfred Eigen, Ronald G.W. Norrish, George Porter Robert S. Mulliken Robert B. Woodward Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Karl Ziegler, Giulio Natta Max F. Perutz, John C. Kendrew Melvin Calvin Willard F. Libby Jaroslav Heyrovsky Frederick Sanger Lord Todd Sir Cyril Hinshelwood, Nikolay Semenov Vincent du Vigneaud

1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931 1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921 1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911 1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

Linus Pauling Hermann Staudinger Archer J.P. Martin, Richard L.M. Synge Edwin M. McMillan, Glenn T. Seaborg Otto Diels, Kurt Alder William F. Giauque Arne Tiselius Sir Robert Robinson James B. Sumner, John H. Northrop, Wendell M. Stanley Artturi Virtanen Otto Hahn George de Hevesy No prize awarded No prize awarded No prize awarded Adolf Butenandt, Leopold Ruzicka Richard Kuhn Norman Haworth, Paul Karrer Peter Debye Frédéric Joliot, Irène Joliot-Curie Harold C. Urey No prize awarded Irving Langmuir Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius Hans Fischer Arthur Harden, Hans von Euler-Chelpin Adolf Windaus Heinrich Wieland The Svedberg Richard Zsigmondy No prize awarded Fritz Pregl Francis W. Aston Frederick Soddy Walther Nernst No prize awarded Fritz Haber No prize awarded No prize awarded Richard Willstätter Theodore W. Richards Alfred Werner Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier Marie Curie Otto Wallach Wilhelm Ostwald Ernest Rutherford Eduard Buchner Henri Moissan Adolf von Baeyer Sir William Ramsay Svante Arrhenius Emil Fischer Jacobus H. van’t Hoff

2-69

Nobel Laureates in Chemistry and Physics

2-70

Physics 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958

Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa, Yoichiro Nambu Albert Fert, Peter Grünberg John C. Mather, George F. Smoot Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall, Theodor W. Hänsch David J. Gross, H. David Politzer, Frank Wilczek Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg, Anthony J. Leggett Raymond Davis Jr., Masatoshi Koshiba, Riccardo Giacconi Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman Zhores I. Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby Gerardus’t Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer, Daniel C. Tsui Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson Martin L. Perl, Frederick Reines Bertram N. Brockhouse, Clifford G. Shull Russell A. Hulse, Joseph H. Taylor Jr. Georges Charpak Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, Richard E. Taylor Norman F. Ramsey, Hans G. Dehmelt, Wolfgang Paul Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alex Müller Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer Klaus von Klitzing Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, William A. Fowler Kenneth G. Wilson Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur L. Schawlow, Kai M. Siegbahn James Cronin, Val Fitch Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg Pyotr Kapitsa, Arno Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson Philip W. Anderson, Sir Nevill F. Mott, John H. van Vleck Burton Richter, Samuel C.C. Ting Aage N. Bohr, Ben R. Mottelson, James Rainwater Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian D. Josephson John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper, Robert Schrieffer Dennis Gabor Hannes Alfvén, Louis Néel Murray Gell-Mann Luis Alvarez Hans Bethe Alfred Kastler Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard P. Feynman Charles H. Townes, Nicolay G. Basov, Aleksandr M. Prokhorov Eugene Wigner, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, J. Hans D. Jensen Lev Landau Robert Hofstadter, Rudolf Mössbauer Donald A. Glaser Emilio Segrè, Owen Chamberlain Pavel A. Cherenkov, Il’ja M. Frank, Igor Y. Tamm

1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931 1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921 1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911 1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao Lee William B. Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain Willis E. Lamb, Polykarp Kusch Max Born, Walther Bothe Frits Zernike Felix Bloch, E. M. Purcell John Cockcroft, Ernest T.S. Walton Cecil Powell Hideki Yukawa Patrick M.S. Blackett Edward V. Appleton Percy W. Bridgman Wolfgang Pauli Isidor Isaac Rabi Otto Stern No prize awarded No prize awarded No prize awarded Ernest Lawrence Enrico Fermi Clinton Davisson, George Paget Thomson Victor F. Hess, Carl D. Anderson James Chadwick No prize awarded Erwin Schrödinger, Paul A.M. Dirac Werner Heisenberg No prize awarded Sir Venkata Raman Louis de Broglie Owen Willans Richardson Arthur H. Compton, C.T.R. Wilson Jean Baptiste Perrin James Franck, Gustav Hertz Manne Siegbahn Robert A. Millikan Niels Bohr Albert Einstein Charles Edouard Guillaume Johannes Stark Max Planck Charles Glover Barkla No prize awarded William Bragg, Lawrence Bragg Max von Laue Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Gustaf Dalén Wilhelm Wien Johannes Diderik van der Waals Guglielmo Marconi, Ferdinand Braun Gabriel Lippmann Albert A. Michelson J.J. Thomson Philipp Lenard Lord Rayleigh Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie Hendrik A. Lorentz, Pieter Zeeman Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The basic physical constants and structure diagrams for about 10,900 organic compounds are presented in this table. An effort has been made to include the compounds most frequently encountered in the laboratory, the workplace, and the environment. Particular emphasis has been given to substances that are considered environmental or human health hazards. In making the selection of compounds for the table, added weight was assigned to the appearance of a compound in various lists or reference sources such as: • •

• • •

•

• •

Laboratory reagent lists, e.g., the ACS Reagent Chemicals volume (Ref. 1) The DIPPR list of industrially important compounds (Ref. 2) and the (much larger) TSCA inventory of chemicals used in commerce The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (Ref. 3) The UNEP list Persistent Organic Pollutants (Ref. 4) Chemicals on Reporting Rules (CORR), a database of about 7500 regulated compounds prepared by the Environmental Protection Agency (Ref. 5) The EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), a database of human health effects of exposure to chemicals in the environment (Ref. 6) Compendia of chemicals of biochemical or medical importance, such as The Merck Index (Ref. 10) Specialized tables in this Handbook

It should be noted that the above lists vary widely in their choice of chemical names, and even in the use of Chemical Abstracts Registry Numbers. To the extent possible, we have attempted to systematize the names and registry numbers for this table. Clearly, criteria of this type are somewhat subjective, and compounds considered important by some users have undoubtedly been omitted. Suggestions for additional compounds or other improvements are welcomed. The data in the table have been derived from many sources, including both the primary literature and evaluated compilations. The Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition (Ref. 7) and the Chapman & Hall/CRC Combined Chemical Dictionary (Ref. 8) were important sources. Other useful compilations of physical property data for organic compounds are listed in Refs. 9–19. Many boiling point values (and some melting point and density values) were taken from recent physical chemistry literature dealing with fluid properties. Where conflicts were found, the value deemed most reliable was chosen. The table is arranged alphabetically by substance name, which generally is either an IUPAC systematic name or, in the case of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and other complex compounds, a simple trivial name. Names in ubiquitous use, such as acetic acid and formaldehyde, are adopted rather than their systematic equivalents. Synonyms are given in the column following the primary name, and structure diagrams are given on the page facing the data listing. The explanation of the data columns follows: • • • •

No.: An identification number used in the indexes. Name: Primary name of the substance. Synonym: A synonym in common use. When the primary name is non-systematic, a systematic name may appear here. Mol. Form.: The molecular formula written in the Hill convention.

• • •

•

•

•

•

•

CAS RN: The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number for the compound. Mol. Wt: Molecular weight (relative molar mass) as calculated with the 2001 IUPAC Standard Atomic Weights. Physical Form: A notation of the physical phase, color, crystal type, or other features of the compound at ambient temperature. Abbreviations are given below. mp: Normal melting point in ˚C. A value is sometimes followed by “dec,” indicating decomposition is observed at the stated temperature (so that it is probably not a true melting point). The notation “tp” indicates a triple point, where solid, liquid, and gas are in equilibrium. bp: Normal boiling point in ˚C, if it is available. This is the temperature at which the liquid phase is in equilibrium with the vapor at a pressure of 760 mmHg (101.325 kPa). A notation “sp” following the value indicates a sublimation point, where the vapor pressure of the solid phase reaches 760 mmHg. When a notation such as “dec” or “exp” (explodes) follows the value, the temperature may not be a true boiling point. A simply entry “sub” indicates the solid has a significant sublimation pressure at ambient temperatures. The boiling point at reduced pressure is listed in some cases, with or without the normal boiling point. Here the superscript indicates the pressure in mmHg. den: Density (mass per unit volume) in g/cm3. The temperature in ˚C is indicated by a superscript. Values refer to the liquid or solid phase, and all values are true densities, not specific gravities. The number of decimal places gives a rough estimate of the accuracy of the value. nD: Refractive index, at the temperature in ˚C indicated by the superscript. Unless otherwise indicated, all values refer to a wavelength of 589 nm (sodium D line). Values are given only for liquids and solids. Solubility : Qualitative indication of solubility in common solvents. Abbreviations are: i sl s vs msc dec

insoluble slightly soluble soluble very soluble miscible decomposes

Abbreviations for solvents are given below. In order to facilitate the location of compounds in the table, three indexes are provided: • • •

Synonym Index: Includes common synonyms, but not the primary name by which the table is arranged. Molecular Formula Index: Lists compounds by molecular formula in the Hill Order (see Preface to this Handbook). CAS Registry Number Index: Lists compounds by Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number. Note there is some redundancy in this index, because many compounds have several Registry Numbers associated with them. Thus the CAS RN in a table entry may differ from the CAS RN that points to it in the index. For example, CAS RN 1319-77-3 in the index points to all three cresol isomers, each of which has its own specific CAS RN.

3-1

3-2

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

The assistance of Fiona Macdonald in checking names and formulas is gratefully acknowledged, as well as the efforts of Janice

Shackleton, Trupti Desai, Nazila Kamaly, Matt Griffiths, and Lawrence Braschi in preparing the structure diagrams.

List of Abbreviations Ac Ac2O AcOEt ac ace al alk amor anh aq bipym bl blk bp br bt Bu BuOH bz chl col con, conc cry ctc cy, cyhex dec den dil diox dk DMF DMSO efflor Et EtOH eth exp fl flr fum gl gr gran grn hex HOAc hp hx hyd hyg i iiso lf lig liq lo

acetyl acetic anhydride ethyl acetate acid acetone alcohol (ethanol) alkali amorphous anhydrous aqueous bipyramidal blue black boiling point brown bright butyl 1-butanol benzene chloroform colorless concentrated crystals carbon tetrachloride cyclohexane decomposes density dilute dioxane dark dimethylformamide dimethyl sulfoxide efflorescent ethyl ethanol diethyl ether explodes flakes fluorescent fumes, fuming glacial gray granular green hexagonal acetic acid heptane hexane hydrate hygroscopic insoluble isoisooctane leaves ligroin liquid long

References 1. American Chemical Society, Reagent Chemicals, Ninth Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, 2000. 2. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Com-

mcl Me MeCN MeOH misc, msc mp n nd oct oran orth os pa peth Ph PhCl PhNH2 PhNO2 pl pow Pr PrOH pr purp py pym reac rhom s sat sc sl soln sp stab sub sulf syr tab tcl tetr tfa thf, THF tol tp trg unstab vap viol visc vol vs w wh xyl ye

monoclinic methyl acetonitrile methanol miscible melting point refractive index needles octahedra, octahedral orange orthorhombic organic solvents pale petroleum ether phenyl chlorobenzene aniline nitrobenzene plates powder propyl 1-propanol prisms purple pyridine pyramids, pyramidal reacts rhombic soluble saturated scales slightly soluble solution sublimation point stable sublimes sulfuric acid syrup tablets triclinic tetragonal trifluoroacetic acid tetrahydrofuran toluene triple point trigonal unstable vapor violet viscous volatile very soluble water white xylene yellow

pilation, extant 2002 (core with supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 3. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Data Bank, . 4. United Nations Environmental Program, Persistent Organic Pollutants, .

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds 5. Environmental Protection Agency, Chemicals on Reporting Rules, . 6. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, . 7. Lide, D. R., and Milne, G. W. A., Editors, Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993. 8. Macdonald, F., Editor, Chapman & Hall/CRC Combined Chemical Dictionary, . 9. Linstrom, P. J., and Mallard, W. G., Editors, NIST Chemistry WebBook , NIST Standard Reference Database No. 69, July 2001, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, . 10. Thermodynamics Research Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, TRC Thermodynamic Tables , . 11. O’Neil, M. J., Editor, The Merck Index, Thirteenth Edition, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, 2001.

3-3 12. Stevenson, R. M., and Malanowski, S., Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds , Elsevier, New York, 1987. 13. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 14. Physical Constants of Hydrocarbon and Non-Hydrocarbon Compounds, ASTM Data Series DS 4B, ASTM, Philadelphia, 1988. 15. Beilstein Database, . 16. Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, . 17. Vargaftik, N.B., Vinogradov, Y. K., and Yargin, V. S., Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Third Edition, Begell House, New York, 1996 18. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 19. Lide, D. R., Editor, Properties of Organic Compounds , .

3-4


No. Name 1 Abate 2 Abietic acid

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

Temephos

C16H20O6P2S3 C20H30O2

3383-96-8 514-10-3

466.469 302.451

30 mcl pl (al-w) 173.5

C15H20O4

21293-29-8

264.318

C16H12O5

480-44-4

284.263

cry (chl160 peth) ye nd (95% 263 al)

C18H28N2O4 C16H16N2O4S

37517-30-9 77-46-3

336.426 332.374

3 Abscisic acid 4 Acacetin

5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4methoxyphenyl)-4H-1benzopyran-4-one

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

2509 sub 120

vs EtOH

7 Acenaphthene

1,2-Dihydroacenaphthylene

C12H10

83-32-9

154.207

8 Acenaphthylene

Acenaphthalene

C12H8

208-96-8

152.192

91.8

280

0.898716

C12H6O2

82-86-0

182.175

sub

1.480020

C19H15NO6 C4H10NO3PS

152-72-7 30560-19-1

353.325 183.166

ye nd 261 (HOAc) cry (ace aq) 198 88

61-00-7 33665-90-6 75-07-0

326.455 163.153 44.052

oran oil nd (bz) 123.2 vol liq or gas -123.37

2300.5

nd

9 1,2-Acenaphthylenedione 10 Acenocoumarol 11 Acephate

Nicoumalone Phosphoramidothioic acid, acetyl-, O,S-dimethyl ester

12 Acepromazine 13 Acesulfame 14 Acetaldehyde

Ethanal

C19H22N2OS C4H5NO4S C2H4O

15 Acetaldehyde phenylhydrazone 16 Acetaldoxime

Acetaldehyde oxime

C8H10N2 C2H5NO

935-07-9 107-29-9

134.178 59.067

17 Acetamide

Ethanamide

C2H5NO

60-35-5

59.067

18 Acetanilide

N-Phenylacetamide

C8H9NO

103-84-4

19 Acetazolamide

N-[5-(Aminosulfonyl)-1,3,4thiadiazol-2-yl]acetamide

C4H6N4O3S2

sl H2O

279

1.22220

1.604895

0.783418

1.331620

99.5 45

15040, 13521 115

0.965620

1.426420

80.16

222.0

0.998685

1.4278

135.163

114.3

304

1.219015

59-66-5

222.246

260.5

C8H17O4PS2 C2H4O2

919-54-0 64-19-7

272.322 60.052

liq

1371.5 117.9

1.1820 1.044625

1.372020

22 Acetic acid, 2-phenylhydrazide

C8H10N2O

114-83-0

150.177

hex pr (eth)

130.0

23 Acetic anhydride

C4H6O3

108-24-7

102.089

liq

-74.1

139.5

1.08220

1.390120

24 Acetoacetanilide

C10H11NO2

102-01-2

177.200

pr or nd (bz 86 or lig)

25 Acetoacetic acid

C4H6O3

541-50-4

102.089

cry (eth)

C10H14O5

21282-97-3

214.215

liq

1.122

1.456020

27 Acetochlor 28 Acetohexamide

C14H20ClNO2 C15H20N2O4S

34256-82-1 968-81-0

269.768 324.396

ye liq cry (EtOH aq)

29 Acetohydrazide

C2H6N2O

1068-57-1

74.081

C2H5NO2 C12H10O

546-88-3 941-98-0

75.067 170.206

hyg cry

C12H10O

93-08-3

170.206

C3H6O

67-64-1

58.079

nd (lig, dil al) liq

34 Acetone cyanohydrin

C4H7NO

75-86-5

85.105

35 Acetone (2,4-dinitrophenyl) hydrazone

C9H10N4O4

1567-89-1

238.200

ye nd or pl (al)

128

C6H12N2

627-70-3

112.172

liq

-12.5

C4H9N3S

1752-30-3

131.199

ye cry

176

20 Acethion 21 Acetic acid

26 2-Acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate

30 Acetohydroxamic acid 31 1-Acetonaphthone

Ethanoic acid

2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl acetoacetate

N-Hydroxyacetamide

32 2-Acetonaphthone 33 Acetone

36 Acetone (1-methylethylidene) hydrazone 37 Acetone thiosemicarbazide

2-Propanone

Dimethyl ketazine

16.64

36.5

i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs bz; s HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, HOAc; s lig i H2O

1.3520

20.1

trg mcl (aleth)

Solubility vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, eth, chl

cry 121 pa ye nd 290 (eth) lf (dil al) 93.4

5 Acebutolol, (±) 6 Acedapsone

nD

1.32

sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s eth, s bz, tol sl H2O

dec 100 1000.8 1340.4

s bz, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl vs EtOH s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH

msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl, CS2 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl, tfa; s bz vs H2O; s EtOH, bz; msc eth; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, acid, lig vs H2O, eth, EtOH

1.527220

sl H2O i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, chl; s py s H2O, EtOH; sl eth

1.117121

1.628022

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl EtOH, ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl; i peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, AcOEt msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace s ace

188 67

13725

90 34

297

56

302

-94.7

56.05

0.784525

1.358820

-19

8223

0.93219

1.399220

133

0.839020

1.453520


3-5 OH O

S O P O O

S O O P O

S Abate

N H

O

O

O O

OH

Abscisic acid

Acacetin

O

O O

OH

O

Abietic acid

H N

HO

OH

H COOH

HN

O

S

NH

O

O

Acebutolol, (±)

O

O Acenaphthene

Acedapsone

Acenaphthylene

1,2-Acenaphthylenedione

O OH

N O

O

O

N O

O

O P

H N

N

H N

O OH Acetic acid

H N

Acetamide

Acetanilide

O O

N H

Acetic acid, 2-phenylhydrazide

H

O

Acetaldehyde

S O P S O

O

N N N H

S

O O

Acetazolamide

Acethion

O

H N

O

O

O

Acesulfame

O H2N S O

O

NH2

OH

Acetaldoxime

S

O

Acepromazine

O

Acetaldehyde phenylhydrazone

N

S

Acephate

N

O H

O

S

Acenocoumarol

O N

H N

O

O

O

O

Acetic anhydride

Acetoacetanilide

O

O OH

O O

Acetoacetic acid

O

2-Acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate

O Cl

N

O

H N O

Acetochlor

O H N S O

O O

O

O N H

Acetohexamide

NH2

Acetohydrazide

N

NH O N

O

N H

OH

Acetohydroxamic acid

O

OH O N 2-Acetonaphthone

Acetone

Acetone cyanohydrin

O

N

1-Acetonaphthone

O

Acetone (2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazone

N

N

Acetone (1-methylethylidene)hydrazone

N HN

S NH2

Acetone thiosemicarbazide

3-6


Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

38 Acetonitrile

Methyl cyanide

C2H3N

75-05-8

41.052

liq

-43.82

81.65

0.785720

1.344230

39 Acetophenone

Methyl phenyl ketone

C8H8O

98-86-2

120.149

mcl pr or pl 20.5

202

1.028120

1.537220

msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, con sulf, chl

40 Acetophenone azine 41 Acetoxon 42 N-Acetylacetamide

Methylphenyl ketazine Acetophos

C16H16N2 C8H17O5PS C4H7NO2

729-43-1 2425-25-4 625-77-4

236.311 256.257 101.105

liq nd (eth)

C5H9NO3 C8H8ClNO3S

97-69-8 121-60-8

131.130 233.673

C9H9NO3

89-52-1

C9H9NO3 N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine

No. Name

43 N-Acetyl-L-alanine 44 4-(Acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chloride 45 2-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid

Acetylsulfanilyl chloride

46 4-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid 47 2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-Dglucose 48 2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-Dmannose 49 2-(Acetylamino)fluorene 50 4-(Acetylamino)fluorene 51 6-(Acetylamino)hexanoic acid 52 4-Acetylanisole

ε-Acetamidocaproic acid

120 79

730.005 223.5

s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, lig

125 149

179.172

nd (bz), pr (bz-chl) nd (HOAc)

187.5

556-08-1

179.172

nd (HOAc)

256.5

C8H15NO6

7512-17-6

221.208

205

C8H15NO6

3615-17-6

221.208

cry (ace aq) 128

dec alk

C15H13NO

53-96-3

223.270

cry (dil al)

193

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc

C15H13NO C8H15NO3 C9H10O2

28322-02-3 57-08-9 100-06-1

223.270 173.210 150.174

br cry (bz) cry (ace) pl (peth)

200 104.5 38.5

53 2-Acetylbenzoic acid

C9H8O3

577-56-0

164.158

54 3-Acetylbenzoic acid

C9H8O3

586-42-5

164.158

nd (w), pr (bz)

vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, tfa

258

1.081841

1.54741

2

114.5

111

172

1112

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O; msc EtOH vs H2O vs eth msc eth, bz, chl; s ace msc eth, ace, bz, chl; s ctc vs H2O s H2O, EtOH; i eth

55 4-Acetylbenzoic acid 56 Acetyl benzoylperoxide 57 Acetyl bromide

Acetozone Ethanoyl bromide

C9H8O3 C9H8O4 C2H3BrO

586-89-0 644-31-5 506-96-7

164.158 180.158 122.948

nd (w) wh nd (lig) liq

208 37 -96

sub 13019 76

1.662516

1.448620

58 Acetyl chloride

Ethanoyl chloride

C2H3ClO

75-36-5

78.497

liq

-112.8

50.7

1.105120

1.388620

59 Acetylcholine bromide 60 Acetylcholine chloride

C7H16BrNO2 C7H16ClNO2

66-23-9 60-31-1

226.112 181.661

hyg cry

146 150

61 62 63 64 65 66

2260-50-6 874-23-7 1670-46-8 616-91-1 517-23-7 490-78-8

273.112 140.180 126.153 163.195 128.126 152.148

hyg

163 -11

11218, 10114 7320

1.078225 1.043125

1.513820 1.490620

s ctc

Acetylcysteine α-Acetylbutyrolactone 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone

C7H16INO2 C8H12O2 C7H10O2 C5H9NO3S C6H8O3 C8H8O3

1075

1.184620

1.458520

Ethyne

C2H2

74-86-2

26.037

-84.7 sp

C4H9NO2

142-26-7

103.120

1668

0.37725 (p>1 atm) 1.107925

1.467420

20.8

1.03225

vs H2O sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, CS2; s ace, bz, chl msc H2O; s ace; sl bz, lig msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; sl CS2 s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O, MeOH

Acetylcholine iodide 2-Acetylcyclohexanone 2-Acetylcyclopentanone N-Acetyl-L-cysteine 3-Acetyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone 1-Acetyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzene

67 Acetylene

68 N-Acetylethanolamine

cry (w)

109.5

ye grn nd (dil 205.3 al or w) col gas -80.7 (triple point) 63.5

69 Acetyl fluoride

Ethanoyl fluoride

C2H3FO

557-99-3

62.042

vol liq or gas -84

70 N-Acetylglutamic acid 71 N-Acetylglycine

Aceturic acid

C7H11NO5 C4H7NO3

1188-37-0 543-24-8

189.166 117.104

72 trans-1-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-Lproline 73 1-Acetyl-1H-imidazole

Oxaceprol

C7H11NO4

33996-33-7

173.167

pr (w) lo nd (w, MeOH) cry (Ac)

C5H6N2O

2466-76-4

110.114

74 75 76 77 78 79

Ethanoyl iodide

Methionamine Aspidospermine

C2H3IO C3H3NOS C8H16N2O3 C7H13NO3S C7H13NO3S C22H30N2O2

507-02-8 13250-46-9 692-04-6 1115-47-5 65-82-7 466-49-9

169.948 101.127 188.224 191.248 191.248 354.485

Dehydroacetic acid

C5H9NO2 C8H15NO C8H8O4

1113-68-4 4593-16-2 520-45-6

115.131 141.211 168.148

Acetyl iodide Acetyl isothiocyanate N6-Acetyl-L-lysine N-Acetyl-DL-methionine N-Acetyl-L-methionine 1-Acetyl-17methoxyaspidospermidine 80 N-Acetyl-N-methylacetamide 81 1-Acetyl-3-methylpiperidine 82 3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2H-pyran2,4(3H)-dione

199 206 132 104.5 108 132.5

265 dec 114.5 105.5 nd or pr (al) 208 nd (peth) liq -25 liq -13.6 109

2.067320 1.152313

1.549120 1.523118

2202 195; 114.561 239 270

1.066325 0.968425

1.450225 1.473125

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, THF vs eth s eth, CS2

sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl msc H2O; i eth vs H2O vs H2O, eth; sl EtOH, chl


3-7

O O P S O

O N

N

N

O

O

Acetonitrile

Acetophenone

Acetophenone azine

Acetoxon

O O S Cl

HO

O

H N

O

O

N-Acetylacetamide

O

HO HO

OH

O

NH

O

4-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid

2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-mannose

N H

HO

4-(Acetylamino)fluorene

OH

H N

O

O

2-(Acetylamino)fluorene

HO HO

O

OH

O

2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-glucose

O HN

NH

HO O

O 2-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid

HO

HN

NH

O 4-(Acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chloride

O

OH

HO

H N

O

N-Acetyl-L-alanine

O HO

OH

N H

O

O

O O

O

O

6-(Acetylamino)hexanoic acid

4-Acetylanisole

2-Acetylbenzoic acid


O

O O O

O

O

Br

O


Acetyl benzoylperoxide

Br N

O Cl

Acetyl bromide

Acetyl chloride

O

Cl N

O

Acetylcholine bromide

O

O

Acetylcholine chloride

O O O

O I N

O

O

HS

O

OH

O

O

O

Acetylcholine iodide

2-Acetylcyclohexanone

OH

NH

2-Acetylcyclopentanone

O

O

N-Acetyl-L-cysteine

3-Acetyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone

HO 1-Acetyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzene

HO O H

N H

H Acetylene

O HO

O

OH

F

N-Acetylethanolamine

NH

O

Acetyl fluoride

H N

OH O

OH

O

N-Acetylglutamic acid

COOH

N

O O

N-Acetylglycine

trans-1-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-L-proline

O N

O O

N

I

O 1-Acetyl-1H-imidazole

O N

NH2

Acetyl isothiocyanate

Acetyl iodide

N H

OH

OH HN O

N6-Acetyl-L-lysine

N-Acetyl-DL-methionine

N

O S

C

HO

S

S

O

N

HN O N-Acetyl-L-methionine

OH O

H

OH O

H O

1-Acetyl-17-methoxyaspidospermidine

N O

N O

N-Acetyl-N-methylacetamide

O 1-Acetyl-3-methylpiperidine

O

O

3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2,4(3H)-dione

3-8


No. Name

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C6H11NO2

1696-20-4

Acetylsalicylic acid

C11H19NO9 C2H3NO4 C9H8O4

5-Bromoacetylsalicylic acid

Synonym

83 4-Acetylmorpholine 84 N-Acetylneuraminic acid 85 Acetyl nitrate 86 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 87 4-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 88 2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid 89 4-(Acetyloxy)-3methoxybenzaldehyde 90 2-(Acetyloxy)-1-phenylethanone

Aceneuramic acid

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

129.157

14.5

15250, 11812

1.114520

1.482720

msc H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc

131-48-6 591-09-3 50-78-2

309.271 105.050 180.158

186 exp 60; 2270

1.2415

C9H8O4 C9H7BrO4

2345-34-8 1503-53-3

180.158 259.054

C10H10O4

881-68-5

194.184

C10H10O3

2243-35-8

178.184

nd (w), mcl tab (w) nd (al)

orth pl

Acetoxyacetone

C5H8O3

592-20-1

116.116

92 93 94 95 96

Tributyltin acetate Triphenyltin acetate

C14H30O2Sn C20H18O2Sn C10H10O3 C11H13NO3 C13H17NO3

56-36-0 900-95-8 13031-43-1 2018-61-3 2361-96-8

349.097 409.066 178.184 207.226 235.279

C12H15NO3

3618-96-0

221.252

C2H5O5P

590-54-5

140.032

C7H13NO C7H11NO2 C22H28N6O14P2

618-42-8 32161-06-1 86-08-8

127.184 141.168 662.436

C9H10OS C7H16INOS C13H14N2O3

1778-09-2 1866-15-5 1218-34-4

166.239 289.177 246.261

105 N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine

C11H13NO4

537-55-3

223.226

106 107 108 109

C13H17NO4 C7H13NO3 C20H17N3Na2O9S3 C14H7ClF3NO5

840-97-1 96-81-1 3244-88-0 50594-66-6

251.279 159.183 585.539 361.658

C25H41NO9

509-20-6

499.596

amor

98 Acetyl phosphate 99 1-Acetylpiperidine 100 1-Acetyl-4-piperidinone 101 3-Acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide 102 4-Acetylthioanisole 103 Acetyl thiocholine iodide 104 N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan

N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester N-Acetyl-L-valine Acid Fuchsin Acifluorfen

3-Acetyl NAD

Fuchsin, acid 5-[2-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid

110 Aconine

s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; sl bz

188.5 60 78

91 1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone (Acetyloxy)tributylstannane (Acetyloxy)triphenylstannane 4-Acetylphenyl acetate N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, ethyl ester 97 N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, methyl ester

135

49

270

1.116965

1.503665

171; 6311

1.075720

1.414120

84.7 121.5 s ctc, CS2 s EtOH

173.5 93

cry (EtOH aq) nd (peth) or 91 visc oil (chl) unstab in soln liq -13.4

226.5 218; 1240.2

1.0119 1.14625

1.479025 1.502620

nd (dil MeOH) cry (w); pl (diox)

81.5 205 189.5

s H2O, EtOH, alk

153 80.5 164 sl H2O, EtOH 150 132

Aminacrine

C34H47NO11 C13H10N2

302-27-2 90-45-9

645.737 194.231

orth lf 204 ye nd (ace or 241 al)

113 Acridine

Dibenzo[b,e]pyridine

C13H9N

260-94-6

179.217

1.00520

114 3,6-Acridinediamine

Proflavine

C13H11N3

92-62-6

209.246

C13H9NO

578-95-0

195.216

orth nd or pr 106(form a); 344.86 (al) 110(form b) ye nd (al or 285 w) ye lf (al) >300

0.84020

1.401720

116 Acrolein

2-Propenal

C3H4O

107-02-8

56.063

liq

-87.7

52.6

117 Acrylamide

2-Propenamide

C3H5NO

79-06-1

71.078

lf (bz)

84.5

192.6

118 Acrylic acid

2-Propenoic acid

C3H4O2

79-10-7

72.063

12.5

141

1.051120

1.422420

119 Acrylonitrile

Propenenitrile

C3H3N

107-13-1

53.063

liq

-83.48

77.3

0.800725

1.391120

120 Acyclovir 121 Adenine

1H-Purin-6-amine

C8H11N5O3 C5H5N5

59277-89-3 73-24-5

225.205 135.128

225 360 dec

sub 220

β-D-Ribofuranoside, adenine-9 C10H13N5O4 cAMP C10H12N5O6P

58-61-7 60-92-4

267.242 329.206

cry (EtOH) orth nd (+3w) n(w+3/2) cry

3’-Adenylic acid, 5’-(dihydrogen C10H15N5O10P2 phosphate)

1053-73-2

427.202

amor pow

122 Adenosine 123 Adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate) 124 Adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphate

vs H2O, EtOH

solid

111 Aconitine 112 9-Acridinamine

115 9(10H)-Acridinone

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz, lig vs H2O, eth, EtOH

235.5 219

s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth, lig vs bz, EtOH, chl s EtOH, ace; sl DMSO; vs dil HCl i H2O; sl ctc; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, bz i H2O, eth, bz; sl EtOH; s HOAc, alk vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl chl vs H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc s H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl sl H2O; i EtOH


3-9 O

OH

O

O

NH

N O

HO

O COOH OH OH CH2OH OH

O O

OH

4-Acetylmorpholine

O N

O

O O

O

O

O 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid

O

Br

O

Acetyl nitrate

N-Acetylneuraminic acid

HO

O

4-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid

2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid

O

O

O

O

O O

O

O

O 4-(Acetyloxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

OH

(Acetyloxy)triphenylstannane

4-Acetylphenyl acetate

O O

O

O

(Acetyloxy)tributylstannane

O

O

O

O N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, ethyl ester

O P OH OH

O

HN

HN

N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine

O O

1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone

O

HN

O

O

O

2-(Acetyloxy)-1-phenylethanone

O

Sn O

Sn O

O

N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, methyl ester

N

N

1-Acetylpiperidine

1-Acetyl-4-piperidinone

O

Acetyl phosphate

O

NH2 N

N

N N O O P OCH2 O OH COCH3

O CH2O P O

O HN

S

OH

OH OH

O N

O

O O S

O

OH OH 3-Acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide

4-Acetylthioanisole

H2N

I N

N H

O

OH

O N-Acetyl-L-valine

OH O

O S OH O

O S NaO O

HN

O N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester

OH

NH

O S NaO O

O HN

HO

N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine

O O

HN

HO

N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan

Acetyl thiocholine iodide

O OH

HO O O N O

Cl F F

NH2

O F

Acid Fuchsin

H

N HO

Acifluorfen

OH H

O O

H H

N

OH H

O

O

OH

HO

O

O H

O

O

O

Aconine

O OH

Aconitine

O

NH2

O N

N

9-Acridinamine

Acridine

H2N

N

N H

NH2

3,6-Acridinediamine

O

9(10H)-Acridinone

Acrolein

NH2

H H2N

N

N N

NH2

N O

N Acrylonitrile

OH Acyclovir

HO N

N

NH2

O

N

N O

Adenine

N H

N

N O

N

N

HO P O

O

OH

O

O

O P N

Acrylic acid

N

N

N

N

OH

NH2 Acrylamide

NH2 N

N

O

O

OH OH Adenosine

HO

HO P O

O

OH

Adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate)

OH

OH Adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphate

3-10


No. Name 125 Adenosine 5’methylenediphosphonate 126 127 128 129

Adenosine 3’-phosphate Adenosine 5’-triphosphate S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine 5’-Adenylic acid

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Adenosine, 5’-[hydrogen (phosphonomethyl) phosphonate] 3’-Adenylic acid ATP

C11H17N5O9P2

3768-14-7

425.229

cry (w)

204

C10H14N5O7P C10H16N5O13P3 C14H20N6O5S C10H14N5O7P

84-21-9 56-65-5 979-92-0 61-19-8

347.222 507.181 384.411 347.222

col nd

195 dec 144 dec 210 dec 195 dec

C6H11NO3 C20H26ClNO2

334-25-8 50-42-0

145.156 347.879

nd (w) cry

Adenosine 5’-monophosphate

130 Adipamic acid 131 Adiphenine hydrochloride

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

vs H2O; s EtOH, 10% HCl

161.5 113.5 25

1,6-Hexanedioic acid

C6H10O4

124-04-9

146.141

mcl pr (w, ace, lig)

152.5

337.5

1.360

133 Adiponitrile

Hexanedinitrile

C6H8N2

111-69-3

108.141

nd (eth)

1

295

0.967620

C9H11NO3

99-45-6

181.188

nd

235 dec

C14H23NO

25394-57-4

221.339

ye oil

23

C17H12O6 C17H14O6 C17H12O7 C12H17N3O4

1162-65-8 7220-81-7 1165-39-5 2757-90-6

312.273 314.289 328.273 267.281

cry

268 287.5 245 207 dec

C20H26N2O2

4360-12-7

326.432

sub sub 250

135 Affinin 136 137 138 139

Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxin B2 Aflatoxin G1 Agaritine

N-(2-Methylpropyl)-2,6,8decatrienamide

cry cry (dil al)

140 Ajmalan-17,21-diol, (17R,21α)

L-Glutamic acid, 5-[2-[4(hydroxymethyl)phenyl] hydrazide] Ajmaline

141 Alachlor 142 DL-Alanine

DL-2-Aminopropanoic acid

C14H20ClNO2 C3H7NO2

15972-60-8 302-72-7

269.768 89.094

143 D-Alanine

2-Aminopropanoic acid, (R)

C3H7NO2

338-69-2

89.094

pl (+3.5w) 206 (aq AcOEt) 40 orth pr or nd 300 dec (w) nd (w, al) 314 dec

144 L-Alanine

2-Aminopropanoic acid, (S)

C3H7NO2

56-41-7

89.094

orth (w)

297 dec

145 β-Alanine

3-Aminopropanoic acid

C3H7NO2

107-95-9

89.094

200 dec

146 Alantolactone

C15H20O2

546-43-0

232.319

nd, orth pr (al) nd

147 148 149 150

C7H14N2O2S C21H28O5 C7H14N2O4S C12H8Cl6

116-06-3 52-39-1 1646-88-4 309-00-2

190.263 360.444 222.262 364.910

Aldicarb Aldosterone Aldoxycarb S,S-dioxide Aldrin

cry (HOAc) cry

76

1,2-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

C14H8O4

72-48-0

240.212

152 Alizarin Red S 153 Alizarin Yellow R

Sodium alizarinesulfonate

C14H7NaO7S C13H9N3O5

130-22-3 2243-76-7

342.257 287.227

154 Alizurol purple

1-Hydroxy-4-[(4-methylphenyl) C21H15NO3 amino]-9,10-anthracenedione C16H16O5 Bis[(aminocarbonyl)amino] C4H8N4O4 acetic acid C4H6N4O3

81-48-1

329.349

oran-br nd 253 dec (dil HOAc) flat viol nd

23444-65-7 99-16-1

288.295 176.132

br-red pr (bz) 149 nd 170 dec

97-59-6

158.116

mcl pl or

239

col gas

-136.6

155 Alkannin 156 Allantoic acid 157 Allantoin

C3H4

463-49-0

40.064

159 Allethrin 160 Allicin 161 Allopregnane-3β,21-diol-11,20dione

C19H26O3 C6H10OS2 C21H32O4

584-79-2 539-86-6 566-02-9

302.407 162.272 348.477

5α-Pregnan-20β-ol-3-one C21H34O2 1,5-Dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d] C5H4N4O pyrimidin-4-one C6H12O6 C4H4N2O5 C8H6N4O8

516-58-5 315-30-0

318.494 136.112

cry (aq, ac, 190 +w) nd (bz, ac) 185 cry 350

2595-97-3 470-44-0 76-24-4

180.155 160.085 286.156

cry (w) 128 tcl pr (eth) 162 dec orth pr (w+2) 254 dec

164 D-Allose 165 Alloxanic acid 166 Alloxantin

1.438020

1.513425

vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; i HOAc, lig sl H2O, eth; s chl, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O

vs H2O

i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz 1000.02 sub 250

1.13325 1.42425

s H2O; vs EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH, py; i eth, ace s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl

1.43222 1.43719

275 1.19525

sl H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i chl vs H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

oran or red 289.5 tcl nd or pr (al)

158 Allene

162 Allopregnan-20β-ol-3-one 163 Allopurinol

1620.5

99 166.5 141 104

151 Alizarin

Solubility s H2O

132 Adipic acid

134 Adrenalone

nD

s H2SO4 sub 140

-34.4

dec

0.58425 (p>1 atm) 1.01020 1.11220

1.4168

vs EtOH sl H2O, os, dil acid sl H2O; s EtOH, NaOH; i eth, MeOH vs bz, peth

1.56120

vs H2O

vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth


3-11

NH2 NH2 N

N

HO

N

N

O O HO P P O OH OH

O

O

O

OH

HO P O

OH

Adenosine 5’-methylenediphosphonate

O

O

O

HO P

O

NH2 HO

HO

OH

HO

OH

S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine

Adenosine 5’-triphosphate

H N

O O

HO

N

O Adipamic acid

O

O

O

O

O

Affinin

O

NH2

Aflatoxin B1

H O

O

O

N H

O

O

Aflatoxin G1

Aflatoxin B2

OH

H N

HO

O

H O

O

O

O

H

O

H O

Adrenalone

Adiponitrile

O

H

O

O

OH

Adipic acid

O

H

HO

N

O

Adiphenine hydrochloride

H N

N

OH

OH

5’-Adenylic acid

O

NH2 O

O

OH

OH

Adenosine 3’-phosphate

O

N

N

O

HCl HO

N

N

N

N S

OH

OH

OH

OH

N

N

HO P O P O P O

O

HO

O

O

N

N

N

N

N

N

NH2

NH2

NH2

N

N

Agaritine

HO O N

N H Me

H

O

Cl

N

O

O

O

O

OH OH

OH

Ajmalan-17,21-diol, (17R,21α)

Alachlor

O

NH2

NH2

NH2

DL-Alanine

D-Alanine

L-Alanine

H2N

OH β-Alanine

OH OH

O

O

O

OH

Alantolactone

Cl

O

OH

Cl O

O N

S

O

N H

N

S O O

O

Aldicarb

Aldosterone

O

Cl

Cl

Aldoxycarb S,S-dioxide

Aldrin

O SO3Na

N

OH

H2N

N H

N H

NH2

Allantoic acid

O

O

O H2N

N H

N H

O O

H

H

Allethrin

OH H O HN

H

H Allopregnan-20β-ol-3-one

O S

O

C

H

O

H

H

Allene

H

Allopregnane-3β,21-diol-11,20-dione

Alkannin

H

OH

O

OH

OH O

N

O

HO

OH O

Alizurol purple

Allantoin

H

OH

O HN

OH

Alizarin Yellow R

COOH O

Alizarin

O

N

Alizarin Red S

O

O

HO

O N O

OH O

Cl

N H

O

OH

Cl

N N

N H

Allopurinol

H H H H

CHO OH OH OH OH CH2OH D-Allose

S

Allicin

O OH H N HO O O N H Alloxanic acid

H N

O O OH

H N

N H

HO O O

N H

O

O

Alloxantin

3-12


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

167 Allyl acetate

C5H8O2

591-87-7

100.117

168 Allyl acetoacetate

C7H10O3

1118-84-9

142.152

169 Allyl acrylate

C6H8O2

999-55-3

112.127

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

liq

mp/˚C

-85

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

103.5

0.927520

1.404920

196; 66.514

1.036620

1.439820

121

0.944120

1.432020

sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, lig; msc EtOH, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, acid msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc

170 Allyl alcohol

2-Propen-1-ol

C3H6O

107-18-6

58.079

liq

-129

97.4

0.854020

1.413520

171 Allylamine

2-Propen-1-amine

C3H7N

107-11-9

57.095

liq

-88.2

53.3

0.75820

1.420520

172 N-Allylaniline

Allylphenylamine

C9H11N

589-09-3

133.190

219; 10612

0.973625

1.56320

173 Allylbenzene

2-Propenylbenzene

C9H10

300-57-2

118.175

156

0.892020

1.513120

174 α-Allylbenzenemethanol 175 Allyl benzoate

C10H12O C10H10O2

936-58-3 583-04-0

148.201 162.185

228.5

1.00418 1.056915

1.528921 1.517820

176 Allyl butanoate

C7H12O2

2051-78-7

128.169

142; 44.515

0.901720

1.415820

177 178 179 180

Allyl carbamate Allylchlorodimethylsilane Allyl chloroformate Allyl trans-cinnamate

C4H7NO2 C5H11ClSi C4H5ClO2 C12H12O2

2114-11-6 4028-23-3 2937-50-0 1866-31-5

101.105 134.680 120.535 188.222

111 0.896420 109.5 1.136 dec 268; 16317 1.04823

1.419520 1.422020 1.53020

181 182 183 184 185 186

1-Allylcyclohexanol 1-Allylcyclohexene Allylcyclopentane Allyldiethoxymethylsilane Allyldiethylamine Allyldimethylamine

C9H16O C9H14 C8H14 C8H18O2Si C7H15N C5H11N

1123-34-8 13511-13-2 3524-75-2 18388-45-9 5666-17-1 2155-94-4

140.222 122.207 110.197 174.314 113.201 85.148

187 Allyl ethyl ether

C5H10O

557-31-3

188 Allyl formate

C4H6O2

Allyl trans-3-phenyl-2propenoate

liq

-40

hyg liq

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, MeOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl ctc

i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc

190 156 125 155 110 63.5

0.934122

1.475622

0.79325 0.857225 0.747725 0.709425

1.441220 1.410420 1.420920 1.401020

s chl

86.132

67.6

0.765120

1.388120

1838-59-1

86.090

83.6

0.946020

4208-49-5 106-92-3 123-68-2 24935-97-5 1476-23-9 57-06-7 96-05-9 97-53-0

152.148 114.142 156.222 131.130 83.089 99.155 126.153 164.201

207.5 154 186

1.11525 0.969820 0.886920

1.494520 1.433220

Eugenol

C8H8O3 C6H10O2 C9H16O2 C5H9NO3 C4H5NO C4H5NS C7H10O2 C10H12O2

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth s eth, ace; sl ctc

1.012620 0.933520 1.065220

1.530620 1.436020 1.540520

197 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate

1,3,4-Eugenol acetate

C12H14O3

93-28-7

206.237

198 Allyl 3-methylbutanoate 199 Allylmethyldichlorosilane 200 2-(Allyloxy)ethanol

C8H14O2 C4H8Cl2Si Ethylene glycol monoallyl ether C5H10O2

2835-39-4 1873-92-3 111-45-5

142.196 155.099 102.132

201 2-Allylphenol 202 4-Allylphenol

Chavicol

C9H10O C9H10O

1745-81-9 501-92-8

134.174 134.174

C9H10O

1746-13-0

C6H10O2 C6H11N C6H12S2 C6H11NO3S C4H8N2S C3H5Cl3Si C9H20O3Si C6H14Si C4H8N2O

189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196

Allyl 2-furancarboxylate Allyl glycidyl ether Allyl hexanoate Allyl (hydroxymethyl)carbamate Allyl isocyanate Allyl isothiocyanate Allyl methacrylate 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol

1-(2-Propenyl)cyclohexene

N,N-Diethyl-2-propen-1-amine N,N-Dimethyl-2-propen-1amine

Allyl 2-furanoate

203 Allyl phenyl ether 204 205 206 207 208

Allyl propanoate N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine Allyl propyl disulfide 3-(Allylsulfinyl)-L-alanine, (S) Allylthiourea

209 210 211 212

Allyltrichlorosilane Allyltriethoxysilane Allyltrimethylsilane Allylurea

2-Propenyl propanoate Diallylamine Alliin Thiosinamine Trichloro-2-propenylsilane

liq liq

-110.7

cry (tol)

57

liq

-80

liq

-7.5

88 152 6750, 5530 253.2

pr (al)

30.5

281; 1276

1.080620

1.520520

154 119.5 158.5

1.075820 0.958020

1.441920 1.435820

220 238

1.024615 1.020315

1.518120 1.544118

134.174

191.7

0.981120

1.522320

2408-20-0 124-02-7 2179-59-1 556-27-4 109-57-9

114.142 97.158 148.289 177.221 116.185

123 111 7913

0.914020

1.410520 1.438720 1.521920

1.21720

1.593678

107-37-9 2550-04-1 762-72-1 557-11-9

175.517 204.339 114.261 100.119

1.201120 0.903020 0.715825

1.446020 1.407220 1.407420

liq

nd (dil ac) mcl or orth pr (w)

-6 15.8

165 78 35

nd (al)

85

117.5 10050, 8228 85

vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl, HOAc, oils i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc

msc H2O; vs EtOH; s bz, ctc, MeOH vs eth vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc s EtOH, eth, ace s EtOH, eth vs H2O s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz

i H2O msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl; i peth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

O

O

H N

O O

O Allyl acetate

3-13

OH

NH2

OH

O

Allyl acetoacetate

Allyl acrylate

Allyl alcohol

Allylamine

N-Allylaniline

Allylbenzene

O O

O

O

H2N

O α-Allylbenzenemethanol

Allyl benzoate

O

Allyl butanoate

O

Allyl carbamate

HO

1-Allylcyclohexanol

1-Allylcyclohexene

O

O

O

Allyldiethoxymethylsilane

N

Allyldiethylamine

O

HO O

O

Allyl 2-furancarboxylate

Allyl glycidyl ether

O O

C

N

Allyl isocyanate

C

S

O O O

O

Allyl isothiocyanate

O

Allyl (hydroxymethyl)carbamate

O N

H N O

Allyl hexanoate

OH

O

Allyldimethylamine

O O

Allyl formate

O

Allyl chloroformate

N

O

O Allyl ethyl ether

Allylcyclopentane

Cl

Allylchlorodimethylsilane

O Si O

O Allyl trans-cinnamate

O

Si Cl

O

Allyl methacrylate

4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol

4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate

Allyl 3-methylbutanoate

OH

OH Cl Si

O Cl

Allylmethyldichlorosilane

O

2-(Allyloxy)ethanol

2-Allylphenol

O S

HO S

Allyl propyl disulfide

4-Allylphenol

S S

H2N

O

OH

O

3-(Allylsulfinyl)-L-alanine, (S)

N H Allylthiourea

NH2

Allyl phenyl ether

Cl Cl Si Cl Allyltrichlorosilane

O O Si O Allyltriethoxysilane

O

N H

Allyl propanoate

N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine

O Si Allyltrimethylsilane

N H Allylurea

NH2

3-14


Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3-(Ethenyloxy)-1-propene

C5H8O

3917-15-5

84.117

214 Aloin A

C21H22O9

1415-73-2

418.395

215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222

C16H23NO2 C22H24N2O4 C21H20N2O3 C6H12O6 C12H27AlO3 C36H71AlO5 C6H15AlO3 C9H21AlO3

15867-21-7 25394-75-6 642-18-2 1990-29-0 2269-22-9 300-92-5 555-75-9 555-31-7

261.360 380.437 348.395 180.155 246.322 610.928 162.163 204.243

cry cry (eth) ye nd (ace) pr (MeOH,al)

wh pow 145 liq/wh solid 140 hyg wh solid 119

2007 13510, 940.5

C20H27N

150-59-4

281.435

oil

1660.3

C39H54N10O14S C20H11N2Na3O10S3 C9H17N5S C3H12BN C20H31N C2H6N2O

23109-05-9 915-67-3 834-12-8 1830-95-1 1446-61-3 598-41-4

918.970 604.472 227.330 72.945 285.467 74.081

nd dk red pow

88 73.5 cry 44.5 hyg nd (chl) 67.5

C2H4N2 C2H5ClN2

540-61-4 6011-14-9

56.066 92.527

hyg cry (al)

C8H10ClNO

5468-37-1

171.624

Adamantanamine hydrochloride C10H18ClN

665-66-7

187.710

cry (al-eth)

360 dec

vs H2O, EtOH

C6H11NO4

626-71-1

161.156

pl (w)

207.0

sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O, eth; sl EtOH; s ace, bz, chl sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; i lig s eth, acid s H2O, EtOH, eth, acid s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; vs AcOEt sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s alk; sl os i H2O; sl EtOH, DMSO i H2O; sl EtOH

No. Name 213 Allyl vinyl ether

Alphaprodine Alstonidine Alstonine D-Altrose Aluminum 2-butoxide Aluminum distearate Aluminum ethanolate Aluminum isopropoxide

223 Alverine 224 225 226 227 228 229

2-Butanol, aluminum salt Hydroxyaluminum distearate Aluminum ethoxide

N-Ethyl-bis(3-phenylpropyl) amine

α-Amanitin Amaranth dye Ametryn Amminetrimethylboron 19-Amino-8,11,13-abietatriene 2-Aminoacetamide

230 Aminoacetonitrile 231 Aminoacetonitrile monohydrochloride 232 α-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride 233 1-Aminoadamantane hydrochloride 234 2-Aminoadipic acid

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

66

0.790020

1.406220

i H2O; s eth, ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz; i chl

149.3

103 189 207 dec 103.5

vs ace, EtOH vs H2O 19720

254 dec s H2O

5815

194 dec

2,3-Diaminopropionic acid 1-Aminoanthraquinone

C3H8N2O2 C14H9NO2

515-94-6 82-45-1

104.108 223.227

hyg rosettes 110 red nd (al) 253.5

237 2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

2-Aminoanthraquinone

C14H9NO2

117-79-3

223.227

red nd (al, HOAc)

238 4-Aminoazobenzene

C12H11N3

60-09-3

197.235

oran mcl nd 127 (al)

>360

239 2-Aminobenzaldehyde

C7H7NO

529-23-7

121.137

silv lf

40.5

802

240 3-Aminobenzaldehyde 241 4-Aminobenzaldehyde

C7H7NO C7H7NO

1709-44-0 556-18-3

121.137 121.137

nd (AcOEt) pl (w)

29 71.5

242 2-Aminobenzamide

C7H8N2O

88-68-6

136.151

243 4-Aminobenzamide

C7H8N2O

2835-68-9

136.151

C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2

2835-06-5 1197-55-3

151.163 151.163

ye cry (+1/ 4w) pl pl (w)

C8H7NO4

99-31-0

181.147

pr(al), pl(w) 360

C8H11NO C7H10N2 C7H9NO

104-10-9 4403-69-4 5344-90-1

137.179 122.167 123.152

nd (al)

α-Phenylglycine p-Aminophenylacetic acid

246 5-Amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid 247 4-Aminobenzeneethanol 248 2-Aminobenzenemethanamine 249 2-Aminobenzenemethanol

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; s ace, chl vs EtOH

165 dec

235 3-Aminoalanine 236 1-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

244 α-Aminobenzeneacetic acid, (±) 245 4-Aminobenzeneacetic acid

i H2O dec H2O; sl xyl reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, peth, chl

304.5

sub sub

110.5 dec

183 292 dec 200 dec

108 61 83.5

250 4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide

Sulfanilamide

C6H8N2O2S

63-74-1

172.205

lf (dil al)

165.5

251 2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

Orthanilic acid

C6H7NO3S

88-21-1

173.190

pr (+ 1/2w)

>320 dec


Metanilic acid

C6H7NO3S

121-47-1

173.190

nd, pr (w +1) dec


Sulfanilic acid

C6H7NO3S

121-57-3

173.190

orth pl or mcl (w+2)

254 4-Aminobenzenesulfonyl fluoride

p-Sulfanilyl fluoride

C6H6FNO2S

98-62-4

175.181

288 68.5

sub 255

sub

269 273

1.0825

1.48525

vs EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl chl, peth sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH; i eth sl H2O; i EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds OH O

3-15

OH

OH O

HO

O

N H

N

O

OH

N

N

HO H H H

H

O OH

O

HO O Allyl vinyl ether

O

N

OH

O Al

Aloin A

OH

H3C(CH2)16

O

Al

O

Aluminum 2-butoxide

(CH2)16CH3

O

Aluminum distearate

O Al

O

O

Alstonidine

O O

O

O O

Alphaprodine

O

H

Alstonine

O

O Al

CHO H OH OH OH CH2OH

D-Altrose

N

O

O

Aluminum ethanolate

Aluminum isopropoxide

Alverine

OH

CONH H

HN H

CONH

O OH

H OH

S

N NHCO

N H

ONa

S

OC

CO

OC H

O

S

O

CONH

O HO

O

NaO

CH2OH

N

N

NH

HN

NHCO

N

H

O S O ONa

CONH2 α-Amanitin

S

N N

Amaranth dye

N H

B NH3

Ametryn

Amminetrimethylboron

NH2

O NH2

O

H H 2N

H2N 19-Amino-8,11,13-abietatriene

2-Aminoacetamide

O

2-Aminoadipic acid

H2N

NH2 NH2

O

3-Aminoalanine

1-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O O

2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

O NH2 O

NH2 2-Aminobenzamide

4-Aminobenzamide

NH2 NH2

H2N

α-Aminobenzeneacetic acid, (±)

NH2 O S O OH

OH O S O

O

OH O S O

H2N 4-Aminobenzeneethanol

F O S O

NH2

NH2 2-Aminobenzenemethanol

OH

OH

5-Amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid

OH O S O

3-Aminobenzaldehyde

OH

H2N

O

4-Aminobenzeneacetic acid

NH2

NH2 2-Aminobenzenemethanamine

2-Aminobenzaldehyde

OH

OH

NH2 4-Aminobenzaldehyde

NH2

4-Aminoazobenzene

NH2

NH2

O NH2

N N

O

NH2

1-Aminoadamantane hydrochloride

O

NH2

O

OH

NH2

α-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

O

OH

O

HCl

HCl

Aminoacetonitrile monohydrochloride

NH2

HCl

N

H2N

Aminoacetonitrile

O OH

N

H2N

NH2

4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide

2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

NH2 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

NH2 4-Aminobenzenesulfonyl fluoride

3-16


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

255 2-Aminobenzenethiol 256 4-Aminobenzenethiol 257 2-Aminobenzonitrile

C6H7NS C6H7NS C7H6N2

137-07-5 1193-02-8 1885-29-6

125.192 125.192 118.136

258 3-Aminobenzonitrile

C7H6N2

2237-30-1

118.136

259 4-Aminobenzonitrile

C7H6N2

873-74-5

260 4-Aminobenzophenone

C13H11NO

261 N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)- L-glutamic acid 262 N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycine 263 2-Aminobiphenyl

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

ye pr (CS2) nd (peth)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

26 46 51

234 14317 263

289

118.136

nd (dil al or 54.3 CCl4) pr or pl (w) 87.0

1137-41-3

197.232

lf (dil al)

124

24613

C12H14N2O5

4271-30-1

266.249

cry (w)

173

C9H10N2O3 C12H11N

61-78-9 90-41-5

194.186 169.222

pr or nd (w) 198.5 lf (dil al) 51

C12H11N

2243-47-2

169.222

nd

31.5

C12H11N

92-67-1

169.222

lf (dil al)

53.5

266 2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid 5-Bromoanthranilic acid 267 1-Amino-4-bromo-9,10-dihydro- 1-Amino-49,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic bromoanthraquinone-2acid sulfonic acid 268 DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid

C7H6BrNO2 C14H8BrNO5S

5794-88-7 116-81-4

216.033 382.187

nd red nd (w)

219.5

C4H9NO2

2835-81-6

103.120

lf (w)

304 dec

269 L-2-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2

1492-24-6

103.120

270 DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2

2835-82-7

103.120

lf (dil al), cry 292 dec (al) nd (al) 194.3

C4H9NO2

56-12-2

103.120

272 2-Amino-1-butanol, (±)

C4H11NO

13054-87-0

89.136

273 4-Amino-1-butanol

C4H11NO

13325-10-5

89.136

C11H17N3O3S

339-43-5

271.336

C11H16N2O2 C3H6N2O2

2032-59-9 591-07-1

208.257 102.092

cry

p-Aminohippuric acid

264 3-Aminobiphenyl 265 4-Aminobiphenyl

271 4-Aminobutanoic acid

p-Biphenylamine

γ-Aminobutyric acid

pr or nd (al) 203 dec lf (MeOHeth) liq -1.0

Carbutamide

277 [4-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino] phenyl]arsonic acid

Carbarsone

C7H9AsN2O4

121-59-5

260.079

nd (w)

174

278 N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-2ethylbutanamide 279 N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-3methylbutanamide 280 [2-(Aminocarbonyl)phenoxy]acetic acid 281 7-Aminocephalosporanic acid 282 1-Amino-5-chloro-9,10anthracenedione 283 4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3benzenedisulfonamide 284 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid 285 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid 286 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid 287 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzophenone

Carbromal

C7H13BrN2O2

77-65-6

237.094

orth (dil al)

118

Bromisovalum

C6H11BrN2O2

496-67-3

223.067

nd or lf (to)

154

Salicylamide O-acetic acid

C9H9NO4

25395-22-6

195.172

C10H12N2O5S 1-Amino-5-chloroanthraquinone C14H8ClNO2

957-68-6 117-11-3

272.277 257.673

Chloraminophenamide

C6H8ClN3O4S2

121-30-2

285.729

6-Chlorometanilic acid

C6H6ClNO3S

88-43-7

207.635

2-Benzoyl-4-chloroaniline

C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C13H10ClNO

635-21-2 89-54-3 719-59-5

Glucamine D-Glucosamine

94 218

Solubility

1.460620

s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH, eth, HOAc

vs ace, bz, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl DMSO, peth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl s DMSO

299

302

sub

1.230020

178

0.916220

1.448925

205; 12534

0.96712

1.462520

sub 180

1.54425 sub

1.5615

221

vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth, bz msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH; i eth

sl H2O, bz; s ace sl H2O, eth; s EtOH sl H2O, DMSO, EtOH; i eth, chl; s alk sl H2O, chl; s ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s alk

cry 212 254.5 nd (w)

280 dec

171.582 171.582 231.677

ye nd

211 188 100.5

88-51-7

221.662

short nd (w)

95-85-2 52-52-8

143.571 129.157

cry (al-w)

C8H10N2O3S

22252-43-3

214.241

C6H15NO5 C6H13NO5

488-43-7 3416-24-8

181.187 179.171

2-Chloro-p-toluidine-5-sulfonic C7H8ClNO3S acid 2-Hydroxy-5-chloroaniline C6H6ClNO Cycloleucine C6H11NO2

nD

144.5

274 4-Amino-N-[(butylamino) carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide 275 Aminocarb 276 N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide

288 2-Amino-4-chloro-5methylbenzenesulfonic acid 289 2-Amino-4-chlorophenol 290 1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid 291 7Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid 292 1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-glucitol 293 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose

den/ g cm-3

140 330 dec

1.51915

vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, peth, chl

sl DMSO

241 dec

cry (MeOH)

127

vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O


3-17 N

SH

N

N

O

SH NH2

NH2 NH2

2-Aminobenzenethiol

NH2

4-Aminobenzenethiol

2-Aminobenzonitrile

O

O

H2N

OH O

H2N

NH2 NH2

NH2

N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid

HO

4-Aminobenzophenone

O

OH

N H

NH2

4-Aminobenzonitrile

OH

H N

O

NH2

3-Aminobenzonitrile

N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycine

O

O

NH2

NH2

2-Aminobiphenyl

3-Aminobiphenyl

O S OH O

4-Aminobiphenyl

O

O

O

Br 2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid

NH2

NH2

DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid

L-2-Aminobutanoic acid

Br

1-Amino-4-bromo-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid

NH2 O

OH

OH

O H N

OH DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid

H N

O S

O

H2N

N

O

OH

OH

4-Aminobutanoic acid

OH

H2N

NH2

O

4-Amino-1-butanol

2-Amino-1-butanol, (±)

N H

NH2

O

4-Amino-N-[(butylamino)carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide

Aminocarb

OH O As OH

O H2N

Br

O

HN

N H

O

O

N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide

[4-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino]phenyl]arsonic acid

O O

H

H2N OH

HO

[2-(Aminocarbonyl)phenoxy]acetic acid

HO

H2N

S

O

S

O

1-Amino-5-chloro-9,10-anthracenedione

4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide

O

NH2

Cl

5-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid

H2N

H

H HO H H

S

O HO

1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid

Cl

2-Amino-5-chlorobenzophenone

N

O

Cl

OH O S O

NH2

Cl H2N

HO H2N

NH2

O

O

NH2

2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid

O

NH2 O

Cl

HO

O

OH

2-Amino-4-chlorophenol

NH2 O S O

NH2 Cl

Cl

NH2

O

N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-3-methylbutanamide

O

7-Aminocephalosporanic acid

Cl

5-Amino-2-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid

O

O

N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-2-ethylbutanamide

NH2

O

O

OH O S O

H N

NH2

O

N

NH2

Br

H N

NH2

O

7-Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid

2-Amino-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid

CH2NH2 OH H OH OH CH2OH

1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-glucitol

H HO H H

CHO NH2 H OH OH CH2OH

2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose

3-18


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

294 1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10anthracenedione 295 3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid Chloramben 296 2-Amino-2’,5dichlorobenzophenone 297 2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenol

C14H7Br2NO2

81-49-2

381.020

red nd (xyl)

226

C7H5Cl2NO2 C13H9Cl2NO

133-90-4 2958-36-3

206.027 266.122

C6H5Cl2NO

527-62-8

178.016

298 4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol

C6H5Cl2NO

5930-28-9

178.016

7-Methylguanine

C6H7N5O

578-76-7

165.153

Luminol

C8H7N3O2

521-31-3

177.161

Thioguanine

C5H5N5S

154-42-7

167.193

>360

Isoguanine

C5H5N5O

3373-53-3

151.127

>360

Me-IQ

C12H12N4

77094-11-2

212.250

cry

Picramic acid

C6H5N3O5

96-91-3

199.121

Taurine Acetaldehyde ammonia Diglycolamine

C2H7NO3S C2H7NO C4H11NO2 C4H10N2O

107-35-7 75-39-8 929-06-6 1001-53-2

125.147 61.083 105.136 102.134

dk red nd (al) 169 pr (chl) mcl pr (w) 328 orth (eth-al) 97 -12.5 51

C9H13N3O2

642-44-4

195.218

cry (+1w, w) 143

C5H14N2O

123-84-2

118.177

C8H12ClNO2

62-31-7

189.640

nd (w)

241 dec

vs H2O, MeOH

C9H13NO

492-39-7

151.205

pl(MeOH)

77.5

C9H14ClNO

53631-70-2

187.666

vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O

C4H12N2O

111-41-1

104.150

No. Name

299 2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-7-methyl6H-purin-6-one 300 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4phthalazinedione 301 2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6 H-purine6-thione 302 6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2 H-purin-2one 303 2-Amino-3,4dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline 304 2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol 305 306 307 308

2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid 1-Aminoethanol 2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol N-(2-Aminoethyl)acetamide

Synonym

Aminometradine 309 6-Amino-3-ethyl-1-allyl2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 310 1-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-2N-(2-Hydroxypropyl) propanol ethylenediamine 311 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2Dopamine hydrochloride benzenediol, hydrochloride 312 α-(1-Aminoethyl) benzenemethanol, [ S-(R*,R*)]313 α-(1-Aminoethyl) benzenemethanol, hydrochloride 314 N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine

bp/˚C

long nd (CS2) nd or lf (w, bz)

95.5

sub 70

168

sub

ye nd (al)

330.5

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs alk; s HOAc

i H2O

297 vs bz, EtOH

dec 110 221

943

239; 10510

N-(3-Aminopropyl) ethylenediamine

C5H15N3

13531-52-7

117.193

C5H13NO2 C6H11NO4

115-70-8 542-32-5

119.163 161.156

37.5 cry (EtOH, w) 205 dec

15210

2-Aminoadipic acid

319 6-Aminohexanenitrile 320 6-Aminohexanoic acid

5-Cyano-1-pentylamine ε-Aminocaproic acid

C6H12N2 C6H13NO2

2432-74-8 60-32-2

112.172 131.173

liq lf (eth)

11816

C6H15NO C14H9NO3

4048-33-3 116-85-8

117.189 239.226

C6H7NO4S

98-37-3

189.190

orth (w+1)

>300

6946-29-8

167.165

nd (al)

195

C7H7NO3

548-93-6

153.136

lf (w)

253.5

C7H7NO3

65-49-6

153.136

nd, pl (aleth)

150 dec

89-57-6 589-44-6

153.136 119.119

C4H9NO3

924-49-2

119.119

C8H11NO3

138-65-8

169.178

C15H11NO4

2379-90-0

269.253

C5H7N3O2

1123-95-1

141.129

329 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, (±) 330 4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2benzenediol, (±) 331 1-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy9,10-anthracenedione 332 4-Amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)5-Hydroxymethylcytosine 2(1H)-pyrimidinone

0.983725

1.473820

pl or nd (bz, 164.5 w), cry (al)

1.028620

873

205 57 216.5

pr pr (w), cry (dil al)

283 216 218

1.486320

20625

316 N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,3propanediamine 317 2-Amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol 318 L-2-Aminohexanedioic acid

Mesalamine C7H7NO3 γ-Hydroxy-β-aminobutyric acid C4H9NO3

1.057220

198.5

137.179

327 5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 328 3-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid

vs H2O s H2O; sl eth s H2O, EtOH, bz; i eth

51-67-2

p-Aminosalicylic acid

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl bz, HOAc

370

C8H11NO

326 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

Solubility

sl DMSO

Tyramine

p-Aminosalicylic acid hydrazide C7H9N3O2

nD

200 ≈80

315 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol

321 6-Amino-1-hexanol 322 1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 323 3-Amino-4hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 324 4-Amino-2hydroxybenzohydrazide 325 2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid

den/ g cm-3

msc H2O, EtOH; s ace; sl bz, lig sl H2O, bz, DMSO; s EtOH, xyl; i tol

1.480525 1.09920

1.49020

msc H2O sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O; i EtOH; sl MeOH

13730 s EtOH, ace sl H2O; i EtOH, eth vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, peth, chl sl H2O; i EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, chl, eth, AcOEt vs H2O

189 dec sl chl >300 dec


NH2

O

Br

3-19 Cl

OH

O

NH2

OH

OH Cl

Cl

NH2

Cl

Cl O

NH2

Cl

Br

1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10-anthracenedione

Cl

3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid

NH2

Cl

2-Amino-2’,5-dichlorobenzophenone

2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenol

4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol

NH2

NH2 O O H H2N

N N

N

N

N

N

H H

2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-7-methyl-6H-purin-6-one

H2N

5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione

NH2 O

N

O N

N

6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2H-purin-2-one

NH2

O

N

O S OH O

O

2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol

NH2 H2N

OH

2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid

1-Aminoethanol

NH2 N

O H2N

N H

N-(2-Aminoethyl)acetamide

N

H2N

O

6-Amino-3-ethyl-1-allyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

OH

NH2

HCl 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, hydrochloride

NH2 H2N

OH

HO

N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine

OH

OH

NH2

O

OH

NH2

N

L-2-Aminohexanedioic acid

O

4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol

O

NH2

2-Amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol

HO

N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine

NH2

O

NH2

OH

N H

NH2 α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, hydrochloride

HO

H2N

6-Aminohexanenitrile

O 6-Aminohexanoic acid

OH O S O

H N

O

NH2 OH

NH2

H2N

OH

HO

3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

OH

HO

O OH

NH2 NH2

OH

4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide

O

OH

2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid

NH2

OH

1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

6-Amino-1-hexanol

O

OH OH

OH

α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, [S-(R*,R*)]-

N H

HO N H

1-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-2-propanol

HCl

H2N

OH

O

2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol

O

H2N

H N N

N H

O

2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione

H2N

N

N

N

OH

N

2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline

H N

N

H

O

S

4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

H2N 5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

O

OH

OH

1-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)

NH2

HO 4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, (±)

OH

3-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid

O

O

H2N

NH2

NH2

HO

OH O

NH2 O HO

N

HO N H

O

4-Amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2(1H)-pyrimidinone

3-20


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C10H9NO7S2

90-20-0

319.311

C10H9NO4S

116-63-2

239.248

gray nd

C6H5N5O C4H6N4O

2236-60-4 360-97-4

163.137 126.117

ye cry cry (EtOH)

C5H12N4O3

543-38-4

176.174

cry (al)

C2H6N4O

141-83-3

102.095

pr

339 2-Amino-5-iodobenzoic acid

C7H6INO2

5326-47-6

263.033

220 dec

340 4-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)dione 341 4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone, ( R) 342 1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10anthracenedione 343 α-(Aminomethyl) benzenemethanol 344 β-(Aminomethyl) benzenepropanoic acid 345 2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid 346 trans-4-(Aminomethyl) cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 347 4-Amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone

C8H6N2O2

2518-24-3

162.146

269.5

No. Name

Synonym

333 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,71-Naphthol-8-amino-3,6naphthalenedisulfonic acid disulfonic acid 334 4-Amino-3-hydroxy-11-Amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic naphthalenesulfonic acid acid 335 2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridine 336 5-Amino-1H-imidazole-4carboxamide 337 O-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]- L- Canavanine homoserine 338 (Aminoiminomethyl)urea

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

sl H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O, EtOH, bz; s alk >360 170 vs H2O 105

dec 160

s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl, CS2 sl H2O, tfa; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz

Cycloserine 1-Amino-2methylanthraquinone Phenylethanolamine

C3H6N2O2 C15H11NO2

68-41-7 82-28-0

102.092 237.254

155 dec 205.5

C8H11NO

7568-93-6

137.179

56.5

4-Amino-3-phenylbutyric acid

C10H13NO2

1078-21-3

179.216

252 dec

C7H9NO3S

88-44-8

187.216

Tranexamic acid

C8H15NO2

1197-18-8

157.211

Diacetonamine

C6H13NO

625-04-7

115.173

348 2-Amino-4-methylphenol

C7H9NO

95-84-1

123.152


C7H9NO

2835-96-3

123.152


C7H9NO

2835-99-6

123.152

351 (Aminomethyl)phosphonic acid 352 2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3propanediol 353 L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid 354 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 355 4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1 H)pyrimidinone 356 3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5trimethylcyclohexanol 357 3-Amino-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid 358 2-Amino-1,4-naphthalenedione

CH6NO3P C4H11NO2

1066-51-9 115-69-5

111.038 105.136

pr (dil al) cry 179 (bz) cry 309 110

C4H9NO2

144-90-1

103.120

cry (w)

182

2-Aminoisobutanol 5-Methylcytosine

C4H11NO C5H7N3O

124-68-5 554-01-8

89.136 125.129

25.5 270 dec

165.5

0.93420

1.44920

pr (w+1/2)

1-Hydroxy-3-aminomethyl3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane 3-Amino-2-naphthoic acid

C10H21NO

15647-11-7

171.280

45.5

265

0.96925

1.490420

C11H9NO2

5959-52-4

187.195

C10H7NO2

2348-81-4

173.169

lt ye nd

s H2O; sl MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth vs H2O; s EtOH

16017

132 dec

vs H2O

>300

vs H2O 250.14

cry (w), orth 136 (bz), lf or nd nd or lf (bz) 176.5

ye lf (dil al)

Solubility

s H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, chl; i lig sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s DMSO

sub

sub

15110

vs H2O; s EtOH

msc H2O; s ctc s H2O, acid; sl EtOH; i eth

216.5

s EtOH, eth

207

i H2O, alk; s EtOH, eth, HOAc vs H2O, EtOH

359 7-Amino-1,3naphthalenedisulfonic acid 360 2-Amino-1,5naphthalenedisulfonic acid 361 4-Amino-1,6naphthalenedisulfonic acid 362 4-Amino-1,7naphthalenedisulfonic acid 363 2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 364 4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

Amido-G-Acid

C10H9NO6S2

86-65-7

303.311

mcl pr or nd 274 (w+4) >300

2-Naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4,7-disulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4,6-disulfonic acid 2-Naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid

C10H9NO6S2

117-62-4

303.311

C10H9NO6S2

85-75-6

303.311

vs H2O

C10H9NO6S2

85-74-5

303.311

vs H2O, EtOH

C10H9NO3S

81-16-3

223.248

sc(hot w)

C10H9NO3S

84-86-6

223.248

365 5-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 366 6-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 367 7-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 368 8-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 369 6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

1-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid 2-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid Badische acid

C10H9NO3S

84-89-9

223.248

wh nd (w+1/ dec 2) red-br cry wh cry

C10H9NO3S

81-05-0

223.248

nd(w)

i H2O, EtOH, eth

C10H9NO3S

86-60-2

223.248

vs HOAc

1-Naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid Bronner acid

C10H9NO3S

82-75-7

223.248

nd (w+1), pl (aq ace) nd

C10H9NO3S

93-00-5

223.248

lf

i cold H2O; sl hot H2O

s DMSO 1.670325

i H2O; sl EtOH; s MeOH, py s H2O; i eth

vs gl HOAc


HO

O

O S

3-21 OH O S O

OH

S

OH 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

4-Amino-3-hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

HO O

NH O

HO NH2

N H

H2N

NH2

H N

N

N H

2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridine

N H

5-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide

O H2N

N H

NH2

O

NH2

I

(Aminoiminomethyl)urea

H2N

NH2

O

NH2

NH O

O-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]-L-homoserine

O

N

NH2

OH NH2

H2N N

O

O

O

O N

2-Amino-5-iodobenzoic acid

4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone, (R)

NH2 H2N

OH O S O

O

NH2

N H

O

4-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

OH

O

NH2

OH

O α-(Aminomethyl)benzenemethanol

1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

β-(Aminomethyl)benzenepropanoic acid

2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid

OH

OH

OH

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

4-Amino-2-methylphenol


NH2 O

trans-4-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

4-Amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone


NH2

H2N

N

O

O OH P OH

H2N HO

(Aminomethyl)phosphonic acid

H2N

OH

2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol

OH

OH

L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid

2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol

4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone

OH O S O

O

OH

OH

O

N H

NH2

NH2

H2N O

O S NH2

NH2

3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexanol

OH O S O

OH O S O

NH2

HO

2-Amino-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH O S O

S

OH O S O

OH O S O

NH2

NH2 4-Amino-1,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH O S O

OH O S O

NH2 2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

OH H2N O S O

O S

H2N NH2 5-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

OH


NH2 O


OH O S O

O

2-Amino-1,4-naphthalenedione

O

O O S O OH

HO

O

O

3-Amino-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid

H2N 6-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

OH O

H 2N 7-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid



3-22


Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

370 8-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid 371 5-Amino-1-naphthol 372 1-Amino-2-naphthol

1,7-Cleve’s acid

C10H9NO3S

119-28-8

223.248

nd or pr (w)

sl EtOH; s eth

1-Amino-6-hydroxynaphthalene C10H9NO C10H9NO

83-55-6 2834-92-6

159.184 159.184

170 silvery lf (bz, 150 dec eth)

373 8-Amino-2-naphthol

8-Amino-β-naphthol

C10H9NO

118-46-7

159.184

nd (w, al)

374 2-Amino-4-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H6N2O4

619-17-0

182.134

375 2-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H6N2O4

616-79-5

182.134

oran pr (dil 269 al) lf (al), ye nd 269 (w, dil al)

376 2-Amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile 377 3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine 378 2-Amino-4-nitrophenol

C7H5N3O2 CH5N5O2 C6H6N2O3

17420-30-3 18264-75-0 99-57-0

163.134 119.084 154.123

203.5 187.8 oran pr (+w) 146

379 2-Amino-5-nitrophenol 380 4-Amino-2-nitrophenol

C6H6N2O3 C6H6N2O3

121-88-0 119-34-6

154.123 154.123

381 2-Aminooctanoic acid, (±)

C8H17NO2

644-90-6

159.227

205.8 dk red pl or 131 nd (w, al) lf (w) 270

sl DMSO sl H2O, eth; s EtOH; vs dil alk, acid s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl bz, lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s xyl i H2O, bz, chl, xyl; s EtOH, eth sl DMSO sl H2O sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO sl H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; s HOAc sl H2O; i EtOH, eth; vs alk, acid vs H2O, EtOH

No. Name

mp/˚C

206

382 Aminooxoacetohydrazide

Semioxamazide

C2H5N3O2

515-96-8

103.080

383 cis-4-Amino-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid 384 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid 385 (Aminooxy)acetic acid, hydrochloride (2:1) 386 6-Aminopenicillanic acid 387 5-Aminopentanoic acid

Maleamic acid

C4H5NO3

557-24-4

115.088

cry (al)

172.5

5-Aminolevulinic acid

C5H9NO3 C4H11ClN2O6

106-60-5 2921-14-4

131.130 218.592

cry (EtOH)

118 152.5

Penicin

C8H12N2O3S C5H11NO2

551-16-6 660-88-8

216.257 117.147

cry (w) lf (dil al)

208 157 dec

388 5-Amino-1-pentanol

C5H13NO

2508-29-4

103.163

389 2-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

95-55-6

109.126

390 3-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

591-27-5

391 4-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

392 N-(3-Aminophenyl)acetamide

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

sub

11012 sub

221 dec

dec 17

38.5

221.5

0.9488

1.32825

174

sub 153

109.126

wh orth bipym nd (bz) pr (to)

123

16411

123-30-8

109.126

wh pl (w)

187.5

1100.3

C8H10N2O

102-28-3

150.177

nd or pl (bz) 88

1.4618

17

s H2O, tol; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz, DMSO sl H2O, tfa; vs EtOH; i bz, chl; s alk vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; sl EtOH, DMSO; i ace, bz vs eth, EtOH

393 N-(4-Aminophenyl)acetamide

p-Aminoacetanilide

C8H10N2O

122-80-5

150.177

nd (w)

166.5

394 (4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid

Arsanilic acid

C6H8AsNO3

98-50-0

217.055

mcl nd (w, al)

232

395 N-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,4benzenediamine 396 2-Amino-1-phenylethanone

4,4’-Diaminodiphenylamine

C12H13N3

537-65-5

199.251

lf (w)

158

dec

Phenacylamine

C8H9NO

613-89-8

135.163

ye cry

20

251

397 1-(3-Aminophenyl)ethanone

m-Aminoacetophenone

C8H9NO

99-03-6

135.163

398 1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanone 399 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-pentanone

p-Aminoacetophenone

C8H9NO C11H15NO

99-92-3 38237-74-0

135.163 177.243

pa ye pl (al), 98.5 lf (eth) ye mcl pr (al) 106 cry (bz-peth) 74.5

400 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanone

p-Aminopropiophenone

C9H11NO

70-69-9

149.189

401 N-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl] acetamide

Sulfacetamide

C8H10N2O3S

144-80-9

214.241

pl (al, w), nd 140 (w) 183

402 5-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]-2thiazolamine 403 4-Aminophthalimide

Thiazolsulfone

C9H9N3O2S2

473-30-3

255.316

nd (al)

3676-85-5

162.146

2240.5

13552-31-3

91.109

dec 265; 1459 1.175220

1.491025

151-18-8 6168-72-5

70.093 75.109

185; 8820 174.5

1.439620 1.450220

404 3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, (±) 405 3-Aminopropanenitrile 406 2-Amino-1-propanol, (±)

5-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)- C8H6N2O2 dione C3H9NO2 3-Aminopropionitrile

C3H6N2 C3H9NO

s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, lig msc H2O, EtOH, ace s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl bz, tfa

267 1.957110

1.616020

289.5 294; 19515 1613

i H2O; s eth; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth s DMSO sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth; vs ace, alk vs ace, eth, EtOH, diox

220 dec

0.958420

s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl


3-23 O

OH

OH NH2

O

OH

S

OH

NH2


O

5-Amino-1-naphthol

1-Amino-2-naphthol

N

OH

8-Amino-2-naphthol

OH

O

N O

2-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid

H2N

N O

2-Amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile

H N

N

O O

N

O

2-Amino-4-nitrophenol

3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine

O

NH2 H 2N

OH 2-Aminooctanoic acid, (±)

N O

O

NH2



O O

N H

O

O

OH O N

NH2

O

N NH2 O

N

2-Amino-4-nitrobenzoic acid

OH

NH2

NH2

NH2 O

NH2 OH

O

O

NH2 NH2

O

NH2

O

HO

Aminooxoacetohydrazide

H2N

HO

OH

NH2

O

O

cis-4-Amino-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid

5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid

O 0.5 HCl NH2

(Aminooxy)acetic acid, hydrochloride (2:1)

OH H2N

H

OH

S

NH2

NH2

5-Amino-1-pentanol

5-Aminopentanoic acid

O

OH

H2N

O

COOH

6-Aminopenicillanic acid

O

NH2

OH

H2N

N O

OH

2-Aminophenol

3-Aminophenol

4-Aminophenol

OH O As OH

NH

NH

O NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

N-(3-Aminophenyl)acetamide

H2N

N-(4-Aminophenyl)acetamide

(4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid

NH

NH2

N-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,4-benzenediamine

2-Amino-1-phenylethanone

O NH O S O

O O

O

NH2

NH2

1-(3-Aminophenyl)ethanone

O

H2N

1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanone

NH2

H2N

1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-pentanone

1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanone

N-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]acetamide

O H2N

O S O

H2N NH

N S

HO NH2

O

5-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-thiazolamine

4-Aminophthalimide

NH2

NH2 OH

3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, (±)

N 3-Aminopropanenitrile

NH2 OH 2-Amino-1-propanol, (±)

3-24


Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Propanolamine Isopropanolamine

C3H9NO C3H9NO

156-87-6 1674-56-2

75.109 75.109

α-(α-Aminopropyl)benzyl 409 α-(1-Aminopropyl) benzenemethanol alcohol 410 N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-methyl-1,3propanediamine 411 Aminopropylon 412 4-(2-Aminopropyl)phenol, (±) Hydroxyamphetamine

C10H15NO

5897-76-7

165.232

C7H19N3

105-83-9

145.246

C16H22N4O2 C9H13NO

3690-04-8 1518-86-1

302.372 151.205

413 N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,3propanediamine 414 Aminopterin 415 4-Amino-Npyrazinylbenzenesulfonamide

Bis(3-aminopropyl)amine

C6H17N3

56-18-8

131.219

Sulfapyrazine

C19H20N8O5 C10H10N4O2S

54-62-6 116-44-9

440.413 250.277

ye cry nd (PhNO2)

262 dec 251

416 3-Amino-1H-pyrazole-4carbonitrile 417 2-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 418 6-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

3-Amino-4-cyanopyrazole

C4H4N4

16617-46-2

108.102

cry (w)

173

C6H6N2O2

5345-47-1

138.124

6-Aminonicotinic acid

C6H6N2O2

3167-49-5

138.124

419 4-Amino-N-2pyridinylbenzenesulfonamide 420 5-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 421 6-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 422 4-Amino-2(1H)-pyrimidinethione 423 5-Amino-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 424 4-Amino-N-2pyrimidinylbenzenesulfonamide 425 Aminopyrine

Sulfapyridine

C11H11N3O2S

144-83-2

5-Aminouracil

C4H5N3O2

No. Name 407 3-Amino-1-propanol 408 1-Amino-2-propanol

Physical Form

pl (bz-eth)

pr (bz) cry (bz)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

12.4 0.9

187.5 159.4

0.982426 0.961120

1.461720 1.447920

s H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc

232.5; 1126

0.902320

1.470525

79.5

181 125.5 -14

i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s py; sl ace

sl H2O

249.289

192

932-52-5

127.102

nd (w)

dec

i H2O, bz, ctc; s EtOH i H2O; s alk, acid

C4H5N3O2

873-83-6

127.102

cry (w)

dec

vs H2O

2-Thiocytosine Uramil

C4H5N3S C4H5N3O3

333-49-3 118-78-5

127.168 143.101

nd or pl (w) >400

Sulfadiazine

C10H10N4O2S

68-35-9

250.277

C13H17N3O

58-15-1

231.293

C14H12N4O2S

59-40-5

300.336

C7H7NO4S

138-41-0

201.201

pr or lf (w)

291 dec

nd (HOAc)

219.5

cry (w), wh pow pr or pl (lig or AcOEt)

312

134.5 247.5

121-61-9

214.241

C2H3N3S2

2349-67-9

133.195

C3H4N2OS

556-90-1

116.141

pr or nd (w) 256 dec

431 N-(Aminothioxomethyl)acetamide

Acetylthiourea

C3H6N2OS

591-08-2

118.157

pr (w), orth (al)

432 N-Amino-2-thioxo-4thiazolidinone 433 1-Amino-2,2,2-trichloroethanol 434 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2pyridinecarboxlic acid 435 11-Aminoundecanoic acid 436 Amiton 437 Amitraz

3-Aminorhodanine

C3H4N2OS2

1438-16-0

148.206

Chloral ammonia Picloram

C2H4Cl3NO C6H3Cl3N2O2

507-47-1 1918-02-1

164.418 241.459

C11H23NO2 C10H24NO3PS C19H23N3

2432-99-7 78-53-5 33089-61-1

201.307 269.342 293.406

C20H23N C6H12FeN3O12 C8H4F15NO2 C3H9NO2 C11H18N2O3

50-48-6 14221-47-7 3825-26-1 17496-08-1 57-43-2

277.404 374.017 431.100 91.109 226.272

C20H23NO2

76-65-3

309.403

cry (peth)

444 Amoxicillin 445 Amphecloral 446 Amphotericin B

C16H19N3O5S C11H12Cl3N C47H73NO17

26787-78-0 5581-35-1 1397-89-3

365.404 264.579 924.080

cry (w) ye pr (DMF) 170 dec

447 Ampicillin 448 Ampyrone

C16H19N3O4S C11H13N3O

69-53-4 83-07-8

349.405 203.240

cry 200 dec pa ye cry (bz) 109

N-Methylbis(2,4xylyliminomethyl)amine

5-Ethyl-5-isopentyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 3-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl]-3phenyl-2(3H)-benzofuranone

sl DMSO s H2O, chl; i eth, bz sl H2O, EtOH, ace, DMSO vs H2O, bz, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, ace; s aq alk i H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth; i bz s H2O, EtOH, ace

255 dec

C8H10N2O3S

443 Amolanone

1.481020

296 dec

Acetylsulfanilamide 428 N-[4-(Aminosulfonyl)phenyl] acetamide 429 5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3 H)thione 430 2-Amino-4(5H)-thiazolone

Amitriptyline Ammonium ferric oxalate Ammonium perfluorooctanoate Ammonium propanoate Amobarbital

0.93825

cry (dil HOAc, +2w) ye oran (al)

Sulfaquinoxaline 426 4-Amino-N-2quinoxalinylbenzenesulfonamide 427 4-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoic acid Carzenide

438 439 440 441 442

15150

vs H2O s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl, AcOEt s chl

243.0 sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth; s DMSO, EtOH s DMSO

165 101.5

nd (al)

73 218.5

dec 100

vs bz, eth, EtOH

189.0 760.01

liq

cry solid hyg cry

1.465527

86

1.12820

196 (HCl) 165 dec

1.7817.5

vs H2O; i EtOH

45 157

43.4

s H2O vs bz, EtOH, chl

1932.0

1.561425

96.0.5

1.530

s H2O i H2O; sl DMF; s DMSO sl H2O s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth


3-25 N

H N

OH

O

O OH H2N

OH

NH2

NH2

3-Amino-1-propanol

α-(1-Aminopropyl)benzenemethanol

1-Amino-2-propanol

O NH2

H2N

N

O

NH2 O S NH O

H2N

N N H

N

4-Amino-N-pyrazinylbenzenesulfonamide

N

NH

N

O N

O

5-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

N H

NH2

2-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

NH2

NH

O

N H

4-Amino-N-2-pyridinylbenzenesulfonamide

N

NH2

H2N

O S NH O

OH

3-Amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile

O

OH

6-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

4-(2-Aminopropyl)phenol, (±)

N

O

N H

H2N

NH2

HO Aminopropylon

OH

Aminopterin

O

N

N

NH2

N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine

N

N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine

H2N

N

OH

N H

N

N NH2

N H

H2N

H2N

N

O

N H

6-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

S

4-Amino-2(1H)-pyrimidinethione

NH2

O O H2N

N NH

O

N H

O S NH O

H2N

O

5-Amino-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

OH

O S HN O

O

N

N N

N

N

O S O

N

NH2

4-Amino-N-2-pyrimidinylbenzenesulfonamide

Aminopyrine

4-Amino-N-2-quinoxalinylbenzenesulfonamide

4-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoic acid

O HN

H

O N N

O S O S

NH2 N-[4-(Aminosulfonyl)phenyl]acetamide

NH2

S

5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3H)-thione

H2N

NH2

S

O

S

N 2-Amino-4(5H)-thiazolone

OH

NH2 N

N H

O

S

S

N-(Aminothioxomethyl)acetamide

Cl Cl

N-Amino-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone

NH2 Cl

1-Amino-2,2,2-trichloroethanol

N

NH2 Cl

Cl

Cl

H2N

OH

N

N

N

N N

O

O 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxlic acid

11-Aminoundecanoic acid

Amiton

Amitraz

HO

O O

O

O

O

O

Fe O

F F F F F F

O

F

O

Ammonium ferric oxalate

NH

O O

NH4

O

F F F F F F F F Ammonium perfluorooctanoate

Ammonium propanoate

OH

HO

O

O

NH4

OH OH

OH

CH3

O O

N

NH2 OH

O

Amolanone

O NH NH2

Amphotericin B

H

H2N

S

O

N O

HO Amphecloral

Amoxicillin

OH O

S

O

O

OH

H

H N

O

H

Amobarbital

OH OH O

Cl

N H

NH2

N

NH

O

Cl Cl

O

O

3NH4

O

O

Amitriptyline

3

O O

O O P S O

OH

O Ampicillin

OH

N

N

Ampyrone

OH

3-26


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

449 Amygdalin

C20H27NO11

29883-15-6

457.428

450 Anacardic acid

C22H32O3

11034-77-8

344.487

cry (ace)

451 Anagyrine

C15H20N2O

486-89-5

244.332

pe ye glass

26512, 2124

452 Androstane

C19H32

24887-75-0

260.457

600.003

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

Etiocholanic acid

C20H32O2

438-08-4

304.467

Epiandrostanediol

C19H32O2

1852-53-5

292.456

nd (ace aq)

4-Androstene-3,17-dione

C19H28O2 C19H28O2 C19H26O2

846-46-8 1229-12-5 63-05-8

288.424 288.424 286.408

458 Androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione

Adrenosterone

C19H24O3

382-45-6

300.392

cry (MeOH) 135 cry (ace-hx) 135 143(form a); 173(form b) nd (al) 222 sub

459 Anemonin

trans-1,7-Dioxadispiro[4.0.4.2] dodeca-3,9-diene-2,8-dione

C10H8O4

508-44-1

192.169

460 Anhalamine 461 Anhalonidine

C11H15NO3 C12H17NO3

643-60-7 17627-77-9

209.242 223.268

462 Anhalonine

C12H15NO3

519-04-0

221.252

104-80-3

C9H5Cl3N4

464 Anilazine

2,4-Dichloro-6-(ochloroanilino)-s-triazine

orth pl (chl) nd (al or bz) nd (al) oct cry (bz, eth) rhom nd

sub 160

223

158

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs chl

187.5 160.5

vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

86

1400.02

132.157

300; 17516

1031 Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfone

Di-p-tolyl sulfone

C14H14O2S

599-66-6

246.325

pr(bz), nd(w,al)

159

406

1032 N,N’-Bis(2-methylphenyl)thiourea 1033 1,3-Bis(1-methyl-4-piperidyl) propane 1034 Bis(methylthio)methane 1035 1,2-Bis(N-morpholino)ethane

C15H16N2S C15H30N2

137-97-3 64168-11-2

256.366 238.412

nd (al, sub) 13.7

21550

C3H8S2 C10H20N2O2

1618-26-4 1723-94-0

108.226 200.278

75

148 285; 16025

1036 Bismuth acetate 1037 Bismuth subsalicylate

C6H9BiO6 C7H5BiO4

22306-37-2 14882-18-9

386.111 362.093

1038 Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide

C12H8N2O4S2

1155-00-6

308.333

198.5

84

wh-ye (eth,lig) col tablets pr

C12H8N2O4S2

537-91-7

308.333

1040 Bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide 1041 1,2-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ethane

4,4’-Dinitrobibenzyl

C12H8N2O4S2 C14H12N2O4

100-32-3 736-30-1

308.333 272.256

C13H10N4O5 C10H14CoO4 C16H19N C14H8Br6O2

587-90-6 14024-48-7 10024-74-5 37853-59-1

302.242 257.149 225.329 687.637

C5H6Cl6N2O3

116-52-9

354.831

196

C8H4Cl6 C3Cl6O3

68-36-0 32315-10-9

312.836 296.748

cry (bz, eth) 109 cry (eth, 79 peth)

C32H62O4S C8H5F6N C8H4F6 C8H4F6 C2F6S2 C8H18Si2 C12H4N6O12S C8H14O3 C12H6Cl4O2S

10595-72-9 328-74-5 402-31-3 433-19-2 372-64-5 14630-40-1 2217-06-3 764-99-8 97-18-7

542.897 229.123 214.108 214.108 202.141 170.400 456.258 158.195 356.052

Dipicryl sulfide Diethylene glycol divinyl ether

1.557020 i H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth vs bz, eth, EtOH

182 ye nd (al,bz) 181.8

bl-viol cry

sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc; sl chl sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl, CS2 vs bz, EtOH, chl 0.896225

1.480425

vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH i H2O i H2O, EtOH; reac alk i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc sl EtOH, chl; s eth sl EtOH, HOAc i EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, HOAc

250

Nitrophenide

Ditridecyl thiodipropionate

0.925 1.11451

245.7 232

1039 Bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide

Bis(tridecyl) thiodipropanoate 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide 1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) sulfide Bis[2-(vinyloxy)ethyl] ether Bithionol

s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl sl EtOH, chl sl chl

133

198.260 270.367

1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057

1.598220 1.437120

1.171111

ye nd (al)

1579-40-4 80-43-3

Triphosgene

1.18325 0.94325

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, DMSO

s ctc

C14H14O C18H22O2

4,4’-Dinitrocarbanilide Cobalt(II) bis(acetylacetonate)

Solubility vs ace, MeOH s EtOH, eth, chl, alk; sl DMSO; i CS2 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, alk; s HOAc

1.366315

p-Tolyl ether Dicumyl peroxide

N,N’-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt Bis(1-phenylethyl)amine 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane 1046 N,N’-Bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1hydroxyethyl)urea 1047 1,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)benzene 1048 Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate

nD

73

1026 Bis(4-methylphenyl) ether 1027 Bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl) peroxide 1028 Bis(4-methylphenyl)mercury 1029 1,4-Bis(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazol2-yl)benzene 1030 Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfide

1042 1043 1044 1045

den/ g cm-3

2550.1

312 dec 167 296.5

1.01815

1.573

nd (bz/EtOH) 222

liq

ye cry

26 230 188

vs ace, EtOH s chl 203 2650.25 8515, 7610 116 115 34.6 134 exp 8110

1.629080 vs EtOH 1.48725 1.379025

1.433520 1.391625

0.77020

1.41320

i H2O vs EtOH, peth

1.7325

vs ace


3-55

O HO

OH

HO

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane

OH

HO

Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane

O O

OH

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane

O

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane dimethacrylate

O O O S

O

HO

HS

OH Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone

O

SH

S

Bis(2-mercaptoethyl) sulfide

O

O

Bis(2-methallyl) carbonate

N N

O

O

N H

O O O

O

Bis(2-methoxyethyl)amine

O

Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)diazene, 1-oxide

Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanedione

O HN

O

S O HN 1,4-Bis(methylamino)-9,10-anthracenedione

1,3-Bis(1-methylethenyl)benzene

Hg

N

N

O

O

Bis(4-methylphenyl) disulfide

O

O

S Bis(4-methylphenyl) ether

Bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)peroxide

S

O O S

Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfide

Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfone

H N

H N S

Bis(4-methylphenyl)mercury

1,4-Bis(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene

O

O N

N S

1,3-Bis(1-methyl-4-piperidyl)propane

O O N

N

N Bis(methylthio)methane

O N O

O N O

S S Bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide

O

O

S

O N O

S

O O

O

Bismuth acetate

O Bi

OH

Bismuth subsalicylate

Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide

H N

O N O

Bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide

O N O O O N S S

O

O

1,2-Bis(N-morpholino)ethane

S

O Bi

N,N’-Bis(2-methylphenyl)thiourea

O N O

O

H N O

N O

N O

N,N’-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea

1,2-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ethane

Cl Br O

O Co

O

Br

N H

O

Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt

Cl

Cl

Br O

Br

Bis(1-phenylethyl)amine

O

O

Cl Cl

Br

Cl

Br

H N OH O

1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane

Cl Cl

F

NH2

F

Cl

OH

N,N’-Bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)urea

O O

Cl

H N

Cl

Cl

1,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)benzene

F

F

F

F

S Cl Cl

Cl

O O

Cl O

O Cl Cl

F F

O

Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate

Bis(tridecyl) thiodipropanoate

F

F

F F

3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline

F

F F

F

1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F

F

1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene

O O N OO N F F F

S

S

F F

F

Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide

O N O Si

Si

1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene

S N OO N O O Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) sulfide

OH HO

O N O

Cl O

O

O

Bis[2-(vinyloxy)ethyl] ether

Cl

S Cl

Cl

Bithionol

3-56


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1058 2,2’-Bithiophene

C8H6S2

492-97-7

166.264

1059 Bixin

C25H30O4

6983-79-5

394.504

viol pr (ace) 198

C19H26O2 C19H21NO4 C9H15O8P

846-48-0 476-70-0 122-10-1

286.408 327.375 282.184

cry (eth) ye oil

1063 Borane carbonyl 1064 Borneol, (±)

CH3BO C10H18O

13205-44-2 6627-72-1

41.845 154.249

col gas lf (lig)

1065 l-Bornyl acetate

C12H20O2

5655-61-8

1066 Bornylamine

C10H19N

No. Name

1060 Boldenone 1061 Boldine 1062 Bomyl

Synonym

Dehydrotestosterone

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

33

260

den/ g cm-3

nD

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, HOAc

165 163 16017 -137 208

-64 sub

1.01120

196.286

27

223.5

0.98225

1.462620

32511-34-5

153.265

163

464-41-5

172.695

53022-14-3 353-42-4

238.366 113.874

C4H10BF3O

109-63-7

141.927

liq

1071 Brilliant Green

C27H34N2O4S

633-03-4

482.635

1072 Brilliant Yellow

C26H20N4Na2O8S2 3051-11-4

626.569

small gold cry ye cry (w)

1073 Brodifacoum

C31H23BrO3

56073-10-0

523.417

off-wh pow

C9H13BrN2O2

314-40-9

261.115

C30H23BrO4

28772-56-7

527.406

ye-wh pow

C2H3Br3O2 C15H12Br4O2

507-42-6 79-94-7

298.756 543.871

mcl pr (w+1) 53.5 179

1078 N-Bromoacetamide 1079 Bromoacetic acid

C2H4BrNO C2H3BrO2

79-15-2 79-08-3

137.963 138.948

nd (chl-hx) hex or orth cry

1080 Bromoacetone

C3H5BrO

598-31-2

136.975

liq

nd (al) orth 50.5 pr (al) pl(peth) nd (95% al) 127

1067 Bornyl chloride

1068 Bornyl 3-methylbutanoate, (1 R) 1069 Boron trifluoride - dimethyl ether complex 1070 Boron trifluoride etherate

1074 Bromacil

C10H17Cl 2-Chloro-1,7,7trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, endo d-Bornyl isovalerate C15H26O2 C2H6BF3O

5-Bromo-3-sec-butyl-6methyluracil

1075 Bromadiolone

1076 Bromal hydrate 1077 Bromdian

Tetrabromobisphenol A

nd

132

207.5

-14

257.5 dec 127

0.95525 1.241020

1.30220

-60.4

125.5

1.12525

1.34820

1.5525

158 205

dec

2.566140

103.5 50

208

1.933550

1.480450

-36.5

138; 31.58

1.63423

1.469715

13518

1.64720

148.5 4.7

2.31222

ω-Bromoacetophenone

C8H7BrO

70-11-1

199.045

1082 4-(Bromoacetyl)biphenyl

2-Bromo-4’phenylacetophenone

C14H11BrO

135-73-9

275.140

Butallylonal

C2H2Br2O C2HBr C11H15BrN2O3

598-21-0 593-61-3 1142-70-7

201.844 104.933 303.152

Propallylonal

C10H13BrN2O3

545-93-7

289.125

1087 2-Bromoaniline

C6H6BrN

615-36-1

172.023

32

229

1.57820

1.611320

1088 3-Bromoaniline

C6H6BrN

591-19-5

172.023

18.5

251

1.579320

1.626020

1089 4-Bromoaniline

C6H6BrN

106-40-1

172.023

dec

1.4970100

1090 2-Bromoanisole

C7H7BrO

578-57-4

187.034

orth bipym 66.4 nd (60% al) 1.3

216

1.501820

1091 3-Bromoanisole

C7H7BrO

2398-37-0

187.034

1092 4-Bromoanisole

C7H7BrO

104-92-7

187.034

13.5

215

1093 2-Bromobenzaldehyde

C7H5BrO

6630-33-7

185.018

21.5

230

1.592520


C7H5BrO

3132-99-8

185.018

234

1.593520


C7H5BrO

1122-91-4

185.018

1.544920

131.5 cry (dil HOAc, dil al)

181

211; 10516

lf (dil al)

58

dec H2O; vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl ace i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, chl

230

col gas

vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; vs ace, EtOH, xyl dec H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth vs eth, EtOH

1081 α-Bromoacetophenone

1083 Bromoacetyl bromide 1084 Bromoacetylene 1085 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-secbutylbarbituric acid 1086 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5isopropylbarbituric acid

Solubility

672

1.572720 1.563520

1.456420

1.564220

vs DMF; sl ace, chl, EtOH, eth; i hx vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, peth; vs eth, bz, chl

s ace, ctc vs eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, ace, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; sl chl


3-57 HO OH O

H

O S

S

OH

O

O

O

O

2,2’-Bithiophene

O

N H

O

OH

Bixin

Boldenone

Boldine

O P O

O H 3B

O Bomyl

O

OH

Borane carbonyl

Borneol, (±)

Cl

NH2

O l-Bornyl acetate

Bornylamine

Bornyl chloride

N

O

Boron trifluoride - dimethyl ether complex

Bornyl 3-methylbutanoate, (1R)

HO

F O B F F

F O B F F

O

N

HSO4

Boron trifluoride etherate

Brilliant Green

N N

O

N N

S O O O O S Na O O Na

OH

OH

Br

O

N H

O

Brilliant Yellow

Brodifacoum

Br O

HO Br

Bromacil

Br

Br

HO

OH

O

Br Br

OH

Bromadiolone

Br

Bromal hydrate

N H

Br Bromdian

Br

N-Bromoacetamide

O Br

O Br

OH

Bromoacetone

Bromoacetic acid

O

O O O

Br α-Bromoacetophenone

4-(Bromoacetyl)biphenyl

Br

O Br

Br

Br

Bromoacetyl bromide

Bromoacetylene

NH2

3-Bromoaniline

2-Bromoanisole

N H

O

5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-isopropylbarbituric acid

O

Br Br

Br 4-Bromoaniline

NH O

O

O

O

Br

O

5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-sec-butylbarbituric acid

Br Br

2-Bromoaniline

N H

O O

Br

NH O

Br

NH2 NH2

O

OH

OH

O

N

Br

3-Bromoanisole

Br 4-Bromoanisole

Br 2-Bromobenzaldehyde

3-Bromobenzaldehyde

Br 4-Bromobenzaldehyde

3-58


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1096 Bromobenzene

Phenyl bromide

C6H5Br

108-86-1

157.008

liq

-30.72

156.06

1.495020

1.559720

C8H7BrO2

1878-68-8

215.045

nd (w)

116

sub

C8H6BrN C8H6BrN

16532-79-9 5798-79-8

196.045 196.045

pa ye cry (al) 48.0 ye cry (dil al) 29

1100 2-Bromo-1,4-benzenediol

C6H5BrO2

583-69-7

189.007

lf (lig), cry (chl)

1101 4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride p-Brosyl chloride

C6H4BrClO2S

98-58-8

255.517

1102 4-Bromobenzenethiol

C6H5BrS

106-53-6

189.073

tcl or mcl pl 76 (eth) lf (al) 73

1103 2-Bromobenzoic acid

C7H5BrO2

88-65-3

201.018

mcl pr (w), nd


C7H5BrO2

585-76-2

201.018


C7H5BrO2

586-76-5

201.018

1106 2-Bromobenzonitrile

C7H4BrN

2042-37-7

182.018

mcl nd (dil 155 al) nd (eth), lf 254.5 (w), mcl pr nd (w) 55.5


C7H4BrN

6952-59-6

182.018


C7H4BrN

623-00-7

182.018

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, CS2 vs bz, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl, lig; s HOAc i H2O; vs eth; s chl sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ctc, chl sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH; sl chl vs EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

1109 6-Bromobenzo[a]pyrene

C20H11Br

21248-00-0

331.205

1110 2-Bromobenzoyl chloride 1111 4-Bromobenzoyl chloride

C7H4BrClO C7H4BrClO

7154-66-7 586-75-4

219.463 219.463

1.596320

1112 2-Bromobiphenyl 1113 3-Bromobiphenyl 1114 4-Bromobiphenyl

C12H9Br C12H9Br C12H9Br

2052-07-5 2113-57-7 92-66-0

233.103 233.103 233.103

pl (al)

0.932725

1115 1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl) benzene 1116 1-Bromo-3-(bromomethyl) benzene 1117 1-Bromo-4-(bromomethyl) benzene

C7H6Br2

3433-80-5

249.931

C7H6Br2

823-78-9

sl ctc vs EtOH, eth, bz, lig vs eth, EtOH i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl vs eth, EtOH, HOAc s chl

C7H6Br2

42165 101.6

1.39720 1.275820

1.498820 1.440120

91.3

1.258520 2.07325

1.436620

206 1.496720 dec 217; 12725 1.564120 14225, 1257 3611 86.1 1.326515

1.481820

sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth, CS2 i H2O; vs ace, bz, DMF i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc; s chl vs ace, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH; sl HOAc s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth

1097 4-Bromobenzeneacetic acid 1098 4-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile 1099 α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

1118 2-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl) pentanedinitrile 1119 2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl) ethanone 1120 2-Bromo-1,3-butadiene 1121 1-Bromobutane

α-Bromobenzyl cyanide

p-Bromobenzyl bromide

1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane C6H6Br2N2

111.5

150

dec 242; 13312 1.53929

sub

15315 230.5

1.526083

sub

1.92925

>280

1.84520 1.89420

252

39.5

225

nd (w, al)

114

236

cry (ace/ MeOH) nd nd (peth)

223 11 42

243 246; 181125

0.8 91.5

297 300; 17117 310

cry (al, lig)

31

12919

249.931

nd or lf

42

12212

589-15-1

249.931

nd (al)

63

35691-65-7

265.933

1.217526

1.624825 1.641120

52

p-Bromophenacyl bromide

C8H6Br2O

99-73-0

277.941

nd (al)

111

Butyl bromide

C4H5Br C4H9Br

1822-86-2 109-65-9

132.987 137.018

liq

-112.6

(±)-sec-Butyl bromide Bromosuccinic acid

C4H9Br C4H5BrO4

5787-31-5 584-98-5

137.018 196.985

liq

-112.65 161

C4H6BrN C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO C4H7Br

5332-06-9 2385-70-8 2623-87-2 814-75-5 31849-78-2

148.002 167.002 167.002 151.002 135.003

1129 trans-1-Bromo-1-butene

C4H7Br

32620-08-9

135.003

liq

-100.3

94.7

1.320915

1.452720

1130 2-Bromo-1-butene

C4H7Br

23074-36-4

135.003

liq

-133.4

88

1.320915

1.452720


C4H7Br

5162-44-7

135.003

98.5

1.323020

1.462220


C4H7Br

4784-77-4

135.003

104.5

1.337125

1.482220

1133 cis-2-Bromo-2-butene

C4H7Br

3017-68-3

135.003

93.9

1.341615

1.463119

1122 2-Bromobutane, (±) 1123 Bromobutanedioic acid, (±) 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128

4-Bromobutanenitrile 2-Bromobutanoic acid, (±) 4-Bromobutanoic acid 3-Bromo-2-butanone cis-1-Bromo-1-butene

DL-α-Bromobutyric acid

-2.0 33

liq

-111.5

1.453620

i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz


3-59 OH

Br

Br

Br

OH N O

Br Bromobenzene

4-Bromobenzeneacetic acid

Cl O S O

N

Br

OH

α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

4-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

HO

SH HO

HO

O

2-Bromo-1,4-benzenediol

O N

O

Br

Br Br

Br

Br

4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride

4-Bromobenzenethiol

2-Bromobenzoic acid

Br

3-Bromobenzoic acid

4-Bromobenzoic acid

N

Cl

N Cl

2-Bromobenzonitrile

O

O Br

Br Br

Br 3-Bromobenzonitrile

Br

4-Bromobenzonitrile

Br

6-Bromobenzo[a]pyrene

2-Bromobenzoyl chloride

4-Bromobenzoyl chloride

2-Bromobiphenyl

Br Br

Br

Br Br

Br 3-Bromobiphenyl

Br

4-Bromobiphenyl

1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzene

O N

Br



Br

N Br

Br Br 2-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)pentanedinitrile

2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanone

2-Bromo-1,3-butadiene

2-Bromobutane, (±)

1-Bromobutane

Br

OH O O

Bromobutanedioic acid, (±)

O O

OH Br

Br Br

Br

Br

N

O Br

OH

4-Bromobutanenitrile

2-Bromobutanoic acid, (±)

Br

OH

4-Bromobutanoic acid

3-Bromo-2-butanone

Br Br cis-1-Bromo-1-butene

trans-1-Bromo-1-butene

Br Br

Br 2-Bromo-1-butene

4-Bromo-1-butene

Br 1-Bromo-2-butene

cis-2-Bromo-2-butene

3-60


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1134 trans-2-Bromo-2-butene

C4H7Br

3017-71-8

135.003

liq

-114.6

85.6

1.332315

1.460216

1135 (4-Bromobutoxy)benzene 1136 1-Bromo-4-tert-butylbenzene

C10H13BrO C10H13Br

1200-03-9 3972-65-4

229.113 213.114

cry (al)

41 19

15418 231.5

1.228620

1.543620

C8H6BrClO C6H4BrCl

41011-01-2 694-80-4

233.490 191.453

nd liq

40 -12.3

397.5 204

1.638725

1.580920

1139 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene

C6H4BrCl

108-37-2

191.453

liq

-21.5

196

1.630220

1.577120

1140 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene

C6H4BrCl

106-39-8

191.453

nd or pl (al, 68 eth)

196

1.57671

1.553170

1141 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane

C4H8BrCl

6940-78-9

171.464

175; 6310

1.48920

1.488520

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz sl EtOH, ctc i H2O; s eth, bz, chl vs EtOH i H2O; vs bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc

CBrClF2 C5H6BrClN2O2

353-59-3 126-06-7

165.365 241.471

C2H4BrCl C2H4BrCl

593-96-4 107-04-0

CHBrClF

No. Name

1137 2-Bromo-3’-chloroacetophenone 1138 1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene

1142 Bromochlorodifluoromethane 1143 3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5dimethylhydantoin 1144 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane 1145 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane

Synonym

3-Chlorophenacyl bromide

Halon 1211

1146 Bromochlorofluoromethane

col gas

-159.5 162

-3.7

143.410 143.410

liq

-16.7

83 107

1.66710 1.739220

1.466020 1.490820

593-98-6

147.374

liq

-115

36

1.97710

1.414425

-87.9

68.0

1.934420

1.483820

118

1.53120

1.474520

143.3

1.596920

1.486420

1147 Bromochloromethane

Halon 1011

CH2BrCl

74-97-5

129.384

liq

1148 1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl) benzene 1149 2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl) ethanone 1150 1-Bromo-2-chloropropane

p-Bromobenzyl chloride

C7H6BrCl

589-17-3

205.480

nd (al, peth) 50

p-Chlorophenacyl bromide

C8H6BrClO

536-38-9

233.490

nd

C3H6BrCl

3017-96-7

157.437

1151 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane

C3H6BrCl

109-70-6

157.437


C3H6BrCl

3017-95-6

157.437

117

1.53720

1.479520


C3H6BrCl

2310-98-7

157.437

95

1.49520

1.457520

1154 1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2trifluoroethane 1155 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1trifluoroethane 1156 Bromocresol Green

C2HBrClF3

354-06-3

197.381

52.5

1.857425

1.373820

Halothane

C2HBrClF3

151-67-7

197.381

50.2; 20243

1.856325

1.36970

Bromcresol Green

C21H14Br4O5S

76-60-8

698.014

1157 Bromocresol Purple 1158 Bromocycloheptane

Bromcresol Purple Cycloheptyl bromide

C21H16Br2O5S C7H13Br

115-40-2 2404-35-5

540.222 177.082

1159 Bromocyclohexane

Cyclohexyl bromide

C6H11Br

108-85-0

163.055

liq

-56.5

C6H11BrO C6H9BrO C6H9Br

32388-22-0 822-85-5 1521-51-3

179.054 177.038 161.039

pl (hx)

81.5

C5H9Br C10H21Br

137-43-9 112-29-8

149.029 221.178

liq

1165 2-Bromodecanoic acid 1166 1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene

C10H19BrO2 C6H3BrCl2

2623-95-2 19752-55-7

251.161 225.898

1167 4-Bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzene

C6H3BrCl2

18282-59-2

CBrCl2F CHBrCl2

1160 trans-4-Bromocyclohexanol 1161 2-Bromocyclohexanone 1162 3-Bromocyclohexene 1163 Bromocyclopentane 1164 1-Bromodecane

1168 Bromodichlorofluoromethane 1169 Bromodichloromethane

Cyclopentyl bromide

Halon 1121

1170 4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol 1171 2-Bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane 1172 4-Bromo-N,N-diethylaniline 1173 Bromodifluoromethane 1174 3-Bromo-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)furanone

α-Bromo-γ-butyrolactone

liq

wh or red (+7w) ye (HOAc)

236

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s peth

96.5

-58.9

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

sl H2O; s peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, AcOEt; s bz

218.5

241.5 10140, 7512

1.308020

1.499620

166.2

1.335920

1.495720

11432, 9014 8140, 5611

1.34025 1.389020

1.508525 1.532020

-29.2

137.5 240.6

1.387320 1.070220

1.488620 1.455720

2.0 83

1402 232

1.191224

1.459524

pr (al)

225.898

pr

25

237

353-58-2 75-27-4

181.819 163.829

liq liq

-57

52.8 90

1.9522 1.98020

1.496420

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc

C6H3BrCl2O C6H13BrO2 C10H14BrN

1940-42-7 2032-35-1 2052-06-4

241.897 197.070 228.129

nd

71.5 1.438720

38

170; 6618 270

1.28320

nd or pr

CHBrF2 C4H5BrO2

1511-62-2 5061-21-2

130.920 164.986

-14.6 13020

1.5516 1.820

s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH

1.505920

-145

i H2O; vs eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

i H2O; s eth, bz, chl sl ctc i H2O; vs eth, chl; s ctc vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs bz i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl


3-61 Br O

Br

O

Br

Br Cl

Br Cl

trans-2-Bromo-2-butene

(4-Bromobutoxy)benzene

2-Bromo-3’-chloroacetophenone

1-Bromo-4-tert-butylbenzene

1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene

Br

O

Br

Br N

Cl Cl 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene

F

Cl

Cl 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene

1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane

Br

O

F

N Cl

Bromochlorodifluoromethane

3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin

Br

Br

Br

Cl Br 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane

O

Cl

Cl

Cl H

H

F

Br

1-Bromo-2-chloroethane

H Br

Bromochlorofluoromethane

Br

Cl Br

2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanone

Cl

1-Bromo-2-chloropropane

Cl

Br


Br

Br F

Cl F

1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

Br

Br

O

O

S O O

S O O

Bromocresol Green

Bromocresol Purple

F F

2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

OH

Br

Br

Br


HO

OH

Br Cl

Br Cl


Br

HO

F

1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl)benzene

Br

Cl

F

Cl

Bromochloromethane

Bromocycloheptane

OH O

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br Bromocyclohexane

trans-4-Bromocyclohexanol

2-Bromocyclohexanone

3-Bromocyclohexene

Bromocyclopentane

1-Bromodecane

Cl Br

O

Cl Br

OH

Cl

Br 2-Bromodecanoic acid

Cl

Cl

1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene

Br F

Cl

Cl

Br 4-Bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzene

H Cl

Bromodichlorofluoromethane

Bromodichloromethane

N

OH Cl

F

Cl Br 4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol

O

Br

Br

Br O

2-Bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane

H

Br

F

4-Bromo-N,N-diethylaniline

Bromodifluoromethane

O

O

3-Bromo-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-furanone

3-62


CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

5798-94-7

232.032

cry (al)

232 dec

C8H9BrO2 C8H9BrO2 C4H9BrO2 C8H10BrN

25245-34-5 2859-78-1 7252-83-7 586-77-6

217.060 217.060 169.017 200.076

oil

55

262; 13010 254.5 149 264

1.445 1.570020 1.70225 1.574320 1.43020 1.445020 1.3220100

1180 1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene

C8H9Br

583-70-0

185.061

liq

-17

205

1.341920

1.550120

1181 1-Bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzene 1182 2-Bromo-1,3-dimethylbenzene 1183 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethylbenzene


556-96-7 576-22-7 553-94-6

185.061 185.061 185.061

1.36220

lf or pl

9

204 203.5; 10020 199; 8813

1.358218

1.546222 1.555220 1.551418

1184 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethylbenzene

C8H9Br

583-71-1

185.061

liq

-0.2

214.5

1.370820

1.553020

C10H17Br

6138-90-5

217.146

10112, 470.005

1.094022

1.502720

C5H11Br

630-17-1

151.045

106

1.199720

1.437020

1187 2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline

C6H4BrN3O4

1817-73-8

262.018

1188 1-Bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene 1189 α-Bromodiphenylmethane

C6H3BrN2O4 C13H11Br

584-48-5 776-74-9

247.003 247.130

C12H25Br

143-15-7

249.231

C12H23BrO2

111-56-8

No. Name

Synonym

1175 5-Bromo-N,2dihydroxybenzamide 1176 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene 1177 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethoxybenzene 1178 2-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxyethane 1179 4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline

5-Bromosalicylhydroxamic acid C7H6BrNO3

1185 trans-1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,6octadiene 1186 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

1190 1-Bromododecane

trans-Geranyl bromide

Lauryl bromide

1191 2-Bromododecanoic acid

Mol. Form.

ye nd (al or HOAc) ye nd (al)

sub

75 45

18420, 1522

liq

-9.5

276

1.039920

1.458320

279.214

pl

32

1582

1.147474

1.458524

liq

-118.6

38.5

1.460420

1.423920

150; 514

1.762920

1.491520

15.8

1.493320

1.438020

1.422320 1.407125

1.551720

Ethyl bromide

C2H5Br

74-96-4

108.965

1193 2-Bromoethanol

Ethylene bromohydrin

C2H5BrO

540-51-2

124.964

1194 Bromoethene

Vinyl bromide

C2H3Br

593-60-2

106.949

1195 1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene 1196 1-Bromo-4-ethoxybenzene

C8H9BrO C8H9BrO

583-19-7 588-96-5

201.060 201.060

2.0

223 231

1197 (2-Bromoethoxy)benzene

C8H9BrO

589-10-6

201.060

39

dec 240; 12820 1.355520

C4H9BrO

592-55-2

153.017

1199 2-Bromoethyl acetate

C4H7BrO2

927-68-4

167.002

1200 2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide 2-Bromoethanamine hydrobromide 1201 (1-Bromoethyl)benzene 1202 (2-Bromoethyl)benzene

C2H7Br2N

2576-47-8

204.892

C8H9Br C8H9Br

585-71-7 103-63-9

185.061 185.061

2-Bromoethyl ethyl ether

Solubility

153.5

1192 Bromoethane

1198 1-Bromo-2-ethoxyethane

nD

vol liq or gas -139.54

liq

-13.8

127.5

1.38520

1.444720

162.5

1.51420

1.45723

219; 9211 219; 10518

1.353525 1.364320

1.554325 1.537220

20

20

liq

-55.9

C8H9Br

1973-22-4

185.061

liq

-67.9

199.3

1.3548

1204 1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene 1205 1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene

C8H9Br C8H9Br

2725-82-8 1585-07-5

185.061 185.061

liq

-43.5

202 204

1.349320 1.342320

1.546520 1.544520

1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211

C8H15Br C10H8BrNO2 C8H5Br C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrF

1647-26-3 574-98-1 766-96-1 1072-85-1 1073-06-9 460-00-4

191.109 254.081 181.030 174.998 174.998 174.998

liq nd (w)

-57 83 64.5

212

1.235720

1.489920

1212 1-Bromo-2-fluoroethane 1213 Bromofluoromethane 1214 2-Bromofuran

C2H4BrF CH2BrF C4H3BrO

762-49-2 373-52-4 584-12-3

126.955 112.929 146.970

1215 3-Bromofuran

C4H3BrO

22037-28-1

146.970

1216 5-Bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde 1217 1-Bromoheptadecane 1218 1-Bromoheptane

C5H3BrO2 C17H35Br C7H15Br

1899-24-7 3508-00-7 629-04-9

174.981 319.364 179.098

Heptyl bromide

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl vs EtOH, ace; s HOAc vs EtOH s EtOH, chl; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; msc ace vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth

174.0

1203 1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene

(2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane N-(2-Bromoethyl)phthalimide 1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzene 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene

s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace vs eth; s ace, bz vs eth; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; s bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

liq

-17.4

vol liq or gas

cry (50% al) 83.5 29.6 liq -56.1

8916 154 150 151.5

1.5472

i H2O; s eth, bz; sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth; sl chl s chl

1.073821 1.708120 1.59315

1.533720 1.525720 1.531015

71.5 19 103

1.704425

1.423620

1.650020

1.498020

103

1.660620

1.495820

201; 11216 349 178.9

0.991620 1.140020

1.462520 1.450220

s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH s EtOH; vs chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds H N

O

3-63

O

N

O Br

OH OH

O Br

O

Br 5-Bromo-N,2-dihydroxybenzamide

Br

2-Bromo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene

O

4-Bromo-1,2-dimethoxybenzene

Br

O

2-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxyethane

4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline

Br Br

Br Br Br

1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene



O Br

NH2

1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

O N

Br Br

O

Br trans-1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene

O N


N

O

O

2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline

N


O

Br

O α-Bromodiphenylmethane

1-Bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene

Br

O

O

OH Br

Br

1-Bromododecane

Br

2-Bromododecanoic acid

Br

Bromoethane

OH

2-Bromoethanol

Br 1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene

Bromoethene

Br Br O

O

Br

O

O

1-Bromo-4-ethoxybenzene

(2-Bromoethoxy)benzene

Br

O

1-Bromo-2-ethoxyethane

Br

Br

HBr H2N

2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide

2-Bromoethyl acetate

(1-Bromoethyl)benzene

Br Br

O

Br

Br

N

Br

Br O (2-Bromoethyl)benzene

1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene


Br


(2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane

N-(2-Bromoethyl)phthalimide

Br Br

Br

F

F F 1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzene

1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene

1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene

F 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene

F

H Br

1-Bromo-2-fluoroethane

H Br

O

Bromofluoromethane

Br O 3-Bromofuran

Br

O Br

O

5-Bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde

1-Bromoheptadecane

Br 1-Bromoheptane

Br

2-Bromofuran

3-64


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1219 2-Bromoheptane

2-Heptyl bromide

C7H15Br

1974-04-5

179.098

1220 4-Bromoheptane

4-Heptyl bromide

C7H15Br

998-93-6

179.098

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

47

166

1.127720

1.450320

161; 8472

1.135120

1.449520

336

0.999120

1.461825

i H2O; vs bz; s ctc, chl i H2O; s bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s eth

Hexyl bromide

C16H33Br C16H31BrO2 C6H13Br

112-82-3 18263-25-7 111-25-1

305.337 335.320 165.071

155.3

1.174420

1.447820

1224 2-Bromohexane

C6H13Br

3377-86-4

165.071

143; 7890

1.165820

1.483225

1225 3-Bromohexane

C6H13Br

3377-87-5

165.071

142

1.179920

1.447220

1226 1227 1228 1229 1230

C6H11BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C6H10BrClO C12H17BrO C7H5BrO2

2681-83-6 4224-70-8 22809-37-6 30752-19-3 1761-61-1

195.054 195.054 213.499 257.166 201.018

240; 14023 16720 1016 15613

1.281033

1231 4-Bromo-α-hydroxybenzeneacetic p-Bromomandelic acid acid, (±) 1232 5-Bromo-2Bromosaligenin hydroxybenzenemethanol 1233 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

C8H7BrO3

7021-04-7

231.044

C7H7BrO2

2316-64-5

203.034

lf (bz)

C7H5BrO3

89-55-4

217.017

nd (w, dil al) 169.8

1234 3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde

C8H7BrO3

2973-76-4

231.044

pl (HOAc), nd, pl (al)

1235 1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene

C6H4BrI

583-55-1

282.904


C6H4BrI

591-18-4

282.904

liq


C6H4BrI

589-87-7

282.904

pr or pl (eth- 92 al)

CH2BrI C7H4BrNO C9H11Br

557-68-6 2493-02-9 586-61-8

220.835 198.017 199.087

nd liq

-22.5

139.5 226 218.7

C9H6BrN CH3Br

1532-97-4 74-83-9

208.055 94.939

cry (peth) col gas

41.5 -93.68

1243 1-Bromo-2-methoxyethane 1244 Bromomethoxymethane 1245 2-Bromo-4-methylaniline

C3H7BrO C2H5BrO C7H8BrN

6482-24-2 13057-17-5 583-68-6

138.991 124.964 186.050

lf

1246 4-Bromo-2-methylaniline

C7H8BrN

583-75-5

186.050

C7H7Br

100-39-0

171.035

C8H7BrO2 C8H6BrN C8H6BrN C5H11Br

6232-88-8 28188-41-2 17201-43-3 5973-11-5

215.045 196.045 196.045 151.045

1221 1-Bromohexadecane 1222 2-Bromohexadecanoic acid 1223 1-Bromohexane

2-Bromohexanoic acid, (±) 6-Bromohexanoic acid 6-Bromohexanoyl chloride 1-Bromo-4-(hexyloxy)benzene 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

1238 Bromoiodomethane 1239 1-Bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene 1240 1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene 1241 4-Bromoisoquinoline 1242 Bromomethane

1247 (Bromomethyl)benzene

1248 1249 1250 1251

p-Bromophenyl isocyanate

Methyl bromide

Benzyl bromide

4-(Bromomethyl)benzoic acid 3-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile 4-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, DL

Physical Form

liq

cry (peth)

nd (al), lf (eth)

18 52.8 -83.7

2.0 35

1.230620

1.526220

105.5 119 113 sub 100

167.0

9.5

257; 12015

-9.3

252; 12018

1.661825

2.92617

1.641020

1.314520

1.556920

282.5 3.5

1.675520

1.421820

26

110 87 240

1.462320 1.597620 1.51020

cry (al)

59.5

240

liq

-1.5

201

1.4475320 1.456220 1.599920 i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH; vs eth, HOAc 20 1.5752 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc

226.3 96.5 114

1304

252

119

1.438025

1.220520

1.445220

20

20

Isopentyl bromide

C5H11Br

107-82-4

151.045

liq

-112

1253 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane 1254 3-Bromo-3-methylbutanoic acid 1255 1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butene

tert-Pentyl bromide β-Bromoisovaleric acid

C5H11Br C5H9BrO2 C5H9Br

507-36-8 5798-88-9 870-63-3

151.045 181.028 149.029

nd (lig)

74

C7H6BrCl

611-17-6

205.480

10910

C3H8BrClSi

16532-02-8

187.539

131

1.37525

1.463025

C7H13Br

13905-48-1

177.082

181; 6011

1.267615

1.497920

C7H13Br C7H6BrF C8H17Br

2550-36-9 456-41-7 18908-66-2

177.082 189.025 193.125

7626 8820 6710

1.28320

1.490730 1.547420

1259 (Bromomethyl)cyclohexane 1260 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzene 1261 3-(Bromomethyl)heptane

3-Methylcyclohexyl bromide

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, DMSO; sl eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s ace i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth vs chl vs eth i H2O; s eth, bz, chl; sl ctc vs eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl, CS2

2.257025

1252 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane

1256 1-(Bromomethyl)-2chlorobenzene 1257 (Bromomethyl) chlorodimethylsilane 1258 1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohexane

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace; sl ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl s EtOH, eth vs peth

120.4

1.2071

108

1.19718

dec 131; 5040 1.293015

1.4420

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc; vs chl

1.4421 1.493015

vs bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; vs eth; s bz vs bz, eth, chl


3-65 Br O

Br

Br

Br

2-Bromoheptane

4-Bromoheptane

OH

1-Bromohexadecane

2-Bromohexadecanoic acid

Br O Br

Br

Br

1-Bromohexane

2-Bromohexane

OH

Br

2-Bromohexanoic acid, (±)

O

O

Br

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

O OH

Br

4-Bromo-α-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±)

Br

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzenemethanol

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

Br

O

Br Br

Br O

HO

OH

OH

Br

1-Bromo-4-(hexyloxy)benzene

6-Bromohexanoyl chloride

OH

OH OH

O

6-Bromohexanoic acid

Br O

Cl

O

OH

3-Bromohexane

Br

Br

I

Br

I

OH 3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde

1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene


H

I

H


Bromoiodomethane

I

Br

O

C

N

1-Bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene

NH2 Br

Br

H H N

1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene

Br H

4-Bromoisoquinoline

O

Br

O

Bromomethane

Br

1-Bromo-2-methoxyethane

OH

O

Bromomethoxymethane

2-Bromo-4-methylaniline

N

N

NH2 Br

Br

Br 4-Bromo-2-methylaniline

(Bromomethyl)benzene

Br

Br

Br

4-(Bromomethyl)benzoic acid

3-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile

4-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile

1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, DL

Br Br

Br

Br

Cl

OH Br

O 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane

3-Bromo-3-methylbutanoic acid

2-Bromo-2-methylbutane

Br

Br

1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butene

1-(Bromomethyl)-2-chlorobenzene

Br Br

Br

Si

Cl

(Bromomethyl)chlorodimethylsilane

F 1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohexane

(Bromomethyl)cyclohexane

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzene

3-(Bromomethyl)heptane

3-66


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C8H9Br

89-92-9

185.061

pr

21

217; 10816

1.381123

1.573020

C8H9Br

620-13-3

185.061

212.5

1.371123

1.566020

C8H9Br

104-81-4

185.061

nd (al)

220

1.32425

C11H9Br

3163-27-7

221.093

cry (peth, al) 56

18318, 16710

1266 2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

C11H9Br

939-26-4

221.093

lf (al)

213100, 16714

1267 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene 1268 1-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

C7H6BrNO2 C7H6BrNO2

3958-57-4 100-11-8

216.033 216.033

nd or pl (al) 59.3 nd (al) 99.5

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc

1269 2-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrophenol 1270 (Bromomethyl)oxirane, (±)

C7H6BrNO3 C3H5BrO

772-33-8 82584-73-4

232.032 136.975

liq

C6H13Br C6H13Br C6H13Br C6H13Br C7H7BrO

25346-33-2 626-88-0 4283-80-1 25346-31-0 6627-55-0

165.071 165.071 165.071 165.071 187.034

nd (peth)

C13H11BrO

51632-16-7

263.129

oil

C9H9BrO

619-41-0

213.070

2-(Bromomethyl)-1 H-isoindole- C9H6BrNO2 1,3(2H)-dione Isobutyl bromide C4H9Br

5332-26-3

tert-Butyl bromide α-Bromoisobutyric acid

No. Name

Synonym

1262 1-(Bromomethyl)-2methylbenzene 1263 1-(Bromomethyl)-3methylbenzene 1264 1-(Bromomethyl)-4methylbenzene 1265 1-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

35

56

16213

148 -40

137

1.61514

1.484120

1.162420 1.168320

56.5

141 145 142.5; 70100 130; 76100 213.5

1.449520 1.4490 1.44223 1.452520 1.577220

nd or lf (al)

51

15714

240.054

pr (chl, bz)

151.5

78-77-3

137.018

liq

-119

91.1

1.27215

1.434820

C4H9Br C4H7BrO2 C4H6Br2O

507-19-7 2052-01-9 20769-85-1

137.018 167.002 229.898

liq cry (peth)

-16.2 48.5

73.3 199; 11524 163

1.427820 1.496960 1.406714

1.427820

C4H7Br C4H7Br C5H9BrO C4H11BrSi C10H7Br

3017-69-4 1458-98-6 1192-30-9 18243-41-9 90-11-9

135.003 135.003 165.028 167.120 207.067

1.33620 1.31320 1.467920 1.17025 1.478520

1.485020 1.446020 1.65820

1288 2-Bromonaphthalene

C10H7Br

580-13-2

207.067

1.60525

1.638260

1289 4-Bromo-1,8naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride 1290 1-Bromo-2-naphthol

C12H5BrO3

81-86-7

277.070

C10H7BrO

573-97-7

223.066

1291 4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline

C6H5BrN2O2

875-51-4

217.020

1292 1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene

C6H4BrNO2

577-19-5

1293 1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene

C6H4BrNO2

1271 1272 1273 1274 1275

1-Bromo-2-methylpentane 1-Bromo-4-methylpentane 2-Bromo-2-methylpentane 3-Bromo-3-methylpentane 2-Bromo-4-methylphenol

1276 1-(Bromomethyl)-3phenoxybenzene 1277 2-Bromo-1-(4-methylphenyl) ethanone 1278 N-(Bromomethyl)phthalimide 1279 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane

1280 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1281 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid 1282 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoyl bromide 1283 1-Bromo-2-methylpropene 1284 3-Bromo-2-methylpropene 1285 2-(Bromomethyl)tetrahydrofuran 1286 (Bromomethyl)trimethylsilane 1287 1-Bromonaphthalene

2-Methylpentyl bromide

3-Phenoxybenzyl bromide

1-Naphthyl bromide

oily liq

6.1

91 95 170; 7022 116.5 281

pl or orth lf (al)

55.9

281.5

202.006

585-79-5

202.006

C6H4BrNO2

586-78-7

202.006

CH2BrNO2 C3H6BrNO4 C9H19Br C18H37Br

563-70-2 52-51-7 693-58-3 112-89-0

139.937 199.989 207.151 333.391

C8H17Br

111-83-1

193.125

1300 2-Bromooctane, (±)

C8H17Br

60251-57-2

193.125

1301 8-Bromooctanoic acid 1302 1-Bromopentadecane

C8H15BrO2 C15H31Br

17696-11-6 629-72-1

223.108 291.311

1294 1-Bromo-4-nitrobenzene 1295 1296 1297 1298

Bromonitromethane 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol 1-Bromononane 1-Bromooctadecane

1299 1-Bromooctane

p-Nitrobromobenzene

Bronopol

Octyl bromide

vs eth, EtOH s ace; sl bz, chl; vs AcOEt i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl, bz; s ctc i H2O; sl ctc vs ace, CS2

s EtOH, eth s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; sl ctc

222

orth pr (bzlig) nd (HOAc) oran-ye nd (w) pa ye (al)

1-Bromo-β-naphthol

1.183520 1.542225

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl; vs HOAc vs EtOH

84

130

111.5

sub

43

258

1.624580

orth

56

265

1.703620

orth or mcl pr (al)

127

256

1.94825

149; 7140

1.597920

1.488020

liq cry (al)

131.5 -29.0 28.2

221.4; 884 362; 21010

1.084525 0.984820

1.452225 1.463120

liq

-55.0

200.8

1.107225

1.450325

188.5

1.087825

1.444225

1472 322

1.067520

1.461120

nd (peth)

38.5 19

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl vs EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s ace; vs chl


3-67 Br

Br

Br

Br Br

1-(Bromomethyl)-2-methylbenzene


Br

Br


1-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

OH Br

N O

O O

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene

N

O

N

O

1-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

Br

2-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrophenol

(Bromomethyl)oxirane, (±)

OH

Br

Br

O

O

1-Bromo-2-methylpentane


O

O

Br

Br Br Br

Br 2-Bromo-2-methylpentane


2-Bromo-4-methylphenol

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-phenoxybenzene

2-Bromo-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethanone

O Br

Br

N

OH

Br O N-(Bromomethyl)phthalimide

Br

Br

Br

O

1-Bromo-2-methylpropane

2-Bromo-2-methylpropane

O

2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid

2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoyl bromide

Br Br Br

Br 1-Bromo-2-methylpropene

O

O

3-Bromo-2-methylpropene

2-(Bromomethyl)tetrahydrofuran

O

O

Si

Br

NH2 O N

Br

Br

(Bromomethyl)trimethylsilane

O N

Br

O

Br

O N

1-Bromo-2-naphthol

Br O

Bromonitromethane

O

Br

Br

HO

2-Bromonaphthalene

Br

Br

OH

4-Bromo-1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride

1-Bromonaphthalene

4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline

NO2 OH

1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene

N O

O


O

Br

2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol

N

O


Br

1-Bromononane

1-Bromooctadecane

OH Br 1-Bromooctane

Br 2-Bromooctane, (±)

Br

O 8-Bromooctanoic acid

Br 1-Bromopentadecane

3-68


Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

Pentyl bromide

C6BrF5 C2BrF5 C5H11Br

344-04-7 354-55-2 110-53-2

246.960 198.917 151.045

liq col gas liq

-31

1.98125 1.809825 1.218220

1.449020

-88.0

137 -21 129.8

1306 2-Bromopentane

C5H11Br

107-81-3

151.045

liq

-95.5

117.4

1.207520

1.441320

1307 3-Bromopentane

C5H11Br

1809-10-5

151.045

liq

-126.2

118.6

1.21420

1.444120

1308 1309 1310 1311

C5H8BrN C5H9BrO2 C5H9Br C14H9Br

5414-21-1 2067-33-6 1119-51-3 573-17-1

162.029 181.028 149.029 257.125

1.398920

1.478020

1.258120 1.409310

1.464020

64.5

11112, 10310 14213 125.5 >360

1312 2-Bromophenol

C6H5BrO

95-56-7

173.007

5.6

194.5

1.492420

1.58920

1313 3-Bromophenol

C6H5BrO

591-20-8

173.007

33

236.5

1314 4-Bromophenol

C6H5BrO

106-41-2

173.007

66.4

238

1.84015

1263.5 12625

1.608820 1.261920 1.71725

No. Name 1303 Bromopentafluorobenzene 1304 Bromopentafluoroethane 1305 1-Bromopentane

5-Bromopentanenitrile 5-Bromopentanoic acid 5-Bromo-1-pentene 9-Bromophenanthrene

9-Phenanthryl bromide

1315 Bromophenol Blue

Bromphenol Blue

C19H10Br4O5S

115-39-9

669.960

1316 1-Bromo-4-phenoxybenzene 1317 (4-Bromophenoxy)trimethylsilane 1318 N-(4-Bromophenyl)acetamide

4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether p-Bromoacetanilide

C12H9BrO C9H13BrOSi C8H8BrNO

101-55-3 17878-44-3 103-88-8

249.102 245.188 214.060

1319 1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanone 1320 1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethanone

p-Bromoacetophenone

C8H7BrO C8H7BrO

2142-63-4 99-90-1

199.045 199.045

1321 (4-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

(p-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

C6H7BrN2

589-21-9

187.037

1322 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1 H-indene1,3(2H)-dione 1323 (4-Bromophenyl) phenylmethanone 1324 2-Bromo-1-phenyl-1-propanone

Bromindione

C15H9BrO2

1146-98-1

C13H9BrO

1325 Bromophos

40.0 pr (al)

hex pr 279 dec (HOAc-ace) 18.72 nd (60% al) 168

lf (al)

7.5 50.5

13319 257; 13011

301.135

nd (w), lf (lig), cry (al) cry (lig)

138

90-90-4

261.113

lf (al)

82.5

C9H9BrO

2114-00-3

213.070

C8H8BrCl2PS

2104-96-3

317.999

ye cry

54

1410.01

nD

Solubility

1.444720

s chl

1.64725

1.608420 1.514520

1.575520 1.647

108

350 247.5

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc; msc eth vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl

1.429820

1.572020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2; sl chl sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, alk sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s chl, alk s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc i H2O; s eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, lig

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; s eth, ctc, tol

1326 Bromophos-ethyl 1327 1-Bromopropane

Propyl bromide

C10H12BrCl2O3PS 4824-78-6 C3H7Br 106-94-5

394.049 122.992

pale-ye liq liq

-110.3

1220.004 71.1

1.353720

1.434320

1328 2-Bromopropane

Isopropyl bromide

C3H7Br

75-26-3

122.992

liq

-89.0

59.5

1.314020

1.425120

1329 3-Bromopropanenitrile

C3H4BrN

2417-90-5

133.975

9225, 697

1.615220

1.480020

1330 2-Bromopropanoic acid, (±)

C3H5BrO2

10327-08-9

152.975

pr

25.7

203.5

1.700020

1.475320

C3H5BrO2

590-92-1

152.975

pl (CCl4)

62.5

14145

1.4825

1332 3-Bromo-1-propanol

C3H7BrO

627-18-9

138.991

105185, 8022

1.537420

1.483425

1333 1-Bromo-2-propanol

C3H7BrO

19686-73-8

138.991

146.5

1.558530

1.480120

1334 2-Bromopropanoyl bromide 1335 2-Bromopropanoyl chloride 1336 cis-1-Bromopropene

C3H4Br2O C3H4BrClO C3H5Br

563-76-8 7148-74-5 590-13-6

215.871 171.420 120.976

liq

-113

153 132 57.8

2.061116 1.69711 1.429120

1.478020 1.456020

s eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, chl

1337 trans-1-Bromopropene 1338 2-Bromopropene

C3H5Br C3H5Br

590-15-8 557-93-7

120.976 120.976

liq

-126

63.2 48.4

1.396516

1.446716

i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc, chl, CS2 vs EtOH vs eth

1331 3-Bromopropanoic acid

1339 3-Bromopropene

1340 (3-Bromo-1-propenyl)benzene 1341 (3-Bromopropoxy)benzene 1342 3-Bromopropylamine hydrobromide

β-Bromopropionic acid

Allyl bromide

3-Bromo-1-propanamine hydrobromide

20

C3H5Br

106-95-6

120.976

liq

-119

70.1

1.398

C9H9Br C9H11BrO C3H9Br2N

4392-24-9 588-63-6 5003-71-4

197.071 215.086 218.918

nd (al, eth)

34 10.7 171.5

13010 12718

1.342830 1.36416

1.4697

20

1.61320

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl s H2O; msc EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth


3-69

F F

Br

F

F F

F

F

Br

F Bromopentafluorobenzene

F F

Br

Br

Br

Br

Bromopentafluoroethane

N

1-Bromopentane

2-Bromopentane

3-Bromopentane

5-Bromopentanenitrile

OH Br Br

OH

OH Br

O Br

OH 5-Bromopentanoic acid

Br

5-Bromo-1-pentene

9-Bromophenanthrene

2-Bromophenol

Br

3-Bromophenol

4-Bromophenol

OH Br

Br

O Br O

Si

HN

O

OH O S O O

O

Br

Br

Bromophenol Blue

Br

1-Bromo-4-phenoxybenzene

O

HN

Br

Br

(4-Bromophenoxy)trimethylsilane

N-(4-Bromophenyl)acetamide

1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanone

NH2 O

O

O

Br Br

O

Br

1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethanone

(4-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

Br

Cl

Cl

Br

Br Bromophos-ethyl

1-Bromopropane

O OH

Br

Br

3-Bromopropanenitrile

1-Bromo-2-propanol

Br

Br

O

2-Bromopropanoyl bromide

Br

2-Bromopropanoic acid, (±)

Cl

Br Br

OH

3-Bromo-1-propanol

OH

Br

Br 2-Bromopropane

OH

Br trans-1-Bromopropene

O

N

Br Bromophos

3-Bromopropanoic acid

2-Bromo-1-phenyl-1-propanone

S O P O O Cl

S O P O O Cl

Br

Br

Br (4-Bromophenyl)phenylmethanone

2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione

O

2-Bromopropanoyl chloride

O

Br H2N

Br 2-Bromopropene

3-Bromopropene

Br cis-1-Bromopropene

(3-Bromo-1-propenyl)benzene

(3-Bromopropoxy)benzene

Br

HBr

3-Bromopropylamine hydrobromide

3-70


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1343 Bromopropylate

4,4’-Dibromobenzilic acid isopropyl ester

C17H16Br2O3

18181-80-1

428.115

C9H11Br C3H3Br

637-59-2 106-96-7

199.087 118.960

1346 2-Bromopyridine

C5H4BrN

109-04-6

157.997

liq

1347 3-Bromopyridine

C5H4BrN

626-55-1

157.997

liq

C5H4BrN C4H3BrN2O2

1120-87-2 51-20-7

157.997 190.983

C9H6BrN C9H6BrN

5332-24-1 5332-25-2

208.055 208.055

1352 N-Bromosuccinimide

C4H4BrNO2

128-08-5

177.985

1353 1354 1355 1356

C14H29Br C3H2BrNS C6H5BrOS C4H3BrS

112-71-0 3034-53-5 5370-25-2 1003-09-4

277.284 164.024 205.072 163.036

C4H3BrS

872-31-1

163.036

C27H28Br2O5S C7H7Br

76-59-5 95-46-5

624.381 171.035

liq

1360 3-Bromotoluene

C7H7Br

591-17-3

171.035

1361 4-Bromotoluene

C7H7Br

106-38-7

1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368

CBrCl3 C13H27Br C6H15BrSi C2H2BrF3 C2BrF3 CBrF3 C7H4BrF3

1344 (3-Bromopropyl)benzene 1345 3-Bromo-1-propyne

1348 4-Bromopyridine 1349 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 1350 3-Bromoquinoline 1351 6-Bromoquinoline

Propargyl bromide

5-Bromouracil

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

i H2O; vs eth s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc s H2O; vs EtOH, eth s ace, bz

1.5920

77 219.5; 11725 89

1.310625 1.57919

1.544025 1.492220

-40.1

193; 7513

1.633720

1.573420

-27.3

173; 6918

1.6450

1.569420

0.5 310

290.4

1.64500

1.569420

ye oil

13.3 24

275 281

cry (bz)

174

1.664120

2.09825

307 171 1034 150

1.017020 1.8225

1.460320 1.592720

1.68420

1.586820

159.5

1.73520

1.591920

201 -27.8

181.7

1.423220

1.556520

liq

-39.8

183.7

1.409920

1.551020

171.035

cry (al)

28.5

184.3

1.395935

1.547720

75-62-7 765-09-3 1112-48-7 421-06-7 598-73-2 75-63-8 392-83-6

198.274 263.257 195.173 162.936 160.920 148.910 225.006

liq

105 292 163; 6624 26 -2.5 -57.8 167.5

2.01225 1.023425 1.14320 1.788120

1.506520 1.457425 1.456120 1.333120

1.580020 1.65225

1.481720

C7H4BrF3

401-78-5

225.006

151.5

1.61325

1.471620

C7H4BrF3

402-43-7

225.006

160

1.60725

1.470525

C9H11Br

576-83-0

199.087

CBrN3O6 C19H15Br C11H23Br C11H21BrO2

560-95-2 596-43-0 693-67-4 2834-05-1

229.931 323.226 235.205 265.188

1376 (1-Bromovinyl)benzene 1377 (cis-2-Bromovinyl)benzene 1378 (trans-2-Bromovinyl)benzene


98-81-7 588-73-8 588-72-7

183.046 183.046 183.046

1379 1-Bromo-2-vinylbenzene 1380 1-Bromo-3-vinylbenzene 1381 1-Bromo-4-vinylbenzene


2039-88-5 2039-86-3 2039-82-9

183.046 183.046 183.046

liq

1382 Brompheniramine 1383 Brucine

C16H19BrN2 C23H26N2O4

86-22-6 357-57-3

319.239 394.463

ye oily liq mcl pr (w +4) 178

2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10one, monohydrochloride 2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10one, sulfate, heptahydrate

C23H27ClN2O4

5786-96-9

430.924

pr

C46H68N4O19S

60583-39-3

1013.113 nd (w)

5-Butyl-1-cyclohexyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione

C14H22N2O3

841-73-6

266.336

1-Bromotetradecane 2-Bromothiazole 1-(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)ethanone 2-Bromothiophene

2-Thienyl bromide

1357 3-Bromothiophene 1358 Bromothymol Blue 1359 2-Bromotoluene

Bromthymol Blue

Bromotrichloromethane 1-Bromotridecane Bromotriethylsilane 2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Bromotrifluoroethene Bromotrifluoromethane 1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1369 1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1370 1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1371 2-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

1372 1373 1374 1375

Bromotrinitromethane Bromotriphenylmethane 1-Bromoundecane 11-Bromoundecanoic acid

1384 Brucine hydrochloride 1385 Brucine sulfate heptahydrate

1386 Bucolome

Triphenylmethyl bromide

5.6 nd (al)

94.5

-5.65 6.2 liq -49.3 vol liq or gas -93.9 col gas col gas -172

1

-1

225

1.319110

1.551020

5610 23015 258.8 18818

2.031220 1.550020 1.049425

1.480820

liq nd (liq)

17.5 153 -9.7 57 -44 -7 7

8614, 713 1.402523 552 1.432210 dec 219; 10820 1.426916

1.588120 1.599022 1.609320

-52.8

209.2; 9820 9220 212; 10320

1.592720 1.593320 1.594720

7.7

nd (MeOH)

1500.5

sl EtOH; s ctc i H2O; vs eth, ace; s ctc i H2O; s ace, bz; sl chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; msc ctc i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; msc eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs chl

i H2O; vs chl

liq

1.416020 1.405920 1.398420

s chl; vs HOAc s EtOH, eth, acid sl H2O, AcOEt, eth; vs ace; i hx vs ace, bz, EtOH

1.455225

i H2O; vs eth; s bz; sl ctc vs EtOH, chl sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl

i H2O; vs chl; s HOAc s dil acid sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH, chl, tfa; vs MeOH; i bz

84

1860.8


3-71

O HO

Br

O

Br Br

Br

Br

Br Bromopropylate

(3-Bromopropyl)benzene

N

Br

N

2-Bromopyridine

3-Bromo-1-propyne

N

3-Bromopyridine

4-Bromopyridine

O Br

H

N

Br

N H

Br O

O

5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

3-Bromoquinoline

6-Bromoquinoline

O

N Br

N

N

Br

N-Bromosuccinimide

HO

OH

Br

Br

Br N S

Br

S

Br

O

2-Bromothiazole

Br

S

1-(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)ethanone

Br

O S O O

S

2-Bromothiophene

1-Bromotetradecane

3-Bromothiophene

Bromothymol Blue

Br

2-Bromotoluene

3-Bromotoluene

Br Br Si

Br Cl

Cl Br

Cl 4-Bromotoluene

Br

Bromotrichloromethane

F

1-Bromotridecane

Bromotriethylsilane

F F

2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

F

F

F

Br

Bromotrifluoroethene

Br Br F

Br

Br F

F

F F

F

F

Bromotrifluoromethane

1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Br

F F

F


F

F


2-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

Br Br

Br O 2N

O

NO2 NO2

Br

Bromotrinitromethane

Bromotriphenylmethane

Br

OH

1-Bromoundecane

11-Bromoundecanoic acid

(1-Bromovinyl)benzene

N

Br Br

Br

N

Br Br

Br

(cis-2-Bromovinyl)benzene

(trans-2-Bromovinyl)benzene

1-Bromo-2-vinylbenzene



Brompheniramine

O H

O

N

NH

O H

O

N

H H

Brucine

NH

O

H H

O

HCl

O

O

N O

H O

H H

O

Brucine hydrochloride

N O

N

H2SO4.7H2O O

N

H H

O

Brucine sulfate heptahydrate

Bucolome

H O

3-72


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

1387 Bufotalin

C26H36O6

471-95-4

444.560

cry (+1 al)

223 dec

1388 Bulbocapnine

C19H19NO4

298-45-3

325.359

pr (al)

199.5

C10H19N5O

26259-45-0

225.291

C9H6N2S3

21564-17-0

238.352

liq

dec

No. Name

1389 sec-Bumeton

1390 BUSAN 72A

Synonym

N-sec-Butyl-N’-ethyl-6methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4diamine (2-Benzothiazolylthio)methyl thiocyanate

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility i H2O; s EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs chl

87

1391 Butachlor 1392 1,2-Butadiene

Methylallene

C17H26ClNO2 C4H6

23184-66-9 590-19-2

311.847 54.091

1 atm 0.94525 1.469020 0.928620 1.608925 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 0.73640 1.41895 vs H2O, eth, ace; s chl, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl; i lig 0.801620 1.384320 s H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; sl chl 0.92320 vs H2O, ace, bz; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 0.8850120 1.4087130 sl H2O, eth; i bz; s EtOH 0.57325 1.332620 i H2O; vs EtOH, (p>1 eth, chl atm) 1.06520 1.426218 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 0.87725 1.496920 s H2O vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, MeOH 1.002420 1.437820 s H2O, EtOH, ace 1.005320 1.440120 1.017120 1.446020 msc H2O; s EtOH, DMSO; sl eth 1.003320 1.431025 msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, chl 1.047915 1.425115 1.10525 1.125 1.461120

1394 1,3-Butadien-1-ol acetate 1395 (trans)-1,3-Butadienylbenzene 1396 1,3-Butadiyne

Diacetylene

C4H2

460-12-8

50.059


1397 Butalbital

5-Isobutyl-5-allyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione Butyraldehyde

C11H16N2O3

77-26-9

224.256

pr

138.5

C4H8O

123-72-8

72.106

liq

-96.86

74.8

C4H9NO

110-69-0

87.120

liq

-29.5

154

C4H9NO

541-35-5

87.120

lf (bz)

114.8

216

1401 Butane

C4H10

106-97-8

58.122

col gas

-138.3

-0.5

1402 Butanedial

C4H6O2

638-37-9

86.090

C4H12N2 C4H14Cl2N2

110-60-1 333-93-7

88.151 161.073

C4H10O2

26171-83-5

90.121

C4H10O2 C4H10O2

107-88-0 110-63-4

90.121 90.121

1408 2,3-Butanediol

C4H10O2

6982-25-8

90.121

1409 1,4-Butanediol diacetate 1410 1,4-Butanediol diacrylate 1411 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether

C8H14O4 C10H14O4 C10H18O4

628-67-1 1070-70-8 2425-79-8

174.195 198.216 202.248

C12H18O4

1189-08-8

226.269

1398 Butanal

1399 Butanal oxime

1400 Butanamide

Butyramide

1403 1,4-Butanediamine 1404 1,4-Butanediamine dihydrochloride 1405 1,2-Butanediol, (±)

Putrescine

1406 1,3-Butanediol 1407 1,4-Butanediol

1,3-Butylene glycol Tetramethylene glycol

1,4-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy) butane

1412 1,3-Butanediol dimethacrylate

dec 170; 589 lf nd or lf (al, w)

21.91 280 dec

158.5 sub 190.5

cry (eth)

1 atm) 0.61625 (p>1 atm) 0.59925 (p>1 atm) 0.9416111

1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450

Fumaric acid dichloride Isocrotononitrile Crotononitrile Allyl cyanide

C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H2Cl2O2 C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N

6117-80-2 821-11-4 627-63-4 1190-76-7 627-26-9 109-75-1

88.106 88.106 152.964 67.090 67.090 67.090

1451 cis-2-Butenoic acid

Isocrotonic acid

C4H6O2

503-64-0

86.090

1452 trans-2-Butenoic acid

Crotonic acid

C4H6O2

107-93-7

86.090

C4H6O2

625-38-7

86.090

C8H10O3 C4H8O C4H8O

623-68-7 4088-60-2 504-61-0

154.163 72.106 72.106

C4H8O

627-27-0

C4H8O C4H6O

1460 2-Butenoyl chloride 1461 (trans-1-Butenyl)benzene 1462 1463 1464 1465

1434 2-Butanone (1-methylpropylidene) hydrazone 1435 2-Butanone oxime 1436 1437 1438 1439

2-Butanone peroxide Butanoyl chloride Butaperazine Butazolamide

Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide n-Butyryl chloride

1440 trans-2-Butenal

N-[5-(Aminosulfonyl)-1,3,4thiadiazol-2-yl]butanamide trans-Crotonaldehyde

1441 1-Butene

1-Butylene

cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butenedioyl dichloride cis-2-Butenenitrile trans-2-Butenenitrile 3-Butenenitrile

1453 3-Butenoic acid 1454 2-Butenoic anhydride 1455 cis-2-Buten-1-ol 1456 trans-2-Buten-1-ol

Crotonic acid anhydride cis-Crotyl alcohol trans-Crotyl alcohol

1457 3-Buten-1-ol

1458 3-Buten-2-ol 1459 3-Buten-2-one

2-Butenylbenzene 3-Butenylbenzene 1-Buten-3-yne Butethamine hydrochloride

Methyl vinyl ketone

Vinylacetylene 2-Isobutylaminoethyl 4aminobenzoate

msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc s eth; sl ctc s H2O, bz; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl

s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; misc os msc eth

s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz

1.3931-25 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz 1.3848-25 s bz

235 13113 159 107.4 120 119

1.069820 1.070020 1.40820

1.4349111 s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl peth 1.478220 s H2O; vs EtOH 1.475520 vs H2O, EtOH 1.500418

0.823920 0.834120

1.422520 1.406020

169

1.026720

1.445020

184.7

0.960477

1.424977

169

1.009120

1.423920

247; 12919 123 121.2

1.039720 0.866220 0.852120

1.474520 1.434225 1.428820

72.106

113.5

0.842420

1.422420

598-32-3 78-94-4

72.106 70.090

97 81.4

0.86420

1.408120

C4H5ClO C10H12

10487-71-5 1005-64-7

104.535 132.202

liq

-43.1

124.5 198.7

1.090520 0.901920

1.46018 1.542020

C10H12 C10H12 C4H4 C13H21ClN2O2

1560-06-1 768-56-9 689-97-4 553-68-4

132.202 132.202 52.075 272.771

liq col gas cry

-70

176 177 5.1

0.883120 0.883120 0.70940

1.510120 1.505920 1.41611

2.0 25 pa ye lig liq liq liq

-51.5 -87

nd or pr 15 (peth) mcl pr or nd 71.5 (w, lig) liq -35

300 12612

0.918215

1.316620

wh cry

255

C8H10N4O2

58-08-2

194.191

sub 90

1.2319

C29H40O9

20304-47-6

532.623

1694 Calcium ascorbate

C12H14CaO12

5743-27-1

390.310

wh nd (w+1), 238 hex pr (sub) small pr 271 (ace) tricl cry (w)

1695 Calcium citrate

C12H10Ca3O14

7693-13-2

498.433

cry (w)

CCaN2 C12H24CaN2O6S2 C12H22CaO14 C44H84CaI2O4

156-62-7 139-06-0 299-28-5 1319-91-1

80.102 396.535 430.373 971.023

col hex cry cry cry wh-ye pow

C6H10CaO6 C10H14CaO4

814-80-2 19372-44-2

218.217 238.294

wh pow (w) col cry (MeOH)

1686 3-Butyn-2-one 1687 3-Butynylbenzene 1688 γ-Butyrolactone

Ethynyl methyl ketone Oxolan-2-one

1689 Cacotheline 1690 γ-Cadinene 1691 Cadmium bis(diethyldithiocarbamate) 1692 Caffeine

1693 Calactin

1696 1697 1698 1699

Calcium cyanamide Calcium cyclamate Calcium gluconate Calcium iodobehenate

1700 Calcium lactate 1701 Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate

19-Oxogomphoside

Calcium carbimide

Iododocosanoic acid, calcium salt Calcium acetylacetonate

≈100 dec (hyd) ≈1340

dec

i H2O; s eth; sl ctc s ctc

s eth, bz, tol, AcOEt s chl vs H2O, EtOH; sl chl s H2O; vs EtOH; sl bz

1680 2-Butyne-1,4-diol

1683 2-Butyn-1-ol 1684 3-Butyn-1-ol 1685 3-Butyn-2-ol

pl (bz, AcOEt)

169 176 dec

i H2O; s EtOH; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth

1.461120

i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth, gl HOAc vs H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth; i bz, peth s ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O

sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, ctc; s chl, py

s H2O; i MeOH, EtOH sl H2O; i EtOH sub

2.29

dec H2O vs H2O i EtOH, os i H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O; i EtOH


3-85

N

Butyl propyl ether

S

C

O

O O S O

Cl Cl

O

2-Butylthiophene

Butyl thiophene-2-carboxylate

Cl

Butyl 4-toluenesulfonate

O Cl Cl Si Cl

Cl

O

Butyl stearate

O

S

Cl O

5-Butyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid

S

Butyl thiocyanate

O

O

4-tert-Butylpyridine

N

O

OH

N O

O Butyl (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetate

F F

Butyltrichlorosilane

H N

O

Butyl trichloroacetate

H N

NH2

Butyl trifluoroacetate

H N

NH2 O

O

F

O Cl

Butylurea

O

sec-Butylurea

O

NH2

tert-Butylurea

O

O O 1-tert-Butyl-4-vinylbenzene

HO

OH

H2N

Butyl vinyl ether

tert-Butyl vinyl ether

HO

1-Butyne

O

2-Butyne

NH2

N

N

2-Butynediamide

2-Butynedinitrile

OH

O

OH OH

O

O

O

OH

2-Butynedioic acid

2-Butyne-1,4-diol

O

H

O

2-Butynoic acid

O

O O

3-Butyn-2-one

N

γ-Butyrolactone

3-Butynylbenzene

3-Butyn-2-ol

O

H S

O

O O

3-Butyn-1-ol

H

N H H

O

2-Butyn-1-ol

N H

O

OH

O

2-Butyne-1,4-diol diacetate

N

H

OH

Cacotheline

S

S

N

O

S

N

N

Cadmium bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)

γ-Cadinene

N

N

Cd

Caffeine

O O CH2O HO

OH H O

OH O

O

H

Ca2

O OH

O

H

O

O

O

OH

O

COO OH H OH OH CH2OH

Calcium ascorbate

H N

2

3Ca

O S

O

O

2

Calactin

H HO H H

O

HO HO H

O

2

2

Ca

Calcium citrate

N

N

2

Ca2

O 2

Calcium cyanamide

Calcium cyclamate

2

Ca

O

O I

O

2 Calcium gluconate

2

Ca 2

Calcium iodobehenate

HO

Ca

O 2 Calcium lactate

2

O

O Ca

O

O

Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate

3-86


No. Name

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

C4H6CaO4S2

814-71-1

222.297

pr (w)

220 dec

C29H40O10

20304-49-8

548.622

cry (EtOH)

268

C29H40O9

1986-70-5

532.623

pl (EtOH)

221

C28H48O 2,2-Dimethyl-3C10H16 methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptan e, (1R)C10H16 2,2-Dimethyl-3methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptan e, (1S)C11H16O3

17021-26-0 5794-03-6

400.680 136.234

cry (ace) nd

157.5 52

161

0.895050

1.457025

vs eth

5794-04-7

136.234

52

158

0.844650

1.456454

vs eth

18530-30-8

196.243

1,7,7Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan2-one, (±) 1,7,7Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan2-one, (1R) 1,7,7Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan2-one, (1S) 1,2,2-Trimethyl-1,3cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, (1RS, 3SR)

C10H16O

21368-68-3

152.233

C10H16O

464-49-3

152.233

C10H16O

464-48-2

152.233

C10H16O4

5394-83-2

200.232

C10H16O4S

3144-16-9

C20H21NO4 C21H30O2

Synonym

1702 Calcium thioglycollate 1703 Calotoxin

4’β-Hydroxy-19oxogomphoside

1704 Calotropin 1705 Calusterone 1706 Camphene, (+)

1707 Camphene, (-)

1708 d-Camphocarboxylic acid 1709 Camphor, (±)

1710 Camphor, (+)

pr (eth, 50% 127.5 al) wh rhom cry 178.3 (EtOH) pl

178.8

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

s H2O, EtOH; i eth

vs bz, eth, EtOH sub

207.4

0.99025

0.985318

pr, lf

202

1.186

232.297

pr (HOAc)

195 dec

29074-38-2 13956-29-1

339.386 314.462

mcl nd (al) rods (peth)

134 67

1882

C21H26O2

521-35-7

310.430

pl, lf (peth)

77

1850.05

C22H28O3 C10H12O4

976-71-6 56-25-7

340.455 196.200

cry (AcOEt) orth pl

150 218

sub 84

C6H11NO

105-60-2

113.157

lf (lig)

69.3

270

C18H27NO3

404-86-4

305.412

mcl pl or sc 65 (peth)

C40H56O3

465-42-9

584.871

C10H9Cl4NO2S C9H8Cl3NO2S C9H15NO3S

2425-06-1 133-06-2 62571-86-2

349.061 300.590 217.285

1725 Carbachol

C6H15ClN2O2

51-83-2

182.648

1726 Carbamic chloride Carbamyl chloride 1727 Carbamodithioic acid 1728 Carbamoyl dihydrogen phosphate

CH2ClNO CH3NS2 CH4NO5P

463-72-9 594-07-0 590-55-6

79.486 93.172 141.021

1729 Carbaryl 1730 Carbazole

C12H11NO2 C12H9N

63-25-2 86-74-8

201.221 167.206

pl or lf

145 246.3

C14H11NO2

524-80-1

225.243

lf (AcOEt)

215

C9H9N3O2

10605-21-7

191.186

300 dec

C20H31NO3 C11H9NO4 C9H8O3

77-23-6 22509-74-6 129-64-6

333.465 219.194 164.158

91 164.5

C7H10N2O2S C8H10N2O2 C12H15NO3 CHF2N

22232-54-8 5331-43-1 1563-66-2 2712-98-3

186.231 166.177 221.252 65.023

1712 Camphoric acid, (±)

1713 d-Camphorsulfonic acid 1714 Canadine, (±) 1715 Cannabidiol

DL-Tetrahydroberberine

1716 Cannabinol

6,6,9-Trimethyl-3-pentyl-6Hdibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol

1717 Canrenone 1718 Cantharidin

1719 Caprolactam

6-Hexanelactam

1720 Capsaicin

1721 Capsanthin 1722 Captafol 1723 Captan 1724 Captopril

3,3’-Dihydroxy-β,κ-caroten-6’one, (3R,3’S,5’R)

1-(3-Mercapto-2-methyl-1oxypropyl)proline

Dibenzopyrolle

1731 9H-Carbazole-9-acetic acid 1732 Carbendazim

1733 Carbetapentane 1734 N-Carbethoxyphthalimide 1735 Carbic anhydride 1736 1737 1738 1739

Carbimazole Carbobenzoxyhydrazine Carbofuran Carboimidic difluoride

Carbamic acid, 1Hbenzimidazol-2-yl-, methyl ester Pentoxyverine N-(Ethoxycarbonyl)phthalimide

Benzyl carbazate

Solubility s H2O, chl; sl EtOH; i eth, bz

178.6

1711 Camphor, (-)

nD

1.04040

1.5462

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; s ace, bz sl H2O; s chl, eth, EtOH

1.540420

vs H2O; i eth; sl HOAc vs EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, alk i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s HOAc vs H2O, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, peth; sl con HCl

2150.01

176 cry cry (CCl4) cry (AcOEt)

161 172.5 105

1.7425

210 dec

vs chl s H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O, MeOH; sl EtOH; i eth, chl

dec 62 vs EtOH, eth unstab in soln 1.22825 354.69

vs ace, DMF i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s ace vs eth, EtOH, chl, HOAc

1.45

1650.01 orth cry (peth) cry, pow

gas

123.5 69.5 151 -90

1.41725

1.18 -13 dec

vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl vs ace, chl


3-87 O

O O

O

HO

OH H O

HO

O

HO

H

O HS

Ca

O

OH

O

OH H O

H OH

OH

2

O

H

2

O

Calcium thioglycollate

O

H

O

H

Calotoxin

O

H Calotropin

Calusterone

O

COOH

d-Camphocarboxylic acid

O O S O OH

OH

HO

O

O Camphene, (-)

Camphene, (+)

O

Camphor, (±)

O

O

Camphor, (+)

Camphor, (-)

Camphoric acid, (±)

d-Camphorsulfonic acid

O O O

N

O

OH

O

OH

O

O HO

O

O

O Cannabidiol

Canadine, (±)

Cannabinol

Canrenone

O

Caprolactam

O N S

N H

OH

HO

Cl

O Cl Cl Cl

Capsanthin

Capsaicin

Captafol

O

O

OH

N

N S H

Cantharidin

O

HO

H

N H

O

O O

O

Cl

O

Cl O Cl Cl

O

Captan

O N

SH

H2N

O

Captopril

O

NH2

O Carbachol

S Cl

H2N

Carbamic chloride

O SH

H2N

Carbamodithioic acid

Carbamoyl dihydrogen phosphate

Carbaryl

O

N H

O

Carbazole

9H-Carbazole-9-acetic acid

O

O S

N

O O

Carbimazole

O

O

N H

NH2

Carbobenzoxyhydrazine

O

N

N

O O

O

O

Carbendazim

N

O O

NH

OH N H

O

N

N

Carbetapentane

O

N-Carbethoxyphthalimide

Carbic anhydride

O

H N

O O Carbofuran

N H

O OH P O OH

F F

N

F NH

Carboimidic difluoride

N H γ-Carboline

3-88


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

1740 γ-Carboline

5H-Pyrido[4,3-b]indole

C11H8N2

244-69-9

168.195

nd

225

1741 Carbon dioxide

Carbonic anhydride

CO2

124-38-9

44.010

col gas

-56.56 tp

-78.5 sp

1742 Carbon diselenide 1743 Carbon disulfide

Carbon selenide Carbon bisulfide

CSe2 CS2

506-80-9 75-15-0

169.93 76.141

ye liq col liq

-43.7 -112.1

125.5 46

0.72025 (p>1 atm) 2.682320 1.263220

1744 Carbonic acid 1745 Carbonic dihydrazide 1746 Carbon monoxide

Carbohydrazide Carbon oxide

CH2O3 CH6N4O CO

463-79-6 497-18-7 630-08-0

62.025 90.085 28.010

nd (dil al) col gas

154 -205.02

-191.5

1.61620 0.7909-19

C7H4ClNO4

7693-46-1

201.565

80

16019

C8H6ClNO4

4457-32-3

215.592

32.8

C3H2Cl4O2

17341-93-4

211.859

bp/˚C

Thiophosgene

CCl2S

463-71-8

114.982

red liq

73

1751 Carbonothioic dihydrazide

1,3-Diamino-2-thiourea

CH6N4S

2231-57-4

106.151

1752 Carbon oxyselenide

Carbonyl selenide

COSe

1603-84-5

106.97

-21.5

1753 Carbon oxysulfide

Carbonyl sulfide

COS

463-58-1

60.075

nd, pl (w) nd, 170 dec pl (w) col gas; -122 unstab col gas -138.8

1754 Carbon suboxide 1755 Carbonyl bromide 1756 Carbonyl chloride

1,2-Propadiene-1,3-dione Bromophosgene Phosgene

C3O2 CBr2O CCl2O

504-64-3 593-95-3 75-44-5

68.031 187.818 98.916

col gas

-107

col gas

1757 Carbonyl chloride fluoride 1758 Carbonyl dicyanide

Carbonic chloride fluoride

CClFO C3N2O

353-49-1 1115-12-4

82.461 80.044

C7H6N4O CF2O C11H16ClO2PS3 C20H32N2O3S C12H13NO2S C9H8O4

530-62-1 353-50-4 786-19-6 55285-14-8 5234-68-4 89-51-0

C9H18N4O4 C6H9NO6 C5H9NO4S C14H10O5

N,N’-Carbonyldiimidazole Carbonyl fluoride Carbophenothion Carbosulfan Carboxin 2-Carboxybenzeneacetic acid

1765 1766 1767 1768

N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)-L-arginine L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid S-(Carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine 2-Carboxyphenyl 2hydroxybenzoate 1769 3-Carene, (+) 1770 Carisoprodol 1771 Carminic acid

1772 Carnitine 1773 Carnosine 1774 α-Carotene

Octopine Carbocysteine Salsalate

4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid trimethylbetaine N-β-Alanyl-L-histidine

1775 β-Carotene

nD

1.352

1747 Carbonochloridic acid, 4nitrophenyl ester 1748 Carbonochloridic acid, (4nitrophenyl)methyl ester 1749 Carbonochloridic acid, 2,2,2trichloroethyl ester 1750 Carbonothioic dichloride

1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764

den/ g cm-3

sl H2O, bz; vs MeOH; s EtOH sl H2O

1.845420 1.631920

1.50815

1.544220

-127.78

6.8 64.5 8

1.1140 1.45380 2.5215 1.371925 (p>1 atm

col gas liq

-148 -36

-47.2 65.5

1.12420

162.149 66.007 342.866 380.544 235.302 180.158

cry (bz) col gas

119 -111.2

-84.5 820.01 126

1.13925 1.27120 1.05620

34522-32-2 53861-57-7 638-23-3 552-94-3

246.264 191.138 179.195 258.226

nd (w) cry nd

C10H16 C12H24N2O4 C22H20O13

498-15-7 78-44-4 1260-17-9

136.234 260.330 492.386

C7H15NO3

541-15-1

161.199

C9H14N4O3 C40H56

305-84-0 7488-99-5

226.232 536.873

C40H56

7235-40-7

536.873

C40H56

472-93-5

536.873

1777 ψ,ψ-Carotene

trans-Lycopene

C40H56

502-65-8

536.873

1778 β,β-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R)

Zeaxanthin

C40H56O2

144-68-3

568.872

1779 β,ε-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R,6’R)

Xanthophyll

C40H56O2

127-40-2

568.872

1780 β,β-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

Cryptoxanthin

C40H56O

472-70-8

552.872

94 184.5

1.24-87

1.391920

1.410020

sl H2O; s EtOH; vs KOH s eth, bz, CS2 s bz, ctc, chl, tol, HOAc reac H2O s eth, ace, ctc, chl

s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl

281 167 206 147

sl ace 171; 123200

cry 92 red mcl pr 136 dec (aq, MeOH) cry (al-ace), 197 dec hyg 260 red pl or pr 187.5 (peth, bzMeOH) red br hex pr 183 (bz-MeOH)

0.854930

1.0020

1.0020

red pr (bz- 153 MeOH), viol pr (eth) red pr or nd 175 (peth) ye pr 215.5 (MeOH) orth (chleth) ye or viol pr 196 (ethMeOH) garnet red pr 160 (bz-MeOH)

dec H2O, EtOH; s eth vs H2O dec H2O

1.02817

γ-Carotene

s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth Aq. soln. of CO2 vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s bz, HOAc

6311

-50

1776 β,ψ-Carotene

Solubility

2270.06

1.4693

vs ace, bz, eth s os s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O vs bz, eth, chl

i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth, ace, bz i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, peth; s bz, chl sl EtOH, peth; s eth; vs bz, chl, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, py, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth vs bz, chl


3-89 Cl O

O

O

Cl O

O

O O C O

Se C Se

S C S

Carbon dioxide

Carbon diselenide

Carbon disulfide

HO

H2N OH

Carbonic acid

N H

N H

O

Cl

Cl

Carbonochloridic acid, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl ester

F

H2N Cl

Carbonothioic dichloride

Cl

N H

N H

N

Carbonyl dicyanide

N

N

O

O

Carbonothioic dihydrazide

N

N

N,N’-Carbonyldiimidazole

O C S

O C C C O

Carbon oxyselenide

Carbon oxysulfide

Carbon suboxide

S

Cl

F

F

O

O

O O C Se

S N

N

Carbonochloridic acid, (4-nitrophenyl)methyl ester

NH2

O

N

Carbonyl chloride fluoride

Carbon monoxide

O

O

O

O

Carbonochloridic acid, 4-nitrophenyl ester

S

S

Cl

C O

Carbonic dihydrazide

O Cl Cl

NH2

Carbonyl fluoride

Br

O

O H N

S

N

S

Cl

Carbonyl chloride

O N

Carbophenothion

Br

Carbonyl bromide

O

S O P O

Cl

O

Carbosulfan

Carboxin

HO OH O

O OH

OH O

O

N H

HO

NH

OH

O

O H 2N

O

N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)-L-arginine

2-Carboxybenzeneacetic acid

OH

OH

NH2

H N

O

OH O

O

S NH2

OH

L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid

O

O

OH

S-(Carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine

2-Carboxyphenyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

3-Carene, (+)

HO O OH

OH O

OH H2N

O

H N

O

O

O

O

O

OH HO

O

OH

OH

Carminic acid

Carnitine

α-Carotene

N

H2N N

O

OH O

Carisoprodol

OH

OH

NH O

N H

Carnosine

β-Carotene

β,ψ-Carotene

ψ,ψ-Carotene

OH

OH

H HO

HO β,β-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R)

HO

β,ε-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R,6’R)

HO β,β-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

β,ψ-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

3-90


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

1781 β,ψ-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

Rubixanthin

C40H56O

3763-55-1

552.872

1782 ψ,ψ-Caroten-16-ol

Lycoxanthin

C40H56O

19891-74-8

552.872

1783 Caroverine 1784 Carpaine

C22H27N3O2 C28H50N2O4

23465-76-1 3463-92-1

365.468 478.708

1785 Cartap hydrochloride

C7H16ClN3O2S2

22042-59-7

273.804

dk red nd (bz-MeOH) oran-red (bz-peth) red pl (bzMeOH) cry mcl pr (al, ace) cry

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

sl EtOH, peth; s bz, chl

168

i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, CS2 sl i-PrOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH i H2O; s ace sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl vs bz sl chl

69 121

2020.01

180

1786 Carvenone, (S) 1787 (R)-Carvone

p-Mentha-1,8-dien-6-one, ( R)

C10H16O C10H14O

10395-45-6 6485-40-1

152.233 150.217

25.2

233 231

0.928920 0.959320

1.480520 1.498820

1788 (S)-Carvone

p-Mentha-1,8-dien-6-one, ( S)

C10H14O

2244-16-8

150.217

1 atm)

1.338920

C7H8ClNO

93-50-5

157.598

C7H8ClNO C3H7ClO C3H7ClO C8H9ClO C4H9ClO C3H5ClO2 C14H12ClNO

95-03-4 3188-13-4 627-42-9 3587-60-8 3587-57-3 625-56-9 1022-13-5

157.598 94.540 94.540 156.609 108.566 108.524 245.704

nd or pr (dil 52 al) nd (dil al) 84

83 92.5 10313 109 116

1.018815 1.034520 1.135020 0.988420 1.19420

1.404020 1.411120 1.519220 1.412520 1.40920

C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN

932-96-7 615-65-6 87-63-8 87-60-5

141.599 141.599 141.599 141.599

240 220 215; 9710 245

1.16911 1.15120

1.583520 1.574822

s EtOH, ace, bz sl EtOH, bz

1.588020

C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C15H9ClO2

95-74-9 95-69-2 95-79-4 129-35-1

141.599 141.599 141.599 256.684

C7H7Cl

100-44-7

126.584

C8H10ClN

39191-07-6

155.625

884

1.535025

s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz s EtOH; sl ctc s EtOH; sl ctc vs EtOH i EtOH, eth; sl py i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc s chl

C8H9ClO

1674-30-2

156.609

12817, 12111

1.552320

s EtOH; vs eth

C8H9ClO

3391-10-4

156.609

C8H7ClO2

20850-43-5

170.594

C5H11Cl

107-84-6

106.594

2112 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane

C5H11Cl

594-36-5

106.594

2113 2-Chloro-3-methylbutane 2114 1-Chloro-3-methyl-2-butene

C5H11Cl C5H9Cl

631-65-2 503-60-6

106.594 104.578

2115 3-Chloro-3-methyl-1-butyne 2116 (Chloromethyl)cyclopropane 2117 1-(Chloromethyl)-2,4dimethylbenzene 2118 (Chloromethyl) dimethylphenylsilane 2119 Chloromethyldiphenylsilane 2120 1-Chloro-3-(1-methylethoxy)-2propanol 2121 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-ethylbenzene 2122 (1-Chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene 2123 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-fluorobenzene 2124 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-fluorobenzene 2125 2-(Chloromethyl)furan 2126 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane

C5H7Cl C4H7Cl C9H11Cl

1111-97-3 5911-08-0 824-55-5

102.563 90.552 154.636

C9H13ClSi

1833-51-8

184.738

Isopentyl chloride

Physical Form

mp/˚C

ye br nd (al) 178.5 30.5

260

sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, chl s EtOH, eth, bz, chl s EtOH; sl lig vs H2O, eth vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

92

7 1

lf (al)

liq

26 30.3 26 170.5

243 244 239; 14038

-45

179

121

1.100420

1.192620

15

1.539120

1.5505

20

20.5

13414

1.31225

1.566020

liq

-104.4

98.9

0.875020

1.408420

liq

-73.5

85.6

0.865320

1.405520

91.5 109

0.87820 0.927320

1.448520

76 88 215.5; 11020

0.906120 0.9825 1.058019

225

1.024025

liq liq

-61 -90.9

20

s ctc

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl

1.435020 vs bz, eth, EtOH s ctc, CS2 20

C13H13ClSi C6H13ClO2

144-79-6 4288-84-0

232.781 152.619

295 182; 8720

1.1277 1.091020

1.5742 1.437025

C9H11Cl C9H11Cl C7H6ClF C7H6ClF C5H5ClO C8H17Cl

1467-05-6 934-53-2 345-35-7 352-11-4 617-88-9 123-04-6

154.636 154.636 144.574 144.574 116.546 148.674

9515 981 172; 8640 8226, 7620 4926 172

1.19225 1.21625 1.214320 1.178320 0.876920

1.529025 1.529025 1.515020 1.5130 1.494120 1.431920

s EtOH, eth vs bz, EtOH, chl

vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc


3-105

Cl C

N I I

O

N

Cl

Cl

N OH

Cl

Cl

5-Chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol

1-Chloro-3-iodopropane

N

C

Cl

O

C

1-Chloro-2-isocyanatobenzene

1-Chloro-3-isocyanatobenzene

1-Chloro-2-isopropylbenzene

1-Chloro-4-isopropylbenzene

S NH2 O

NH2

H H Cl

O Cl Cl

H

1-Chloro-4-isothiocyanatobenzene

Chloromethane

Cl

Cl 5-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline

4-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline

O

O

(Chloromethoxy)ethane

NH O

Cl

1-Chloro-2-methoxyethane

HN

NH2 Cl

O

O

Cl O

[(Chloromethoxy)methyl]benzene

Cl

O

1-(Chloromethoxy)propane

Cl

Cl

5-Chloro-2-(methylamino)benzophenone

4-Chloro-N-methylaniline

2-Chloro-4-methylaniline

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

Cl

Chloromethyl acetate

O

Cl

NH2

Cl Cl

Cl 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline


Cl

Cl


Cl


1-Chloro-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

OH

N H

Cl

O

Cl α-(Chloromethyl)benzenemethanol

3-Chloro-N-methylbenzenemethanamine

4-Chloro-α-methylbenzenemethanol

Cl

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-2-methylbutane

5-(Chloromethyl)-1,3-benzodioxole

Cl

Cl


O

Cl

Cl (Chloromethyl)benzene

O


Cl


1-Chloro-3-methyl-2-butene

3-Chloro-3-methyl-1-butyne

(Chloromethyl)cyclopropane

Cl

Cl Si Cl Si

1-(Chloromethyl)-2,4-dimethylbenzene

OH

Cl

O

(Chloromethyl)dimethylphenylsilane

Chloromethyldiphenylsilane

Cl

1-Chloro-3-(1-methylethoxy)-2-propanol

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-ethylbenzene

Cl Cl

Cl F F

(1-Chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-2-fluorobenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-fluorobenzene

O

Cl

2-(Chloromethyl)furan

Cl 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane

3-106


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2127 4-Chloro-5-methyl-2isopropylphenol

Chlorothymol

C10H13ClO

89-68-9

184.662

C8H9ClO

824-94-2

156.609

C8H9Cl

552-45-4

C8H9Cl C8H9Cl

2128 1-(Chloromethyl)-4methoxybenzene 2129 1-(Chloromethyl)-2methylbenzene 2130 1-(Chloromethyl)-3methylbenzene 2131 1-(Chloromethyl)-4methylbenzene 2132 Chloromethyl methyl ether

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

63

258.5

24.5

262.5

140.610

620-19-9 104-82-5

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.26120

1.58020

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, peth, alk vs ace, bz, eth

198; 9020

1.06325

1.541025

vs eth, EtOH

140.610

195.5

1.06420

1.534520

140.610

201; 9020

1.051220

1.5380

i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs H2O, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, peth i H2O; s EtOH, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz, AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH

nd

10

1.39720

C2H5ClO

107-30-2

80.513

liq

-103.5

59.5

1.063

2133 2-(Chloromethyl)-2-methyloxirane 2134 1-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

C4H7ClO C11H9Cl

598-09-4 86-52-2

106.551 176.642

pr

32

122 291.5

1.101120 1.181320

2135 2-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

C11H9Cl

2506-41-4

176.642

lf (al)

48.5

16920

2136 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-nitrobenzene

C7H6ClNO2

612-23-7

171.582

cry (lig)

50.0

1254

1.555762


C7H6ClNO2

619-23-8

171.582

pa ye nd (lig) 46

17334

1.557762

C7H6ClNO2

100-14-1

171.582

pl or nd (al) 71

C7H6ClNO2

83-42-1

171.582

nd (dil al)

37.8

238

C7H6ClNO2

13290-74-9

171.582

ye cry

42.5

249

C7H6ClNO2

89-60-1

171.582

7

261; 11811

1.557220

i H2O; s ctc

C7H6ClNO2

121-86-8

171.582

nd (al)

66.5

260

1.547069

C7H6ClNO2

89-59-8

171.582

mcl nd

38

242; 115.511

1.255980

C6H13Cl C6H13Cl C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO

25346-32-1 4737-41-1 6640-27-3 615-74-7 87-64-9 615-62-3 1570-64-5 59-50-7

120.620 120.620 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583

113 126; 83202 195.5 196 189; 8020 228 223 235

0.861020 0.891420 1.178527 1.21515

2152 (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic MCPA acid 2153 4-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) butanoic acid 2154 Chloromethylphenylsilane 2155 (Chloromethyl)phosphonic acid

C9H9ClO3

94-74-6

200.618

sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs eth vs bz, eth, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s eth vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s peth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc

C11H13ClO3

94-81-5

228.672

C7H9ClSi CH4ClO3P

1631-82-9 2565-58-4

156.685 130.468

113100

1.04320

1.517120

2156 N-Chloromethylphthalimide 2157 2-Chloro-2-methylpropanal 2158 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane

Isobutyl chloride

C9H6ClNO2 C4H7ClO C4H9Cl

17564-64-6 917-93-1 513-36-0

195.603 106.551 92.567

liq

-130.3

90 68.5

1.05315 0.877320

1.416016 1.398420

2159 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane

tert-Butyl chloride

C4H9Cl

507-20-0

92.567

liq

-25.60

50.9

0.842020

1.385720

2160 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene 2161 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene

Dimethylvinyl chloride

C4H7Cl C4H7Cl

513-37-1 563-47-3

90.552 90.552

68 71.5

0.918620 0.916520

1.422120 1.429120

C6H7Cl2N

6959-48-4

164.033

hyg

143.8

993-00-0 98-57-7

80.590 190.648

col gas

-135 98

123-09-1 542-81-4 2373-51-5 2344-80-1

158.649 110.606 96.579 122.669

1.12320 1.15325 0.87925

1.490220 1.496320 1.417520


2139 1-Chloro-2-methyl-3nitrobenzene 2140 1-Chloro-2-methyl-4nitrobenzene 2141 1-Chloro-4-methyl-2nitrobenzene 2142 2-Chloro-1-methyl-4nitrobenzene 2143 4-Chloro-1-methyl-2nitrobenzene 2144 2-Chloro-4-methylpentane 2145 3-(Chloromethyl)pentane 2146 2-Chloro-4-methylphenol 2147 2-Chloro-5-methylphenol 2148 2-Chloro-6-methylphenol 2149 3-Chloro-4-methylphenol 2150 4-Chloro-2-methylphenol 2151 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol

2162 3-(Chloromethyl)pyridine, hydrochloride 2163 Chloromethylsilane 2164 1-Chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl) benzene 2165 1-Chloro-4-(methylthio)benzene 2166 1-Chloro-2-(methylthio)ethane 2167 Chloro(methylthio)methane 2168 (Chloromethyl)trimethylsilane

4-Nitrobenzyl chloride

4-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene

2-Chloro-p-cresol 6-Chloro-m-cresol 6-Chloro-o-cresol 3-Chloro-p-cresol 4-Chloro-o-cresol 4-Chloro-m-cresol

CH5ClSi 4-Chlorobenzenethiol, S-methyl, C7H7ClO2S S,S-dioxide C7H7ClS C3H7ClS C2H5ClS C4H11ClSi

pr (peth)

45.5

nd (al) nd (peth) nd (peth)

55.5 51 67

pl (bz, to)

120

1.431020 1.638020

1.564762

1.537769

vs eth

1.411320 1.422220 1.520027 1.544920

100

nd (bz/ MeNO2)

90 135.5 vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s eth, ace, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl sl H2O; s chl msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs chl

7; -4563

10510 140; 6030 105 98.5

s EtOH, eth, ace


3-107

Cl

OH

Cl Cl

Cl

O

Cl 4-Chloro-5-methyl-2-isopropylphenol

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-methoxybenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-2-methylbenzene



Cl

Cl

O Cl

Chloromethyl methyl ether

2-(Chloromethyl)-2-methyloxirane

2-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

O

O O

N

O N

Cl

Cl

N O

O

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-nitrobenzene


Cl

Cl


O

1-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

Cl

Cl

N

Cl Cl

O

N O

O N

O N

O

O O

1-Chloro-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzene

N

O



OH OH

Cl

O

Cl

Cl O

Cl

Cl



2-Chloro-4-methylpentane

3-(Chloromethyl)pentane

OH

OH

2-Chloro-4-methylphenol


OH O

OH

O

Cl Cl 2-Chloro-6-methylphenol

Cl



Cl SiH

O O

Cl 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol

(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid

O

OH Cl

Cl 4-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic acid

OH

Cl

Chloromethylphenylsilane

Cl

O P OH OH

(Chloromethyl)phosphonic acid

N

Cl O

O N-Chloromethylphthalimide

2-Chloro-2-methylpropanal

H Si Cl

Cl Cl

Cl 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane

Cl

2-Chloro-2-methylpropane

Cl

O S O 1-Chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzene

Cl

1-Chloro-2-methylpropene

N

3-Chloro-2-methylpropene

HCl

H

3-(Chloromethyl)pyridine, hydrochloride

Chloromethylsilane

Cl

S 1-Chloro-4-(methylthio)benzene

S

Cl

1-Chloro-2-(methylthio)ethane

Si Cl

S

Chloro(methylthio)methane

Cl (Chloromethyl)trimethylsilane

3-108


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

2169 1-Chloronaphthalene

1-Naphthyl chloride

C10H7Cl

90-13-1

162.616

oily liq

-2.5

259; 106.55

1.188025

1.632620

2170 2-Chloronaphthalene

C10H7Cl

91-58-7

162.616

pl (dil al), lf 58.0

256

1.137771

1.607913

2171 4-Chloro-1-naphthol

C10H7ClO

604-44-4

178.615

nd (chl, aq al)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

C8H8Cl2O2

2675-77-6

207.055

2173 2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline

C6H5ClN2O2

121-87-9

172.569

ye nd (w)

108


C6H5ClN2O2

6283-25-6

172.569

ye nd (lig)

121


C6H5ClN2O2

89-63-4

172.569

dk oran-ye pr (dil al)

116.5


C6H5ClN2O2

635-22-3

172.569


C6H5ClN2O2

1635-61-6

172.569

2178 1-Chloro-5-nitro-9,10anthracenedione

C14H6ClNO4

129-40-8

287.656

ye nd or pr 103 (w) nd (peth) ye nd (CS2) 127.8 ye lf (al, bz) 315.3

2179 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde 2180 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde 2181 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene

6361-21-3 16588-34-4 88-73-3

185.565 185.565 157.555

cry (al)

o-Chloronitrobenzene

C7H4ClNO3 C7H4ClNO3 C6H4ClNO2

2182 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene

m-Chloronitrobenzene

C6H4ClNO2

121-73-3

157.555

2183 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene

p-Chloronitrobenzene

C6H4ClNO2

100-00-5

157.555

C6H6ClN3O2

42389-30-0

187.584

167

C6H5ClN2O4S

97-09-6

236.633

ye cry (EtOH) 175

C6H3Cl2NO4S

97-08-5

256.064

60.8

C7H4ClNO4

99-60-5

201.565

2172 Chloroneb

1,4-Dichloro-2,5dimethoxybenzene

2184 5-Chloro-3-nitro-1,2benzenediamine 2185 4-Chloro-3nitrobenzenesulfonamide 2186 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride 2187 2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid

120.5 134

81.3 64.5 32.1

268 vs eth, EtOH, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, HOAc vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl ace, lig s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; sl lig sub

vs eth, EtOH

245.5

1.368242

pa ye orth pr 44.4 (al)

235.5

1.34350

1.537480

mcl pr

242

1.297990

1.5376100

mcl nd

nd (w)

82

141.8 18

2188 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H4ClNO4

2516-96-3

201.565

nd or pr (w) 166.5

1.608

2189 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H4ClNO4

96-99-1

201.565

nd or pl (w) 182.8

1.64518

2190 1-Chloro-1-nitroethane

C2H4ClNO2

598-92-5

109.512

2191 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol

C6H4ClNO3

619-08-9

173.554


C6H4ClNO3

89-64-5

173.554


C6H4ClNO3

611-07-4

173.554

2194 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane

C3H6ClNO2

600-25-9

123.539

2195 2-Chloro-2-nitropropane

C3H6ClNO2

594-71-8

123.539

2196 2-Chloro-3-nitropyridine 2197 1-Chloro-2-nitro-4(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2198 1-Chloro-4-nitro-2(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2199 1-Chlorononane 2200 9-Chloro-1-nonanol 2201 1-Chlorooctadecane 2202 1-Chlorooctane

C5H3ClN2O2 C7H3ClF3NO2

5470-18-8 121-17-5

158.543 225.553

C7H3ClF3NO2

777-37-7

225.553

C9H19Cl C9H19ClO C18H37Cl C8H17Cl

2473-01-0 51308-99-7 3386-33-2 111-85-3

162.700 178.699 288.940 148.674

2203 2-Chlorooctane

C8H17Cl

628-61-5

148.674

2204 8-Chloro-1-octanol 2205 Chloropentafluoroacetone 2206 Chloropentafluorobenzene

C8H17ClO C3ClF5O C6ClF5

23144-52-7 79-53-8 344-07-0

164.673 182.476 202.509

Octyl chloride

124.5

1.283720

1.422420

1.20720

1.425120

wh nd (50% 111 al) ye mcl pr (al) 88.5 ye pr or nd (w)

41

sub 142

nd (w) liq

liq

liq

col gas

-21.5

dec 134; 5750 1.220

1.437819

104.0 -1.3

222; 9510

1.51125

1.489320

22

232

1.52725

1.508326

-39.4 28 28.6 -57.8

205.2 14714 352 183.5

0.867425 0.861620 0.873420

1.434320 1.457520 1.452420 1.430920

172; 7528

0.865817

1.427321

-133

13919 8 117.96

1.456325 1.56825

1.425620

i H2O, EtOH, eth, lig; sl bz; s py vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace, tol, py i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl, CS2

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, alk s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, oils sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, oils; i KOH

i H2O; s eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH


3-109 NH2

O

OH Cl Cl 1-Chloronaphthalene

Cl

2-Chloronaphthalene

O

4-Chloro-1-naphthol

Cl

N O

NH2 O N

O

N O

O

2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline

O N

O

O

1-Chloro-5-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione


Cl


O Cl

N O

2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde

O

N O

Cl

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde

NH2 O S O

NH2

O

Cl


O

Cl

O O

Cl

N

Cl

Cl


O

Chloroneb

O

NH2

Cl O

Cl

NH2 O N

NH2

Cl

Cl

O N

O

1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene

Cl O S O

NH2 N O

O O


N

O

Cl

N

O

OH

O

2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid

N O

Cl

5-Chloro-3-nitro-1,2-benzenediamine

O

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride

OH

O

OH

OH O N

Cl

N O

Cl


N O

O N

O

O

Cl


O

1-Chloro-1-nitroethane

N

O N

O

O N

O Cl N O

O

Cl

Cl 5-Chloro-2-nitrophenol

Cl

N

1-Chloro-1-nitropropane

2-Chloro-2-nitropropane

O

Cl

O

2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol

4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol

Cl OH O N

O

N O

Cl

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonamide

Cl O

O

N O

O


OH

O

Cl

O N

O

O F

Cl

2-Chloro-3-nitropyridine

F

F

1-Chloro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F F

F Cl

O

N

Cl

O

1-Chloro-4-nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Cl

1-Chlorononane

OH 9-Chloro-1-nonanol

1-Chlorooctadecane

Cl

F Cl 1-Chlorooctane

Cl 2-Chlorooctane

Cl

OH 8-Chloro-1-octanol

F

O

F Cl

F

F

F

Chloropentafluoroacetone

F

F

F F

Chloropentafluorobenzene

3-110


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

2207 Chloropentafluoroethane

Refrigerant 115

C2ClF5

76-15-3

154.466

col gas

-99.4

-39.1

2208 1-Chloropentane

Pentyl chloride

C5H11Cl

543-59-9

106.594

liq

-99.0

108.4

2209 2-Chloropentane, (+)

sec-Pentyl chloride

C5H11Cl

29882-57-3

106.594

liq

-137

97.0

2210 3-Chloropentane

C5H11Cl

616-20-6

106.594

liq

-105

97.5

2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217

C5H9ClO2 C5H11ClO C5H9ClO C5H9ClO C5H8Cl2O C5H9Cl C6H5ClO

1119-46-6 5259-98-3 5891-21-4 32830-97-0 1575-61-7 1458-99-7 95-57-8

136.577 122.593 120.577 120.577 155.022 104.578 128.556

18

9.4

230 11212 106110, 7634 6820 8312 103; 4725 174.9

2218 3-Chlorophenol

C6H5ClO

108-43-0

128.556

32.6

214

2219 4-Chlorophenol

C6H5ClO

106-48-9

128.556

42.8

220

2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226

4430-20-0 92-39-7 614-61-9 588-32-9 122-88-3 7005-72-3 104-29-0

423.266 233.717 186.593 186.593 186.593 204.651 202.634

261 198.5 nd (w, al) 148.5 cry (w) 110 pr or nd (w) 156.5

4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether Chlorphenesin

C19H12Cl2O5S C12H8ClNS C8H7ClO3 C8H7ClO3 C8H7ClO3 C12H9ClO C9H11ClO3

cry

78

284.5 21419

Cloprop

C9H9ClO3

101-10-0

200.618

cry

113

1001.5

C8H8ClNO

587-65-5

169.609

nd (dil HOAc)

2229 N-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

C8H8ClNO

533-17-5

169.609


C8H8ClNO

588-07-8

169.609


C8H8ClNO

539-03-7

2232 4-Chloro-αphenylbenzenemethanol 2233 4-Chlorophenyl benzenesulfonate 2234 4-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-butanone 2235 4-Chlorophenyl 4chlorobenzenesulfonate 2236 (2-Chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl) methanone 2237 N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,Ndimethylurea 2238 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanone 2239 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethanone

C13H11ClO

5-Chloropentanoic acid 5-Chloro-1-pentanol 5-Chloro-2-pentanone 1-Chloro-3-pentanone 5-Chloropentanoyl chloride 4-Chloro-2-pentene 2-Chlorophenol

Chlorophenol Red 2-Chloro-10H-phenothiazine 2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid 3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-Chlorophenoxy)acetic acid 1-Chloro-4-phenoxybenzene 3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2propanediol

2227 2-(3-Chlorophenoxy)propanoic acid 2228 2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide

2240 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl-2,4pyrimidinediamine 2241 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1H-indene1,3(2H)-dione 2242 4-Chlorophenyl isocyanate 2243 1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2propylamine 2244 N-(2-Chlorophenyl)-3oxobutanamide 2245 (4-Chlorophenyl) phenylmethanone 2246 3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2247 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2248 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2249 3-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-propanone

grn-br cry

den/ g cm-3

1.202615

1.599 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, con sulf

sub

vs bz, eth, EtOH

88.3 nd

333

169.609

179

333

1.38522

119-56-2

218.678

59

80-38-6 939-52-6 80-33-1

268.715 182.646 303.161

col cry

62 19.5 86.5

1314

1.33 1.13725

Ovex

C12H9ClO3S C10H11ClO C12H8Cl2O3S

2,4’-Dichlorodiphenyl ketone

C13H8Cl2O

85-29-0

251.108

pr (al)

67

21422

Monuron

C9H11ClN2O

150-68-5

198.648

wh pl (MeOH)

170.5

m-Chloroacetophenone p-Chloroacetophenone

C8H7ClO C8H7ClO

99-02-5 99-91-2

154.594 154.594

20

Pyrimethamine

C12H13ClN4

58-14-0

248.711

233.5

Clorindione

C15H9ClO2

1146-99-2

256.684

dk red nd (al) 145.5

Clortermine

C7H4ClNO C10H14ClN

104-12-1 10389-73-8

153.566 183.678

liq

C10H10ClNO2

93-70-9

211.645

C13H9ClO

134-85-0

216.662

nd (al)

77.5

332

C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO

1643-28-3 21640-48-2 2019-34-3 936-59-4

184.619 184.619 184.619 168.619

nd or lf (w) lf (peth)

102 77 126 49.5

1134

31.3

244; 12930 232

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; s chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc sl chl sl H2O 1.545920 i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace s EtOH; sl chl

1.39314

1.213040 1.192220

1.549420 1.555020

i H2O; sl EtOH, ace s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl

vs bz, eth, EtOH 11645 11716

106.5

lf (eth), cry (al, peth)

Solubility

s H2O, EtOH i H2O vs H2O; sl chl

79

2-Chloroethyl phenyl ketone

nD

1.5678-42 1.2678-42 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 0.882020 1.412620 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc; vs chl 0.869820 1.406920 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl 0.873120 1.408220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ace 1.341625 1.455520 vs eth, EtOH 1.451820 vs eth, EtOH 1.052320 1.437520 s eth, ace; sl ctc 1.436120 vs eth, EtOH 1.21018 1.463920 vs eth 0.898820 1.432220 vs ace, eth, chl 1.263420 1.552420 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth; vs bz 1.24545 1.556540 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth; vs bz 1.265140 1.557940 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s alk sl H2O; s EtOH

s EtOH; i eth, lig s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc


3-111

F F F

O

Cl

Cl Cl

F F Chloropentafluoroethane

Cl

Cl

1-Chloropentane

2-Chloropentane, (+)

3-Chloropentane

OH

Cl

5-Chloropentanoic acid

OH 5-Chloro-1-pentanol

OH OH

OH Cl

O Cl

O

O

5-Chloro-2-pentanone

HO

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-3-pentanone

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

5-Chloropentanoyl chloride

4-Chloro-2-pentene

2-Chlorophenol

Cl

3-Chlorophenol

4-Chlorophenol

Cl OH

O H N

O S O O

Cl

O

S

Chlorophenol Red

O

O

O

OH Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-10H-phenothiazine

O

OH

2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid

OH

Cl

3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid

(4-Chlorophenoxy)acetic acid

O O

OH O

O

Cl

OH

3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2-propanediol

H N

Cl

Cl O

2-(3-Chlorophenoxy)propanoic acid

O

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide

O

O S O O

Cl

N-(4-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

4-Chloro-α-phenylbenzenemethanol

O

N-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

OH

H N

O N-(3-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

H N

H N

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-4-phenoxybenzene

OH

Cl

Cl

4-Chlorophenyl benzenesulfonate

4-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-butanone

O Cl O S O O

Cl

O

H N

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

4-Chlorophenyl 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate

(2-Chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl)methanone

N Cl

N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea

1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanone

N

O

O

C

O

N Cl

NH2

Cl

N H2N

Cl 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethanone

2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione

Cl

Cl

1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2-propylamine

4-Chlorophenyl isocyanate

O

H N

NH2

Cl

O

5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

O OH

O

O

Cl

N-(2-Chlorophenyl)-3-oxobutanamide

Cl

(4-Chlorophenyl)phenylmethanone

3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

O O

OH

O OH

Cl 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

Cl

Cl 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

3-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-propanone

3-112


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2250 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-propanone

C9H9ClO

6285-05-8

168.619

2251 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-propynoic acid 2252 Chlorophenylsilane 2253 1-Chloro-4-(phenylsulfonyl) benzene

C9H5ClO2

7396-28-3

180.588

C6H7ClSi C12H9ClO2S

4206-75-1 80-00-2

142.659 252.716

2254 5-Chloro-1-phenyltetrazole 2255 (2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea 2256 α-Chlorophyll

C7H5ClN4 C7H7ClN2S C55H72MgN4O5

14210-25-4 5344-82-1 479-61-8

180.595 186.662 893.490

123 nd or pl 146 bl blk hex pl 152.3

2257 β-Chlorophyll

C55H70MgN4O6

519-62-0

907.473

bl-blk or grn 125 pow

C10H13ClN2O3S

94-20-2

276.739

cry (EtOH)

128

No. Name

2258 Chloropropamide

Synonym

Phenylchlorosilane Sulphenone

4-Chloro-N-[(propylamino) carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide

Physical Form

cry (HOAc, bz-peth)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

37.3

13531, 1142

den/ g cm-3

nD

i H2O; s EtOH, CS2; sl chl vs HOAc

144.5 162.5

1.068320

1.534020

94

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs ace, bz

2259 2-Chloropropanal 2260 1-Chloropropane

Propyl chloride

C3H5ClO C3H7Cl

683-50-1 540-54-5

92.524 78.541

liq

-122.9

86 46.5

1.18215 0.889920

1.43117 1.387920

2261 2-Chloropropane

Isopropyl chloride

C3H7Cl

75-29-6

78.541

liq

-117.18

35.7

0.861720

1.377720

2262 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol 2263 2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol

α-Chlorohydrin Glycerol β-chlorohydrin

C3H7ClO2 C3H7ClO2

96-24-2 497-04-1

110.540 110.540

ye liq

dec 213; 11611 1.32518 14618, 12414 1.321920

1.480920 1.483120

C3H5ClN2O6

2612-33-1

200.534

sl ye liq

192.5

1.51129 1.157320 1.258520

1.436020 1.438020

2264 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate Clonitrate 2265 3-Chloropropanenitrile 2266 2-Chloropropanoic acid

β-Chloropropionitrile 2-Chloropropionic acid

C3H4ClN C3H5ClO2

542-76-7 598-78-7

89.524 108.524

liq

-51

175.5 185

2267 3-Chloropropanoic acid

β-Chloropropionic acid

C3H5ClO2

107-94-8

108.524

lf (w), hyg cry (lig)

41

dec 204

2268 2-Chloro-1-propanol

Propylene chlorohydrin

C3H7ClO

78-89-7

94.540

133.5

1.10320

1.439020

C3H7ClO

627-30-5

94.540

165

1.130920

1.445920

C3H7ClO

127-00-4

94.540

127

1.11320

1.439220

2271 3-Chloropropanoyl chloride

C3H4Cl2O

625-36-5

126.969

144

1.330713

1.454920

2272 cis-1-Chloropropene

C3H5Cl

16136-84-8

76.525

liq

-134.8

32.8

0.934720

1.405520

2273 trans-1-Chloropropene

C3H5Cl

16136-85-9

76.525

liq

-99

37.4

0.934920

1.405420

2269 3-Chloro-1-propanol 2270 1-Chloro-2-propanol

sec-Propylene chlorohydrin

2274 2-Chloropropene

Isopropenyl chloride

C3H5Cl

557-98-2

76.525


22.6

0.901720

1.397320

2275 3-Chloropropene

Allyl chloride

C3H5Cl

107-05-1

76.525

liq

-134.5

45.1

0.937620

1.415720

C3H2ClN C3H3ClO2 C9H9Cl

920-37-6 598-79-8 21087-29-6

87.508 106.508 152.620

liq

-65 66 8.5

88.5 sub 10613

1.09625

1.429020

2-Chloroacrylic acid

1.092620

1.585120

C10H12ClNO2 C17H16Cl2O3 C9H11Cl C4H6Cl2O2 C6H15ClO3Si C6H15ClSi C3H3Cl

101-21-3 5836-10-2 104-52-9 628-11-5 2530-87-2 2344-83-4 624-65-7

213.661 339.213 154.636 156.996 198.720 150.722 74.509

41 73

1492

1.1830

1.538820

-78

219.5 177 91 151 58

1.05621 1.292625 1.07725 0.878920 1.03025

1.516025 1.445620 1.418325 1.431920 1.434920

C5H3ClN4 C4H4ClN3 C5H5ClN2

87-42-3 5469-69-2 1072-98-6

154.558 129.548 128.560

nd (w)

176 dec 220 137

12711

2289 2-Chloropyridine

C5H4ClN

109-09-1

113.546

oil

2290 3-Chloropyridine 2291 4-Chloropyridine

C5H4ClN C5H4ClN

626-60-8 626-61-9

113.546 113.546

liq

2276 2-Chloro-2-propenenitrile 2277 2-Chloropropenoic acid 2278 trans-(3-Chloro-1-propenyl) benzene 2279 Chloropropham 2280 Chloropropylate 2281 (3-Chloropropyl)benzene 2282 3-Chloropropyl chloroformate 2283 (3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane 2284 (3-Chloropropyl)trimethylsilane 2285 3-Chloro-1-propyne

2286 6-Chloro-1H-purine 2287 6-Chloro-3-pyridazinamine 2288 5-Chloro-2-pyridinamine

Propargyl chloride

6-Chloropurine

pow

pl

-43.5

Solubility

170

1.20515

148; 86100 147.5

1.200025

1.532020 1.530420

vs bz, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, py; s MeOH i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz vs bz, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs ace, EtOH, chl sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace s H2O, EtOH, chl; msc eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig; sl ctc

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s os sl ctc i H2O

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc

s H2O, EtOH; sl DMSO; i peth, lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O s H2O; msc EtOH


O

3-113

Cl

Cl

Cl

SiH2

O S O

OH O

Cl 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-propanone

3-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-propynoic acid

N N N N

Chlorophenylsilane

Cl

H N

Cl

NH2 S

1-Chloro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)benzene

5-Chloro-1-phenyltetrazole

(2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea

O

N

N

N

N

N Mg

Mg N

N

O

N

HN N H O S O O

O

O

O O

O

Cl O

O

O

O

α-Chlorophyll

β-Chlorophyll

Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

HO

OH

1-Chloropropane

2-Chloropropane

O

Cl Chloropropamide

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol

NO2

O

O2N

OH

3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol

O

2-Chloropropanal

Cl N

3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate

3-Chloropropanenitrile

Cl O

OH Cl

O 2-Chloropropanoic acid

Cl OH

Cl

OH

OH

3-Chloropropanoic acid

2-Chloro-1-propanol

Cl

3-Chloro-1-propanol

1-Chloro-2-propanol

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

trans-1-Chloropropene

2-Chloropropene

3-Chloropropene

H N

Cl

OH

2-Chloropropenoic acid

O

O

Cl

O trans-(3-Chloro-1-propenyl)benzene

Cl

O HO

Cl

N

2-Chloro-2-propenenitrile

Cl

Cl

Cl

3-Chloropropanoyl chloride

O

Cl cis-1-Chloropropene

O

OH

Cl

Chloropropham

Chloropropylate

(3-Chloropropyl)benzene

Cl O O Si O

O Cl

O

Cl

3-Chloropropyl chloroformate

N

HN

Cl

Si

(3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane

Cl

(3-Chloropropyl)trimethylsilane

Cl

N

3-Chloro-1-propyne

Cl NH2 Cl

N

N

6-Chloro-3-pyridazinamine

Cl

Cl N

NH2

5-Chloro-2-pyridinamine

N

Cl

2-Chloropyridine

N 3-Chloropyridine

N

6-Chloro-1H-purine

N 4-Chloropyridine

3-114


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2292 2-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 2293 6-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 2294 4-Chloropyridine, hydrochloride 2295 Chloroquine 2296 2-Chloroquinoline

C6H4ClNO2

2942-59-8

157.555

>175 dec

C6H4ClNO2

5326-23-8

157.555

198 dec

C5H5Cl2N C18H26ClN3 C9H6ClN

7379-35-3 54-05-7 612-62-4

150.006 319.872 163.604

nd (aq al)

90 38

2297 4-Chloroquinoline

C9H6ClN

611-35-8

163.604

cry


C9H6ClN

612-57-7

163.604


C9H6ClN

611-33-6

163.604

pr (eth), nd (al) liq

C9H6ClNO C8H7Cl

130-16-5 2039-87-4

179.603 138.595

cry (al) liq

2302 3-Chlorostyrene

C8H7Cl

2039-85-2

138.595

2303 4-Chlorostyrene

C8H7Cl

1073-67-2

138.595

2304 N-Chlorosuccinimide

C4H4ClNO2

128-09-6

133.534

2305 1-Chlorotetradecane

C14H29Cl

2425-54-9

232.833

2306 6-Chloro-N,N,N’,N’-tetraethyl1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine 2307 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 2308 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 2309 Chlorothalonil

C11H20ClN5

580-48-3

257.764

C2HClF4 C2HClF4 C8Cl4N2

354-25-6 2837-89-0 1897-45-6

136.476 136.476 265.911

No. Name

2300 5-Chloro-8-quinolinol 2301 2-Chlorostyrene

Synonym

Cloxyquin

Physical Form

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

266; 15322

1.246425

1.634225

34.5

262; 13015

1.25125

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s dil HCl

43.8

263

-20

288.5

1.283414

1.640814

s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

130 -63.1

188.7

1.100020

1.564920

636

1.103320

1.562520

192

1.086820

1.566020

s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, HOAc; msc peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc sl H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs ace, bz; sl ctc vs bz, chl, EtOH, lig

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

sub 210

15.9

pl (CCl4)

1.611056

1.6525

150

4.9

296.8

0.865420

1.447420

oily liq

27

1559

1.095620

1.532020

col gas col gas

-117

-11.7 -12 350

1.725

250

10

148-65-2 58-94-6 96-43-5

295.831 295.724 118.585

2313 5-Chloro-2thiophenecarboxaldehyde 2314 2-Chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one 2315 2-Chlorotoluene

C5H3ClOS

7283-96-7

146.595

C13H7ClOS C7H7Cl

86-39-5 95-49-8

246.712 126.584

liq

153.5 -35.8

159.0

1.082520

1.526820

2316 3-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl

108-41-8

126.584

liq

-47.8

161.8

1.07520

1.521419

2317 4-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl

106-43-4

126.584

7.5

162.4

1.069720

1.515020

2318 6-Chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4diamine 2319 1-Chloro-2-(trichloromethyl) benzene 2320 1-Chloro-4-(trichloromethyl) benzene 2321 Chlorotriethoxysilane 2322 Chlorotriethylplumbane 2323 Chlorotriethylsilane 2324 1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 2325 1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2326 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 2327 Chlorotrifluoroethene 2328 Chlorotrifluoromethane 2329 2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl) aniline 2330 4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) aniline 2331 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 2332 1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene

C3H4ClN5

3397-62-4

145.551

>330

C7H4Cl4

2136-89-2

229.919

29.4

264.3

1.518720

1.583620

C7H4Cl4

5216-25-1

229.919

245

1.446320

i H2O; s eth, ace; sl ctc vs ace, eth

C6H15ClO3Si C6H15ClPb C6H15ClSi C2H2ClF3 C2H2ClF3 C2H2ClF3 C2ClF3 CClF3 C7H5ClF3N

4667-99-6 1067-14-7 994-30-9 421-04-5 431-07-2 75-88-7 79-38-9 75-72-9 121-50-6

198.720 329.8 150.722 118.485 118.485 118.485 116.469 104.459 195.570

156

1.03020

1.399920

vs EtOH s H2O

144.5 12 17.3 6.1 -27.8 -81.4 10325

0.896720

1.431420

1.3890 1.54-60

1.30900 1.380

1.42825

1.497520

C7H5ClF3N

320-51-4

195.570

o-Chlorobenzotrifluoride

C7H4ClF3

88-16-4

180.555

m-Chlorobenzotrifluoride

C7H4ClF3

98-15-7

180.555

Chloromethapyrilene 2-Thienyl chloride

Lead triethyl chloride

Chlorotrifluoroethylene Refrigerant 13

liq

350 dec -71.9

128.3

1.1751

i H2O; sl ace, cyhex 25

C14H18ClN3S C7H6ClN3O4S2 C4H3ClS

2310 Chlorothen 2311 Chlorothiazide 2312 2-Chlorothiophene

155 , 192

5

1.286320

77.55

liq

-51 123 dec

vol liq or gas vol liq or gas col gas -105.5 col gas -158.2 col gas -181.2

1.548720

1.603625

36.5

13227

liq

-6

152.2

1.254030

1.451325

liq

-56

137.5

1.331125

1.443825

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl sl chl

i H2O; s EtOH, bz; msc eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc, chl; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, chl; msc eth

s bz, chl i H2O

s chl


O

O Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

N

HN

Cl

OH OH

N

3-115

HCl Cl

N

N

6-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

N

4-Chloropyridine, hydrochloride

N

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

4-Chloroquinoline

O

8-Chloroquinoline

5-Chloro-8-quinolinol

Cl

2-Chlorostyrene

3-Chlorostyrene

N

Cl

F

N

Cl

F

F

F

F F

N

1-Chlorotetradecane

N-Chlorosuccinimide

N

N

Cl

4-Chlorostyrene

O

N Cl

OH

Cl

6-Chloroquinoline

Cl

N

N N

N

Cl

2-Chloroquinoline

Chloroquine

6-Chloro-N,N,N’,N’-tetraethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine

F

F

1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

N Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

N

Cl

N

S

N

S

S

Chlorothalonil

O O

O O

H2N N

Chlorothen

O

Cl

N

Cl

NH S

Chlorothiazide

Cl

O

Cl

2-Chlorothiophene

S

S

5-Chloro-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde

2-Chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one

Cl Cl Cl

NH2

Cl N

N

Cl 2-Chlorotoluene

4-Chlorotoluene

3-Chlorotoluene

O O Si Cl O

Cl

Cl

N

Cl Cl

Cl

NH2

6-Chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine

1-Chloro-2-(trichloromethyl)benzene

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene

F Pb Cl

Si Cl

F F F

Chlorotriethoxysilane

Chlorotriethylplumbane

Chlorotriethylsilane

NH2 Cl F F Chlorotrifluoromethane

F F

Cl F

F

1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane


F

2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline

F

Cl

F

F

Chlorotrifluoroethene

Cl Cl

Cl

F F


NH2 Cl

F

Cl

F

Cl

F

F F

4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline

F

F F F

1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F F


3-116


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

2333 1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 2334 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane 2335 2-Chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane 2336 Chlorotrimethylstannane 2337 2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

p-Chlorobenzotrifluoride

C7H4ClF3

98-56-6

180.555

liq

-33

138.5

1.334025

1.443130

460-35-5 6111-88-2 1066-45-1 88-88-0

132.512 148.674 199.266 247.549

liq

-106.5 -26 38.5 83

45.1 1.325320 dec 147; 4416 0.874620 148 1.79720

1.335020 1.430820

Picryl chloride

C3H4ClF3 C8H17Cl C3H9ClSn C6H2ClN3O6

2338 Chlorotrinitromethane

CClN3O6

1943-16-4

185.480

2.3

dec 134; 5640 1.676920

1.450020

2339 Chlorotriphenylmethane

C19H15Cl

76-83-5

278.775

C18H15ClSi C18H15ClSn C9H21ClSn C4H9ClSi N’-[4-(4-Chlorophenoxy)phenyl] C15H15ClN2O2 -N,N-dimethylurea C9H16ClN3O7 C10H12ClNO4

76-86-8 639-58-7 2279-76-7 1719-58-0 1982-47-4

294.851 385.475 283.426 120.653 290.745

54749-90-5 886-74-8

313.692 245.660

cry cry (bz)

C16H19ClN2 Chloroprophenpyridamine C20H23ClN2O4 2-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-2C10H14ClN propylamine 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethyl-10HC17H19ClN2S phenothiazine-10-propanamine

132-22-9 113-92-8 461-78-9

274.788 390.861 183.678

oily liq

50-53-3

318.864

2340 2341 2342 2343 2344

Chlorotriphenylsilane Chlorotriphenylstannane Chlorotripropylstannane Chlorovinyldimethylsilane Chloroxuron

2345 Chlorozotocin 2346 Chlorphenesin carbamate 2347 Chlorpheniramine 2348 Chlorpheniramine maleate 2349 Chlorphentermine 2350 Chlorpromazine

Triphenyltin chloride

2351 Chlorprothixene

C18H18ClNS

113-59-7

315.861

2352 2353 2354 2355

C9H11Cl3NO3PS C7H7Cl3NO3PS C12H12ClN5O4S C22H23ClN2O8

2921-88-2 5598-13-0 64902-72-3 57-62-5

350.586 322.534 357.773 478.879

2356 Chlorthalidone

C14H11ClN2O4S

77-36-1

338.765

2357 Chlorthion

C8H9ClNO5PS

500-28-7

C11H15Cl2O3PS2 C10H13ClN2O

21923-23-9 15545-48-9

Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos-methyl Chlorsulfuron Chlortetracycline

2358 Chlorthiophos 2359 Chlortoluron 2360 Cholane 2361 Cholan-24-oic acid

N’-(3-Chloro-4-methylphenyl)N,N-dimethylurea Cholanic acid

2362 Cholesta-3,5-diene

2363 Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3β)

7-Dehydrocholesterol

2364 Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α)

wh nd or pl (chl, al-lig)

nd or pr (bz- 113.5 peth)

231; 1012

liq

2020.8

pale ye cry

97

gold-ye

42 43 176 168.5

147

368.638

C27H44O

434-16-2

384.637

C27H44O

128-33-6

384.637

2365 Cholestane, (5α)

28,29,30-Trinorlanostane

C27H48

481-21-0

372.670

2366 Cholestane, (5β)

Coprostane

C27H48

481-20-9

372.670

2367 Cholestanol 2368 Cholestan-3-ol, (3α,5α) 2369 Cholest-4-en-3-ol, (3β)

Dihydrocholesterol Epicholestanol Allocholesterol

C27H48O C27H48O C27H46O

80-97-7 516-95-0 517-10-2

388.669 388.669 386.653

2370 Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3α)

Epicholesterol

C27H46O

474-77-1

386.653

2371 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), acetate

C29H48O2

604-35-3

428.690

2372 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), benzoate

C34H50O2

604-32-0

490.760

2373 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, hexadecanoate 2374 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, cis-9octadecenoate

C43H76O2

601-34-3

625.062

C45H78O2

303-43-5

651.100

s H2O vs ace, EtOH, diox 1421

cry

747-90-0

s chl 1.4910228 s ctc, os 1.414120

132.5

361.245 212.675

C27H44

1.267828 0.874420

147 dec 90

21

330.590 360.574

12313 83.5

151

297.653

548-98-1 25312-65-6

i H2O vs EtOH s H2O, chl, os i H2O; s EtOH, bz; sl eth; vs ace, tol vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl; s ace

24135 103.5 -23.5

wh pow or cry ye cry

C24H42 C24H40O2

310

Solubility

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s dil HCl i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

225 dec 1250.1

1.43720

1.566120

i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, ace, bz; s diox s alk, EtOH; sl eth i H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH

1500.001

pr (al) nd (al), cry (HOAc) wh nd (al)

pl (+1w), (ethMeOH) pl (MeOH) ,nd sc or pl (ethal, ace) orth nd (al, ace) sc (al,+1w) nd (al) nd (ethMeOH) cry (al, chlMeOH) wh nd (ace, al) wh nd wh nd (eth al)

sl H2O; s os 0.001

90 163.5

190

80

26013

s EtOH, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, bz, chl; vs lig i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace

0.925100

150.5

110

1600.001

80

2501

72

0.909088

1.488788

0.911987

1.488488

141.5 185.5 132

s ace, chl, MeOH i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl vs eth, chl

141.5

vs eth, chl s chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl sl EtOH

115.5

vs bz, eth, chl

151.3

0.9413200

79.3

i EtOH; s eth, chl vs bz, chl

46.3

s chl


3-117

Cl

O O N

Cl Cl

F F

F

F

Cl


Cl

F F

O N O

Sn Cl

3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane

2-Chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane

Chlorotrimethylstannane

NO2 NO2 NO2

Cl

N O O

2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

Chlorotrinitromethane

Chlorotriphenylmethane

HO O Cl Si

Cl Sn

Sn Cl

Chlorotriphenylstannane

Chlorotripropylstannane

OH O

N

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

O P O S

N

OH O O

Chlorphentermine

Cl

N

O O O S N N H H

OH H

H

S Chlorpromazine

Cl

N

HO

OH

Cl

S NH

NH2 HO OH O HO O

Chlorsulfuron

NH2

O O

O

O

Chlortetracycline

Chlorthalidone

N H

O S

Cl

Chlorthiophos

Chlortoluron

HO

HO

N

NH2

Cl

OH

H N

Cl

Chlorthion

Cl

O Cl

Cl

S O P O O

N

Chlorpyrifos-methyl

Chlorpyrifos

O O P S O

O N O

HO

Chlorpheniramine maleate

Cl

S O P O O

N

Cl

Chlorozotocin

N

N

Chlorpheniramine

Chlorprothixene

O

ON

Chloroxuron

O

S

O

O

O N

N

N

Cl

HN

N

Chlorphenesin carbamate

Cl

N

NH2 O

Cl

Cl

Chlorovinyldimethylsilane

N O

OH

H N

Cl Si

Chlorotriphenylsilane

OH

OH

Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3β)

Cholane

Cholan-24-oic acid

H

Cholesta-3,5-diene

H

Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α)

H Cholestane, (5α)

Cholestane, (5β)

H HO

HO

H

HO

H

HO

Cholestan-3-ol, (3α,5α)

Cholestanol

Cholest-4-en-3-ol, (3β)

Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3α)

H H

H H O

O

O O

O O

O

O Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), acetate

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), benzoate

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, hexadecanoate

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, cis-9-octadecenoate

3-118

No. Name


Synonym

2375 Cholest-4-en-3-one 2376 Cholesterol

2377 Cholic acid

2378 Choline chloride 2379 Choline chloride dihydrogen phosphate 2380 Chorismic acid 2381 Chromium carbonyl

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C27H44O C27H46O

601-57-0 57-88-5

384.637 386.653

nd or pl (al) 81.5 orth or tcl lf 148.5 (al) nd (eth)

81-25-4

408.572

C5H14ClNO C5H15ClNO4P

67-48-1 107-73-3

139.624 219.605

hyg cry visc liq

305 dec

C10H10O6 C6CrO6

617-12-9 13007-92-6

226.182 220.056

cry col orth cry

148 dec 130

C2CrO4

814-90-4

140.015

ye-grn pow (hyd) red mcl cry red-br pow ye pl or lf

208 300 exp

3,7,12-Trihydroxycholan-24-oic C24H40O5 acid, (3α,5β,7α,12α)

Phosphorylcholine

2382 Chromium(II) oxalate

mp/˚C

349.320 513.366 420.202

C18H13N C18H12

2642-98-0 218-01-9

243.303 228.288

2388 Ciafos

C9H10NO3PS

2636-26-2

243.219

2389 Cicutoxin

8,10,12-Heptadecatriene-4,6diyne-1,14-diol 2390 C.I. Direct Blue 6, tetrasodium salt Direct Blue 6

C17H22O2

505-75-9

258.356

pr (eth/peth) 54

C32H20N6Na4O14S4 2602-46-2

932.752

2391 Cimetidine 2392 Cinchonamine

C10H16N6S C19H24N2O

51481-61-9 482-28-0

252.339 296.406

2393 Cinchonidine

C19H22N2O

485-71-2

294.390

dk bronze pow cry orth nd (al) orth pr (MeOH) or pl or pr (al)

2394 Cinchonine

C19H22N2O

118-10-5

294.390

2395 Cinchotoxine

C19H22N2O

69-24-9

294.390

pr nd (al, 265 eth) nd or pr (eth) 59

C9H8O

14371-10-9

132.159

ye liq

2386 6-Chrysenamine 2387 Chrysene

Chromium acetylacetonate 1,8-Dihydroxy-2,4,5,7tetranitro-9,10anthracenedione 6-Aminochrysene Benzo[a]phenanthrene

lf (al) 210.5 red bl fl or 255.5 orth pl (bz, HOAc) ye to red-ye 15 liq

210.5

-7.5

3-Phenyl-2-propenal, (E)-

2397 Cinnamedrine

90-86-8

281.392

2398 cis-Cinnamic acid

α-[1-[Methyl(3-phenylallyl) C19H23NO amino]ethyl]benzenemethanol 3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid, (Z) C9H8O2

102-94-3

148.159

mcl pr (w)

42

2399 trans-Cinnamic acid

3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid, (E) C9H8O2

140-10-3

148.159

mcl pr (dil al)

133

C16H15NO2 C18H16O2

87-29-6 122-69-0

253.296 264.319

cry nd (al)

64 44

C10H10O2

104-65-4

162.185

C8H6N2

253-66-7

130.147

2402 Cinnamyl formate 2403 Cinnoline 2404 Cinoxate

2405 2406 2407 2408 2409 2410 2411

Cinquasia Red Ciodrin C.I. Pigment Red 170 C.I. Pigment Yellow 1 C.I. Pigment Yellow 12 Cisapride Citral

3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol, formate 1,2-Benzodiazine 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2propenoic acid, 2-ethoxyethyl ester Quinacridone

3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal

2412 β-Citraurin

2413 Citrazinic acid

1,2-Dihydro-6-hydroxy-2-oxo4-pyridinecarboxylic acid

2450.03 dec 360; 2330.5

1.06720

sub

1.77

345

1.34

nD

Solubility i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s bz, HOAc; vs diox sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, alk; vs eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH

s H2O i H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s bz s H2O; i EtOH vs eth, EtOH

dec

1.27420

448

1200.09 dec

1.540432

142 186

2396 trans-Cinnamaldehyde

2400 trans-Cinnamyl anthranilate 2401 Cinnamyl cinnamate

den/ g cm-3

198

21679-31-2 C15H21CrO6 C16H9N3Na2O10S2 548-80-1 517-92-0 C14H4N4O12

2383 Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate 2384 Chromotrope 2B 2385 Chrysamminic acid

bp/˚C

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2; s tol sl H2O; vs chl, EtOH, ace, MeOH s hot H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sub

i H2O, bz; s EtOH, chl, py; sl eth

1.049720

246

1.619520

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i lig

75

1.15654

38

1140.3

-25

red-viol cry

390

104-28-9

250.291

C20H12N2O2 C14H19O6P C26H22N4O4 C17H16N4O4 C32H26Cl2N6O4 C23H29ClFN3O4 C10H16O

1047-16-1 7700-17-6 2786-76-7 2512-29-0 6358-85-6 81098-60-4 5392-40-5

312.321 314.271 454.478 340.334 629.492 465.945 152.233

C30H40O2

650-69-1

432.638

pl (bz-peth), 147 cry (al)

C6H5NO4

99-11-6

155.109

ye pow

185

i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth

1.08625

252

C14H18O4

red solid ye cry ye cry cry (hp)

1.24754

300

0 pa ye cry (lig) col liq

vs EtOH, HOAc, lig i H2O, lig; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz

2

vs eth, EtOH 1.102

25

1.567

20

i H2O; msc EtOH

i H2O, os 1350.03

1.1925

228.3

0.888820

256 317 132

>300 dec

1.489820

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig s H2O, alk; sl HCl


3-119 O HO

HO

HO

O Cholest-4-en-3-one

O

H

H

H

OH

OH

H

Cholesterol

N

HO

O

OH

O

O

CO

OC

OH

Cr

OC

OH

CO

O

Chorismic acid

CO

O

O

O

O

Chromium carbonyl

OH OH

O Cr

CO

O

2

N

O Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

P

O

NH2

O O S O

N O

O N

S

O

O S O O

N

N

S

O

O

O

N

O

O

O

N

O

Chrysamminic acid

OH

O

Ciafos

H2N

OH O N

OH

Chrysene

HO

OH O

N

S

N

4 Na

OH

O

O N

Chromotrope 2B

O NH2

O

Choline chloride dihydrogen phosphate

SO3 Na

Na O3S

Chromium(II) oxalate

6-Chrysenamine

O N

O Cr

Cl

Choline chloride

Cholic acid

Cl

N

O O P OH OH

Cicutoxin

N

H N

S

N

C.I. Direct Blue 6, tetrasodium salt

HO

OH

N

N H

O

H N

Cimetidine

N

H

N

N H H

N

Cinchonamine

Cinchonidine

NH HO H

O

N

O

OH N

O N

OH O

N

Cinchonine

O

trans-Cinnamaldehyde

Cinchotoxine

NH2

Cinnamedrine

O Cinnamyl formate

Cinnamyl cinnamate

O

N

O

N H

O

Cinnoline

O

O

N OH H N

O P O O O

O

O

Cinquasia Red

Cinoxate

NH2

O

N

N

O

H N O

O N

trans-Cinnamyl anthranilate

trans-Cinnamic acid

O

O

O

cis-Cinnamic acid

O

O

OH

O

N H N

O N

O

N O

N H NH O N

Cl

Cl

O

O N N

O

N N

HN

NH O

O

O

Ciodrin

C.I. Pigment Red 170

C.I. Pigment Yellow 1

C.I. Pigment Yellow 12

O Cl HN

O

N

H2N O

O

O

O

F

O

HO Cisapride

Citral

OH

HO β-Citraurin

N

OH

Citrazinic acid

O

3-120


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

2414 Citric acid

2-Hydroxy-1,2,3propanetricarboxylic acid

C6H8O7

77-92-9

192.124

orth (w+1)

153

dec

1.66520

2415 Citric acid monohydrate

C6H10O8

5949-29-1

210.138

cry (w)

135

2416 Citrinin

2-Hydroxy-1,2,3propanetricarboxylic acid, monohydrate Antimycin

C13H14O5

518-75-2

250.247

178 dec

2417 Citrulline

N5-(Aminocarbonyl)- L-ornithine C6H13N3O3

372-75-8

175.185

6358-53-8 130-20-1

308.331 511.312

ye nd (MeOH) pr (aq MeOH) cry viol-bl pow

C24H12O2 128-66-5 C28H19N5Na2O6S4 1829-00-1

332.351 695.721

ye cry ye-br pow

C25H30ClNO5 C18H33ClN2O5S

14976-57-9 18323-44-9

459.963 424.983

C18H15ClN2O C14H8Cl2N4

77175-51-0 74115-24-5

310.777 303.147

C12H15ClO3 C13H18ClNO2 C12H14ClNO2

637-07-0 14261-75-7 81777-89-1

242.698 255.741 239.698

2429 Clomiphene 2430 Clonazepam

C26H28ClNO C15H10ClN3O3

911-45-5 1622-61-3

405.959 315.711

2431 Clonidine 2432 Clopidol 2433 Clopyralid

C9H9Cl2N3 C7H7Cl2NO C6H3Cl2NO2

4205-90-7 2971-90-6 1702-17-6

230.093 192.043 192.000

C13H11ClO C22H17ClN2

120-32-1 23593-75-1

218.678 344.836

cry

48.5 148

183.5 51 dec

2418 Citrus Red 2 2419 C.I. Vat Blue 6 2420 C.I. Vat Yellow 4 2421 Clayton Yellow

7,16-Dichloro-6,15-dihydro5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetrone Anthanthrone Thiazol Yellow G

2422 Clemastine fumarate 2423 Clindamycin 2424 Cloconazole 2425 Clofentezine 2426 Clofibrate 2427 Cloforex 2428 Clomazone

3,6-Bis(2-chlorophenyl)1,2,4,5-tetrazine

2-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-4,4dimethyl-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one

3,6-Dichloro-2pyridinecarboxylic acid

2434 Clorophene 2435 Clotrimazole

C18H16N2O3 C28H12Cl2N2O4

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz s H2O; i EtOH, MeOH sl H2O; s EtOH

s H2O, EtOH, H2SO4 181

ye amorp solid 73 182

cry

52.8

s EtOAc

14920 890.005 1.19220

wh cry cry pow

117 237.5

i H2O, bz; sl ace, MeOH, chl

137 >320 151

C18H19ClN4 C8Co2O8

5786-21-0 10210-68-1

326.824 341.947

ye cry oran cry

2438 Cobalt hydrocarbonyl 2439 Cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedioate 2440 Cocaine

Tetracarbonylhydrocobalt Cobalt(III) acetylacetonate

C4HCoO4 C15H21CoO6 C17H21NO4

16842-03-8 21679-46-9 50-36-2

171.982 356.257 303.354

ye liq or gas ≈-30 240 mcl pr (al) 98

2441 Coclaurine 2442 Codamine

C17H19NO3 C20H25NO4

486-39-5 21040-59-5

285.338 343.418

pl (al) pr (bz, eth)

220.5 127

2443 Codeine

C18H21NO3

76-57-3

299.365

orth cry (w, dil al, eth)

157.5

2444 Codeine phosphate

C18H24NO7P

52-28-8

397.361

2445 Coenzyme A

C21H36N7O16P3S

85-61-0

767.535

C21H27N7O14P2

53-84-9

663.425

lf or pr (dil 227 dec al) pow; unstab in air hyg pow

C21H28N7O17P3

53-59-8

743.405

gray-wh pow

2448 Colchiceine

C21H23NO6

477-27-0

385.411

2449 Colchicine

C22H25NO6

64-86-8

399.437

2450 Colistin A

C53H100N16O13

7722-44-3

1169.47

pa ye nd 178.5 (diox) ye pl (w + 1/ 156 2) ye cry (bz) amorp pow

2451 Collinomycin

C27H20O12

27267-69-2

536.441

2452 Columbin

C20H22O6

546-97-4

358.385

oran pr (chl- 281 MeOH) nd (MeOH) 195.5

2453 Conessine

C24H40N2

546-06-5

356.588

lf or pl (ace) 125.5

2447 Coenzyme II

1.542

156

Clozaril Dicobalt octacarbonyl

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Solubility vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, AcOEt; i bz, chl vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth

222

2436 Clozapine 2437 Cobalt carbonyl

2446 Coenzyme I

nD

i H2O

1613.5

1.18558

s ctc, CS2 sl H2O, bz; s ace, chl, AcOEt, DMF

1.78

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 s os

10 1870.1

25022, 1401.5

1.502298

1.3225

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py; s CS2 vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol; vs EtOH; i peth vs EtOH, chl s H2O s H2O s H2O

1.2425

sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl; i eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH

sl H2O, EtOH, hx; s acids, MeOH vs ace, diox, chl

1660.1

i H2O; sl ace, AcOEt, MeOH; s chl sl H2O; s chl, HOAc


3-121 O

O Cl

O O COOH HOOC

OH HOOC

COOH

COOH COOH

OH Citric acid

O

HO

H 2O

O O

HO

Citrinin

N

N H

NH2

OH

Citric acid monohydrate

O

O HN

N

NH O

OH

NH2

Cl O

Citrulline

C.I. Vat Blue 6

Citrus Red 2

Cl NH

O

N

N N N HN

S

N HO

O

N

S

SO3 Na

SO3 Na

O C.I. Vat Yellow 4

Clayton Yellow

OH S OH

O O

Cl

O

HO

O

OH

Clindamycin

Clemastine fumarate

Cl Cl

N N

Cl

O

N

N

N

O

N

O

Cl

Clofibrate

O N

Cl

Cloforex

Clomazone

OH

N

Clomiphene

N

O

H N

Cl

N

N O

OH

O

Cl

Cl

N Cl H Clonidine

Clonazepam

Cl

N H

CO Co CO CO

OC Co CO

Cobalt carbonyl

Clorophene

Clozapine

Clotrimazole

O

O

O

O O N

N H H

HO

O

O

O

O

N H

HO

O

O

H

CO

Cobalt hydrocarbonyl

N H

Cl

Clopyralid

O

O

CO

OH

N

Clopidol

Co

H

Cl

O

O O O C C

N Cl

Cl

N

O

N

Cl

Cl

N

Cl

OC Co OC CO

O

N

N

H N O

O O

Cl

Cl

Clofentezine

Cloconazole

O

H N

O

OH Cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

Cocaine

O

Coclaurine

Codamine

Codeine

NH2

NH2 N

N O

NH2 N

N

O O H2PO4

O

HS

O

N H

N

N H

H

O O O O O P P OH OH

HO

NH2

N

N

Codeine phosphate

N

N

O

HO

O

O

O O O O P P O OH

N

N O

O HO

HO

OH

NH2

O O P OH OH

O N

HO

OH

Coenzyme A

N

N

O N

OH

HO

O O O O P P OH O O

N

HO

OH Coenzyme II

Coenzyme I

O O O

O NH

O NH

O

O

O

H

O O

O O

O O OH

Colchiceine

O Colchicine

O

O HO

O HO

O

HO Collinomycin

O

H

N

O

H O

O

H

O

H OH

N

O Columbin

Conessine

H

3-122

No. Name


Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

2454 Congo Red

C32H22N6Na2O6S2 573-58-0

696.663

pow

>360

2455 Conhydrine

C8H17NO

3238-62-8

143.227

nd (peth)

121

226

C8H17NO

495-20-5

143.227

lf (eth)

121

226

2457 Coniferin

C16H22O8

531-29-3

342.341

nd (w+2)

186

2458 Conquinamine

C19H24N2O2

464-86-8

312.406

ye tetr

123

2459 Convallatoxin

C29H42O10

508-75-8

550.637

pr (eth/ MeOH)

238

2460 Copaene

C15H24

3856-25-5

204.352

2456 Conhydrine, (+)

2-(α-Hydroxypropyl)piperidine

248.5

2461 Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate

Bis(ethylacetoacetato)copper

C12H18CuO6

14284-06-1

321.813

2462 Copper(II) gluconate 2463 Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate 2464 Copper phthalocyanine

Cupric gluconate Copper(II) acetylacetonate Pigment Blue 15

C12H22CuO14 C10H14CuO4 C32H16CuN8

527-09-3 13395-16-9 147-14-8

453.841 261.762 576.069

grn cry (EtOH) bl-grn cry bl pow bl-purp cry

2465 Coronene

C24H12

191-07-1

300.352

2466 Corticosterone

C21H30O4

50-22-6

346.461

2467 Corybulbine

C21H25NO4

518-77-4

2468 Corycavamine 2469 Corydaline

C21H21NO5 C22H27NO4

2470 Corydine 2471 Corynantheine 2472 Cotarnine

den/ g cm-3

0.899620

sub

ye nd (bz)

437.4

525

181

355.429

nd (al, pl) (ace) nd (al)

237.5

521-85-7 518-69-4

367.396 369.454

pr (eth, al) pr (al)

149 136

C20H23NO4

476-69-7

341.402

tetr pr (eth)

149

C22H26N2O3 C12H15NO4

18904-54-6 82-54-2

366.452 237.252

C14H16ClO5PS C15H8O5

56-72-4 479-13-0

362.766 268.222

93 385 dec

1.474

cry rods

2475 Creatine

C4H9N3O2

57-00-1

131.133

mcl pr (w+1) 303 dec

1.3325

2476 Creatinine

C4H7N3O

60-27-5

113.118

orth pr (w+2) 300 dec lf (w) 31.03

2473 Coumaphos 2474 Coumestrol

3,9-Dihydroxy-6Hbenzofuro[3,2-c][1] benzopyran-6-one

202.27

1.033920

1.540120

pr

34.77

201.98

1.018540

1.531220

346.376 636.602

cry (al) ye cry pow

223 186

1733-12-6

382.430

>300

C19H17O4P C7H10ClN3 C23H16O11 C12H19ClNO3P C21H23NO5

78-31-9 535-89-7 16110-51-3 299-86-5 482-74-6

340.309 171.627 468.366 291.711 369.412

red-br cry pow col liq br wax col cry

C25H30ClN3 C20H20O6

548-62-9 18423-69-3

407.979 356.369

C32H46O8 C32H48O8 C6H9N3O2 C19H22N2O2 C19H26N2O

6199-67-3 5988-76-1 135-20-6 524-63-0 18397-07-4

558.702 560.718 155.154 310.390 298.421

108.138

2478 m-Cresol

3-Methylphenol

C7H8O

108-39-4

108.138

2479 p-Cresol

4-Methylphenol

C7H8O

106-44-5

108.138

2480 o-Cresolphthalein 2481 o-Cresolphthalein complexone

Metalphthalein

C22H18O4 C32H32N2O12

596-27-0 2411-89-4

2482 Cresol Red

o-Cresolsulfonphthalein

C21H18O5S

Cromoglicic acid

2488 Crystal Violet 2489 Cubebin 2490 2491 2492 2493 2494

Cucurbitacin B Cucurbitacin C Cupferron Cupreine Curan-17-ol, (16α)

Gentian violet

Geissoschizoline

-40 87 241 dec 60 pr or pl (bz) 223 nd (chlMeOH) grn pow 215 dec nd (al, bz) 131.5 cry (EtOH) cry (AcOEt)

pr (eth) pa ye amor pow

181 207.5 163.5 202 135 dec

sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s EtOH, ace; sl chl; i eth i H2O; s eth, ace, HOAc, lig s EtOH, chl

i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth

12.24

95-48-7

Cryptocavine

165.5 132 dec

1.538635

C7H8O

p-Cresyl diphenyl phosphate Crimidine Cromolyn Crufomate Cryptopine

1.37125

1.032735

2-Methylphenol

Solubility

sl EtOH; i os sl H2O; s chl i H2O, EtOH; s conc H2SO4 i H2O, con sulf; sl bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, HCl vs EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, NH4OH

191.04

2477 o-Cresol

2483 2484 2485 2486 2487

1.489420

192 156 284 dec

nd (bz), cry (eth)

nD

s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, chl s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace, alk vs H2O, EtOH

1.20825

i H2O; s os vs EtOH

1.31520

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl, HOAc vs H2O, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl

1434 1180.01

sl DMSO vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl


3-123 OH

OH

NH2

NH2 N

N

N

HO

N H

O

N

O O

O H N

H

SO3Na

N H

SO3Na Congo Red

N H

OH

Conhydrine

HO HO

OH

Conhydrine, (+)

OH Coniferin

Conquinamine

O O

O

H OH

O O HO HO

H

O

OH

O Cu

O

O

H

O

OH Convallatoxin

Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate

Copaene

HO

N

O

N

O

Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate

Copper phthalocyanine

O N

O

H

O O Corycavamine

O

HO O

O

O

Corydaline

N H

Corydine

OH

N O

O

Cu

N

Corybulbine

N N

N

O

O

2

O Corticosterone

H

O

O

O

Cu

N

O

O

H

O Coronene

N H H

2

Cu

O

OH

N

N

Copper(II) gluconate

HO

O

N

COO OH H OH OH CH2OH

H HO H H

O

O

S O P O O

N

O O

O

O

O HN HO

O

Coumaphos

N

H N

N

OH

NH2

N

O

O

Coumestrol

O

O

NH2

O

OH

Cotarnine

Corynantheine

Cl

Creatine

NH

N Creatinine

OH O HO

HO OH

HO

N

O

OH

OH

OH OH

OH

O

O

O

O o-Cresol

m-Cresol

OH

O O P O O

O

p-Cresol

o-Cresolphthalein

N O

N

O

OH

N

S O O

OH

o-Cresolphthalein complexone

N

Cresol Red

Crimidine

p-Cresyl diphenyl phosphate

N

N O O

O

O

O

HO HO

O O

O Cromolyn

HO

HO

O H

H

O

O

HO Cucurbitacin B

Cl

O

Crystal Violet

OH

Cubebin

O O N

O

H

O H

OH

N

O Cryptopine

HO

O

O

O

Crufomate

O

O

O

O

O O P O NH

OH

O

O

N

O

Cl

OH

N N

H

HO O

OH Cucurbitacin C

HO

O NH4

N Cupferron

Cupreine

N N H H

H OH

Curan-17-ol, (16α)

Cl

3-124


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2495 Curcumin

Turmeric

C21H20O6

458-37-7

368.380

2496 Curine

C36H38N2O6

436-05-5

594.696

2497 Cuscohygrine

C13H24N2O

454-14-8

224.342

oran ye pr, orth pr (MeOH) pr, nd (chlMeOH) oil

C19H17NO3

529-92-0

307.343

2498 Cusparine

2-[2-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl) ethyl]-4-methoxyquinoline

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

221

vs ace, bz, py 16923, 1222

(α) wh or ye 92(α form); nd (peth); 111(β form) (β) amber pr ye pow 92 2120.25 nd 45.56 14019

C19H21N3S CH2N2

3546-03-0 420-04-2

323.455 42.040

2501 Cyanazine 2502 Cyanic acid

Hydrogen cyanate

C9H13ClN6 CHNO

21725-46-2 420-05-3

240.692 43.025

C3H4N2O C3H3NO2

107-91-5 372-09-8

84.076 85.062

C3H5N3O C3HN C8H5NO2

140-87-4 1070-71-9 1877-72-1

99.091 51.047 147.132

2508 4-Cyanobenzoic acid

C8H5NO2

619-65-8

147.132

2509 4-Cyanobutanoic acid

C5H7NO2

39201-33-7

113.116

2510 2511 2512 2513 2514

Ethane dinitrile Bromine cyanide Chlorine cyanide

C6H7NO2 C15H14NO2PS C2N2 CBrN CClN

106-71-8 13067-93-1 460-19-5 506-68-3 506-77-4

125.126 303.317 52.034 105.922 61.471

2515 Cyanogen fluoride 2516 Cyanogen iodide 2517 Cyanoguanidine

Fluorine cyanide Iodine cyanide Dicyanodiamide

CFN CIN C2H4N4

1495-50-7 506-78-5 461-58-5

45.016 152.922 84.080

83 col gas -27.83 nd 52 col vol liq or -6.5 gas col gas -82 nd (al, eth) 146.7 211

2518 Cyanomethylmercury

Methylmercurynitrile

C2H3HgN

2597-97-9

241.64

cry (chl)

92

subl

2519 2520 2521 2522

(4-Cyanophenoxy)acetic acid 2-Cyano-N-phenylacetamide 4-Cyanothiazole Cyanuric acid

C9H7NO3 C9H8N2O C4H2N2S 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)- C3H3N3O3 trione

1878-82-6 621-03-4 1452-15-9 108-80-5

177.157 160.172 110.137 129.074

cry (w) nd (al) nd wh cry

178 199.5 58 >330

sub

2523 2524 2525 2526

Cyanuric fluoride Cycasin Cyclandelate Cyclizine

2,4,6-Trifluoro-1,3,5-triazine

675-14-9 14901-08-7 456-59-7 82-92-8

135.047 252.222 276.371 266.381

nd (ace aq)

154 dec 52 106

19314

1134-23-2

215.356

11.5

14510

52-31-3

236.266

lf (w)

2-Cyanoethyl acrylate Cyanofenphos Cyanogen Cyanogen bromide Cyanogen chloride

Cyacetacide

C3F3N3 C8H16N2O7 C17H24O3 C18H22N2

168 unstab liq or -86 gas pl (w) 121.5 66

pr (al) nd (w)

114.5 5 219

23

0.973320

1.483220

1.28220

1.441848

1.14020

dec 160; 10815

42.5 sub

0.816717

10812

1.06220

-21.1 61.5 13

0.9537-21 2.01520 1.18620

1.386825

219

hyg cry

45

1.583925

-46 sub

sl H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth

sl hot H2O, ace, bz, EtOH; s conc HCl

72.8

cry (peth)

i H2O i H2O; s chl; sl EtOH 1.015630

Aminocyclobutane Tetramethylene

C4H9N C4H8

2516-34-9 287-23-0

71.121 56.107


82 12.6

0.832820 0.70380

1.436319 1.37520

2531 Cyclobutanecarbonitrile 2532 Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid

Cyanocyclobutane

C5H7N C5H8O2

4426-11-3 3721-95-7

81.117 100.117

liq

-1.0

149.6 190; 742

1.059920

1.440020

C6H8O4

5445-51-2

144.126

pr (w, eth)

158.0

C4H8O C4H6O

2919-23-5 1191-95-3

72.106 70.090

liq

-50.9

124 99

0.921815 0.95470

1.437120 1.421520

Hydroxycyclobutane

vs H2O, bz, eth, chl vs H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl, HOAc vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl tfa s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz

1.7525

2529 Cyclobutanamine 2530 Cyclobutane

2534 Cyclobutanol 2535 Cyclobutanone

i H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl CS2

vs eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, ace; i eth, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, bz; s eth

2528 Cyclobarbital

2533 1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid

vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

2.8418 1.40414

C11H21NOS Carbamothioic acid, cyclohexylethyl-, S-ethyl ester C12H16N2O3

2527 Cycloate

Solubility vs EtOH, HOAc

Cyanogenamide

2505 Cyanoacetohydrazide 2506 Cyanoacetylene 2507 3-Cyanobenzoic acid

nD

183

2499 Cyamemazine 2500 Cyanamide

2503 2-Cyanoacetamide 2504 Cyanoacetic acid

den/ g cm-3

173

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, dil alk; sl HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth; s bz sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl lig s H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol; vs EtOH; i peth


3-125 O

O O

O

O

N H

O

OH

H N

O

O

O

HO

Curine

N

N

N H2N

S Cyamemazine

N H

N

N

Cyanamide

NH2 N H

HO

N

Cyanazine

O

N

N

Cyanic acid

2-Cyanoacetamide

OH

N

N

Cyanoacetylene

3-Cyanobenzoic acid

N

N 4-Cyanobenzoic acid

OH 4-Cyanobutanoic acid

O 2-Cyanoethyl acrylate

H2N N N

N

N

Cyanofenphos

Br

Cyanogen

N

Cl

Cyanogen bromide

N

F

Cyanogen chloride

N

I

Cyanogen fluoride

N N

N O

N (4-Cyanophenoxy)acetic acid

H

N

H N

OH

N Hg

N

H2N

N Cyanogen iodide

Cyanoguanidine

O

O O

N

N

N

O

N H

S

2-Cyano-N-phenylacetamide

4-Cyanothiazole

F

H N

O F

N N

Cyanuric acid

F

Cyanuric fluoride

O N

O

OH

O O

O

N

N

O S

N

H

OH O

HO

O

OH Cycasin

O N

S P O

Cyanomethylmercury

O

Cyanoacetic acid

O

O

HO

OH N

O

OH

NH2

Cyanoacetohydrazide

O

Cusparine

N

O

N

O

Cuscohygrine

Cl

N

H N

N

N

OH

OH Curcumin

O

N

O

Cyclandelate

N

Cyclizine

Cycloate

HO

O

O

N H

O

Cyclobarbital

OH

OH

NH2 Cyclobutanamine

O

OH O Cyclobutanecarbonitrile

Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid

1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid

Cyclobutanol

Cyclobutanone

Cyclobutane

3-126


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2536 Cyclobutene

C4H6

822-35-5

54.091

col gas

2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542

Cyclochlorotine Cyclodecane 1,2-Cyclodecanedione Cyclodecanol Cyclodecanone α-Cyclodextrin

C24H31Cl2N5O7 C10H20 C10H16O2 C10H20O C10H18O C36H60O30

12663-46-6 293-96-9 96-01-5 1502-05-2 1502-06-3 10016-20-3

572.439 140.266 168.233 156.265 154.249 972.843

nd (MeOH)

2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554

β-Cyclodextrin γ-Cyclodextrin Cyclododecane Cyclododecanol Cyclododecanone 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene cis-Cyclododecene trans-Cyclododecene cis-9-Cycloheptadecen-1-one 1,3-Cycloheptadiene Cycloheptanamine Cycloheptane

C42H70O35 C48H80O40 C12H24 C12H24O C12H22O C12H18 C12H22 C12H22 C17H30O C7H10 C7H15N C7H14

7585-39-9 17465-86-0 294-62-2 1724-39-6 830-13-7 4904-61-4 1129-89-1 1486-75-5 542-46-1 4054-38-0 5452-35-7 291-64-5

1134.984 1297.125 168.319 184.318 182.302 162.271 166.303 166.303 250.419 94.154 113.201 98.186

mcl cry (w) 260 dec sq pl or rods nd (al) 60.4

C7H10O2 C7H14O

3008-39-7 502-41-0

126.153 114.185

No. Name

Synonym

Sebacil

Cyclomaltohexaose Cyclomaltoheptaose Cyclomaltooctaose

CDT

Civetone

2555 1,2-Cycloheptanedione 2556 Cycloheptanol

amor pow hx pl or nd

mp/˚C

255 dec 10 40.5 40.5 28

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

2

0.7330

202 10410 12512 10613

0.853825

1.471620

0.960620 0.965420

1.492620 1.480620

liq

32.5 -110.4

liq

-8.46

247 286 12712 240 13335, 712 11317 343; 1592 120.5 5411 118.4

-40 7.2

liq

59 -17

nD

vs ace; s bz, peth

0.905966 0.84100

1.457160 1.484020 1.485020

0.86825 0.809820

1.497820 1.472420 1.443620

10817 185

1.058322 0.955420

1.468922 1.4070520

178.5

0.950820

1.460820

-79.5

117; 60.5122

0.887519

1.534320

Suberone

C7H12O

502-42-1

112.169

2558 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene

Tropilidene

C7H8

544-25-2

92.139

2559 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one 2560 Cycloheptene

C7H6O C7H12

539-80-0 628-92-2

106.122 96.170

liq

-7 -56

11315, 846 115

1.09522 0.822820

1.617222 1.455220

2561 1,3-Cyclohexadiene

C6H8

592-57-4

80.128

liq

-89

80.5

0.840520

1.475520

C6H8

628-41-1

80.128

liq

-49.2

85.5

0.847120

1.472520

2563 3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione

C6H4O2

583-63-1

108.095

red pl or pr

≈65 dec

2564 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, dioxime 2565 Cyclohexane

C6H6N2O2

105-11-3

138.124

pa ye nd (w) 240 dec

C6H12

110-82-7

84.159

80.73

0.773925

1.423525

C8H14O2

5292-21-7

142.196

nd (HCO2H) 33

245

1.042318

1.477520

C7H11N C7H11ClO C7H12O C7H12O2

766-05-2 2719-27-9 2043-61-0 98-89-5

109.169 146.614 112.169 128.169

liq

11

mcl pr

31.5

184; 7616 180 159.3 232.5

0.919 1.096215 0.903520 1.033422

1.450520 1.471129 1.449620 1.453020

C6H14N2 C6H14N2 C8H12O4

1436-59-5 1121-22-8 619-82-9

114.188 114.188 172.179

402 8015, 412 sub 300

0.95220 0.95120

1.495120

14.8 312.5

2574 1,3-Cyclohexanedimethanamine

C8H18N2

2579-20-6

142.242

350

160.125

cry (EtOH aq) pr (AcOEt)

168

83-44-3

392.573

cry (al)

177

C9H14N3O7P

1032-65-1

307.197

pow

183 dec

50-91-9 154-17-6 902-04-5

246.191 164.156 347.222

cry

150 146.5

2’-Deoxy-5’-guanylic acid

C9H11FN2O5 C6H12O5 C10H14N5O7P

D-Quercitol N-Methylglucamine

C6H12O5 C7H17NO5

488-73-3 6284-40-8

164.156 195.214

pr (w, dil al) 236 cry (MeOH) 128.5

Digitalose

C7H14O5 C5H10O4 C32H38N2O8

4481-08-7 533-67-5 131-01-1

178.183 134.131 578.652

nd (AcOEt)

3,12-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,12α) 2’-Deoxy-5’-cytidylic acid Floxuridine

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth

sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth

vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s AcOEt i H2O; s chl, ace, eth; vs EtOH

1.2020

sub 160

1.506320

vs H2O; sl ace; i ace, eth i H2O; s EtOH, tol i H2O; s os sl H2O

vs H2O, ace, EtOH

s H2O

nd or pr

119 90 230.5

1.584513

vs H2O s H2O vs H2O i H2O; s EtOH, chl


3-137 O

O

Cl

O 3-Decanone

4-Decanone

O

Decanoyl chloride

trans-2-Decenal

1-Decene

O OH

OH cis-2-Decene

trans-2-Decene

cis-5-Decene

OH H

Cl

H

trans-5-Decene

9-Decenoic acid

N OH NH2

O

OH O HO

3-Decen-2-one

9-Decen-1-ol

O OH

O

O NH2

O

Declomycin

Decyl acetate

Decylamine

O O

O Decylbenzene

Decylcyclohexane

Decylcyclopentane

Decyl decanoate

O

Decyl formate

O O 11-Decylheneicosane

1-Decylnaphthalene

Decyl vinyl ether

Decyloxirane

OH OH

O

H

5-Decyne

O

OH

Dehydroabietic acid

O

O

OH

OH

N

O

N

OH

O

O H

O

HO

O

H

OH

1-Decyne

O

Br

O

Delphinidin

Delphinine

Deltamethrin

NH2

NH2 O

N

O

Br

N

Br

HO

S O

O

N

N O P O O

N

Demecarium bromide

S

O O P S O

Demeton

N

N

N

N

N

O

O Br

OH O

O

P

O O

OH

O

P

O

N

P

OH

O

N

H

O

CH2OH OH O

OH

O

S HO

OH

OH

Demeton-S-methyl

2’-Deoxyadenosine

6-Deoxy-L-ascorbic acid

2’-Deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate

O NH2

O HO

N OH

OH O

P

O O

F

HN N

HO

O

O O

H2N OH

N

O

HO

OH

HO

OH

OH

Deoxycholic acid

2’-Deoxycytidine 5’-monophosphate

H HO H H

2’-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine

2-Deoxy-D-glucose

1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol

OH 6-Deoxy-3-O-methylgalactose

OH OH HO HO

2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate

HO

O

O

O O

OH D-2-Deoxyribose

O

O O

Deserpidine

OH

2-Deoxy-D-chiro-inositol

N H H

O OH

O OH

O

OH

O

O

N

OH

N H HO

O

HO

H CH2NHMe OH H OH OH CH2OH

P

N

OH

O OH

H

N

HN

O

3-138


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

2810 Desethyl atrazine

6-Chloro-N-isopropyl-1,3,5triazine-2,4-diamine Deferoxamine

C6H10ClN5

6190-65-4

187.630

cry

136

C25H48N6O8

70-51-9

560.684

cry (EtOH aq)

139

C18H22N2 C16H16N2O4 C8H15N5S C10H18N2O3 C22H29FO5 C8H10N3NaO3S

50-47-5 13684-56-5 1014-69-3 533-48-2 50-02-2 140-56-7

266.381 300.309 213.304 214.261 392.460 251.238

cry lo nd (H2O)

2818 Dexpanthenol

C9H19NO4

81-13-0

205.252

hyg oil

2819 Dextroamphetamine sulfate 2820 Dextromethorphan hydrobromide

C18H28N2O4S C18H26BrNO

51-63-8 125-69-9

368.491 352.309

wh cry pow

>300 123

C6H12O2

123-42-2

116.158

liq

-44

167.9

0.938720

1.421320

2822 3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene

C7H10O4

869-29-4

158.152

liq

-37.6

180

1.076020

1.419320

2823 1,3-Diacetylbenzene

C10H10O2

6781-42-6

162.185

32

15215

C10H10O2 C16H16N2O2

1009-61-6 613-35-4

162.185 268.310

113.0 328.3

1283

C21H23NO5 C4H6O4 C14H17ClNO4PS2 C10H17Cl2NOS C7H10N2

561-27-3 110-22-5 10311-84-9 2303-16-4 538-08-9

369.412 118.089 393.846 270.219 122.167

orth nd (eth) lf

173 30 68

27312 6321

col liq

2811 Desferrioxamine 2812 2813 2814 2815 2816 2817

Desipramine Desmedipham Desmetryne Desthiobiotin Dexamethasone Dexon

2821 Diacetone alcohol

2824 1,4-Diacetylbenzene 2825 N,N’-Diacetyl-4,4’diaminobiphenyl 2826 Diacetylmorphine 2827 Diacetylperoxide 2828 Dialifor 2829 Diallate 2830 Diallylcyanamide

Sodium dimethylaminobenzenediazosul fonate

4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2pentanone

4-Acetylacetophenone

Acetyl peroxide

ye-br pow

nd (HOAc)

sl H2O; s DMF

dec

1.2020

1.49720

1.1525

1.5625

1509 14290, 959

s EtOH; sl eth, ctc i H2O; s os 1.442020

-6

196.200

1403

1.076820

1.467025

1087-21-4

246.259

1765

C10H12O4 C8H10O4

999-21-3 615-99-6

196.200 170.163

12910, 1093 217

1.07520 1.158220

1.469920 1.448120

155.5

0.80920

1.450220

138.6 11716

0.887727 1.084515

1.487025

1113-12-8 2179-57-9 557-40-4

140.299 146.273 98.142

2835 Diallyl fumarate

C10H12O4

2807-54-7

C14H14O4

liq

2839 N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine

Triallylamine

C9H15N

102-70-5

137.222

94

2840 5,5-Diallyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 2841 Diallyl sulfide 2842 Diallyl trisulfide 2843 Diamantane 2844 1,2-Diamino-9,10anthracenedione

Allobarbital

C10H12N2O3

52-43-7

208.213

lf

172

C6H10S C6H10S3 C14H20 C14H10N2O2

592-88-1 2050-87-5 2292-79-7 1758-68-5

114.208 178.338 188.309 238.241

liq

-85

cry viol nd

236 303.5

2845 1,4-Diamino-9,10anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2

128-95-0

238.241

dk viol nd (py)

268


C14H10N2O2

129-44-2

238.241

dk red nd (al, 319 HOAc)


C14H10N2O2

129-42-0

238.241

red nd (al, HOAc)

265


C14H10N2O2

131-14-6

238.241

red-br pr (aq-py)

320 dec

2849 4,4’-Diaminoazobenzene

C12H12N4

538-41-0

212.250

250.5

2850 3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid

C7H8N2O2

535-87-5

152.151

ye nd (al), oran-ye pr (al) nd (+1w)

228

sub

vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; sl eth vs H2O s EtOH, chl; i eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc vs EtOH; sl chl

vs bz, chl vs eth, EtOH

0.767920 1.023715 0.826020

C8H16Si C6H10S2 C6H10O

Congressane

s H2O

137; 6850 10048, 7916 94

274.267

Solubility

1730.02 120 85 157 262

1.1420

142-22-3

2837 Diallyl maleate 2838 Diallyl oxalate

nD

1612

C12H18O7

Di-2-propenyl 1,3benzenedicarboxylate

den/ g cm-3

-4

2831 Diallyl diethylene glycol carbonate Diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate) 2832 Diallyldimethylsilane 2833 Diallyl disulfide 2834 Diallyl ether Allyl ether

2836 Diallyl isophthalate

bp/˚C

1.416320

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

s chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, acid sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, bz vs eth, EtOH vs eth sl EtOH, eth, chl, xyl; s py, con sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, PhNO2; vs py i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s PhNO2 i H2O; s EtOH, py; sl eth, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH, chl, con sulf, xyl, py sl H2O, lig; s EtOH; vs bz, chl sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH; vs eth


3-139 O

NH2 N Cl

O O

N N

H2N

N H

OH N

H N

N OH

O

Desethyl atrazine

O

O N H

O

N H

OH

S

N

N H

Desmetryne

O N N S O Na O

N

F

O

N H

O

Desthiobiotin

Desmedipham

OH

H

NH O

O

O

HO N

N H

Desipramine

HN N

O

N OH

Desferrioxamine

HO

N H

N

Dexamethasone

Dexon

O HBr OH

O

H N

HO

OH NH2

O Dexpanthenol

0.5 H2SO4

H

Dextroamphetamine sulfate

O

OH O

N

O

Dextromethorphan hydrobromide

Diacetone alcohol

O

O O

3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene

1,3-Diacetylbenzene

O O

O

O O

O O

O HN

O 1,4-Diacetylbenzene

NH

O

H

N

O

N,N’-Diacetyl-4,4’-diaminobiphenyl

O

O

O Diacetylmorphine

Cl S S P O O

N

O

Diacetylperoxide

O Cl

S

N

Cl

Dialifor

Diallate

N O N

O

Diallylcyanamide

O O

O

O

S

Si

O

Diallyl diethylene glycol carbonate

Diallyldimethylsilane

O

S

Diallyl disulfide

Diallyl ether

O O O O

O O

O

O

O

O Diallyl fumarate

O

O

Diallyl isophthalate

O

O O

N

O

Diallyl maleate

Diallyl oxalate

O

O

N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine

NH2

O

NH2

O

NH2

NH2 NH

O

N H

O

O

NH2

S

S

5,5-Diallyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

Diallyl sulfide

NH2 O

S

S

O

Diallyl trisulfide

NH2

Diamantane

1,2-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione


O

O

NH2 H2N

H2N NH2 O 1,5-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O



N N 4,4’-Diaminoazobenzene

NH2

H2N

OH

NH2

3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid

3-140


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2851 2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid

C4H10N2O2

305-62-4

118.134

hyg cry

2852 cis-2,3-Diamino-2-butenedinitrile 2853 1,8-Diamino-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 2854 4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether 4,4-Oxydianiline 2855 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4’-Methylenedianiline

C4H4N4 C14H10N2O4

1187-42-4 128-94-9

108.102 270.240

bl nd (xyl)

C12H12N2O C13H14N2

101-80-4 101-77-9

200.235 198.263

2856 4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide

4,4’-Thiodianiline

C12H12N2S

139-65-1

216.301

189 dec pl or nd (w) 92.5 pl (bz) nd (w) 108.5

2857 3,3’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone 2858 meso-2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acid 2859 1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10anthracenedione 2860 1,4-Diamino-5-nitro-9,10anthracenedione 2861 2,4-Diaminophenol

3,3’-Sulfonyldianiline 2,6-Diaminopimelic acid

C12H12N2O2S C7H14N2O4

599-61-1 922-54-3

248.300 190.197

nd (w)

C15H12N2O3

2872-48-2

268.267

235

C14H9N3O4

82-33-7

283.239

278

C6H8N2O

95-86-3

124.140

lf

79 dec

C6H10Cl2N2O

137-09-7

197.061

nd

235 dec

Thionine

C12H10ClN3S

581-64-6

263.745

Prontosil

C12H14ClN5O2S

103-12-8

327.790

Amsonic acid

C3H10N2O C14H14N2O6S2

616-29-5 81-11-8

90.123 370.400

cry ye nd

42.8 300

C3H5N5O

645-92-1

127.105

nd (aq Na2CO3)

dec

2868 8,8’-Diapo-ψ,ψ-carotenedioic acid Crocetin

C20H24O4

27876-94-4

328.403

brick red orth

286

2869 Diatrizoic acid

C11H9I3N2O4

117-96-4

613.913

cry (EtOH aq)

300

C2H4N4O2 C12H21N2O3PS CH2N2 C21H13N C21H13N C21H13N C22H14

123-77-3 333-41-5 334-88-3 226-36-8 224-42-0 224-53-3 53-70-3

116.079 304.345 42.040 279.335 279.335 279.335 278.346

C22H14

224-41-9

278.346

oran lf or nd 197.5 (bz) 190.2

No. Name

2862 2,4-Diaminophenol, dihydrochloride 2863 3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5-ium chloride 2864 4-[(2,4-Diaminophenyl)azo] benzenesulfonamide 2865 1,3-Diamino-2-propanol 2866 4,4’-Diamino-2,2’stilbenedisulfonic acid 2867 4,6-Diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)one

2870 2871 2872 2873 2874 2875 2876

Diazenedicarboxamide Diazinon Diazomethane Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenz[c,h]acridine Dibenz[a,h]anthracene

Synonym

N,N’-Diacetyl-3,5-diamino2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid Azodicarbonamide

7-Azadibenz[a,j]anthracene 1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene

2877 Dibenz[a,j]anthracene

mp/˚C

nD

Solubility

1.4120

178.5

i H2O; s bz, xyl, EtOH >300 398; 25718

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s tfa vs H2O, EtOH s H2O

168.5 314 dec

vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, acid sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, oils, fats i eth, bz sl H2O

249.5

i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; s acid, alk sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; s py; vs NaOH

212 dec ye gas ye cry

-145 228 216 ye cry (EtOH) 189 pl (dil ace) 269.5

Carbamazepine

C15H12N2O

298-46-4

236.268

Diphenylene dioxide 2,2’-Biphenylene oxide

C18H21N3O C20H13N C20H13N C26H16 C12H8O2 C12H8O

4498-32-2 194-59-2 239-64-5 217-54-9 262-12-4 132-64-9

295.379 267.324 267.324 328.405 184.191 168.191

nd (MeOH) lf or nd (al)

2885 Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene

Naphtho[1,2,3,4-def]chrysene

C24H14

192-65-4

302.368

pa ye nd(xyl) 233.5

2886 Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene 2887 Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene 2888 Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene

Dibenzo[b,def]chrysene Benzo[rst]pentaphene Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene

C24H14 C24H14 C24H14

189-64-0 189-55-9 191-30-0

302.368 302.368 302.368

oran pl

2889 Dibenzothiophene

C12H8S

132-65-0

184.257

2890 Dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dione

C14H8O3

6050-13-1

224.212

C14H10O2S2

644-32-6

274.358

Benzoyl disulfide

den/ g cm-3

s H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH

2878 5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5carboxamide 2879 Dibenzepin 2880 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole 2881 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole 2882 Dibenzo[b,k]chrysene 2883 Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin 2884 Dibenzofuran

2891 Dibenzoyl disulfide

bp/˚C

cry (EtOH)

ye pl (bz/ EtOH) nd (dil al, lig)

117 158 221.3 400 120.5 86.5

870.05 -23

1.492220 vs eth, diox i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz, CS2 i H2O, HOAc; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s peth

1850.01 i H2O

287

315 281.5 164.5

2750.05

98.2

332.5

nd (HOAc or 217 bz) pr(al), 134.5 sc(chlpeth)

1.108820

sub dec

1.088699

1.607999

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, HOAc sl EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc; s tol, con sulf

i H2O; s chl, MeOH; vs EtOH, bz i H2O; sl eth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s CS2


3-141 NH2 O

N

N

O

NH2 O

H2N

OH NH2

H2N

2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid

NH2

OH O

cis-2,3-Diamino-2-butenedinitrile

H2N

OH

NH2

1,8-Diamino-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

H2N

NH2 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane

4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether

O O

S

H2N

O

O S

NH2

HO

4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide

O

NH2

3,3’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone

OH

O OH

meso-2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acid

1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione

OH NH2

NH2

NH2

N 2 HCl O

N

O

O

NH2

1,4-Diamino-5-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

NH2

H2N

NH2

2,4-Diaminophenol

H2N

2,4-Diaminophenol, dihydrochloride

OH O S O

NH2

H2N

NH2

1,3-Diamino-2-propanol

O O

N H

O

4,4’-Diamino-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid

O

N

HO NH2

OH O

4,6-Diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one

8,8’-Diapo-ψ,ψ-carotenedioic acid

OH

I

I

N H

4-[(2,4-Diaminophenyl)azo]benzenesulfonamide

NH2

O S O OH

H2N

O S NH2 O

N N

NH2 Cl

S

3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5-ium chloride

N OH

NH2

O

NH2

NH2

NH2

H2N

NH2

O

I

O

O

N H

Diatrizoic acid

H2N

N

N

S

N

O P O O

NH2

O Diazenedicarboxamide

H

N

C N

N

N

N

H

Diazinon

Diazomethane

Dibenz[a,h]acridine

Dibenz[a,j]acridine

N O N N

N O Dibenz[c,h]acridine

Dibenz[a,h]anthracene

Dibenz[a,j]anthracene

N

NH2

5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide

N H

Dibenzepin

7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole

O N H 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole

Dibenzo[b,k]chrysene

O

O

Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin

Dibenzofuran

Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene

O

O

O

Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene

O S

O

S Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene

Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene

Dibenzothiophene

S

Dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dione

Dibenzoyl disulfide

3-142


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

den/ g cm-3

2892 Dibenzylamine

N-Benzylbenzenemethanamine

C14H15N

103-49-1

197.276

nD

Solubility

dec 300; 270250

1.025622

1.578120

26 1.8

1954 298

1.02420 1.042820

1.563520 1.516820

274.356

117.5

19020

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc

C14H14S2

150-60-7

246.391

lf (al)

71.5

C16H20N2 C14H14O

140-28-3 103-50-4

240.343 198.260

oily lig

2896 2,6-Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone

C20H18O

897-78-9

2897 Dibenzyl malonate 2898 Dibenzyl phosphite 2899 Dibenzyl sulfide

C17H16O4 C14H15O3P C14H14S

15014-25-2 17176-77-1 538-74-9

284.307 262.241 214.326

1.544720 1.552118

C14H14O2S

620-32-6

246.325

pl (eth or chl) nd (al-bz)

1872 1620.1 dec

1.13725

-2.5 49.5

2900 Dibenzyl sulfone

152

dec 290

2901 Dibenzyl sulfoxide

C14H14OS

621-08-9

230.325

lf (al, w)

134

dec 210

2902 1,3-Dibenzylurea 2903 Dibromoacetic acid

C15H16N2O C2H2Br2O2

1466-67-7 631-64-1

240.300 217.844

nd (al) hyg cry

169.5 49

195250, 13016

2904 Dibromoacetonitrile 2905 2,4-Dibromoaniline

C2HBr2N C6H5Br2N

3252-43-5 615-57-6

198.844 250.919

2906 3,5-Dibromoaniline 2907 9,10-Dibromoanthracene

C6H5Br2N C14H8Br2

626-40-4 523-27-3

250.919 336.022

2893 Dibenzyl disulfide 2894 N,N’-Dibenzyl-1,2-ethanediamine 2895 Dibenzyl ether

Benzathine Benzyl ether

Benzyl sulfide

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

-26

2908 o-Dibromobenzene

1,2-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2

583-53-9

235.904

orth bipym 79.5 (chl) nd or lf (al) nd (dil al) 57 ye nd (to or 226 xyl) 7.1

2909 m-Dibromobenzene

1,3-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2

108-36-1

235.904

liq

2910 p-Dibromobenzene

1,4-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2

106-37-6

235.904

pl

2911 4,4’-Dibromobenzophenone 2912 4,4’-Dibromo-1,1’-biphenyl

Bis(4-bromophenyl) ketone

C13H8Br2O C12H8Br2

3988-03-2 92-86-4

340.010 312.000

2913 1,3-Dibromo-2,2Pentaerythritol tetrabromide bis(bromomethyl)propane 2914 3,5-Dibromo-N-(4-bromophenyl)- Tribromsalan 2-hydroxybenzamide 2915 1,1-Dibromobutane 2916 1,2-Dibromobutane α-Butylene dibromide 2917 1,3-Dibromobutane

C5H8Br4

3229-00-3

387.734

C13H8Br3NO2

87-10-5

449.921

pl (al) 177 mcl pr 164 (MeOH) cry (ace), nd 163 (lig) 227

C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2

62168-25-6 533-98-2 107-80-2

215.915 215.915 215.915

liq

2918 1,4-Dibromobutane

C4H8Br2

110-52-1

215.915

2919 2,3-Dibromobutane 2920 trans-1,4-Dibromo-2-butene

C4H8Br2 C4H6Br2

5408-86-6 821-06-7

215.915 213.899

2921 1,4-Dibromo-2-butyne 2922 α,α’-Dibromo-d-camphor

C4H4Br2 C10H14Br2O

2219-66-1 514-12-5

211.883 310.025

2923 Dibromochlorofluoromethane 2924 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 2925 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane 2926 2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide 2927 trans-1,2-Dibromocyclohexane, (±) 2928 1,10-Dibromodecane

CBr2ClF C3H5Br2Cl C2Br2ClF3

353-55-9 96-12-8 354-51-8

226.270 236.333 276.277

C3H2Br2N2O C6H10Br2

10222-01-2 5183-77-7

241.868 241.951

cry (bz)

C10H20Br2

4101-68-2

300.074

2929 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane

C2H2Br2Cl2

75-81-0

2930 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane

C2H2Br2Cl2

2931 Dibromodichloromethane 2932 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane

Decamethylene dibromide

Genetron 132b-B2

169; 6824 15674

1.058350

2.36920 2.26020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs ace; s bz, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs EtOH, HOAc vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.539320 s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc

sub 225

1.984320

1.615520

-7

218

1.952320

1.608317

87.43

218.5

2.26117

1.5742

395 357.5 305.5

2.59615

-65.4

158; 91101 166.3 174

1.78425 1.791520 1.80020

1.498825 1.402520 1.50720

liq

-16.5

197

1.819925

1.516725

liq pl (peth)

-24 53.4

161 203; 7414

1.789322

1.513322

9215

2.01418 1.85421

1.58818

2.317322 2.09314

1.457020 1.55314

50

80.3 196 93

126 -2.0

145100, 10520

1.775920

1.544519

pl (al)

28

1619, 1284

1.33530

1.492725

256.751

liq

-26

195

2.13520

1.566220

683-68-1

256.751

liq

-26

195

2.13520

1.566220

CBr2Cl2

594-18-3

242.725

38

150.2

2.4225

C2H2Br2F2

75-82-1

223.842

-61.3

92.5

2.223820

61

liq

1.445620

vs EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace, CS2 vs bz, HOAc, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz s EtOH, bz, tol; sl eth, chl

i H2O; s eth, chl i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; sl ctc; s chl i H2O; s eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, peth; s ace s eth, ace; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s AcOEt i H2O

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz


N H

S

Dibenzylamine

3-143

S

H N

N H

N,N’-Dibenzyl-1,2-ethanediamine

Dibenzyl disulfide

O O

O O

2,6-Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone

O

O

O P

Dibenzyl ether

O

S

O

Dibenzyl malonate

Dibenzyl phosphite

Dibenzyl sulfide

NH2 Br

O N H

S O

S O

O

Dibenzyl sulfone

Dibenzyl sulfoxide

N H

Br

OH

Br

Br

O

Br

N

1,3-Dibenzylurea

Dibromoacetic acid

Br

Br

Dibromoacetonitrile

2,4-Dibromoaniline

Br

NH2

Br

Br

O

Br Br

Br

Br

3,5-Dibromoaniline

Br

9,10-Dibromoanthracene

o-Dibromobenzene

p-Dibromobenzene

Br

Br

Br Br

Br 4,4’-Dibromo-1,1’-biphenyl

Br 4,4’-Dibromobenzophenone

Br

OH O Br

Br

Br

m-Dibromobenzene

N H

Br

Br Br 3,5-Dibromo-N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide

1,3-Dibromo-2,2-bis(bromomethyl)propane

Br Br

Br 1,1-Dibromobutane

1,2-Dibromobutane

Br

Br

Br

Br

1,3-Dibromobutane

Br

Br

1,4-Dibromobutane

2,3-Dibromobutane

trans-1,4-Dibromo-2-butene

Br

Cl Br

Dibromochlorofluoromethane

Br

Cl

Br

1,4-Dibromo-2-butyne

N

Br NH2 Br Br

1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide

Cl Br

Br

Br 1,10-Dibromodecane

Br Cl Cl

1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane

α,α’-Dibromo-d-camphor

Br

O

Br

Cl F

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane

Br O

Br

Br

F F

Br F

Br

Br

Br

Br

trans-1,2-Dibromocyclohexane, (±)

Br Br

Cl 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane

Cl

Cl Br

Dibromodichloromethane

Br

Br F

F

1,2-Dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane

3-144


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2933 Dibromodifluoromethane

CBr2F2

75-61-6

209.816


2934 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-2,4Dibromantine imidazolidinedione 2935 1,3-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane 2936 1,12-Dibromododecane

C5H6Br2N2O2

77-48-5

285.922

C5H10Br2 C12H24Br2

5434-27-5 3344-70-5

229.941 328.127

184; 8026 21515

1.677520

nd (al,HOAc) 41

2937 1,1-Dibromoethane

Ethylidene dibromide

C2H4Br2

557-91-5

187.861

liq

-63

108.0

2.055520

1.512820

2938 1,2-Dibromoethane

Ethylene dibromide

C2H4Br2

106-93-4

187.861

9.84

131.6

2.168325

1.535625

2939 cis-1,2-Dibromoethene

cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene

C2H2Br2

590-11-4

185.845

liq

-53

112.5

2.246420

1.542820

2940 trans-1,2-Dibromoethene

trans-1,2-Dibromoethylene

C2H2Br2

590-12-5

185.845

liq

-6.5

108

2.230820

1.550518

2941 1,2-Dibromo-1-ethoxyethane 2942 1,2-Dibromoethyl acetate 2943 (1,2-Dibromoethyl)benzene

C4H8Br2O C4H6Br2O2 C8H8Br2

2983-26-8 24442-57-7 93-52-7

231.914 245.898 263.958

1.732020 1.9120

75

8020 89.516 13319

1.504420

liq

2944 Dibromofluoromethane

CHBr2F

1868-53-7

191.825

liq

-78

64.9

2.42120

1.468520

C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2

42474-21-5 4549-31-9

257.994 257.994

41.7

228 263

1.508620 1.530620

1.498620 1.503420

C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2 C3Br2F6

21266-88-6 21266-90-0 661-95-0

257.994 257.994 309.830

10117 10724 72.8

1.513920 1.518220 2.163020

1.499220 1.501020

C6H12Br2 C6H12Br2

624-20-4 629-03-8

243.967 243.967

liq

-1.2

10336 245.5

1.577420 1.602525

1.502420 1.505425

C6H12Br2 C7H4Br2O2

89583-12-0 90-59-5

243.967 279.914

1.504320

pa ye pr

86

8013 sub

1.602720

3,5-Dibromosalicylaldehyde 3,5-Dibromosalicylic acid

C7H4Br2O3

3147-55-5

295.913

nd

228

Bromoxynil

C7H3Br2NO

1689-84-5

276.913

Methylene bromide

CH2Br2

74-95-3

173.835

2,5-Dibromotoluene


615-59-8 31543-75-6 618-31-5

249.931 249.931 249.931

C5H10Br2 C7H6Br2O C4H8Br2 C10H6Br2

594-51-4 609-22-3 594-34-3 83-53-4

229.941 265.930 215.915 285.963

2964 2,6-Dibromo-4-nitroaniline

C6H4Br2N2O2

827-94-1

295.916

2965 2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol

C6H3Br2NO3

99-28-5

296.901

2966 1,9-Dibromononane 2967 1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane 2968 1,8-Dibromooctane

C9H18Br2 C4Br2F8 C8H16Br2

4549-33-1 335-48-8 4549-32-0

286.047 359.838 272.021

2969 1,2-Dibromopentane 2970 1,4-Dibromopentane 2971 1,5-Dibromopentane


3234-49-9 626-87-9 111-24-0

229.941 229.941 229.941

2972 2,4-Dibromopentane 2973 2,4-Dibromophenol

C5H10Br2 C6H4Br2O

19398-53-9 615-58-7

2974 2,6-Dibromophenol

C6H4Br2O

608-33-3

No. Name

2945 1,2-Dibromoheptane 2946 1,7-Dibromoheptane

Synonym

Heptamethylene dibromide

2947 2,3-Dibromoheptane 2948 3,4-Dibromoheptane 2949 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoropropane 2950 1,2-Dibromohexane 2951 1,6-Dibromohexane 2952 3,4-Dibromohexane 2953 3,5-Dibromo-2hydroxybenzaldehyde 2954 3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 2955 3,5-Dibromo-4hydroxybenzonitrile 2956 Dibromomethane

2957 1,4-Dibromo-2-methylbenzene 2958 2,4-Dibromo-1-methylbenzene 2959 (Dibromomethyl)benzene 2960 2961 2962 2963

2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane 2,4-Dibromo-6-methylphenol 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 1,4-Dibromonaphthalene

Octamethylene dibromide

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

22.76

Solubility s H2O, eth, ace, bz

198 dec 1.5090 i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; s eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl; vs eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl vs EtOH, chl s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc, MeOH, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, ctc, chl

i H2O vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, chl; sl ctc vs bz, eth, chl s ace

190 liq

nd (peth)

-52.5

97

2.496920

1.542020

5.6 -9.7 1.0

236 10311 15623

1.812717 1.817625 1.836528

1.598218 1.596425 1.614720

7 58 10.5 83

6217 1.671720 dec 265; 1054 150 1.782720 310

1.572925 1.511920

ye nd (al, 207 HOAc) pa ye pr or lf 145 dec (al) 1.422920

15.5

1.459425

1.497125

liq

-34.4 -39.5

184 146150, 9914 222.3

1.66818 1.622220 1.692825

1.508620 1.510225

229.941 251.903

nd (peth)

38

7521, 6012 238.5

1.665920 2.070020

251.903

nd (w)

56.5

255; 16221

-22.5

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s chl s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl HOAc sl H2O; s HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz, HOAc

285; 15410 97 271

liq

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc i H2O

i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl

i H2O; s bz, chl; sl ctc

1.498720 sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth


Br N

Br F

3-145

F

O

Br

N Br

Dibromodifluoromethane

1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione

Br

Br

Br Br

Br 1,1-Dibromoethane

1,2-Dibromoethane

Br

Br

Br

H

Br

Br

Br

Br

1,3-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

H

H

H

cis-1,2-Dibromoethene

1,12-Dibromododecane

Br Br

Br

trans-1,2-Dibromoethene

O O

1,2-Dibromo-1-ethoxyethane

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

H (1,2-Dibromoethyl)benzene

1,2-Dibromoethyl acetate

Br

Br

Br

O

F

Br

Br

Dibromofluoromethane

Br

1,2-Dibromoheptane

Br

1,7-Dibromoheptane

Br

2,3-Dibromoheptane

3,4-Dibromoheptane

O Br

F Br F

Br

Br

Br

Br

F F F F 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane

1,2-Dibromohexane

OH

Br

Br 1,6-Dibromohexane

Br

3,4-Dibromohexane

Br

3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

N HO

Br

O

Br OH

Br Br

Br

Br

Br

OH

Br

3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

H

3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile

Br

Br

H Dibromomethane

1,4-Dibromo-2-methylbenzene

OH Br

Br

2,4-Dibromo-1-methylbenzene

NH2

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br Br (Dibromomethyl)benzene

Br

Br

Br 2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane

2,4-Dibromo-6-methylphenol

Br

1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane

O

1,4-Dibromonaphthalene

N

O

2,6-Dibromo-4-nitroaniline

OH Br

Br F F F F Br O

N

Br

O

Br

2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol

Br F F F F

1,9-Dibromononane

1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane

Br

Br

Br

Br 1,8-Dibromooctane

1,2-Dibromopentane

OH Br Br

Br Br

1,4-Dibromopentane

Br

Br

Br 1,5-Dibromopentane

OH Br

Br

Br 2,4-Dibromopentane

2,4-Dibromophenol

2,6-Dibromophenol

3-146


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

2975 1,2-Dibromopropane

Propylene dibromide

C3H6Br2

78-75-1

201.888

liq

-55.49

141.9

1.932420

1.520120


C3H6Br2

109-64-8

201.888

liq

-34.5

167.3

1.970125

1.520425


C3H6Br2

594-16-1

201.888

113

1.88020

2978 2,3-Dibromopropanoic acid 2979 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol 2980 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanol

C3H4Br2O2 C3H6Br2O C3H6Br2O

600-05-5 96-13-9 96-21-9

231.871 217.887 217.887

s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH

C9H15Br6O4P

126-72-7

697.610

C3H4Br2O C3H4Br2

816-39-7 13195-80-7

215.871 199.872

2984 1,2-Dibromo-1-propene 2985 2,3-Dibromo-1-propene

C3H4Br2 C3H4Br2

26391-16-2 513-31-5

199.872 199.872

2986 3,5-Dibromopyridine

C5H3Br2N

625-92-3

236.893

nd (al)

112

222 sub

2981 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1) 2982 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanone 2983 1,1-Dibromo-1-propene

Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate 1,3-Dibromoacetone

66.5 ye liq

nd

26

2987 5,7-Dibromo-8-quinolinol

Broxyquinoline

C9H5Br2NO

521-74-4

302.950

nd (al)

196

2988 2,6-Dibromoquinone-4chlorimide 2989 1,14-Dibromotetradecane

2,6-Dibromo-4-(chloroimino)2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one Tetradecamethylene dibromide

C6H2Br2ClNO

537-45-1

299.347

83

C14H28Br2

37688-96-3

356.180

ye pr (al or HOAc) lf (al-eth) cry (al) liq liq liq

C2Br2F4 C4H2Br2S C4H2Br2S

124-73-2 3140-93-0 3141-27-3

259.823 241.932 241.932

2993 3,4-Dibromothiophene 2994 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoroethane Halon 2302 2995 2,6-Dibromo-3,4,5Dibromogallic acid trihydroxybenzoic acid 2996 3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine

C4H2Br2S C2HBr2F3 C7H4Br2O5

3141-26-2 354-04-1 602-92-6

241.932 241.832 327.912

C9H9Br2NO3

300-38-9

338.980

2997 2998 2999 3000 3001 3002

C20H29N3O2 C20H30ClN3O2 C14H22O2 C10H22O2 C9H20O2 C14H26O4

85-79-0 61-12-1 104-36-9 112-48-1 2568-90-3 105-99-7

343.463 379.924 222.324 174.281 160.254 258.354

hyg cry

liq

2990 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 2991 2,3-Dibromothiophene 2992 2,5-Dibromothiophene

Dibucaine Dibucaine hydrochloride 1,4-Dibutoxybenzene 1,2-Dibutoxyethane Dibutoxymethane Dibutyl adipate

Refrigerant 114B2

Cinchocaine

Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether Butylal

nd, pr or lf (w+1) nd or pl

liq liq

50.4

16020, 13812 219 2.12020 dec 219; 10516 2.136420

1.549525

9722 125

2.167018 1.976720

1.526020

131.5 141; 37.711

2.007620 2.034525

1.541625

1908 2.149

25

25

-110.32 -17.5 -6

47.35 218.5; 8913 210.3

2.14223

1.361 1.630422 1.628820

4.5

221.5 76

2.27427

1.419124

150 245 64 94 dec 45.5 -69.1 -58.1 -32.4

15815 203.3 179.2 16510

0.831925 0.833920 0.961320

1.411225 1.407217 1.436920

-62

159.6

0.767020

1.417720

0.753420

1.416220

0.903720

1.518620

C8H19N

111-92-2

129.244

3004 Di-sec-butylamine 3005 2-Dibutylaminoethanol 3006 N,N-Dibutylaniline

N-sec-Butyl-2-butanamine

C8H19N C10H23NO C14H23N

626-23-3 102-81-8 613-29-6

129.244 173.296 205.340

liq

-32.2

134 11418 274.8

3007 1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene

C14H22

1012-72-2

190.325

nd (MeOH)

79.5

238; 10915

0.985020

3008 2,5-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzenediol

C14H22O2

88-58-4

222.324

213.5

C32H68S2Sn C9H18O3

1185-81-5 542-52-9

635.722 174.237

cry (aq HOAc) col liq

1220.3 207

1.0520 0.925120

1.411720

3011 Di-tert-butyl carbonate 3012 2,5-Di-tert-butyl-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

C9H18O3 C14H20O2

34619-03-9 2460-77-7

174.237 220.308

3013 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 3014 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol 3015 2,2-Dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannepin4,7-dione 3016 Dibutyl disulfide

C14H20O2

719-22-2

220.308

C17H29NO

88-27-7

263.418

C12H20O4Sn

78-04-6

C8H18S2

226; 11720

0.93820

1.492320

C8H18S2 C10H20

8821 144

0.922620 0.74420

1.489920 1.427020

3017 Di-tert-butyl disulfide 3018 cis-1,2-Di-tert-butylethene

cis-2,2,5,5-Tetramethyl-3hexene

cry (al) ye cry (al)

40 152.5

158

69

600.01

pl (EtOH)

94

17940

346.995

ye solid

110

629-45-8

178.359

oil

110-06-5 692-47-7

178.359 140.266

liq

-2.5

i H2O; s eth, ace, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl, HOAc; sl eth vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc

s chl s ctc

N-Butylbutanamine

Dibutyltin bis(dodecyl sulfide)

vs eth, CS2 sl H2O; s bz, ctc, chl

vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH; i eth; s alk, acid

3003 Dibutylamine

3009 Dibutylbis(dodecylthio)stannane 3010 Dibutyl carbonate

vs ace, eth, EtOH s chl

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz; s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth

s tol, hp i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth


3-147 O

Br

Br

Br Br Br

Br

1,2-Dibromopropane

OH

1,3-Dibromopropane

2,2-Dibromopropane

Br

Br

OH

Br OH

Br

Br

2,3-Dibromopropanoic acid

2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol

Br

1,3-Dibromo-2-propanol

Br Br Br

Br

O

O P O O Br

Br

O

Br Br

2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1)

Br

Br

Br

Br

1,3-Dibromo-2-propanone

Br

Br

1,1-Dibromo-1-propene


N


3,5-Dibromopyridine

Br

N

N

OH 5,7-Dibromo-8-quinolinol

F F

Br

Cl

Br Br

Br

S

H N

F

S 3,4-Dibromothiophene

O

N

Dibucaine

OH

Br

Br

HO

OH

Br OH

HO

Br F

O

OH

1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

Br

S

2,3-Dibromothiophene

2,6-Dibromo-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid

NH2

Br

3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine

O

H N

O

N

Br F

1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane

Br

Br

Br F

1,14-Dibromotetradecane

F 2,5-Dibromothiophene

Br

Br

2,6-Dibromoquinone-4-chlorimide

O

N

Br

Br

O

Br

O

Br

Br

N

HCl

O

O

Dibucaine hydrochloride

O

O

1,4-Dibutoxybenzene

O

1,2-Dibutoxyethane

O

Dibutoxymethane

N

O H N

N

Di-sec-butylamine

2-Dibutylaminoethanol

O

O

N H

O Dibutyl adipate

OH

Dibutylamine

N,N-Dibutylaniline

OH

OH 1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene

O

Sn S S

2,5-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzenediol

O

Dibutylbis(dodecylthio)stannane

O

Dibutyl carbonate

OH O

O O O

N

O

Di-tert-butyl carbonate

O

O

2,5-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol

O O Sn O O 2,2-Dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannepin-4,7-dione

S

S

Dibutyl disulfide

S

S

Di-tert-butyl disulfide

cis-1,2-Di-tert-butylethene

3-148

No. Name


Synonym

3019 Dibutyl ether

Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether N,N’-Di-tert-butylethylenediamine 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol N,N-Dibutylformamide Dibutyl fumarate N,N’-Dibutyl-1,6-hexanediamine 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-2hydroxybenzoic acid 3028 Di-tert-butyl ketone

3020 3021 3022 3023 3024 3025 3026 3027

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C8H18O

142-96-1

130.228

liq

-95.2

140.28

0.768420

1.399220

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc

6863-58-7 6163-66-2 4062-60-6 4130-42-1 761-65-9 105-75-9 4835-11-4 19715-19-6

130.228 130.228 172.311 234.376 157.253 228.285 228.417 250.334

liq liq cry

0.75625 0.765820 0.69

1.394920

53.3 44

121.1 107.23 189 272 285; 1504 1383.5

0.977520

1.446920 1.447025

18

20

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, ctc s ace, chl

C8H18O C8H18O N,N’-Di-tert-butylethanediamine C10H24N2 C16H26O C9H19NO C12H20O4 C14H32N2 C15H22O3

liq

-13.5 163.3

s chl

C9H18O

815-24-7

142.238

liq

-25.2

152

0.8240

3029 Dibutyl maleate 3030 Dibutyl malonate

C12H20O4 C11H20O4

105-76-0 1190-39-2

228.285 216.275

liq

1 atm) 1.45525 (p>1 atm) 1.01020

-37.5

138

1.03820

-40.5

162

1.442220

1.562620

liq

6 -13.5 2.5 25.8 -15.2

207.5 201 200 198 208.9

1.245820 1.247620 1.253520 1.268620 1.256420

1.551120 1.551120 1.544920 1.550720 1.547120

cry

226.6 25.8

283.1

1.591320

1.588620

vol liq or gas -78 vol liq or gas -107

29.5 27.82 30.2

1.5025 1.463825

liq

1.454820

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs bz i H2O; s ctc i H2O; s bz i H2O; s chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

sl H2O 1.480220

213.5 92.5 14020, 841

1.086820 1.41525

1.427020

dec H2O


3-161 Cl

Cl O O P O O

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

OH

O

Cl

2,2-Dichloropropanoic acid

2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol

2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1)

Cl

1,1-Dichloropropene

cis-1,2-Dichloropropene

Cl Cl

Cl

trans-1,2-Dichloropropene

cis-1,3-Dichloropropene

Cl

N

Cl

N

Cl

Cl

2,6-Dichloropyridine

N

NH2

N

N

Cl F

F F

F

Cl

Cl

2,3-Dichloroquinoxaline

N

4,7-Dichloroquinoline

Cl

F

OH

Cl

Cl

N

5,7-Dichloro-8-quinolinol

Cl

Cl F

Cl

Cl

2,4-Dichloropyrimidine

Cl N

2,3-Dichloropropene

N

4,6-Dichloro-2-pyrimidinamine

Cl

Cl

Cl N

N

Cl

trans-1,3-Dichloropropene

Cl Cl

3,6-Dichloropyridazine

2,3-Dichloropropanoyl chloride

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

O

Cl

F

Cl

F 1,2-Dichloro-3,4,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene

2,5-Dichlorostyrene

Cl F

1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

F

F

Cl

F Cl

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

Si

Si

Si Cl

Cl

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane

O

Cl Si Cl

Cl

1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane

S

Cl

Cl

2,5-Dichlorothiophene

2,3-Dichlorotoluene

O Cl

H Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl 2,4-Dichlorotoluene

O

Cl

2,5-Dichlorotoluene

N

N

Cl

Cl

2,6-Dichlorotoluene

3,4-Dichlorotoluene

N Cl

O

1,3-Dichloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione

Cl Cl F F Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2-Dichloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene

F

F Cl

Cl

Cl

F

F F

F

Cl

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

Cl Cl

F



Cl Cl Cl Cl F

F

F

2,4-Dichloro-1-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

N

F

Cl F

N H

F

4,5-Dichloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazole

Si

Cl Cl

Dichlorovinylmethylsilane

O O P O O Dichlorvos

Cl

3-162


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3313 Diclofop-methyl

Methyl 2-[4-(2,4dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate

C16H14Cl2O4

51338-27-3

341.186

141-66-2 66-76-2 504-66-5 91-15-6

237.191 336.294 67.049 128.131

400; 1300.1

1.21615

nd 290 aq soln only nd (w, lig) 141

15010

1.125025

0.99240

3314 3315 3316 3317

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

40

1760.1

den/ g cm-3

nD

Dicrotophos Dicumarol Dicyanamide o-Dicyanobenzene

Cyanocyanamide o-Phthalodinitrile

C8H16NO5P C19H12O6 C2HN3 C8H4N2

3318 m-Dicyanobenzene

m-Phthalodinitrile

C8H4N2

626-17-5

128.131

nd(al)

162

sub

3319 p-Dicyanobenzene

p-Phthalodinitrile

C8H4N2

623-26-7

128.131

nd (w, MeOH)

224

sub

3320 Dicyclohexyl adipate 3321 Dicyclohexylamine

N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine

C18H30O4 C12H23N

849-99-0 101-83-7

310.429 181.318

35 -0.1

dec 256; 1149 0.912320

1.484220

C12H24N2O2

3129-91-7

228.331

1236, 990.5 19520 242.5 15920 281; 1298 2254

0.922720 0.9860 0.90425 1.38320

1.474120 1.486020 1.516320 1.43120

0.930235

1.505035

0.97725

1.467020

3322 Dicyclohexylamine nitrite

N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine, nitrite

cry

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide Dicyclohexyl disulfide Dicyclohexyl ether Dicyclohexylmethanone Dicyclohexylphosphine Dicyclohexyl phthalate

C13H22N2 C12H22S2 C12H22O C13H22O C12H23P C20H26O4

538-75-0 2550-40-5 4645-15-2 119-60-8 829-84-5 84-61-7

206.327 230.433 182.302 194.313 198.285 330.418

3329 3330 3331 3332 3333 3334 3335 3336 3337 3338

N,N’-Dicyclohexylthiourea 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea Dicyclomine hydrochloride Dicyclopentadiene Dicyclopentyl ether Dicyclopropyl ketone Didecylamine Didecyl ether Didecyl phthalate 3’,4’-Didehydro-β,ψ-caroten-16’oic acid

Torularhodin

C13H24N2S C13H24N2O C19H36ClNO2 C10H12 C10H18O C7H10O C20H43N C20H42O C28H46O4 C40H52O2

1212-29-9 2387-23-7 67-92-5 1755-01-7 10137-73-2 1121-37-5 1120-49-6 2456-28-2 84-77-5 514-92-1

240.408 224.342 345.948 132.202 154.249 110.153 297.562 298.546 446.663 564.840

3339 2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine

Didanosine

C10H12N4O3

69655-05-6

236.227

3340 2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-ribohexose 3341 Didodecanoyl peroxide 3342 Didodecylamine

Cymarose

C7H14O4

579-04-4

162.184

Lauroyl peroxide N-Dodecyl-1-dodecanamine

C24H46O4 C24H51N

105-74-8 3007-31-6

398.620 353.669

C24H51O4P C32H54O4

7057-92-3 2432-90-8

434.633 502.769

3345 Dieldrin

C12H8Cl6O

60-57-1

380.909

3346 Dienestrol

C18H18O2

84-17-3

266.335

C10H16O2 C4H11NO2

96-08-2 111-42-2

168.233 105.136

3349 Diethatyl, ethyl ester 3350 4,4’-Diethoxyazobenzene

C16H22ClNO3 C16H18N2O2

38727-55-8 588-52-3

311.804 270.326

cry ye lf (al)

3351 3,4-Diethoxybenzaldehyde 3352 1,2-Diethoxybenzene

C11H14O3 C10H14O2

2029-94-9 2050-46-6

194.227 166.217

3353 1,4-Diethoxybenzene

C10H14O2

122-95-2

166.217

22 pr (peth, dil 44 al) pl (dil al) 72

3354 4,4-Diethoxy-1-butanamine 3355 1,1-Diethoxy-N,Ndimethylmethanamine 3356 Diethoxydimethylsilane 3357 Diethoxydiphenylsilane 3358 2,2-Diethoxyethanamine

C8H19NO2 C7H17NO2

6346-09-4 1188-33-6

161.243 147.216

C6H16O2Si C16H20O2Si C6H15NO2

78-62-6 2553-19-7 645-36-3

148.276 272.415 133.189

3343 Didodecyl phosphate 3344 Didodecyl phthalate

3347 1,2:8,9-Diepoxy-p-menthane 3348 Diethanolamine

Dicycloverine hydrochloride Cyclopentyl ether N-Decyl-1-decanamine

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, didodecyl ester

Limonene diepoxide Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine

Dimethyldiethoxysilane

34.5 -36 57

pr (al)

66

cry (MeOH)

180 233.8 165 32

cry liq

16 2.5 211

purp nd (MeOHeth) wh cry (EtOH 162 aq) pr (eth-peth) 101 nd (ace) wh pl 49 53.7 cry (MeOH)

59 22.0

dec 170; 6514 8013 161 359.0 19615.5 2403

2561

242 28

268.8

49.5 162

dec

liq

-78

vs eth, EtOH

vs H2O, ace, EtOH i H2O; s chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 0.938920 1.7525

sub 130

-87

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl

0.818720 0.963920

26327

227.5

liq

s eth, ace, ctc

vs py, chl, CS2

175.5 cry (dil al)

sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, bz; s eth, ace sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; i peth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz; vs HOAc s chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz

182 dec

3323 3324 3325 3326 3327 3328

liq liq

Solubility

279; 20050 219

1.096620

i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz vs ace, eth, EtOH 1.477620

1.010022 1.007520

1.508325

196 129

0.93325 0.85925

1.427520 1.400720

114 302; 16715 163

0.86525 1.032920 0.915925

1.381120 1.526920 1.412325

246

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; vs HOAc vs EtOH s EtOH, ctc; vs eth vs EtOH; s eth, bz, ctc, chl

s ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl


3-163 N

Cl

O O P O O

O O

O

Cl

OH

N

OH N

N

N O

O Diclofop-methyl

O

OO

Dicrotophos

N H

O

Dicumarol

Dicyanamide

N

N

o-Dicyanobenzene

m-Dicyanobenzene

N

O O

H N

O

N

H N HNO2

O

N p-Dicyanobenzene

C N

Dicyclohexyl adipate

Dicyclohexylamine

Dicyclohexylamine nitrite

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

O O

O O

H P

O S S Dicyclohexyl ether

Dicyclohexylmethanone

O

O

N,N’-Dicyclohexylthiourea

N

O

1,3-Dicyclohexylurea

Dicyclohexyl phthalate

H

HCl H N

Dicyclohexylphosphine

H N S

O

Dicyclohexyl disulfide

H N

H N

O

H

Dicyclomine hydrochloride

Dicyclopentadiene

HN

O

Dicyclopentyl ether

Dicyclopropyl ketone

Didecylamine

O O O O

OH

O

O Didecyl phthalate

Didecyl ether

3’,4’-Didehydro-β,ψ-caroten-16’-oic acid

OH N HO

O N

O

N

O

N

HO

O O

OH

HN

O 2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine

O

2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-ribo-hexose

Didodecanoyl peroxide

Didodecylamine

O O

O O

O O P HO O

O

H

Didodecyl phosphate

Didodecyl phthalate

OH

Cl Cl Cl H Cl Cl

Cl

HO

Dieldrin

Dienestrol

O

O Cl

O O

N

O

O HO

O 1,2:8,9-Diepoxy-p-menthane

O

H N

OH Diethatyl, ethyl ester

Diethanolamine

N N 4,4’-Diethoxyazobenzene

O O O O 1,4-Diethoxybenzene

NH2

O

4,4-Diethoxy-1-butanamine

1,1-Diethoxy-N,N-dimethylmethanamine

O

O 3,4-Diethoxybenzaldehyde

1,2-Diethoxybenzene

O Si O

N

O

O

O

O

Si O O Diethoxydimethylsilane

NH2 O

Diethoxydiphenylsilane

2,2-Diethoxyethanamine

3-164


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

3359 1,1-Diethoxyethane

Acetal

C6H14O2

105-57-7

118.174

liq

-100

102.25

0.825420

1.383420

3360 1,2-Diethoxyethane

Ethylene glycol diethyl ether

C6H14O2

629-14-1

118.174

liq

-74.0

121.2

0.835125

1.389825

s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

3361 1,1-Diethoxyethene 3362 Diethoxymethane

C6H12O2 C5H12O2

2678-54-8 462-95-3

116.158 104.148

liq

-66.5

68100 88

0.793220 0.831920

1.364321 1.374818

3363 3364 3365 3366 3367

C9H14O3 C11H18O2Si C5H14O2Si C9H20O2 C7H16O2

13529-27-6 775-56-4 2031-62-1 3658-79-5 4744-08-5

170.205 210.346 134.250 160.254 132.201

191.5 218 98 5912 123

0.997620 0.962720 0.82925 0.82922 0.82520

1.445120 1.469020

C7H16O2

126-84-1

132.201

114

0.820021

1.389120

C7H14O2

3054-95-3

130.185

123.5

0.854315

1.400020

3370 3,3-Diethoxy-1-propyne

C7H12O2

10160-87-9

128.169

139

0.894222

1.414020

3371 N,N-Diethylacetamide

C6H13NO

685-91-6

115.173

185.5

0.913017

1.437417

3372 Diethyl 2-acetamidomalonate

C9H15NO5

1068-90-2

217.219

3373 N,N-Diethylacetoacetamide 3374 Diethyl acetylphosphonate 3375 Diethyl 2-acetylsuccinate

C8H15NO2 C6H13O4P C10H16O5

2235-46-3 919-19-7 1115-30-6

157.211 180.138 216.231

7613 11420 255; 13317

1.100520 1.08120

1.420026 1.434620

3376 Diethyl adipate

C10H18O4

141-28-6

202.248

245

1.007620

1.427220

3377 Diethyl 2-allylmalonate

C10H16O4

2049-80-1

200.232

222.5; 936

1.009820

1.430520

55.5

0.705620

1.386420

2-(Diethoxymethyl)furan Diethoxymethylphenylsilane Diethoxymethylsilane 1,1-Diethoxypentane 1,1-Diethoxypropane

3368 2,2-Diethoxypropane 3369 3,3-Diethoxy-1-propene

Acrolein, diethyl acetal

cry (al,bzpeth) liq

liq

96.3

-19.8

18520

3378 Diethylamine

N-Ethylethanamine

C4H11N

109-89-7

73.137

liq

-49.8

3379 Diethylamine hydrochloride

N-Ethylethanamine hydrochloride

C4H12ClN

660-68-4

109.598

lf (al-eth)

228.5

C6H12N2 C11H15NO

3010-02-4 120-21-8

112.172 177.243

ye nd (w)

41

170 17210

C14H22N2O

137-58-6

234.337

nd (bz, al)

68.5

1814

C14H23ClN2O

73-78-9

270.798

C6H15NO

100-37-8

117.189

C8H19NO2 C9H17NO2 C13H20N2O2

140-82-9 2426-54-2 59-46-1

161.243 171.237 236.310

C10H19NO2

105-16-8

185.264

8010

C16H25NO2

14007-64-8

263.376

16811

C11H15NO2

17754-90-4

193.243

C7H13NO4

6829-40-9

175.183

C14H17NO2

91-44-1

231.291

C10H15NO

91-68-9

165.232

C13H19NO

90-84-6

205.296

C7H17NO

622-93-5

131.216

C7H13N C10H15N

4079-68-9 579-66-8

111.185 149.233

3380 (Diethylamino)acetonitrile 3381 4-(Diethylamino)benzaldehyde 3382 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6dimethylphenyl)acetamide 3383 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6dimethylphenyl)acetamide, monohydrochloride 3384 2-Diethylaminoethanol

Lidocaine

3385 2-[2-(Diethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol 3386 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl acrylate 3387 2-Diethylaminoethyl 4Procaine aminobenzoate 3388 2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 3389 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl 2Butethamate phenylbutanoate 3390 4-(Diethylamino)-2hydroxybenzaldehyde 3391 Diethyl 2-aminomalonate

3392 7-(Diethylamino)-4-methyl-2 H-1benzopyran-2-one 3393 3-(Diethylamino)phenol 3394 2-(Diethylamino)-1-phenyl-1propanone 3395 3-(Diethylamino)-1-propanol

Diethylpropion

3396 3-(Diethylamino)-1-propyne 3397 2,6-Diethylaniline

N,N-Diethyl-2-propargylamine

1.402922 1.392419

1.047722

nd (w+2) pl (lig or eth)

200; 150 162

3443 Diethylene glycol dinitrate 2,2’-Oxybisethanol, dinitrate 3444 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether

C4H8N2O7 C8H18O3

693-21-0 112-34-5

196.116 162.227

liq

-68

3445 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate C10H20O4 acetate 3446 Diethylene glycol 2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethyl C16H32O4 monododecanoate laurate 3447 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Carbitol C6H14O3

124-17-4

204.264

liq

141-20-8

288.423

lt ye

111-90-0

134.173

hyg liq

Carbitol acetate

C8H16O4

112-15-2

176.211

liq

2-[2-(Hexyloxy)ethoxy]ethanol 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol

C10H22O3 C5H12O3

112-59-4 111-77-3

190.280 120.147

col liq

C7H16O3

6881-94-3

148.200

liq

C6H16N2

100-36-7

116.204

C6H16N2

111-74-0

116.204

3441 Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate 3442 Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

3448 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 3449 Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether 3450 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 3451 Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether 3452 N,N-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

N,N-Diethylethylenediamine

3453 N,N’-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

vs H2O, EtOH; s eth

1.0821 0.943420

1.4571 1.409720

440.01 231

0.955320

1.430620

-32

245

0.98520

1.426220

17.5

>270

0.9625

196

0.988520

1.430020

-25

218.5

1.009620

1.421320

-28

258; 192100 193

1.03520

1.426420

msc H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth

144

0.828020

1.434020

146

0.828020

1.434020

34.5

0.713820

1.352620

msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, tol vs H2O, eth, EtOH, tol sl H2O; msc EtOH, bz, eth; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth msc H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s ace, chl vs eth

-53.3

msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz vs ace, eth, EtOH msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, tol msc H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

213; 1244

Ethyl ether

C4H10O

60-29-7

74.121

3455 Diethyl (ethoxymethylene) malonate 3456 Diethyl ethylidenemalonate 3457 Diethyl ethylmalonate

2-Ethoxy-1,1bis(ethoxycarbonyl)ethene

C10H16O5

87-13-8

216.231

dec 280; 16519

C9H14O4 C9H16O4

1462-12-0 133-13-1

186.205 188.221

11617, 863 208; 9812

1.040420 1.00620

1.430817 1.416620

3458 Diethyl ethylphenylmalonate

C15H20O4

76-67-5

264.318

17019

1.07120

1.489625

3459 Diethyl ethylphosphonate

C6H15O3P

78-38-6

166.155

198; 9016

1.025920

1.416320

3460 N,N-Diethylformamide

C5H11NO

617-84-5

101.147

177.5

0.908019

1.432125

3461 3462 3463 3464 3465 3466

C8H12O4 C9H16O4 C10H22 C20H36O4 C4H12N2 C6H12N2O4

623-91-6 818-38-2 19398-77-7 142-16-5 1615-80-1 4114-28-7

172.179 188.221 142.282 340.498 88.151 176.170

214 236.5 163.9 1567 85.5 dec 250

1.045220 1.022020 0.747225 0.9420 0.79726 1.3248

1.441220 1.424120 1.419020 1.420420

vs bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

dec 203; 870.0001

1.180020

1.417020

vs eth

3467 Diethyl hydrogen phosphate

Diethyl phosphate

C4H11O4P

598-02-7

154.101

3468 N,N-Diethyl-4-hydroxy-3methoxybenzamide 3469 Diethyl iminodiacetate 3470 Diethyl isobutylmalonate

Ethamivan

C12H17NO3

304-84-7

223.268

C8H15NO4 C11H20O4

6290-05-7 10203-58-4

189.210 216.275

636-53-3 6802-75-1 759-36-4

222.237 200.232 202.248

syr liq

nd (chl), pr (w) syr

-116.2

msc H2O, EtOH, eth

3454 Diethyl ether

Diethyl fumarate Diethyl glutarate 3,4-Diethylhexane Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate 1,2-Diethylhydrazine Diethyl 1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate Diethyl bicarbamate

liq

8

Solubility

0.8 -24.1

135

1.460020

95 orth cry

s chl

247 dec 1.423620

302 176.5; 11614 215

1.123917 1.028218 0.996120

1.50818 1.448617 1.418821

3471 Diethyl isophthalate 3472 Diethyl isopropylidenemalonate 3473 Diethyl isopropylmalonate

Ethyl isopropylmalonate

C12H14O4 C10H16O4 C10H18O4

3474 Diethyl ketomalonate

Ethyl mesoxalate

C7H10O5

609-09-6

174.151

pa ye grn oil -30

210; 10519

1.141916

1.431022

3475 Diethyl malate 3476 Diethyl maleate

Diethyl hydroxybutanedioate

C8H14O5 C8H12O4

7554-12-3 141-05-9

190.194 172.179

liq

253; 12413 223

1.129020 1.066220

1.441620

20

20

3477 Diethyl malonate

3478 Diethyl mercury 3479 Diethylmethylamine

N-Ethyl-N-methylethanamine

11.5

0.980420

-8.8

C7H12O4

105-53-3

160.168

liq

-50

200

1.0551

C4H10Hg C5H13N

627-44-1 616-39-7

258.71 87.164

liq

-196

159; 5716 66

2.4320 0.70325

1.4139

1.387925

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O vs ace, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s chl vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz s eth; sl EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth


3-169 O

O

O

O

O

Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether

O

O

O

O

O N

O

O N

O

O

O

O

Diethylene glycol diethyl ether

O

O

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

O

O

Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate

O O

O

O

Diethylene glycol dinitrate

O

O

OH

Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether

O

Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate

O

O O

O

OH

O

Diethylene glycol monododecanoate

O

O

OH

O

O

N,N-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O

O O

N

Diethyl ethylphosphonate

N,N-Diethylformamide

O

Diethyl ethylmalonate

O

O

O

O

O

O

3,4-Diethylhexane

O Diethyl glutarate

O O

N H

Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate

O

O

O

Diethyl fumarate

O

O

H N

O

1,2-Diethylhydrazine

N H

O O P O OH

H N

O O

Diethyl 1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate

N O O

O O

OH

Diethyl hydrogen phosphate

O

O

Diethyl ethylidenemalonate

O Diethyl ethylphenylmalonate

NH2

N

OH

O

Diethyl (ethoxymethylene)malonate

O P O O

O

O

O

Diethyl ether

O

O

O

O O

O

O

O

O

O

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate

Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether

Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether

H N

N,N’-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O

OH

O N H

OH

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether

O

Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether

O

N,N-Diethyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzamide

H N

O

O

O

O

O

Diethyl iminodiacetate

Diethyl isobutylmalonate

O O O

O

O

O

O O

O

O

O O

O

O O

OH O

O O

O

O Diethyl isophthalate

O

Diethyl isopropylidenemalonate

O

Diethyl isopropylmalonate

O

O

O

O Diethyl maleate

O

Diethyl ketomalonate

Diethyl malate

O O

Diethyl malonate

Hg Diethyl mercury

N Diethylmethylamine

3-170


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

3480 N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline

C11H17N

606-46-2

163.260

liq

-60

209

0.928620

1.515320

3481 N,N-Diethyl-4-methylaniline

C11H17N

613-48-9

163.260

229

0.924216

C12H17NO

134-62-3

191.269

16019, 1111

0.99620

1.521220

C11H16

2050-24-0

148.245

liq

-74.1

205

0.874820

1.502720

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

4-N,N-Diethyl-1,4-diamino-2methylbenzene, hydrochloride

C11H19ClN2

2051-79-8

214.735

cry

250 dec

Isovaleryl diethylamide

C9H19NO C9H14O4

533-32-4 2409-52-1

157.253 186.205

211 228

0.876420 1.046720

1.442220 1.437720

3487 Diethyl methylmalonate

C8H14O4

609-08-5

174.195

201

1.022520

1.412620

3488 Diethyl methylphosphonate

C5H13O3P

683-08-9

152.129

194

1.040630

1.410130

C10H21N3O

90-89-1

199.293

48

C10H17NO2

125-64-4

183.248

75.5

C14H17N

84-95-7

199.292

3492 N,N-Diethyl-4-nitroaniline

C10H14N2O2

2216-15-1

194.230

3493 N,N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline

C10H14N2O

120-22-9

178.230

C13H24O4

624-17-9

C6H10O4

No. Name

3482 N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide

Synonym

DEET

3483 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene

3484 N4,N4-Diethyl-2-methyl-1,4benzenediamine, monohydrochloride 3485 N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbutanamide 3486 Diethyl methylenesuccinate

3489 N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1piperazinecarboxamide 3490 3,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-2,4piperidinedione 3491 N,N-Diethyl-1-naphthalenamine

3494 Diethyl nonanedioate

Diethylcarbamazine

Diethyl azelate

3495 Diethyl oxalate

58.5

1103

285

1.01320

1.596120

1.22525

244.328

ye nd (lig) pl 77.5 (al) grn mcl pr 87.5 (eth) grn lf (ace) liq -18.5

291.5

0.972920

1.435120

95-92-1

146.141

liq

185.7

1.078520

1.410120

1.456117

-40.6

1.2415

Diethyl oxalacetate

C8H12O5

108-56-5

188.178

13124

1.13120

3497 Diethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate

Diethyl 1,3-acetonedicarboxylate C9H14O5

105-50-0

202.204

250

1.11320

3498 3499 3500 3501 3502

Tetraethylmethane Novoldiamine Novonal Diethyl glutaconate

C9H20 C9H22N2 C9H17NO C9H14O4 C4H10O2

1067-20-5 140-80-7 512-48-1 2049-67-4 628-37-5

128.255 158.284 155.237 186.205 90.121

liq

-33.1

146.3 201

0.753620 0.81420

1.420620 1.442920

wh pow

75.5 237 65

1.049620 0.824019

1.441120 1.371517

oil

1.497720

liq

-70

1670.5

3503 N,N-Diethyl-10H-phenothiazine10-ethanamine 3504 N,N-Diethyl-αphenylbenzenemethanamine 3505 Diethyl phenylmalonate 3506 Diethyl phenylphosphonite 3507 5,5-Diethyl-1-phenyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 3508 Diethylphosphine 3509 Diethyl phosphonate 3510 O,O’-Diethyl phosphorodithionate 3511 Diethyl phthalate

Diethazine

C18H22N2S

60-91-3

298.446

N,N-Diethylbenzhydrylamine

C17H21N

519-72-2

239.356

58.5

17017

83-13-6 1638-86-4 357-67-5

236.264 198.199 260.288

16.5

dec 205; 16812 1.095020 235; 621 1.03216

Phenetharbital

C13H16O4 C10H15O2P C14H16N2O3

C4H11P C4H11O3P C4H11O2PS2 C12H14O4

627-49-6 762-04-9 298-06-6 84-66-2

90.104 138.102 186.233 222.237

liq

-40.5

3512 3,3-Diethyl-2,4-piperidinedione

Piperidione

C9H15NO2

77-03-2

169.221

nd (w)

104

Diethylmalonic acid

C7H15NO C7H18N2 C7H12O4

1114-51-8 104-78-9 510-20-3

129.200 130.231 160.168

3513 N,N-Diethylpropanamide 3514 N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine 3515 Diethylpropanedioic acid 3516 2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol

C7H16O2

115-76-4

132.201

3517 Diethyl 2-propylmalonate

C10H18O4

2163-48-6

202.248

C10H14N2O

59-26-7

178.230

3518 N,N-Diethyl-3pyridinecarboxamide

Nikethamide

178

pr (w,bz)

ye solid or visc liq

25

i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace sl H2O; msc EtOH i H2O; s eth, bz vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s dil HCl

vs ace, EtOH vs EtOH

85 546

0.78620

295

1.23214

1.500021

191 168.5

0.897220 0.82220

1.442520 1.44320

127 dec 61.5

s H2O, bz, chl, EtOH s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc s EtOH; sl lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl

3496 Diethyl oxobutanedioate

3,3-Diethylpentane N1,N1-Diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine 2,2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide Diethyl 2-pentenedioate Diethylperoxide

vs eth, EtOH msc EtOH; s eth, bz; vs ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz

20

240.5

1.050

221; 11422

0.98920

dec 280; 17525 1.06025

1.4574

25

1.419720 1.52520

s ctc s H2O i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc vs H2O, EtOH, chl, MeOH vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl DMSO


3-171 N

O

N

N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline

N,N-Diethyl-4-methylaniline

N

N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide

1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene

HCl NH2 O

O N

O

O

O

N

O

N4,N4-Diethyl-2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine, monohydrochloride

N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbutanamide

O

Diethyl methylenesuccinate

N

O

O

O

Diethyl methylmalonate

O

N O O P O

N N H

N

Diethyl methylphosphonate

N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1-piperazinecarboxamide

N

O N,N-Diethyl-1-naphthalenamine

3,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-2,4-piperidinedione

N O O

N

O

N

O

N,N-Diethyl-4-nitroaniline

O

O

O

O

O

O

N,N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline

O

Diethyl nonanedioate

Diethyl oxalate

O O

O

O O

O

O

O

O

Diethyl oxobutanedioate

NH2

NH2 N

O

Diethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate

O

N1,N1-Diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine

3,3-Diethylpentane

2,2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide

N

O O

N

N

O O

O

Diethyl 2-pentenedioate

O

S

Diethylperoxide

N,N-Diethyl-10H-phenothiazine-10-ethanamine

N,N-Diethyl-α-phenylbenzenemethanamine

O O O

O

N O

O P

Diethyl phenylmalonate

O

O

O

Diethyl phenylphosphonite

5,5-Diethyl-1-phenyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

O S O P SH O

N H

O

HO

Diethyl phthalate

O

Diethylpropanedioic acid

Diethylphosphine

Diethyl phosphonate

N,N-Diethylpropanamide

N

N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine

O

O O

OH OH 2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol

H2N

O

3,3-Diethyl-2,4-piperidinedione

O OH

O O P O H

N

O

O O

P H

O O O

O,O’-Diethyl phosphorodithionate

N

H

N N

Diethyl 2-propylmalonate

N,N-Diethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide

3-172


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3519 N,N-Diethyl-4pyridinecarboxamide 3520 3,3-Diethyl-2,4(1H,3H)pyridinedione 3521 Diethyl sebacate

Isonicotinic acid diethylamide

C10H14N2O

530-40-5

178.230

Pyrithyldione

C9H13NO2

77-04-3

167.205

90.7

C14H26O4

110-40-7

258.354

2.5

305; 18819

C4H10Se C4H12Si C18H20O2

627-53-2 542-91-6 56-53-1

137.08 88.224 268.351

pa ye liq pl (bz)

55 -134.3 170.5

108 57

Clinestrol

C24H28O4

130-80-3

380.477

pr (MeOH)

104

Mestilbol

C19H22O2

18839-90-2

282.377

nd (bz-peth) 117.5

1900.3

Ethyl succinate

C8H14O4

123-25-1

174.195

liq

-21

217.7

1.040220

1.420120

3528 Diethyl sulfate

C4H10O4S

64-67-5

154.185

oil

-24

208

1.17225

1.398920

3529 Diethyl sulfide

C4H10S

352-93-2

90.187

liq

-103.91

92.1

0.836220

1.443020

C4H10O3S C4H10O2S

623-81-4 597-35-3

138.185 122.186

73.5

158; 5113 248

1.120 1.35720

1.431020

orth pl

3532 Diethyl sulfoxide

C4H10OS

70-29-1

106.186

syr

14

10425, 9015

1.009222

3533 Diethyl DL-tartrate

C8H14O6

57968-71-5

206.193

18.7

281; 15814

1.204620

1.443820

3534 Diethyl telluride 3535 Diethyl terephthalate

C4H10Te C12H14O4

627-54-3 636-09-9

185.72 222.237

137.5 302

1.59915 1.098945

1.518215

44

3536 Diethyl thiodipropionate 3537 N,N’-Diethylthiourea

C10H18O4S C5H12N2S

673-79-0 105-55-5

234.313 132.227

17415, 1212 dec

1.103420

1.465520

78

C7H19NSi

996-50-9

145.319

126.3

0.762720

1.411220

C4H10S3 C5H12N2O

3600-24-6 634-95-7

154.317 116.161

8526 950.02

1.108220

1.568913

C5H12N2O

623-76-7

116.161

263

1.041525

1.461640

C6H13O3P C4H10Zn

682-30-4 557-20-0

164.139 123.531

1102 118; 80200

1.06825 1.206520

1.429020 1.493620

C19H17Cl2N3O3 C18H20N2O4S

119446-68-3 406.262 43222-48-6 360.428

76 157

C14H9ClF2N2O2

35367-38-5

310.683

239

381-73-7 367-25-9 367-11-3

96.033 129.108 114.093

liq liq liq

-1 -7.5 -47.1

133 170 94

1.52625 1.26825 1.159918

1.347020 1.506320 1.445118

-69.12 -23.55

82.6 89

1.157220 1.170120

1.437420 1.442220

1.14517 0.89625 (p>1 atm)

1.522125 1.3011-72

3522 Diethyl selenide 3523 Diethylsilane 3524 trans-Diethylstilbestrol 3525 trans-Diethylstilbestrol dipropanoate 3526 trans-Diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether 3527 Diethyl succinate

3530 Diethyl sulfite 3531 Diethyl sulfone

3538 N,N-Diethyl-1,1,1trimethylsilanamine 3539 Diethyltrisulfide 3540 N,N-Diethylurea

Ethyl sulfite Ethyl sulfone

(Diethylamino)trimethylsilane

3541 N,N’-Diethylurea 3542 Diethyl vinylphosphonate 3543 Diethyl zinc 3544 Difenoconazole 3545 Difenzoquat methyl sulfate 3546 Diflubenzuron

Zinc diethyl

1H-Pyrazolium, 1,2-dimethyl3,5-diphenyl-, methyl sulfate N-[[(4-Chlorophenyl)amino] carbonyl]-2,6difluorobenzamide

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

red-ye mcl pr (al, peth)

pl, nd (eth)

-72.6 75

tab (lig), hyg 112.5 nd (al) col liq

-28

1,2-Difluorobenzene

3550 m-Difluorobenzene 3551 p-Difluorobenzene

1,3-Difluorobenzene 1,4-Difluorobenzene

C6H4F2 C6H4F2

372-18-9 540-36-3

114.093 114.093

liq liq

3552 4,4’-Difluoro-1,1’-biphenyl

4,4’-Difluorodiphenyl

C12H8F2

398-23-2

190.189

mcl pr (al) lf 94.5 (w)

254.5

371-90-4 56830-75-2 353-66-2 327-92-4 312-40-3 75-37-6

120.140 76.045 96.152 204.088 220.290 66.050

liq liq col gas

99.5 34 2.5 1322 246; 15750 -24.05

624-72-6 75-38-7 1630-77-9 1630-78-0 75-10-5

66.050 64.034 64.034 64.034 52.024

vol liq col gas col gas col gas col gas

Ethylidene difluoride

C6H10F2 C3H2F2 C2H6F2Si C6H2F2N2O4 C12H10F2Si C2H4F2

3559 3560 3561 3562 3563

1,2-Difluoroethane 1,1-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethene trans-1,2-Difluoroethene Difluoromethane

Ethylene difluoride Vinylidene fluoride cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene trans-1,2-Difluoroethylene Methylene fluoride

C2H4F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 CH2F2

Solubility

1.52520

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

0.964620

1.430620

sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace; i bz

1.230020 0.684320

1.476820 1.392120

col gas

-87.5 75.5 -118.6

-144

-136.8 tp

i H2O vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; vs bz; i peth vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc

vs H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth dec H2O; msc eth, peth, bz

2200.03

C2H2F2O2 C6H5F2N C6H4F2

1,1-Difluorocyclohexane 3,3-Difluorocyclopropene Difluorodimethylsilane 1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene Difluorodiphenylsilane 1,1-Difluoroethane

nD

1191

3547 Difluoroacetic acid 3548 2,4-Difluoroaniline 3549 o-Difluorobenzene

3553 3554 3555 3556 3557 3558

den/ g cm-3

26 -85.7 -26 -53.1 -51.6

i H2O; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl; s eth, ace

sl EtOH

vs bz, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH

1.2139-52

i H2O; s EtOH


O

3-173

O

N

O N H

N N,N-Diethyl-4-pyridinecarboxamide

O

O

O

O

3,3-Diethyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyridinedione

Diethyl selenide

O

OH

OH O

O Si H2

Se

Diethyl sebacate

HO

O

Diethylsilane

trans-Diethylstilbestrol

O

trans-Diethylstilbestrol dipropanoate

trans-Diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether

O O

O

O O S O O

S

Diethyl sulfate

Diethyl sulfide

O Diethyl succinate

O

O

O

O S

S O O

S O

Diethyl sulfone

Diethyl sulfoxide

O

Diethyl sulfite

O

OH O

O

O OH O

O

Te

Diethyl DL-tartrate

Diethyl telluride

O

O

S

S

N,N-Diethyl-1,1,1-trimethylsilanamine

S

Diethyl terephthalate

H N

NH2

N H

N,N’-Diethylthiourea

H N

O

O

N,N-Diethylurea

N,N’-Diethylurea

S

Diethyltrisulfide

N H

O

Diethyl thiodipropionate

N

Si N

S

O

O O P O Diethyl vinylphosphonate

N N

N F

O Cl O Diethyl zinc

N

N

Cl

Zn

H N SO4 2

O Difenzoquat methyl sulfate

F

F F

F

F F

OH

F

O

Diflubenzuron

NH2 F

O

Cl

Difenoconazole

H N

O

F

F

Difluoroacetic acid

2,4-Difluoroaniline

o-Difluorobenzene

F

F

m-Difluorobenzene

p-Difluorobenzene

O N

F F F F F

1,1-Difluorocyclohexane

F Si F

3,3-Difluorocyclopropene

F 4,4’-Difluoro-1,1’-biphenyl

O

F F Si

F O

Difluorodimethylsilane

N

O

1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene

Difluorodiphenylsilane

F

F

F F 1,1-Difluoroethane

F

F

1,2-Difluoroethane

F 1,1-Difluoroethene

F

F

cis-1,2-Difluoroethene

F

F

trans-1,2-Difluoroethene

F

H H

Difluoromethane

3-174


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3564 2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1trifluoroethane 3565 Difluoromethylborane 3566 2,4-Difluoro-1-nitrobenzene 3567 2,2-Difluoropropane

Difluoromethyl 2,2,2trifluoroethyl ether

C3H3F5O

1885-48-9

150.047

col liq

CH3BF2 C6H3F2NO2 C3H6F2

373-64-8 446-35-5 420-45-1

63.843 159.091 80.077

gas

C3H6F2O C10H6O4

453-13-4 492-94-4

96.076 190.153

C10H8N2O4

522-27-0

220.182

167

3571 1,5-Di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3one 3572 Difurfuryl disulfide Furfuryl disulfide 3573 Difurfuryl ether Furfuryl ether 3574 Digitonin 3575 Digitoxigenin

C13H10O3

886-77-1

214.216

C10H10O2S2 C10H10O3 C56H92O29 C23H34O4

4437-20-1 4437-22-3 11024-24-1 143-62-4

226.315 178.184 1229.312 374.514

hyg pr (peth) 60.5 ye pr (lig) 10

3576 Digitoxin

C41H64O13

71-63-6

764.939

pr (dil al)

3577 Digitoxose

C6H12O4

527-52-6

148.157

cry 112 (MeOH+eth)

C6H10O3 C4H6O5

2238-07-5 110-99-6

130.141 134.088

3580 Digoxigenin

C23H34O5

1672-46-4

390.513

3581 Digoxin

C41H64O14

20830-75-5

780.939

3568 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol 3569 Di-2-furanylethanedione 3570 Di-2-furanylethanedione dioxime

3578 Diglycidyl ether 3579 Diglycolic acid

α-Furildioxime

Bis(2,3-epoxypropyl) ether 2,2’-Oxydiacetic acid

3582 Diheptylamine

N-Heptyl-1-heptanamine

C14H31N

2470-68-0

213.403

3583 3584 3585 3586 3587

Diheptyl ether Diheptyl phthalate Diheptyl sulfide Dihexylamine Dihexyl ether

Heptyl ether

C14H30O C22H34O4 C14H30S C12H27N C12H26O

629-64-1 3648-21-3 629-65-2 143-16-8 112-58-3

214.387 362.503 230.453 185.349 186.333

3588 3589 3590 3591 3592

Dihexyl hexanedioate Dihexyl phthalate Dihexyl sulfide 15,16-Dihydroaflatoxin G1 9,10-Dihydroanthracene

C18H34O4 C20H30O4 C12H26S C17H14O7 C14H12

110-33-8 84-75-3 6294-31-1 7241-98-7 613-31-0

Heptyl sulfide N-Hexyl-1-hexanamine Hexyl ether

Hexyl sulfide Aflatoxin G2

col gas

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

nD

9.8 -104.8

-78.5287 207 -0.4

1.457114 1.514914 0.920520 1.290420 (p>1 atm) 1.2425 1.372520

166.3

1814 16713, 1120.5 1012

1.140520

1.508820

237.5 253

mcl pr (w + 1) pr (AcOEt)

Solubility

29

127; 5534 ye nd (al), cry (bz)

den/ g cm-3

260 dec

1.119520

271; 1359

0.795621

258.5 360 298 236; 751 226

0.800820

1.427520

0.841620 0.788920 0.793620

1.460620 1.433920 1.420420

348; 182.54 2105 230; 13620

0.94120

305

1.21520

vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs EtOH, MeOH; sl chl vs EtOH

222

trc pl (dil al, 249 dec py) nd 31.5

liq

70 -13.1

314.461 334.450 202.399 330.289 180.245

liq

-9

tab or pr

239.3 111 485 dec

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl EtOH, eth, bz, lig vs eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH i H2O s EtOH; vs MeOH sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl, MeOH, py vs H2O, ace; s py, AcOEt

255.5

148

reac H2O sl chl

0.841120

sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth s EtOH, eth i H2O; s eth; sl ctc

1.458620 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s PhNO2, dil alk i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc, lig, tol

3593 6,15-Dihydro-5,9,14,18anthrazinetetrone

Indanthrene

C28H14N2O4

81-77-6

442.422

bl nd

3594 1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene

Cholanthrene

C20H14

479-23-2

254.325

pa ye lf (bz- 170.4 al)

3595 9,10-Dihydro-9,10[1’,2’]Triptycene benzenoanthracene 3596 1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazole-2- 2-Benzimidazolethiol thione 3597 1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2one 3598 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin 3599 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran Coumaran

C20H14

477-75-8

254.325

cry (cyhex)

256

C7H6N2S

583-39-1

150.201

298

vs EtOH

C7H6N2O

615-16-7

134.135

pl (dil al or NH3) lf (w or al)

318 dec

sl H2O, eth, bz; s ace; vs EtOH

C8H8O2 C8H8O

493-09-4 496-16-2

136.149 120.149

liq

-21.5

212; 1036 188.5

1.18020 1.05825

1.548520 1.549720

Isochroman 3600 3,4-Dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran 3601 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran 3602 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2one 3603 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4- 4-Chromanone one

C9H10O C9H10O C9H8O2

493-05-0 493-08-3 119-84-6

134.174 134.174 148.159

lf

4 4.8 25

11025, 9012 215; 9818 272

1.06725 1.07220 1.16918

1.544420 1.544420 1.556320

C9H8O2

491-37-2

148.159

36.5

16050, 12713

1.1291100 1.5750

3604 6,7-Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen4(5H)-one 3605 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1benzothiopyran-4-one 3606 4,5-Dihydro-2-benzyl-1Himidazole 3607 7,8-Dihydrobiopterin

C8H8OS

13414-95-4

152.214

C9H8OS

3528-17-4

164.224

29

15412

1.248714

C10H12N2

59-98-3

160.215

cry (peth)

C9H13N5O3

6779-87-9

239.231

hyg nd (w)

4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-4benzothiophenone

Tolazoline

vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O; msc os i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ctc; s chl s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc sl chl

1.639520

67 s H2O


3-175

O F F

O

O

N

F F F F

F 2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

F

F F

B

F

2,4-Difluoro-1-nitrobenzene

2,2-Difluoropropane

O

O O

OH 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol

OH O

O

F

F

Difluoromethylborane

N

O

HO

Di-2-furanylethanedione

N

Di-2-furanylethanedione dioxime

O O HO

O

O

O O

O

O

O

OH

1,5-Di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one

S S

HO

O

O O

O OH

O

OH

OH

HO

O

HO

OH

O

O

OH

O

HO

Difurfuryl disulfide

H

O

OH HO

O

OH

O O OH

HO

HO

HO

HO

Difurfuryl ether

H Digitoxigenin

Digitonin O

O O

O HO

O HO OH O O O

O

OH OH

OH Digitoxose

H

O O

O

O

O

HO

O O

O

OH

O

H

OH

Diglycidyl ether O O OH

O

O

HO

O

HO

OH

Digitoxin

OH

HO

HO

H

OH

Digoxigenin

Diglycolic acid

O

H N

O

Diheptyl sulfide

N H

O

Dihexylamine

Dihexyl ether

O

Diheptyl ether

Digoxin

S O O

Diheptylamine

O O OH

OH

Diheptyl phthalate

O

O

O

O

H

O O

O

O

O

O

O Dihexyl hexanedioate

O

O

H O

S

Dihexyl phthalate

O

15,16-Dihydroaflatoxin G1

Dihexyl sulfide

9,10-Dihydroanthracene

O

O HN

H N

NH O

H N S

O

N H

O 6,15-Dihydro-5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetrone

1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene

9,10-Dihydro-9,10[1’,2’]-benzenoanthracene

N H

1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazole-2-thione

1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one

O O O

O 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin

2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran

O

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran

3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran

O

S

S 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzothiopyran-4-one

N H 4,5-Dihydro-2-benzyl-1H-imidazole

O N

N

6,7-Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-4(5H)-one

2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

OH

O

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

OH

N H

NH N

7,8-Dihydrobiopterin

NH2

3-176


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3608 Dihydrocodeine

C18H23NO3

125-28-0

301.381

3609 16,17-Dihydro-15H-cyclopenta[a] 1,2-Cyclopentenophenanthrene phenanthrene 3610 10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f] azepine 3611 10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d] cyclohepten-5-one 3612 2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran 3613 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1(2H) Corydaldine -isoquinolinone 3614 1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2Antipyrine phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one 3615 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin 3616 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenecarboxylic acid 3617 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1,5anthracenedisulfonic acid

C17H14

482-66-6

218.293

cry (aq, 112.5 MeOH) nd (al, petr) 135.5

C14H13N

494-19-9

195.260

C15H12O

1210-35-1

208.255

C6H10O3 C11H13NO3

332-77-4 493-49-2

130.141 207.226

C11H12N2O

60-80-0

188.225

C4H6O2 C15H8O4

543-75-9 117-78-2

86.090 252.223

C14H8O8S2

117-14-6

368.339

C14H8O8S2

84-50-4

368.339

C14H8O5S

82-49-5

288.276

C14H8O5S

84-48-0

288.276

lf (HOAc) ye 216.0 lf (conc HCl, +3w) ye lf (+3w)

C14H7NaO5S

128-56-3

310.258

ye lf (w)

C14H7NaO5S

131-08-8

310.258

C19H21N7O6 C4H6O C4H6O C9H9NO3

4033-27-6 1191-99-7 1708-29-8 54-06-8

443.413 70.090 70.090 179.172

ye cry

C9H11N

24425-40-9

133.190

nd (peth)

37.5

248; 13115

3628 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol 3629 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-ol

C9H10O C9H10O

6351-10-6 1470-94-6

134.174 134.174

pl (peth)

54.8 58

220; 12812 253

3630 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-one

C9H8O

83-33-0

132.159

ta, nd (w + 3) 42

243; 12912

1.094340

1.56125

C9H8O

615-13-4

132.159

nd (al, eth)

59

dec 218

1.071269

1.53867

C9H8O

768-22-9

132.159

24.5

11320, 986

1.125524

C8H9N

496-15-1

119.164

229

1.06920

1.592320

No. Name

Synonym

3618 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2,6anthracenedisulfonic acid 3619 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1anthracenesulfonic acid 3620 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenesulfonic acid 3621 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1Sodium anthraquinone-1anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium sulfonate salt 3622 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 3623 7,8-Dihydrofolic acid 3624 2,3-Dihydrofuran 3625 2,5-Dihydrofuran 3626 2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl- Adrenochrome 1H-indole-5,6-dione 3627 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-amine

3631 1,3-Dihydro-2H-inden-2-one

2-Indanone

3632 1a,6a-Dihydro-6H-indeno[1,2-b] oxirene 3633 2,3-Dihydro-1H-indole

3636 Dihydro-α-lipoic acid 3637 3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-1(2H)naphthalenone 3638 3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2H-pyran 3639 1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j] aceanthrylene 3640 2,3-Dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran 3641 Dihydro-3-methylene-2,5furandione 3642 Dihydro-3-methylene-2(3H)furanone 3643 3644 3645 3646

lf or sc (eth, 114 bz) ye nd 291 (HOAc) ye nd (HCl 310 dec +4w) pl (dil HOAc)

Solubility

i H2O; s EtOH, peth s chl 2037

1.163520

1.632420

161

1.07325

1.433920 vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

319 1.083620

94.1 sub

1.437220

s ctc sl EtOH, HOAc; i eth, bz; s ace vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz vs H2O, HOAc; s EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth sl H2O

0.92725

54.5

1.423920 1.431120

125 dec

nd (w) nd (w)

6,8-Dimercaptooctanoic acid 6-Methoxy-α-tetralone

C8H16O2S2 C11H12O2

462-20-4 1078-19-9

208.342 176.212

3-Methylcholanthrene

C6H10O2 C21H16

4454-05-1 56-49-5

114.142 268.352

ye liq cry (MeOH, lig) liq ye nd (bz)

C9H10O C5H4O3

1746-11-8 2170-03-8

134.174 112.084

C5H6O2

547-65-9

98.101

C5H6O3 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2

4100-80-5 1679-47-6 1679-49-8 57129-69-8

114.100 100.117 100.117 100.117

liq liq liq

C4H8N2

534-26-9

84.120

hyg

Lysidine

nD

24815

sl DMSO

133.148 133.148

α-Methylene butyrolactone

den/ g cm-3

bp/˚C

mcl pr (w, al) 175

59-48-3 480-91-1

Dihydro-3-methyl-2,5-furandione Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone 2-Methyl-γ-butyrolactone Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone 3-Methyl-γ-butyrolactone Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)(±)-γ-Valerolactone furanone, (±)

3647 4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-1Himidazole

30

C8H7NO C8H7NO

3634 1,3-Dihydro-2H-indol-2-one 3635 2,3-Dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one

mp/˚C

23

17

128 151

227 , 195 338; 10318

78

1450.2 17111 128 28080

1.006 1.2820

1.442020

180

197.5 13930, 11418

1.06125

1.5308

8510

1.120620

1.465020

-31

239 200; 7910 7611 206

1.2225 1.057020 1.05820 1.055120

1.432520 1.433920 1.432820

107

196.5

orth bipym 69 pr (eth, chl)

34

vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz sl H2O, chl; s eth, ace, bz vs bz, EtOH, chl sl H2O, peth; vs EtOH, eth; s sulf sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl s chl sl H2O; s eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH, chl

i H2O

sl eth; vs chl s H2O, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc; vs EtOH

msc H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; s chl


3-177

O

O H

N N H

O

10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine

10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one

HO Dihydrocodeine

16,17-Dihydro-15H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene

O

O

O

O

N O

NH

O O

N

O

O

2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran

3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1(2H)-isoquinolinone

1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin

OH OO S O O

O

O

O S

OH

O

O O S OO OH

O 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenecarboxylic acid

OH OO S O

O

S

HO

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1,5-anthracenedisulfonic acid

O

O

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2,6-anthracenedisulfonic acid

SO3 Na

O

OH

S

OH

O O

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1-anthracenesulfonic acid

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid

HO HO

O SO3 Na

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1-anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt

O

N H

O

O N

N H

N H

O 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt

NH N

NH2

7,8-Dihydrofolic acid

O

O

2,3-Dihydrofuran

2,5-Dihydrofuran

OH O

OH N

O

O

H2N

2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1H-indole-5,6-dione

HO

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-amine

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-ol

O N H

N H 1a,6a-Dihydro-6H-indeno[1,2-b]oxirene

2,3-Dihydro-1H-indole

O

1,3-Dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

2,3-Dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one

O

O HS

NH

O

O 1,3-Dihydro-2H-inden-2-one

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-one

OH SH

O 2,3-Dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran

O

O

Dihydro-α-lipoic acid

3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-1(2H)-naphthalenone

O

O

O

Dihydro-3-methylene-2,5-furandione

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2H-pyran

O

Dihydro-3-methylene-2(3H)-furanone

O

1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j]aceanthrylene

O

O

Dihydro-3-methyl-2,5-furandione

N O

O

Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone

O

O

Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone, (±)

N H 4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-1H-imidazole

O

O

Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone

3-178


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

3648 1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2 Himidazole-2-thione

Methimazole

C4H6N2S

60-56-0

114.169

lf (al)

146

dec 280

C10H12 C11H12O

767-58-8 1590-08-5

132.202 160.212

15

190.6 13616

0.93825 1.05725

1.526620 1.553520

C10H10N2O4S

89-36-1

254.262

C10H10N2O

19735-89-8

174.198

287105, 19117

1.260020

1.637

3649 2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-1 H-indene 3650 3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-1(2 H)naphthalenone 3651 4-(4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonic acid 3652 1,2-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl- 5-Hydroxy-3-methyl-1phenylpyrazole 3H-pyrazol-3-one 3653 2,4-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl3H-pyrazol-3-one 3654 3,6-Dihydro-4-methyl-2 H-pyran 3655 4,5-Dihydro-2-methylthiazole 3656 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene 3657 1,4-Dihydronaphthalene Δ 2-Dialin 3658 3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-naphthalenone 3659 1,2-Dihydro-5nitroacenaphthylene 3660 1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-3pyridinecarboxylic acid 3661 Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3 H)-furanone 3662 9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene 3663 2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-4 H-1benzopyran-4-one 3664 4,5-Dihydro-2-(phenylmethyl)1H-imidazole, monohydrochloride 3665 4,5-Dihydro-5-phenyl-2oxazolamine 3666 1,4-Dihydro-1-phenyl-5 Htetrazole-5-thione 3667 Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3 H)-furanone 3668 2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo4(1H)-pyrimidinone 3669 1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione

nd (w+1)

128

89-25-8

174.198

C6H10O C4H7NS C10H10 C10H10 C10H10O C12H9NO2

16302-35-5 2346-00-1 447-53-0 612-17-9 530-93-8 602-87-9

98.142 101.171 130.186 130.186 146.185 199.205

C6H5NO3

5006-66-6

139.109

nd(w)

310 dec

104-61-0 776-35-2 487-26-3

156.222 180.245 224.255

oil nd (MeOH) nd (lig)

34.5 76

C10H13ClN2

59-97-2

196.676

Aminorex

C9H10N2O

2207-50-3

162.187

1-Phenyl-5-mercapto-1 Htetrazole γ-Propyl-γ-butyrolactone Propylthiouracil

C7H6N4S

86-93-1

178.215

C7H12O2 C7H10N2OS

105-21-5 51-52-5

128.169 170.231

6-Mercaptopurine

C5H4N4S

50-44-2

152.178

C5H8O

110-87-2

84.117

3670 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran

mcl pr (w)

127

liq liq pl

-101 -8 25 18 103

cry (bz)

105

287 , 191 117.5 145 206.5 211.5 237

17

1.637 0.91225 1.06725 0.997420 0.992833 1.105527

1.449520 1.520020 1.581420 1.557720 1.559820

1.075740

1.641520

sub

13412 16815

s H2O, EtOH; sl bz; i peth

i H2O; s eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, lig sl H2O, tfa; i EtOH, eth, bz, chl s chl i H2O; s ace, bz; sl ctc

137 145 845

w pow (w)

1.438525

219

sl H2O, chl, DMSO, EtOH; i eth, bz i H2O; s alk

ye pr (w, + l 313 dec w) 86

84.117 114.100 70.093

liq

2-Pyrazoline

3174-74-1 108-55-4 109-98-8

Maleic hydrazide 5,6-Dihydrouracil

C4H4N2O2 C4H6N2O2

123-33-1 504-07-4

112.087 114.103

cry (w) nd (w)

3-Pyrroline

C4H7N

109-96-6

69.106

3677 3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone Hydrocarbostyril 3678 1,4-Dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedione 2,3-Quinoxalinediol

C9H9NO C8H6N2O2

553-03-7 15804-19-0

147.173 162.146

pr (al, eth) nd (w)

163.5 410

3679 Dihydrotachysterol 3680 Dihydrothebaine

C28H46O C19H23NO3

67-96-9 561-25-1

398.664 313.391

cry (MeOH)

131 162.5

3681 4,5-Dihydro-2-thiazolamine

C3H6N2S

1779-81-3

102.158

nd or lf (bz) 85.3

3682 3683 3684 3685 3686

2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide 3-Sulfolene Dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenone Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1H,5H)2-Thiobarbituric acid pyrimidinedione 3687 2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1H)2-Thiouracil pyrimidinone

C4H6S C4H6S C4H6O2S C4H6OS C4H4N2O2S

1120-59-8 1708-32-3 77-79-2 1003-10-7 504-17-6

86.156 86.156 118.155 102.155 144.152

pl (w)

235 dec

C4H4N2OS

141-90-2

128.152

pr (w, al)

>340 dec

3688 1,2-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3thione 3689 (1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2Hindol-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde

C2H3N3S

3179-31-5

101.130

C13H15NO

84-83-3

201.264

3674 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione 3675 Dihydro-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 3676 2,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrole

Solubility vs H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz, lig i H2O

174

C5H8O C5H6O3 C3H6N2

3671 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran 3672 Dihydro-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione 3673 4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrazole

nD

≈300 dec

C10H10N2O

4-Hydroxynonanoic acid lactone C9H16O2 C14H12 C15H12O2

den/ g cm-3

56.3

0.92119

1.440219

s H2O, EtOH; sl chl

vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, tfa vs H2O; s EtOH, chl, MeOH vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, DMSO, HOAc i H2O; s os i H2O; s EtOH, bz, AcOEt vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl

19

95 15815 144

0.94 1.411020 1.020017

1.479617

90.5

0.909720

1.466420

1.1825

1.523020

307 275.5

20145

dec 112.1 122.4

64.5

s chl 11152, 391

222.5

sl H2O; s EtOH, dil alk, dil HCl sl H2O, EtOH, DMSO; s anh HF s DMSO s chl


3-179 H N

O

NH

O S OH O

N S

N

O

1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2H-imidazole-2-thione

2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-1H-indene

3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-1(2H)-naphthalenone

O N H

O

N

4-(4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonic acid

N

N

N S

O

1,2-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

2,4-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

3,6-Dihydro-4-methyl-2H-pyran

4,5-Dihydro-2-methylthiazole

O OH

O O 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene

1,4-Dihydronaphthalene

3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-naphthalenone

N

O

O

1,2-Dihydro-5-nitroacenaphthylene

N H

1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

O N O O

HCl

O

Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)-furanone

9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene

O NH

NH2 O

4,5-Dihydro-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine

S

4,5-Dihydro-2-(phenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole, monohydrochloride

HN N N S N

N O

2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

1,4-Dihydro-1-phenyl-5H-tetrazole-5-thione

N H

O

Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3H)-furanone

O

N

N

1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran

3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran

O

O

N H

O

Dihydro-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione

O NH N H

S

2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4(1H)-pyrimidinone

H N

HN

N H

O

N H

Dihydro-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

N H

2,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrole

O

3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone

N

O

4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrazole

H N

O

N H

O

N H

NH

1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione

HO

1,4-Dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedione

Dihydrotachysterol

O

O H

N

N S

O Dihydrothebaine

NH2

4,5-Dihydro-2-thiazolamine

O

N H

S 2,5-Dihydrothiophene

O

S

O

2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide

S

O

Dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenone

O NH

O

S 2,3-Dihydrothiophene

S

Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1H,5H)-pyrimidinedione

NH N H

S

2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1H)-pyrimidinone

S HN N

NH

1,2-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione

N

O

(1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2H-indol-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde

3-180


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C18H20

3910-35-8

236.352

tcl pr (al)

52.5

308.5

1.000920

1.568120

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, MeOH

C12H15N

147-47-7

173.254

26.5

260; 13213

Quinizarin

C14H8O4

81-64-1

240.212

ye red lf (eth) 200 dk red nd

3693 1,5-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

Anthrarufin

C14H8O4

117-12-4

240.212

pa ye pl (gl HOAc)

280

sub


Danthron

C14H8O4

117-10-2

240.212

red or red-ye 193 nd or lf (al)

sub


C14H8O4

84-60-6

240.212

ye nd (al)


C14H8O4

572-93-0

240.212

sub

3697 2,2’-Dihydroxyazobenzene

C12H10N2O2

2050-14-8

214.219

ye nd (+1w, 353.8 dil al) nd (sub) gold-ye lf 173 (bz), nd (al)

3698 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

C7H6O3

24677-78-9

138.121

ye nd

108

235; 12016

C7H6O3

95-01-2

138.121

nd (eth-lig)

135

22622

C7H6O3

1194-98-5

138.121

ye nd (bz)

100.0

No. Name 3690 2,3-Dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-3phenyl-1H-indene 3691 1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4trimethylquinoline 3692 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione


Synonym

β-Resorcylaldehyde


360 dec


Protocatechualdehyde

C7H6O3

139-85-5

138.121

lf (w, to)

153 dec

3702 N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide

Salicylhydroxamic acid

C7H7NO3

89-73-6

153.136

nd (HOAc)

168

3703 2,5-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid

Homogentisic acid

C8H8O4

451-13-8

168.148

153

C7H6O4

303-38-8

154.121

3705 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

β-Resorcylic acid

C7H6O4

89-86-1

154.121

pr (w+1), lf (al-chl) pr or nd (w+1) cry (+w)


Gentisic acid

C7H6O4

490-79-9

154.121

nd or pr (w) 199.5

C7H6O4

303-07-1

154.121

nd (+w)

C7H6O4

99-50-3

154.121

mcl nd (w+1) 201 dec

C7H6O4

99-10-5

154.121

pr or nd


3707 2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3708 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

Protocatechuic acid


sub

1.54220

226 dec

167 dec 1.5244

239

Bis(2-hydroxyphenyl) ketone

C13H10O3

835-11-0

214.216

59.5

3711 4,4’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) ketone

C13H10O3

611-99-4

214.216

nd (lig), cry 210 (w)

3712 6,7-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran- Esculetin 2-one

C9H6O4

305-01-1

178.142

3713 7,8-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran- Daphnetin 2-one

C9H6O4

486-35-1

178.142

nd (w), pr 276 (HOAc) lf (sub) ye nd (dil al) 262

3714 2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid 3715 3,6-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, Hyodeoxycholic acid (3α,5β,6α)

C4H8O4 C24H40O4

1518-62-3 83-49-8

120.105 392.573

liq cry (AcOEt)

198.5

3716 3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, Ursodiol (3α,5β,7β) 3717 3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, Chenodiol (3α,5β,7α)

C24H40O4

128-13-2

392.573

pl (al)

203

C24H40O4

474-25-9

392.573

119

3718 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

C27H44O3

32222-06-3

416.636

nd (EtOAc+he p) wh cry pow

C6H4O4

615-94-1

140.094

dk ye nd

211

3719 2,5-Dihydroxy-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

1400.001

205.5

3710 2,2’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

Calcitriol

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, KOH, sulf i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, CS2; s bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, HOAc, alk sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s alk i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl

333 1.133131

sub

sub

i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; vs eth; s con alk vs ace, EtOH, HOAc s H2O, HOAc; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz vs H2O, EtOH, chl s H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; i CS2 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; i bz, chl, CS2 s H2O, EtOH, eth; i chl; sl tfa sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; i bz sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, CS2 sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, chl, AcOEt s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, CS2

963

115

sl H2O, eth, ace, bz; s EtOH, HOAc vs EtOH; sl eth i H2O, bz; vs EtOH, ace; s eth, HOAc sl EtOH, MeOH, thf, AcOEt sl H2O, ace, DMSO; s EtOH, HOAc; i eth


3-181

N H 2,3-Dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenyl-1H-indene

OH O

1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline

OH

O

OH

O

OH

O

OH O 1,5-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O HO

OH

OH

OH

HO N N

HO O

O



O 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

2,2’-Dihydroxyazobenzene

O

O

O

OH OH

O OH

N H OH

OH OH

OH 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

OH

HO

2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde


HO O HO O

O

OH

N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

HO

OH

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

OH

O

OH

OH OH


OH

2,5-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid

OH




OH

O

OH

O

OH O

O

OH

HO

OH HO

OH 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

OH

HO 2,2’-Dihydroxybenzophenone


HO

OH

O

O

6,7-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

4,4’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

O

O OH

OH

O HO

O

HO

O

OH

HO

OH

OH 7,8-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

H

HO

OH

3,6-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,6α)

2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid

OH

H

3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7β)

OH

O OH H

O OH

HO

H

OH

3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7α)

HO HO

OH 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

O 2,5-Dihydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

3-182


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3720 2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1one

Reductic acid

C5H6O3

80-72-8

114.100

3721 2,6-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-4heptanone 3722 2,2’-Dihydroxydiphenylmethane 3723 4,4’-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide

Di(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl) ketone 2,2’-Methylenebisphenol 4,4’-Thiobisphenol

C9H18O3

3682-91-5

174.237

C13H12O2 C12H10O2S

2467-02-9 2664-63-3

200.233 218.271

3724 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)- Aloe-emodol 9,10-anthracenedione 3725 2,3-Dihydroxymaleic acid Dihydroxymaleic acid

C15H10O5

481-72-1

270.237

C4H4O6

526-84-1

148.071

mcl pr or lf (al) oran ye nd (to, al) pl (w+2)

3726 α,4-Dihydroxy-3methoxybenzeneacetic acid 3727 7,8-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2 H-1benzopyran-2-one 3728 5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4methoxyphenyl)-4 H-1benzopyran-4-one 3729 (2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) phenylmethanone 3730 1,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9 Hxanthen-9-one 3731 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10anthracenedione 3732 2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid

Vanilmandelic acid

C9H10O5

55-10-7

198.172

sc (bz-eth)

132 dec

sl H2O, eth, MeOH; s EtOH vs H2O, ace, eth

Fraxetin

C10H8O5

574-84-5

208.168

pl (dil al)

231

vs EtOH

C16H12O5

491-80-5

284.263

214.8

Cotoin

C14H12O4

479-21-0

244.243

Gentisin

C14H10O5

437-50-3

258.226

ye pr (chl) lf 130.5 or nd (w) ye orth 266.5

Chrysophanic acid

C15H10O4

481-74-3

254.238

o-Orsellinic acid

C8H8O4

480-64-8

168.148

3733 5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2 H-1benzopyran-2-one

C10H8O4

2107-76-8

192.169

3734 6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2 H-1benzopyran-2-one 3735 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4naphthalenedione

C10H8O4

529-84-0

192.169

ye nd (dil al) 275

C10H6O4

475-38-7

190.153

Chromotropic acid

C10H8O8S2

148-25-4

320.296

Alizarin Blue

C17H9NO4

568-02-5

291.258

Alizarin Orange

C14H7NO6

568-93-4

285.209

dk red mcl pr 232 (bz) red-br nd (al) nd or lf (w+2) br-viol nd 269 (bz) oran nd or pl 244 dec (HOAc)

Phloionic acid

C18H34O6

23843-52-9

346.459

9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid

C18H36O4

120-87-6

316.477

Chrysin

C15H10O4

480-40-0

254.238

lt ye pr (MeOH)

285.5

3742 1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone Resacetophenone

C8H8O3

89-84-9

152.148

nd or lf

146

3743 (2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl) phenylmethanone

Benzoresorcinol

C13H10O3

131-56-6

214.216

nd (w)

144

3744 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2propenoic acid 3745 Dihydroxyphenylstibine oxide 3746 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4diene-3,11,20-trione 3747 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene3,20-dione 3748 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene3,11,20-trione

Caffeic acid

C9H8O4

331-39-5

180.158

ye pr, pl (w) 225 dec

Benzenestibonic acid Prednisone

C6H7O3Sb C21H26O5

535-46-6 53-03-2

248.878 358.428

nd (HOAc)

11-Deoxy-17hydrocorticosterone Cortisone

C21H30O4

152-58-9

346.461

215

C21H28O5

53-06-5

360.444

222

3749 2,3-Dihydroxypropanal, (±)

C3H6O3

56-82-6

90.078

3750 2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid, ( R) Glyceric acid 3751 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone Dihydroxyacetone

C3H6O4 C3H6O3

6000-40-4 96-26-4

106.078 90.078

3752 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl decanoate

C13H26O4

2277-23-8

246.343

pr (peth)

53

C11H22O4

26402-26-6

218.291

cry (peth)

40

3736 4,5-Dihydroxy-2,7naphthalenedisulfonic acid 3737 5,6-Dihydroxynaphtho[2,3-f] quinoline-7,12-dione 3738 1,2-Dihydroxy-3-nitro-9,10anthracenedione 3739 9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid, (R*,R*)-(±) 3740 9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid 3741 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4 H-1benzopyran-4-one

3753 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate

Decanoic acid glycerol monoester Octanoic acid glycerol monoester

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

212

nD

Solubility s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, ace, AcOEt; i bz

pale ye cry 118.3 151

363

223.5

sub

sl H2O, EtOH, eth, CS2 vs bz, eth, EtOH

155 dec

ye hex or mcl 196 nd (sub) nd (dil 176 dec HOAc, +1w) nd (al), lf 283 (HOAc)

cry (al)

1.28025

sub

0.9225

s EtOH, eth

sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; vs EtOH, alk s H2O, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s HOAc

sub

s H2O, alk; i EtOH, eth vs bz, gl HOAc sub

sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, sulf, HOAc

126 90

nd or pr (40% MeOH) thick gum

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; i ace; s py vs bz, HOAc

1.18141

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, CS2 i H2O, chl; s EtOH, py; sl eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl bz, chl vs EtOH

139 234 dec

145

1450.8

1.45318

vs ace, EtOH, chl sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; s EtOH, ace s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz, peth, lig

dec 90

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; i lig


3-183

O OH

OH OH

HO

2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one

HO

O

OH

S

O HO

OH

2,6-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanone

2,2’-Dihydroxydiphenylmethane

OH 4,4’-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide

OH

OH HO OH

HO

HO

O

O

O

O

O

OH

α,4-Dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneacetic acid

2,3-Dihydroxymaleic acid

OH O

O

O

HO

OH O

O 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

OH

7,8-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

OH O

OH

HO HO

O

O

OH O

HO

OH

O

OH

(2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

O

1,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9H-xanthen-9-one

O OH

OH HO

OH

O 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

HO

2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid

OH O

O

HO

O

S

S

O

O

HO

O

5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

OH

O

O

6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

OH

N

OH

O OH HO

OH O 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione

O

OH

4,5-Dihydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH

N O

O

O

1,2-Dihydroxy-3-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

5,6-Dihydroxynaphtho[2,3-f]quinoline-7,12-dione

OH O O

OH

OH

O

OH

HO OH

OH

O

HO

O

OH

9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid, (R*,R*)-(±)

9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid

O

5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

O OH

O

OH

O HO Sb OH

OH HO

OH 1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone

O O

OH

OH (2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

O

OH OH

3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid

O

OH OH

O

Dihydroxyphenylstibine oxide

OH OH

OH O

O 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione

17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione

O HO

17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione

O O

OH OH

2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid, (R)

HO

2,3-Dihydroxypropanal, (±)

O O

OH

1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone

O

HO

O

OH OH

2,3-Dihydroxypropyl decanoate

O

OH OH

2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate

3-184


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3754 4,8-Dihydroxy-2quinolinecarboxylic acid

Xanthurenic acid

C10H7NO4

59-00-7

205.168

ye micry cry 289 (w)

Digallic acid

C4H6O8 C14H10O9

76-30-2 536-08-3

182.086 322.224

Fluorescin

C20H14O5

518-44-5

334.322

3758 Diiodoacetylene

C2I2

624-74-8

277.830

3759 2,4-Diiodoaniline

C6H5I2N

533-70-0

344.920

3755 Dihydroxytartaric acid 3756 3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acid 3757 2-(3,6-Dihydroxy-9 H-xanthen-9yl)benzoic acid

nf (dil al + 1w)

mp/˚C

exp 2.74825

95.5

131.5

285

309.916

5.8

624-73-7

281.862

C6H4I2 C6H4I2

615-42-9 626-00-6

329.905 329.905

3762 p-Diiodobenzene

1,4-Diiodobenzene

C6H4I2

624-38-4

329.905

3763 1,4-Diiodobutane

C4H8I2

628-21-7

3764 1,2-Diiodoethane

C2H4I2

2.5420 2.4725

1.717920

12515 dec

2.349425

1.618425

200

3.32520

1.87120

72.516

3.062520

16317, 14110

2.034225

1.583725

182

3.321120

1.741120

9

14920, 1013

1.598725

-20

dec 227; 11019

2.169225 2.49018 2.561225

0.954319 0.905

1.430120 1.450620

3765 cis-1,2-Diiodoethene 3766 4,4’-Diiodofluorescein

cis-1,2-Diiodoethylene

C2H2I2 C20H10I2O5

590-26-1 38577-97-8

279.846 584.099

3767 1,6-Diiodohexane

Hexamethylene diiodide

C6H12I2

629-09-4

337.968

ye mcl pr or 83 orth (eth) -14 oran-red pow nd 9.5

3768 Diiodomethane

Methylene iodide

CH2I2

75-11-6

267.836

ye nd or lf

6.1

3769 2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol

Disophenol

C6H3I2NO3

305-85-1

390.902

lt ye cry (gl HOAc)

157

3770 1,5-Diiodopentane 3771 1,2-Diiodopropane 3772 1,3-Diiodopropane

Pentamethylene diiodide Trimethylene diiodide

C5H10I2 C3H6I2 C3H6I2

628-77-3 598-29-8 627-31-6

323.942 295.889 295.889

3773 5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol

Iodoquinol

C9H5I2NO

83-73-8

396.951

ye nd (HOAc, 210 xyl)

3774 3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine

C9H9I2NO3

300-39-0

432.981

ye nd (w, 70% al)

213

3775 Diisobutyl adipate 3776 Diisobutylaluminum chloride 3777 Diisobutylaluminum hydride

C14H26O4 C8H18AlCl C8H19Al

141-04-8 1779-25-5 1191-15-7

258.354 176.664 142.219

hyg col liq liq

-40

293; 18715 15210 1404, 850.5

2-Methyl-N-(2-methylpropyl)-1- C8H19N propanamine

110-96-3

129.244

liq

-73.5

139.6

C9H18O3

539-92-4

174.237

190

0.913820

1,1’-Oxybis[2-methylpropane]

C8H18O

628-55-7

130.228

122.6

0.76115

84-69-5 592-65-4 123-61-5 104-49-4 26761-40-0 28553-12-0

278.344 146.294 160.130 160.130 446.663 418.609

-105.5 51 95 -50

296.5; 1594 171 1038 11714 2534

1.049015 0.836310

Bis(8-methylnonyl)phthalate Bis(7-methyloctyl)phthalate

C16H22O4 C8H18S C8H4N2O2 C8H4N2O2 C28H46O4 C26H42O4 C22H42O4 C24H38O4 C10H23N

1330-86-5 27554-26-3 544-00-3

370.566 390.557 157.297

-44

2104 370 188

0.767221

1.423520

C10H22O

544-01-4

158.281

172.5

0.777720

1.408520

C18H26O4 C10H22S

605-50-5 544-02-5

306.397 174.347

liq

-74.6

dec 334 211

1.020916 0.832320

1.487120 1.452020

C6H15NO2

110-97-4

133.189

cry

44.5

250; 15123

0.98920

C12H22O4

6938-94-9

230.301

-0.6

1206.5

0.956920

3778 Diisobutylamine

3779 Diisobutyl carbonate 3780 Diisobutyl ether 3781 3782 3783 3784 3785 3786

Diisobutyl phthalate Diisobutyl sulfide 1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene 1,4-Diisocyanatobenzene Diisodecyl phthalate Diisononyl phthalate

3787 Diisooctyl adipate 3788 Diisooctyl phthalate 3789 Diisopentylamine 3790 Diisopentyl ether

3-Methyl-N-isopentyl-1butanamine Diisoamyl ether

3791 Diisopentyl phthalate 3792 Diisopentyl sulfide

Diisoamyl phthalate

3793 Diisopropanolamine

1,1’-Iminobis-2-propanol

3794 Diisopropyl adipate

liq cry cry liq col liq

liq

Solubility

vs ace, EtOH

287; 1003 285

1,2-Diiodobenzene 1,3-Diiodobenzene

nD

i H2O; s EtOH, dil HCl; sl eth, bz

27 40.4

3760 o-Diiodobenzene 3761 m-Diiodobenzene

den/ g cm-3

114.5 269 dec

col or ye nd 126 (eth), pl (bz) orth nd (lig) 81.5 br nd or orth cry (al) pl or pr (lig) orth pl or pr (eth-al) orth lf (al)

bp/˚C

1.639125

1.409020

1.407220

0.96620

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl chl i H2O; sl ctc; s os sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s eth, chl sl H2O; s alk, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs EtOH i H2O; s eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl sl H2O, bz, chl, eth; vs EtOH; s alk sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz s eth, hx s cyhex, eth, bz, tol sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s ctc

i H2O; s os i H2O; s ace, MeOH; bz, eth

1.424720

i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; vs ace, EtOH, chl vs EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs ace, eth, EtOH


3-185 O

OH HO

O

OH HO

HO OH O HO

OH

N OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

OH

HO

O HO OH

O

4,8-Dihydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid

O

OH

OH 3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acid

Dihydroxytartaric acid

NH2

2-(3,6-Dihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid

I I

I

I I

I

I

I

Diiodoacetylene

o-Diiodobenzene

I

I

I

2,4-Diiodoaniline

m-Diiodobenzene

p-Diiodobenzene

I

I 1,4-Diiodobutane

I

1,2-Diiodoethane

O OH O

I

I

I HO I

O

OH

I

I

cis-1,2-Diiodoethene

H

I

I

4,4’-Diiodofluorescein

H I

I 1,6-Diiodohexane

O

Diiodomethane

I

I I

I

1,2-Diiodopropane

N

OH

I 1,5-Diiodopentane

O

NH2

HO

OH

I

1,3-Diiodopropane

I

O

O I

I

N

2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol

O

O O

I

5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol

3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine

Diisobutyl adipate

O O O

O Cl Al

H Al

H N

Diisobutylaluminum chloride

Diisobutylaluminum hydride

Diisobutylamine

N

C

O N

C

O

O

Diisobutyl carbonate

O

O

Diisobutyl ether

Diisobutyl phthalate

O O

N C O

S Diisobutyl sulfide

1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene

O

C

O O O

N

O O

O

1,4-Diisocyanatobenzene

O Diisodecyl phthalate

Diisononyl phthalate

O O O

O O

O O

O Diisooctyl adipate

Diisooctyl phthalate

N H

O

Diisopentylamine

Diisopentyl ether

O O O O Diisopentyl phthalate

O OH

OH

S

H N

Diisopentyl sulfide

Diisopropanolamine

O

O O Diisopropyl adipate

3-186


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

3795 Diisopropylamine

N-Isopropyl-2-propanamine

C6H15N

108-18-9

101.190

liq

-61

83.9

0.715320

1.392420

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

3796 2,6-Diisopropylaniline 3797 1,2-Diisopropylbenzene

C12H19N C12H18

24544-04-5 577-55-9

177.286 162.271

liq liq

-45 -57

257 204

0.9425 0.870120

1.533220 1.496020

3798 1,3-Diisopropylbenzene

C12H18

99-62-7

162.271

liq

-63.1

203.2

0.855920

1.488320

3799 1,4-Diisopropylbenzene

C12H18

100-18-5

162.271

liq

-17

210.3

0.856820

1.489820

3800 p-Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide 3801 N,N-Diisopropyl-2benzothiazolesulfenamide 3802 N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide 3803 Diisopropyl disulfide 3804 N,N-Diisopropylethanolamine

C12H18O2

98-49-7

194.270

waxy cry

30.1

1231

0.993220

C13H18N2S2

95-29-4

266.425

C7H14N2 C6H14S2 C8H19NO

693-13-0 4253-89-8 96-80-0

126.199 150.305 145.243

liq

-69

147 177 190

0.80625 0.943520 0.82625

1.432020 1.491620 1.441720

C6H14O

108-20-3

102.174

liq

-85.4

68.4

0.719225

1.365825

C7H17O3P C16H20 C8H14O4 C6H15O3P C6H15O2PS2

1445-75-6 24157-81-1 615-81-6 1809-20-7 107-56-2

180.182 212.330 174.195 166.155 214.286

cry (MeOH)

70

C14H18O4

605-45-8

250.291

3812 Diisopropyl sulfide

C6H14S

625-80-9

118.240

3813 Diisopropyl tartrate, (±)

C10H18O6

58167-01-4

234.246

3814 Diisopropyl thioperoxydicarbonate Diisopropyl dixanthogen 3815 1,4-Diisothiocyanatobenzene Bitoscanate

C8H14O2S4 C8H4N2S2

105-65-7 4044-65-9

270.456 192.261

3816 3817 3818 3819

C4H4O2 C6H10O5 C20H21NO3 C4H12FN2OP

674-82-8 19201-34-4 1165-48-6 115-26-4

84.074 162.140 323.386 154.122

liq

C18H25N

36309-01-0

255.399

ye oil

92

C4H6O4S2

2418-14-6

182.219

wh cry (MeOH)

193

C4H10O2S2 C4H10OS2 C3H8OS2

7634-42-6 2150-02-9 59-52-9

154.251 138.251 124.225

3805 Diisopropyl ether

Diisopropyl methylphosphonate 2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene Diisopropyl oxalate Diisopropyl phosphonate O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate 3811 Diisopropyl phthalate

N,N-Diisopropyl-2aminoethanol Isopropyl ether

3806 3807 3808 3809 3810

Diketene Dilactic acid Dimefline Dimefox

3820 Dimemorfan

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisopropyl ester

2,2’-Oxybispropanoic acid Tetramethylphosphorodiamidic fluoride 3,17-Dimethylmorphinan, (9 α,13 α,14 α)-

3821 2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid 3822 1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol 3823 2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl ether 3824 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol

2-Mercaptoethyl ether Dimercaprol

®

59.0

663

liq

nd (ace, HOAc) liq orth

liq

122-15-6

211.258

C6H10O4S2

55290-64-7

210.271

C11H19N3O

5221-53-4

209.288

86-80-6

272.385

828-00-2

174.195

liq

1201-38-3 93-15-2

180.200 178.228

cry liq

C12H14O4

523-80-8

222.237

C8H11NO2

2735-04-8

153.179

3834 2,5-Dimethoxyaniline

C8H11NO2

102-56-7

153.179

3835 3,4-Dimethoxyaniline

C8H11NO2

6315-89-5

153.179

3826 Dimethipin 3827 Dimethirimol

3828 Dimethisoquin 3829 Dimethoxane 3830 2’,5’-Dimethoxyacetophenone 3831 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene 3832 4,7-Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3benzodioxole 3833 2,4-Dimethoxyaniline

2,3-Dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,4dithiin, 1,1,4,4-tetraoxide 5-Butyl-2-(dimethylamino)-6methylpyrimidin-4(1H)-one

2-[(3-Butyl-1-isoquinolinyl)oxy] C17H24N2O -N,N-dimethylethanamine 2,6-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-ol C8H14O4 acetate C10H12O3 C11H14O2 Apiole

1.00220 0.997018 1.0920

1.410020

13012

1.061515

1.490020

-78.1

120.0

0.814220

1.443820

34

275; 15412

1.116620

126.1

1.087720

cry

8615

42.5 -80

46

1.115120

vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, bz, ace, ctc, chl

52 132 -6.5 112.5 109.5

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc

1.412016

190 9740, 7610 713

liq

C11H17NO3

3825 Dimetan

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH s chl

1.437920

1.426720

vs H2O, eth s chl vs H2O, bz, eth

1330.3

s chl 217; 642 830.8 175

1.11420 1.246320

1.574920

11

s EtOH, eth, oils; sl chl s H2O, cyhex; vs EtOH, eth, ace

165 nd

102

146

1563

1.548620

sl H2O; vs chl, xyl; s EtOH, ace s H2O, EtOH msc H2O; s os

8610

1.065520

1.431020

21 -2.0

15614 254.7

1.139 1.039620

1.544120 1.534020

nd

29.5

294; 17935

1.01520

1.536020

pl (lig)

33.5

262.0

82.5

270

87.5

15914

lf (eth)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, EtOH, lig sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, bz, lig s H2O, EtOH, chl, lig s eth, chl


3-187

NH2 N H Diisopropylamine

2,6-Diisopropylaniline

O

1,2-Diisopropylbenzene



OH N S N S

p-Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide

N,N-Diisopropyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide

S

S

N C N N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide

Diisopropyl disulfide

O O O P O

OH

N

O N,N-Diisopropylethanolamine

Diisopropyl ether

O

O O

Diisopropyl methylphosphonate

2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene

Diisopropyl oxalate

O O O

O

O O P O H

S O P O SH

O

S

Diisopropyl phosphonate

O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate

Diisopropyl phthalate

Diisopropyl sulfide

S

S

O

O OH O

Diisopropyl tartrate, (±)

S O

OH

O

O S C N

S Diisopropyl thioperoxydicarbonate

O

N C S

HO

O

1,4-Diisothiocyanatobenzene

O O

Diketene

OH

Dilactic acid

O

O

O

O N N

P

O N H

F

Dimefline

Dimefox

N

OH

SH OH

HO SH

Dimemorfan

HS

SH OH

O

2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid

1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol

O O S

OH N

O HS

O

HS

OH

O

SH

SH

2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl ether

O

S

N

O O

®

2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol

N

Dimetan

Dimethipin

N

Dimethirimol

O O O

N O

O N

O

O

O O

Dimethisoquin

O

Dimethoxane

O

2’,5’-Dimethoxyacetophenone

NH2

NH2 O

O

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene

NH2 O

O O 4,7-Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3-benzodioxole

O O 2,4-Dimethoxyaniline

O 2,5-Dimethoxyaniline

O 3,4-Dimethoxyaniline

3-188


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3836 2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

C9H10O3

613-45-6

166.173

nd (al or lig) 72

290; 16510


C9H10O3

93-02-7

166.173

52

270; 14610

C9H10O3

120-14-9

166.173

43

281; 15510

C9H10O3

7311-34-4

166.173

46.3

15116

C8H10O2

91-16-7

138.164

22.5

206

1.081025

1.582721

3841 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene

C8H10O2

151-10-0

138.164

liq

-52

217.5

1.052125

1.523120

3842 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene

C8H10O2

150-78-7

138.164

lf (w)

59

212.6

1.037555

3843 3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneacetic acid

C10H12O4

93-40-3

196.200

cry (bz-peth) 98 nd (w+1)

3844 3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneethanamine 3845 3,4Dimethoxybenzenemethanamine 3846 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol 3847 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine Dianisidine

C10H15NO2 C9H13NO2

120-20-7 5763-61-1

181.232 167.205

16414 15612, 1203

1.14325

C9H12O3 C14H16N2O2

93-03-8 119-90-4

168.189 244.289

visc oil lf or nd (w)

298; 17212

1.17817

137

3848 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4’diisocyanate 3849 2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

C16H12N2O4

91-93-0

296.277

cry

112

C9H10O4

91-52-1

182.173

C9H10O4 C9H10O4

1466-76-8 93-07-2

182.173 182.173

C9H10O4

1132-21-4

182.173

C16H16O4

119-52-8

272.296

186 dec nd (w or 181 HOAc) orth (sub) nd (w), pr 185.5 (al) pr (dil al) 114.0

3854 5,7-Dimethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran- Limettin 2-one

C11H10O4

487-06-9

206.195

pr or nd (al) 149

dec 200

3855 4,4’-Dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl

C14H14O2

2132-80-1

214.260

lf (bz)

sub

3856 Dimethoxyborane 3857 4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone 3858 2,6-Dimethoxy-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

C2H7BO2 C6H12O3 C8H8O4

4542-61-4 5436-21-5 530-55-2

73.887 132.157 168.148


Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether

C4H12O2Si C14H16O2Si C14H30O2 C4H11NO2 C4H10O2

1112-39-6 6843-66-9 14620-52-1 22483-09-6 110-71-4

120.223 244.362 230.387 105.136 90.121

3864 (2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)benzene 3865 4,8-Dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b] quinoline

Fagarine

C10H14O2 C13H11NO3

101-48-4 524-15-2

166.217 229.231

3866 1,1-Dimethoxyhexadecane

Palmitaldehyde, dimethyl acetal C18H38O2

2791-29-9

286.494

3867 2,4-Dimethoxy-6hydroxyacetophenone 3868 5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone 3869 6,7-Dimethoxy-1(3 H)isobenzofuranone

Xanthoxylin

C10H12O4

90-24-4

196.200

Meconin

C11H12O3 C10H10O4

2107-69-9 569-31-3

3870 Dimethoxymethane

Methylal

C3H8O2

3871 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene 3872 1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene 3873 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylbenzene 3874 N-(Dimethoxymethyl) dimethylamine

No. Name


Synonym

Veratraldehyde

3839 3,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde 3840 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene

3850 2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 3851 3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

Veratrole

Veratric acid

3852 3,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 3853 4,4’-Dimethoxybenzoin

3859 3860 3861 3862 3863

Dimethoxydimethylsilane Dimethoxydiphenylsilane 1,1-Dimethoxydodecane 2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine 1,2-Dimethoxyethane

p-Anisoin

2,6-Dimethoxy-p-quinone

Lauraldehyde, dimethyl acetal

Dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal

nd (eth, lig, to)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

1.546420

1.55517

108.5

175

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth, bz s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth s ctc s chl s H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc sub

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl

sub

vs eth, EtOH

256

25.9 505 sub

liq

-78 -69.20

82 286; 16115 1335 13795 84.50

pr (al)

142

ye mcl pr (HOAc)

Solubility

0.864620 1.077120 0.96625 0.863725

1.370820 1.544720 1.431025 1.417020 1.377025

sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace, chl; i eth, lig i H2O, peth; vs EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth dec H2O s ctc sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s tfa; vs alk, HOAc dec H2O vs eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc

193.5

10

1442

0.854220

1.438225

cry (al)

82

18520

192.211 194.184

wh nd (w)

119.5 102.5

109-87-5

76.095

liq

-105.1

42

0.859320

1.351320

C9H12O2

494-99-5

152.190

pr (eth)

24

220

1.050925

1.525725

C9H12O2 C9H12O2 C5H13NO2

4179-19-5 24599-58-4 4637-24-5

152.190 152.190 119.163

244 214.0 104

1.047815

1.523420

21

0.89725

1.397220

sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl s H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl ctc; vs os vs bz, eth, EtOH


3-189

O

O O

O

O O

O

O

O O

O

O

2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde


O


O


1,2-Dimethoxybenzene

O NH2

OH

O O

O O

O 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene

O

O

O

1,4-Dimethoxybenzene

NH2 O

O

3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneacetic acid

3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneethanamine

3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanamine

O

O

OH

O

O

O

H2N

O 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol

O NH2

N C O

2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

OH O

O

OH

O


O

O

O O


O

3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4’-diisocyanate

OH

O

O

O C N

3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine

O O

OH

O

O


OH 4,4’-Dimethoxybenzoin

O H O

O

O

O

O

O

4,4’-Dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl

5,7-Dimethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

B

O O

O

O

Dimethoxyborane

4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone

O O

O

O

O Si O

O Si O

2,6-Dimethoxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

Dimethoxydimethylsilane

Dimethoxydiphenylsilane

O O 1,1-Dimethoxydodecane

O O O

O O

NH2

O

2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine

O

1,2-Dimethoxyethane

O

N

O

O

O (2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)benzene

4,8-Dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline

1,1-Dimethoxyhexadecane

O O

HO

O

O

O

O O O 2,4-Dimethoxy-6-hydroxyacetophenone

O

O 5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone

6,7-Dimethoxy-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone

O

O

Dimethoxymethane

O

O O

O N O

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene

1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene

O 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylbenzene

O

O

N-(Dimethoxymethyl)dimethylamine

3-190


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3875 2,2-Dimethoxy-Nmethylethanamine 3876 Dimethoxymethylphenylsilane 3877 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene

C5H13NO2

122-07-6

119.163

C9H14O2Si C8H9NO4

3027-21-2 709-09-1

182.292 183.162

3878 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene

C8H9NO4

89-39-4

183.162

3879 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol 3880 3,5-Dimethoxyphenol 3881 1-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethanone

C8H10O3 C8H10O3 C10H12O3

91-10-1 500-99-2 1131-62-0

154.163 154.163 180.200

3882 3883 3884 3885

C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H10O2 C11H14O2

4744-10-9 77-76-9 6044-68-4 93-16-3

104.148 104.148 102.132 178.228

C12H14O4

484-31-1

222.237

C10H12O2 C4H10O2

6380-23-0 534-15-6

C4H9NO

3890 2,7-Dimethyl-3,6-acridinediamine, Acridine Yellow monohydrochloride 3891 Dimethyl adipate 3892 3,3-Dimethylallyl diphosphate

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

mp/˚C

ye nd (al-w) 98 gold-ye nd (dil al) mcl pr (w)

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

140

0.92825

1.411520

12979 23015

1.1888133

pr (dil al)

56.5 37 51

liq

-47

1.479520 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl; sl lig i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, sulf vs eth, EtOH s eth, bz; sl lig vs H2O, bz, EtOH, chl

1.1666132

72.5

Solubility

261 19935, 17010 287

18

86 83 88 270.5

0.864820 0.84725 0.86225 1.052120

1.378020 1.395420 1.561620

oil

29.5

285

1.159815

1.530517

164.201 90.121

liq

-113.2

64.5

0.850120

1.571120 1.366820

127-19-5

87.120

liq

-18.59

165

0.937225

1.434125

C15H16ClN3

135-49-9

273.761

red cry pow

C8H14O4

627-93-0

174.195

cry

10.3

11513

1.060020

1.428320

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, HOAc

3-Methyl-2-butenyl pyrophosphate N-Methylmethanamine

C5H12O7P2

358-72-5

246.092

cry (MeOH)

C2H7N

124-40-3

45.084

col gas

-92.18

6.88

0.68040

1.35017

N-Methylmethanamine hydrochloride

C2H8ClN

506-59-2

81.545

orth nd (al)

171

C4H8N2 C10H13NO

926-64-7 2124-31-4

84.120 163.216

137.5

0.864920

1.409520

4-Acetyl-N,N-dimethylaniline

nd (w, peth) 105.5

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, eth, lig; sl chl

Ahistan

C16H16N2OS

518-61-6

284.375

cry

144.5

C14H15N3

60-11-7

225.289

ye lf (al)

117

dec

3899 2’,3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine 3900 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde Ehrlich’s reagent

C14H15N3 C9H11NO

97-56-3 100-10-7

225.289 149.189

ye lf (al) lf (w)

102 74.5

17617

3901 p-(Dimethylamino) benzalrhodanine

C12H12N2OS2

536-17-4

264.365

dp red nd (xyl)

270 dec

3902 2-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid

C9H11NO2

610-16-2

165.189

pr, nd (eth)

72

3903 3-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid

C9H11NO2

99-64-9

165.189

nd (w)

152.5

C9H11NO2 C17H21N3

619-84-1 492-80-8

165.189 267.369

nd (al) ye or col pl (al)

242.5 136

C4H12BN C21H27NO

1113-30-0 76-99-3

84.956 309.445

liq

-92 99.5

Normethadone

C20H25NO

467-85-6

295.419

oily liq

Bufotenine

C7H13NO2 C12H16N2O

2439-35-2 487-93-4

143.184 204.267

pr (EtOAc)

1,1-Dimethoxypropane 2,2-Dimethoxypropane 3,3-Dimethoxy-1-propene 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl) benzene 3886 4,5-Dimethoxy-6-(2-propenyl)1,3-benzodioxole 3887 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-vinylbenzene 3888 Dimethylacetal

3889 N,N-Dimethylacetamide

3893 Dimethylamine 3894 Dimethylamine hydrochloride 3895 (Dimethylamino)acetonitrile 3896 4’-(Dimethylamino)acetophenone 3897 10-[(Dimethylamino)acetyl]-10Hphenothiazine 3898 p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene

3904 4-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid 3905 4,4’Dimethylaminobenzophenonimid e 3906 (Dimethylamino)dimethylborane 3907 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl3-heptanone 3908 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl3-hexanone 3909 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate 3910 3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1Hindol-5-ol 3911 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 3912 4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]phenol 3913 N-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]N,N’,N’-trimethyl-1,2ethanediamine 3914 5-(Dimethylamino)-1naphthalenesulfonyl chloride

Apiole (Dill)

N,N-Dimethylethanamide

Brilliant Oil Yellow

Hordenine

Dansyl chloride

C8H15NO2

2867-47-2

157.211

C10H15NO

539-15-1

165.232

C9H23N3

3030-47-5

173.299

C12H12ClNO2S

605-65-2

269.747

i H2O; vs EtOH, py; s eth; sl chl, lig vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; vs eth, ctc; s ace vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth s EtOH; sl eth i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth

1.0254100

sub

65

vs eth, ace vs EtOH

1653 . Goldberg, R.N., Tewari, Y.B., and Bhat, T.N., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 36, 1347–1397, 2007. Webb, E.C., Enzyme Nomenclature 1992, Academic Press, New York, 1992. See also <www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/>.

7-19

Apparent Equilibrium Constants for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions

7-20

Reaction

Enzyme Commission Number

K′

T

I

K

pH

1.1.1.1

298.15

7.5

1.8∙10–3

1.1.1.1

298.15

8.3

0.090

1.1.1.1

298.15

7.2

benzyl alcohol + NADox = benzaldehyde + NADred

–4

9.8∙10

1-butanol + NADox = butanal + NADred cyclohexanol + NADox = cyclohexanone + NADHred

mol·dm–3

pMg

1-hexanol + NADox = hexanal + NADred

2.87∙10

1.1.1.1

298.15

8.3

1-octanol + NADox = octanal + NADred

1.1∙10–3

1.1.1.1

298.15

8.3

L-homoserine + NADPox = L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + NADPred

6.3∙10–4

1.1.1.3

298.15

7.9

xylitol + NADox = L-xylulose + NADred

2.97∙10–4

1.1.1.10

298.15

7.00

D-sorbitol + NADox = D-fructose + NADred

0.032

1.1.1.14

298.15

7.0

quinate + NADox = 5-dehydroquinate + NADred

4.61∙10–3

1.1.1.24

305.15

7.2

shikimate + NADPox = 5-dehydroshikimate + NADPred

0.036

1.1.1.25

303.15

7.0

2-hydroxybutanoate + NADox = 2-oxobutanoate + NADred

3.0∙10–3

1.1.1.27

298.65

8.0

(R)-3-hydroxybutanoate + NADox = 3-oxobutanoate + NADred

1.9∙10–3

1.1.1.30

298.15

7.0

D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPox = D‑glucono‑1,5‑lactone 6‑phosphate + NADPred

1.50

1.1.1.49

301.15

6.40

5α-androstane-3α-ol-17-one + NADox = 5α-androstane-3,17-dione + NADred

0.058

1.1.1.50

298.15

7.0

5α-pregnane-3α,17α,21-triol-20-one + NADox = 5α‑pregnane‑17α,21‑diol-3,20dione + NADred

0.0113

1.1.1.50

298.15

7.0

5α-androstane-3β,17α-diol + NADox = 5α-androstane-17α-ol-3-one + NADred

0.0211

1.1.1.51

298.15

7.0

4-androstene-17β-ol-3-one + NADox = 4-androstene-3,17-dione + NADred

0.378

1.1.1.51

298.15

7.0

1,2-propanediol + NADPox = L-lactaldehyde + NADPred

6.0∙10–5

1.1.1.55

298.15

8.4

ribitol + NADox = D-ribulose + NADred

3.1∙10–3

1.1.1.56

310.15

7.4

3-hydroxypropanoate + NADox = 3-oxopropanoate + NADred

9.0∙10–3

1.1.1.59

298.15

9.0

estradiol-17β + NADox = estrone + NADred

0.18

1.1.1.62

298.15

7.00

benzyl alcohol + NADox = benzaldehyde + NADred

0.097

1.1.1.90

300.15

9.5

L-carnitine + NADox = 3-dehydrocarnitine + NADred

1.3∙10–4

1.1.1.108

303.15

7.0

L-threonate + NADox = 3-oxo- L-threonate + NADred

3.42∙10–4

1.1.1.129

298.15

7.0

prostaglandin E1 + NADox = 15-oxo-prostaglandin E1 + NADred

0.65

1.1.1.141

298.15

7.0

7,8-dihydrobiopterin + NADPox = sepiapterin + NADPred

0.045

1.1.1.153

298.15

8.0

glycine + acetaldehyde = L-threonine

56

2.1.2.1

310.15

7.6

sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = D‑ribose 5-phosphate + D-xylulose 5-phosphate

0.48

2.2.1.1

311.15

7.0

0.25

acetyl-CoA + choline = CoA + O-acetylcholine

1.60

2.3.1.7

298.15

7.0

0.25

acetyl-CoA + acyl-carrier protein = CoA + acetyl-[acyl-carrier protein]

2.09

2.3.1.38

311.15

6.5

UDPglucose + D-fructose = UDP + sucrose

6.7

2.4.1.13

298.15

7.5

cellobiose + orthophosphate = D-glucose + α‑D-glucose 1‑phosphate

0.23

2.4.1.20

310.15

7.0

laminaritriose + orthophosphate = laminaribiose + α‑D‑glucose 1‑phosphate

0.26

2.4.1.31

310.15

6.5

α,α-trehalose + orthophosphate = D-glucose + β‑D-glucose 1-phosphate

0.24

2.4.1.64

310.15

7.0

UDPglucose + sinapate = UDP + 1-sinapoyl-D-glucose

0.21

2.4.1.120

303.15

6.0

inosine + orthophosphate = hypoxanthine + α‑D-ribose 1‑phosphate

0.0164

2.4.2.1

311.15

7.0

0.25

3.0

xanthosine + orthophosphate = xanthine + α‑D-ribose 1‑phosphate

0.0156

2.4.2.1

311.15

7.0

0.25

3.0

uridine + orthophosphate = uracil + α‑D-ribose 1‑phosphate

0.44

2.4.2.2

310.15

7.0

adenine + 5-phospho-α-D-ribose 1-diphosphate = AMP + pyrophosphate

2∙103

2.4.2.7

311.15

7.4

0.25

3.0

GMP + hypoxanthine = IMP + guanine

0.38

2.4.2.8

310.15

7.4

guanine + 5-phospho-α-D-ribose 1-diphosphate = GMP + pyrophosphate

1∙105

2.4.2.8

311.15

7.4

0.25

3.0

hypoxanthine + 5-phospho-α-D-ribose 1-diphosphate = IMP + pyrophosphate

1∙105

2.4.2.8

311.15

7.4

0.25

3.0

ATP + ammonium carbamate = ADP + carbamoyl phosphate

0.042

2.7.2.2

283.15

9.4

ATP + creatine = ADP + phosphocreatine

5.78∙10–3

2.7.3.2

310.15

7.11

0.25

2.47

ATP + L-arginine = ADP + N -phospho-L-arginine

0.10

2.7.3.3

285.15

7.25

ATP + sulfate = adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate + pyrophosphate

4∙10–8

2.7.7.4

303.15

7.5

UTP + α-D-glucose 1-phosphate = pyrophosphate + UDPglucose

0.48

2.7.7.9

310.15

8.0

succinyl-CoA + acetoacetate = succinate + acetoacetyl-CoA

2.8∙10

2.8.3.5

303.15

7.0

ω

–3

–3

3.0


Reaction acetylcholine + H2O = acetate + choline

7-21 Enzyme Commission Number

K′

T

I

K

pH

3.1.1.7

296.15

5.1

1.58∙102

3.1.3.1

298.15

8.55

49.9

3.1.3.1

311.15

6.90

2

5.38∙10

IMP + H2O = inosine + orthophosphate phosphorylcholine + H2O = choline + orthophosphate L-O-phosphoserine + H2O = L-serine + orthophosphate

56

3.1.3.1

308.15

7.0

cytidine 2′:3′-(cyclic)phosphate + H2O = cytidine 3′-monophosphate

1.06∙103

3.1.27.5

298.15

6.0

isomaltose + H2O = 2 D-glucose

17.2

3.2.1.3

298.15

5.65

β-gentiobiose + H2O = 2 D-glucose

17.7

3.2.1.21

298.15

5.65

3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-arabinose + H2O = D-galactose + D‑arabinose

2

1.04∙10

3.2.1.23

298.15

5.65

lactulose + H2O = D-galactose + D-fructose

1.28∙102

3.2.1.23

298.15

5.65

4′,5′-anhydroadenosine + H2O = adenosine

0.48

3.3.1.1

310.15

7.0

pteroylglutamate + H2O = pteroate + L-glutamate

15.6

3.4.19.9

310.15

7.3

N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester + H2O = N‑acetyl‑L‑phenylalanine + methanol

5.88∙102

3.4.21.1

293.15

5.5

hippurylanilide + H2O = hippuric acid + aniline

11

3.4.22.2

312.15

5.0

ammonium carbamate + H2O = 2 ammonia + carbon dioxide

1.92∙103

3.5.1.5

293.15

6.5

ampicillin + H2O = 6-aminopenicillanic acid + D(–)‑α‑aminophenylacetic acid

0.013

3.5.1.11

298.15

5.0

cephalexin + H2O = 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid + D(–)‑α‑aminophenylacetic acid

0.044

3.5.1.11

298.15

5.8

cephaloridine + H2O = 2-thienylacetic acid + 7‑amino‑3‑(1‑pyridyl‑methyl)-3cephem-4-carboxylic acid

0.015

3.5.1.11

298.15

5.0

penicillin G + H2O = 6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid

0.445

3.5.1.11

298.15

6.71

N-acetyl-L-alanine + H2O = acetate + L-alanine

7

3.5.1.14

298.15

6.0

ampicillin + H2O = ampicillinoic acid

95

3.5.2.6

282.35

5.55

penicillin G + H2O = penicillinoic acid

2.9

3.5.2.6

298.15

6.01

cytidine + H2O = uridine + ammonia

1.03∙104

3.5.4.5

298.15

7.00

N4-methylcytidine + H2O = uridine + methylamine

4.88∙102

3.5.4.5

298.15

7.50

5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + H2O = 10‑formyltetrahydrofolate

50

3.5.4.9

298.15

7.0

ITP + oxaloacetate + H2O = IDP + phosphoenolpyruvate + carbon dioxide

12

4.1.1.32

303.15

7.6

2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + acetaldehyde

2.5∙10–4

4.1.2.4

295.15

7.5

6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate = pyruvate + D‑glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

1.2∙10–3

4.1.2.14

298.15

8.0

L-fuculose 1-phosphate = glycerone phosphate + (S)‑lactaldehyde

4.6∙10‑4

4.1.2.17

310.15

7.2

L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate = glycerone phosphate + (S)‑lactaldehyde

0.083

4.1.2.19

310.15

7.5

isocitrate = succinate + glyoxylate

2.3∙10–3

4.1.3.1

303.15

7.7

(S)-2-methylmalate = acetate + pyruvate

0.151

4.1.3.22

298.15

7.4

isocitrate = citrate

14.7

4.2.1.3

298.15

7.4

mol·dm–3 1.53

pMg 4.44

0.37

0.845

3-dehydroquinate = 3-dehydroshikimate + H2O

15

4.2.1.10

302.15

7.4

(3R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA = cis-but-2-enoyl-CoA + H2O

0.18

4.2.1.17

298.15

7.5

indole + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = 1‑(indol‑3‑yl)glycerol 3‑phosphate

1.2∙104

4.2.1.20

298.15

7.54

(R)-malate = maleate + H2O

4.88∙10–4

4.2.1.31

298.15

7.00

0.10

(R)-2-methylmalate = 2-methylmaleate + H2O

0.0962

4.2.1.35

298.15

7.0

0.10

D-glutamate = 5-oxo-D-proline + H2O

24.3

4.2.1.48

293.4

7.9

L-threo-3-methylaspartate = 2-methylfumarate + ammonia

0.238

4.3.1.2

298.15

7.9

L-histidine = urocanate + ammonia

3.01

4.3.1.3

298.25

8.41

L-phenylalanine = trans-cinnamate + ammonia

2.47

4.3.1.5

298.05

7.69

ATP = adenosine 3′:5′-(cyclic)phosphate + diphosphate

0.065

4.6.1.1

298.15

7.0

L,L-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate = meso-diaminoheptanedioate

1.9

5.1.1.7

310.15

7.0

D-ribulose 5-phosphate = D-xylulose 5-phosphate

1.82

5.1.3.1

311.15

7.0

UDPglucose = UDPgalactose

0.33

5.1.3.2

298.15

8.7

GDPmannose = GDP-L-galactose

0.52

5.1.3.18

310.15

8.0

all-trans-retinal = 11-cis-retinal

0.05

5.2.1.3

309.15

7.0

0.167

0.25

3.0


7-22

Reaction

Enzyme Commission Number

K′

T

I

K

pH

9-cis,12-cis-octadecadienoate = 9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoate

61

5.2.1.5

308.15

7.0

D-erythrose = D-erythrulose

2.3

5.3.1.2

308.15

5.8

D-arabinose = D-ribulose

0.146

5.3.1.3

320.25

7.4

L-fucose = L-fuculose

0.12

5.3.1.3

310.15

8.0

L-arabinose = L-ribulose

0.11

5.3.1.4

298.15

7.0

D-psicose = β-D-allose

2.15

5.3.1.4

317.25

7.4

D-ribose 5-phosphate = D-ribulose 5-phosphate

0.83

5.3.1.6

311.15

7.0

D-rhamnose = D-rhamnulose

0.58

5.3.1.7

303.15

7.4

D-mannose 6-phosphate = D-fructose 6-phosphate

0.99

5.3.1.8

298.15

8.50

6-amino-D-glucose 6-phosphate = 6-amino-D-fructose 6‑phosphate

0.202

5.3.1.9

278.85

8.7

D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-fructose 6-phosphate + ammonia

0.15

5.3.1.10

310.15

8.4

D-lyxose = D-xylulose

0.23

5.3.1.15

298.15

7.0

D-ribose = D-ribulose

0.391

5.3.1.20

313.15

7.4

keto-phenylpyruvate = enol-phenylpyruvate

0.1

5.3.2.1

298.15

7.8

L-lysine = (3S)-3,6-diaminohexanoate

5.3

5.4.3.2

303.15

7.7

(R)-methylmalonyl-CoA = succinyl-CoA

23.1

5.4.99.2

298.15

7.4

(–)-4-carboxymethyl-Δ -but-2-en-4-olide = cis,trans-hexadienedioate

4.0

5.5.1.1

303.15

8.0

ATP + heptanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + n‑heptanoyl-CoA

1.11

6.2.1.2

311.15

8.0

GTP + succinate + CoA = GDP + phosphate + succinyl-CoA

1.68

6.2.1.4

298.15

7.15

GTP + IMP + L-aspartate = GDP + phosphate + adenylosuccinate

2.9

6.3.4.4

310.15

8.0

ATP + L-citrulline + L-aspartate = AMP + diphosphate + L‑arginosuccinate

2.14

6.3.4.5

311.15

6.91

ATP + propanoyl-CoA + carbon dioxide = ADP + phosphate + (S)‑methylmalonyl-CoA

8.1∙10

6.4.1.3

310.15

8.15

α

–3

mol·dm–3

pMg

0.25

3.0

0.25

2.91

Thermodynamic Quantities for the ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water Robert N. Goldberg, Nand Kishore, and Rebecca M. Lennen This table contains selected values for the pK, standard molar enthalpy of reaction ∆rH°, and standard molar heat-capacity change ∆rC°p for the ionization reactions of 64 buffers many of which are relevant to biochemistry and to biology.1 The values pertain to the temperature T = 298.15 K and the pressure p = 0.1 MPa. The standard state is the hypothetical ideal solution of unit molality. These data permit one to calculate values of the pK and of ∆rH° at temperatures in the vicinity {T ≈ (274 K to 350 K)} of the reference temperature θ = 298.15 K by using the following equations2

∆rG°T = –RT lnKT = ln(10)·RT·pKT , RlnKT = –(∆rG°θ /θ) + ∆rH°θ {(1/θ) – (1/T)} + ∆rC°pθ {(θ/T) – 1 + ln(T/θ)},

∆rH°T = ∆rH°θ + ∆rC°pθ (T – θ).

(1)

(2) (3)

Here, ∆rG° is the standard molar Gibbs energy change and K is the equilibrium constant for a reaction; R is the gas constant (8.314 472 J K–1 mol–1). The subscripts T and θ denote the temperature to which a quantity pertains, the subscript p denotes constant pres-

sure, and the subscript r denotes that the quantity refers to a reaction. Combination of equations (1) and (2) yields the following equation that gives pK as a function of temperature: pKT = –{R·ln(10)}–1[–{ln(10)·RT·pKθ /θ } + ∆rH°θ {(1/θ ) – (1/T )} (4) + ∆rC°pθ {(θ /T ) – 1 + ln(T/θ )}]. The above equations neglect higher order terms that involve temperature derivatives of ∆rC°p. Also, it is important to recognize that the values of pK and ∆rH° effectively pertain to ionic strength I = 0. However, the values of pK and ∆rH° are almost always dependent on the ionic strength and the actual composition of the solution. These issues are discussed in Reference 1, which also gives an approximate method for making appropriate corrections.

References 1. Goldberg, R. N., Kishore, N., and Lennen, R. M., “Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 31, 231, 2002. 2. Clarke, E. C. W., and Glew, D. N., Trans. Faraday Soc., 62, 539-547, 1966.

Selected Values of Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water at T = 298.15 K and p = 0.1 MPa Buffer ACES Acetate ADA

2‑Amino‑2‑methyl‑1,3‑propanediol 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 3-Amino-1-propanesulfonic acid Ammonia AMPSO Arsenate

Barbital BES Bicine Bis-tris Bis-tris propane Borate Cacodylate CAPS CAPSO Carbonate CHES

Reaction HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C4H10N2O4S) HL = H+ + L–, (HL = C2H4O2) H3L+ = H+ + H2L±, (H2L = C6H10N2O5) H2L± = H+ + HL– HL- = H+ + L2– HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H11NO2) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H11NO) HL = H+ + L–, (HL = C3H9NO3S) NH 4+ = H+ + NH3 HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C7H17NO5S) H3AsO4 = H+ + H2AsO–4 H2AsO-4 = H+ + HAsO2– HAsO2-4= H+ + AsO3– 4 H2L = H+ + HL–, (H42L = C8H12N2O3) HL- = H+ + L2– HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C6H15NO5S) H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C6H13NO4) HL± = H+ + L– H3L+ = H+ + H2L±, (H2L = C8H19NO5) H2L2+ = H+ + HL+, (L = C11H26N2O6) HL+ = H+ + L H3BO3 = H+ + H2BO -–3 H2L+ = H+ + HL, (HL = C2H6AsO2) HL = H+ + L– HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C9H19NO3S) HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C9H19NO4S) H2CO3 = H+ + HCO-–3 HCO3- = H+ + CO2– 3 = C H NO S) HL± = H+ + L–, (HL 8 17 3

pK 6.847 4.756 1.59 2.48 6.844 8.801 9.694 10.2 9.245 9.138 2.31 7.05 11.9 7.980 12.8 7.187 2.0 8.334 6.484 6.65 9.10 9.237 1.78 6.28 10.499 9.825 6.351 10.329 9.394

∆rH° kJ mol–1 30.43 –0.41 16.7 12.23 49.85 54.05

∆rC°p

J mol–1 K–1 –49 –142

–144 –44 ≈–21

51.95 43.19 –7.8 1.7 15.9 24.27

8 –61

–135

24.25

–2

26.34 28.4

0 27

13.8 –3.5 –3.0 48.1 46.67 9.15 14.70 39.55

≈–240 –86 57 21 –371 –249 9

7-23

7-24 Buffer Citrate

l-Cysteine

Diethanolamine Diglycolate 3,3-Dimethylglutarate DIPSO Ethanolamine N-Ethylmorpholine Glycerol 2-phosphate Glycine Glycine amide Glycylglycine Glycylglycylglycine HEPES HEPPS HEPPSO l-Histidine

Hydrazine Imidazole Maleate 2-Mercaptoethanol MES Methylamine 2-Methylimidazole MOPS MOPSO Oxalate Phosphate

Phthalate Piperazine PIPES POPSO Pyrophosphate

Succinate Sulfate

Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water Reaction H3L = H+ + H2L–, (H3L = C6H8O7) H2L- = H+ + HL2– HL2- = H+ + L3– H3L+ = H+ + H2L, (H2L = C3H7NO2S) H2L = H+ + HL– HL- = H+ + L2– HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H11NO2) H2L = H+ + HL–, (H2L = C4H6O5) HL- = H+ + L2– H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C7H12O4) HL- = H+ + L2– HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C7H17NO6S) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C2H7NO) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C6H13NO) H2L = H+ + HL–, (H2L = C3H9NO6P) HL– = H+ + L2– H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C2H5NO2) HL± = H+ + L– HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C2H6N2O) H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C4H8N2O3) HL± = H+ + L– H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C6H11N3O4) HL± = H+ + L– H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C8H18N2O4S) HL± = H+ + L– HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C6H20N2O4S) HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C9H20N2O5S) H3L2+ = H+ + H2L+, (HL = C6H9N3O2) H2L+ = H+ + HL HL = H+ + LH2L2+ = H+ + HL+, (L = H4N2) HL+ = H+ + L HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C3H4N2) H2L = H+ + HL–, (H2L = C4H4O4) HL- = H+ + L2– HL = H+ + L–, (HL = C2H6OS) HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C6H13NO4S) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = CH5N) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H6N2) HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C7H15NO4S) H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C7H15NO5S) HL± = H+ + L– H2L = H+ + HL–, (H2L = C2H2O4) HL– = H+ + L2– H3PO4 = H+ + H2PO4H2PO-4 = H+ + HPO2-4 HPO2= H+ + PO434 H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C8H6O4) HL- = H+ + L2– H2L2+ = H+ + HL+, (L = C4H10N2) HL+ = H+ + L HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C8H18N2O6S2) HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C10H22N2O8S2) H4P2O7 = H+ + H3P2O–7 H3P2O–7 = H+ + H2P2O2-7 H2P2O2-7 = H+ + HP2O3-7 HP2O3-7 = H+ + P2O4-7 H2L = H+ + HL–, (H2L = C4H6O4) HL– = H+ + L2– HSO–4 = H+ + SO2-4

pK 3.128 4.761 6.396 1.71 8.36 10.75 8.883 3.05 4.37 3.70 6.34 7.576 9.498 7.77 1.329 6.650 2.351 9.780 8.04 3.140 8.265 3.224 8.090 ≈3.0 7.564 7.957 8.042 1.54 6.07 9.34 –0.99 8.02 6.993 1.92 6.27 9.75 6.270 10.645 8.01 7.184 0.060 6.90 1.27 4.266 2.148 7.198 12.35 2.950 5.408 5.333 9.731 7.141 ≈8.0 0.83 2.26 6.72 9.46 4.207 5.636 1.987

∆rH° kJ mol–1 4.07 2.23 –3.38 ≈–0.6 36.1 34.1 42.08 –0.1 –7.2

30.18 50.52 27.4 –12.2 –1.85 4.00 44.2 42.9 0.11 43.4 0.84 41.7 20.4 21.3 23.70 3.6 29.5 43.8 38.1 41.7 36.64 1.1 –3.6 26.2 14.8 55.34 36.8 21.1 25.0 –3.9 7.00 –8.0 3.6 16.0 –2.70 –2.17 31.11 42.89 11.2 –9.2 –5.0 0.5 1.4 3.0 –0.5 –22.4

∆rC°p

J mol–1 K–1 –131 –178 –254 ≈–66 ≈–204 36 ≈–142 ≈–138

42 26 –330 –212 –139 –57 –128 –16

47 48 47 176 –233

–9 ≈–21 ≈–31 5 33 25 ≈38 ≈–231 –231 –141 –230 –242 –91 –295 86 75 22 ≈–90 ≈–130 –136 –141 –121 –217 –258

Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water Buffer Sulfite TAPS TAPSO l(+)-Tartaric acid TES Tricine Triethanolamine Triethylamine Tris

Reaction H2SO3 = H+ + HSO–3 HSO–3 = H+ + SO2-3 HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C7H17NO6S) HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C7H17NO7S) H2L = H+ + HL–, (H2L = C4H6O6) HL– = H+ + L2– HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C6H15NO6S) H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C6H13NO5) HL± = H+ + L– HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C6H15NO3) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C6H15N) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H11NO3)

pK 1.857 7.172 8.44 7.635 3.036 4.366 7.550 2.023 8.135 7.762 10.72 8.072

7-25 ∆rH° kJ mol–1 –17.80 –3.65 40.4 39.09 3.19 0.93 32.13 5.85 31.37 33.6 43.13 47.45

∆rC°p

J mol–1 K–1 –272 –262 15 –16 –147 –218 0 –196 –53 50 151 –59

Biological Buffers This table of frequently used buffers gives the pKa value at 25°C and the useful pH range of each buffer. The buffers are listed in order of increasing pH. Acronym

MES BIS TRIS ADA ACES PIPES MOPSO BIS TRISPROPANE BES MOPS HEPES TES DIPSO TAPSO TRIZMA HEPPSO POPSO EPPS TEA TRICINE BICINE TAPS AMPSO CHES CAPSO AMP CAPS a

The table is reprinted with permission of Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, Mo.

Name 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)iminotris(hydroxymethyl)methane N-(2-Acetamido)-2-iminodiacetic acid 2-[(2-Amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid Piperazine-N,N´-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) 3-(N-Morpholino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 1,3-Bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]propane N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid 3-(N-Morpholino)propanesulfonic acid N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N´-(2-ethanesulfonic acid) N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid 3-[N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 3-[N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N´-(2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid) Piperazine-N,N´-bis(2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid) N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N´-(3-propanesulfonic acid) Triethanolamine N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid 3-[(1,1-Dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 2-(N-Cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid 3-(Cyclohexylamino)-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 3-(Cyclohexylamino)-1-propanesulfonic acid

Mol. wt. 195.2 209.2 190.2 182.2 302.4 225.3 282.3 213.2 209.3 238.3 229.2 243.3 259.3 121.1 268.3 362.4 252.3 149.2 179.2 163.2 243.3 227.3 207.3 237.3 89.1 221.3

pKa 6.1 6.5 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.8a 7.1 7.2 7.5 7.5 7.6 7.6 8.1 7.8 7.8 8.0 7.8 8.1 8.3 8.4 9.0 9.3 9.6 9.7 10.4

Useful pH range 5.5–6.7 5.8–7.2 6.0–7.2 6.1–7.5 6.1–7.5 6.2–7.6 6.3–9.5 6.4–7.8 6.5–7.9 6.8–8.2 6.8–8.2 7.0–8.2 7.0–8.2 7.0–9.1 7.1–8.5 7.2–8.5 7.3–8.7 7.3–8.3 7.4–8.8 7.6–9.0 7.7–9.1 8.3–9.7 8.6–10.0 8.9–10.3 9.0–10.5 9.7–11.1

pKa = 9.0 for the second dissociation stage.

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TYPICAL pH VALUES OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND FOODS This table gives typical pH ranges for various biological fluids and common foods. All values refer to 25°C.

Biological Materials Blood, human 7.35–7.45 6.9–7.2 Blood, dog 7.3–7.5 Spinal fluid, human 6.5–7.5 Saliva, human 1.0–3.0 Gastric contents, human 4.8–8.2 Duodenal contents, human 4.6–8.4 Feces, human 4.8–8.4 Urine, human 6.6–7.6 Milk, human 6.8–7.0 Bile, human Apples Apricots Asparagus Bananas Beans Beers Beets Blackberries Bread, white Butter Cabbage Carrots Cheese Cherries Cider Corn Crackers Dates Eggs, fresh white Flour, wheat Gooseberries Grapefruit Grapes

Foods

2.9–3.3 3.6–4.0 5.4–5.8 4.5–4.7 5.0–6.0 4.0–5.0 4.9–5.5 3.2–3.6 5.0–6.0 6.1–6.4 5.2–5.4 4.9–5.3 4.8–6.4 3.2–4.0 2.9–3.3 6.0–6.5 6.5–8.5 6.2–6.4 7.6–8.0 5.5–6.5 2.8–3.0 3.0–3.3 3.5–4.5

Hominy (lye) Jams, fruit Jellies, fruit Lemons Limes Maple syrup Milk, cows Olives Oranges Oysters Peaches Pears Peas Pickles, dill Pickles, sour Pimento Plums Potatoes Pumpkin Raspberries Rhubarb Salmon Sauerkraut Shrimp Soft drinks Spinach Squash Strawberries Sweet potatoes Tomatoes Tuna Turnips Vinegar Water, drinking Wines

6.8–8.0 3.5–4.0 2.8–3.4 2.2–2.4 1.8–2.0 6.5–7.0 6.3–6.6 3.6–3.8 3.0–4.0 6.1–6.6 3.4–3.6 3.6–4.0 5.8–6.4 3.2–3.6 3.0–3.4 4.6–5.2 2.8–3.0 5.6–6.0 4.8–5.2 3.2–3.6 3.1–3.2 6.1–6.3 3.4–3.6 6.8–7.0 2.0–4.0 5.1–5.7 5.0–5.4 3.0–3.5 5.3–5.6 4.0–4.4 5.9–6.1 5.2–5.6 2.4–3.4 6.5–8.0 2.8–3.8

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Structure and Functions of Some Common Drugs This table lists the names, categories, therapeutic uses, and chemical structures of selected drugs. The generic (chemical) name of each drug is given, along with some of the trade names under which it is sold. When available, physical properties are given in italics in the fourth column. The structure given refers to the active drug, but many of these are packaged as salts or other derivatives. The drugs have been selected to represent a variety of categories; most are widely used throughout the world. The list is divided into therapeutic categories; within each category the listing is alphabetical by generic name. The index that follows the table can be used to locate a drug by either generic or trade name.

Generic Name

Trade Names

Category and Properties

References 1. The Combined Chemical Dictionary on DVD, Version 12:1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, June 2008; also available on the Internet at www.chemnetbase.com. 2. Milne, G. W. A., Drugs: Synonyms and Properties, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, Hampshire, UK, 2000. 3. Corey, E. J., Czakó, B., and Kürti, L., Molecules and Medicine, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2007. 4. Physicians’ Desk Reference, 61st Edition, Thomson PDR, Montvale, NJ, 2007. 5. O’Neil, M. J., Editor, The Merck Index, 14th Edition, Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 2006.

Applications

Structure

Antiallergic Agents 1 Albuterol

2 Budesonide

Proventil; Ventolin; Volmax

β2-Andrenergic receptor agonist

Treatment of troubled breathing caused by asthma, emphysema, and other lung diseases

Budeson; Budamax; Glucocorticoid Rhinocort; Pulmicort; mp 226 °C Inflammide

Management of asthma and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Zyrtec

Treatment of seasonal allergies and hives

OH HO

H N

HO O O

HO HO

O

O 3 Cetirizine

Histamine H1receptor antagonist

Ph N Cl

4 Fexofenadine

Carboxyterfenadine; Allegra; Telfast

Histamine H1receptor antagonist

Treatment of allergic rhinitis

5 Fluticasone

Flovent (as propanoate); Flonase (as propanoate); Advair (with salmeterol)

Anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid

Treatment of asthma & rhinitis

6 Loratadine

Claritin; Claratyne; Alavert

Long-acting antihistamine mp 132 °C

Relief of allergy symptoms

7-28

N

O

COOH

Structure and Function of Some Common Drugs Generic Name Trade Names 7 Montelukast Singulair

Category and Properties Leukotriene LTD4 receptor antagonist

7-29 Applications Control of asthma and relief of seasonal allergies

8 Salmeterol

Serevent

β2-Adrenergic receptor agonist

Treatment of asthma & chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

9 Tiotropium bromide

Spiriva

Long-acting antimuscarinic bronchodilator

Treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Antibiotics 10 Amikacin

Amikin; Biclin; Chemacin; Flexilite; Negasin

Aminoglycoside antibiotic

Treatment of serious infections resistant to other antibiotics

11 Amoxicillin

Amoxil; Isimoxin; Ospamox

β-Lactam/penicillin

Treatment of a broad spectrum of bacterial infections

12 Azithromycin

Zithromax; Vinzam; Zmax; Azitrocin

Azalide/macrolide antibiotic mp 155 °C

Treatment of bacterial skin, ear, and respiratory infections

13 Cefaclor

Ceclor; Kefolar; Panacef; Panoral

β-Lactam/ cephalosporin

Treatment of bacterial infections, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections

14 Ciprofloxacin

Cipro; Ciproxin; Ciprobay; Flociprin; Uniflox

Fluoroquinoline/ broad-spectrum antibiotic mp 256 °C

Treatment of urinary & respiratory tract infections, anthrax, and sexuallytransmitted diseases

Structure

Structure and Function of Some Common Drugs

7-30 Generic Name Trade Names 15 Doxycycline Vibramycin; Adoxa; Doryx; Liviatin; Deoxymykoin

Category and Properties Tetracycline/ broad-spectrum antibiotic

Applications Treatment of urinary tract, respiratory tract, and eye infections; anthrax, syphilis, cholera, etc.

16 Erythromycin

E-Mycin; Erythrocin; Ilosone

Macrolide antibiotic mp 191 °C

Treatment of bacterial infections, including diphtheria, pertussis, rheumatic fever, venereal disease, etc.

17 Isoniazid

Laniazid

Antimycobacterial agent mp 171 °C

Treatment of tuberculosis; reduction of tremors from multiple sclerosis

Structure

H N

O

NH2

N 18 Linezolid

Zyvox

19 Trimethoprim Triprim; Proloprim; Monotrim

Oxazolidinone mp 182 °C

Treatment of serious Gram-positive infections resistant to other antibiotics

Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor mp 199 °C

Treatment of urinary tract infections, diarrhea, and ear infections

NH2 O

N

O

N

NH2

O Antidiabetic Drugs 20 Glipizide

Glucotrol; Glydiazinamide; Glibenese; Minodiab

21 Metformin

Glucophage; Diabex; Diaformin; Fortamet

22 Pioglitazone

Actos

Potassium channel blocker/sulfonylurea mp 208 °C

Antidiabetic biguanide

Treatment of type 2 diabetes by stimulating insulin secretion in pancreas β-cells

Treatment of type 2 diabetes by enhancing transport of glucose into muscle cells Peroxisome Treatment of type 2 proliferator-activated diabetes by increasing glucose metabolism receptor mp 174 °C and insulin sensitivity

N H N

N O

S O2

H N

H N O

Structure and Function of Some Common Drugs Generic Name Trade Names 23 Rosiglitazone Avandia

24 Sitagliptin

Januvia

7-31

Category and Properties Thiazolidinedione

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor

Applications Treatment of type 2 diabetes by increasing insulin sensitivity. Possible adverse effects on patients with heart problems. Treatment of type 2 diabetes by enhancing the body’s ability to lower elevated glucose levels

Structure

N

O

O

N Me

NH S

Anti-Inflammatory Agents 25 Acetylsalicylic acid

Aspirin

NSAID

Pain and fever relief; anticlotting agent

26 Celecoxib

Celebrex; Onsenal

NSAID (COX-2 inhibitor) mp158 °C

Treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

27 Ibuprofen

Advil

NSAID (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) mp 76 °C

Relief of inflammation and pain

28 Meloxicam

Mobic; Metacam; Metacain

NSAID (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) mp 254 °C

Treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

29 Naproxen

Aleve; Naprelan; Anaprox; Naprogesic

NSAID mp 155 °C

Relief of inflammation and pain

30 Prednisone

Meticorten; Deltasone Adrenocortical steroid; antiinflammatory agent; immunosuppressant

Treatment of asthma and other inflammatory diseases

Anti-Ulcer Drugs 31 Cimetidine

32 Lansoprazole

Tagamet; Cimetimax; Gastromet; Peptimax

Prevacid; SoluTab; Prevpac; Zoton; Prezal

Histamine H2receptor antagonist mp 142 °C

Proton pump inhibitor mp 180 °C

Treatment of peptic ulcer, gastrointestinal bleeding, and gastroesophageal reflux disease Treatment of duodenal ulcers & gastroesophageal reflux disease

N

H N

S

H N N

N H

N H N N

O S

N O

CF3

O


7-32 Category and Generic Name Trade Names Properties 33 Omeprazole Prilosec; Nexium (Mg Proton pump salt); Losec; Mepral; inhibitor Mopral; Zoltum mp 156 °C

Applications Treatment of peptic ulcer, dyspepsia, and gastroesophageal reflux disease

34 Pantoprazole

Protonix; Pantozol; Rifun

Proton pump inhibitor

Treatment of gastric acid-related conditions

35 Ranitidine

Zantac; Azantac; Melfax; Rantec; Sostril; Taural

Histamine H2receptor antagonist mp 70 °C

Treatment of peptic ulcer, gastrointestinal bleeding, and gastroesophageal reflux disease

Structure

O N

N

S

OMe

N H

NO2 N

S

O

N H

N H

Antiviral and Antifungal Agents 36 Acyclovir

Zovirax; Zovir; Avirax; Mirolex

Viral DNA synthesis inhibitor mp 225 °C

Treatment of cold sores, genital herpes, chicken pox, etc.

37 Amphotericin

Fungizone; Amfostet; Amphozone

Polyene macrolide antifungal agent mp 170 °C

Intravenous treatment of systemic fungal infections

OH

OH

O HO

O

OH OH

OH

OH OH O

OH H

CH3

O O

NH2 OH HO

38 Efavirenz

Sustiva

Non-nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor mp 131 °C

Treatment of HIV-1 infections (as part of combination therapy)

39 Fluconazole

Diflucan; Biozolene; Elazor; Triflucan

Cytochrome P450 14α-demethylase inhibitor mp 139 °C

Treatment and prevention of superficial & systemic fungal infections

40 Lamivudine

Epivir; Heptodin; Zeffix

HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Treatment of hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus

NH2 N O

N

OH

O

S

O

Structure and Function of Some Common Drugs Generic Name Trade Names 41 Nevirapine Viramune

42 Oseltamivir

Tamiflu

Category and Properties Non-nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor mp 250 °C

Neuraminidase inhibitor Foam

7-33 Applications Treatment of HIV infections (as part of combination therapy)

Structure

Prevention & treatment of influenza A and B

COOEt

H2N 43 Ribavirin

Virazole; Rebetol; Copegus; Ribasphere; Viratek; Cotronak

Nucleoside antimetabolite mp 175 °C

Treatment of hepatitis C

44 Terbinafine

Lamisil

Squalene epoxidase inhibitor

Treatment of fungal infections of the skin & nails

45 Zalcitabine

Hivid

Pyrimidine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Treatment of HIV infection & AIDS

46 Zidovudine

Retrovir; AZT; Azidothymidine; Zidovir

Pyrimidine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mp 121 °C

Treatment of HIV infection & prevention of mother-to-child transmission

Cancer Chemotherapy Drugs 47 Anastrozole

Arimidex

Aromatase inhibitor; antineoplastic agent mp 81 °C

Treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women

48 Bicalutamide

Casodex

Antiandrogen mp 180 °C

Treatment of advanced prostate cancer

O NHAc


7-34 Generic Name Trade Names 49 Bortezomib Velcade

Category and Properties Applications Proteasome inhibitor Treatment of lymphomas and multiple myeloma

50 Capecitabine

Xeloda

Antimetabolite

51 Carboplatin

Paraplatin; Carboplat; Platinum-based Erbakar; Nonoplat anticancer agent

Treatment of ovarian cancer

52 Cyclophosphamide

Cytoxan; Neosar; Cytophosphan; Endoxan; Clafen

Treatment of lymphomas & leukemias, multiple myeloma, and other cancers

Oxazaphosphorine alkylating agent (“Nitrogen mustard”) mp 143 °C

Structure

Treatment of breast & colon cancer

O

P

NH

O N Cl Cl

53 Docetaxel

Taxotere

Antineoplastic agent mp 232 °C

Treatment of ovarian, breast and bronchial carcinomas

54 Fluorouracil

Efudex; Carac; Fluoroplex; Adrucil

Thymidylate synthesis inhibitor mp 243 °C

Constituent of several antineoplastic combinations

55 Gemcitabine

Gemzar (as hydrochloride)

Antineoplastic and antiviral agent mp 290 °C

Treatment of lung and pancreatic tumors

56 Imatinib

Gleevec; Glivec

Protein kinase inhibitor mp 212 °C

Treatment of myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal tumors

Structure and Function of Some Common Drugs Category and Generic Name Trade Names Properties 57 Irinotecan Camptosar; Topoisomerase I Camptetin; Topotecin inhibitor

58 Paclitaxel

Taxol; Abraxane; Yewtaxan

Microtubulestabilizing agent mp 214 °C

7-35 Applications Treatment of colorectal cancer

Structure

Treatment of ovarian, breast, and lung cancer

O

O

H

H O

OH OH O

O Ph 59 Sunitinib

Sutent

Tyrosine kineases inhibitor

Treatment of gastrointestinal & kidney tumors

60 Tamoxifen

Nolvadex; Soltamox; Tamaxin; Tamoplex; Valodex

Selective estrogen receptor modulator mp 97 °C

Treatment of breast cancer

OH

O

N H

Me2N

H O O O Ph

O O

Ph

Ph

O

Cardiovascular Agents 61 Aliskiren

Tekturna; Rasilex

Renin inhibitor

Treatment of hypertension

62 Amlodipine

Norvasc

Calcium channel blocker

Treatment of hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and angina

63 Atenolol

Tenormin

β-blocker mp 147 °C

Treatment of hypertension and excessive heart rate

OH O H2N

64 Carvedilol

Coreg; Dilatrend; Eucardic

Calcium channel blocker; β-adrenoceptor blocker

Treatment of heart failure and hypertension

65 Clopidogrel

Plavix; Isocover; Meilax; Tipidyl

Antiplatelet agent

Prevention of blood clots after stroke or myocardial infarction

O

H N


7-36 Generic Name Trade Names 66 Digoxin Lanoxin; Davoxin; Digacin; Dilanacin; Rougoxin; Digosin; Cordioxil

Category and Properties Cardiac glycoside mp 249 °C

Applications Treatment of congestive heart failure

Structure O O HO

OH O O O

O

H

OH

O O OH HO OH

67 Enalaprilat

Vasotec

Angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor; antihypertensive agent mp 150 °C Cardiac stimulant and vasodilator

Treatment of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and congestive heart failure

68 Glycerol trinitrate

Nitroglycerin

69 Irbesartan

Aprovel; Avapro; Avalide (in combination with hydrochlorothiazide

Angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist mp 180 °C

Treatment of hypertension and diabetes-related kidney disease

70 Lisinopril

Acecomb; Alapril; Carace; Novatec; Novazyd; Vivatec; Zestoretic; Zestril

Angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor; antihypertensive agent mp 159 °C


71 Losartan

Cozaar; Hyzaar (with hydrochlorothiazide)

Angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist mp 184 °C

Treatment of congestive heart failure and hypertension

72 Metoprolol

Lopressor; Toprol XL

β-Adrenergic blocker Treatment of angina and hypertension

Treatment of angina and congestive heart failure

OH O MeO

73 Telmisartan

Micardis

Angiotensin II (AT1) receptor antagonist mp 262 °C


H N

Structure and Function of Some Common Drugs Generic Name Trade Names 74 Terazosin Hytrin; Itrin; Hytrinex; Magnurol; Teraprost; Vasocard; Uroflo; etc.

75 Warfarin

Coumadin

Category and Properties Antihypertensive agent (α1adrenoceptor antagonist)

Anticlotting agent mp 161 °C

7-37 Applications Treatment of hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia

Structure

Reduction of possibility of stroke or coronary

OH

Ph

O

O

O

Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs 76 Atorvastatin

Lipitor; Caduet (in combination with amlodipine)

HMG-CoA reductase Reduction of LDL inhibitor (statin) cholesterol levels by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis

77 Ezetimibe

Zetia

Selective cholesterol absorption inhibitor mp 165 °C

Reduction of LDL cholesterol levels by inhibiting dietary cholesterol absorption

OH

OH

N

F

O F

78 Nicotinic acid

Niacin

Lipoprotein synthesis Reduction of LDL inhibitor cholesterol levels

COOH N

79 Pravastatin

Pravochol

HMG-CoA reductase Reduction of LDL inhibitor (statin) cholesterol levels by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis

80 Simvastatin

Zocor; Vytorin (combination with Ezetimibe)

HMG-CoA reductase Reduction of LDL inhibitor (statin) cholesterol levels by mp 136 °C inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis

Depression and Anxiety Drugs 81 Bupropion

Wellbutrin; Amfebutamone; Zyban

Dopamine reuptake inhibitor Pale yellow oil

Antidepressant; smoking cessation aid

82 Diazepam

Valium; Stesolid; Seduxen; Antenex; Calmpose; Livotensin

Benzodiazepine central nervous system depressant mp 125 °C

Treatment of anxiety, seizures, muscular spasms, and insomnia


7-38 Generic Name Trade Names 83 Donepezil Aricept

Category and Properties Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor

Applications Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

84 Fluoxetine

Prozac; Sarafem; Adofen; Fontex; Lorien

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

85 Levodopa

L-Dopa; Larodopa; Bendopa; Veldopa

Precursor to the neurotransmitter dopamine mp 277 °C

Structure

Treatment of depression, panic attacks, and obsessive-compulsive disorder Treatment of Parkinson’s disease

COOH NH2

HO OH

86 Paroxetine

Paxil; Seroxat; Tagonis; Aropax; Motivan


Treatment of depression, panic attacks, and obsessive-compulsive disorder

87 Phenobarbital

Luminal; Fenemal; Gardenal; Barbivis

Anticonvulsant mp 174 °C

Epilepsy control; also used as a sedative

O NH O

88 Sertraline

Zoloft; Lustral; Serad; Serlain; Tatig


Treatment of depression, panic attacks, and obsessive-compulsive disorder

89 Tiagabine

Gabitril

GABA reuptake inhibitor; anticonvulsant

Treatment of epileptic seizures

90 Venlafaxine

Effexor; Trewilor; Vandral; Dobupal

Selective serotonin & Treatment of anxiety norepinephrine and panic disorders reuptake inhibitor

N H

O

Osteoporosis Drugs 91 Alendronic acid

Fosamax; Adronat; Alendros; Dronal

Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase inhibitor

Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and Paget’s disease

PO(OH)2 H2N

HO

PO(OH)2

Structure and Function of Some Common Drugs Generic Name Trade Names 92 Calcitriol Rocaltrol; Calcijex

7-39

Category and Properties Applications Calcium and Treatment of rickets phosphate and osteoporosis metabolism regulator mp 170 °C

Structure

OH

H

HO 93 Raloxifene

Evista (as hydrochloride)

Selective estrogen receptor modulator

Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis

94 Risedronic acid

Actonel (as Na salt); Optinate

Calcium regulator

Treatment of osteoporosis & Paget’s disease

OH

Pain Relief Drugs 95 Acetaminophen

Tylenol; APAP; Paracetamol; Hedrex; Tramil

Analgesic/antipyretic Relief of mp 170 °C musculoskeletal, neuralgic, and other types of pain

96 Fentanyl

Duragesic; Actiq; Fentora; Sublimaze

Opioid μ-receptor agonist mp 87.5 °C

Treatment of severe pain; spinal and epidural anesthesia

97 Gabapentin

Neurotin; Aclonium

Anticonvulsant/ analgesic; CNS depressant mp 164 °C

Treatment of neuralgia, pain from shingles, migraine, and epilepsy

98 Lidocaine

Xylocaine; Xylocard; Lidamantle

Aminoamide anesthetic/ antiarrhythmic agent

Local anesthetic for dental procedures

H N O

HO

H N

N O

99 Morphine

Avinza; Contin; Kadian; Roxanol; Meconium; Morfine

Opioid analgesic mp 255 °C

Pain management, especially in malignant diseases

HO

O H HO 100 Thiopental

Pentothal; Penthiobarbital; Thiopentone

Short-acting barbiturate/ anesthetic

Induction of presurgical anesthesia

N


7-40 Generic Name Trade Names 101 Sumatriptan Imitrex; Imigrane; Megrelan; Permicran; Sumadol

Category and Properties Selective 5-HT1D receptor agonist

Applications Treatment of severe migraine headaches

Structure

Reproductive and Urinary System Drugs 102 Finasteride

Proscar; Propecia; Andozac; Finastid; Procure; Urprosan

5α Reductase inhibitor mp 252 °C

Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and male hair loss

103 Mestranol

Devocin; Norinyl; Ovastol; Tranel

Estrogen, used in combination as oral contraceptive mp 151 °C

Prevention of unplanned pregnancy

104 Mifepristone

Mifeprex; Mifegyne; Corlux; RU 486

Progesterone receptor modulator mp 150 °C

Termination of pregnancy

105 Sildenafil

Viagra; Revatio

Cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor

Treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension

106 Tamsulosin

Flomax; Amsulosin; Harnal; Omix

Prostate selective α1-adrenoceptor antagonist

Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia

107 Testosterone

Androderm; Androgel; Testrim; Striant

Anabolic steroid hormone

Treatment of male hypogonadism

Index The index below lists the trade and generic names for the drugs in this table; the generic names are in bold face. Each entry is referred to by its generic name and the identification number in the Name Abraxane Acecomb Acetaminophen Acetylsalicylic acid Aclonium

Generic Name Paclitaxel (58) Lisinopril (70) Acetaminophen (95) Acetylsalicylic acid (25) Gabapentin (97)

table. An asterisk* beside the trade name indicates a product that is a combination of two drugs. Name Actiq Actonel Actos Acyclovir Adofen

Generic Name Fentanyl (96) Risedronic acid (94) Pioglitazone (22) Acyclovir (36) Fluoxetine (84)

Structure and Function of Some Common Drugs Name Adoxa Adronat Adrucil Advair* Advil Alapril Alavert Albuterol Alendronic acid Alendros Aleve Aliskiren Allegra Amfebutamone Amfostet Amikacin Amikin Amlodipine Amoxicillin Amoxil Amphotericin Amphozone Amsulosin Anaprox Anastrozole Andozac Androderm Androgel Antenex APAP Aprovel Aricept Arimidex Aropax Aspirin Atenolol Atorvastatin Avalide* Avandia Avapro Avinza Avirax Azantac Azidothymidine Azithromycin Azitrocin AZT Barbivis Bendopa Bicalutamide Biclin Biozolene Bortezomib Budamax Budeson

Generic Name Doxycycline (15) Alendronic acid (91) Fluorouracil (54) Fluticasone (5) Ibuprofen (27) Lisinopril (70) Loratadine (6) Albuterol (1) Alendronic acid (91) Alendronic acid (91) Naproxen (29) Aliskiren (61) Fexofenadine (4) Bupropion (81) Amphotericin (37) Amikacin (10) Amikacin (10) Amlodipine (62) Amoxicillin (11) Amoxicillin (11) Amphotericin (37) Amphotericin (37) Tamsulosin (106) Naproxen (29) Anastrozole (47) Finasteride (102) Testosterone (107) Testosterone (107) Diazepam (82) Acetaminophen (95) Irbesartan (69) Donepezil (83) Anastrozole (47) Paroxetine (86) Acetylsalicylic acid (25) Atenolol (63) Atorvastatin (76) Irbesartan (69) Rosiglitazone (23) Irbesartan (69) Morphine (99) Acyclovir (36) Ranitidine (35) Zidovudine (46) Azithromycin (12) Azithromycin (12) Zidovudine (46) Phenobarbital (87) Levodopa (85) Bicalutamide (48) Amikacin (10) Fluconazole (39) Bortezomib (49) Budesonide (2) Budesonide (2)

7-41 Name Budesonide Bupropion Caduet* Calcijex Calcitriol Calmpose Camptetin Camptosar Capecitabine Carac Carace Carboplat Carboplatin Carboxyterfenadine Carvedilol Casodex Ceclor Cefaclor Celebrex Celecoxib Cetirizine Chemacin Cimetidine Cimetimax Cipro Ciprobay Ciprofloxacin Ciproxin Clafen Claratyne Claritin Clopidogrel Contin Copegus Cordioxil Coreg Corlux Cotronak Coumadin Cozaar Cyclophosphamide Cytophosphan Cytoxan Davoxin Deltasone Deoxymykoin Devocin Diabex Diaformin Diazepam Diflucan Digacin Digosin Digoxin Dilanacin

Generic Name Budesonide (2) Bupropion (81) Atorvastatin (76) Calcitriol (92) Calcitriol (92) Diazepam (82) Irinotecan (57) Irinotecan (57) Capecitabine (50) Fluorouracil (54) Lisinopril (70) Carboplatin (51) Carboplatin (51) Fexofenadine (4) Carvedilol (64) Bicalutamide (48) Cefaclor (13) Cefaclor (13) Celecoxib (26) Celecoxib (26) Cetirizine (3) Amikacin (10) Cimetidine (31) Cimetidine (31) Ciprofloxacin (14) Ciprofloxacin (14) Ciprofloxacin (14) Ciprofloxacin (14) Cyclophosphamide (52) Loratadine (6) Loratadine (6) Clopidogrel (65) Morphine (99) Ribavirin (43) Digoxin (66) Carvedilol (64) Mifepristone (104) Ribavirin (43) Warfarin (75) Losartan (71) Cyclophosphamide (52) Cyclophosphamide (52) Cyclophosphamide (52) Digoxin (66) Prednisone (30) Doxycycline (15) Mestranol (103) Metformin (21) Metformin (21) Diazepam (82) Fluconazole (39) Digoxin (66) Digoxin (66) Digoxin (66) Digoxin (66)


7-42 Name Dilatrend Dobupal Docetaxel Donepezil Doryx Doxycycline Dronal Duragesic E-Mycin Efavirenz Effexor Efudex Elazor Enalaprilat Endoxan Epivir Erbakar Erythrocin Erythromycin Eucardic Evista Ezetimibe Fenemal Fentanyl Fentora Fexofenadine Finasteride Finastid Flexilite Flociprin Flomax Flonase Flovent Fluconazole Fluoroplex Fluorouracil Fluoxetine Fluticasone Fontex Fortamet Fosamax Fungizone Gabapentin Gabitril Gardenal Gastromet Gemcitabine Gemzar Gleevec Glibenese Glipizide Glivec Glucophage Glucotrol Glycerol trinitrate

Generic Name Carvedilol (64) Venlafaxine (90) Docetaxel (53) Donepezil (83) Doxycycline (15) Doxycycline (15) Alendronic acid (91) Fentanyl (96) Erythromycin (16) Efavirenz (38) Venlafaxine (90) Fluorouracil (54) Fluconazole (39) Enalaprilat (67) Cyclophosphamide (52) Lamivudine (40) Carboplatin (51) Erythromycin (16) Erythromycin (16) Carvedilol (64) Raloxifene (93) Ezetimibe (77) Phenobarbital (87) Fentanyl (96) Fentanyl (96) Fexofenadine (4) Finasteride (102) Finasteride (102) Amikacin (10) Ciprofloxacin (14) Tamsulosin (106) Fluticasone (5) Fluticasone (5) Fluconazole (39) Fluorouracil (54) Fluorouracil (54) Fluoxetine (84) Fluticasone (5) Fluoxetine (84) Metformin (21) Alendronic acid (91) Amphotericin (37) Gabapentin (97) Tiagabine (89) Phenobarbital (87) Cimetidine (31) Gemcitabine (55) Gemcitabine (55) Imatinib (56) Glipizide (20) Glipizide (20) Imatinib (56) Metformin (21) Glipizide (20) Glycerol trinitrate (68)

Name Glydiazinamide Harnal Hedrex Heptodin Hivid Hytrin Hytrinex Hyzaar* Ibuprofen Ilosone Imatinib Imigrane Imitrex Inflammide Irbesartan Irinotecan Isimoxin Isocover Isoniazid Itrin Januvia Kadian Kefolar L-Dopa Lamisil Lamivudine Laniazid Lanoxin Lansoprazole Larodopa Levodopa Lidamantle Lidocaine Linezolid Lipitor Lisinopril Liviatin Livotensin Lopressor Loratadine Lorien Losartan Losec Luminal Lustral Magnurol Meconium Megrelan Meilax Melfax Meloxicam Mepral Mestranol Metacain Metacam

Generic Name Glipizide (20) Tamsulosin (106) Acetaminophen (95) Lamivudine (40) Zalcitabine (45) Terazosin (74) Terazosin (74) Losartan (71) Ibuprofen (27) Erythromycin (16) Imatinib (56) Sumatriptan (101) Sumatriptan (101) Budesonide (2) Irbesartan (69) Irinotecan (57) Amoxicillin (11) Clopidogrel (65) Isoniazid (17) Terazosin (74) Sitagliptin (24) Morphine (99) Cefaclor (13) Levodopa (85) Terbinafine (44) Lamivudine (40) Isoniazid (17) Digoxin (66) Lansoprazole (32) Levodopa (85) Levodopa (85) Lidocaine (98) Lidocaine (98) Linezolid (18) Atorvastatin (76) Lisinopril (70) Doxycycline (15) Diazepam (82) Metoprolol (72) Loratadine (6) Fluoxetine (84) Losartan (71) Omeprazole (33) Phenobarbital (87) Sertraline (88) Terazosin (74) Morphine (99) Sumatriptan (101) Clopidogrel (65) Ranitidine (35) Meloxicam (28) Omeprazole (33) Mestranol (103) Meloxicam (28) Meloxicam (28)

Structure and Function of Some Common Drugs Name Metformin Meticorten Metoprolol Micardis Mifegyne Mifeprex Mifepristone Minodiab Mirolex Mobic Monotrim Montelukast Mopral Morfine Morphine Motivan Naprelan Naprogesic Naproxen Negasin Neosar Neurotin Nevirapine Nexium Niacin Nicotinic acid Nitroglycerin Nolvadex Nonoplat Norinyl Norvasc Novatec Novazyd Omeprazole Omix Onsenal Optinate Oseltamivir Ospamox Ovastol Paclitaxel Panacef Panoral Pantoprazole Pantozol Paracetamol Paraplatin Paroxetine Paxil Penthiobarbital Pentothal Peptimax Permicran Phenobarbital Pioglitazone

Generic Name Metformin (21) Prednisone (30) Metoprolol (72) Telmisartan (73) Mifepristone (104) Mifepristone (104) Mifepristone (104) Glipizide (20) Acyclovir (36) Meloxicam (28) Trimethoprim (19) Montelukast (7) Omeprazole (33) Morphine (99) Morphine (99) Paroxetine (86) Naproxen (29) Naproxen (29) Naproxen (29) Amikacin (10) Cyclophosphamide (52) Gabapentin (97) Nevirapine (41) Omeprazole (33) Nicotinic acid (78) Nicotinic acid (78) Glycerol trinitrate (68) Tamoxifen (60) Carboplatin (51) Mestranol (103) Amlodipine (62) Lisinopril (70) Lisinopril (70) Omeprazole (33) Tamsulosin (106) Celecoxib (26) Risedronic acid (94) Oseltamivir (42) Amoxicillin (11) Mestranol (103) Paclitaxel (58) Cefaclor (13) Cefaclor (13) Pantoprazole (34) Pantoprazole (34) Acetaminophen (95) Carboplatin (51) Paroxetine (86) Paroxetine (86) Thiopental (100) Thiopental (100) Cimetidine (31) Sumatriptan (101) Phenobarbital (87) Pioglitazone (22)

7-43 Name Plavix Pravastatin Pravochol Prednisone Prevacid Prevpac Prezal Prilosec Procure Proloprim Propecia Proscar Protonix Proventil Prozac Pulmicort Raloxifene Ranitidine Rantec Rasilex Rebetol Retrovir Revatio Rhinocort Ribasphere Ribavirin Rifun Risedronic acid Rocaltrol Rosiglitazone Rougoxin Roxanol RU 486 Salmeterol Sarafem Seduxen Serad Serevent Serlain Seroxat Sertraline Sildenafil Simvastatin Singulair Sitagliptin Soltamox SoluTab Sostril Spiriva Stesolid Striant Sublimaze Sumadol Sumatriptan Sunitinib

Generic Name Clopidogrel (65) Pravastatin (79) Pravastatin (79) Prednisone (30) Lansoprazole (32) Lansoprazole (32) Lansoprazole (32) Omeprazole (33) Finasteride (102) Trimethoprim (19) Finasteride (102) Finasteride (102) Pantoprazole (34) Albuterol (1) Fluoxetine (84) Budesonide (2) Raloxifene (93) Ranitidine (35) Ranitidine (35) Aliskiren (61) Ribavirin (43) Zidovudine (46) Sildenafil (105) Budesonide (2) Ribavirin (43) Ribavirin (43) Pantoprazole (34) Risedronic acid (94) Calcitriol (92) Rosiglitazone (23) Digoxin (66) Morphine (99) Mifepristone (104) Salmeterol (8) Fluoxetine (84) Diazepam (82) Sertraline (88) Salmeterol (8) Sertraline (88) Paroxetine (86) Sertraline (88) Sildenafil (105) Simvastatin (80) Montelukast (7) Sitagliptin (24) Tamoxifen (60) Lansoprazole (32) Ranitidine (35) Tiotropium bromide (9) Diazepam (82) Testosterone (107) Fentanyl (96) Sumatriptan (101) Sumatriptan (101) Sunitinib (59)


7-44 Name Sustiva Sutent Tagamet Tagonis Tamaxin Tamiflu Tamoplex Tamoxifen Tamsulosin Tatig Taural Taxol Taxotere Tekturna Telfast Telmisartan Tenormin Teraprost Terazosin Terbinafine Testosterone Testrim Thiopental Thiopentone Tiagabine Tiotropium bromide Tipidyl Topotecin Toprol XL Tramil Tranel Trewilor Triflucan Trimethoprim Triprim Tylenol Uniflox Uroflo Urprosan Valium Valodex

Generic Name Efavirenz (38) Sunitinib (59) Cimetidine (31) Paroxetine (86) Tamoxifen (60) Oseltamivir (42) Tamoxifen (60) Tamoxifen (60) Tamsulosin (106) Sertraline (88) Ranitidine (35) Paclitaxel (58) Docetaxel (53) Aliskiren (61) Fexofenadine (4) Telmisartan (73) Atenolol (63) Terazosin (74) Terazosin (74) Terbinafine (44) Testosterone (107) Testosterone (107) Thiopental (100) Thiopental (100) Tiagabine (89) Tiotropium bromide (9) Clopidogrel (65) Irinotecan (57) Metoprolol (72) Acetaminophen (95) Mestranol (103) Venlafaxine (90) Fluconazole (39) Trimethoprim (19) Trimethoprim (19) Acetaminophen (95) Ciprofloxacin (14) Terazosin (74) Finasteride (102) Diazepam (82) Tamoxifen (60)

Name Vandral Vasocard Vasotec Velcade Veldopa Venlafaxine Ventolin Viagra Vibramycin Vinzam Viramune Viratek Virazole Vivatec Volmax Vytorin* Warfarin Wellbutrin Xeloda Xylocaine Xylocard Yewtaxan Zalcitabine Zantac Zeffix Zestoretic Zestril Zetia Zidovir Zidovudine Zithromax Zmax Zocor Zoloft Zoltum Zoton Zovir Zovirax Zyban Zyrtec Zyvox

Generic Name Venlafaxine (90) Terazosin (74) Enalaprilat (67) Bortezomib (49) Levodopa (85) Venlafaxine (90) Albuterol (1) Sildenafil (105) Doxycycline (15) Azithromycin (12) Nevirapine (41) Ribavirin (43) Ribavirin (43) Lisinopril (70) Albuterol (1) Simvastatin (80) Warfarin (75) Bupropion (81) Capecitabine (50) Lidocaine (98) Lidocaine (98) Paclitaxel (58) Zalcitabine (45) Ranitidine (35) Lamivudine (40) Lisinopril (70) Lisinopril (70) Ezetimibe (77) Zidovudine (46) Zidovudine (46) Azithromycin (12) Azithromycin (12) Simvastatin (80) Sertraline (88) Omeprazole (33) Lansoprazole (32) Acyclovir (36) Acyclovir (36) Bupropion (81) Cetirizine (3) Linezolid (18)

Chemical Constituents of Human Blood This table lists typical concentrations of some of the chemical constituents of human blood. The table covers elements and compounds of relatively low molecular weight. References 1 and 4 give extensive information on enzymes, hormones, vitamins, and other blood constituents. The values given for the normal range refer to healthy adults who have not been exposed to unusual environmental agents. In keeping with IUPAC practice, all values refer to a volume of one liter, and thus are stated in units of g/L, mg/L, μg/L or mmol/L. Many clinical test results, especially in the United States, are reported on a deciliter (dL) rather than a liter basis; thus the values in this table should be divided by 10 to place them on a dL basis. The symbols S (for serum), P (plasma), and WB (whole blood) in the second column indicate the nature of the blood sample to which the values apply. In some cases only a single mean value has been reported, rather than a range; these are given in italics. The total volume of blood in a 100 kg (220 lb) adult is 7.5 L for a male and 6.7 L for a female. The corresponding volume of plasma is 4.4 L and 4.3 L, respectively (Reference 1). Values from Reference 1 are so-called “reference values” against which clinical tests of blood chemistry are compared. In these cases the “normal range” is understood to include about 95% of the population. The remaining 5% may show values outside the normal range without necessarily implying a medical problem. Note that these reference values may vary slightly from one testing laboratory to another, depending on the detailed test procedure. Accurate measurements on trace elements are very difficult to make, and wide variations can be found in the literature. Preferred measurement methods are discussed in References 2 and 6. Values

Component

for the trace elements can also vary from one country to another, depending on dietary or environmental factors. Thus cadmium levels tend to be higher in Japan because of the prevalence of seafood in the diet, and lead levels are higher in regions where lead additives are still used in gasoline. Variations with gender, age, geography, and occurrence of diseases are reviewed in Reference 6. The Critical Values column gives levels that deviate far enough from the normal range to suggest a probable medical issue. Such values from Reference 3 are the Biological Exposure Indexes (BEI) that are specified by the American Council of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) as danger signals for the levels of pollutants in the workplace.

References 1. Wallach, J., Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests, Eight Edition, Wolters Kluwer, Philadelphia, 2007. 2. IUPAC Commission on Toxicology, “Sample Collection Guidelines for Trace Elements in Blood and Urine,” Pure & Appl. Chem., 67, 1575, 1995. 3. 2008 TLV’s and BEI’s, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240–1634, 2008 (www.acgih.org). 4. Altman, P. L., and Dittmer, D. S., Eds., Biology Data Book, Second Edition, Vol. III, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Bethesda, MD, 1974. 5. Bowen, H. J. M., Trace Elements in Biochemistry, Academic Press, New York, 1966. 6. Versieck, J., and Cornelis, R., Trace Elements in Human Plasma or Serum, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989.

Unit

Normal Range Low High

Critical Values

Ref.

Inorganic Aluminum Ammonia Antimony Arsenic Barium Beryllium Bicarbonate (HCO3–) Bromine Cadmium Calcium, total Calcium ion (Ca++) Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide* Cesium Chloride (Cl–) Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Hydrogen ion (H+) Iodine (total) Iron Lead

S P S,P S S,P S,P WB S,P S S WB P WB S,P S S S S S,P WB S,P S S

μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L mmol/L mg/L μg/L mg/L mg/L mmol/L %CO-Hb μg/L mmol/L μg/L μg/L mg/ L μg/L pH μg/L mg/L μg/L

1 190 0.5

22 2 0.1 90 30 21 0 0.5 98 0.1 0.05 0.7 33 7.38 59 0.5 5

10 600 1 5 79 60 >700

40 >5 140 40 30% 115 >1

7.59

>300

6,2 1 6 6,2 4,5 4,5 1 6,4 6,2,3 1 1 1 1 6 1 6,2 6,2,3 1,2,6 6 1 4 1 1,3,6

7-45

Chemical Constituents of Human Blood

7-46

Component

Lithium Magnesium Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Nickel Oxygen (arterial) Oxygen (venous) Phosphorus (inorganic) Potassium

S,P S S S S,P S WB WB S S

Rubidium Selenium Silver Sodium

S,P S,P S,P S

Strontium Sulfur (total) Tellurium Titanium Tin Vanadium Zinc Zirconium

S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P

Unit μg/L mg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L % saturation % saturation mg/L mmol/L mg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L mmol/L g/L μg/L mg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L mg/L μg/L

Normal Range Low High 8 18 30 0.3 1.0 0.5 3 0.3 1.3 0.1 1.3 96% 100% 60% 85% 30 45 3.5 5.0 137 196 100 300 40 160 1 135 145 3.11 3.34 57 780 30 33 1 0.02 1.0 0.5 1.2 400

Critical Values

15

4,5 4 4,5 4,5 4,5 6 6,2,4 4,5

Organic Acetoacetate ion Acetone Alanine Arginine Asparagine Cholesterol, total HDL Cholesterol LDL Cholesterol Citrulline Creatine Creatinine Fructose Glucosamine Glucose (fasting) Glutamic acid Glutamine Glycine Histidine Homocysteine Isoleucine Lactate (venous) Leucine Lysine Methionine Ornithine Phenylalanine Proline Serine

P S,P S,P S,P S,P P P P S,P S,P S WB S,P S S,P S,P S,P S,P P S,P P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

3 30 12 5.4 1000 400 0 2.1 2.8 5 5 760 600 4.3 61 13.4 7.9 0.54 6.9 50 14 25 3.3 6.2 5.8 20 10.1

2400 >1900

>50

1300

1 1 4 4 4 1,4 1 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 1 4 1 4 4 4 4 1 4 4

Chemical Constituents of Human Blood Component

Taurine Threonine Triglyceride Tyrosine Urea Urea nitrogen (BUN) Uric acid (males) Uric acid (females) Valine

7-47

S,P S,P S S,P S S S S S,P

Unit mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mmol/L mg/L (of N) mg/L mg/L mg/L

Normal Range Low High 4.1 8.2 12 17 250 1750 8.1 14.5 3.5 7.0 100 200 25 80 13 60 24 37

Critical Values

28 800

Ref. 4 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 4

* Measured as the percent of hemoglobin bound to CO. Typical value for heavy smokers is 5%–10%. Major symptoms begin around 30%, and respiratory failure sets in at >60%. ** This is the desirable upper limit. Values between 2000 and 2400 mg/L are considered borderline high.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN BODY The elemental composition of the “standard man” of mass 70 kg is given below.

Element Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus Sulfur Potassium Sodium Chlorine Magnesium Silicon Iron Fluorine Zinc Rubidium Strontium Bromine Lead Copper Aluminum Cadmium Boron Barium Tin Manganese Iodine Nickel Gold Molybdenum Chromium Cesium Cobalt Uranium Beryllium Radium

References 1. Padikal, T. N., and Fivozinsky, S. P., Medical Physics Data Book, National Bureau of Standards Handbook 138, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1981. 2. Snyde, W. S., et al., Reference Man: Anatomical, Physiological, and Metabolic Characteristics, Pergamon, New York, 1975.

Amount (g) 43,000 16,000 7000 1800 1000 780 140 140 100 95 19 18 4.2 2.6 2.3 0.32 0.32 0.20 0.12 0.072 0.061 0.050 ; Lide, D. R., and Milne, G. W. A., Editors, Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993. 2. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds, SDBS, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan, . 3. NMRShiftDB, .

Solvent

HNMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)

CDCl3

2.10

Acetic anhydride

CCl4

2.2

1

Acetone

CDCl3

2.1

1

Acetonitrile

CCl4

1.9

Acrolein (2-Propenal)

CDCl3

6.4

Acrylonitrile

CDCl3

6.3

Allyl alcohol

CDCl3

3.6

4.1

5.1

5.3

6.0

1

Allylamine

CDCl3

1.5

3.3

5.0

5.1

5.9

1

2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (2-Aminoisobutanol)

CCl4

1.1

2.8

3.2

Aniline (Benzenamine)

CCl4

3.3

6.4

6.6

Anisole (Methoxybenzene)

CDCl3

3.8

7.1

1

Benzaldehyde

CDCl3

7.7

10.0

1

Benzene

CDCl3

7.34

Benzeneacetonitrile (Benzyl cyanide)

CCl4

0.8

0.9

Benzenethiol (Phenyl mercaptan)

CCl4

3.2

6.9

Benzonitrile

CCl4

7.5

Benzyl acetate

CDCl3

2.1

5.1

7.3

1

Benzyl alcohol

CDCl3

2.4

4.6

7.3

1

Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine (Diethylenetriamine)

CDCl3

1.23

2.69

2.79

2

Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether

CDCl3

3.66

3.77

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

CCl4

0.9

1.5

4.2

Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide

CDCl3

2.8

3.8

4.2

Bromobenzene

CCl4

7.1

7.4

1-Bromobutane (Butyl bromide)

CCl4

1.0

1.4

1.8

3.4

1

2-Bromobutane (sec-Butyl bromide)

CDCl3

1.1

1.7

1.8

4.1

1

1-Bromo-2-chloroethane

CDCl3

3.3

4.0

Bromochloromethane

CCl4

5.2

1-Bromodecane (Decyl bromide)

CCl4

0.9

1.8

Bromoethane (Ethyl bromide)

CDCl3

1.7

3.4

2-Bromo-2-methylpropane (tert-Butyl bromide)

CCl4

1.8

1-Bromonaphthalene

CCl4

7.4

8.1

1-Bromopentane (Pentyl bromide)

CCl4

0.9

1.4

1.9

1-Bromopropane (Propyl bromide)

CCl4

1.0

1.9

3.4

2-Bromopropane (Isopropyl bromide)

CDCl3

1.7

4.3

2-Bromopropene

CDCl3

2.3

5.3

5.5

Butanal

CDCl3

1.0

1.7

2.4

Butanenitrile

CCl4

1.1

1.7

2.3

1-Butanethiol (Butyl mercaptan)

CDCl3

0.9

1.2

1.5

2.5

1

Butanoic acid

CCl4

0.9

1.7

2.3

12.0

1

Butanoic anhydride

CCl4

1.0

1.7

2.4

8-150

11.4

Ref.

Acetic acid

2

1 9.5

1 1

1 7.0

1

2 1.6

2.3

1 1 1

2 7.4

7.7

1 1 1

1 1 3.3

1 1 1 1 3.3

1 1 1 1

9.7

1 1

1

Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents Compound

8-151 Solvent


Ref.

1-Butanol (Butyl alcohol)

CDCl3

0.94

1.39

1.53

2.24

3.63

2

2-Butanol (sec-Butyl alcohol)

CDCl3

0.93

1.17

1.46

2.37

3.71

2

2-Butanone (Methyl ethyl ketone)

CDCl3

1.06

2.14

2.45

trans-2-Butenal (trans-Crotonaldehyde)

CDCl3

2.0

6.1

6.9

9.5

1

2-Butoxyethanol (Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether)

CCl4

0.9

1.3

3.3

3.7

1

Butyl acetate

CDCl3

0.9

1.4

2.0

4.1

1

Butylamine

CDCl3

0.92

1.33

1.43

1.77

tert-Butylamine

CDCl3

1.1

1.2

Butylbenzene

CCl4

0.9

1.4

2.6

7.1

sec-Butylbenzene

CCl4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.5

tert-Butylbenzene

CCl4

1.3

7.2

Butyl formate

CDCl3

0.9

1.5

4.2

8.1

1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene

CDCl3

1.30

2.31

7.11

7.26

Butyl vinyl ether

CCl4

0.9

1.4

3.6

3.8

CDCl3

4.4

Caprolactam

CDCl3

1.7

2.4

2-Chloroaniline

CCl4

3.8

6.8

Chlorobenzene

CDCl3

7.3

2-Chlorobutane (sec-Butyl chloride)

CCl4

1.1

1.5

Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride)

CDCl3

1.5

3.6

2-Chloroethanol (Ethylene chlorohydrin)

CDCl3

2.8

3.7

(Chloromethyl)benzene (Benzyl chloride)

CCl4

4.5

7.3

1-Chloro-3-methylbutane (Isopentyl chloride)

CDCl3

0.9

1.7

3.6

1

1-Chloro-2-methylpropane (Isobutyl chloride)

CCl4

1.0

1.9

3.3

1

2-Chloro-2-methylpropane (tert-Butyl chloride)

CCl4

1.6

1-Chloronaphthalene

CCl4

7.1

7.5

8.2

1-Chlorooctane (Octyl chloride)

CCl4

0.9

1.3

1.8

1-Chloropentane (Pentyl chloride)

CCl4

0.9

1.6

3.4

1

1-Chloropropane (Propyl chloride)

CCl4

1.0

1.8

3.4

1

3-Chloropropene (Allyl chloride)

CCl4

4.0

5.2

5.3

2-Chlorotoluene

CDCl3

2.4

7.2

1

3-Chlorotoluene

CCl4

2.3

7.1

1

Cyclohexane

CDCl3

1.43

Cyclohexanol

CCl4

1.6

3.5

Cyclohexanone

CCl4

1.8

2.3

Cyclohexene

CCl4

1.6

2.0

5.6

1

Cyclohexylamine

CCl4

1.4

1.5

2.6

1

Cyclopentane

CCl4

1.5

Cyclopentanone

CCl4

2.0

cis-Decahydronaphthalene (cis-Decalin)

CDCl3

1.42

1.62

trans-Decahydronaphthalene (trans-Decalin)

CDCl3

0.87

0.93

Decane

CCl4

0.9

1.3

Diacetone alcohol

CDCl3

1.3

2.2

1,2-Dibromoethane

CDCl3

3.65

Dibromomethane

CCl4

4.9

1,2-Dibromopropane

CCl4

1.8

3.5

3.8

4.2

1

Dibutylamine

CCl4

0.5

0.9

1.4

2.5

1

Dibutyl ether

CCl4

0.9

1.4

3.3

Dibutyl sebacate

CCl4

1.0

1.5

2.2

o-Dichlorobenzene

CCl4

7.2

m-Dichlorobenzene

CCl4

7.2

7.4

1

1,1-Dichloroethane

CDCl3

2.06

5.90

2

γ-Butyrolactone

2

2.68

2 1 1

7.1

1 1 1 2

4.0

6.3

1 1

3.2

7.8

1 1 2

1.7

3.9

1 1

3.8

1 1

1 1 3.5

1

5.9

1

2 4.2

1 1

1 1 2 1.23

1.54

1.67

2 1

2.6

3.7

1 2 1

1 4.0

1 1

Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents

8-152 Compound

Solvent


Ref.

1,2-Dichloroethane

CCl4

3.7

1

1,1-Dichloroethene

CCl4

5.5

1

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene

CDCl3

6.28

2

trans-1,2-Dichloroethene

(CH3)4Si

6.24

2

Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride)

CCl4

5.3

1

(Dichloromethyl)benzene (Benzal chloride)

CCl4

6.6

7.4

1,2-Dichloropropane

CDCl3

1.61

3.59

3.74

2,4-Dichlorotoluene

CCl4

2.3

7.0

7.3

3,4-Dichlorotoluene

CCl4

2.3

7.0

1

Diethanolamine

D2O

2.7

3.7

1

1,1-Diethoxyethane (Acetal)

CDCl3

1.2

1.3

3.5

1,2-Diethoxyethane (Ethylene glycol diethyl ether)

CDCl3

1.22

3.54

3.58

1

Diethylamine

CCl4

0.9

1.0

2.6

1

Diethyl carbonate

CDCl3

1.3

4.2

1

Diethylene glycol

CDCl3

3.7

4.2

1

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (Diglyme)

CDCl3

3.3

3.5

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Carbitol)

CCl4

1.2

3.1

3.5

3.6

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate

CDCl3

1.22

2.08

3.54

3.71

Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether

CDCl3

3.3

3.4

3.6

Diethyl ether

CDCl3

1.21

3.47

Diethyl sulfide

CCl4

1.2

2.5

Diisopropylamine

CCl4

0.7

1.0

Diisopropyl ether

CCl4

1.0

3.5

1

1,2-Dimethoxybenzene (Veratrole)

CCl4

3.7

6.8

1

1,2-Dimethoxyethane (Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether)

CCl4

3.3

3.4

1

Dimethoxymethane (Methylal)

CCl4

3.2

4.4

N,N-Dimethylacetamide

CDCl3

2.1

2.9

3.0

2,4-Dimethylaniline (2,4-Xylidine)

CCl4

2.0

2.2

3.4

6.4

6.7

1

2,2-Dimethylbutane (Neohexane)

CCl4

0.9

1.1

1.3

1.1

1.3

1

2,3-Dimethylbutane

CCl4

0.9

1.5

Dimethyl disulfide

1 4.14

2 1

3.7

4.7

2

1 1 4.23

2 1 2 1

2.9

1

1 1

1

2.45

3

N,N-Dimethylformamide

CDCl3

2.9

3.0

8.0

1

Dimethyl glutarate

CDCl3

2.0

2.4

3.7

1

2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone (Isovalerone)

CCl4

0.9

2.1

1

2,5-Dimethylhexane

CCl4

0.9

1.4

1

Dimethyl maleate

CCl4

3.7

6.2

2,2-Dimethylpentane

CDCl3

0.9

0.9

1.2

1

2,4-Dimethylpentane

CCl4

0.9

1.1

1.6

1

2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone (Diisopropyl ketone)

CCl4

1.0

2.6

2,4-Dimethylpyridine (2,4-Lutidine)

CDCl3

2.3

2.5

7.0

2,6-Dimethylpyridine (2,6-Lutidine)

CDCl3

2.51

6.93

7.42

Dimethyl sulfoxide

CDCl3

2.62

1,4-Dioxane

CDCl3

3.69

1,3-Dioxolane

CDCl3

3.88

4.90

Dipentyl ether (Amyl ether)

CDCl3

0.9

1.4

Dipropylamine

CDCl3

1.5

2.6

1

Dodecane

CCl4

0.9

1.3

1

1-Dodecene

CCl4

0.9

1.3

2.0

5.4

Epichlorohydrin

CCl4

2.6

2.8

3.2

3.5

3.6

1

1,2-Epoxybutane (Ethyloxirane)

CCl4

1.0

1.5

2.3

2.6

2.7

1

1,2-Ethanediamine

CCl4

1.2

2.6

1,2-Ethanediol (Ethylene glycol)

D2O

3.7

1

1 7.0

8.4

1 2 2 2 2

3.4

1

1

1 1


8-153 Solvent


Ref.

1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate (Ethylene glycol diacetate)

CCl4

2.0

4.2

Ethanol

CDCl3

1.23

2.61

3.69

2

Ethanolamine

CDCl3

2.7

2.8

3.5

1

Ethoxybenzene (Phenetole)

CCl4

1.3

3.9

6.9

2-Ethoxyethanol (Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Cellosolve)

CDCl3

1.22

2.70

3.55

3.72

2-Ethoxyethyl acetate (Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate)

CCl4

1.2

2.0

3.4

3.5

4.1

Ethyl acetate

CDCl3

1.26

2.04

4.12

Ethyl acetoacetate

CDCl3

1.3

1.9

2.2

3.3

4.1

Ethyl acrylate (Ethyl propenoate)

CCl4

1.3

4.1

5.7

6.1

6.3

Ethylamine

D2O

1.1

2.6

Ethylbenzene

CDCl3

1.3

2.7

7.2

Ethyl benzoate

CCl4

1.3

4.3

7.4

8.0

Ethyl butanoate

CCl4

0.9

1.2

1.7

2.2

Ethyl cyanoacetate

CCl4

1.3

3.4

4.3

1

Ethylcyclohexane

CDCl3

0.9

1.9

1.4

1

Ethylene carbonate

CDCl3

4.5

Ethyl formate

CCl4

1.3

4.2

7.9

2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol

CDCl3

1.0

1.4

3.8

2-Ethyl-1-hexanol

CDCl3

0.9

1.3

1.8

3.5

1

Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate

CDCl3

1.0

1.3

1.9

4.1

1

3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane

CCl4

0.9

0.9

1.5

Fluorobenzene

CCl4

7.0

2-Fluorotoluene

CCl4

2.2

6.9

1

3-Fluorotoluene

CCl4

2.3

6.9

1

4-Fluorotoluene

CCl4

2.2

6.8

Furan

CDCl3

6.38

7.44

Furfural

CDCl3

6.6

7.3

7.7

9.7

Furfuryl alcohol

CDCl3

2.8

4.6

6.3

7.4

Glycerol

D2O

3.6

Glycerol triacetate (Triacetin)

CDCl3

2.1

4.2

4.3

Heptane

CDCl3

0.88

1.27

1.30

1-Heptanol

CCl4

0.9

1.4

3.4

3.5

1

3-Heptanol

CCl4

0.9

1.4

2.3

3.4

1

2-Heptanone (Methyl pentyl ketone)

CCl4

0.9

1.3

2.0

2.3

1

3-Heptanone (Ethyl butyl ketone)

CCl4

1.0

1.4

2.3

1-Heptene

CCl4

0.9

1.4

2.0

Hexane

CDCl3

0.89

1.27

1.29

Hexanedinitrile (Adiponitrile)

CDCl3

1.8

2.5

Hexanenitrile

CDCl3

0.9

1.5

2.3

Hexanoic acid (Caproic acid)

CDCl3

0.9

1.4

2.4

11.4

1-Hexanol

CDCl3

0.90

1.32

1.56

1.79

Hexyl acetate

CCl4

0.9

1.4

2.0

4.0

3-Hydroxypropanenitrile (Hydracrylonitrile)

CDCl3

2.6

3.4

3.9

Iodobenzene

CCl4

6.8

7.5

7.7

1-Iodobutane (Butyl iodide)

CDCl3

1.0

1.7

1.9

4.2

1

2-Iodobutane (sec-Butyl iodide)

CDCl3

1.0

1.7

1.9

4.2

1

Iodoethane (Ethyl iodide)

CDCl3

1.2

2.6

3.7

Iodomethane (Methyl iodide)

CDCl3

2.2

1-Iodopropane (Propyl iodide)

CCl4

1.0

1.8

3.2

2-Iodopropane (Isopropyl iodide)

CDCl3

1.9

4.3

Isobutanal (2-Methyl-1-propanal)

CCl4

1.1

2.4

9.6

Isobutyl acetate

CCl4

0.9

1.9

2.0

1

1 2 1 2 4.9

1 1 1 1 1

4.1

1

1 1 1

1 1

7.0

1 2 1 1 1 5.2

1 2

1 4.9

5.7

1 2 1 1 1

3.62

2 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 3.8

1


8-154 Compound

Solvent


Ref.

Isobutylbenzene

CCl4

0.9

1.9

2.4

7.1

Isobutyl formate

CDCl3

1.0

2.0

3.9

8.0

Isobutyl isobutanoate

CCl4

0.9

1.2

1.9

2.5

Isopentyl acetate

CDCl3

0.9

1.5

2.0

4.0

1

Isophorone

CDCl3

1.04

1.95

2.19

5.88

2

Isopropyl acetate

CDCl3

0.9

1.4

1.6

2.4

1

Isopropylbenzene (Cumene)

CDCl3

1.3

2.4

2.9

7.3

1

1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene (p-Cymene)

CDCl3

1.2

2.3

2.9

7.1

1

Isoquinoline

CDCl3

8.5

9.3

d-Limonene (Citrene)

CCl4

1.4

1.7

1.9

4.6

Mesityl oxide

CDCl3

1.89

2.14

2.16

6.09

Methanol

CDCl3

3.43

3.66

2-Methoxyethanol (Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether)

CDCl3

2.5

3.4

3.5

3.7

2-Methoxyethyl acetate (Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate)

CDCl3

2.09

3.39

3.59

4.22

Methyl acetate

CCl4

2.0

3.7

2-Methylacrylonitrile

CDCl3

2.0

5.7

5.8

2-Methylaniline (o-Toluidine)

CCl4

2.0

3.2

6.7

3-Methylaniline (m-Toluidine)

CCl4

2.2

3.3

6.4

6.9

N-Methylaniline

CCl4

2.7

3.3

6.4

6.6

Methyl benzoate

CCl4

3.8

7.4

8.0

3-Methylbutanoic acid (Isovaleric acid)

CCl4

1.0

2.2

11.0

3-Methyl-1-butanol (Isopentyl alcohol)

CCl4

0.9

1.5

3.5

Methyl cyanoacetate

CDCl3

3.5

3.8

1

Methylcyclohexane

CCl4

0.9

1.4

1

cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol

CDCl3

0.9

1.5

2.9

N-Methylformamide

CDCl3

2.82

7.4

8.16

Methyl formate

CDCl3

3.76

8.07

2-Methylheptane

CCl4

0.9

1.3

4-Methylheptane

CDCl3

0.8

0.9

1.4

2-Methylhexane

CDCl3

0.9

0.9

1.4

5-Methyl-2-hexanone (Methyl isopentyl ketone)

CCl4

0.9

1.4

2.0

2.3

1

Methyl methacrylate (Methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate)

CDCl3

2.0

3.8

5.6

6.1

1

2-Methyloctane

CCl4

0.9

1.0

1.3

1

2-Methylpentane

CCl4

0.8

0.9

1.5

1

3-Methylpentane

CCl4

0.8

1.5

2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol (Hexylene glycol)

CCl4

1.1

1.2

1.3

4-Methylpentanenitrile

CCl4

1.0

1.6

2.3

4-Methyl-2-pentanol

CCl4

0.9

1.1

1.3

1.8

3-Methyl-3-pentanol

CCl4

0.9

1.1

1.4

1.8

4-Methyl-2-pentanone (Methyl isobutyl ketone)

CDCl3

0.9

2.1

2.3

2-Methylpropanenitrile (Isobutyronitrile)

CDCl3

1.3

2.7

1

2-Methylpropanoic acid (Isobutyric acid)

CCl4

1.2

2.6

1

2-Methyl-1-propanol (Isobutyl alcohol)

CCl4

0.9

1.7

2-Methyl-2-propanol (tert-Butyl alcohol)

CDCl3

1.3

1.4

2-Methylpyridine (2-Picoline)

CCl4

2.5

3-Methylpyridine (3-Picoline)

CCl4

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone

1 1 3.8

1

1 5.3

1 2 2

3.5

3.7

1 2 1 1 1 1

7.1

1 1 1

4.1

1

3.9

1 2 2 1 1 1

1 1.4

1.6

4.2

4.7

4.9

1 1

3.5

3.7

1 1 1

3.3

4.0

1

6.9

7.4

8.4

1

2.3

7.0

7.4

8.4

1

CDCl3

2.1

2.4

2.8

3.4

1

Methyl salicylate

CCl4

3.9

6.7

6.9

7.3

2-Methylthiophene

CDCl3

2.5

6.7

6.9

7.0

Morpholine

CDCl3

2.59

2.86

3.67

2

Nitrobenzene

CCl4

7.52

7.65

8.19

2

Nitroethane

CDCl3

1.6

4.3

1

7.7

10.6

1 1

1


8-155 Solvent


Ref.

Nitromethane

CCl4

4.2

1-Nitropropane

CDCl3

1.0

2.1

1.55

4.70

3 1

2-Nitropropane

1 4.4

1

Nonane

CDCl3

0.9

1.3

Octane

CDCl3

0.88

1.26

1-Octanol

CDCl3

0.88

1.29

1.5

2.40

2-Octanone (Hexyl methyl ketone)

CCl4

0.9

1.4

2.1

2.4

1-Octene

CCl4

0.9

1.3

2.1

4.8

Pentane

CDCl3

0.88

1.26

1.30

1,5-Pentanediol (Pentamethylene glycol)

D2O

1.5

3.6

2,4-Pentanedione (Acetylacetone)

CCl4

2.0

2.2

3.5

Pentanenitrile (Valeronitrile)

CCl4

1.0

1.6

2.3

Pentanoic acid (Valeric acid)

CCl4

0.9

1.5

2.3

11.7

1-Pentanol (Amyl alcohol)

CCl4

0.9

1.4

3.5

4.4

2-Pentanol (sec-Amyl alcohol)

CDCl3

0.9

1.2

1.3

2.2

3-Pentanol (Diethyl carbinol)

CCl4

0.9

1.4

3.3

3.4

1

2-Pentanone (Methyl propyl ketone)

CCl4

0.9

1.6

2.0

2.3

1

3-Pentanone (Diethyl ketone)

CCl4

1.0

2.4

Pentyl acetate (Amyl acetate)

CCl4

0.9

1.4

2.0

4.0

Pentylamine (Amylamine)

CDCl3

0.9

1.4

2.7

α-Pinene

1 3.60

2 1

4.9

5.7

1 2 1

5.4

14.7

1 1 1 1

3.7

1

1

CDCl3

0.84

1.16

1.27

Piperidine

CDCl3

1.53

2.18

2.79

Propanal

CDCl3

1.1

2.4

9.8

1,2-Propanediol (1,2-Propylene glycol)

CDCl3

1.1

3.4

3.9

1 1

1.66

1.93

2.19

2.33

5.19

2 2 1

4.3

1

1,3-Propanediol (Trimethylene glycol)

D2O

1.8

3.7

Propanenitrile

CCl4

1.3

2.3

Propanoic acid

CDCl3

1.1

2.4

Propanoic anhydride

CCl4

1.2

2.4

1-Propanol (Propyl alcohol)

CDCl3

0.9

1.6

2.3

2-Propanol (Isopropyl alcohol)

CDCl3

1.2

1.6

4.0

Propargyl alcohol (3-Hydroxy-1-propyne)

CDCl3

2.5

2.8

4.3

Propyl acetate

CCl4

0.9

1.6

2.0

4.0

1

Propylamine

CCl4

0.9

1.5

2.1

2.7

1

Propylbenzene

CDCl3

0.9

1.6

2.6

Propyl formate

CCl4

1.0

1.7

4.1

Pyridine

CDCl3

7.23

7.62

8.59

2

Pyrrole

CDCl3

6.2

6.7

8.0

1

Pyrrolidine

C6H6

1.5

2.4

2.7

1

2-Pyrrolidone

CDCl3

2.2

3.4

7.7

1

Quinoline

CCl4

7.1

7.8

8.8

Salicylaldehyde (2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde)

CDCl3

7.0

7.4

9.8

11.0

1

Styrene

CCl4

5.1

5.6

6.6

7.2

1

Sulfolane

CDCl3

2.2

3.0

CDCl3

1.02

1.77

2.09

2.28

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane

CDCl3

4.29

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

CDCl3

5.91

Tetraethylene glycol

CCl4

3.5

3.6

Tetrahydrofuran

CDCl3

1.84

3.73

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene

CDCl3

1.8

2.8

Tetrahydropyran

CCl4

1.6

3.6

1

Tetrahydrothiophene

CDCl3

1.9

2.8

1

Tetramethylsilane

CCl4

0.0

α-Terpinene

1 1 10.5

1 1 3.6

1 1 1

1 7.9

1

1

1 5.59

5.62

2 2 2 1 2

7.1

1

1


8-156 Compound

Solvent


Ref.

Tetramethylurea

CCl4

2.8

Thiophene

CDCl3

7.1

7.3

1

Toluene

CDCl3

2.34

7.18

2

Tribromomethane (Bromoform)

CCl4

6.8

Tributylamine

CCl4

0.9

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

CCl4

2.7


CDCl3

4.0

Trichloroethene

CCl4

6.5

1

Trichloroethylsilane

CCl4

1.3

1

Trichloromethane (Chloroform)

CCl4

7.2

1

(Trichloromethyl)benzene (Benzotrichloride)

CCl4

7.3

7.8

Tridecane

CCl4

0.9

1.3

1

Triethanolamine

D2O

2.7

3.6

1

Triethylamine

CCl4

1.0

2.4

1

Triethylene glycol

CDCl3

3.5

3.7

1

Triethyl phosphate

CDCl3

1.4

4.1

1

2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol

CDCl3

3.4

3.9

1

(Trifluoromethyl)benzene (Benzotrifluoride)

CCl4

7.5

Trimethylamine

CCl4

2.12

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene (Hemimellitene)

CDCl3

2.2

2.3

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (Pseudocumene)

CCl4

2.2

6.8

1

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (Mesitylene)

CDCl3

2.3

6.8

1

2,2,3-Trimethylbutane (Triptane)

CCl4

0.8

1.3

1

2,2,5-Trimethylhexane

CCl4

0.9

1.2

1

2,3,3-Trimethylpentane

CCl4

0.8

0.8

2,3,4-Trimethylpentane

CCl4

0.8

1.9

Trimethyl phosphate

CDCl3

3.78

2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine (2,4,6-Collidine)

CCl4

2.2

2.4

6.6

1-Undecene

CCl4

0.9

1.3

2.0

4.8

Vinyl acetate

CDCl3

2.1

4.6

4.9

7.3

o-Xylene

CDCl3

2.22

7.07

m-Xylene

CDCl3

2.28

6.95

p-Xylene

CDCl3

2.30

7.05

1

1 1.3

2.3

1 1

5.8

1

1

1 2 7.0

1

1.4

1 1 2 1 4.9

5.6

1 1 2

7.11

2 2

BOND LENGTHS IN CRYSTALLINE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The following table gives average interatomic distances for bonds between the elements H, B, C, N, O, F, Si, P, S, Cl, As, Se, Br, Te, and I as determined from X-ray and neutron diffraction measurements on organic crystals. The table has been derived from an analysis of high-precision structure data on about 10,000 crystals contained in the 1985 version of the Cambridge Structural Database, which is maintained by the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center. The explanation of the columns is: Column 1:

Column 2:

Column 3:

Bond As(3)–As(3) As–B As–BR As(4)–C

As(3)–C As(3)–Cl As(6)–F As(3)–I As(3)–N(3) As(4)=N(2) As(4)–O As(3)–O As(4)=O As(3)=P(3) As(3)–P(3) As(3)–S As(4)=S As(3)–Se(2) As(3)–Si(4) As(3)–Te(2) B(n)–B(n) B(4)–B(4) B(4)–B(3) B(3)–B(3) B(6)–BR B(4)–BR B(n)–C

B(n)–C B(n)–Cl

Specification of elements in the bond, with coordination number given in parentheses, and bond type (single, double, etc.). For carbon, the hybridization state is given. Substructure in which the bond is found. The target bond is set in boldface. Where X is not specified, it denotes any element type. C# indicates any sp3 carbon atom, and C* denotes an sp3 carbon whose bonds, in addition to those specified in the linear formulation, are to C and H atoms only. d is the unweighted mean in Å units of all the values for that bond length found in the sample.

Substructure X2–As–As–X2 see CUDLOC (2.065), CUDLUI (2.041) see CODDEE, CODDII (2.346–3.203) X3–As–CH3 (X)2(C,O,S=)As–Csp3 As–Car in Ph4As+ (X)2(C,O,S=)As–Car X2–As–Csp3 X2–As–Car X2–As–Cl in AsF6– see OPIMAS (2.579, 2.590) X2–As–N–X2 see TPASSN (1.837) (X)2(O=)As–OH see ASAZOC, PHASOC01 (1.787–1.845) X3–As=O see BELNIP (2.350, 2.362) see BUTHAZ10 (2.124) X2–As–S X3–As=S see COSDIX, ESEARS (2.355–2.401) see BICGEZ, MESIAD (2.351–2.365) see ETEARS (2.571, 2.576) n = 5–7 in boron cages see CETTAW (2.041) see COFVOI (1.698) X2–B–B–X2 n = 5–7: B–C in cages n = 3–4: B–Csp3 not cages n = 4: B–Car n = 4: B–Car in Ph4B– n = 3: B–Car B(5)–Cl and B(3)–Cl

Column 4: Column 5: Column 6: Column 7: Column 8: Column 9:

m is the median in Å units of all values. σ is the standard deviation in the sample. q1 is the lower quartile for the sample (i.e., 25% of values are less than q1 and 75% exceed it). qu is the upper quartile for the sample. n is number of observations in the sample. Notes refer to the footnotes in Appendix 1.

References to special cases are given in a shorthand form and listed in Appendix 2. Further information on the method of analysis of the data may be found in the reference cited below. The table is reprinted with permission of the authors, the Royal Society of Chemistry, and the International Union of Crystallography.

Reference Frank H. Allen, Olga Kennard, David G. Watson, Lee Brammer, A. Guy Orpen, and Robin Taylor, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. II, S1–S19, 1987.

d 2.459

m 2.457

σ 0.011

q1 2.456

qu 2.466

n 8

1.903 1.927 1.905 1.922 1.963 1.956 2.268 1.678

1.907 1.929 1.909 1.927 1.965 1.956 2.256 1.676

0.016 0.017 0.012 0.016 0.017 0.015 0.039 0.020

1.893 1.921 1.897 1.908 1.948 1.944 2.247 1.659

1.916 1.937 1.912 1.934 1.978 1.964 2.281 1.695

12 16 108 36 6 41 10 36

1.858

1.858

0.029

1.839

1.873

19

1.710

1.712

0.017

1.695

1.726

6

1.661

1.661

0.016

1.652

1.667

9

2.275 2.083

2.266 2.082

0.032 0.004

2.247 2.080

2.298 2.086

14 9

1.775

1.773

0.031

1.763

1.786

688

1.701 1.967 2.017 1.716 1.597 1.606 1.643 1.556 1.751

1.700 1.971 2.008 1.717 1.599 1.607 1.643 1.552 1.751

0.014 0.014 0.031 0.020 0.022 0.012 0.006 0.015 0.011

1.691 1.954 1.990 1.707 1.585 1.596 1.641 1.546 1.743

1.712 1.979 2.044 1.728 1.611 1.615 1.645 1.566 1.761

8 7 15 96 29 41 16 24 14

Note

† †

† † †

† † 1

9-1

Section 09 book.indb 1

5/3/05 12:08:14 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-2 Bond B(4)–F B(4)–I B(4)–N(3) B(3)–N(3)

B(4)–O B(3)–O(2) B(n)–P B(4)–S B(3)–S Br–Br Br–C

– Br(2)–Cl Br–I Br–N Br–O Br–P Br–S(2) Br–S(3) Br–S(3)+ Br–SE Br–Si Br–Te

Csp3–Csp3


Substructure B(4)–Cl B–F (B neutral) B––F in BF4– see TMPBTI (2.220, 2.253) X3–B–N(=C)(X) in pyrazaboles X2–B–N–C2: all coplanar for τ(BN) > 30º see BOGSUL, BUSHAY, CILRUK (1.434–1.530) S2–B–N–X2 B––O in BO–4 for neutral B–O see Note 3 X2–B–O–X n = 4: B–P n = 3: see BUPSIB10 (1.892, 1.893) B(4)–S(3) B(4)–S(2) N–B–S2 (=X–)(N–)B–S see BEPZEB, TPASTB Br–C* Br–Csp3 (cyclopropane) Br–Csp2 Br–Car (mono-Br + m.p-Br2) Br–Car (o-Br2) see TEACBR (2.362–2.402) see DTHIBR10 (2.646), TPHOSI (2.695) see NBBZAM (1.843) see CIYFOF see CISTED (2.366) see BEMLIO (2.206) see CIWYIQ (2.435, 2.453) see THINBR (2.321) see CIFZUM (2.508, 2.619) see BIZJAV (2.284) In Br6Te2– see CUGBAH (2.692–2.716) Br–Te(4) see BETUTE10 (3.079, 3.015) Br–Te(3) see BTUPTE (2.835) C#–CH2–CH3 (C#)2–CH–CH3 (C#)3–C–CH3 C#–CH2–CH2–C# (C#)2–CH–CH2–C# (C#)3–C–CH2–C# (C#)2–CH–CH–(C#)2 (C#)3–C–CH–(C#)2 (C#)3–C–C–(C#)3 C*–C* (overall) in cyclopropane (any subst.) in cyclobutane (any subst.) in cyclopentane (C,H-subst.) in cyclohexane (C,H-subst.) cyclopropyl-C* (exocyclic) cyclobutyl-C* (exocyclic) cyclopentyl-C* (exocyclic) cyclohexyl-C* (exocyclic) in cyclobutene (any subst.) in cyclopentene (C,H-subst.) in cyclohexene (C,H-subst.) in oxirane (epoxide) in aziridine

d 1.833 1.366 1.365

m 1.833 1.368 1.372

σ 0.013 0.017 0.029

q1 1.821 1.356 1.352

qu 1.843 1.375 1.390

n 22 25 84

1.611 1.549 1.404

1.617 1.552 1.404

0.013 0.015 0.014

1.601 1.536 1.389

1.625 1.560 1.408

8 10 40

1.447 1.468

1.443 1.468

0.013 0.022

1.435 1.453

1.470 1.479

14 24

1.367 1.922

1.367 1.927

0.024 0.027

1.349 1.900

1.382 1.954

35 10

1.930 1.896 1.806 1.851 2.542 1.966 1.910 1.883 1.899 1.875

1.927 1.896 1.806 1.854 2.548 1.967 1.910 1.881 1.899 1.872

0.009 0.004 0.010 0.013 0.015 0.029 0.010 0.015 0.012 0.011

1.925 1.893 1.799 1.842 2.526 1.951 1.900 1.874 1.892 1.864

1.934 1.899 1.816 1.859 2.551 1.983 1.914 1.894 1.906 1.884

10 6 28 10 4 100 8 31 119 8

1.581

1.581

0.007

1.574

1.587

4

Note

2

3

4 4 4 4 †

† † †

1.513 1.524 1.534 1.524 1.531 1.538 1.542 1.556 1.588 1.530 1.510 1.554 1.543 1.535 1.518 1.529 1.540 1.539 1.573 1.541 1.541 1.466 1.480

1.514 1.526 1.534 1.524 1.531 1.539 1.542 1.556 1.580 1.530 1.509 1.553 1.543 1.535 1.518 1.529 1.541 1.538 1.574 1.539 1.541 1.466 1.481

0.014 0.015 0.011 0.014 0.012 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.025 0.015 0.026 0.021 0.018 0.016 0.019 0.016 0.017 0.016 0.017 0.015 0.020 0.015 0.021

1.507 1.518 1.527 1.516 1.524 1.533 1.536 1.549 1.566 1.521 1.497 1.540 1.532 1.525 1.505 1.519 1.527 1.529 1.566 1.532 1.528 1.458 1.465

1.523 1.534 1.541 1.532 1.538 1.544 1.549 1.562 1.610 1.539 1.523 1.567 1.554 1.545 1.531 1.539 1.549 1.549 1.586 1.549 1.554 1.474 1.496

192 226 825 2459 1217 330 321 215 21 5777 888 679 1641 2814 366 376 956 2682 25 208 586 249 67

5,6 7 8

7 8

8

9 9

5/3/05 12:08:16 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond

Csp3–Csp2

Csp3–Csp2

Csp3–Car

Csp3–Csp1

Csp2–Csp2


Substructure in oxetane in azetidine oxiranyl-C* (exocyclic) aziridinyl-C* (exocyclic) CH3–C=C C#–CH2–C=C (C#)2–CH–C=C (C#)3–C–C=C C*–C=C (overall) C*–C=C (endocyclic) in cyclopropene in cyclobutene in cyclopentene in cyclohexene in cyclopentadiene in cyclohexa-1,3-diene C*–C=C (exocyclic): cyclopropenyl-C* cyclobutenyl-C* cyclopentenyl-C* cyclohexenyl-C* C*CH=O in aldehydes (C*)2–C=O in ketones in cyclobutanone in cyclopentanone acyclic and 6 + rings C*–COOH in carboxylic acids C*–COO– in carboxylate anions C*–C(=O)(–OC*) in acyclic esters in β-lactones in γ-lactones in δ-lactones cyclopropyl (C)–C=O in ketones, acids and esters C*–C(=O)(–NH2) in acyclic amides C*–C(=O)(–NHC*) in acyclic amides C*–C(=O)[–N(C*)2] in acyclic amides CH3–Car C#–CH2–Car (C#)2–CH–Car (C#)3–C–Car C*–Car (overall) cyclopropyl (C)–Car C*–C≡C C#–C≡C C*–C≡N cyclopropyl (C)–C≡N C=C–C=C (conjugated) (unconjugated) (overall) C=C–C=C–C=C C=C–C=C (endocyclic in TCNQ) C=C–C(=O)(–C*) (conjugated) (unconjugated) (overall) C=C–C(=O)–C=C in benzoquinone (C,H-subst. only) in benzoquinone (any subst.)

9-3 d 1.541 1.548 1.509 1.512 1.503 1.502 1.510 1.522 1.507

m 1.541 1.543 1.507 1.512 1.504 1.502 1.510 1.522 1.507

σ 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.016 0.015

q1 1.527 1.536 1.497 1.496 1.497 1.494 1.501 1.511 1.499

qu 1.557 1.558 1.519 1.526 1.509 1.510 1.518 1.533 1.517

n 16 22 333 13 215 483 564 193 1456

Note

1.509 1.513 1.512 1.506 1.502 1.504

1.508 1.512 1.512 1.505 1.503 1.504

0.016 0.018 0.014 0.016 0.019 0.017

1.500 1.500 1.502 1.495 1.490 1.491

1.516 1.525 1.521 1.516 1.515 1.517

20 50 208 391 18 56

10 8

1.478 1.489 1.504 1.511 1.510

1.475 1.483 1.506 1.511 1.510

0.012 0.015 0.012 0.013 0.008

1.470 1.479 1.495 1.502 1.501

1.485 1.496 1.512 1.519 1.518

7 11 115 292 7

10 8

1.511 1.529 1.514 1.509 1.502 1.520

1.511 1.530 1.514 1.509 1.502 1.521

0.015 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.014 0.011

1.501 1.514 1.505 1.499 1.495 1.516

1.521 1.545 1.523 1.519 1.510 1.528

952 18 312 626 176 57

11

1.497 1.519 1.512 1.504 1.486 1.514 1.506 1.505 1.506 1.510 1.515 1.527 1.513 1.490 1.466 1.472 1.470 1.444

1.496 1.519 1.512 1.502 1.485 1.512 1.505 1.505 1.507 1.510 1.515 1.530 1.513 1.490 1.465 1.472 1.469 1.447

0.018 0.020 0.015 0.013 0.018 0.016 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.009 0.011 0.016 0.014 0.015 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.010

1.484 1.500 1.501 1.495 1.474 1.506 1.498 1.496 1.501 1.505 1.508 1.517 1.505 1.479 1.460 1.464 1.463 1.436

1.509 1.538 1.521 1.517 1.497 1.526 1.515 1.517 1.513 1.516 1.522 1.539 1.521 1.503 1.469 1.481 1.479 1.451

553 4 110 27 105 32 78 15 454 674 363 308 1813 90 21 88 106 38

12 13 12 12 7 14 14 14

1.455 1.478 1.460 1.443 1.432

1.455 1.476 1.460 1.445 1.433

0.011 0.012 0.015 0.013 0.012

1.447 1.470 1.450 1.431 1.424

1.463 1.479 1.470 1.454 1.441

30 8 38 29 280

16,18 17,18

1.464 1.484 1.465

1.462 1.486 1.462

0.018 0.017 0.018

1.453 1.475 1.453

1.476 1.497 1.478

211 14 226

16,18 17,18

1.478 1.478

1.476 1.478

0.011 0.031

1.469 1.464

1.488 1.498

28 172

9 9

5

7 15 15 7b 7

18 19

5/3/05 12:08:18 PM


9-4 Bond

Csp2–Car Csp2–Car

Csp2–Csp1 Car–Car Car–Csp1 Csp1–Csp1 Csp2=Csp2


Substructure non-quinonoid C=C–COOH C=C–COOC* C=C–COO– HOOC–COOH HOOC–COO– – OOC–COO– formal Csp2–Csp2 single bond in selected non-fused heterocycles: in 1H-pyrrole (C3–C4) in furan (C3–C4) in thiophene (C3–C4) in pyrazole (C3–C4) in isoxazole (C3–C4) in furazan (C3–C4) in furoxan (C3–C4) C=C–Car (conjugated) (overall) cyclopropenyl (C=C)–Car Car–C(=O)–C* Car–C(=O)–Car Car–COOH Car–C(=O)(–OC*) Car–COO– Car–C(–O)–NH2 Car–C=N–C# (conjugated) (unconjugated) (overall) in indole (C3–C3a) C=C–C≡C C=C–C≡N in TCNQ in biphenyls (ortho subst. all H) (≥1 non-H ortho-subst.) Car–C≡C Car–C≡N C≡C–C=C C*–CH=CH2 (C*)2–C=CH2 C*–CH=CH–C* (cis) (trans) (overall) (C*)2–C=CH–C* (C*2–C=C–(C*)2 (C*,H)2–C=C–(C*,H)2 (overall) in cyclopropene (any subst.) in cyclobutene (any subst.) in cyclopentene (C,H-subst.) in cyclohexene (C,H-subst.) C=C=C (allenes, any subst.) C=C–C=C (C,H subst., conjugated) C=C–C=C–C=C (C,H subst., conjugated) C=C–Car (C,H subst., conjugated) C=C in cyclopenta-1,3-diene (any subst.) C=C in cyclohexa-1,3-diene (any subst.) in C=C–C=O (C,H subst., conjugated) (C,H subst., unconjugated)

d 1.456 1.475 1.488 1.502 1.538 1.549 1.564

m 1.455 1.476 1.489 1.499 1.537 1.552 1.559

σ 0.012 0.015 0.014 0.017 0.007 0.009 0.022

q1 1.447 1.461 1.478 1.488 1.535 1.546 1.554

qu 1.464 1.488 1.497 1.510 1.541 1.553 1.568

n 28 22 113 11 9 13 9

Note

1.412 1.423 1.424 1.410 1.425 1.428 1.417

1.410 1.423 1.425 1.412 1.425 1.427 1.417

0.016 0.016 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.007 0.006

1.401 1.412 1.415 1.400 1.413 1.422 1.412

1.427 1.433 1.433 1.418 1.438 1.435 1.422

29 62 40 20 9 6 14

1.470 1.488 1.483 1.447 1.488 1.480 1.484 1.487 1.504 1.500

1.470 1.490 1.483 1.448 1.489 1.481 1.485 1.487 1.509 1.503

0.015 0.012 0.015 0.006 0.016 0.017 0.014 0.012 0.014 0.020

1.463 1.480 1.472 1.441 1.478 1.468 1.474 1.480 1.495 1.498

1.480 1.496 1.494 1.452 1.500 1.494 1.491 1.494 1.512 1.510

37 87 124 8 84 58 75 218 26 19

16,18 17,18

1.476 1.491 1.485 1.434 1.431 1.427 1.487 1.490 1.434 1.443 1.377 1.299 1.321

1.478 1.490 1.487 1.434 1.427 1.427 1.488 1.491 1.436 1.444 1.378 1.300 1.321

0.014 0.008 0.013 0.011 0.014 0.010 0.007 0.010 0.006 0.008 0.012 0.027 0.013

1.466 1.485 1.481 1.428 1.425 1.420 1.484 1.486 1.430 1.436 1.374 1.280 1.313

1.486 1.496 1.493 1.439 1.441 1.433 1.493 1.495 1.437 1.448 1.384 1.311 1.328

27 48 75 40 11 280 30 212 37 31 21 42 77

16 17

1.317 1.312 1.316 1.326 1.331 1.322 1.294 1.335 1.323 1.326 1.307 1.330 1.345 1.339 1.341 1.332

1.318 1.311 1.317 1.328 1.330 1.323 1.288 1.335 1.324 1.325 1.307 1.330 1.345 1.340 1.341 1.332

0.013 0.011 0.015 0.011 0.009 0.014 0.017 0.019 0.013 0.012 0.005 0.014 0.012 0.011 0.017 0.013

1.310 1.304 1.309 1.319 1.326 1.315 1.284 1.324 1.314 1.318 1.303 1.322 1.337 1.334 1.328 1.323

1.323 1.320 1.323 1.334 1.334 1.331 1.302 1.347 1.331 1.334 1.310 1.338 1.350 1.346 1.356 1.341

106 19 127 168 89 493 10 25 104 196 18 76 58 124 18 56

1.340 1.331

1.340 1.330

0.013 0.008

1.332 1.326

1.348 1.339

211 14

10

7b 19

5 10 8

16 16 16

16,18 17,18

5/3/05 12:08:20 PM


Car  Car

Car  Car

Csp1≡Csp1

Csp3–Cl


Substructure (C,H subst., overall) in cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ones in p-benzoquinones (C*,H subst.) (any subst.) in TCNQ (endocyclic) (exocyclic) C=C–OH in enol tautomers in heterocycles (any subst.): 1H-pyrrole (C2–C3, C4–C5) furan (C2–C3, C4–C5) thiophene (C2–C3, C4–C5) pyrazole (C4–C5) imidazole (C4–C5) isoxazole (C4–C5) indole (C2–C3) in phenyl rings with C*, H subst. only H–C  C–H C*–C  C–H C*–C  C–C* C  C (overall) F–C  C–F Cl–C  C–Cl in naphthalene (D2h, any subst.) C1–C2 C2–C3 C1–C8a C4a–C8a in anthracene (D2h, any subst.) C1–C2 C2–C3 C1–C9a C4a–C9a C9–C9a in pyridine (C,H subst.) (any subst.) in pyridinium cation (N+ –H; C,H subst. on C) C2–C3 C3–C4 (N+ –X; C,H subst. on C) C2–C3 C3–C4 in pyrazine (H subst. on C) (any subst. on C) in pyrimidine (C,H subst. on C) X–C≡C–X C,H–C≡C–C,H in C≡C–C(sp2,ar) in C≡C–C≡C in CH≡C–C# Omitting 1,2-dichlorides: C–CH2–Cl C2–CH–Cl C3–C–Cl X–CH2–Cl (X = C,H,N,O) X2–CH–Cl (X = C,H,N,O) X3–C–Cl (X = C,H,N,O) X2–C–Cl2 (X = C,H,N,O) X–C–Cl3 (X = C,H,N,O)

9-5 d 1.340 1.329

m 1.339 1.327

σ 0.013 0.011

q1 1.332 1.321

qu 1.348 1.335

n 226 28

Note

1.333 1.349

1.337 1.339

0.011 0.030

1.325 1.330

1.338 1.364

14 86

1.352 1.392 1.362

1.353 1.391 1.360

0.010 0.017 0.020

1.345 1.379 1.349

1.358 1.405 1.370

142 139 54

1.375 1.341 1.362 1.369 1.360 1.341 1.364

1.377 1.342 1.359 1.372 1.361 1.336 1.363

0.018 0.021 0.025 0.019 0.014 0.012 0.012

1.361 1.329 1.346 1.362 1.352 1.331 1.355

1.388 1.351 1.377 1.383 1.367 1.355 1.371

58 125 60 20 44 9 40

1.380 1.387 1.397 1.384 1.372 1.388

1.381 1.388 1.397 1.384 1.374 1.389

0.013 0.010 0.009 0.013 0.011 0.014

1.372 1.382 1.392 1.375 1.366 1.380

1.388 1.393 1.403 1.391 1.380 1.398

2191 891 182 3264 84 152

1.364 1.406 1.420 1.422

1.364 1.406 1.419 1.424

0.014 0.014 0.012 0.011

1.356 1.397 1.412 1.417

1.373 1.415 1.426 1.429

440 218 440 109

1.356 1.410 1.430 1.435 1.400 1.379 1.380

1.356 1.410 1.430 1.436 1.402 1.381 1.380

0.009 0.010 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.015

1.350 1.401 1.426 1.429 1.395 1.371 1.371

1.360 1.416 1.434 1.440 1.406 1.387 1.389

56 34 56 34 68 276 537

1.373 1.379

1.375 1.380

0.012 0.011

1.368 1.371

1.380 1.388

30 30

1.373 1.383 1.379 1.405 1.387 1.183 1.181 1.189 1.192 1.174

1.372 1.385 1.377 1.405 1.389 1.183 1.181 1.193 1.192 1.174

0.019 0.019 0.010 0.024 0.018 0.014 0.014 0.010 0.010 0.011

1.362 1.372 1.370 1.388 1.379 1.174 1.173 1.181 1.187 1.167

1.382 1.394 1.388 1.420 1.400 1.193 1.192 1.195 1.197 1.180

151 151 10 60 28 119 104 38 42 42

15 15 15 15 15

1.790 1.803 1.849 1.790 1.805 1.843 1.779 1.768

1.790 1.802 1.856 1.791 1.803 1.838 1.776 1.765

0.007 0.003 0.011 0.011 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.011

1.783 1.800 1.837 1.783 1.800 1.835 1.769 1.761

1.795 1.807 1.858 1.797 1.812 1.858 1.790 1.776

13 8 5 37 26 7 18 33

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

19 19

4 4

20 20

5/3/05 12:08:22 PM


9-6 Bond

Csp2–Cl

Car–Cl Csp1Cl Csp3–F

Csp2–F Car–F Csp3–H

Csp2–H Car–H Csp3–I Car–I Csp3–N(4)

Csp3–N(3)


Substructure Cl–CH(–C)–CH(–C)–Cl Cl–C(–C2)–C(–C2)–Cl cyclopropyl–Cl C=C–Cl (C,H,N,O subst. on C) C=C–Cl2 (C,H,N,O subst. on C) Cl–C=C–Cl Car–Cl (mono–Cl + m,p-Cl2) Car–Cl (o–Cl2) see HCLENE10 (1.634, 1.646) Omitting 1,2-difluorides C–CH2–F and C2–CH–F C3–C–F (C*,H)2–C–F2 C*–C–F3 F–C*–C*–F X3–C–F (X = C,H,N,O) X2–C–F2 (X = C,H,N,O) X–C–F3 (X = C,H,N,O) F–C(–X)2–C(–X)2–F (X = C,H,N,O) F–C(–X)2–NO2 (X = any subst.) C=C–F (C,H,N,O subst. on C) Car–F (mono-F + m,p-F2) Car–F (o-F2) C–C–H3 (methyl) C2–C–H2 (primary) C3–C–H (secondary) C2,3–C–H (primary and secondary) X–C–H3 (methyl) X2–C–H2 (primary) X3–C–H (secondary) X2,3–C–H (primary and secondary) C–C=C–H Car–H C*–I Car–I C*–NH3+ (C*)2–NH2+ (C*)3–NH+ (C*)4–N+ C*–N+ (overall) C*–N+ in N-subst. pyridinium C*–NH2 (Nsp3: pyramidal) (C*)2–NH (Nsp3: pyramidal) (C*)3–N (Nsp3: pyramidal) C*–Nsp3 (overall) Csp3–Nsp3 in aziridine in azetidine in tetrahydropyrrole in piperidine Csp3–Nsp2 (N planar) in: acyclic amides C*–NH–C=O β-lactams C*–N(–X)–C=O (endo) γ-lactams C*–NH–C=O (endo) C*–N(–C*)–C=O (endo) C*–N(–C*)–C=O (exo) δ-lactams C*–NH–C=O (endo) C*–N(–C*)–C=O (endo) C*–N(–C*)–C=O (exo)

d 1.793 1.762 1.755 1.734 1.720 1.713 1.739 1.720

m 1.793 1.760 1.756 1.729 1.716 1.711 1.741 1.720

σ 0.013 0.010 0.011 0.019 0.013 0.011 0.010 0.010

q1 1.786 1.757 1.749 1.719 1.708 1.705 1.734 1.713

qu 1.800 1.765 1.763 1.748 1.729 1.720 1.745 1.717

n 66 54 64 63 20 80 340 364

Note 4 4

1.399 1.428 1.349 1.336 1.371 1.386 1.351 1.322 1.373 1.320 1.340 1.363 1.340 1.059 1.092 1.099 1.093 1.066 1.092 1.099 1.094 1.077 1.083 2.162 2.095 1.488 1.494 1.502 1.510 1.499 1.485 1.469 1.469 1.469 1.469

1.399 1.431 1.347 1.334 1.374 1.389 1.349 1.323 1.374 1.319 1.340 1.362 1.340 1.061 1.095 1.097 1.095 1.074 1.095 1.099 1.096 1.079 1.083 2.159 2.095 1.488 1.493 1.502 1.509 1.498 1.484 1.470 1.467 1.468 1.468

0.017 0.009 0.012 0.007 0.007 0.033 0.013 0.015 0.009 0.009 0.013 0.008 0.009 0.030 0.013 0.004 0.012 0.028 0.012 0.007 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.015 0.015 0.013 0.016 0.015 0.020 0.018 0.009 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.014

1.389 1.421 1.342 1.330 1.362 1.373 1.342 1.314 1.362 1.312 1.334 1.357 1.336 1.039 1.088 1.095 1.089 1.049 1.088 1.095 1.091 1.074 1.080 2.149 2.089 1.482 1.484 1.491 1.496 1.488 1.477 1.462 1.461 1.460 1.460

1.408 1.435 1.356 1.344 1.375 1.408 1.356 1.332 1.377 1.327 1.346 1.368 1.344 1.083 1.099 1.103 1.100 1.087 1.099 1.103 1.100 1.085 1.087 2.179 2.104 1.495 1.503 1.512 1.523 1.510 1.490 1.474 1.477 1.476 1.476

25 11 58 12 26 70 58 309 30 18 34 38 167 83 100 14 118 160 230 117 348 14 218 15 51 298 249 509 319 1370 32 19 152 1042 1201

1.472 1.484 1.475 1.473

1.471 1.481 1.473 1.473

0.016 0.018 0.016 0.013

1.464 1.472 1.464 1.460

1.482 1.495 1.483 1.479

134 21 66 240

1.454 1.464

1.451 1.465

0.011 0.012

1.446 1.458

1.461 1.475

78 23

23 14 13

1.457 1.462 1.458

1.458 1.461 1.456

0.011 0.010 0.014

1.449 1.453 1.448

1.465 1.466 1.465

20 15 15

13 13 13

1.478 1.479 1.468

1.472 1.476 1.471

0.016 0.007 0.009

1.467 1.475 1.462

1.491 1.482 1.477

6 15 15

14 14 14

4 4 4 4 4

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 4 4

22 5,22 5,22

5/3/05 12:08:24 PM


Csp3–N(2) Csp2–N(3)

Csp2–N(2) Car–N(4) Car–N(3)

Car–N(3)


Substructure nitro compounds (1,2-dinitro omitted): C–CH2–NO2 C2–CH–NO2 C3–C–NO2 C2–C–(NO2)2 1,2-dinitro: NO2–C*–C*–NO2 C#–N=N C*–N=C–Car C=C–NH2 Nsp2 planar C=C–NH–C# Nsp2 planar C=C–N–(C#)2 Nsp2 planar Nsp3 pyramidal Csp2–Nsp2 (N planar) in: acyclic amides NH2–C=O C*–NH–C=O (C*)2–N–C=O β-lactams C*–NH–C=O γ-lactams C*–NH–C=O C*–N(–C*)–C=O δ-lactams C*–NH–C=O (C*)–N(–C*)–C=O peptides C#–N(–X)–C(–C#)(=O) ureas (NH2)2–C=O (C#–NH)2–C=O [(C#)n–N]2–C=O thioureas (X2N)2–C=S imides [C#–C(=O)]2–NH [C#–C(=O)]2–N–C# [Csp2–C(=O)]2–N–C# [Csp2–C(=O)]2–N–Csp2 guanidinium [C–(NH2)3]+ (unsubst.) (any subst.) in heterocyclic systems (any subst.) 1H-pyrrole (N1–C2, N1–C5) indole (N1–C2) pyrazole (N1–C5) imidazole (N1–C2) imidazole (N1–C5) in imidazole (N3–C4) Car–N+–(C,H)3 Car–NH2 (Nsp2: planar) (Nsp3: pyramidal) (overall) Car–NH–C# (Nsp2: planar) (Nsp3: pyramidal) (overall) Car–N–(C#)2 (Nsp2: planar) (Nsp3: pyramidal) (overall) in indole (N1–C7a) Car–NO2

9-7 d

m

σ

q1

qu

n

Note

1.485 1.509 1.533 1.537 1.552 1.493 1.465 1.336 1.339

1.483 1.509 1.533 1.536 1.550 1.493 1.468 1.344 1.340

0.020 0.011 0.013 0.016 0.023 0.020 0.011 0.017 0.016

1.478 1.502 1.530 1.525 1.536 1.477 1.461 1.317 1.327

1.502 1.511 1.539 1.550 1.572 1.506 1.472 1.348 1.351

8 12 17 19 32 54 75 10 17

1.355 1.416

1.358 1.418

0.014 0.018

1.341 1.397

1.363 1.432

22 18

23 22 23

1.325 1.334 1.346 1.385

1.323 1.333 1.342 1.388

0.009 0.011 0.011 0.019

1.318 1.326 1.339 1.374

1.331 1.343 1.356 1.396

32 78 5 23

14 14 14 13

1.331 1.347

1.331 1.344

0.011 0.014

1.326 1.335

1.337 1.359

20 15

13 13

1.334 1.352 1.333

1.334 1.353 1.334

0.006 0.010 0.013

1.330 1.344 1.326

1.339 1.356 1.340

6 15 380

14 14 24

1.334 1.347 1.363 1.346

1.334 1.345 1.359 1.343

0.008 0.010 0.014 0.023

1.329 1.341 1.354 1.328

1.339 1.354 1.370 1.361

48 26 40 192

25,26 25 25,27

1.376 1.389 1.396 1.409 1.321 1.328

1.377 1.383 1.396 1.406 1.320 1.325

0.012 0.017 0.010 0.020 0.008 0.015

1.369 1.376 1.389 1.391 1.314 1.317

1.383 1.404 1.403 1.419 1.327 1.333

64 38 46 28 39 140

1.372 1.370 1.357 1.349 1.370 1.376 1.465

1.374 1.370 1.359 1.349 1.370 1.377 1.466

0.016 0.012 0.012 0.018 0.010 0.011 0.007

1.363 1.364 1.347 1.338 1.365 1.369 1.461

1.384 1.377 1.365 1.358 1.377 1.384 1.470

58 40 20 44 44 44 23

1.355 1.394 1.375

1.360 1.396 1.377

0.020 0.011 0.025

1.340 1.385 1.363

1.372 1.403 1.394

33 25 98

23 22 28

1.353 1.419 1.380

1.353 1.423 1.364

0.007 0.017 0.032

1.347 1.412 1.353

1.359 1.432 1.412

16 8 31

23 22 28

1.371 1.426 1.390 1.372 1.468

1.370 1.425 1.385 1.372 1.469

0.016 0.011 0.030 0.007 0.014

1.363 1.421 1.366 1.367 1.460

1.382 1.431 1.420 1.376 1.476

41 22 69 40 556

23 22 28

23 23

5/3/05 12:08:26 PM


9-8 Bond Car–N(2) Csp2=N(3) Csp2=N(2)

Car  N(3)

Car  N(2)

Csp1≡N(2) Csp1≡N(1)

Csp3–O(2)


Substructure Car–N=N in furoxan (+N2=C3) Car–C=N–C# (C,H)2–C=N–OH in oximes S–C=N–X in pyrazole (N2=C3) in imidazole (C2=N3) in isoxazole (N2=C3) in furazan (N2=C3, C4=N5) in furoxan (C4=N5) C  N+–H (pyrimidinium) C  N+–C* (pyrimidinium) C  N+–O– (pyrimidinium) C  N (pyridine) C  N (pyrazine) C  N  C (pyrimidine) N  C  N (pyrimidine) C  N (pyrimidine) (overall) in any 6-membered N-containing aromatic ring: H–C  N  C–H H–C  N  C–C* C*–C  N  C–C* C  N  C (overall) X–S–N≡C– (isothiocyanide) C*–C≡N C=C–C≡N in TCNQ Car–C≡N X–C≡N (S–C≡N)– in alcohols CH3–OH C–CH2–OH C2–CH–OH C3–C–OH C*–OH (overall) in dialkyl ethers CH3–O–C* C–CH2–O–C* C2–CH–O–C* C3–C–O–C* C*–O–C* (overall) in aryl alkyl ethers CH3–O–Car C–CH2–O–Car C2–CH–O–Car C3–C–O–Car C*–O–Car (overall) in alkyl esters of carboxylic acids CH3–O–C(=O)–C* C–CH2–O–C(=O)–C* C2–CH–O–C(=O)–C* C3–C–O–C(=O)–C* C*–O–C(=O)–C* (overall) in alkyl esters of α,β-unsaturated acids: C*–O–C(=O)–C=C (overall) in alkyl esters of benzoic acid C*–O–C(=O)–C(phenyl) (overall) in ring systems oxirane (epoxides) (any subst.) oxetane (any subst.) tetrahydrofuran (C,H subst.)

d 1.431 1.316 1.279 1.281 1.302 1.329 1.313 1.314 1.298 1.304 1.335 1.346 1.362 1.337 1.336 1.339 1.333 1.336

m 1.435 1.316 1.279 1.280 1.302 1.331 1.314 1.315 1.299 1.306 1.334 1.346 1.359 1.338 1.335 1.338 1.335 1.337

σ 0.020 0.009 0.008 0.013 0.021 0.014 0.011 0.009 0.006 0.008 0.015 0.010 0.013 0.012 0.022 0.015 0.013 0.014

q1 1.422 1.311 1.275 1.273 1.285 1.315 1.307 1.305 1.294 1.300 1.325 1.340 1.353 1.330 1.319 1.333 1.326 1.331

qu 1.442 1.324 1.285 1.288 1.319 1.339 1.319 1.320 1.303 1.308 1.342 1.352 1.369 1.344 1.347 1.342 1.337 1.339

n 26 14 75 67 36 20 44 9 12 14 30 64 56 269 120 28 28 56

1.334 1.339 1.345 1.336 1.144 1.136 1.144 1.138 1.144 1.155

1.334 1.341 1.345 1.337 1.147 1.137 1.144 1.138 1.141 1.156

0.014 0.013 0.008 0.014 0.006 0.010 0.008 0.007 0.012 0.012

1.327 1.336 1.342 1.329 1.140 1.131 1.139 1.133 1.138 1.147

1.341 1.345 1.348 1.344 1.148 1.142 1.149 1.143 1.151 1.165

146 38 24 204 6 140 284 31 10 14

1.413 1.426 1.432 1.440 1.432

1.414 1.426 1.431 1.440 1.431

0.018 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.013

1.395 1.420 1.425 1.432 1.424

1.425 1.431 1.439 1.449 1.441

17 75 266 106 464

1.416 1.426 1.429 1.452 1.426

1.418 1.424 1.430 1.450 1.425

0.016 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.019

1.405 1.418 1.420 1.445 1.414

1.426 1.435 1.437 1.458 1.437

110 34 53 39 236

1.424 1.431 1.447 1.470 1.429

1.424 1.430 1.446 1.469 1.427

0.012 0.013 0.020 0.018 0.018

1.417 1.422 1.435 1.456 1.419

1.431 1.438 1.466 1.483 1.436

616 188 58 55 917

1.448 1.452 1.460 1.477 1.450

1.449 1.453 1.460 1.475 1.451

0.010 0.009 0.010 0.008 0.014

1.442 1.445 1.454 1.472 1.442

1.455 1.458 1.465 1.484 1.459

200 32 78 6 314

1.453

1.452

0.013

1.444

1.459

112

1.454

1.454

0.012

1.446

1.463

219

1.446 1.463 1.442

1.446 1.460 1.441

0.014 0.015 0.017

1.438 1.451 1.430

1.456 1.474 1.451

498 16 154

Note

19

29

5 29

12,29

9

5/3/05 12:08:28 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond Csp3–O(2)

Csp2–O(2)


Substructure tetrahydropyran (C,H subst.) β-lactones: C*–O–C(=O) γ-lactones: C*–O–C(=O) δ-lactones: C*–O–C(=O) O–C–O system in gem-diols, and pyranose and furanose sugars: HO–C*–OH C5–O5–C1–O1H in pyranoses O1 axial (α): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 O1 equatorial (β): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 α + β (overall): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 C4–O4–C1–O1H in furanoses (overall values) C4–O4 O4–C1 C1–O1 C5–O5–C1–O1–C* in pyranoses O1 axial (α): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 O1–C* O1 equatorial (β): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 O1–C* α + β (overall): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 O1–C* C4–O4–C1–O1–C* in furanoses (overall values) C4–O4 O4–C1 C1–O1 O1–C* Miscellaneous: C#–O–SiX3 C*–O–SO2–C in enols: C=C–OH in enol esters: C=C–O–C* in acids: C*–C(=O)–OH C=C–C(=O)–OH Car–C(=O)–OH in esters: C*–C(=O)–O–C* C=C–C(=O)–O–C* Car–C(=O)–O–C* C*–C(=O)–O–C=C C*–C(=O)–O–C=C

9-9 d 1.441 1.492 1.464 1.461

m 1.442 1.494 1.464 1.464

σ 0.015 0.010 0.012 0.017

q1 1.431 1.481 1.455 1.452

qu 1.451 1.501 1.473 1.473

n 22 4 110 27

1.397

1.401

0.012

1.388

1.405

18

1.439 1.427 1.403

1.440 1.426 1.400

0.008 0.012 0.012

1.432 1.421 1.391

1.445 1.432 1.412

29 29 29

1.435 1.430 1.393

1.436 1.431 1.393

0.008 0.010 0.007

1.429 1.424 1.386

1.440 1.436 1.399

17 17 17

1.439 1.430 1.401

1.440 1.429 1.399

0.008 0.012 0.011

1.432 1.421 1.392

1.446 1.436 1.407

60 60 60

1.442 1.432 1.404

1.446 1.432 1.405

0.012 0.012 0.013

1.436 1.421 1.397

1.449 1.443 1.409

18 18 18

1.439 1.417 1.409 1.435

1.438 1.417 1.409 1.435

0.010 0.009 0.014 0.013

1.433 1.410 1.401 1.427

1.446 1.424 1.417 1.443

67 67 67 67

1.434 1.424 1.390 1.437

1.435 1.424 1.390 1.438

0.006 0.008 0.011 0.013

1.429 1.418 1.381 1.428

1.439 1.431 1.400 1.445

39 39 39 39

1.436 1.419 1.402 1.436

1.436 1.419 1.403 1.436

0.009 0.011 0.016 0.013

1.431 1.412 1.391 1.428

1.442 1.426 1.413 1.445

126 126 126 126

1.443 1.421 1.410 1.439

1.445 1.418 1.409 1.437

0.013 0.012 0.014 0.014

1.429 1.413 1.401 1.429

1.453 1.431 1.420 1.449

23 23 23 23

1.416 1.465 1.333 1.354

1.416 1.461 1.331 1.353

0.017 0.014 0.017 0.016

1.405 1.454 1.324 1.341

1.428 1.475 1.342 1.363

29 33 53 40

1.308 1.293 1.305

1.311 1.295 1.311

0.019 0.019 0.020

1.298 1.279 1.291

1.320 1.307 1.317

174 22 75

1.336 1.332 1.337 1.362 1.407

1.337 1.331 1.335 1.359 1.405

0.014 0.011 0.013 0.018 0.017

1.328 1.324 1.329 1.351 1.394

1.346 1.339 1.344 1.374 1.420

551 112 219 26 26

Note 16 12 12 30,31

12,29 12

5/3/05 12:08:30 PM


9-10 Bond

Car–O(2) Car–O(2) Csp2=O(1)

Csp3–P(4)


Substructure C*–C(=O)–O–Car in anhydrides: O=C–O–C=O in ring systems: furan (O1–C2, O1–C5) isoxazole (O1–C5) β-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* γ-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* δ-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* in phenols: Car–OH in aryl alkyl ethers: Car–O–C* in diaryl ethers: Car–O–Car in esters: Car–O–C(=O)–C* in aldehydes and ketones: C*–CH=O (C*)2–C=O (C#)2–C=O in cyclobutanones in cyclopentanones in cyclohexanones C=C–C=O (C=C)2–C=O Car–C=O (Car)2–C=O C=O in benzoquinones delocalized double bonds in carboxylate anions: H–C  O2– (formate) C*–C  O2– C=C–C  O2– Car–C  O2– HOOC–C  O2– (hydrogen oxalate) – O2  C–C  O2– (oxalate) in carboxylic acids (X–COOH) C*–C(=O)–OH C=C–C(=O)–OH Car–C(=O)–OH in esters: C*–C(=O)–O–C* C=C–C(=O)–O–C* Car–C(=O)–O–C* C*–C(=O)–O–C=C C*–C(=O)–O–Car in anhydrides: O=C–O–C=O in β-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* γ-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* δ-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* in amides: NH2–C(–C*)=O (C*–)(C*,H–)N–C(–C*)=O β-lactams: C*–NH–C=O γ-lactams: C*–NH–C=O C*–N(–C*)–C=O δ-lactams: C*–NH–C=O C*–N(–C*)–C=O in ureas: (NH)2)2–C=O (C#–NH)2–C=O [(C#)n–N]2–C=O C3–P+–C* C2–P(=O)–CH3

d 1.360 1.386

m 1.359 1.386

σ 0.011 0.011

q1 1.355 1.379

qu 1.367 1.393

n 40 70

Note 12

1.368 1.354 1.359 1.350 1.339 1.362 1.370 1.384 1.401

1.369 1.354 1.359 1.349 1.339 1.364 1.370 1.381 1.401

0.015 0.010 0.013 0.012 0.016 0.015 0.011 0.014 0.010

1.359 1.345 1.348 1.342 1.332 1.353 1.363 1.375 1.394

1.377 1.360 1.371 1.359 1.347 1.373 1.377 1.391 1.408

125 9 4 110 27 551 920 132 40

1.192 1.210

1.192 1.210

0.005 0.008

1.188 1.206

1.197 1.215

7 474

1.198 1.208 1.211 1.222 1.233 1.221 1.230 1.222

1.198 1.208 1.211 1.222 1.229 1.218 1.226 1.220

0.007 0.007 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.014 0.015 0.013

1.194 1.203 1.207 1.216 1.226 1.212 1.220 1.211

1.204 1.212 1.216 1.229 1.242 1.229 1.238 1.231

12 155 312 225 28 85 66 86

1.242 1.254 1.250 1.255 1.243 1.251

1.243 1.253 1.248 1.253 1.247 1.251

0.012 0.010 0.017 0.010 0.015 0.007

1.234 1.247 1.238 1.249 1.232 1.248

1.252 1.261 1.261 1.262 1.256 1.254

24 114 52 22 26 18

1.214 1.229 1.226

1.214 1.226 1.223

0.019 0.017 0.020

1.203 1.218 1.211

1.224 1.237 1.241

175 22 75

1.196 1.199 1.202 1.190 1.187 1.187 1.193 1.201 1.205

1.196 1.198 1.201 1.190 1.188 1.187 1.193 1.202 1.207

0.010 0.009 0.009 0.014 0.011 0.010 0.006 0.009 0.008

1.190 1.193 1.196 1.184 1.181 1.184 1.187 1.196 1.201

1.202 1.203 1.207 1.198 1.195 1.193 1.198 1.206 1.209

551 113 218 26 40 70 4 109 27

13 12 12

1.234 1.231 1.198

1.233 1.231 1.200

0.012 0.012 0.012

1.225 1.224 1.193

1.243 1.238 1.204

32 378 23

14 14 13

1.235 1.225

1.235 1.226

0.008 0.011

1.232 1.217

1.240 1.233

20 15

13 13

1.240 1.233

1.241 1.233

0.003 0.007

1.237 1.229

1.243 1.239

6 15

14 14

1.256 1.241 1.230 1.800 1.791

1.256 1.237 1.230 1.802 1.790

0.007 0.011 0.007 0.015 0.006

1.249 1.235 1.224 1.790 1.786

1.261 1.245 1.234 1.812 1.795

24 13 20 35 10

25,26 25 25,27 33

13 12 12 29,32 12

5

12 12 12

5/3/05 12:08:32 PM


Csp3–P(3) Car–P(4)

Car–P(3) Csp3–S(4)

Csp3–S(3)

Csp3–S(2) Csp3–S(2)

Csp2–S(2)

Car–S(4)

Car–S(3) Car–S(2)

Csp1–S(2) Csp1–S(1) Csp2=S(1)

Csp3–Se Csp2–Se(2) Car–Se(3) Csp3–Si(5) Csp3–Si(4)

Car–Si(4)


Substructure C2–P(=O)–CH2–C C2–P(=O)–CH–C2 C2–P(=O)–C–C3 C2–P(=O)–C* (overall) C2–P–C* C3–P+–Car C2–P(=O)–Car Ph3–P=N+=P–Ph3 C2–P–Car (N)2P–Car(P  N aromatic) C*–SO2–C (C* = CH3 excluded) C*–SO2–C (overall) C*–SO2–O–X C*–SO2–N–X2 C*–S(=O)–C (C* = CH3 excluded) C*–S(=O)–C (overall) CH3–S+–X2 C*–S+–X2 (C* = CH3 excluded) C*–S+–X2 (overall) C*–SH CH3–S–C* C–CH2–S–C* C2–CH–S–C* C3–C–S–C* C*–S–C* (overall) in thiirane in thiirane: see ZCMXSP (1.817, 1.844) in tetrahydrothiophene in tetrahydrothiopyran C–CH2–S–S–X C3–C–S–S–X C*–S–S–X (overall) C=C–S–C* C=C–S–C=C (in tetrathiafulvalene) C=C–S–C=C (in thiophene) O=C–S–C# Car–SO2–C Car–SO2–O–X Car–SO2–N–X2 Car–S(=O)–C Car–S+–X2 Car–S–C* Car–S–Car Car–S–Car (in phenothiazine) Car–S–S–X N≡C–S–X (N≡C–S)– (C*)2–C=S: see IPMUDS (1.599) (Car)2–C=S: see CELDOM (1.611) (X)2–C=S (X = C,N,O,S) X2N–C(=S)–S–X (X2N)2–C=S (thioureas) N–C(S)2 C#–Se C=C–Se–C=C (in tetraselenafulvalene) Ph3–Se+ C#–Si––X4 CH3–Si–X3 C*–Si–X3 (C* = CH3 excluded) C*–Si–X3 (overall) Car–Si–X3

9-11 d 1.806 1.821 1.841 1.813 1.855 1.793 1.801 1.795 1.836 1.795 1.786 1.779 1.745 1.758 1.818 1.809 1.786 1.823 1.804 1.808 1.789 1.817 1.819 1.856 1.819 1.834

m 1.806 1.821 1.842 1.811 1.857 1.792 1.802 1.795 1.837 1.793 1.782 1.778 1.744 1.756 1.814 1.806 1.787 1.820 1.794 1.805 1.787 1.816 1.819 1.860 1.817 1.835

σ 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.017 0.019 0.011 0.011 0.008 0.010 0.011 0.018 0.020 0.009 0.018 0.024 0.025 0.007 0.016 0.025 0.010 0.008 0.013 0.011 0.011 0.019 0.025

q1 1.801 1.815 1.835 1.800 1.840 1.786 1.796 1.789 1.830 1.788 1.774 1.764 1.738 1.746 1.802 1.793 1.779 1.812 1.788 1.800 1.784 1.808 1.811 1.854 1.809 1.810

qu 1.813 1.828 1.847 1.822 1.870 1.800 1.807 1.800 1.844 1.803 1.797 1.790 1.754 1.773 1.829 1.820 1.792 1.834 1.820 1.819 1.794 1.824 1.825 1.863 1.827 1.858

n 45 15 14 84 23 276 98 197 102 43 75 94 7 17 69 88 21 18 41 6 9 92 32 26 242 4

1.827 1.823 1.823 1.863 1.833 1.751 1.741 1.712 1.762 1.763 1.752 1.758 1.790 1.778 1.773 1.768 1.764 1.777 1.679 1.630

1.826 1.821 1.820 1.865 1.828 1.755 1.741 1.712 1.759 1.764 1.750 1.759 1.790 1.779 1.774 1.767 1.764 1.777 1.683 1.630

0.018 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.022 0.017 0.011 0.013 0.018 0.009 0.008 0.013 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.008 0.012 0.026 0.014

1.811 1.812 1.813 1.848 1.818 1.740 1.733 1.703 1.747 1.756 1.749 1.749 1.783 1.771 1.765 1.762 1.760 1.767 1.645 1.619

1.837 1.832 1.832 1.878 1.848 1.764 1.750 1.722 1.778 1.769 1.756 1.765 1.798 1.787 1.779 1.774 1.769 1.785 1.698 1.641

20 24 41 11 59 61 88 60 20 96 27 106 41 10 44 158 48 47 10 14

1.671 1.660 1.681 1.720 1.970 1.893 1.930 1.874 1.857 1.888 1.863 1.868

1.675 1.660 1.684 1.721 1.967 1.895 1.929 1.876 1.857 1.887 1.861 1.868

0.024 0.016 0.020 0.012 0.032 0.013 0.006 0.015 0.018 0.023 0.024 0.014

1.656 1.648 1.669 1.709 1.948 1.882 1.924 1.859 1.848 1.872 1.850 1.857

1.689 1.674 1.693 1.731 1.998 1.902 1.936 1.884 1.869 1.905 1.875 1.878

245 38 96 20 21 32 13 9 552 124 681 178

Note

34 34

9

35

5/3/05 12:08:34 PM


9-12 Bond Csp1–Si(4) Csp3–Te Car–Te Csp2=Te Cl–Cl Cl–I Cl–N Cl–O(1) Cl–P Cl–S

Cl–Se Cl–Si(4) Cl–Te

F–N(3) F–P(6) F–P(3) F–S

F–Si(6) F–Si(5) F–Si(4) F–Te H–N(4) H–N(3) H–O(2)

I–I I–N I–O I–P(3) I–S I–Te(4) N(4)–N(3) N(3)–N(3)

N(3)–N(2) N(2)  N(2)


Substructure C≡C–Si–X3 C#–Te Car–Te see CEDCUJ (2.044) see PHASCL (2.306, 2.227) see CMBIDZ (2.563), HXPASC (2.541, 2.513), METAMM (2.552), BQUINI (2.416, 2.718) see BECTAE (1.743–1.757), BOGPOC (1.705) in CIO–4 (N)2P–Cl (N  P aromatic) Cl–P (overall) Cl–S (overall) see also longer bonds in CILSAR (2.283), BIHXIZ (2.357), CANLUY (2.749)

d 1.837 2.158 2.116

m 1.840 2.159 2.115

σ 0.012 0.030 0.020

q1 1.824 2.128 2.104

qu 1.849 2.177 2.130

n 8 13 72

Note

1.414 1.997 2.008 2.072

1.419 1.994 2.001 2.079

0.026 0.015 0.035 0.023

1.403 1.989 1.986 2.047

1.431 2.004 2.028 2.091

252 46 111 6

2.072 2.020 2.520

2.075 2.012 2.515

0.009 0.015 0.034

2.066 2.007 2.493

2.078 2.036 2.537

5 5 22

1.406 1.579 1.495 1.640

1.404 1.587 1.497 1.646

0.016 0.025 0.016 0.011

1.395 1.563 1.481 1.626

1.416 1.598 1.510 1.649

9 72 10 6

1.527 1.694 1.636 1.588

1.528 1.701 1.639 1.587

0.004 0.013 0.035 0.014

1.524 1.677 1.602 1.581

1.530 1.703 1.657 1.599

24 6 10 24

37

1.033 1.009 0.967 0.967 1.015 2.917

1.036 1.010 0.969 0.970 1.017 2.918

0.022 0.019 0.010 0.010 0.017 0.011

1.026 0.997 0.959 0.959 1.001 2.907

1.045 1.023 0.974 0.974 1.031 2.927

87 95 63 73 16 6

21 21 21 21 21,38

2.144

2.144

0.028

2.127

2.164

6

see BIRGUE10, BIRHAL10, CTCNSE (2.234–2.851)

Cl–Si–X3 (monochloro) Cl2–Si–X2 and Cl3–Si–X Cl–Te in range 2.34–2.60 see also longer bonds in BARRIV, BOJPUL, CETUTE, EPHTEA, OPNTEC10 (2.73–2.94) F–N–C2 and F2–N–C in hexafluorophosphate, PF–6 (N)2P–F(N  P aromatic) 43 observations in range 1.409–1.770 in a wide variety of environments; F–S(6) in F2–SO2–C2 (see FPSULF10, BETJOZ) F–S(4) in F2–S(=O)–N (see BUDTEZ) in SiF62 – F–Si––X4 F–Si–X3 see CUCPlZ (F–Te(6) = 1.942, 1.937), FPHTEL(F– Te(4) = 2.006) X3–N+–H X3–N–H in alcohols C*–O–H C#–O–H in acids O=C–O–H in I–3 see BZPRIB, CMBIDZ, HMTITI, HMTNTI, IFORAM, IODMAM (2.042–2.475) X–I–O(see BZPRIB, CAJMAB, IBZDAC11) for IO–6 see BOVMEE (1.829–1.912) see CEHKAB (2.490–2.493) sec DTHIBR10 (2.687), ISUREA10 (2.629), BZTPPI (3.251) I–Te–X3 X3–N+–N0–X2 (N0 planar) (C)(C,H)–Na–Nb(C)(C,H) Na, Nb pyramidal Na pyramidal, Nb planar Na, Nb planar overall in pyrazole (N1–N2) in pyridaznium (Nl+N2) N  N (aromatic) in pyridazine with C,H as ortho substituents with N,Cl as ortho substituents

36

† 2.926 1.414

2.928 1.414

0.026 0.005

2.902 1.412

2.944 1.418

8 13

1.454 1.420 1.401 1.425 1.366 1.350

1.452 1.420 1.401 1.425 1.366 1.349

0.021 0.015 0.018 0.027 0.019 0.010

1.444 1.407 1.384 1.407 1.350 1.345

1.457 1.433 1.418 1.443 1.375 1.361

44 68 40 139 20 7

1.304 1.368

1.300 1.373

0.019 0.011

1.287 1.362

1.326 1.375

6 9

5,39 40 40 40

5/3/05 12:08:36 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond N(2)=N(2)

N(2)=N(1) N(3)–O(2)

N(3)–O(1) N(2)–O(2)

N(3)=O(1)

N(3)–P(4)

N(3)–P(3)

N(2)=P(4) N(2)=P(3) N(2)  P(3)

N(3)–S(4)

N(3)–S(2)

N(2)–S(2) N(2)  S(2) N(2)=S(2) N(3)–SE N(2)–Se N(2)=Se


Substructure C#–N=N–C# cis trans (overall) Car–N=N–Car X–N=N=N (azides) X–N=N=N (azides) (C,H)2–N–OH (Nsp2: planar) C2–N–O–C (Nsp3: pyramidal) (Nsp2: planar) in furoxan (N2–O1) (C)2N+–O– in pyridine N-oxides in furoxan (+N2–O6–) in oximes (C#)2–C=N–OH (H)(Csp2)–C=N–OH (C#)(Csp2)–C=N–OH (Csp2)2–C=N–OH (C,H)2–C=N–OH (overall) in furazan (O1–N2, O1–N5) in furoxan (O1–N5) in isoxazole (O1–N2) in nitrate ions NO3– in nitro groups C*–NO2 C#–NO2 Car–NO2 C–NO2 (overall) X2–P(=X)–NX2 Nsp2: planar Nsp3: pyramidal (overall) subsets of this group are: O2–P(=S)–NX2 C–P(=S)–(NX2)2 O–P(=S)–(NX2)2 P(=O)–(NX2)3 –NX–P(–X)–NX–P(–X)–(P2N2 ring) –NX–P(=S)–NX–P(=S)–(P2N2 ring) in P-substituted phosphazenes: (N)2P–N (amino) (aziridinyl) Ph3–P=N+=P–Ph3 Ph3–P=N–C,S N  P aromatic in phosphazenes in P  N  S C–SO2–NH2 C–SO2–NH–C# C–SO2–N–C(#)2 C–S–NX2 Nsp2: planar (for Nsp3 pyramidal see MODIAZ: 1.765) X–S–NX2 Nsp2: planar C=N–S–X N  S aromatic in P  N  S N=S in N=S=N and N=S=S see COJCUZ (1.830), DSEMOR10 (1.846, 1.852), MORTRS10 (1.841) see SEBZQI (1.805), NAPSEZ10 (1.809, 1.820) see CISMUM (1.790, 1.791)

9-13 d

m

σ

q1

qu

n

1.245 1.222 1.240 1.255 1.216 1.124 1.396

1.244 1.222 1.241 1.253 1.226 1.128 1.394

0.009 0.006 0.012 0.016 0.028 0.015 0.012

1.239 1.218 1.230 1.247 1.202 1.114 1.390

1.252 1.227 1.251 1.262 1.237 1.137 1.401

21 6 27 13 19 19 28

1.463 1.397 1.438 1.304 1.234

1.465 1.394 1.436 1.299 1.234

0.012 0.011 0.009 0.015 0.008

1.457 1.388 1.430 1.291 1.228

1.468 1.409 1.447 1.316 1.240

22 12 14 11 14

1.416 1.390 1.402 1.378 1.394 1.385 1.380 1.425 1.239

1.418 1.390 1.403 1.377 1.395 1.383 1.380 1.425 1.240

0.006 0.011 0.010 0.017 0.018 0.013 0.011 0.010 0.020

1.416 1.380 1.393 1.365 1.379 1.378 1.370 1.417 1.227

1.420 1.401 1.410 1.393 1.408 1.392 1.388 1.434 1.251

7 20 18 16 67 12 14 9 105

1.212 1.210 1.217 1.218

1.214 1.210 1.218 1.219

0.012 0.011 0.011 0.013

1.206 1.203 1.211 1.210

1.221 1.218 1.215 1.226

84 251 1116 1733

1.652 1.683 1.662

1.651 1.683 1.662

0.024 0.005 0.029

1.634 1.680 1.639

1.670 1.686 1.682

205 6 358

1.628 1.691 1.652 1.663 1.730 1.697

1.624 1.694 1.654 1.668 1.721 1.697

0.015 0.018 0.014 0.026 0.017 0.015

1.615 1.678 1.642 1.640 1.716 1.690

1.634 1.703 1.664 1.679 1.748 1.703

9 28 28 78 20 44

1.637 1.672 1.571 1.599

1.638 1.674 1.573 1.597

0.014 0.010 0.013 0.018

1.625 1.665 1.563 1.580

1.651 1.676 1.580 1.615

16 15 66 7

1.582 1.604 1.600 1.633 1.642 1.710

1.582 1.606 1.601 1.633 1.641 1.707

0.019 0.009 0.012 0.019 0.024 0.019

1.571 1.594 1.591 1.615 1.623 1.698

1.594 1.612 1.610 1.652 1.659 1.722

126 36 14 47 38 22

1.707 1.656 1.560 1.541

1.705 1.663 1.558 1.546

0.012 0.027 0.011 0.022

1.699 1.632 1.554 1.521

1.715 1.677 1.563 1.558

30 36 37 37

Note

35 35 35 23 23

5/3/05 12:08:38 PM


9-14 Bond N(3)–Si(5) N(3)–Si(4)

N(2)–Si(4) N–Te O(2)–O(2)

O(2)–P(5)

O(2)–P(4)

O(2)–P(3) O(1)=P(4)

O(2)–S(4)

O(1)=S(4)

O(1)=S(3) O–Se O(2)–Si(5) O(2)–Si(4) O(2)–Si(4)

O(2)–Te(6) O(2)–Te(4) P(4)–P(4)


Substructure see DMESIP01, BOJLER, CASSAQ, CASYOK, CECXEN, CINTEY, CIPBUY, FMESIB, MNPSIL, PNPOSI (1.973–2.344) X3–Si–NX2 (overall) subsets of this group are: X3–Si–NHX X3–Si–NX–Si–X3 acyclic N–Si–N in 4-membered rings N–Si–N in 5-membered rings X3–Si–N––Si–X3 see ACLTEP (2.402), BIBLAZ (1.980), CESSAU (2.023) C*–O–O–C*,H τ(OO) = 70–85º τ(OO) ca. 180º overall O=C–O–O–C=O see ACBZPO01 (1.446), CEYLUN (1.452), CIMHIP (1.454) Si–O–O–Si X–P–(OX)4 trigonal bipyramidal: axial equatorial square pyramidal C–O–P( O)32 – (H–O)2–P( O)2– (C–O)2–P( O)2– (C#–O)3–P=O (Car–O)3–P=O X–O–P(=O)–(C,N)2 (X–O)2–P(=O)–(C,N) (N)2P–O–C (N  P aromatic) C–O–P( O)32– (delocalized) (H–O)2–P( O)2– (delocalized) (C–O)2–P( O)2– (delocalized) (C–O)3–P=O C3–P=O N3–P=O (C)2(N)–P=O (C,N)2(O)–P=O (C,N)(O)2–P=O C–O–SO2–C C–O–SO2–CH3 C–O–SO2–Car C–SO2–C X–SO2–NX2 C–SO2–N–(C,H)2 C–SO2–O–C in SO42– C–S(=O)–C see BAPPAJ, BIRGUE10, BIRHAL10, CXMSEO, DGLYSE, SPSEBU (1.597 for O=Se to 1.974 for O–Se) (X–O)3–Si–(N)(C) X3–Si–O–X (overall) subsets of this group are: X3–Si–O–C# X3–Si–O–Si–X3 X3–Si–O–O–Si–X3 (X–O)6–Te (X–O)2–Te–X2 X3–P–P–X3

d

m

σ

q1

qu

n

1.748

1.746

0.022

1.735

1.757

170

1.714 1.743 1.742 1.741 1.711

1.719 1.744 1.742 1.742 1.712

0.014 0.016 0.009 0.019 0.019

1.702 1.731 1.735 1.726 1.693

1.727 1.755 1.748 1.749 1.729

16 45 53 33 15

1.464 1.482 1.469

1.464 1.480 1.471

0.009 0.005 0.012

1.458 1.478 1.461

1.472 1.486 1.478

12 5 17

1.496

1.499

0.005

1.490

1.499

10

1.689 1.619 1.662 1.621 1.560 1.608 1.558 1.587 1.590 1.571 1.573 1.513 1.503 1.483 1.449 1.489 1.461 1.487 1.467 1.457 1.577 1.569 1.580 1.436 1.428 1.430 1.423 1.472 1.497

1.685 1.622 1.661 1.622 1.561 1.607 1.554 1.588 1.585 1.572 1.573 1.512 1.503 1.485 1.448 1.486 1.462 1.489 1.462 1.458 1.576 1.569 1.578 1.437 1.428 1.430 1.423 1.473 1.498

0.024 0.024 0.020 0.007 0.009 0.013 0.011 0.014 0.016 0.013 0.011 0.008 0.005 0.008 0.007 0.010 0.014 0.007 0.007 0.009 0.015 0.013 0.015 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.013 0.013

1.675 1.604 1.649 1.615 1.555 1.599 1.550 1.572 1.577 1.563 1.563 1.508 1.499 1.474 1.446 1.481 1.449 1.479 1.462 1.454 1.566 1.556 1.571 1.431 1.422 1.425 1.418 1.463 1.489

1.712 1.628 1.673 1.628 1.566 1.615 1.564 1.599 1.601 1.579 1.584 1.518 1.508 1.490 1.452 1.496 1.470 1.493 1.472 1.462 1.584 1.582 1.588 1.442 1.434 1.435 1.428 1.481 1.505

20 20 28 12 16 16 30 19 33 70 16 42 16 16 18 72 26 5 33 35 41 7 27 316 326 206 82 104 90

1.663 1.631

1.658 1.630

0.023 0.022

1.650 1.617

1.665 1.646

21 191

1.645 1.622 1.680 1.927 2.133 2.256

1.647 1.625 1.676 1.927 2.136 2.259

0.012 0.014 0.008 0.020 0.054 0.025

1.634 1.614 1.673 1.908 2.078 2.243

1.652 1.631 1.688 1.942 2.177 2.277

29 70 10 16 12 6

Note

41

42

5

5/3/05 12:08:40 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond P(4)–P(3) P(3)–P(3) P(4)=P(4) P(3)=P(3) P(4)=S(1)

P(4)=Se(1) P(3)–Si(4) P(4)=Te(1) S(2)–S(2)

S(2)–S(1) S–Se(4) S–Se(2) S(2)–Si(4) S(2)–Te Se(2)–Se(2) Se(2)–Te(2) Si(4)–Si(4) Te–Te

Substructure see CECHEX (2.197), COZPIQ (2.249) X2–P–P–X2 see BUTSUE (2.054) see BALXOB (2.034) C3–P=S (N,O)2(C)–P=S (N,O)3–P=S X3–P=Se X2–P–Si–X3: 3- and 4-rings excluded (see BOPFER, BOPFIV, CASTOF10, COZVIW: 2.201–2.317) see MOPHTE (2.356), TTEBPZ (2.327) C–S–S–C τ(SS) = 75–105º τ(SS) = 0–20º (overall) in polysulphide chain–S–S–S– X–N=S–S see BUWZUO (2.264, 2.269) X–Se–S (any) X3–Si–S–X X–S–Te (any) X=S–Te (any) X–Se–Se–X see BAWFUA, BAWGAH (2.524–2.561) X3–Si–Si–X3 3–membered rings excluded: see CIHRAM (2.511) see CAHJOK (2.751, 2.704)

Appendix 1. (Footnotes to Table) 1. Sample dominated by B–CH3. For longer bonds in B––CH3 see LITMEB10 [B(4)–CH3 = 1.621–1.644Å]. 2. p(π)–p(π) Bonding with Bsp2 and Nsp2 coplanar (τBN = 0 ± 15º) predominates. See G. Schmidt, R. Boese, and D. Bläser, Z. Naturforsch., 1982, 37b, 1230. 3. 84 observations range from 1.38 to 1.61 Å and individual values depend on substituents on B and O. For a discussion of borinic acid adducts see S. J. Rettig and J. Trotter, Can. J. Chem., 1982, 60, 2957. 4. See M. Kaftory in ‘The Chemistry of Functional Groups. Supplement D: The Chemistry of Halides, Pseudohalides, and Azides’, S. Patai and Z. Rappoport, Eds., Wiley: New York, 1983, Part 2, ch. 24. 5. Bonds which are endocyclic or exocyclic to any 3- or 4-membered rings have been omitted from all averages in this section. 6. The overall average given here is for Csp3–Csp3 bonds which carry only C or H substituents. The value cited reflects the relative abundance of each ‘substitution’ group. The ‘mean of means’ for the 9 subgroups is 1.538 (σ = 0.022) Å. 7. See F. H. Allen, (a) Acta Crystallogr., 1980, B36, 81; (b) 1981, B37, 890. 8. See F. H. Allen, Acta Crystallogr., 1984, B40, 64. 9. See F. H. Allen, Tetrahedron, 1982, 38, 2843. 10. See F. H. Allen, Tetrahedron, 1982, 38, 645. 11. Cyclopropanones and cyclobutanones excluded. 12. See W. B. Schweizer and J. D. Dunitz, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 1547. 13. See L. Norskov-Lauritsen, H.-B. Bürgi, P. Hoffmann, and H. R. Schmidt, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1985, 68, 76. 14. See P. Chakrabarti and J. D. Dunitz, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 1555. 15. See J. L. Hencher in ‘The Chemistry of the C≡C Triple Bond,’ S. Patai, Ed., Wiley, New York, 1978, ch. 2. 16. Conjugated: torsion angle about central C–C single bond is 0 ± 20º (cis) or 180 ± 20º (trans). 17. Unconjugated: torsion angle about central C–C single bond is 20– 160º.


9-15 d

m

σ

q1

qu

2.214

2.210

0.022

2.200

2.224

41

1.954 1.922 1.913 2.093 2.264

1.952 1.924 1.914 2.099 2.260

0.005 0.014 0.014 0.019 0.019

1.950 1.913 1.906 2.075 2.249

1.957 1.927 1.921 2.108 2.283

13 26 50 12 22

2.031 2.070 2.048 2.051 1.897

2.029 2.068 2.045 2.050 1.896

0.015 0.022 0.026 0.022 0.012

2.021 2.057 2.028 2.037 1.887

2.038 2.077 2.068 2.065 1.908

46 28 99 126 5

2.193 2.145 2.405 2.682 2.340

2.195 2.138 2.406 2.686 2.340

0.015 0.020 0.022 0.035 0.024

2.174 2.130 2.383 2.673 2.315

2.207 2.158 2.424 2.694 2.361

9 19 10 28 15

2.359

2.359

0.012

2.349

2.366

42

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42.

n

Note

†

Other conjugative substituents excluded. TCNQ is tetracyanoquinodimethane. No difference detected between C2  C3 and C3  C4 bonds. Derived from neutron diffraction results only. Nsp3: pyramidal; mean valence angle at N is in range 108–114º. Nsp2: planar; mean valence angle at N is ≥ 117.5º. Cyclic and acyclic peptides. See R. H. Blessing, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 2776. See L. Lebioda, Acta Crystallogr., 1980, B36, 271. n = 3 or 4, i.e. tri- or tetra-substituted ureas. Overall value also includes structures with mean valence angle at N in the range 115–118º. See F. H. Allen and A. J. Kirby, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 6197. See A. J. Kirby, ‘The Anomeric Effect and Related Stereoelectronic Effects at Oxygen,’ Springer, Berlin, 1983. See B. Fuchs, L. Schleifer, and E. Tartakovsky, Nouv. J. Chim., 1984, 8, 275. See S. C. Nyburg and C. H. Faerman, J. Mol. Struct., 1986, 140, 347. Sample dominated by P–CH3 and P–CH2–C. Sample dominated by C* = methyl. See A. Kalman, M. Czugler, and G. Argay, Acta Crystallogr., 1981, B37, 868. Bimodal distribution resolved into 22 ‘short’ bonds and 5 longer outliers. All 24 observations come from BUDTEZ. ‘Long’ O–H bonds in centrosymmetric O---H---O H–bonded dimers are excluded. N–N bond length also dependent on torsion angle about N–N bond and on nature of substituent C atoms; these effects are ignored here. N pyramidal has average angle at N in range 100–113.5º; N planar has average angle of ≥ 117.5º. See R. R. Holmes and J. A. Deiters, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1977, 99, 3318. No detectable variation in S=O bond length with type of C-substituent.

5/3/05 12:08:41 PM


9-16

Appendix 2

Short-form references to individual CSD entries cited by reference code in the Table. A full list of CSD bibliographic entries is given in SUP 56701. ACBZPO01 ACLTEP ASAZOC BALXOB BAPPAJ BARRIV BAWFUA BAWGAH BECTAE BELNIP BEMLIO BEPZEB BETJOZ BETUTE10 BIBLAZ BICGEZ BIHXIZ BIRGUE10 BIRHAL10 BIZJAV BOGPOC BOGSUL BOJLER BOJPUL BOPFER BOPFIV BOVMEE BQUINI BTUPTE BUDTEZ BUPSIB10 BUSHAY BUTHAZ10 BUTSUE BUWZUO BZPRIB BZTPPI CAHJOK CAJMAB CANLUY CASSAQ CASTOF10 CASYOK CECHEX CECXEN CEDCUJ CEHKAB CELDOM CESSAU CETTAW CETUTE CEYLUN CIFZUM CIHRAM CILRUK CILSAR CIMHIP CINTEY CIPBUY CISMUM CISTED


J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 97, 6729. J. Organomet. Chem., 1980, 184, 417. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1979, 249, 120. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 4587. Inorg. Chem., 1981, 20, 3071. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1981, 35, 443. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1981, 10, 1345. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1981, 10, 1353. J. Org. Chem., 1981, 46, 5048, 1981. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1982, 37, 299. Chem. Ber., 1982, 115, 1126. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1982, 11, 175. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 1683. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1976, 30, 719. Zh. Strukt. Khim., 1981, 22, 118. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1982, 486, 90. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1982, 982. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1983, 38, 20. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1982, 37, 1410. J. Organomet. Chem., 1982, 238, C1. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1982, 37, 1402. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1982, 37, 1230. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1982, 493, 53. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1982, 36, 829. Chem. Ber., 1983, 116, 146. Chem. Ber., 1983, 116, 146. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1982, 38, 1048. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1979, 35, 1930. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1975, 29, 738. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1983, 38, 454. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1981, 474, 31. Z. Naturforsch., Teil. B, 1983, 38, 692. Inorg. Chem., 1984, 23, 2582. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1983, 862. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser A, 1983, 37, 219. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1981, 36, 922. Inorg. Chem., 1978, 17, 894. Inorg. Chem., 1983, 22, 1809. Chem. Z, 1983, 107, 169. Tetrahedron Lett., 1983, 24, 4337. J. Struct. Chem., 1983, 2, 101. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1984, 40, 1879. J. Struct. Chem., 1983, 2, 107. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1984, 508, 61. J. Struct. Chem., 1983, 2, 207. J. Org. Chem., 1983, 48, 5149. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 139. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1984, 40, 556. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1984, 40, 653. Chem. Ber., 1984, 117, 1089. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser A, 1975, 29, 763. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim., 1983, 2744. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser A, 1984, 38, 289. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1984, 23, 302. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1984, 1023. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1984, 1021. Acta Crystallogr., C, 1984, 40, 1458. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1984, 274, 615. J. Struct. Chem., 1983, 2, 281. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 485. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1984, 511, 95.

CIWYIQ CIYFOF CMBIDZ CODDEE CODDII COFVOI COJCUZ COSDIX COZPIQ COZVIW CTCNSE CUCPIZ CUDLOC CUDLUI CUGBAH CXMSEO DGLYSE DMESIP01 DSEMOR10 DTHIBR10 EPHTEA ESEARS ETEARS FMESIB FPHTEL FPSULF10 HCLENE10 HMTITI HMTNTI HXPASC IBZDAC11 IFORAM IODMAM IPMUDS ISUREA10 LITMEB10 MESIAD METAMM MNPSIL MODIAZ MOPHTE MORTRS10 NAPSEZ10 NBBZAM OPIMAS OPNTEC10 PHASCL PHASOC01 PNPOSI SEBZQI SPSEBU TEACBR THINBR TMPBTI TPASSN TPASTB TPHOSI TTEBPZ ZCMXSP

Inorg. Chem., 1984, 23, 1946. Inorg. Chem., 1984, 23, 1790. J. Org. Chem., 1979, 44, 1447. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 1257. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 1257. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 1027. Chem. Ber., 1984, 117, 2686. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 1344. Chem. Ber., 1984, 117, 2063. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1984, 515, 7. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 5430. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 7529. J. Cryst. Spectrosc., 1985, 15, 53. J. Cryst. Spectrosc., 1985, 15, 53. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1985, 41, 476. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1973, 29, 595. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1975, 31, 1785. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1984, 40, 895. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1980, 628. Inorg. Chem., 1971, 10, 697. Inorg. Chem., 1980, 19, 2487. J. Chem. Soc. C, 1971, 1511. J. Chem. Soc. C, 1971, 1511. J. Organomet. Chem., 1980, 197, 275. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1980, 2306. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 1683. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1982, 38, 3139. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1975, 31, 1505. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1974, 409, 237. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1975, 1381. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1979, 854. Monatsh. Chem., 1974, 105, 621. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1977, 33, 3209. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1973, 29, 2128. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1972, 28, 643. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 97, 6401. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1980, 35, 789. Acta Crystallogr., 1964, 17, 1336. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1969, 91, 4134. J. Heterocycl. Chem., 1980, 17, 1217. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1980, 34, 333. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1980, 628. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 5070. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1977, 32, 1416. Aust. J. Chem., 1977, 30, 2417. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1982, 251. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1981, 37, 1357. Aust. J. Chem., 1975, 28, 15. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1968, 90, 5102. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1977, 325. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1979, 33, 403. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1974, 3, 753. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1970, 92, 4002. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1975, 31, 1116. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1977, 514. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1976, 5, 39. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1979, 34, 1064. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1979, 34, 256. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1977, 6, 93.

5/3/05 12:08:42 PM

BOND LENGTHS IN ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS This table summarizes the average values of interatomic distances of representative metal–ligand bonds. Sigma bonds between d- and f-block metals and the elements C, N, O, P, S, and As are included. The values are extracted from a much larger list in Reference 1. The tabulated values are the unweighted means of reported measurements on compounds in each category. If four or more measurements are available, the standard deviation is given in parentheses. All values are in Ångstrom units (10–10 m). The first part of the table covers metal-carbon bonds in different ligand categories, while the second part covers metal bonds to M Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Th

M-CH3 2.168 2.095(0.030) 2.074 2.014(0.023) 2.029

2.292(0.049) 2.336 2.254(0.065) 2.179(0.045) 2.092(0.027) 2.275(0.049) 2.217(0.035) 2.189(0.039) 2.173(0.051) 2.175 2.083(0.045) 2.066(0.045) 2.072(0.026) 2.567

other elements. R stands for any alkyl group; Me for a CH3 group; C6R5 indicates an aryl group; and C(=O)R an acyl group. Metals are listed in atomic number order.

Reference 1. Orpen, A. G., Brammer, L., Allen, F.H., Kennard, O., Watson, D. G., and Taylor, R., J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 1989, S1-S83.

M-CH2R 2.167

M-CR=CR2 2.215(0.042)

2.176(0.024) 2.091(0.030) 2.039(0.032) 1.964

2.035(0.009) 2.007 1.991(0.039) 1.934(0.019) 1.892(0.017)

1.964 1.319 2.250(0.061) 2.036(0.010) 2.100 2.028 2.225(0.056) 2.175 2.290 2.221 2.062(0.031) 2.125

M-C6R5 2.148 2.114(0.012) 2.075(0.019) 2.064(0.021) 2.031(0.062) 1.974 1.917(0.038) 2.020

M-C(=O)R

2.044 1.997(0.033) 1.990 1.850(0.059)

2.257 2.204(0.049) 2.063 2.040(0.054) 2.000(0.024) 2.205 2.224 2.052 2.071(0.044) 2.024(0.037) 2.042

2.193(0.054) 2.092(0.057) 2.011(0.026) 1.981(0.032)

2.109 2.091 1.995(0.031) 1.982(0.029)

2.199(0.073) 2.027 2.090(0.032) 2.070(0.038) 2.049(0.046) 2.059(0.024) 2.086(0.040)

2.190(0.027) 2.161 2.019 1.991(0.025)

9-17


5/3/05 12:08:43 PM

Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds

9-18 M Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Yb Lu Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Th U


M-NH3

2.069(0.008)

1.965(0.021) 2.074(0.093) 1.987(0.017) 2.044

2.217 2.126(0.024) 2.114(0.018) 2.032

2.253 2.136 2.050(0.021)

M-OH2 2.066(0.052) 2.129(0.131) 1.997(0.070) 2.189(0.040) 2.085(0.066) 2.085(0.064) 2.079(0.038) 2.186(0.215) 2.090(0.061) 2.398(0.068) 2.248(0.137) 2.201(0.094) 2.074(0.051) 2.190(0.096) 2.200 2.350 2.318(0.065) 2.556(0.062) 2.565(0.063) 2.518(0.038) 2.533(0.058) 2.459(0.050) 2.441(0.055) 2.443(0.074) 2.455 2.409(0.074) 2.407(0.069) 2.404(0.083) 2.353(0.066) 2.404(0.116) 2.115(0.065) 2.199(0.091) 2.166

2.157 2.690(0.083) 2.483(0.032) 2.455(0.047)

M-PMe3 2.510(0.010) 2.389(0.069) 2.455(0.164) 2.246(0.042) 2.217(0.043) 2.204(0.031)

M-SR 2.369 2.378(0.007) 2.362 2.366(0.054) 2.271(0.028) 2.254(0.025) 2.187(0.007) 2.295

2.692 2.462(0.046) 2.307(0.050) 2.266(0.036) 2.287(0.018)

2.401(0.050)

M-AsR3 2.686 2.460(0.040) 2.400(0.013) 2.352(0.043) 2.323(0.021) 2.333(0.035) 2.367(0.016)

2.741(0.008) 2.582(0.036) 2.446(0.031) 2.416(0.039) 2.386(0.052)

2.444

2.589(0.044) 2.485(0.039) 2.369(0.065) 2.328(0.029) 2.323(0.028) 2.295(0.036)

2.575(0.006) 2.461 2.320(0.015) 2.293 2.402(0.065)

2.366(0.058)

5/3/05 12:08:44 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase This table gives information on the geometric structure of selected molecules in the gas phase, including the overall geometry, interatomic distances, and bond angles. The molecules have been chosen to provide data on a wide variety of chemical bonds and to illustrate the influence of molecular environment on bond distances and angles. The table is restricted to molecules with conventional covalent or ionic bonds, but it should be pointed out that structure data on many loosely bonded complexes of the van der Waals type have recently become available. The references below contain data on many molecules that are not included here and give additional information such as uncertainties and isotopic variations. The two techniques for gas phase structure determination are spectroscopy and electron diffraction. The following codes are used to indicate the method used for each set of data: ED – Gas phase electron diffraction MW – Microwave spectroscopy, including both measurements in bulk gases and molecular beams IR – Infrared spectroscopy R – Raman spectroscopy UV – Electronic spectroscopy in the ultraviolet and visible regions, including fluorescence measurements ESR – Electron spin resonance. In some cases data from two sources have been combined to derive the structure; these are labeled by “ED, MW,” for example. Because of the internal vibrations that are present in all molecules, even in their lowest energy state, the definition of interatomic distance is not a simple matter. The ideal measure is the equilibrium distance in the hypothetical non-vibrating state, designated by re. This is the value of the separation of the atoms at the minimum of the potential function that describes the forces between the two atoms. All other measures represent some form of average, generally complex, over the vibrational motions. Since the potential function is asymmetric and less steep at distances beyond the potential minimum, the average distance is normally greater than re. Distances determined by electron diffraction (ED) represent an average over all vibrational states that are populated at the temperature of the measurement; the most common measure is designated rg. Distances determined by spectroscopy (MW, IR, R, or UV) through measurements on the ground vibrational state of the molecule, designated by r0, describe some form of average, not easily defined, over the zeropoint vibrations. Another measure that is frequently used in microwave spectroscopy is the “substitution” distance rs, which is operationally defined through a series of measurements on different isotopic species. In simple cases, rs often lies between r0 and re and is therefore a closer approximation to re. Several other types of averages have been used; good discussions can be found in Volumes II/25 and II/28 of the Landolt-Börnstein series (Reference 1) and in References 4 and 5. Unless otherwise specified, distances and angles given in this table are r0 values if the method is spectroscopic and rg values if the method is electron diffraction. When given, equilibrium and substitution distances are designated by re and rs, respectively.

Many interatomic distances and angles calculated by ab initio techniques have been reported in the recent literature. However, it should be emphasized that all data in this table are obtained from direct experimental measurements. In a few cases, ab initio calculations of vibration-rotation interaction constants have been combined with the primary experimental measurements to derive re values in the table. The number of significant figures in the values is an indication of the precision of the measurement; thus a distance quoted to three decimal places is probably reliable to about 0.005 Å or better. However, discrepancies between re, r0, and rg values for the same bond are often the order of 0.01 Å because of vibrational averaging considerations, so care must be taken in comparing bond distances in different molecules. Some distances in simple molecules are given here to four or five decimal places, but little chemical significance can be attached to differences beyond the third decimal place. The table is presented in two parts: Part A covers molecules that do not contain carbon while Part B lists carbon-containing molecules. Because many of the entries in Part A are free radicals or other transient species whose systematic chemical names are unfamiliar, the listing in Part A is in order of chemical formula. Part B is ordered by name. In both parts the second column gives information on the overall configuration of the molecule, often indicated by the point group of the equilibrium geometry. Columns 3 through 8 give the values of the bond distances and angles, and the last column indicates the experimental method. Distances are given in Å units, where 1 Å = 10-10 m or 0.1 nm. Angles are given in degrees. The efforts of Kozo Kuchitsu in preparing an earlier version of this table and in giving advice on the new version are gratefully acknowledged.

References 1. Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. The following volumes are in the series Structure Data of Free Polyatomic Molecules: II/7, 1976 II/15,1987 II/21, Supplement to II/7 and II/15, 1992 II/23, Supplement to II/7, II/15, and II/21, 1995 II/25A, Inorganic Molecules, 1998 II/25B, Molecules Containing One or Two Carbon Atoms, 1999 II/25C, Molecules Containing Three or Four Carbon Atoms, 2000 II/25D, Molecules Containing Five or More Carbon Atoms, 2003 II/28A, Inorganic Molecules, 2006 II/28B, Molecules Containing One or Two Carbon Atoms, 2006 II/28C, Molecules Containing Three or Four Carbon Atoms, 2007 II/28D, Molecules Containing Five or More Carbon Atoms, 2007. 2. Harmony, M. D., Laurie, V. W., Kuczkowski, R. L., Schwendeman, R. H., Ramsay, D. A., Lovas, F. J., Lafferty, W. J., and Maki, A. G., “Molecular Structure of Gas-Phase Polyatomic Molecules Determined by Spectroscopic Methods”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 619, 1979. 3. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, London, 1979. 4. Hargittai, M., “Molecular Structure of Metal Halides,” Chem. Rev. 100, 2233-2301, 2000. 5. Harmony, M. D., and Berry, R. J., Struct. Chem. 1, 49, 1989.

9-19

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-20

Part 1 Molecules Not Containing Carbon Formula AgBr AgCl

Structure

Ag—F (re) Ag—H (re) Ag—I (re)

1.9832 1.617 2.5446

Ag—Li

2.41

UV

2.0030

UV

bent

Ag—O (re)

Ag—O

2.016

D3h

Al—Br (re) Al—Br

2.295 2.221

UV ED

Al—Ca

3.148

UV

Al—Cl (re)

2.1301

MW

Al—Cl

2.063

ED

AgLi AgO AgOH

AlCa AlCl

AlCl3

AlCo

Method MW MW

2.3931 2.2808

AgF AgH AgI

AlBr AlBr3

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees

Ag—Br (re) Ag—Cl (re)

D3h

MW UV MW

O—H

0.952

∠HOAg

108.3 (ass.)

MW

Al—Co

2.283

UV

AlCu

Al—Cu

2.339

UV

AlF

Al—F (re)

1.6544

MW

Al—F

1.633

ED

Al—H (re)

1.6482

UV

2.5371

MW

Al—I

2.461

ED

AlF3

AlH

D3h

AlI AlI3

AlK

Al—I (re)

D3h

Al—K

3.88

UV

AlMn

Al—Mn

2.638

UV

AlNi

Al—Ni

2.321

UV

AlO

Al—O (re)

1.6176

UV

2.029

UV

AlS

Al—S (re)

AlV

Al—V

2.620

UV

AlZn

Al—Zn

2.696

UV

Al—Al (re)

2.701

Al—Bra ∠BrbAlBrb

2.234 91.6

Al—Brb ∠BraAlBra

2.433 122

ED

Al—Cla ∠ClbAlClb As—Br As—Cl As—F As—Fa

2.061 90.0 2.324 2.165 1.710 1.711

Al—Clb ∠ClaAlCla ∠BrAsBr ∠ClAsCl ∠FAsF As—Fb

2.250 122 99.6 98.6 95.9 1.656

ED

As—H (re) As—H (re) As—I As—N (re) As—O (re) As—P (re) As—As (re) Au—H (re) Au—Au (re) B—Br (re) B—Br B—Cl (re) B—Cl (rs)

1.5232 1.511 2.557 1.6184 1.6236 1.99954 2.1026 1.5237 2.4719 1.888 1.893 1.7153 1.728

∠HAsH (θe) ∠IAsI

92.1 100.2

B—F

1.315

Al2

Al2Br6

Bra

Al

Al Brb

Bra

Al2Cl6 AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 AsF5

D2h

See Al2Br6 D2h C3v C3v C3v

Fa Fb D3h C3v C3v

D3h C2v

Fb

UV

Bra

ED ED, MW ED, MW ED

As Fa

AsH AsH3 AsI3 AsN AsO AsP As2 AuH Au2 BBr BBr3 BCl BClF2

Bra

Brb

Fb

∠FBF

118.1

UV MW, IR ED UV UV MW UV UV UV UV ED UV MW

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Formula BCl3 BF BF2H BF2OH BF3 BH BH2NH2

Structure D3h FaFbBOH planar Fa cis to OH D3h planar

BH3 BH3PH3

planar staggered form

BI3 BN BO BO2 BS B2 B2H6

D3h linear

Ha

Hb B

Ha B3H3O3 B3H6N3 BaBr BaBr2 BaCl BaF BaH BaI BaI2 BaO BaOH BaS BeCl2 BeF BeF2 BeH BeH2 BeO BeS BiBr BiBr3 BiCl BiCl3 BiF BiF3 BiH BiI BiI3 BiO BiP Bi2 BrCl BrF BrF3

Hb

C2

linear linear linear linear

C3v C3v C3v C3v

Fa

Br Fb

C2v

Ha B

Fa

9-21

B—Cl B—F (re) B—H B—Fa (re) ∠FBF (θe) O—H (re) B—F B—H (re) B—N ∠HBH B—H B—P ∠PBH ∠HPH B—I B—N (re) B—O (re) B—O B—S B—B (re) B—Ha ∠HaBHa

1.742 1.2626 1.189 1.3229 118.36 0.9574 1.313 1.2325 1.391 122.2 1.1900 1.937 103.6 101.3 2.118 1.281 1.2045 1.265 1.6091 1.590 1.19 122

B—O B—N ∠BNB Ba—Br (re) Ba—Br Ba—Cl (re) Ba—F (re) Ba—H (re) Ba—I (re) Ba—I Ba—O (re) Ba—O Ba—S (re) Be—Cl (re) Be—F (re) Be—F (re) Be—H (re) Be—H(re)

1.376 1.435 121 2.8445 2.912 2.6828 2.163 2.2318 3.0848 3.150 1.9397 2.200 2.5074 1.791 1.3609 1.3730 1.3431 1.3264


B—F B—Fb (re) ∠FaBO (θe)

1.311 1.3129 122.25

∠FBF B—O (re) ∠BOH (θe)

118.3 1.3448 113.14

B—H ∠HNH

1.195 114.2

N—H

1.004

B—H ∠BPH

1.212 116.9

P—H ∠HBH

1.399 114.6

Method ED UV MW MW

ED, IR UV MW IR MW

B—Hb ∠HbBHb

1.33 97

B···B

1.77

ED UV EPR UV UV UV IR, ED

∠BOB B—H ∠NBN

120 1.26 118

∠OBO N—H

120 1.05

ED ED

∠BrBaBr

137.0

∠IBaI

137.6

O—H

0.927

Ha

Be—O (re) Be—S (re) Bi—Br (re) Bi—Br Bi—Cl (re) Bi—Cl Bi—F (re) Bi—F Bi—H (re) Bi—I (re) Bi—I Bi—O (re) Bi—P (re) Bi—Bi (re) Br—Cl (re) Br—F (re) Br—Fa Br—Fb

1.3308 1.7415 2.6095 2.577 2.4716 2.424 2.0516 1.987 1.805 2.8005 2.807 1.934 2.29345 2.6596 2.1361 1.7590 1.810 1.721

∠BrBiBr

98.6

∠ClBiCl

97.5

∠FBiF

96.1

∠IBiI

99.5

∠FaxBrFeq

85.1

UV ED UV UV UV UV ED MW UV MBE ED,IR UV IR UV IR

∠FaBrFb

86.2

UV UV MW ED MW ED MW ED UV MW ED UV IR UV MW MW MW


9-22 Formula BrF5

Structure C4v

BrN3

BrNaNbNc planar

BrO BrO2 Br2 CaBr2 CaCl CaCl2 CaF CaH CaI CaI2 CaO CaOH CaS CdH CdH2 CdBr2 CdCl2 CdI2 CeF4 CeI3 ClBS ClF ClF3

C2v linear linear

linear linear

linear linear linear linear Td quasiplanar linear Fa

Cl Fa

Na—Nb ∠NNN Br—O (re) Br—O (re) Br—Br (re) Ca—Br Ca—Cl (re) Ca—Cl Ca—F (re) Ca—H (re) Ca—I (re) Ca—I Ca—O (re) Ca—O Ca—S (re) Cd—H (re) Cd—H Cd—Br Cd—Cl Cd—I Ce—F Ce—I B—Cl Cl—F (re) Cl—Fa

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 0.069 ∠FaxBrFeq (Br—Feq) – (Br—Fax) 1.113 (ass.) Nb—Nc 1.247 Na—Br 170.7 ∠BrNN 109.7 1.7172 1.644 ∠OBrO (θe) 114.3 2.2811 2.62 2.43676 2.483 1.967 2.002 2.8286 2.840 1.8221 1.985 O—H 0.921 2.3178 1.781 1.6792 2.394 2.284 2.582 2.036 2.948 1.681 B—S 1.606 1.6283 1.698 Cl—Fb 1.598 ∠FaClFb

Na—Nb ∠NNN Cl—O (re) Cl—O Cl—Cl (re) Cl—O Co—Br Co—Cl Co—F Co—F Co—H (re) Cr—F Cr—F Cr—F Cr—H (re) Cr—O (re) Cs—Br (re) Cs—Cl (re) Cs—F (re) Cs—H (re) Cs—I (re) Cs—O (re) Cs—O (re)

1.253 171.0 1.5696 1.470 1.9878 1.6959 2.241 2.113 1.754 1.732 1.542 1.795 1.732 1.706 1.656 1.615 3.0723 2.9063 2.3454 2.4938 3.3152 2.3007 2.395

Cs—Cs (re) Cu—Br (re) Cu—Cl (re) Cu—F (re) Cu—F Cu—H (re) Cu—I (re) Cu—Li Cu—O (re)

4.47 2.1734 2.0512 1.7449 1.713 1.4626 2.3383 2.26 1.7244

Br—F (av.)

1.753

85.1

Method ED, MW

1.899

ED

87.5

MW MW R ED UV ED UV UV UV ED UV UV UV EPR IR ED ED ED ED ED MW MW MW

1.746

MW

Fb

ClN3 ClO ClO2 Cl2 Cl2O CoBr2 CoCl2 CoF2 CoF3 CoH CrF2 CrF3 CrF4 CrH CrO CsBr CsCl CsF CsH CsI CsO CsOH Cs2 CuBr CuCl CuF CuF2 CuH CuI CuLi CuO

ClNaNbNc planar C2v C2v linear linear linear D3h linear D3h Td

linear; large amplitude bending mode

linear

Nb—Nc ∠ClNN

1.113 108.7

∠OClO

117.38

∠ClOCl

110.89

[Co—F (re)]

1.738

O—H (re)

0.97

Na—Cl

MW, UV MW UV MW ED ED ED ED UV ED ED ED UV UV MW MW MW UV MW MW MW UV MW MW MW ED UV MW UV UV

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Formula CuOH CuS Cu2 DyBr3 DyCl3 FN3 F2 FeBr2 FeCl2 FeF2 FeF3 FeH FeO FeS GaBr GaBr3 GaCl GaCl3 GaF GaF3 GaH GaI GaI3 GaO Ga2Br6 Ga2Cl6 GdBr3 GdCl3 GdF3 GdI3 GeBrH3 GeBr2 GeBr4 GeClH3 GeCl2 GeCl4 GeFH3 GeF2 GeH GeHI GeH4 GeI2 GeI4 GeO GeS GeSe GeTe Ge2H6 HBr HCl HClO HClO4

Structure bent

quasiplanar quasiplanar FNaNbNc planar linear linear linear D3h

D3h D3h D3h D3h See Al2Br6 D2h See Al2Br6 D2h C3v C3v C3v C3v C3v Td C3v Td C3v

Td Td

ClOH (bent) H Ob

Cl Oa O Oa a

Cu—O (rs) Cu—S Cu—Cu (re) Dy—Br Dy—Cl Na—Nb ∠NNN F—F (re) Fe—Br Fe—Cl Fe—F Fe—F Fe—H Fe—O Fe—S Ga—Br (re) Ga—Br Ga—Cl (re) Ga—Cl Ga—F (re) Ga—F Ga—H (re) Ga—I (re) Ga—I Ga—O Ga—Bra ∠BraGaBra Ga—Cla ∠ClaGaCla Gd—Br Gd—Cl Gd—F Gd—I Ge—H Ge—Br (re) Ge—Br Ge—H Ge—Cl (re) Ge—Cl Ge—H Ge—F (re) Ge—H (re) Ge—I Ge—H Ge—I Ge—I Ge—O (re) Ge—S (re) Ge—Se (re) Ge—Te (re) Ge—Ge ∠HGeH H—Br (re) H—Cl (re) Cl—O Cl—Oa ∠OaClOa

9-23 1.769 2.051 2.2197 2.609 2.461 1.253 170.3 1.4119 2.294 2.132 1.769 1.763 1.620 1.444 2.017 2.3525 2.249 2.2017 2.110 1.7744 1.725 1.663 2.5747 2.458 1.744 2.250 92.7 2.116 90 2.641 2.488 2.053 2.840 1.526 2.359 2.272 1.537 2.186 2.113 1.522 1.7321 1.5880 2.525 1.5251 2.540 2.515 1.6246 2.0121 2.1346 2.3402 2.403 106.4 1.4145 1.2746 1.690 1.407 114.3

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees O—H 0.952 ∠HOCu

Nb—Nc ∠FNN

1.132 103.8

[Fe—F (re)]

1.755

Ga—Brb ∠BrbGaBrb Ga—Clb ∠ClbGaClb

2.453 123 2.305 124.5

∠IGdI Ge—Br ∠BrGeBr

108 2.299 101.0

Ge—Cl ∠ClGeCl

Na—F

110.24 (θs)

1.439

R ED UV,ED ED ED IR UV MW MW ED MW ED MW ED UV MW ED UV ED ED

∠HGeH

106.2

2.150 100.3

∠HGeH

111.0

Ge—F ∠FGeF (θe)

1.732 97.15

∠HGeH

113.0

Ge—H

1.593

∠HGeI

93.5

∠IGeI

102.1

Ge—H ∠GeGeH

1.541 112.5

O—H Cl—Ob ∠OaClOb

0.975 1.639 104.1

Method MW UV UV ED ED MW

∠HOCl

102.5

ED ED ED ED MW, IR ED ED IR, MW ED ED MW, IR MW UV UV IR, R ED ED MW MW MW MW ED MW MW MW, IR ED


9-24 Formula HF HFO HI HIO HNO HNO2

Structure FOH (bent) IOH (bent) bent

HNO3

HNSO HN3 HPO H2 H2O H2O2 H2S H2SO4

planar planar cis HNaNbNc planar

C2v C2 C2v Hb

Ob Oa H a S Od

H2S2 HfBr4 HfCl4 HfF HfF4 HfI4 HgBr2 HgCl2 HgH HgI2 HoCl3 HoF3 HoO IBr ICl IF IF5 IO I2 InBr InCl InCl3 InF InH

C2 C2 Td Td Td Td linear linear linear

C4v

Oc

H—F (re) F—O H—I (re) I—O N—O s-trans conformer Ob—H N—Ob N—Oa ∠OaNOb ∠NObH N—Oa Oc—H ∠OcNOa

0.9169 1.442 1.6090 1.9941 1.212

N—S ∠NSO Na—Nb ∠NNN P—O H—H (re) O—H (re) O—O H—S (re) O—H ∠OaSOb ∠OaSOd dihedral angle between the HaOaS and OaSOb planes


Method MW MW MW MW UV MW

O—H

0.96

∠HOF

97.2

O—H N—H s-cis conformer Ob—H N—Ob N—Oa ∠OaNOb ∠NObH N—Ob ∠OcNOb

0.967 1.063

∠HOI ∠HNO

103.9 108.6

0.98 1.39 1.19 114 104 1.21 115.9

N—Oc ∠HOcN

1.41 102.2

MW

1.512 120.4 1.245 171.8 1.4843 0.74144 0.9575 1.475 1.3356 0.97 101.3 106.4 90.9

S—O ∠HNS Nb—Nc ∠HNN P—H

1.451 115.8 1.134 109.2 1.473

N—H

1.029

MW

Na—H

1.015

MW

∠HPO

104.57

∠HOH (θe) ∠OOH ∠HSH (θe) S—Oa ∠OcSOd ∠HaOaS dihedral angle between the HaSOb and OcSOd planes

104.51 94.8 92.12 1.574 123.3 108.5 88.4

MW UV MW, IR IR MW, IR MW

S—S dihedral angle Hf—Br Hf—Cl Hf—F Hf—F Hf—I Hg—Br Hg—Cl Hg—H (re) Hg—I Ho—Cl Ho—F Ho—O I—Br (re) I—Cl (re) I—F (re) I—F (av.)

2.055 90.6 2.450 2.316 1.8596 1.909 2.662 2.384 2.252 1.7404 2.568 2.462 2.007 1.797 2.4691 2.3210 1.9098 1.860

S—H

1.327

I—O (re) I—I (re) In—Br (re) In—Cl (re) In—Cl In—F (re) In—H (re)

1.8676 2.6663 2.5432 2.4012 2.291 1.9854 1.8376

0.958 1.432 1.170 110.7 102.1 1.20 0.96 113.9

(I—Feq) – (I—Fax)

0.03

dihedral angle 119.8 S—Oc 1.422 ∠OaSOc 108.6 dihedral angle 20.8 between the HaOaS and OaSOc planes ∠SSH

∠FaxIFeq

91.3

ED, MW

82.1

ED ED UV ED ED ED ED UV ED ED ED UV MW MW UV ED, MW MW R MW MW ED MW UV

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Formula InI IrF6 KBH4 KBr KCl KF KH KI KOH K2 KrF2 LaBr LaBr3 LaCl LaCl3 LaF LaI LaO LiBH4 LiBr LiCl LiF LiH LiI LiO LiOH Li2 Li2Cl2

Structure Oh Ha(BH3)K (C3v)

linear; large amplitude bending mode linear C3v C3v

Ha(BH3)Li (C3v)

linear

Li Cl

9-25 Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees

In—I (re) Ir—F B—H (BH3) K—Br (re) K—Cl (re) K—F (re) K—H (re) K—I (re) K—O

2.7537 1.831 1.272 2.8208 2.6667 2.1716 2.244 3.0478 2.212

K—K (re) Kr—F La—Br (re) La—Br La—Cl (re) La—Cl La—F (re) La—I (re) La—O (re) B—H (H3) Li—Br (re) Li—Cl (re) Li—F (re) Li—H (re) Li—I (re) Li—O (re) Li—O (re) Li—Li (re) Li—Cl

3.9051 1.89 2.65208 2.742 2.49804 2.589 2.02338 2.87885 1.82591 1.257 2.1704 2.0207 1.5639 1.5949 2.3919 1.68822 1.5776 2.6729 2.23

Li—O Lu—Br Lu—Cl Lu—I Mg—Br (re) Mg—Cl (re) Mg—Cl Mg—F (re) Mg—F Mg—H (re) Mg—O (re) Mg—O Mg—Mg (re) Mn—Br Mn—Cl Mn—F Mn—H (re) Mn—I Mo—Cl ∠ClMoCl Mo—F Mo—F N—Br (re) N—Cl (re) N—H ∠HNCl N—Cl

1.606 2.557 2.417 2.768 2.34742 2.1964 2.179 1.7500 1.771 1.7297 1.749 1.770 3.891 2.344 2.202 1.811 1.7308 2.538 2.279 87.2 1.851 1.821 1.79 1.6107 1.017 103.7 1.759

B—Ha

1.233

O—H

0.91

B—Ha

1.218

O—H (re)

0.949

Cl—Cl

3.61

K—B

2.656

Li—B

1.939

∠ClLiCl

108

Method MW ED MW MW MW MW UV MW MW UV ED MW ED MW ED MW MW UV MW MW MW MW MW MW UV MW UV ED

Cl Li

Li2O LuBr3 LuCl3 LuI3 MgBr MgCl MgCl2 MgF MgF2 MgH MgO MgOH Mg2 MnBr2 MnCl2 MnF2 MnH MnI2 MoCl4O MoF4 MoF6 NBr NCl NClH2 NCl3

linear C3v C3v C3v linear linear

linear linear linear linear linear C4v Oh

∠ClLuCl

112

O—H

0.912

[Mn—F (re)]

1.797

Mo—O

1.658

N—Cl ∠HNH ∠ClNCl

1.748 107 107.1

UV ED ED ED MW UV ED UV ED UV UV UV UV ED ED ED UV ED ED ED ED UV UV MW, IR ED


9-26 Formula NF NF2 NH2 NH2NO2

Structure

NH3 NH4Cl NH NH2OH

C3v H3N····HCl (C3v)

NO NOCl NOF NO2 NO2Cl NO2F NS N2 N2H4

N2O N2O3

bisector of HNH angle is trans to OH bond

C2v C2v Ha atom is closer to the C2 axis, Hb is farther from the C2 axis

Oa

Ob Na Nb Oc

N2O4

O

O N O

NaBH4 NaBr NaCl NaF NaH NaI NaO Na2 NbCl4 NbCl5 NbO NdI3 NiBr NiBr2 NiCl2 NiF2 NiH NiI NpF6 OF OF2 OH O(SiH3)2 O2

C3v linear linear linear

Oh C2v

1.3170 1.3528 1.024 1.427 128.2

∠HNO N—O (re) N—O N—O N—O N—O N—O N—S (re) N—N (re) N—N ∠HNH dihedral angle of internal rotation N—N (re) Na—Nb Nb—Ob ∠OaNaNb

103.3 1.1506 1.14 1.136 1.193 1.202 1.1798 1.4940 1.0977 1.449 106.6 (ass.) 91

Method UV MW UV MW

∠FNF ∠HNH N—H ∠HNH

103.18 103.3 1.005 115.2

∠HNH (θe)

106.7

N—H

1.02

O—H

0.962

∠HNH

107

∠NOH

101.4

N—Cl N—F ∠ONO N—Cl N—F

1.975 1.512 134.1 1.840 1.467

∠ONCl ∠FNO

113 110.1

∠ONO ∠ONO

130.6 136

N—H ∠NNHa

1.021 112

∠NNHb

106

1.1284 1.864 1.202 105.05

N—O (re) Na—Oa Nb—Oc ∠NaNbOb

1.1841 1.142 1.217 112.72

∠NaNbOc

117.47

N—N

1.782

N—O

1.190

∠ONO

135.4

ED

B—H (BH3) Na—Br (re) Na—Cl (re) Na—F (re) Na—H (re) Na—I (re) Na—O (re) Na—Na (re) Nb—Cl Nb—Clax Nb—O (re) Nd—I Ni—Br Ni—Br Ni—Cl Ni—F Ni—H (re) Ni—I Np—F O—F (re) O—F (re) O—H (re) Si—H O—O (re)

1.278 2.5020 2.3609 1.9260 1.8873 2.7115 2.05155 3.0789 2.279 2.307 1.691 2.879 2.1963 2.201 2.076 1.729 1.476 2.348 1.982 1.3579 1.4053 0.96966 1.486 1.2074

B—Ha

1.238

Na—B

2.308

Nb—Cleq

2.276

[Ni—F (re)]

1.715

∠FOF (θe)

103.07

Si—O

1.634

∠SiOSi

144.1

MW MW MW MW UV MW UV UV ED ED UV ED UV ED ED ED UV UV ED LMR MW UV ED MW

1.012 3.136 1.0362 1.453

∠ONO

130.1

IR MW LMR MW IR MW MW MW MW MW IR UV ED, MW

MW, IR MW

N O

D2h Ha(BH3)Na (C3v)

Td D3h


N—F (re) N—F N—H N—N dihedral angle between NH2 and NNO2 planes N—H (re) N—Cl N—H (re) N—O

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Formula O2F2

Structure C2

O3 OsF6 OsO4 PBr3 PCl PCl3 PCl5

C2v Oh Td C3v C3v Cla

Clb

9-27 Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees F—O 1.575 ∠OOF

O—O dihedral angle of internal rotation O—O (re) Os—F Os—O P—Br P—Cl (re) P—Cl P—Cla

1.217 87.5

P—F (re) P—F P—Feq P—H (re) P—H P—H N—P (re) O—P (re) P—O P—O P—P (re) P—F ∠PPF P—P P—O Pb—Br (re) Pb—Cl (re) Pb—Cl Pb—F (re) Pb—F (re) Pb—H (re) Pb—I (re) Pb—O (re) Pb—S (re) Pb—Se (re) Pb—Te (re) Pr—Cl Pr—F Pr—I Pt—C (re) Pt—H (re) Pt—N (re) Pt—O (re) Pt—S (re) Pt—Si (re) Pu—F Rb—Br (re) Rb—Cl (re) Rb—F (re) Rb—H (re) Rb—I (re) Rb—O (re) Rb—O

1.5896 1.570 1.534 1.4223 1.418 1.4200 1.49087 1.4759 1.449 1.436 1.8931 1.587 95.4 2.21 1.638 2.598 2.444 2.369 2.0575 2.041 1.839 2.807 1.9218 2.2869 2.4022 2.5950 2.554 2.091 2.901 1.6767 1.52852 1.682 1.7273 2.03983 2.0612 1.972 2.9447 2.7869 2.2703 2.367 3.1768 2.25420 2.301

Re—O

1.702

1.2716 1.832 1.712 2.220 2.01461 2.039 2.124

109.5

∠OOO (θe)

117.47

∠BrPBr

101.0

∠ClPCl P—Clb

100.27 2.020

∠FPF P—Fax

97.8 1.577

∠HPH ∠HPH

91.70 93.345

P—Cl P—F

1.993 1.524

∠ClPCl ∠FPF

103.3 101.3

P—P

2.281

∠FPF

99.1

∠POP

126.4

∠IPrI

113

O—H

0.957

Re—Cl

2.229

Method MW

MW ED ED ED UV ED ED

Clb P Cla

PF PF3 PF5 PH PH2 PH3 PN PO POCl3 POF3 P2 P2F4 P4 P4O6 PbBr2 PbCl2 PbCl4 PbF PbF2 PbH PbI2 PbO PbS PbSe PbTe PrCl3 PrF3 PrI3 PtC PtH PtN PtO PtS PtSi PuF6 RbBr RbCl RbF RbH RbI RbO RbOH ReClO3

Clb

D3h C3v D3h c3v C3v C3v trans conformer Td Td bent bent Td bent bent

C3v C3v C3v

Oh

linear; large amplitude bending mode C3v

UV ED, MW ED LMR UV MW MW UV ED ED, MW UV P2F4 ED ED ED ED ED UV ED UV ED MW MW MW MW ED ED ED UV UV MW UV MW MW ED MW MW MW UV MW UV MW

∠ClReO

109.4

MW


9-28 Formula ReClO4 ReCl5 ReF6 ReF7 RhB RhC RhS RuO4 SCl2 SF SF2 SF6 SH SO SOCl2

Structure C4v D3h Oh pseudorotation

Td C2v Oh

SOF2 SOF4

Fb

Fb

Fa

S

Fa

O

SO2 SO2Cl2

C2v C2v

SO2F2

C2v

SO3 S(SiH3)2 S2 S2Br2

D3h C2

S2Cl2

C2

S2O2 S8

planar cis form S S S S S

Re—O Re—Cleq Re—F Re—F Rh—B Rh—C Rh—S Ru—O S—Cl S—F (re) S—F S—F S—H (re) S—O (re) S—O ∠ClSCl S—O ∠FSF S—O ∠OSFa ∠FaSFb

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.663 Re—Cl 2.270 ∠ClReO 2.238 Re—Clax 2.263 1.832 1.835 1.691 1.614 2.059 1.706 2.006 ∠ClSCl 103.0 1.6006 1.5921 ∠FSF 98.20 1.561 1.34066 1.4811 1.44 S—Cl 2.072 97.2 ∠OSCl 108.0 1.420 S—F 1.583 92.2 ∠OSF 106.2 1.403 S—Fa 1.575 S—Fb 90.7 ∠OSFb 124.9 89.6 ∠FbSFb 110.2

S—O (re) S—Cl ∠ClSCl S—F ∠FSF S—O Si—S S—S (re) S—Br

1.4308 2.011 100.0 1.530 97 1.4198 2.136 1.8892 2.24

dihedral angle of internal rotation S—Cl dihedral angle of internal rotation S—S S—S

83.5

Sb—Br Sb—Cl Sb—Cleq Sb—F (re) Sb—F Sb—H Sb—H Sb—I Sb—O (re) Sb—P (re) Sc—Cl Sc—F (re) Sc—F Se—F Se—F Se—H (re) Se—O (re)

105.5

Method ED ED ED ED UV UV UV ED ED MW MW ED UV MW MW ED

1.552

ED

∠OSO (θe) S—O ∠OSO S—O ∠OSO

119.329 1.404 123.5 1.397 123

Si—H

1.494

∠SiSSi

97.4

S—S

1.98

∠SSBr

105

IR ED R ED

2.057 84.1

S—S

1.931

∠SSCl

108.2

ED

2.025 2.07

S—O ∠SSS

1.458 105

∠OSS

112.8 (D4d)

MW ED

2.490 2.334 2.277 1.918 1.880 1.723 1.704 2.721 1.826 2.20544 2.291 1.788 1.847 1.742 1.69 1.48 1.6393

∠BrSbBr ∠ClSbCl Sb—Clax

98.2 97.1 2.338

∠FSbF

94.9

∠HSbH ∠ISbI

91.6 99.0

MW ED ED

S S

SbBr3 SbCl3 SbCl5 SbF SbF3 SbH SbH3 SbI3 SbO SbP ScCl3 ScF ScF3 SeF SeF6 SeH SeO

C3v C3v D3h C3v C3v C3v D3h D3h Oh

S

ED ED ED UV ED UV MW ED UV MW ED UV ED MW ED UV MW

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Formula SeOF2 SeO2 SeO3 Se2 Se6 SiBrF3 SiBrH3 SiCl SiClH3 SiCl4 SiF SiFH3 SiF2 SiF3H SiF4 SiH SiH3I SiH4 SiN SiO SiS SiSe Si2 Si2Cl6 Si2F6 Si2H6 SnBr2 SnCl SnCl2 SnCl4 SnF SnH SnH4 SnI2 SnO SnS SnSe SnTe SrBr SrBr2 SrCl2 SrF SrH SrI SrI2 SrO SrOH SrS TaBr5 TaCl5 TaO TbCl3 TeF6 TeH TeO Te2 ThCl4

Structure

D3h six-membered ring with chair conformation C3v C3v C3v T4 C3v C3v Td C3v Td

Td Td

quasilinear

linear

D3h D3h C3v Oh

Td

9-29

Se—O ∠OSeF Se—O (re) Se—O

1.576 104.82 1.6076 1.69

Se—Se (re) Se—Se

2.1660 2.34

Si—F Si—Br Si—Cl (re) Si—Cl Si—Cl Si—F Si—F Si—F (re) Si—H ((re) Si—F Si—H (re) Si—I Si—H Si—N (re) Si—O (re) Si—S (re) Si—Se (re) Si—Si (re) Si—Si Si—Si Si—Si ∠SiSiH Sn—Br (re) Sn—Cl (re) Sn—Cl (re) Sn—Cl Sn—F (re) Sn—H (re) Sn—H Sn—I (re) Sn—O (re) Sn—S (re) Sn—Se (re) Sn—Te (re) Sr—Br (re) Sr—Br Sr—Cl Sr—F (re) Sr—H (re) Sr—I (re) Sr—I Sr—O (re) Sr—O Sr—S (re) Ta—Breq Ta—Cleq Ta—O (re) Tb—Cl Te—F Te—H Te—O (re) Te—Te (re) Th—Cl

1.559 2.210 2.058 2.049 2.019 1.6008 1.593 1.590 1.4468 1.553 1.5201 2.437 1.4798 1.572 1.5097 1.9293 2.0583 2.246 2.32 2.317 2.331 110.3 2.501 2.361 2.335 2.281 1.944 1.7815 1.711 2.688 1.8325 2.2090 2.3256 2.5228 2.7352 2.783 2.630 2.0754 2.1456 2.9436 3.01 1.9198 2.111 2.4405 2.412 2.268 1.6875 2.476 1.815 1.74 1.825 2.5574 2.567

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees Se—F 1.730 ∠FSeF 92.22 ∠OSeO (θe) 113.83

Method MW MW ED UV ED

∠SeSeSe

102

Si—Br Si—H

2.156 1.486

∠FSiBr ∠HSiBr

108.5 107.8

Si—H

1.486

∠HSiCl

107.9

Si—H ∠FSiF (θe) Si—F (re)

1.486 100.8 1.5624

∠HSiH

110.63

∠HSiF (θe)

110.64

Si—H

1.486

∠HSH

107.8

Si—Cl Si—F Si—H ∠HSiH ∠BrSnBr

2.009 1.564 1.492 108.6 100.0

∠ClSiCl ∠FSiF

109.7 108.6

∠ClSnCl

99.1

∠ClSrCl

155

O—H

0.922

Ta—Brax Ta—Clax

2.473 2.315

MW MW UV MW ED UV MW, IR MW MW ED UV MW IR UV MW MW MW UV ED ED ED ED UV ED ED UV UV R, IR ED MW,UV MW MW MW UV ED ED UV UV UV ED MW UV UV ED ED UV ED ED UV UV UV ED


9-30 Formula ThF4 ThO TiBr4 TiCl3 TiCl4 TiF TiF4 TiI3 TiI4 TiO TiS TlBr TlCl TlF TlH TlI UCl4 UCl6 UF4 UF6 UI3 VCl3O VBr4 VCl4 VF3 VF5 VMo VO WClF5

Structure Td Td D3h Td Td D3h Td

Td Oh Td Oh C3v C3v Td (Jahn-Teller effect) Td (Jahn-Teller effect) D3h

Cl F b W Fb

Th—F Th—O (re) Ti—Br Ti—Cl Ti—Cl Ti—F Ti—F Ti—I Ti—I Ti—O (re) Ti—S (re) Tl—Br (re) Tl—Cl (re) Tl—F (re) Tl—H (re) Tl—I (re) U—Cl U—F U—F U—F U—I V—O V—Br V—Cl V—F V—Feq V—Mo V—O (re) W—F (av.)

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 2.124 1.84032 2.339 2.208 2.170 1.8342 1.756 2.568 2.546 1.620 2.0825 2.6182 2.4848 2.0844 1.870 2.8137 2.506 2.46 2.059 2.000 2.88 1.570 V—Cl 2.142 ∠ClVCl 2.276 2.138 1.751 1.709 V—Fax 1.736 1.876 1.5893 1.836 W—Cl 2.251 ∠FaWFb

W—Cleq W—Cl W—O W—F Xe—F Xe—F Xe—F Xe—O Y—Cl Y—Cl Y—F (re) Y—I Y—O (re) Yb—Br (re) Yb—H (re) Zn—Br Zn—Cl Zn—F (re) Zn—F Zn—H (re) Zn—I Zr—Br Zr—Cl Zr—F Zr—I Zr—O (re)

2.243 2.290 1.666 1.833 1.977 1.94 1.890 1.736 2.385 2.437 1.9257 2.817 1.790 2.6454 2.0526 2.204 2.072 1.7677 1.742 1.5949 2.401 2.465 2.328 1.902 2.660 1.7116

111.3

88.7

Method ED UV ED ED ED MW ED ED ED UV UV MW MW MW UV MW ED ED ED ED ED ED, MW ED ED ED ED UV UV MW

Fb Fb F a WCl5 WCl6 WF4O WF6 XeF2 XeF4 XeF6 XeO4 YCl YCl3 YF YI3 YO YbBr YbH ZnBr2 ZnCl2 ZnF ZnF2 ZnH ZnI2 ZrBr4 ZrCl4 ZrF4 ZrI4 ZrO

D3h Oh C4v Oh linear D4h Oh Td

linear linear linear linear Td Td Td Td

W—Clax

2.293

W—F

1.847

[Zn—F (re)]

1.729

∠FWF

86.2

ED ED ED ED IR ED ED ED UV ED UV ED UV UV UV ED ED MW ED UV ED ED ED ED ED UV


9-31

Part 2. Molecules containing carbon Compound

Structure


Acetaldehyde

O Cb H 3

Ca H

Acetamide

CH3CONH2

Acetic acid

Oa CH3

C

Ca—O Ca—H ∠CbCaO

1.210 1.128 124.1

Ca—Cb Cb—H ∠CbCaH

1.515 1.107 115.3

C—O C—C ∠CCN C—C C—H

1.220 1.519 115.1 1.520 1.10

C—N N—H ∠NCO C—Oa ∠CCOa

1.380 1.022 122.0 1.214 126.6

C—C ∠CCC

1.520 116.0

C—O ∠HCH

C—N ∠CCH C—C C—C C—Cl ∠CCCl C—C (re) Ca—Cb Ca—H ∠CaCbCc

1.159 109.7 1.442 1.506 1.798 111.6 1.203 1.345 1.10 120.3

Ca—Cb Ca—H ∠HCC

Method ED, MW

∠HCbH

109.8

C—H

1.124

C—Ob ∠CCOb

1.364 110.6

ED

1.213 108.5

C—H

1.103

ED, MW

C—C

1.468

C—H

1.107

ED, MW

C—N C—O ∠HCH

1.169 1.187 108.6

N—O C—H ∠OCCl

1.217 1.105 121.2

MW ED, MW

C—H (re) Cb—Cc Cc—H ∠CbCcO

1.060 1.484 1.13 123.3

1.343 1.114 120

Cb—Cc ∠CbCcN

1.438 178

Cc—N ∠CaCbCc

1.167 121.7

ED, MW

C—H C—N dihedral angle between NH2 plane and N— C bond C—C N—H ∠CCN

1.087 1.431 140.6

∠HCH N—H

118.2 0.998

IR MW

C (ring)—Ca C—N ∠CCC (ring) C—H Ca—Cb

1.511 Ca—O 1.380 120(ass.) ∠CCO 1.101 1.481 Cb—Cb

ED

Ob H

Acetonitrile

(CH3)2CO Symmetry axis of each CH3 is tilted 2° from the C—C bond CH3CN (C3v)

Acetonitrile-N-oxide Acetyl chloride

CH3CNO (C3v) CH3COCl

Acetylene Acrolein

HC≡CH

Acetone

H Cc

H Ca

O

Cb

H Acrylonitrile

H (planar s-trans form)

Allene Aniline

CH2=C=CH2 C6H5NH2

C—C C—C ∠HNH

1.3084 1.392 113.9

Azetidine

CH2

C—N C—H ∠CCC dihedral angle between CCC and CNC planes C—C (ring) C—H ∠CCN C—C Ca—O ∠CbCaCb

1.482 1.107 86.9 147

CH2

CH2 NH

Benzamide

C6H5—CaONH2

Benzene p-Benzoquinone

C6H6

1.401 1.112 117.8 1.399 1.225 118.1

1.553 1.03 85.8

Cc—O 1.217 ∠HCcCb 114 Other CCH 122 (av.)

IR ED, MW

ED ∠CNC

92.2

1.225 121.2 1.344

ED

ED, IR ED


9-32 Compound Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane

Structure

Ha Ca

Hb

Ca

Cb

Ha

Hc Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane

Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5diene

Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane

HCb

H Ca Ca H

Cb H Cb H

HCa(CbH2CbH2)3CaH large-amplitude torsional motion about D3h symmetry axis C5H8

Cb H 2 Cb H2

CaH

Ca H

Biphenyl

4,4´-Bipyridyl

Bis(cyclopentadienyl) beryllium Bis(cyclopentadienyl) iron Bis(cyclopentadienyl) lead

Bis(cyclopentadienyl) manganese Bis(cyclopentadienyl) nickel Bis(cyclopentadienyl) ruthenium Bis(cyclopentadienyl) tin Borane carbonyl

Hc

See preceeding structure C7H12

HCb Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane

Hb Cb

(C5H5)2Be (C5v)

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.497 Ca—Cb 1.498 Ca—Ha 1.093 Cb—Hc 1.093 ∠HbCbHc 130.4 ∠CaCaHa 128.4 ∠CaCbCa 121.7

1.54 1.549 113.1

Cb—Cb ∠CaCcCa

1.56 93.1

Ca—Cc

1.56

ED

1.345 117.3

Ca—Ca

1.574

Ca—Cb

1.524

ED

Ca—Cb ∠CaCbCb

1.54 109.7

Cb—Cb

1.55

C—C (av.)

1.542

ED

C—C Ca—Ca Ca—Cb

1.557 1.536 1.528

74.2 1.565 112.7

Ca—Cc

1.507

ED MW

C—C (intraring) torsional dihedral angle between the two rings C—C (interring) torsional dihedral angle between the two rings Be—(cyclopentadienyl plane) Fe—C Pb—C dihedral angle between the two C5H5 planes

1.396

∠CCC Cb—Cb dihedral angle between the CaCaCbCb and CaCaCc planes C—C (interring)

C—C (intraring)

1.375

C—C

1.423

C—C C—C

1.440 1.430

C—C

1.429

ED

CcH2

≈40

1.465 ≈37

1.071 115.6 60.0

Method MW

Ca—Ca Cb—Hb ∠CbCaHa dihedral angle between the two CaCaCb planes Ca—Cb C—C (av.) dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes Cb—Cb dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes

1.49

ED

C—N (intra- 1.375 ring)

ED

(C5H5)2Mn (D5h)

Mn—C

1.470, 1.92 2.064 2.79 40~50 (The two rings are not parallel) 2.383

(C5H5)2Ni (D5h)

Ni—C

2.196

C—C

1.430

ED

(C5H5)2Ru (D5h)

Ru—C

2.196

C—C

1.439

ED

(C5H5)2Sn (D5h) BH3CO (C3v)

Sn—C C—O ∠BCO

2.71 1.131 180

C—C B—C ∠HBH

1.431 1.540 113.9

(C5H5)2Fe (D5h) (C5H5)2Pb (D5h)

ED C—H

C—H B—H

1.104

1.14 1.194

ED ED

ED MW

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Bromobenzene

Structure Br

Ca

9-33 Ca—Cb C—Br

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.42 Cb—Cc 1.375 Cc—Cd 1.85 C—H 1.072 ∠CbCaCb

C—Cl C—I C—Br (re) C—Br C—Br C—Hg Ca—Cb ∠CCC

1.636 1.972 1.933 1.848 1.857 2.07 1.349 124.4

C—Br C—Br C—H (re) C—H C—H Hg—Br Cb—Cb ∠CbCaH

1.784 1.795 1.086 1.084 1.110 2.406 1.467 120.9

C—C C—C ∠HCH (θe) ∠HCH (ass.) ∠HCH

1.206 1.206 111.2 124.5 101.0

C—H (av.)

1.108

ED ED MW, IR MW UV MW ED

Ca—Cb

1.218

Cb—Cb

1.384

C—H

1.09

ED

C—C ∠CCH

1.531 111.0

1.117 65

∠CCC

113.8

ED

C—O ∠CCC C—C (av.)

1.215 116.2 1.518

C—H dihedral angle for the gauche conformer C—C (av.) ∠CCO Cc—O

1.524 119.5 1.219

C—H

1.108

ED

C—H (av.)

1.102

ED

∠CaCbCc Ca—Cb Ca—Cb Ca—Cb Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCc ∠HbCaCb

113.5 1.32 1.506 1.508 1.344 1.11 123.1 122

∠CbCcO Cb—Cb Cb—Cb Cb—Cb Cb—Cc Cd—Hd ∠CbCcCd ∠HcCbCa

121.9 1.28 1.346 1.347 1.434 1.09 178 122

∠CdCcO C—H ∠CaCbCb ∠CaCbCb Cc—Cd

121.9 1.08 125.4 123.8 1.215

ED ED ED ED, MW

∠HaCaCb ∠CcCdHd

119 182

C—C ∠CCCl Cb—Cb ∠CbCaH C—C (re) C—C C—O (re) C—S (re) C—Br C—Se (re) C—S (re) C—O (re) C—O C—O (re) C—P (re) C—S C—S C—C

1.528 107.3 1.214 110.7 1.2425 1.277 1.1600 1.5526 1.8209 1.67609 1.5349 1.1283 1.159 1.1578 1.562 1.553 1.557 1.289

C—Cl ∠CCH Ca—Cb

1.828 110.8 1.468

C—H ∠CCC C—H

1.102 111.6 1.116

1.401 117.4

Method MW

Cb H

HCb

CcH

HCc Cd H Bromochloroacetylene Bromoiodoacetylene Bromomethane Bromomethyl Bromomethylene Bromomethylmercury 1,3-Butadiene

ClC≡CBr IC≡CBr CH3Br CH2Br (planar) CHBr (bent) CH3HgBr (C3v)

CaH2 Cb H

Cb H CaH2

1,3-Butadiyne Butane

2,3-Butanedione 2-Butanone

(C2h) HCa≡CbCb≡CaH (linear) CH3CH2CH2CH3

CH3COCOCH3 trans conformer O C aH 3

Cc Cb H 2

1,2,3-Butatriene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene 1-Buten-3-yne

CdH3

trans conformer H2Ca=Cb=Cb=CaH2 (D2h) CaH3CbH=CbHCaH3 CaH3CbH=CbHCaH3 Ha H c

Ca C b Hb

Cc Cd Hd

tert-Butyl chloride

(CH3)3CCl

2-Butyne

CaH3—Cb≡Cb—CaH3

Carbon dimer Carbon trimer Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monobromide Carbon monoselenide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon oxyselenide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon phosphide Carbon sulfide selenide Carbon sulfide telluride Carbon suboxide

C2 C3 (linear) CO2 (linear) CS2 (linear) CBr CSe CS CO OCSe (linear) OCS (linear) CP SCSe (linear) SCTe (linear) OCCCO (linear)

C—Se C—S (re)

1.709 1.5601

C—Se C—Te C—O

1.693 1.904 1.163

ED, MW ED UV UV IR IR UV UV MW MW MW MW UV MW MW ED


9-34 Compound Carbonyl bromide Carbonyl chloride Carbonyl chloride fluoride

Structure COBr2 COCl2 COClF

ClCH2CH2OH (gauche)

C—O O—H ∠CCCl

Chloroiodoacetylene

ClC≡CI

C—Cl

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.178 C—Br 1.923 ∠BrCBr 1.179 C—Cl 1.742 ∠ClCCl 1.173 C—F 1.334 C—Cl 127.5 ∠FCCl 108.8 1.209 C—C 1.466 C—N 115 ∠CCN 180 1.172 C—F 1.3157 ∠FCF 1.6368 C—C 1.2033 C—H 1.400 C—Cl 1.737 C—H 1.624 C—N 1.160 C—C 1.362 1.528 C—Cl 1.802 C—H 109.8 ∠HaCaHa 110.7 ∠HbCbHb 110.6 Ca—Ha = Cb— Hb (ass.) 1.413 C—C 1.519 C—Cl 1.033 C—H 1.093 110.7 ∠CCO 113.8 dihedral angle of internal rotation 1.63 C—I 1.99 C—C

Carbonyl dicyanide

CO(CN)2

Carbonyl fluoride Chloroacetylene Chlorobenzene Chlorocyanoacetylene

COF2 HC≡CCl C6H5Cl ClC≡C—CN

Chloromethane Chloromethylidyne Chloromethylmercury trans-1-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene

CH3Cl CCl CH3HgCl (C3v) CH3CH=CHCl CH2ClCH=CH2 cis conformer skew conformer

C—Cl C—Cl C—Hg C—Cl C—Cl

1.785 1.6512 2.06 1.728 1.811

C—H

1.090

Hg—Cl ∠CCCl ∠CCCl

2.282 121.9 115.2

C—Cl

1.809

∠CCCl

109.6

Chlorotrifluoromethane Chromium carbonyl Cobalt cyanide Copper cyanide Cyanamide

CClF3 (C3v) Cr (CO)6 CoC≡N CuC≡N H2NaCNb

C—Cl Cr—C Co—C Cu—C Na—C ∠HNH

1.752 1.92 1.883 1.832 1.346 114

1.325 1.16 1.131 1.158 1.160 142

Cyanide Cyanoacetylene

CN HCa≡Cb—CcN C3H5CaN

Cyanogen Cyanogen azide

N≡C—C≡N (linear) N≡C—N=N≡N (planar) BrCN (linear) ClCN (linear) FCN (linear) ICN (linear) HCa≡CbCcH2Cd≡N

1.1718 1.205 1.159 1.513 1.107 1.163 1.312 1.164 1.157 1.629 1.262 1.995 1.207 (ass.) 1.159 (ass.) 113.4

Cb—Cc

Cyanocyclopropane

C—N (re) Ca—Cb Cc—N C—C (ring) C—H C—N C—N C≡N C—N (re) C—Cl (re) C—F C—I Ca—Cb

C—F C—O C—N C—N C—Nb dihedral angle between NH2 plane and N— C bond

Chloroethane

2-Chloroethanol

Cyanogen bromide Cyanogen chloride Cyanogen fluoride Cyanogen iodide 1-Cyano-2-propyne

C—O C—O C—O ∠ClCO C—O ∠CCC C—O C—Cl C—C C—Cl C—CN C—C ∠CCCl ∠CbCaHa

Cd—N ∠CbCcCd

∠HCH

112.3 111.8 1.725

Method ED, MW ED, MW ED, MW

1.153

ED, MW

107.71 1.0550 1.083 1.205

ED, MW MW ED ED

1.103 109.2

ED, MW

1.801

ED

62.4

1.209 (ass) 110.8

MW MW, IR UV MW MW MW

dihedral angle of internal rotation ∠FCF ∠CrCO

122.4

108.6 180

N—H

1.00

ED, MW ED MW MW MW

1.378

C—H

1.058

MW MW

C— Ca ∠CaCH C—C N=N ∠CNN C—Br (re) C—N (re) C—N C—N Cb—Cc(ass.)

1.472 119.6 1.393 1.252 120.2 1.790 1.160 1.159 1.159 1.465

Ca—N ∠HCH

1.157 114.6

N≡N ∠NCN

1.133 176.0

Cc—Cd

1.454

Ca—H(ass.)

1.057

Cc—H(ass.)

1.090

∠HCcH

109.4 (ass.)

∠CbCcH

111.3

MW ED MW MW MW MW MW MW

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Cyclobutane

Structure (CH2)4

Cyclobutanone

Cb H 2 CcH2

Ca O

9-35 C—C dihedral angle between the two CCC planes Ca—Cb ∠CbCaCb

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.555 C—H 1.113 145

Method ED

1.527 93.1

Cb—Cc ∠CaCbCc

1.556 88.0

MW

Ca—Ca Ca—H ∠CaCbCb ∠CaCaH

1.566 1.094 94.2 114.5

Cb—Cb Cb—H ∠CbCbH ∠CaCaCb

1.342 1.083 133.5 85.8

Ca—Cb Cd—Cd ∠CaCbCc

1.45 1.34 133

Cb—Cc Ca—O ∠CbCcCd

C—C Ca—Ca Cc—Cc ∠CbCcCc

1.536 1.334 1.54 110.9

Ca—Cb C—H dihedral angle between CaCaCaCa and CaCbCbCa planes Ca—Cb ∠CaCbCc

Cb H 2 Cyclobutene

2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1one

O Ca HCb

Cb H

HCc

CcH

(C2v) C6H12 (chair form) HCa CaH H2 Cb

Cb H2 CcH2

Cyclooctatetraene

C cH 2

half-chair form (C2)

tub form (D2d) 1,3-Cyclopentadiene

1.517

MW

109.2 135.8

1.36 1.23 126

∠HCaH dihedral angle between CH2 plane and Ca—Ca bond Cc—Cd ∠CbCaCb ∠CcCdCd

1.46 122 130

ED

C—H Ca—Cb ∠CaCaCb

1.119 1.50 123.4

∠CCC Cb—Cc ∠CaCbCc

111.3 1.52 112.0

ED ED

1.476 1.100 136.9

Ca—Ca ∠CbCaCa

1.340 126.1

Cb—Cb ∠CaCbCb

1.340 126.1

ED

1.509 109.3

Cb—Cc ∠CbCcCc

1.342 109.4

Cc—Cc ∠CbCaCb

1.469 102.8

MW

C—In

2.621

C—C

1.426

(C5v)

C—C Ca—Cb ∠CaCbCc dihedral angle between CbCaCb and CbCcCcCb planes C—C

1.546 1.546 103.0 151.2

C—H Cb—Cc ∠CbCcCc

1.114 1.519 110.0

∠CCH Cc—Cc ∠CbCaCb

111.7 1.342 104.0

ED ED

1.512

C—H

1.083

∠HCH

114.0

R

Cd H

Cd H

Cyclohexane Cyclohexene

Ca—Cb

CaH2 HCb

Cb H

HCc CcH Cyclopentadienylindium

Cyclopentane Cyclopentene

(CH2)5 CaH2 H 2 Cb

Cb H 2 CcH

Cyclopropane

(CH2)3

C cH

ED


9-36 Compound Cyclopropanone

Structure

H 2 Cb Ca O H 2 Cb

Cyclopropene

Ca H 2 Cb H

HCb Cyclopropenone

H

H Cb

Cc

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.475 Cb—Cb 1.575 Ca—O 57.7 ∠HCbH 1.086 ∠CaCbCb 151

1.191 114

1.505 1.072

Cb—Cb ∠CbCbH

1.293 150

Ca—H ∠HCaH

1.085 114.3

MW

Ca—Cb (rs) C—H (rs)

1.423 1.079

Cb—Cc (rs) ∠HCbCc (θs)

1.349 144.3

Ca—O (rs) CbCaCc (θs)

1.212 56.6

MW

C—C (av.) C—N ∠HCH

1.530 1.482 117

C—H (av.) N—N

1.113 1.228

∠CCC (av.) C—H

111.4 1.09

ED MW

Ca—Cb Nb—Nc ∠CaCbH

1.424 1.132 117

Ca—Na C—H ∠CaCbNb

1.165 1.082 119.5

Cb—Nb

1.280

MW

C—N ∠HCH C—C ∠CCBr C—Br ∠BrCBr C—C (rings)

1.32 126.0 1.506 109.5 1.924 113.2 1.398

N—N

1.12

C—H

1.075

MW, IR

C—Br ∠CCH C—H

1.950 110 1.08

C—H

1.108

ED

∠HCBr

109

ED

1.495

C—H

1.10

ED

C—Cl dihedral angle between the two rings (defined as 0 for cis conformer) C—C ∠CCC ∠CCCl ∠CCCl C—C ∠ClCCl C—C ∠CCCl C—C ∠ClCC C—C ∠ClCC C—Cl (re) ∠ClCCl (θe)

1.732 74

C—C (interring) ∠CCCl

121.4

∠CCH

126

C—Cl

1.810

C—H

1.102

∠HCCl ∠HCCl C—Cl ∠CCCl C—Cl ∠CCH C—Cl

111.5 107.6 1.766 111.0 1.790 113 1.73

C—Cl

1.718

ED

C—H (re) ∠HCH (θe)

1.087 111.5

MW, IR

Ca—Cb C—H dihedral angle between CH2 plane and Cb—Cb bond Ca—Cb Cb—H

Method MW

Ca Decalin Diazirine

O

C2v C10H18

N CH2 N

Diazoacetonitrile

H Cb Ca

Nb

Na

Diazomethane

CH2N2

1,2-Dibromoethane

CH2BrCH2Br

Dibromomethane

CH2Br2

2,2’-Dichlorobiphenyl

C6H4Cl—C6H4Cl

trans-1,4Dichlorocyclohexane

C6H10Cl2

1,1-Dichloroethane

equatorial: axial: CHCl2CH3

1,2-Dichloroethane

CH2ClCH2Cl

1,1-Dichloroethene

CH2=CCl2 (C2v)

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene

CHCl=CHCl

Dichloromethane

CH2Cl2

Nc

1.530 111.5 108.6 110.6 1.540 112.0 1.531 109.0 1.32 (ass.) 123 1.354 123.8 1.765 112.0

ED

MW C—H

1.11

ED MW

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound 1,2-Dicyanocyclobutene

Structure H2Cb

Ca

H2Cb´

Ca´

Difluorocyanamide

C2v F2Nb—C≡Na

Difluorocyclopropenone

F

Cc

N

Cc´

N

F Cb

Cc

9-37 Ca—Ca’ Ca—Cc ∠Ca’CaCb ∠CbCaCc

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.361 Ca—Cb 1.515 Cb—Cb’ 1.420 Cc—N 1.157 Cb—H 93.9 ∠CaCbCb’ 86.1 ∠CaCcN 133.3 ∠CaCbH 114.7 ∠Ca’CaCbH

C—Na ∠NaCNb Ca—Cb C—F

1.158 174 1.453 1.314

C—Nb ∠CNbF Cb—Cc ∠FCbCc

1.386 105.4 1.324 145.7

Nb—F ∠FNbF Ca—O

1.399 102.8 1.192

C—Si ∠CSiC C—C ∠CCF

1.844 115.2 1.498 110.7

Si—F ∠FSiF C—F ∠CCH (av.)

1.585 106.1 1.364 111.0

C—H (ass.) ∠SiCH (ass.) C—H (av.) dihedral angle between CCF planes C—H dihedral angle of internal rotation C—H

1.093 110.8 1.081 118.9

MW

1.103 109

ED

1.091

ED, MW

1.099

ED, MW

1.567 1.088 178.2 115.8

Method MW

MW MW

Ca O Difluorodimethylsilane

C2v (CH3)2SiF2

1,1-Difluoroethane

CH3CHF2

1,2-Difluoroethane

CH2FCH2F

C—C ∠CCF

1.503 110.3

C—F ∠CCH

1.389 111

1,1-Difluoroethene

CH2=CF2

cis-1,2-Difluoroethene

CHF=CHF

Difluoromethane

CH2F2

C—C ∠CCF C—C ∠CCF C—F ∠FCF Ca—O ∠COC

1.340 124.7 1.33 122.0 1.357 108.3 1.432 114.6

C—F ∠CCH C—F ∠CCH C—H ∠HCH Cb—O ∠OCO

1.315 119.0 1.342 124.1 1.093 113.7 1.382 114.3

C—N ∠CNC ∠HCH C—Be C—Cd Cb—Ob ∠OaCbOa Cb—Nb C—N ∠CaNCa B—B B—Hb (cis) ∠BBC (cis)

1.455 111.8 107 1.698 2.112 1.209 107 1.161 1.482 115.5 1.799 1.358 122.6

N—H ∠CNH

Dimethoxymethane

Dimethylamine

(CH)2NH

Dimethylberyllium Dimethyl cadmium Dimethyl carbonate

(CH3)2Be (CBeC linear) (CH3)2Cd (CaH3Oa)2Cb=Ob

Dimethylcyanamide trans-Dimethyldiazene

(CaH3)2Na—Cb≡Nb CH3N=NCH3

1,2-Dimethyldiborane

CH3

CH3

Hb B

Ht

B Hb

Ht

C—H

ED

MW C—H (av.) ∠OCH

1.108 110.3

ED

1.00 107

C—H ∠NCH

1.106 112

ED

C—H ∠HCH Cb—Oa ∠CbOaCa Ca—Na N—N ∠CaNCb B—C B—Hb (trans) ∠BBC (trans)

1.127 108.4 1.34 114.5 1.463 1.247 116.0 1.580 1.365 121.8

∠BeCH

113.9

Ca—Oa

1.42

ED R ED

Cb—Na ∠CNN

1.338 112.3

ED ED

B—Ht

1.24

C—H CSeSeC dihedral angle C—H CSSC dihedral angle

1.13 88

ED

1.105 85

ED

Dimethyl diselenide

(CH3)2Se2

C—Se ∠CSeSe

1.95 98.9

Se—Se ∠HCSe

2.326 108

Dimethyl disulfide

(CH3)2S2

C—S ∠SSC

1.816 103.2

S—S ∠SCH

2.029 111.3

ED


9-38 Compound S,S´-Dimethyl dithiocarbonate

Structure

CaH3 SCb SCaH3 O

Ca—S ∠OCS

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.802 Cb—S 1.777 Cb—O 124.9 ∠CSC 99.3

C—O ∠COC C—N C—H

1.416 112 1.46 1.12

C—H ∠HCH N—N ∠NNC

1.121 108 1.42 112

Dimethyl ether

syn-syn conformer (CH3)2O

N,N’-Dimethylhydrazine

CH3NH—NHCH3

Dimethyl mercury

(CH3)2Hg

C—Hg

2.083

C—H

Dimethylphosphine

(CH3)2PH

C—P ∠CPC Ca—Cb ∠CcCbCc C—Se ∠CSeC C—Si ∠CSiC ∠HSiH C—S ∠CSC C—S ∠CSC C—S ∠CSC dihedral angle between SCC plane and S—O bond C—Zn C—C ∠CCO

1.848 99.7 1.495 110.5 1.943 96.2 1.868 110.9 107.8 1.802 98.80 1.771 102 1.799 96.6 115.5

P—H ∠CPH Cb—Cc

1.160 (ass.) 1.419 97.0 1.536

C—H ∠SeCH C—H ∠CSiH

1.093 108.7 1.089 109.5

C—H ∠HCH S—O ∠OSO S—O ∠CSO

1.090 109.3 1.435 121 1.485 106.7

1.929 1.523 109.2

∠HCH C—O ∠COC

C—C C—C (re) C—C ∠CCN

1.5351 1.522 1.545 110.2

Ca—Cb Ca—H ∠CbCaS C—C Ca—H ∠CCO C—C (rs) C—C C—H ∠CNC ∠HbCC ∠HcCN C—C ∠COC

1.530 1.090 108.3 1.512 1.10 107.8 1.329 1.481 1.084 60.3 117.8 114.3 1.520 111.9

2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile (CcH3)3Cb—Ca≡N Dimethyl selenide

(CH3)2Se

Dimethyl silane

(CH3)2SiH2

Dimethyl sulfide

(CH3)2S

Dimethyl sulfone

(CH3)2SO2

Dimethyl sulfoxide

(CH3)2SO

Dimethyl zinc 1,4-Dioxane

(CH3)2Zn

CH2 CH2 O

O

1.206

Method ED

ED N—H CNNC dihedral angle Hg···H

1.03 90

ED

2.71

ED MW

Ca—N

1.159

∠HCH Si—H ∠SiCH

110.3 1.482 110.9

MW MW MW

ED, MW C—H

1.114

ED

C—H ∠HCH

1.081 110.3

MW

107.7 1.423 112.45

C—H

1.112

C—H

1.0940

∠CCH

111.17 MW

C—N dihedral angle between NCC and CCN planes Ca—S Cb—H ∠CbCaH C—O Cb—H ∠CbCaH C—H (rs) N—C N—H ∠HaNC ∠HbCN

1.469 64

C—H

1.11

ED

1.829 1.093 109.6 1.431 1.09 111 1.082 1.475 1.016 109.3 118.3

S—H ∠CaSH ∠CaCbH O—H ∠COH ∠CaCbH ∠HCH (θs)

1.350 96.4 109.7 0.971 105 110 117.2

MW

∠HbCHc ∠HcCC

115.7 119.3

C—O (av.) ∠OCC

1.418 109.4

C—H (av.) ∠HCH

1.118 109.0

R ED

CH2 CH2 Ethane 1,2-Ethanediamine

chair form C2H6 staggered conformation H2NCH2CH2NH2 gauche conformer

Ethanethiol

CbH3—CaH2—SH

Ethanol

CbH3CaH2OH staggered conformation

Ethylene Ethyleneimine

CH2=CH2 Ha Hb

N C

Hb C

Hc

Ethyl methyl ether

C2H5OCH3

Hc

MW

MW, IR MW

ED

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Ethyl methyl sulfide Fluoroketene

Structure C2H5SCH3 gauche conformer HFC=C=O

Fluoromethane Fluoromethylidyne (Fluoromethylidyne) phosphine 2-Fluoropropane

CH3F CF FC≡P

Formaldehyde Formaldehyde azine

H2CO H2C=N—N=CH2 trans conformer

Formaldehyde oxime

CH3CHFCH3

Ha

OHc N

C Hb Formamide

Hc

O N

C

Formic acid

Oa C Ob

Formic acid dimer

Formyl radical Fulvene

Furan

H

(planar)

HC=O

O

Ha Ca

Ha Ca

Cb Cb Hb

Hc

Ob Cb

Ha H b Ca Hb Oa Glyoxal

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.536 C—S (av.) 1.813 C—H 97 ∠SCC 114.0 ∠HCH 1.317 C—O 1.167 C—F 1.102 ∠CCO 178.0 ∠CCF 122.3 1.382 C—H (re) 1.095 ∠HCH (θe) 1.2718 1.285 C—P 1.541

C—C ∠CCC C—O C—N ∠CNN C—N C—Ha ∠HaCN

1.522 113.4 1.208 1.277 111.4 1.276 1.085 121.8

C—F ∠CCF C—H N—N ∠HCN N—O C—Hb ∠HbCN

1.398 108.2 1.116 1.418 120.7 1.408 1.086 115.6

∠HCH C—H

116.5 1.094

MW ED

O—Hc ∠CNO ∠NOHc

0.956 110.2 102.7

MW

C—N N—H

1.368 1.027

C—O ∠CNH (av.)

1.212 119.2

C—Ha ∠NCO

1.125 125.0

ED, MW

C—Oa C—H ∠OaCOb

1.202 1.097 124.9

C—Ob

1.343

Ob—H

0.972

MW

∠HCOa

124.1

∠CObH

106.3

C—Oa ∠OaCOb

1.220 126.2

C—Ob ∠COaOb

1.323 108.5

Oa···Ob

2.703

C—O Ca—Cd Cc—Cc Cd—H ∠CaCbCc ∠HCdH

1.1712 1.349 1.476 1.13 107.7 117

C—H Ca—Cb Cb—H ∠CbCaCb ∠CaCbH

1.110 1.470 1.078 106.6 124.7

∠HCO Cb—Cc Cc—H ∠CbCcCc ∠CbCcH

127.43 MW 1.355 MW 1.080 109 126.4

Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCb ∠CbCbHb

1.361 1.075 106.1 128.0

Cb—Cb Cb—Hb ∠CbCaO ∠OCaHa

1.431 1.077 110.7 115.9

Ca—O

1.362

∠CaOCa

106.6

Ca—Ce ∠CaCeO trans conformer (with respect to Oa and Ob atoms) Ca—Cb Ca—Hb ∠CaCbOb ∠CaCbHc ∠CaOaHa

1.458 121.6

Ce—Ob ∠CeCaCb

1.250 133.9

Ce—H ∠CaCeH

1.088 116.9

MW

1.499 1.093 122.7 115.3 101.6

Ca—Oa Cb—Hc ∠CbCaOa ∠CbCaHb ∠HbCaOa

1.437 1.102 111.5 109.2 109.7

Cb—Ob Oa—Ha

1.209 1.051

MW

∠HbCaHb

107.6

C—C ∠CCO C—C Ca—Cb Ca—H C—C

1.526 121.2 1.56 1.450 1.09 1.545

C—O ∠HCO C—Cl Cb—Cc

1.212 112 1.769 1.208

C—H

1.132

ED, UV

∠CCCl Cc—Cc

110.0 1.377

ED ED

CF

1.326

∠CCF

109.8

ED

1.111 110 1.360 119.5

Method ED MW

110.45 MW, IR UV MW MW

ED

MW

Hb

Furfural

Glycolaldehyde

C—C ∠CSC C—C C—H ∠CCH C—F (re) C—F (re) C—F

Ha

Hb

H

9-39

Hexachloroethane 2,4-Hexadiyne

CHOCHO trans conformer Cl3CCCl3 CaH3Cb≡CcCc≡CbCaH3

Hexafluoroethane

F3CCF3


9-40 Compound Hexafluoropropene

Structure CF2=CFCF3

C—C

trans-1,3,5-Hexatriene

H2Ca=CbHCcH=CcHCbH=CaH2

Hydrogen cyanide Iminocyanide radical

HCN (linear) HNCN

Iodoacetylene Iodocyanoacetylene Iodomethane Iron pentacarbonyl

IC≡CH ICa≡CbCc≡N (linear) CH3I Fe(CO)5 (D3h)

Isobutane

(CbH3)3CaH

Isobutene

CaH3

Hc Cb

Cc

CaH3

H

Isocyanic acid

HNCO (bent)

Isocyanomethane

CaH3—N≡Cb

Isofulminic acid Isothiocyanic acid

HCNO (linear) HNCS

Ketene

H2C=C=O

Malononitrile

CH2(CN)2

Methane Methanethioamide

CH4

S

Ha C N Hb

Hc

∠CCC ∠FCC(CF3) Ca—Cb ∠CaCbCc C—H (re) N—H ∠HNC C—C Ca—Cb Ca—I C—I (re) Fe—C (av.) Ca—Cb ∠CbCaCb Ca—Cb Cc—Hc ∠CaCbCa ∠HCaCb (av.) N—C ∠NCO Ca—N ∠NCaH ∠HCH C—N N—C ∠NCS C—C C—H C—C ∠CCC C—H (re) C—S N—Ha ∠NCS ∠SCHc C—S ∠HSC

Methanethiol

CH3SH

Methanol

CH3OH

C—O ∠COH

Methyl N-Methylacetamide

·CH3 planar (D3h) H3 Ca H

C—H Ca—Cb Cb—O ∠CbNCc

Cb O

N CcH3

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.513 C=C 1.329 C—F (ass.) 127.8 ∠FCC (CF) 120 ∠FCC(CF2) 110 1.337 Cb—Cc 1.458 Cc—Cc 121.7 ∠CbCcCc 124.4 1.0655 C—N (re) 1.1532 1.034 N···N 2.470 116.5 ∠NCN ~180 1.218 C—I 1.980 C—H 1.207 Cb—Cc 1.370 Cc—N 1.985 2.132 C—H (re) 1.084 ∠HCH (θe) 1.821 (Fe—C)eq – 0.020 C—O (av.) (Fe—C)ax 1.535 Ca—H 1.122 Cb—H 110.8 ∠CaCbH 111.4 1.508 Cb—Cc 1.342 Ca—H 1.10 115.6 ∠CaCbCc 122.2 ∠CbCcH 111.4 ∠HCaH 107.9 ∠HcCcHc 1.209 C—O 1.166 N—H 180 ∠HNC 128.0 1.424 N— Cb 1.166 Ca—H 109.12 123.0 1.161 N—O 1.207 H—C 1.216 C—S 1.561 N—H 180 ∠HNC 135.0 1.315 C—O 1.163 1.090 ∠HCH 123.5 1.480 C—N 1.147 C—H 110.4 ∠CCN 176.6 ∠HCH 1.0870 1.626 C—N 1.358 C—Hc 1.002 N—Hb 1.007 117.9 ∠HbNC 125.3 ∠HaNC 127 ∠HaNHb 121.7 ∠NCHc 1.819 S—H 1.34 C—H 96.5 ∠HCH 109.8 angle between CH3 symmetry axis and C— S bond 1.4246 C—H 1.0936 O—H 108.53 ∠HCH 108.63 angle between CH3 symmetry axis and C— O bond 1.076 1.520 Cb—N 1.386 Cc—N 1.225 C—H 1.107 119.7 ∠NCbO 121.8 ∠CaCbN

1.329 (ass.) 124 1.368

Method ED

ED MW, IR UV

1.059 1.160

IR MW

111.2 1.153

MW, IR ED

1.113

ED, MW

1.119

ED, MW

121 118.5 0.986

MW

1.102

MW

1.027 0.989

MW MW MW

1.091 108.4 1.10 120.4 108 1.09 2.2

MW IR MW

MW

0.9451 MW 3.27

1.469 114.1

R ED

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Methylamine

Structure CH3NH2

Methyl azide

CH3 Na

3-Methyl-3H-diazirine

Methylene Methylenecyclopropane

Nb

Nc

NNN linear N CH3 CH N

CcH2 CaH2

CcH2

3-Methyleneoxetane

Cc H 2 O

Cb

Ca H 2

CcH2 Methylenephosphine

CHcHt=PH planar

Methyl formate

CaH3 Oa Cb

Hb Methylgermane Methyl hypochlorite Methylidyne Methylidynephosphine Methylketene

CH3GeH3 CH3OCl :CH HCP

CcH3 Cb

Ca

O

H Methyl nitrate

H a Oa

Ha C Hb

Methyloxirane

N O

CaH3 Cb H

1.468 1.09

C—C ∠NCN

1.501 49.3

Ca—Cb C—H ∠CcCbCc C—P P—H ∠HCH Cb—Ob Cb—H

Ob

Ob CcH2

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.471 N—H 1.019 C—H 110.3 ∠HNH 106.6 ∠HCH 4.3

C—N ∠HNC angle between CH3 symmetry axis and C—N bond C—Na C—H

C—H (re) Ca—Cb Cc—H ∠HCcH

:CH2

Cb

9-41

Na—Nb ∠CNaNb

C—N dihedral angle between CNN plane and C— C bond 1.0748 ∠HCH (θe) 1.332 Cb—Cc 1.09 ∠CcCbCc 113.5 dihedral angle between CcH2 plane and Cc— Cc bond 1.33 Cb—Cc 1.09 (ass) ∠HCcH 87

CH3PH2 CH3POF2

Methylsilane

CH3SiH3

Methylstannane

CH3SnH3

Method MW

1.216 116.8

Nb—Nc

1.113

ED

1.481 122.3

N—N

1.235

MW

Cc—Cc ∠HCaH

1.542 114.3

133.84 1.457 63.9 150.8

IR,MW MW

1.52 Cc—O 114 (ass) ∠HCaH

1.45 120 (ass)

MW

C—Hc ∠CPH ∠PCHc C—O (av.)

1.09 97.4 124.4 1.393

C—Ht

1.09

MW

∠PCHt Ca—H

118.4 1.08

ED

∠OaCbOb

127

∠OaCaH

110

Ge—H ∠HCH O—Cl ∠HCH

1.529 108.4 1.674 109.6

C—H

1.083

MW

C—H

1.103

MW

C—H (re) Cb—Cc Cc—H ∠CaCbCc ∠HCH C—Ha N—Oa ∠ONOa ∠OCHb

1.0692 1.518 1.10 122.6 109.2 1.10 1.205 118.1 103

Ca —O

1.171

UV MW MW

∠CaCbH

113.7

C—Hb N—Ob ∠ONOb

1.09 1.208 112.4

MW

dihedral 123.8 angle between CbCcO plane and CaCb bond

MW

∠COC

1.673 1.420 117.2 1.206 1.101 (ass.) 114

C—Ge ∠HGeH C—O ∠COCl C—H (re) C—P (re) Ca—Cb Cb—H ∠OCaCb ∠CcCbH C—O O—N ∠CON ∠OCHa

1.945 109.3 1.389 112.8 1.1198 1.5398 1.306 1.083 180.5 123.7 1.437 1.402 112.7 110

Ca—Cb

1.51

∠CaCbCc

121.0

C—P C—P

1.858 1.770

C—H P—O

1.094 1.444

∠OPC C—Si ∠HCH C—Sn

117.8 1.867 107.7 2.143

∠FPC Si—H ∠HSiH Sn—H

103.7 1.485 108.3 1.700

O

Methylphosphine Methylphosphonic difluoride

1.095 108.1

P—F

1.545

ED ED,MW

∠FPF C—H

99.2 1.093

MW MW


9-42 Compound Methyl thiocyanate

Structure

C aH 3 S Cb

N

Methyltrioxorhenium

CH3ReO3

Molybdenum carbide Molybdenum carbonyl Naphthalene

MoC Mo(CO)6 (Oh)

Neopentane Nickel carbonyl Nickel monocarbonyl Nickel cyanide Nitromethane

C(CH3)4 Ni(CO)4 (Td) NiCO (linear) NiC≡N (linear) CH3NO2

N-Nitrosodimethylamine

(CH3)2NNO

Nitrosomethane

CH3NO

2,5-Norbornadiene

H2 Cc HCb HCb

1,2,5-Oxadiazole

1,3,4-Oxadiazole

Oxalic acid

C aH Ca H

(C2v)

(planar)

(planar) H

Oa

Ob C

Cb H

Cb H

S—Ca C—H ∠CaSCb Re—C ∠ReCH Mo—C Mo—C Ca—Cb Cc—Cc

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.824 S—Cb 1.684 Cb—N 1.081 99.0 ∠HCH 110.6 ∠HCS 2.074 Re—O 1.703 C—H 108.9 ∠CReO 106.4 1.676 2.063 C—O 1.145 1.37 Cb—Cb 1.41 Ca—Cc 1.42 C—C (av.) 1.40 ∠CaCcCc

C—C Ni—C Ni—C Ni—C C—N

1.537 1.839 1.64 1.828 1.489

C—H C—O C—O C—N N—O

1.114 1.121 1.19 1.158 1.224

∠ONO C—N ∠CNC C—N ∠CNO Ca—Cb C—H dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes

125.3 1.461 123.2 1.49 112.6 1.535 1.12 115.6

∠NCH N—O ∠CNN N—O ∠NCH Cb—Cb ∠CaCcCa

107 1.235 116.4 1.22 109.0 1.343 94

C—C C—H ∠CCN

1.421 1.076 109.0

C—N ∠CCH ∠NON

C—O C—H ∠CNN

1.348 1.075 105.6

C—C Ob—H ∠CCOa

1.544 1.05 123.1

C—C ∠CCO C—C ∠CCC ∠HCH (av.)

1.170

Method MW

108.3 1.088

MW

1.42 119.4

UV ED ED

∠CCH

112

C—H

1.088 (ass.)

N—N ∠ONN C—H

1.344 113.6 1.084

ED

Ca—Cc

1.573

ED

1.300 130.2 110.4

O—N ∠NCH ∠ONC

1.380 120.9 105.8

MW

C—N ∠OCH ∠COC

1.297 118.1 102.0

N—N ∠NCH ∠OCN

1.399 128.5 113.4

MW

C—Oa

1.205

C—Ob

1.336

ED

∠OaCOb

125.0

∠CObH

104

1.534 124.2

C—O ∠CCCl

1.182 111.7

1.744

ED

1.546 85 109.9

C—O ∠COC

1.448 92

C—Cl 68% trans, 32% gauche at 0 °C C—H (av.) ∠OCC

1.090 92

MW

ED IR IR MW MW

MW

C

Oa

Ob H

Oxalyl chloride

Cl

O C

O Oxetane

C Cl

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Oxirane

Structure CH2

9-43

C—C (av.) Cb—H ∠COH

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.466 C—O 1.431 C—H 116.6 dihedral angle 158.0 between NH2 plane and N— C bond 1.397 Ca—O 1.364 O—H 1.084 Cc—H 1.076 Cd—H 109.0

C—C C—H ∠HCH

1.502 1.09 114.4

C—P ∠CPC ∠CCH

1.867 47.4 118

C—C ∠CNC

1.540 109.0

C—N ∠CCN

1.467 110.4

Pd—C Pt—C (re) K—C C—C ∠CCC Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCc

1.712 1.6767 2.528 1.532 112 1.341 1.104 124.3

C—H ∠HCH Cb—Cc Cc—Hd ∠CbCaHa,b,c

1.107 107 1.506 1.117 121.3

Ca—Cb Cc—O

1.35 1.19

Cb—Cc C—H

∠CaCbCc ∠CaCbH

123 ∠CbCcCl 120 (ass.) ∠CbCaH

Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCc Cc—Cb Ca—H Cc—Cb (rs) N—C (rs) C—C ∠CCH

1.211 1.085 178.6 1.459 1.056 1.456 1.175 1.339 123.9

Cb—Cc Cc—Hc ∠CbCcO Cb—Ca Cc—H Cb—Ca (rs) Cc—H (rs) C—N ∠CCN

1.48 1.086 (ass.) 116 121.5 (ass.) 1.453 1.130 124.2 1.206 1.105 1.206 1.090 1.403 115.6

Ca—Cb N—N

1.393 1.330

Cb—Cb ∠NCC

1.375 123.7

C—C ∠HCH

O CH2 Phenol

Phosphirane

CH2 PH CH2

Piperazine

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

NH

Palladium carbide Platinum carbide Potassium carbide Propane

NH

(C2h) PdC PtC KC C3H8

Propene

2-Propenoyl chloride

H Ca H

Cl Cb

Cc

H

O

2-Propynal

HaCa≡Cb—CcHcO (planar)

Propyne

H3Cc—Cb≡CaH

Propynal isocyanide

H3Cc—Cb≡Ca—N≡C

Pyrazine Pyridazine

H H Cb C b HCa

CaH N

N

P—H ∠HPC dihedral angle between PCC plane and PH bond C—H

1.085

Method MW

0.956 1.082

MW

1.43 95.2 95.7

MW

1.110

ED

UV UV MW ED ED, MW ∠CbCcHd

110.7

Cc—Cl

1.82

∠CbCcO

127

Cc—O

1.214

∠CbCcHc

113.7

∠HCcCb Ca—N (rs) ∠HCcCb (θs) C—H

110.2 1.316 110.7 1.115

Ca—N ∠NNC

1.341 119.3

MW

ED, MW

MW MW ED ED, MW


9-44 Compound Pyridine

Structure

Pyrimidine

Pyrrole

(C2v assumed) H N Ha

Ca

Ca

H b Cb

Pyruvonitrile

Cb H b O

Cb

CaH3

Ha

Cc

Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCc ∠CaNCa

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.395 Cb—Cc 1.394 Ca—N 1.084 Cb—Hb 1.081 Cc—Hc 118.5 ∠CbCcCb 118.3 ∠CcCbHb 116.8 ∠NCaCb 123.9 ∠NCaHa

C—C ∠NCN

1.393 127.6

C—N ∠CNC

1.340 115.5

Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCb ∠CbCbH

1.382 1.076 107.4 127.1

Cb—Cb Cb—Hb ∠CaNCa ∠NCaHa

1.417 1.077 109.8 121.5

Ca—N N—H ∠NCaCb

1.370 0.996 107.7

MW

Ca—Cb C—N ∠CaCbCc

1.518 1.17 114.2

Cb—Cc C—O ∠CaCbO

1.477 1.208 124.5

C—H ∠HCH ∠CCN

1.12 109.2 179

ED, MW

Ru—C C—C Si—H ∠SiCC

1.607 1.571 1.47 84.8

1.885 99.8 146

C—H ∠CSiC

1.100 77.2

Si—C (re) ∠HCSi C—C(rs) C—C Si—H Si—C ∠HSiC Na—C Cb—Cb ∠CbCaCb

1.704 122.0 1.269 1.234 1.488 1.850 107.25 2.232 1.52 62

C—Si ∠CCC dihedral angle between CCC and CSiC planes Si—H (re) ∠HSiC Si—C (rs) Si—C ∠HSiC C—N

1.467 122.4 1.832 1.812 109.4 1.156

C—H (re)

1.082

MW

∠CSiC (θs) C—Cl

40.5 1.620

MW ED

Si—H

1.487

ED,MW

Ca—Cb ∠HCH

1.47 118

C—H

1.09

MW ED

Sr—C C—C C—H

2.487 1.561 1.09

C—H (ass.) C—C(N) ∠CCC

1.104 1.465 110.4

105.8 1.161 75

C—Br C—C C—Cl C—C ∠CC=C C—S ∠FCS

1.935 1.354 1.767 1.435 121.1 1.785 113.7

∠HCH C—N dihedral angle of CCCC for gauche conformer

C—Cl

1.718

∠ClCCl

115.7

C=C

1.357

C—N

1.162

ED ED ED ED

C—F

1.314

∠CSC

83.2

ED

C—C C—F

1.31 1.323

C—F

1.319

∠CCF

123.8

ED ED

1.340 1.077 121.3 115.9

Method MW

ED

N

Ruthenium carbide Silacyclobutane

RuC CH2 CH2 CH2 SiH2

Silaethene

H2Si=CH2

Silicon dicarbide Silylchloroacetylene

CSiC (ring) SiH3C≡CCl

Silyl cyanide

SiH3C≡N

Sodium carbide Spiro[2.2]pentane

NaC Cb H 2

H 2 Cb Ca H 2 Cb

Strontium methyl Succinonitrile

Cb H 2

(D2d) SrCH3 CH2 CN CH2 CN

Tetrabromomethane Tetrachloroethene Tetrachloromethane Tetracyanoethene 2,2,4,4-Tetrafluoro-1,3dithietane

Tetrafluoroethene Tetrafluoromethane

CBr4 (Td) CCl2=CCl2 CCl4 (Td) (CN)2C=C(CN)2

S F2 C

UV ED

CF2 S (D2h assumed) CF2=CF2 CF4 (Td)

UV ED

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Tetrahydrofuran

Structure

CH2 CH2

9-45 C—C

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.536 C—O 1.428 C—H

C—C ∠COC ∠CCC (O)

1.531 111.5 111

C—O ∠OCC

1.420 111.8

C—H ∠CCC (C)

1.116 108

ED

C—C ∠CCC

1.536 105.0

C—S ∠CSC

1.839 93.4

C—H ∠SCC

1.120 106.1

ED

C—I C—Ge C—Pb C—Si C—Sn C—C C—H ∠CCN

2.15 1.945 2.238 1.875 2.144 1.420 1.079 113.8

C—H

1.12

∠GeCH

108

C—H C—H C—N

1.115 1.12 1.328

∠HCH

109.8

S—N

1.631

∠NSN

99.6

∠CCH

126.2

C—S C—H ∠CCN

1.721 1.08 112.2

C—N ∠CSC ∠NCH

1.302 86.4 123.5

N—N ∠SCN ∠SCH

1.371 114.6 121.9

MW

C—C ∠CSC

1.549 76.8

C—S ∠HCH (av.)

1.847 112

1.100 154

ED, MW

C—C ∠CSC dihedral angle between CH2 plane and C—C bond Ca—S (rs) Ca—H (rs)

1.484 48.3 152

C—S ∠CCS

1.815 65.9

C—H (av.) dihedral angle between CCC and CSC planes C—H ∠HCH

1.083 116

MW

1.610 1.089

Ca—Cb (rs) Cb—H (rs)

∠CbCaS (θs)

125.3

∠CbCaH (θs)

1.506 1.094 (av.) 119.4

C—S C—S C—C (rs) ∠HCH (θs) Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCb ∠SCaHa

1.589 1.611 1.314 119.8 1.370 1.078 112.5 119.9

C—F C—H C—S (rs)

1.315 1.093 1.554

Cb—Cb Cb—Hb ∠CaSCa ∠CbCbHb

1.423 1.081 92.2 124.3

C—C (ring) C—C

1.399 C—CH3 1.51 (ass.) C—Br

∠BrCBr

111

1.115

Method ED

O CH2 CH2 Tetrahydropyran

H2 C H2 C

CH2

H2 C

Tetrahydrothiophene

CH2 O chair form

CH2 CH2 S CH2 CH2

Tetraiodomethane Tetramethylgermane Tetramethyl lead Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane 1,2,5-Thiadiazole

1,3,4-Thiadiazole

Thietane

Thiirane

CI4 (Td) (CH3)4Ge (CH3)4Pb (CH3)4Si (CH3)4Sn S N N

HC CH (planar) S HC CH

N N (planar)

H2 C S H2 C

Thioacetaldehyde

Thiocarbonyl fluoride Thioformaldehyde Thioketene Thiophene

Toluene 1,1,1-Tribromoethane

H3Cb

Ca

F2CS CH2S H2C=C=S C2v

C6H5—CH3 CH3CBr3

S H

∠CCBr

ED ED ED ED ED MW

MW ∠HCbCa (θs) 110.6 (av.) ∠FCF 107.1 ∠HCH 116.9 C—H (rs) 1.080

MW MW IR

Ca—S

1.714

MW

∠SCaCb

115.5

1.524 1.93

C—H (av.) C—H

108

∠CCH

1.11 1.095 (ass.) 109.0 (ass.)

ED MW


9-46 Compound Tribromomethane Tri-tert-butyl methane

Structure CHBr3 (C3v) HCa[Cb(CcH3)3]3

Trichloroacetonitrile

CCl3CN


CH3CCl3

Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Trichloromethylgermane

CCl3F CHCl3 CH3GeCl3

Trichloromethylsilane Trichloromethylstannane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2trifluoroethane

CH3SiCl3 CH3SnCl3 CF3CCl3 (staggered configuration)

Triethylenediamine

Trifluoroacetic acid

(D3h)

1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Trifluoroiodomethane Trifluoromethane Trifluoromethanesulfonyl fluoride

CH3CF3 CF3I (C3v) CHF3 (C3v) CF3SO2Fa

Trifluoromethyliminosulfurdifluoride

CF3N=SF2

Trifluoromethyl peroxide

CF3OOCF3

Trimethyl aluminium

(CH3)3Al

Trimethylamine

(CH3)3N

Trimethylarsine Trimethyl bismuth Trimethylborane

(CH3)3As (CH3)3Bi (CH3)3B

Trimethylphosphine

(CH3)3P

1,3,5-Trioxane

O H2 C

CH2

O

O C H2

C—Br Ca—Cb ∠CaCbCc C—C ∠ClCCl C—C ∠CCCl ∠CCH C—Cl C—Cl C—Ge

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.924 C—H 1.11 ∠BrCBr 1.611 Cb—Cc 1.548 C—H 113.0 1.460 C—N 1.165 C—Cl 110.0 1.541 C—Cl 1.771 C—H 109.6 ∠ClCCl 109.4 ∠HCH 108.9 1.754 C—F 1.362 ∠ClCCl 1.758 C—H 1.100 ∠ClCCl 1.89 Ge—Cl 2.132 C—H

∠ClGeCl

106.4

∠GeCH

C—Si C—Sn C—C ∠CCF ∠CSnCl

1.876 2.10 1.54 110 113.9

Si—Cl Sn—Cl C—F ∠CCCl ∠ClSnCl

110.5 (ass.) 2.021 2.304 1.33 109.6 104.7

C—C ∠NCC

1.562 110.2

C—N

1.472

C—C C—F ∠CCOa

1.546 1.325 126.8

C—Oa O—H ∠CCOb

C—C C—F C—F C—S S —Fa ∠OSO C—N C—F ∠FSF O—O ∠COO

1.494 1.330 1.332 1.835 1.543 124.1 1.409 1.331 92.8 1.42 107

∠CCF C—Al ∠CAlC C—N ∠CNC C—As C—Bi C—B ∠CBC C—P ∠CPC C—O

119.2 1.957 120 1.458 110.9 1.979 2.263 1.578 120 1.847 98.6 1.422

111.7 1.111

Method ED, MW ED

1.763

ED

1.090 110.0

MW

111 111.3 1.103 (ass.)

MW MW ED, MW

MW ED MW

C—H C—Cl

1.100 1.77

∠SnCH

108

∠CNC

108.7

ED

1.192 C—Ob 0.96 (ass.) 111.1 ∠CCF

1.35

ED

C—F C—I C—H C—F (av.) ∠CSFa ∠FCF S—N ∠CNS ∠FCF C—O ∠FCF

1.340 2.138 1.098 1.325 95.4 109.8 1.477 127.2 108.1 1.399 109.0

C—H ∠FCF ∠FCF S—O ∠CSO

1.081 108.1 108.8 1.410 108.5

ED ED, MW MW ED

S—F ∠NSF

1.594 112.7

ED,MW

1.320 123

ED

∠CCH C—H ∠AlCH C—H ∠HCH ∠CAsC C—H C—H ∠BCH C—H ∠PCH ∠OCO

112 1.113 111.7 1.100 110 98.8 1.07 1.114 112.5 1.091 110.7 112.2

C—F COOC dihedral angle of internal rotation

109.5

ED ED ∠AsCH ∠CBiC

111.4 97.1

ED ED ED ED

∠COC

110.3

MW

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Triphenylamine

Structure (C6H5)3N (C3)

Tungsten carbide Tungsten carbonyl Vanadium carbonyl Vinyl bromide

WC W(CO)6 (Oh) V(CO)6 (Oh, involving dynamic Jahn-Teller effect) See Vinyl chloride

Vinyl chloride

Hc

Cl C

Hb

C Ha

Vinyl fluoride

See Vinyl chloride

Vinyl iodide

See Vinyl chloride

Zinc cyanide

ZnC≡N (linear)

9-47 C—C torsional dihedral angle of phenyl rings W—C W—C V—C

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.392 C—N 1.42 ∠CNC 47

116

Method ED

1.7135 2.059 2.015

C—O C—O

1.149 1.138

UV ED ED

C—C C—Hb ∠CCHa C—C C—Hb ∠CCHa

1.3256 1.0804 124.34 1.3262 1.0796 123.91

C—Br C—Hc ∠CCHb C—Cl C—Hc ∠CCHb

1.8835 1.0794 119.28 1.7263 1.0796 119.28

C—Ha ∠CCBr ∠CCHc C—Ha ∠CCCl ∠CCHc

1.0780 MW 122.62 122.03 1.0783 MW 122.75 121.77

C—C C—Hb ∠CCHa C—C C—Hb ∠CCHa Zn—C

1.3210 1.0774 125.95 1.3276 1.0823 123.54 1.955

C—F C—Hc ∠CCHb C—I C—Hc ∠CCHb C—N

1.3428 1.0789 118.97 2.0830 1.0799 119.36 1.146

C—Ha ∠CCF ∠CCHc C—Ha ∠CCI ∠CCHc

1.0796 MW 121.70 121.34 1.0787 MW 122.97 122.30 MW

CHARACTERISTIC BOND LENGTHS IN FREE MOLECULES References

This is a summary of typical bond lengths in gas-phase molecules. The value given for each bond is near the mid-range of values found in simple molecules. Bond lengths usually vary by 1 or 2%, and often by more, depending on the nature of the other bonds attached to the two atoms in question. References 1 and 2 give bond lengths in individual gas-phase molecules, as determined by spectroscopic and electron diffraction methods. All bond distances are given in Å (1 Å = 10–10 m).

1. “Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules”, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th Edition, 2005, p. 9-19. 2. Harmony, M. D., Laurie, V. W., Kuczkowski, R. L., Schwendeman, R. H., Ramsay, D. A., Lovas, F. J., Lafferty, W. J., and Maki, A. G., Molecular structure of gas-phase polyatomic molecules determined by spectroscopic methods, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 8, 619, 1979. 3. Lide, D. R., “A survey of carbon-carbon bond lengths”, Tetrahedron 17, 125, 1962.

A. Characteristic lengths of single bonds. As Br C Cl F Ge H I N O P S Sb Se Si Sn Te

As 2.10 2.32 1.96 2.17 1.71 1.51

Br

C

2.28 1.94 2.14 1.76 2.30 1.41 2.47

1.53 1.79 1.39 1.95 1.09 2.13 1.46 1.42 1.85 1.82

2.22 2.24

1.95 1.87 2.14

2.21

Cl

F

1.99 1.63 2.15 1.28 2.32 1.90 1.70 2.04 2.05 2.33

1.41 1.73 0.92 1.91 1.37 1.42 1.57 1.56

2.05 2.28

Ge

2.40 1.53 2.51

1.71 1.58 1.82

H

I

0.74 1.61 1.02 0.96 1.42 1.34 1.70 1.47 1.48 1.71 1.66

2.67

N

O

1.45 1.43 1.65

1.48

2.44 2.67

1.63

P

2.25

S

Sb

Se

Si

2.00 2.14

2.33

2.33

B. Lengths of multiple bonds (non-ring molecules). C=C C≡C C=N C≡N C=O C=S N=N N≡N N=O O=O

1.34 1.20 1.21 1.16 1.21 1.61 1.24 1.13 1.18 1.21

C. Effect of environment on carbon-carbon single bonds (other single bonds not shown). From Reference 3. Configuration C–C C–C= C–C≡ =C–C= ≡C–C= ≡C–C≡

C–C length 1.526 1.501 1.459 1.467 1.445 1.378

Examples of molecules H3C–CH3 H3C–CH=CH2 H3C–C≡CH H2C=CH–CH=CH2 HC≡C–CH=CH2 HC≡C–C≡CH

D. Some metal-carbon bond lengths in gas-phase molecules. Al–C B–C Be–C

1.96 1.58 1.70

Bi–C Cd–C Hg–C

2.26 2.11 2.08

Pb–C Sn–C Zn–C

2.24 2.14 1.93

9-46


5/3/05 12:10:28 PM

Atomic Radii of the Elements The simple model of an atom as a hard sphere that can approach only to a fixed distance from another atom to which it is not bonded has proved useful in interpreting crystal structures and other molecular properties. The term van der Waals radius, rvdw, was originally introduced by Pauling as a measure of this atomic size. Thus in a closely packed structure two non-bonded atoms A and B will be separated by the sum of their van der Waals radii rvdw (A) and rvdw (B). The set of van der Waals radii proposed by Pauling was refined by Bondi (Reference 1) based on crystallographic data, gas kinetic collision cross sections, and liquid state properties. The non-bonded contact distances predicted from the recommended rvdw of Bondi have been compared with actual data in the collection of the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center by Rowland and Taylor (Reference 2) and modified slightly. Their recommended van der Waals radii are given in the third column of this table. Element

Symbol rvdw/Å rcov/Å

Element

The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center also makes use of a set of “covalent radii” to determine which atoms in a crystal are bonded to each other. Thus two atoms A and B are judged to be connected by a covalent bond if their separation falls within a tolerance of ±0.4 Å of the sum rcov (A) + rcov (B). The covalent radii are given in the fourth column of the table.

References 1. Bondi, A., J. Phys. Chem. 68, 441, 1964. 2. Rowland, R. S. and Taylor, R., J. Phys. Chem. 100, 7384, 1996. 3. Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center, www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/products/csd/radii/


Element


Actinium

Ac

 

1.88

Hafnium

Hf

 

1.57

Promethium

Pm

 

1.80

Aluminum

Al

 

1.35

Helium

He

1.40

 

Protactinium

Pa

 

1.61

Americium

Am

 

1.51

Holmium

Ho

 

1.74

Radium

Ra

 

1.90

Antimony

Sb

 

1.46

Hydrogen

H

1.09

0.23

Rhenium

Re

 

1.35

Argon

Ar

1.88

1.51

Indium

In

1.93

1.63

Rhodium

Rh

 

1.45

Arsenic

As

1.85

1.21

Iodine

I

1.98

1.40

Rubidium

Rb

 

1.47

Astatine

At

 

1.21

Iridium

Ir

 

1.32

Ruthenium

Ru

 

1.40

Barium

Ba

 

1.34

Iron

Fe

 

1.34

Samarium

Sm

 

1.80

Berkelium

Bk

 

1.54

Krypton

Kr

2.02

 

Scandium

Sc

 

1.44

Beryllium

Be

 

0.35

Lanthanum

La

 

1.87

Selenium

Se

1.90

1.22

Bismuth

Bi

 

1.54

Lead

Pb

2.02

1.54

Silicon

Si

2.10

1.20

Boron

B

0.83

Lithium

Li

1.82

0.68

Silver

Ag

1.72

1.59

Bromine

Br

1.85

1.21

Lutetium

Lu

 

1.72

Sodium

Na

2.27

0.97

Cadmium

Cd

1.58

1.69

Magnesium

Mg

1.73

1.10

Strontium

Sr

 

1.12

Cesium

Cs

 

1.67

Manganese

Mn

 

1.35

Sulfur

S

1.80

1.02

Calcium

Ca

 

0.99

Mercury

Hg

1.55

1.70

Tantalum

Ta

 

1.43

Californium

Cf

 

1.83

Molybdenum

Mo

 

1.47

Technetium

Tc

 

1.35

Carbon

C

1.70

0.68

Neodymium

Nd

 

1.81

Tellurium

Te

2.06

1.47

Cerium

Ce

 

1.83

Neon

Ne

1.54

 

Terbium

Tb

 

1.76

Chlorine

Cl

1.75

0.99

Neptunium

Np

 

1.55

Thallium

Tl

1.96

1.55

Chromium

Cr

 

1.35

Nickel

Ni

1.63

 

Thorium

Th

 

1.79

Cobalt

Co

 

1.33

Niobium

Nb

 

1.48

Thulium

Tm

 

1.72

Copper

Cu

1.40

1.52

Nitrogen

N

1.55

0.68

Tin

Sn

2.17

1.46

Curium

Cm

 

0.99

Osmium

Os

 

1.37

Titanium

Ti

 

1.47

Dysprosium

Dy

 

1.75

Oxygen

O

1.52

0.68

Tungsten

W

 

1.37

Erbium

Er

 

1.73

Palladium

Pd

1.63

 

Uranium

U

1.86

1.58

Europium

Eu

 

1.99

Phosphorus

P

1.80

1.05

Vanadium

V

 

1.33

Fluorine

F

1.47

0.64

Platinum

Pt

1.72

 

Xenon

Xe

2.16

 

Gadolinium

Gd

 

1.79

Plutonium

Pu

 

1.53

Ytterbium

Yb

 

1.94

Gallium

Ga

1.87

1.22

Polonium

Po

 

1.68

Yttrium

Y

 

1.78

Germanium

Ge

 

1.17

Potassium

K

2.75

1.33

Zinc

Zn

1.39

1.45

Gold

Au

1.66

 

 

1.82

Zirconium

Zr

 

1.56

Praseodymium Pr

9-49

DIPOLE MOMENTS This table gives selected values of the electric dipole moment for over 800 molecules. When available, values determined by microwave spectroscopy, molecular beam electric resonance, and other high-resolution spectroscopic techniques were selected. Otherwise, the values come from measurements of the dielectric constant in the gas phase or, if these do not exist, in the liquid phase. Entries are listed alphabetically; compounds not containing carbon are listed first, followed by compounds containing carbon. The dipole moment is given in debye units (D). The conversion factor to SI units is 1 D = 3.33564 × 10–30 C m. Dipole moments of individual conformers (rotational isomers) are given when they have been measured. The conformers are designated as gauche, trans, axial, etc. The meaning of these terms can be found in the references. In some cases an average value, obtained from measurements on the bulk gas, is also given. Other information on molecules that have been studied by spectroscopy, such as the components of the dipole moment in the molecular framework and the variation with vibrational state and isotopic species, is given in the references. When the accuracy of a value is explicitly stated (i.e., 1.234 ± 0.005), the stated uncertainty generally indicates two or three standard deviations. When no uncertainty is given, the value may be assumed to be precise to a few units in the last decimal place. However, if more than three decimal places are given, the exact interpretation of the final digits may require analysis of the vibrational averaging. Values measured in the gas phase that are questionable because of undetermined error sources are indicated as approximate (≈). Values obtained by liquid phase measurements, which sometimes have large errors because of association effects, are enclosed in brackets, e.g., [1.8].

References 1. Nelson, R. D., Lide, D. R., and Maryott, A. A., Selected Values of Electric Dipole Moments for Molecules in the Gas Phase, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. — Nat. Bur. Stnds. 10, 1967. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/6 (1974), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/14a (1982), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 4. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/14b (1983), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 5. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/19c (1992), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 6. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/24c (2002), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 7. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 8. Kasuya, T., Lafferty, W. J., and Lide, D. R., J. Chem. Phys. 48, 1, 1968. 9. Kirchhoff, W. H., and Lide, D. R., J. Chem. Phys. 51, 467, 1969. 10. Durig, J. R., Li, Y. S., and Rizzolo, J. J., J. Chem. Phys. 77, 5885, 1982. 11. Ogata, T., Mochizuki, A. and Yamashita, E., J. Chem. Phys. 87, 2531, 1987. 12. Rego, A., and Cox, A. P., J. Chem. Phys. 89, 124, 1988. 13. Tyblewski, M., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 97, 6168, 1992. 14. Kawashima, Y., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 99, 820, 1993. 15. Caminati, W., Melandri, S., and Favero, L., J. Chem. Phys. 100, 8569, 1994. 16. Cederberg, J., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 105, 3361, 1996. 17. Bauder, A., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 106, 7558, 1997.

18. Muller, H. S. P., Miller, C. E., and Cohen, E. A., J. Chem. Phys. 107, 8292, 1997. 19. Burgh, D. J., Suenram, R. D., and Stevens, W. J., J. Chem. Phys. 111, 3526, 1999. 20. Blake, T. A., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 98, 6031, 1993. 21. Ruoff, R. S., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 89, 138, 1988. 22. Muenter, J. S., J. Chem. Phys. 90, 4048, 1989. 23. Peterson, J. I., Suenram, R. D., and Lovas, F. J., J. Chem. Phys. 90, 5964, 1989. 24. Suenram, R. D., Lovas, F. J., and Matsumura, K., Astrophys. J. Lett. 342, 103, 1989. 25. Groner, P., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 91, 1434, 1989. 26. Suenram, R. D., Lovas, F. J., Fraser, G. T., and Matsumura, K., J. Chem. Phys. 92, 4724, 1990. 27. Andrews, A. M., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 93, 7030, 1990. 28. Peterson, K. I., Suenram, R. D., and Lovas, F. J., J. Chem. Phys. 94, 106, 1991. 29. Iida, M., Ohshima, Y., and Endo, Y., J. Chem. Phys. 95, 4772, 1991. 30. Andrews, A. M., Hillig, K. W., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 96, 1784, 1992. 31. Ruoff, R. S., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 96, 3441, 1992. 32. Germann, T. C., Tschopp, S. L., and Gutowsky, H. S., J. Chem. Phys. 97, 1619, 1992. 33. Taleb-Bendiab, A., Hillig, K. W., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 97, 2996, 1992. 34. Taleb-Bendiab, A., Hillig, K. W., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 98, 3627, 1993. 35. Xu, L-W., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 100, 15, 1994. 36. Peterson, K. I., Suenram, R. D., and Lovas, F. J., J. Chem. Phys. 102, 7807, 1995. 37. Tatamitani, Y., and Ogata, T., J. Chem. Phys. 121, 9885, 2004. 38. Medvedev, I., et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 148, 593, 2003. 39. Lesarri, A., Suenram, R. D., and Brugh, D., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 9651, 2002. 40. Arunan, E., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 9766, 2002. 41. Smith, T. C., Clouthier, D. J., and Steimle, T. C., J. Chem. Phys. 115, 817, 2001. 42. Peebles, S. A., Sun, L., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 110, 6804, 1999. 43. Namiki, K. C., Robinson, J. S., and Steimle, T. C., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 5283, 1998. 44. Peebles, S. A., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 5276, 1998. 45. Sauer, B. E., Wang, J., and Hinds, E. A., J. Chem. Phys. 105, 7412, 1996. 46. Fry, J. L., Drouin, B. J., and Miller, C. E., J. Chem. Phys. 124, 084304, 2006. 47. Christiansen, J. J., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 231, 131, 2005. 48. Kisiel, Z., et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 325, 523, 2000. 49. Lovas, F. J., et al., Astrophys. J. Lett. 455, 201, 1995. 50. Suenram, R. D., and Lovas, F. J., Astrophys. J. Lett. 429, 89, 1994. 51. Biermann, S., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 105, 9754, 1996. 52. McGlone, S., and Bauder, A., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 5383, 1998. 53. Peebles, S. A., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 111, 10511, 1999. 54. Plusquellic, D. F., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 115, 3057, 2001. 55. Muller, H. S. P., and Cohen, E. A., J. Chem. Phys. 116, 2407, 2002. 56. Andrews, A. M., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 98, 791, 1993. 57. Lovas, F. J., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 92, 891, 1990. 58. Klots, T. D., Emilsson, T., and Gutowsky, H. S., J. Chem. Phys. 97, 5335, 1992. 59. Careless, A. J., Kroto, H. W., and Landsberg, B. M., Chem. Phys. 1, 371, 1973. 60. Costain, C. C., and Kroto, H. W., Can. J. Phys. 50, 1453, 1972. 61. Kroto, H. W., Nixon, J. F., and Ohno, K., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 90, 367, 1981. 62. Kroto, H. W., Nixon, J. F., and Simmons, N. P. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 82, 185, 1980. 63. Kroto, H. W., Nixon, J. F., and Ohno, K., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 77, 270, 1979. 64. Cox, A. P., Ewart, I. C., and Gayton, T. R., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 125, 76, 1987. 65. Cohen, E. A., and Pickett, H. M., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 87, 582, 1981. 66. Peebles, S. A., and Peebles, R. A., J. Mol. Struct. 607, 19, 2002. 67. Suenram, R. D., Lovas, F. J., and Pickett, H. M., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 116, 406, 1986. 68. Kroto, H. W., and Landsberg, B. M., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 62, 346, 1976.

9-50

6679X_S09.indb 50

4/11/08 3:46:40 PM

Dipole Moments Name

9-51 Mol. Form.

Compounds not containing carbon Aluminum monofluoride AlF Ammonia H3N Arsenic(III) chloride AsCl3 Arsenic(III) fluoride AsF3 Arsine AsH3 Barium oxide BaO Barium sulfide BaS Bromine chloride BrCl Bromine dioxide BrO2 Bromine fluoride BrF Bromine oxide BrO Bromine pentafluoride BrF5 Bromosilane BrH3Si Bromotrifluorosilane BrF3Si Calcium monochloride CaCl Cesium chloride ClCs Cesium fluoride CsF Cesium sodium CsNa Chlorine fluoride ClF Chlorine oxide ClO Chlorine trifluoride ClF3 Chloroborane BClH2 Chlorogermane ClGeH3 Chlorosilane ClH3Si Chlorosyl fluoride ClFO Chlorotrifluorosilane ClF3Si Chromium monoxide CrO Copper(I) fluoride CuF Copper(II) oxide CuO Dichlorosilane Cl2H2Si Difluoramine F2HN Difluorine dioxide F2O2 Difluoroborane BF2H cis-Difluorodiazine F2N2 Difluorosilane F2H2Si Difluorosilylene F2Si Disiloxane H6OSi2 Fluoramine FH2N Fluorine azide FN3 Fluorine monoxide F2O Fluorine oxide FO Fluoroborane BF Fluorogermane FGeH3 Fluorosilane FH3Si Gallium monofluoride FGa Germanium(II) fluoride F2Ge Germanium(II) oxide GeO Germanium(II) selenide GeSe Germanium(II) sulfide GeS Germanium(II) telluride GeTe Germylazide GeH3N3 Hafnium monoxide HfO Hafnium(IV) oxide HfO2 Hexaborane(10) B6H10

6679X_S09.indb 51

μ/D 1.53 ± 0.15 1.4718 ± 0.0002 1.59 ± 0.08 2.59 ± 0.05 0.217 ± 0.003 7.954 ± 0.003 10.86 ± 0.02 0.519 ± 0.004 2.8 ± 0.1 1.422 ± 0.016 1.76 ± 0.04 1.51 ± 0.15 1.319 0.835 ± 0.007 ≈3.6 10.387 ± 0.004 7.884 ± 0.001 4.75 ± 0.20 0.888061 1.297 ± 0.001 0.6 ± 0.1 0.75 ± 0.05 2.13 ± 0.02 1.31 ± 0.01 1.93 ± 0.02 0.636 ± 0.004 3.88 ± 0.13 5.77 ± 0.29 4.5 ± 0.5 1.17 ± 0.02 1.92 ± 0.02 1.44 ± 0.07 0.971 ± 0.010 0.16 ± 0.01 1.55 ± 0.02 1.23 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.02 2.27 ± 0.18 ≈1.3 0.308180 0.0043 ± 0.0004 ≈0.5 2.33 ± 0.12 1.2969 ± 0.0006 2.45 ± 0.05 2.61 ± 0.02 3.2823 ± 0.0001 1.65 ± 0.05 2.00 ± 0.06 1.06 ± 0.07 2.58 ± 0.02 3.431 ± 0.005 7.92 ± 0.01 2.50 ± 0.05

Ref. 1 5 1 1 5 5 3 3 18 3 2 1 3 64 4 2 2 2 5 5 1 14 1 1 55 5 5 2 5 1 1 1 8 1 1 2 1 5 5 5 5 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 25 26 39 3

Hydrazine

Name

Hydrazoic acid Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Hydroxyl Hydroxylamine Hypochlorous acid Hypofluorous acid Imidogen Indium(I) chloride Indium(I) fluoride Iodine bromide Iodine chloride Iodine fluoride Iodine monoxide Iodine pentafluoride Lanthanum monoxide Lead(II) oxide Lead(II) sulfide Lithium bromide Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride Lithium fluoride–sodium fluoride complex Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide Lithium iodide Lithium monoxide Lithium potassium Lithium rubidium Lithium sodium Magnesium oxide Mercapto Nitric acid Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen sulfide Nitrogen trichloride Nitrogen trifluoride Nitrogen trioxide Nitrosyl bromide Nitrosyl fluoride Nitrosyl hydride Nitrous acid (cis) Nitrous acid (trans) Nitrous oxide Nitryl chloride Nitryl fluoride Ozone Pentaborane(9) Perchloryl fluoride Peroxynitrous acid

Mol. Form. H4N2 HN3 BrH ClH FH HI H2O2 H2S HO H3NO ClHO FHO HN ClIn FIn BrI ClI FI IO F5I LaO OPb PbS BrLi ClLi FLi FLi•FNa

1.75 ± 0.09 1.70 ± 0.09 0.8272 ± 0.0003 1.1086 ± 0.0003 1.826178 0.448 ± 0.001 1.573 ± 0.001 0.97833 1.655 ± 0.001 0.59 ± 0.05 ≈1.3 2.23 ± 0.11 1.39 ± 0.07 3.79 ± 0.19 3.40 ± 0.07 0.726 ± 0.003 1.24 ± 0.02 1.948 ± 0.020 2.45 ± 0.05 2.18 ± 0.11 3.207 ± 0.011 4.64 ± 0.50 3.59 ± 0.18 7.268 ± 0.001 7.12887 6.3274 ± 0.0002 2.62 ± 0.02

μ/D

HLi HLiO ILi LiO KLi LiRb LiNa MgO HS HNO3 NO NO2 NS Cl3N F3N N2O3 BrNO FNO HNO HNO2 HNO2 N2O ClNO2 FNO2 O3 B5H9 ClFO3 HNO3

5.884 ± 0.001 4.754 ± 0.002 7.428 ± 0.001 6.84 ± 0.03 3.45 ± 0.20 4.0 ± 0.1 0.463 ± 0.002 6.2 ± 0.6 0.7580 ± 0.0001 2.17 ± 0.02 0.15872 0.316 ± 0.010 1.81 ± 0.02 0.39 ± 0.01 0.235 ± 0.004 2.122 ± 0.010 ≈1.8 1.730 ± 0.003 1.62 ± 0.03 1.423 ± 0.005 1.855 ± 0.016 0.16083 0.53 0.466 ± 0.005 0.53373 2.13 ± 0.04 0.023 ± 0.001 1.07 ± 0.002

Ref.

1 3 3 3 2 2 65 5 5 2 2 3 3 2 2 5 2 3 2 1 26 2 2 2 2 3 51 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 5 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 1 3 46

4/11/08 3:46:41 PM

9-52 Dipole Moments Name Peroxynitric acid Phosphine Phosphorothioc trifluoride Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorus monoxide Phosphorus nitride Phosphoryl chloride Phosphoryl fluoride Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Potassium fluoride Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide Potassium sodium Rubidium bromide Rubidium chloride Rubidium fluoride Rubidium iodide Rubidium sodium Selenium dioxide Selenium tetrafluoride Silicon monosulfide Silicon monoxide Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) fluoride Silver(I) iodide Sodium bromide Sodium chloride Sodium fluoride Sodium iodide Stibine Strontium oxide Sulfur dichloride Sulfur difluoride Sulfur dioxide Sulfur monofluoride Sulfur monoxide Sulfur oxide (SSO) Sulfur tetrafluoride Sulfuryl chloride Sulfuryl fluoride Tetraborane(10) Tetrafluorohydrazine (gauche) Tetrafluorosilane–ammonia complex Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) fluoride Thallium(I) iodide Thionitrosyl chloride (NSCl) Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) Thionyl chloride Thionyl fluoride

6679X_S09.indb 52

Mol. Form. HNO4 H 3P F3PS Cl3P F3P OP NP Cl3OP F3OP BrK ClK FK HKO IK KNa BrRb ClRb FRb IRb NaRb O2Se F4Se SSi OSi AgBr AgCl AgF AgI BrNa ClNa FNa INa H3Sb OSr Cl2S F2S O2S FS OS OS2 F4S Cl2O2S F2O2S B4H10 F4N2

μ/D Ref. 1.99 ± 0.02 67 0.5740 ± 0.0003 3 0.64 ± 0.02 1 0.56 ± 0.02 2 1.03 ± 0.01 1 1.88 ± 0.07 5 2.7470 ± 0.0001 2 2.54 ± 0.05 2 1.8685 ± 0.0001 3 10.628 ± 0.001 2 10.269 ± 0.001 2 8.585 ± 0.003 2 7.415 ± 0.002 16 ≈10.8 2 2.693 ± 0.014 3 ≈10.9 2 10.510 ± 0.005 2 8.5465 ± 0.0005 2 ≈11.5 2 3.1 ± 0.3 2 2.62 ± 0.05 2 1.78 ± 0.09 2 1.73 ± 0.09 2 3.0982 2 5.62 ± 0.03 5 6.08 ± 0.06 5 6.22 ± 0.30 2 4.55 ± 0.05 5 9.1183 ± 0.0006 2 9.00117 2 8.156 ± 0.001 2 9.236 ± 0.003 2 0.12 ± 0.05 1 8.900 ± 0.003 2 0.36 ± 0.01 3 1.05 ± 0.05 2 1.63305 3 0.794 ± 0.02 3 1.55 ± 0.02 1 1.47 ± 0.03 1 0.632 ± 0.003 1 1.81 ± 0.04 1 1.12 ± 0.02 1 0.486 ± 0.002 3 0.257 ± 0.002 5

F4Si•H3N

5.61 ± 0.02

BrTl ClTl FTl ITl ClNS FNS Cl2OS F2OS

4.49 ± 0.05 4.54299 4.2282 ± 0.0008 4.61 ± 0.07 1.87 ± 0.02 1.902 ± 0.012 1.45 ± 0.03 1.63 ± 0.01

31 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1

Name Tin(II) oxide

Mol. Form. OSn

μ/D 4.32 ± 0.22

Tin(II) sulfide Titanium(II) oxide Trichlorofluorosilane Trichlorosilane Trifluoramine oxide 1,1,1-Trifluorodisilane Trifluoroiodosilane Trifluorosilane Water Water dimer–hydrogen bromide complex Water dimer–hydrogen chloride complex Ytterbium monofluoride Yttrium monoxide Zirconium(II) oxide Zirconium(IV) oxide

SSn OTi Cl3FSi Cl3HSi F3NO F3H3Si2 F3ISi F3HSi H2O H4O2•BrH

3.18 ± 0.16 2.96 ± 0.05 0.49 ± 0.01 0.86 ± 0.01 0.0390 ± 0.0004 2.03 ± 0.10 1.11 ± 0.03 1.27 ± 0.03 1.8546 ± 0.0040 2.281 ± 0.003

2 2 5 2 2 9 3 5 1 3 48

H4O2•ClH

2.328 ± 0.003

48

FYb OY OZr O2Zr

3.91 ± 0.04 4.524 ± 0.007 2.55 ± 0.01 7.80 ± 0.02

45 26 26 19

≈0.85 2.750 ± 0.006 3.68 ± 0.03 1.70 ± 0.03 ≈2.8 2.88 ± 0.03 3.92519 3.02 ± 0.06 2.72 ± 0.14 0.161 ± 0.001

1 3 5 2 1 1 5 1 1 22

0.311 ± 0.001

32

1.23 ± 0.02

53

3.29 ± 0.03

32

2.96 ± 0.03 2.552 ± 0.003 3.117 ± 0.004 3.92 ± 0.07 1.55 ± 0.08 1.60 ± 0.08 ≈1.2 1.13 ± 0.02 1.38 ± 0.07 0.80 ± 0.02 [3.0] [3.5] 1.14 ± 0.02

1 5 5 5 3 1 1 3 1 1 7 7 40

0.136 ± 0.002 2.061 ± 0.002

58 33

Compounds containing carbon Acenaphthene C12H10 Acetaldehyde C2H4O Acetamide C2H5NO Acetic acid C2H4O2 Acetic anhydride C4H6O3 Acetone C3H6O Acetonitrile C2H3N Acetophenone C8H8O Acetyl chloride C2H3ClO Acetylene–carbon dioxide C2H2•CO2 complex Acetylene–carbon monoxide C2H2•CO complex Acetylene–carbon oxysulfide C2H2•C3O3S3 trimer complex Acetylene–hydrogen cyanide C2H2•CHN complex Acetyl fluoride C2H3FO Acrolein (cis) C3H4O Acrolein (trans) C3H4O Acrylonitrile C3H3N Allyl alcohol (gauche) C3H6O Allyl alcohol (average) C3H6O Allylamine C3H7N Aniline C6H7N Anisole C7H8O Azulene C10H8 Benzaldehyde C7H6O Benzeneacetonitrile C8H7N Benzene–hydrogen sulfide C6H6•H2S complex Benzene–krypton complex C6H6•Kr Benzene–sulfur dioxide C6H6•O2S complex Benzenethiol C6H6S Benzonitrile C7H5N Benzyl acetate C9H10O2 Benzyl alcohol C7H8O

[1.23] 4.18 ± 0.08 [1.22] 1.71 ± 0.09

Ref.

7 1 7 1

4/11/08 3:46:43 PM

Dipole Moments Name Benzyl benzoate Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Borane carbonyl Bromoacetylene Bromobenzene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane Bromochlorofluoromethane Bromochloromethane 1-Bromodecane Bromoethane Bromoethene Bromofluoroacetylene 1-Bromoheptane Bromomethane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Bromopentane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropene 3-Bromopropene Bromotrifluoromethane 1,2-Butadiene Butanal 1,4-Butanediol Butanenitrile (gauche) Butanenitrile (anti) 1-Butanethiol Butanoic acid 1-Butanol 2-Butanone trans-2-Butenal 1-Butene (cis) 1-Butene (skew) cis-2-Butene cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butenoic acid cis-2-Buten-1-ol trans-2-Buten-1-ol 1-Buten-3-yne 2-Butoxyethanol Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine tert-Butylbenzene Butyl ethyl ether Butyl formate Butyl stearate

6679X_S09.indb 53

9-53 Mol. Form. C14H12O2 C4H13N3 C4H8Cl2O C24H38O4 CH3BO C2HBr C6H5Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C2H4BrCl CHBrClF CH2BrCl C10H21Br C2H5Br C2H3Br C2BrF C7H15Br CH3Br C4H9Br C10H7Br C5H11Br C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H5Br C3H5Br CBrF3 C4H6 C4H8O C4H10O2 C4H7N C4H7N C4H10S C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H8O C4H6O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H6O2 C4H8O C4H8O C4H4 C6H14O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C10H14 C6H14O C5H10O2 C22H44O2

μ/D Ref. [2.06] 7 [1.89] 7 [2.58] 7 [2.84] 7 1.698 ± 0.020 3 0.22962 5 1.70 ± 0.03 1 2.08 ± 0.10 1 2.23 ± 0.11 1 [1.2] 7 1.5 ± 0.3 17 [1.66] 7 [1.93] 7 2.04 ± 0.02 5 1.42 ± 0.03 1 0.448 ± 0.002 5 2.16 ± 0.11 1 1.8203 ± 0.0004 5 [2.17] 7 [1.55] 7 2.20 ± 0.11 1 2.18 ± 0.11 1 2.21 ± 0.11 1 [1.51] 7 ≈1.9 1 0.65 ± 0.05 1 0.403 ± 0.002 1 2.72 ± 0.05 1 [2.58] 7 3.91 ± 0.04 5 3.73 ± 0.06 5 [1.53] 7 [1.65] 7 1.66 ± 0.03 1 2.779 ± 0.015 2 3.67 ± 0.07 1 0.438 ± 0.007 2 0.359 ± 0.011 2 0.253 ± 0.005 2 [2.48] 7 [2.45] 7 [2.13] 7 1.96 ± 0.03 5 1.90 ± 0.02 5 0.22 ± 0.02 3 [2.08] 7 [1.87] 7 [1.87] 7 ≈1.0 1 [1.28] 7 [1.29] 7 ≈0.83 1 [1.24] 7 [2.03] 7 [1.88] 7

Name Butyl vinyl ether 1-Butyne γ-Butyrolactone Calcium methoxide Camphor, (+) Caprolactam Carboimidic difluoride Carbon dioxide dimer–water complex Carbon dioxide–mercury complex Carbon dioxide–water dimer complex Carbon disulfide–sulfur dioxide complex Carbon monoselenide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide dimer– water complex Carbon oxyselenide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon oxysulfide–carbon dioxide dimer complex Carbon oxysulfide–water complex Carbonyl chloride Carbonyl fluoride Chloroacetyl chloride Chloroacetylene 2-Chloroaniline Chlorobenzene 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane Chlorocyclohexane (axial) Chlorocyclohexane (equitorial) 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Chlorodifluoromethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Chloroethene 1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane Chlorofluoromethane Chloromethane (Chloromethyl)benzene 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Chloronaphthalene 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene 1-Chlorooctane Chloropentafluoroethane 1-Chloropentane 4-Chlorophenol

Mol. Form. C6H12O C4H6 C4H6O2 CH3CaO C10H16O C6H11NO CHF2N C2O4•H2O

μ/D [1.25] 0.782 ± 0.004 4.27 ± 0.03 1.58 ± 0.08 [3.1] [3.9] 1.393 ± 0.001 1.989 ± 0.002

Ref. 7 5 3 43 7 7 5 23

CO2•Hg

0.107 ± 0.003

29

CO2•H4O2

1.746 ± 0.010

28

CO2•O2S

1.096 ± 0.001

42

CSe CS CO C2O2•H2O

1.99 ± 0.04 1.958 ± 0.005 0.10980 1.57 ± 0.05

3 2 3 36

COSe COS COS•C2O4

0.73 ± 0.02 0.715189 0.69 ± 0.05

1 5 44

COS•H2O

2.668 ± 0.003

37

CCl2O CF2O C2H2Cl2O C2HCl C6H6ClN C6H5Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C6H11Cl C6H11Cl

1.17 ± 0.01 0.95 ± 0.01 2.23 ± 0.11 0.44408 [1.77] 1.69 ± 0.03 2.05 ± 0.04 2.04 ± 0.10 1.91 ± 0.02 2.44 ± 0.07

C2H3ClF2 CHClF2 C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H3Cl C6H4ClF C2H4ClF CH2ClF CH3Cl C7H7Cl C5H11Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C10H7Cl C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C8H17Cl C2ClF5 C5H11Cl C6H5ClO

2.14 ± 0.04 1.42 ± 0.03 2.05 ± 0.02 1.78 ± 0.09 1.45 ± 0.03 0.12 ± 0.01 2.068 ± 0.014 1.82 ± 0.04 1.8963 ± 0.0002 [1.82] [1.92] 2.00 ± 0.10 2.13 ± 0.04 [1.57] 4.64 ± 0.09 3.73 ± 0.07 2.83 ± 0.06 [2.00] 0.52 ± 0.05 2.16 ± 0.11 2.11 ± 0.11

1 1 1 5 7 1 1 1 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 66 3 1 5 7 7 1 1 7 1 1 1 7 1 1 1

4/11/08 3:46:44 PM

9-54 Dipole Moments Name 1-Chloropropane (gauche) 1-Chloropropane (trans) 1-Chloropropane (average) 2-Chloropropane cis-1-Chloropropene trans-1-Chloropropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene 4-Chloropyridine 2-Chlorotoluene 3-Chlorotoluene 4-Chlorotoluene Chlorotrifluoroethene Chlorotrifluoromethane o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Cyanamide Cyanoacetylene Cyanoformamide Cyanogen azide (NCN3) Cyanogen chloride Cyanogen fluoride Cyanogen iodide Cyanomethylmercury Cyclobutanecarbonitrile Cyclobutanone Cyclobutene 1,3-Cycloheptadiene 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one 3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2dione Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene (half-chair) Cyclohexylamine 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 2,4-Cyclopentadien-1-one Cyclopentanone Cyclopentene 3-Cyclopenten-1-one Cyclopropane-sulfur dioxide complex Cyclopropanone Cyclopropene Cyclopropylamine Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Diacetone alcohol Diazomethane Dibromodifluoromethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane 1,2-Dibromopropane Dibutylamine Dibutyl ether Dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl sebacate

6679X_S09.indb 54

Mol. Form. C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C5H4ClN C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C2ClF3 CClF3 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O CH2N2 C3HN C2H2N2O CN4 CClN CFN CIN C2H3HgN C5H7N C4H6O C4H6 C7H10 C7H6O C6H4O2

μ/D Ref. 2.02 ± 0.03 5 1.95 ± 0.02 5 2.05 ± 0.04 1 2.17 ± 0.11 1 1.67 ± 0.08 1 1.97 ± 0.10 1 1.647 ± 0.010 3 1.94 ± 0.10 1 0.756 ± 0.005 3 1.56 ± 0.08 1 [1.82] 7 2.21 ± 0.04 1 0.40 ± 0.10 1 0.50 ± 0.01 1 [1.45] 7 [1.48] 7 [1.48] 7 4.28 ± 0.10 5 3.73172 5 4.10 ± 0.12 47 2.96 ± 0.07 60 2.8331 ± 0.0002 3 2.120 ± 0.001 3 3.67 ± 0.02 5 4.7 ± 0.1 12 4.04 ± 0.04 5 2.89 ± 0.03 2 0.132 ± 0.001 1 0.740 3 4.1 ± 0.3 3 4.23 ± 0.02 3

C6H10O C6H10 C6H13N C5H6 C5H4O C5H8O C5H8 C5H6O C3H6•O2S

3.246 ± 0.006 0.332 ± 0.012 [1.26] 0.419 ± 0.004 3.132 ± 0.007 ≈3.3 0.20 ± 0.02 2.79 ± 0.03 1.681 ± 0.001

5 2 7 1 3 1 1 3 30

C3H4O C3H4 C3H7N C5H8O C6H12O2 CH2N2 CBr2F2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C3H6Br2 C8H19N C8H18O C16H22O4 C18H34O4

2.67 ± 0.13 0.454 ± 0.010 1.19 ± 0.01 2.62 ± 0.25 [3.24] 1.50 ± 0.01 0.66 ± 0.05 [1.19] 1.43 ± 0.03 [1.2] [0.98] 1.17 ± 0.06 [2.82] [2.48]

2 1 2 2 7 1 1 7 1 7 7 1 7 7

Name Dibutyl sulfide o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobutane 1,1-Dichloro-2,2difluoroethene Dichlorodifluoromethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene Dichlorofluoromethane 1,1-Dichloro-2fluoropropene Dichloromethane (Dichloromethyl)benzene Dichloromethylborane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethane 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene Diethanolamine 1,1-Diethoxyethane Diethylamine Diethyl carbonate Diethylene glycol Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethyl ether Diethyl malonate Diethyl oxalate Diethyl sulfide (trans-trans) Diethyl sulfide (transgauche) Diethyl sulfide (gauchegauche) o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene 1,1-Difluorocyclohexane 3,3-Difluorocyclopropene 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane (gauche) 1,1-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethene Difluoromethane Difluoromethylborane Difluoromethylene 1,1-Difluoro-1-propene 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin 3,6-Dihydro-1,2-dioxin

Mol. Form. C8H18S C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C2Cl2F2

[1.61] 2.50 ± 0.05 1.72 ± 0.09 2.22 ± 0.11 0.50

CCl2F2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 CHCl2F C3H3Cl2F

0.51 ± 0.05 2.06 ± 0.04 [1.83] 1.34 ± 0.01 1.90 ± 0.04 1.29 ± 0.03 2.43 ± 0.02

1 1 7 1 1 1 3

CH2Cl2 C7H6Cl2 CH3BCl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C2Cl2F4

1.60 ± 0.03 [2.07] 1.419 ± 0.013 [1.85] 2.08 ± 0.04 ≈0.5

1 7 5 7 1 1

C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C6H14O2 C4H11N C5H10O3 C4H10O3 C6H14O3

[1.70] [2.95] [2.8] [1.38] 0.92 ± 0.05 1.10 ± 0.06 [2.31] [1.97]

7 7 7 7 1 1 7 7

C6H14O3

[1.6]

7

C8H16O4

[1.8]

7

C5H12O3

[1.6]

7

C4H10O C7H12O4 C6H10O4 C4H10S C4H10S

1.098 ± 0.001 [2.54] [2.49] 1.556 ± 0.004 1.591 ± 0.009

38 7 7 54 54

C4H10S

1.645 ± 0.001

54

C6H4F2 C6H4F2

2.46 ± 0.05

2

1.51 ± 0.02 2.556 ± 0.010 2.98 ± 0.02 2.27 ± 0.05 2.67 ± 0.13 1.3893 ± 0.0002 2.42 ± 0.02 1.9785 ± 0.02 1.668 ± 0.003 0.47 ± 0.02 0.889 ± 0.007 0.939 ± 0.008 2.329 ± 0.001

2 3 3 1 2 5 1 3 3 3 2 3 3

C6H10F2 C3H2F2 C2H4F2 C2H4F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 CH2F2 CH3BF2 CF2 C3H4F2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2

μ/D

Ref.

7 1 1 1 7

4/11/08 3:46:46 PM

Dipole Moments Name 2,3-Dihydrofuran 2,5-Dihydrofuran Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)furanone Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)furanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene Diiodomethane Diisopentyl ether Diisopropylamine Diisopropyl ether Diketene 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene Dimethoxymethane N,N-Dimethylacetamide Dimethylamine N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane 3,3-Dimethylcyclopropene Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethylformamide 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Dimethyl maleate 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 2,2-Dimethylpropanal 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,3-Dioxane 1,3-Dioxolane Dipentyl ether Diphenyl ether Dipropylamine Dipropyl ether 1,3-Dithiane Divinyl ether Epichlorohydrin 1,2-Epoxybutane 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate 1,2-Ethanedithiol Ethanethiol (gauche) Ethanethiol (trans) Ethanol (gauche) Ethanol (trans) Ethanol (average) Ethanolamine

6679X_S09.indb 55

9-55 Mol. Form. C4H6O C4H6O C5H8O2

μ/D 1.32 ± 0.03 1.63 ± 0.01 4.56 ± 0.02

Ref. 2 5 5

C5H8O2

4.71 ± 0.05

5

C5H8O C5H8O C4H6S C4H6S CH2I2 C10H22O C6H15N C6H14O C4H4O2 C8H10O2 C3H8O2 C4H9NO C2H7N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C9H18O C6H8O4 C7H14O C5H10O C5H9N C7H9N C7H9N C2H6S C2H6OS C4H8O2 C3H6O2 C10H22O C12H10O C6H15N C6H14O C4H8S2 C4H6O C3H5ClO C4H8O C2H8N2 C6H10O4 C2H6S2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H7NO

1.400 ± 0.008 1.283 ± 0.005 1.61 ± 0.20 1.75 ± 0.01 [1.08] [1.23] [1.15] 1.13 ± 0.10 3.53 ± 0.07 [1.29] [0.74] [3.7] 1.01 ± 0.02 1.68 ± 0.17 [1.40] [1.63] 0.661 ± 0.004 0.142 ± 0.001 0.287 ± 0.003 [1.85] 1.30 ± 0.01 3.82 ± 0.08 [2.66] [2.48] [2.74] 2.66 ± 0.05 3.95 ± 0.04 [2.30] [1.66] 1.554 ± 0.004 3.96 ± 0.04 2.06 ± 0.04 1.19 ± 0.06 [1.20] ≈1.3 [1.03] 1.21 ± 0.06 2.14 ± 0.04 0.78 ± 0.05 [1.8] 1.891 ± 0.011 1.99 ± 0.10 [2.34] 2.03 ± 0.08 1.61 ± 0.08 1.58 ± 0.08 1.68 ± 0.03 1.44 ± 0.03 1.69 ± 0.03 [2.27]

5 3 5 3 7 7 7 1 1 7 7 7 2 1 7 7 1 3 3 7 1 1 7 7 7 2 1 7 7 3 1 2 3 7 1 7 1 5 2 7 3 1 7 5 3 3 3 2 1 7

Name Ethoxybenzene 2-Ethoxyethanol 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acrylate Ethylamine (gauche) Ethylamine (trans) Ethylamine (average) Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate Ethyl butanoate Ethyl trans-cinnamate Ethyl cyanate Ethyl cyanoacetate Ethylene carbonate Ethylene glycol (average) Ethyleneimine Ethylene–sulfur dioxide complex Ethylene–water complex Ethyl formate (gauche) Ethyl formate (trans) Ethyl formate (average) 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Ethyl lactate Ethyl methyl ether (trans) Ethyl methyl sulfide (gauche) Ethyl methyl sulfide (trans) Ethyl propanoate Ethyl vinyl ether Fluoroacetylene Fluorobenzene Fluorocyclohexane (equitorial) Fluorocyclohexane (axial) 1-Fluorocyclohexene Fluoroethane Fluoroethene Fluoromethane Fluoromethylidyne (Fluoromethylidyne) phosphine (FCP) Fluoromethylsilane 1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene 1-Fluoropropane (gauche) 1-Fluoropropane (trans) 2-Fluoropropane cis-1-Fluoropropene trans-1-Fluoropropene 2-Fluoropropene 3-Fluoropropene (gauche) 3-Fluoropropene (cis) 3-Fluoropropyne 3-Fluoropyridine 2-Fluorotoluene

Mol. Form. C8H10O C4H10O2 C6H12O3 C4H8O2 C5H8O2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C11H12O2 C3H5NO C5H7NO2 C3H4O3 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4•O2S C2H4•H2O C3H6O2

μ/D

1.45 ± 0.15 [2.08] [2.25] 1.78 ± 0.09 [1.96] 1.210 ± 0.015 1.304 ± 0.011 1.22 ± 0.10 0.59 ± 0.05 2.00 ± 0.10 [1.74] [1.84] 4.72 ± 0.09 [2.17] [4.9] 2.36 ± 0.10 1.90 ± 0.01 1.650 ± 0.003 1.10 ± 0.01

Ref.

1 7 7 1 7 5 5 1 1 1 7 7 5 7 7 5 1 27 56

C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C8H18O C10H20O2 C5H10O3 C3H8O C3H8S C3H8S C5H10O2 C4H8O C2HF C6H5F C6H11F

1.81 ± 0.02 1.98 ± 0.02 1.93 [1.74] [1.8] [2.4] 1.17 ± 0.02 1.593 ± 0.004 1.56 ± 0.03 [1.74] [1.26] 0.7207 ± 0.0003 1.60 ± 0.08 2.11 ± 0.04

2 2 1 7 7 7 3 5 3 7 7 3 1 2

C6H11F C6H9F C2H5F C2H3F CH3F CF CFP

1.81 ± 0.04 1.942 ± 0.010 1.937 ± 0.007 1.468 ± 0.003 1.858 ± 0.002 0.645 ± 0.005 0.279 ± 0.001

2 5 5 5 3 3 62

CH5FSi C6H4FNO2 C3H7F C3H7F C3H7F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H3F C5H4FN C7H7F

1.700 ± 0.008 2.87 ± 0.06 1.90 ± 0.10 2.05 ± 0.04 1.958 ± 0.001 1.46 ± 0.03 ≈1.9 1.61 ± 0.03 1.939 ± 0.015 1.765 ± 0.014 1.73 ± 0.02 2.09 ± 0.26 1.37 ± 0.07

5 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 5 3 1

4/11/08 3:46:47 PM

9-56 Dipole Moments Name 3-Fluorotoluene 4-Fluorotoluene Formaldehyde Formaldehyde dimer Formamide Formic acid Formyl fluoride Fulminic acid Fulvene Furan Furfural Furfuryl alcohol Glycerol Glycine (Conformer I) Glycine (Conformer II) Glycolaldehyde Glyoxal (cis) 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone Hexamethylphosphoric triamide Hexanoic acid 2-Hexanone sec-Hexyl acetate 1-Hexyne Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen cyanide trimer Hydrogen isocyanide p-Hydroquinone 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile (gauche) Imidazole Iodoacetylene Iodobenzene 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane Iodoethane Iodoethene Iodomethane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane Iodomethylsilane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Isobutanal (gauche) Isobutanal (trans) Isobutane Isobutene Isobutyl acetate Isobutylamine Isobutyl formate Isobutyl isobutanoate Isocyanic acid (HNCO) Isocyanobenzene Isocyanocyclopropane

6679X_S09.indb 56

Mol. Form. C7H7F C7H7F CH2O C2H4O2 CH3NO CH2O2 CHFO CHNO C6H6 C4H4O C5H4O2 C5H6O2 C3H8O3 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H4O2 C2H2O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C6H18N3OP

μ/D 1.82 ± 0.04 2.00 ± 0.10 2.332 ± 0.002 0.858 ± 0.005 3.73 ± 0.07 1.425 ± 0.002 2.081 ± 0.001 3.09934 0.4236 ± 0.013 0.66 ± 0.01 [3.54] [1.92] [2.56] 1.147 ± 0.005 5.45 ± 0.05 2.73 ± 0.05 4.8 ± 0.2 [1.71] [1.71] [2.59] [2.78] [5.5]

C6H12O2 C6H12O C8H16O2 C6H10 CHN C3H3N3 CHN C6H6O2 C3H5NO

[1.13] [2.66] [1.9] 0.83 ± 0.05 2.985188 10.6 3.05 ± 0.15 2.38 ± 0.05 3.17 ± 0.02

C3H4N2 C2HI C6H5I C4H9I C4H9I C2H5I C2H3I CH3I C4H9I CH5ISi C3H7I C3H7I C4H8O C4H8O C4H10 C4H8 C6H12O2 C4H11N C5H10O2 C8H16O2 CHNO C7H5N C4H5N

3.8 ± 0.4 0.02525 1.70 ± 0.09 [1.93] 2.12 ± 0.11 1.976 ± 0.002 1.311 ± 0.005 1.6406 ± 0.0004 [1.87] 1.862 ± 0.005 2.04 ± 0.10 [1.95] 2.69 ± 0.01 2.86 ± 0.01 0.132 ± 0.002 0.503 ± 0.010 [1.86] [1.27] [1.88] [1.9] ≈1.6 4.018 ± 0.003 4.03 ± 0.10

Ref. 2 1 3 57 1 5 5 5 2 1 7 7 7 49 49 2 2 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 1 5 21 3 15 5 2 5 1 7 1 5 5 5 7 5 1 7 5 5 1 1 7 7 7 7 2 5 3

Name 2-Isocyanopropane Isopentane Isopentyl acetate Isopropylamine Isopropylbenzene Isopropyl methyl ether Isoquinoline Isoxazole Isoxazole–carbon monoxide complex Ketene Mesityl oxide Methacrylic acid Methanethiol Methanol 2-Methoxyethanol (gauche) 2-Methoxyethyl acetate 1-Methoxy-1,2-propadiene N-Methylacetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2-Methylacrylonitrile Methylamine 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline Methyl azide Methyl benzoate 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 3-Methylbutanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butene (gauche) 3-Methyl-1-butene (trans) 3-Methyl-2-butenenitrile 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne Methyl cyanate cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol 3-Methylcyclopentanone 3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1one Methylcyclopropane Methyldiborane(6) Methyldifluorophosphine Methylenecyclohexane Methylenecyclopropene Methylenephosphine (CH2 = PH) N-Methylformamide Methyl formate 2-Methylfuran 3-Methylfuran 5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone Methyl hydroperoxide Methylidyne

Mol. Form. C4H7N C5H12 C7H14O2 C3H9N C9H12 C4H10O C9H7N C3H3NO C3H3NO•CO

μ/D

4.055 ± 0.001 0.13 ± 0.05 [1.86] 1.19 ± 0.06 ≈0.79 1.247 ± 0.003 2.73 ± 0.14 2.95 ± 0.04 2.873 ± 0.004

Ref.

5 1 7 3 1 5 1 3 52

C2H2O C6H10O C4H6O2 CH4S CH4O C3H8O2 C5H10O3 C4H6O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C4H6O2

1.42215 [2.79] [1.65] 1.52 ± 0.08 1.70 ± 0.02 2.36 ± 0.05 [2.13] 0.963 ± 0.020 [4.3] 1.72 ± 0.09

3 7 7 1 1 2 7 5 7 1

C4H5N CH5N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N CH3N3 C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H7N C5H6 C2H3NO C7H14O C7H14O C6H10O C6H8O

[1.77] 3.69 ± 0.18 1.31 ± 0.03 [1.60] [1.45] [1.52] 2.17 ± 0.04 [1.94] 0.25 ± 0.01 [0.63] [1.88] [1.82] 0.398 ± 0.004 0.320 ± 0.010 4.61 ± 0.13 0.513 ± 0.02 4.26 ± 0.18 [1.91] [1.75] 3.14 ± 0.03 4.33 ± 0.002

7 1 1 7 7 7 2 7 1 7 7 7 3 3 10 2 5 7 7 5 5

C4H8 CH8B2 CH3F2P C7H12 C4H4 CH3P

0.139 ± 0.004 0.566 ± 0.006 2.056 ± 0.006 0.62 ± 0.01 1.90 ± 0.01 0.869 ± 0.003

2 3 3 5 5 61

C2H5NO C2H4O2 C5H6O C5H6O C5H6O2 CH4O2 CH

3.83 ± 0.08 1.77 ± 0.04 0.65 ± 0.05 1.03 ± 0.02 4.08 ± 0.02 ≈0.65 ≈1.46

1 1 2 2 5 13 2

4/11/08 3:46:49 PM

Dipole Moments Name Methyl isocyanate Methyl isothiocyanate 4-Methylisoxazole Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloxazole 4-Methyloxazole 5-Methyloxazole Methyloxirane 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol 4-Methylpentanenitrile Methylphosphonic difluoride N-Methylpropanamide 2-Methylpropanenitrile 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol 2-Methylpropanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methylpropenal 2-Methyl-2-propenol (skew) Methyl propyl ether (transtrans) 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 2-Methylpyrimidine 5-Methylpyrimidine N-Methylpyrrolidine N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone Methyl salicylate Methylsilane Methyl silyl ether 3-Methylthietane 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene Methyl vinyl ether Morpholine 2-Nitroanisole Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitromethane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Nonanoic acid 2,5-Norbornadiene cis-9-Octadecenoic acid Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 1,4-Oxathiane Oxazole Oxetane 2-Oxetanone 3-Oxetanone Oxirane Paraldehyde

6679X_S09.indb 57

9-57 Mol. Form. C2H3NO C2H3NS C4H5NO C5H8O2 C4H5NO C4H5NO C4H5NO C3H6O C6H14O2 C6H11N CH3F2OP C4H9NO C4H7N C4H10S C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H6O C4H8O C4H10O

μ/D ≈2.8 3.453 ± 0.003 3.583 ± 0.005 [1.67] 1.37 ± 0.07 1.08 ± 0.05 2.16 ± 0.04 2.01 ± 0.02 [2.9] [3.5] 3.69 ± 0.26 3.61 4.29 ± 0.09 1.66 ± 0.03 [1.08] 1.64 ± 0.08 [1.66] 2.68 ± 0.13 1.295 ± 0.022 1.107 ± 0.013

C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H11N C5H9NO C8H8O3 CH6Si CH6OSi C4H8S C5H6S C5H6S C3H6O C4H9NO C7H7NO3 C6H5NO2 C2H5NO2 CH3NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C9H18O2 C7H8 C18H34O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C4H8OS C3H3NO C3H6O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C2H4O C6H12O3

1.85 ± 0.04 [2.40] 2.70 ± 0.02 1.676 ± 0.010 2.881 ± 0.006 0.572 ± 0.003 [4.1] [2.47] 0.73456 1.15 ± 0.02 2.046 ± 0.009 0.674 ± 0.005 0.914 ± 0.015 0.965 ± 0.002 1.55 ± 0.03 [5.0] 4.22 ± 0.08 3.23 ± 0.03 3.46 ± 0.02 3.66 ± 0.07 3.73 ± 0.07 [0.79] 0.0587 ± 0.0001 [1.18] [1.15] [1.76] [1.71] [2.70] 0.295 ± 0.003 1.503 ± 0.030 1.94 ± 0.01 4.18 ± 0.03 0.887 ± 0.005 1.89 ± 0.01 1.43 ± 0.07

Ref. 1 5 5 7 5 5 5 1 7 7 3 7 3 3 7 1 7 1 5 3 2 7 2 3 3 5 7 7 5 2 5 2 3 5 3 7 1 2 1 1 1 7 5 7 7 7 7 7 3 3 1 1 2 1 1

Name Pentachloroethane cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,3-Pentadiyne 1,5-Pentanediol 2,4-Pentanedione Pentanenitrile Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1,2,3-Pentatriene 1-Pentene 1-Penten-3-yne cis-3-Penten-1-yne trans-3-Penten-1-yne Pentyl acetate Pentyl formate 1-Pentyne (gauche) 1-Pentyne (trans) Perfluoropyridine Phenol Phenylacetylene Phenylsilane 1-Phosphapropyne (CH3CP) Piperidine (equitorial) Piperidine (axial) Piperidine (average) Propanal (gauche) Propanal (cis) Propanal (average) Propane 1,2-Propanediol 1,3-Propanediol Propanenitrile 1-Propanethiol (gauche) 1-Propanethiol (trans) 2-Propanethiol (gauche) 2-Propanethiol (trans) Propanoic acid (cis) Propanoic acid (average) 1-Propanol (gauche) 1-Propanol (trans) 2-Propanol (trans) Propargyl alcohol Propene Propene–sulfur dioxide complex Propyl acetate Propylamine Propylene carbonate Propyleneimine (cis) Propyleneimine (trans) Propyl formate

Mol. Form. C2HCl5 C5H8 C5H8 C5H4 C5H12O2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H6 C5H10 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C7H14O2 C6H12O2 C5H8 C5H8 C5F5N C6H6O C8H6 C6H8Si C2H3P C5H11N C5H11N C5H11N C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H8 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H5N C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H4O C3H6 C3H6•O2S

0.92 ± 0.05 0.500 ± 0.015 0.585 ± 0.010 1.207 ± 0.001 [2.5] [2.78] 4.12 ± 0.08 [1.61] [1.7] [1.66] [1.64] [2.70] [2.82] 0.51 ± 0.05 ≈0.5 0.66 ± 0.02 0.78 ± 0.02 1.06 ± 0.05 1.75 ± 0.10 1.90 ± 0.10 0.769 ± 0.028 0.842 ± 0.010 0.98 ± 0.08 1.224 ± 0.008 0.656 ± 0.005 0.845 ± 0.012 1.499 ± 0.001 0.82 ± 0.02 1.19 ± 0.02 [1.19] 2.86 ± 0.01 2.52 ± 0.05 2.72 0.084 ± 0.001 [2.25] [2.55] 4.05 ± 0.03 1.683 ± 0.010 1.60 ± 0.08 1.53 ± 0.03 1.61 ± 0.03 1.46 ± 0.07 1.75 ± 0.09 1.58 ± 0.03 1.55 ± 0.03 1.58 ± 0.03 1.13 ± 0.06 0.366 ± 0.001 1.34 ± 0.003

μ/D

C5H10O2 C3H9N C4H6O3 C3H7N C3H7N C4H8O2

[1.78] 1.17 ± 0.06 [4.9] 1.77 ± 0.09 1.57 ± 0.03 [1.89]

Ref.

1 2 2 5 7 7 1 7 7 7 7 7 7 11 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 63 3 3 3 5 1 1 1 7 7 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 35 7 1 7 2 2 7

4/11/08 3:46:50 PM

9-58 Dipole Moments Name 2-Propynal Propyne Propyne-argon complex 4H-Pyran-4-one 4H-Pyran-4-thione 1H-Pyrazole Pyridazine Pyridine 2-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile 4-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde Pyrimidine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine 2-Pyrrolidone Quinoline Salicylaldehyde Selenoformaldehyde Silicon dicarbide Silicon methylidyne Styrene Succinonitrile Sulfolane 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane Tetrahydrofuran Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Tetrahydropyran (chair) Tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine Tetrahydrothiophene Tetramethylurea 1H-Tetrazole Thiacyclohexane 1,2,5-Thiadiazole Thietane Thietane 1,1-dioxide Thioacetaldehyde Thiocarbonyl fluoride Thioformaldehyde Thiophene 2-Thiophenecarbonitrile 3-Thiophenecarbonitrile 4H-Thiopyran-4-thione

6679X_S09.indb 58

Mol. Form. C3H2O C3H4 C3H4•Ar C5H4O2 C5H4OS C3H4N2 C4H4N2 C5H5N C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO C4H4N2 C4H5N C4H9N C4H7NO C9H7N C7H6O2 CH2Se C2Si CHSi C8H8 C4H4N2 C4H8O2S C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl4 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C2H2F4 C4H8O C5H10O2 C5H10O C5H8O2 C5H9N C4H8S C5H12N2O CH2N4 C5H10S C2H2N2S C3H6S C3H6O2S C2H4S CF2S CH2S C4H4S C5H3NS C5H3NS C5H4S2

μ/D Ref. 2.78 ± 0.02 5 0.784 ± 0.001 3 0.730 ± 0.005 20 3.79 ± 0.02 5 3.95 ± 0.05 5 2.20 ± 0.01 3 4.22 ± 0.02 2 2.215 ± 0.010 3 5.78 ± 0.11 3 3.66 ± 0.11 3 1.96 ± 0.03 3 1.44 3 1.66 3 3.56 ± 0.07 3 2.334 ± 0.010 2 1.767 ± 0.001 5 [1.57] 7 [3.5] 7 2.29 ± 0.11 1 [2.86] 7 1.41 ± 0.01 5 2.393 ± 0.006 24 0.066 ± 0.002 41 0.123 ± 0.003 5 [3.7] 7 [4.8] 7 [1.38] 7 1.32 ± 0.07 1 2.42 ± 0.05 3 1.46 ± 0.06 3 1.80 ± 0.22 5 1.75 ± 0.04 2 [2.1] 7 1.58 ± 0.03 3 1.720 ± 0.003 3 1.007 ± 0.003 3 [1.90] 7 [3.5] 7 2.19 ± 0.05 3 1.781 ± 0.010 3 1.579 ± 0.007 3 1.85 ± 0.09 1 4.8 ± 0.1 5 2.33 ± 0.02 68 0.080 59 1.6491 ± 0.0004 3 0.55 ± 0.01 2 4.59 ± 0.02 3 4.13 ± 0.02 3 3.9 ± 0.2 5

Name Toluene Toluene-sulfur dioxide complex 1H-1,2,4-Triazole Tribromomethane Tributylamine Tributyl borate Tributyl phosphate Tricarbon monosulfide 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethene Trichloroethylsilane Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane (Trichloromethyl)benzene Trichloromethylsilane Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Tri-m-cresyl phosphate Tri-p-cresyl phosphate Triethanolamine

Mol. Form. C7H8 C7H8•O2S

μ/D 0.375 ± 0.010 1.87 ± 0.03

Ref. 3 34

2.7 ± 0.1 0.99 ± 0.02 [0.78] [0.77] [3.07] 3.704 ± 0.009 1.755 ± 0.015 [1.4] [0.8] [2.04] 0.46 ± 0.02 1.04 ± 0.02 [2.03] 1.91 ± 0.01 [2.87] [3.05] [3.18]

3 1 7 7 7 50 2 7 7 7 2 2 7 2 7 7 7

Triethylamine Triethyl phosphate Trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetonitrile 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Trifluoroethene Trifluoroiodomethane Trifluoroisocyanomethane Trifluoromethane (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Trifluoromethylsilane (Trifluoromethyl)silane 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propyne Trimethylamine Trimethyl phosphate 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 1,3,5-Trioxane Vinyl acetate Vinyl formate 2-Vinylfuran Vinylsilane o-Xylene 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol

C2H3N3 CHBr3 C12H27N C12H27BO3 C12H27O4P C3S C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2HCl3 C2H5Cl3Si CCl3F CHCl3 C7H5Cl3 CH3Cl3Si C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C6H15NO3 C6H15N C6H15O4P C2HF3O2 C2F3N C6H3F3 C2H3F3 C2HF3 CF3I C2F3N CHF3 C7H5F3 CH3F3Si CH3F3Si C3H3F3 C3HF3 C3H9N C3H9O4P C8H11N C3H6O3 C4H6O2 C3H4O2 C6H6O C2H6Si C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O

[3.57] 0.66 ± 0.05 [3.12] 2.28 ± 0.25 1.262 ± 0.010 1.402 ± 0.009 2.347 ± 0.005 1.32 ± 0.03 1.048 ± 0.003 1.153 ± 0.010 1.65150 2.86 ± 0.06 2.3394 ± 0.0002 2.32 ± 0.02 2.45 ± 0.05 2.317 ± 0.013 0.612 ± 0.003 [3.18] [2.05] 2.08 ± 0.02 [1.79] 1.49 ± 0.01 0.69 ± 0.07 0.657 ± 0.002 0.640 ± 0.005 [1.4] [1.45] [1.40] [1.56] [1.55]

7 1 7 1 3 5 3 2 3 5 3 1 5 5 1 5 1 7 7 1 7 1 5 5 2 7 7 7 7 7

4/11/08 3:46:52 PM

Hindered Internal Rotation I. Ozier and N. Moazzen-Ahmadi In asymmetric tops like methyl alcohol, CH3OH, and symmetric rotors like CH3SiH3, the methyl group can undergo internal rotation relative to the rest of the molecule, traditionally called the frame (LS59, OM07). Although various different tops are considered here, all have three-fold symmetry. In such cases, the potential V hindering the internal rotation can be written: V(α)= V3( 12 )(1–cos3α) + V6( 12 )(1–cos6α) + V9( 12 )(1–cos9α)+… , where α is the deviation from equilibrium of the angle between the top and frame that measures the torsional motion. If only the first two terms are retained, then V3 is the height of the hindering potential and V6 is the shape parameter. For symmetric tops like CH3CH3 where the top and frame are identical, α is replaced by 2γ and the origin for γ is often taken as the eclipsed configuration. In the expansion, –cos6nγ is then replaced by (–1)n+1cos6nγ, where n = 1,2,… In cases where different forms of the expansion have been used in the original works, the values of the parameters published there have been converted to the conventions defined here. In Tables 1 and 2, values are given for V3 for a selection of asymmetric and symmetric tops, respectively. In cases where the higher order parameters have been determined, these are given in the Comments column. Where appropriate, this column also indicates the specific top, isomer, state, and/or isotopomer that has been studied. For ethane, three symmetric top isotopomer are listed to illustrate the isotopic dependence of V3 and V6. In all other cases, only one isotopomer is listed, even if several have been studied. In all but one of these cases, the isotopomer reported is the one with the highest natural abundance. However, CH3OCDO is listed because the results obtained are more precise than for CH3OCHO. The molecules are listed alphabetically in Hill order according to the molecular formula. The determinations listed for the potential parameters are effective values that incorporate to varying degrees effects from other molecular parameters. For example, the apparent value of V3 can be changed significantly if the reduced rotational constant F is calculated from the structure, rather than being determined independently (LS59). Other examples include such mechanisms as coupling to excited skeletal vibrations (OM07) and redundancies connecting some of the torsional parameters (LB68, MO87). The experimental uncertainties quoted are taken from the original works; no attempt has been made to standardize the definitions. All the potential parameters are given in cm–1. Where the original work has reported these values in other units, the conversion to cm–1 has been carried out using standard factors (LB02):

1 calorie = 4.1868 joules; 1 calorie/mole = 0.34998915 cm–1.

A variety of different methods have been used to measure V3, V6, and V9 (LS59, OM07); only a few of the more important will be discussed here. For asymmetric rotors, both the pure rotational spectrum and its torsion-rotation counterpart are electric dipole allowed and are affected in lowest order by the leading terms in the torsional Hamiltonian. Both types of spectra have been used extensively to determine V3 (LS59). For symmetric tops with a single torsional degree of freedom, either the permanent electric dipole moment vanishes, as in CH3CH3, or the normal rotational spectrum is independent of V3 in lowest order, as in CH3SiH3. In

6679X_S09.indb 59

the latter case, the molecular beam avoided crossing method can often be used (OM07). The torsion-rotation spectrum is forbidden in lowest order, but becomes weakly allowed through interactions with the infrared active skeletal vibrations (OM07). By employing long absorption path lengths, this spectrum has been used to determine V3 in a number of molecules. For both asymmetric and symmetric tops, the most precise determinations of the molecular parameters have been made in cases where both rotational and torsion-rotation spectra have been investigated.

References ALA97 Antolínez, S., López, J. C., and Alonso, J. L., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 93, 1291, 1997. ALB97 Alonso, J. L., López, J. C., Blanco, S., and Guarnieri, A., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 182, 148, 1997. ALL97 Alonso, J. L., Lesarri, A., López, J. C., Blanco, S., Kleiner, I., and Demaison, J., Molec. Phys. 91, 731, 1997. BL85 Bestmann, G., Lalowski, W., and Dreizler, H., Z. Naturforsch. A 40, 271, 1985. BM07 Borvayeh, L., Moazzen-Ahmadi, N., and Horneman, V.-M., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 242, 77, 2007. BW64 Butcher, S. S., and Wilson, E. B., J. Chem. Phys. 40, 1671, 1964. CA96 Charro, M. E., and Alonso, J. L., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 176, 251, 1996. CB61 Cahill, P., and Butcher, S., J. Chem. Phys. 35, 2255, 1961. DG87 Durig, J. R., Guirgis, G. A., and Van Der Veken, B. J., J. Raman Spectrosc. 18, 549, 1987. DL73 Durig, J. R., Li, Y. S., Carreira, L. A., and Odom, J. D., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 95, 2491, 1973. DM87 Demaison, J., Maes, H., van Eijck, B. P., Wlodarczak, G., and Lasne, M. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 125, 214, 1987. DS81 Dreizler, H., and Scappini, F., Z. Naturforsch. A 36, 1187, 1981. EG96 Eltayeb, S., Guirgis, G. A., Fanning, A. R., and Durig, J. R., J. Raman Spectrosc. 27, 111, 1996. FD83 Fliege, E., Dreizler, H., Demaison, J., Boucher, D., Burie, J., and Dubrulle A., J. Chem. Phys. 78, 3541, 1983. G00 Groner, P., J. Mol. Structure 550–551, 473, 2000. GA89 Groner, P., Attia, G. M., Mohamad, A. B., Sullivan, J. F., Li, Y. S., and Durig, J. R., J. Chem. Phys. 91, 1434, 1989. GG04 Groner, P., Gillies, C. W., Gillies, J. Z., Zhang, Y., and Block, E., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 226, 169, 2004. GH02 Grabow, J.-U., Hartwig, H., Heineking, N., Jäger, W., Mäder, H., Nicolaisen, H. W., and Stahl, W., J. Mol. Structure 612, 349, 2002. IA03 Ilyushin, V. V., Alekseev, E. A., Dyubko, S. F., and Kleiner, I., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 220, 170, 2003. K60 Krisher, L. C., J. Chem. Phys. 33, 1237, 1960. KD86 Kasten, W., and Dreizler, H., Z. Naturforsch. A 41, 944, 1986. KH96 Kleiner, I., Hougen, J. T., Grabow, J.-U., Belov, S. P., Tretyakov, M. Yu., and Cosléou, J., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 179, 41, 1996. KL67 Kuczkowski, R. L., and Lide, D. R., J. Chem. Phys. 46, 357, 1967. KW74 Krisher, L. C., Watson, W. A., and Morrison, J. A., J. Chem. Phys. 61, 3429, 1974. L59 Laurie, V. W., J. Chem. Phys. 30, 1210, 1959. LB68 Lees, R. M., and Baker, J. G., J. Chem. Phys. 48, 5299, 1968. LB97 di Lauro, C., Bunker, P. R., Johns, J. W. C., and McKellar, A. R. W., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 184, 177, 1997. LB02 Demaison, J., and Wlodarczak, G., Hindered rotation-Asymmetric top molecules, in: Hüttner, W. (Ed), Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series: Group II: Molecules and Radicals, volume 24, subvolume C, Molecular Constants Mostly from Microwave, Molecular Beam, and Sub-Doppler Laser Spectroscopy, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 2002. LE97 de Luis, A., Eugenia Sanz, M., Lorenzo, F. J., López, J. C., and Alonso, J. L., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 184, 60, 1997.

9-59

4/11/08 3:46:53 PM

9-60 Hindered Internal Rotation LJ72 Lide, D. R., Johnson, D. R., Sharp, K. G., and Coyle, T. D., J. Chem. Phys. 57, 3699, 1972. LS59 Lin, C. C., and Swalen, J. D., Rev. Mod. Phys. 31, 841 1959. MK66 Moloney, M. J., and Krisher, L. C., J. Chem. Phys. 45, 3277, 1966. MM96 Marstokk, K.-M., Møllendal, H., and Samdal, S., J. Mol. Structure 376, 11, 1996. MM01 Marstokk, K.-M., Mollendal, H., Samdal, S., and Steinborn, D., J. Mol. Structure 567, 41, 2001. MO87 Moazzen-Ahmadi, N., and Ozier, I., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 126, 99, 1987. MS02 Merke, I., Stahl, W., Kassi, S., Petitprez, D., and Wlodarczak, G., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 216, 437, 2002. ND06 Nair, K. P. R., Demaison, J., Wlodarczak, G., and Merke, I., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 237, 137, 2006. NH02 Niide, Y., and Hayashi, M., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 216, 61, 2002. NH04 Niide, Y., and Hayashi, M., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 223, 152, 2004. NY85 Nakagawa, J., Yamada, K., Bester, M., and Winnewisser, G., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 110, 74, 1985. OH07 Ohashi, N., and Hougen, J. T., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 243, 162, 2007. OK75 Odom, J. D., Kalasinsky, V. F., and Durig, J. R., Inorg. Chem.14, 2837, 1975. OM07 Ozier, I., and Moazzen-Ahmadi, N., Internal rotation in symmetric tops, in: Arimondo, E., Berman, P. R., and Lin, C. C., (Eds.), Advances in Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, vol. 54, p. 423, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2007. PK59 Pierce, L., and Krisher, L. C., J. Chem. Phys. 31, 875, 1959. S75 Stiefvater, O. L., J. Chem. Phys. 62, 233, 1975.

SD04 Suenram, R. D., DaBell, R. S., Hight Walker, A. R., Lavrich, R. J., Plusquellic, D. F., Ellzy, M. W., Lochner, J. M., Cash, L., Jensen, J. O., and Samuels, A. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 224, 176, 2004. SG05 Schnell, M., Grabow, J.-U., Hartwig, H, Heineking, N., Meyer, M., Stahl, W., and Caminati, W., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 229, 1, 2005. SH82 Shiki, Y., Hasegawa, A., and Hayashi, M., J. Mol. Structure 78, 185, 1982. SH86 Sastry, K. V. L. N., Herbst, E., Booker, R. A., and De Lucia, F. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 116, 120, 1986. SL02 Suenram, R. D., Lovas, F. J., Plusquellic, D. F., Lesarri, A., Kawashima, Y., Jensen, J. O., and Samuels, A. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 211, 110, 2002. SL06 Suenram, R. D., Lovas, F. J., Plusquellic, D. F., Ellzy, M. W., Lochner, J. M., Jensen, J. O., and Samuels, A. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 235, 18, 2006. ST06 Styger, C., Ozier, I., Wang, S.-X., and Bauder, A., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 239, 115, 2006. TB86 Typke, V., Botskor, I., and Wiedenmann, K.-H., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 120, 435, 1986. TH86 Tyblewksi, M., Ha, T.-K., and Bauder, A., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 115, 353, 1986. VD88 Vormann, K., and Dreizler, H., Z. Naturforsch. A 43, 338, 1988. VG96 Voges, K., Gripp, J., Hartwig, H., and Dreizler, H., Z. Naturforsch. A 51, 299, 1996. VR75 Varma, R., Ramaprasad, K. R., and Nelson, J. F., J. Chem. Phys. 63, 915, 1975. WA02 Wang, S.-X., Schroderus, J., Ozier, I., Moazzen-Ahmadi, N., Horneman, V.-M., Ilyushyn, V. V., Alekseev, E. A., Katrich, A. A., and Dyubko, S. F., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 214, 69, 2002.

TABLE 1. Asymmetric Top Potential Parameters Name

Molecular Formula

Line Formula

Ref.

V3/cm–1

1 Trifluoromethanethiol

CHF3S

CF3SH

LB02

500.83 ± 0.03

2 Methylphosphonic difluoride

CH3F2OP

CH3P(=O)F2

SL06

676 ± 25

3 Methanol

CH4O

CH3OH

LB02

373.594 ± 0.007

Comments

V6 = –1.597 ± 0.051 V9 = 1.04 ± 0.20

4 Methanethiol

CH4S

CH3SH

SH86

443.029 ± 0.070

5 Methyldisulfane

CH4S2

CH3SSH

TH86

609.0 ± 14.0

6 Trifluoromethyl isocyanate

C2F3NO

CF3N=C=O

LB02

47.8769 ± 0.0051 298 ± 10

V6 = –1.6451 ± 0.0144

7 Trifluoroacetaldehyde

C2HF3O

CF3C(H)=O

DG87

8 Pentafluoroethane

C2HF5

CF3CHF2

EG96

1190 ± 4

9 Acetyl bromide

C2H3BrO

CH3C(Br)=O

K60

456.7 ± 10.5

10 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane

C2H3ClF2

CH3CClF2

ALB97

1311.8 ± 1.4

11 Acetyl chloride

C2H3ClO

CH3C(Cl)=O

LB02

442.74 ± 1.05

12 Acetyl fluoride

C2H3FO

CH3C(F)=O

PK59

364.3 ± 2.1

13 Methyl fluoroformate

C2H3FO2

CH3OC(F)=O

LB02

374.1 ± 0.2

14 Methyl trifluoromethyl ether

C2H3F3O

CH3OCF3

LB02

382 ± 10

15 Acetyl iodide

C2H3IO

CH3C(=O)I

MK66

455.3 ± 10.5

16 Methyl cyanate

C2H3NO

CH3OC≡N

LB02

399.0 ± 17.5

17 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane

C2H4ClF

CH3CHClF

LB02

1334.9 ± 3.8

18 1,1-Difluoroethane

C2H4F2

CH3CHF2

LB02

1163.0 ± 2.5

19 Acetaldehyde

C2H4O

CH3C(H)=O

KH96

407.716 ± 0.010

V6 =–12.068 ± 0.037

20 Thioacetaldehyde S-oxide

C2H4OS

CH3C(H)=S=O

LB02

285.6 ± 0.3

Z isomer

21 Acetic acid

C2H4O2

CH3COOH

IA03

170.1742 ± 0.0002 V6 = –6.4725 ± 0.0001

22 Methyl formate

C2H3DO2

CH3OC(D)=O

LB02

400.60 ± 0.03

23 Fluoroethane

C2H5F

CH3CH2F

FD83

1172.1 ± 1.4

24 Nitrosoethane

C2H5NO

CH3CH2N=O

LB02

903 ± 25

gauche conformer

C2H5NO

CH3CH2N=O

LB02

911 ± 25

cis conformer

25 Acetamide

C2H5NO

CH3C(NH2)=O

LB02

24.949 ± 0.008

26 Difluorodimethylsilane

C2H6F2Si

(CH3)2SiF2

SG05

439.4 ± 2.5

6679X_S09.indb 60

Cl

35

CH3

deuterated

4/11/08 3:46:54 PM

Hindered Internal Rotation Name

9-61 Molecular Formula

Line Formula

Ref.

V3/cm–1

Comments

27 N-Nitrosodimethylamine

C2H6N2O

(CH3)2NN=O

LB02

145.8 ± 0.25

cis CH3

C2H6N2O

(CH3)2NN=O

LB02

737.4 ± 13.3

trans CH3

28 Ethanol

C2H6O

CH3CH2OH

LB02

1173.76 ± 2.20

trans isomer

29 Dimethyl ether

C2H6O

(CH3)2O

NH04

926.0 ± 3.5

30 Dimethyl sulfide

C2H6S

(CH3)2S

NH04

751.1 ± 4.8

31 Vinylsilane

C2H6Si

SiH3C(H)=CH2

SH82

520.1 ± 1.8

32 Dimethyl disulfide

C2H6S2

CH3SSCH3

LB02

535.1 ± 1.8

33 Dimethyl diselenide

C2H6Se2

CH3SeSeCH3

GG04

395 ± 2 578.0 ± 3.5

34 Dimethylsilane

C2H8Si

(CH3)2SiH2

NH04

35 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene

C3H3F3

CF3C(H)=CH2

ALL97

653.06 ± 0.83

36 Methyl cyanoformate

C3H3NO2

CH3OC(C≡N)=O

LB02

406.6 ± 1.1

37 (Methylthio)acetylene

C3H4S

CH3SC≡CH

DM87

592.0 ± 3.3

38 1,1,1-Trifluoropropane

C3H5F3

CH3CH2CF3

ALA97 922.2 ± 1.4

39 2-Iodopropene

C3H5I

CH3C(I)=CH2

LB02

40 Ethyl isocyanide

C3H5N

CH3CH2N≡C

LB02

1167.6 ± 18.2

41 Propene

C3H6

CH3C(H)=CH2

LB02

697.499 ± 0.048

V6 =–13.0 (fixed)

42 Propanal

C3H6O

CH3CH2C(H)=O

BW64

798 ± 39

cis conformer

43 Acetone

C3H6O

(CH3)2C=O

G00

251.4 ± 2.6

V6 = –6.92 ± 0.65

44 (Methylthio)ethene

C3H6S

CH3SC(H)=CH2

MM01

1138 ± 13

s-trans conformer

905.8 ± 4.2

45 Propanoic acid

C3H6O2

CH3CH2COOH

S75

819.0 ± 10.5

cis conformer

46 Methyl mercaptoacetate

C3H6O2S

CH3OC(=O)C(H2)SH

LB02

411 ± 8

state 0+

C3H6O2S

CH3OC(=O)C(H2)SH

LB02

412 ± 9

state 0-

47 2-Bromopropane

C3H7Br

(CH3)2CHBr

LB02

1437.0 ± 2.5

79

48 1-Chloropropane

C3H7Cl

CH3C(H2)C(H2)Cl

LE97

1017.8 ± 1.4

gauche conformer

C3H7Cl

CH3C(H2)C(H2)Cl

LE97

966.0 ± 7.0

trans conformer

49 2-Chloropropane

C3H7Cl

(CH3)2CHCl

LB02

1374.03 ± 1.00

35

Br

Cl

C3H7F

CH3C(H2)C(H2)F

KD86

965.3 ± 12.2

gauche conformer

C3H7F

CH3C(H2)C(H2)F

KD86

948.5 ± 2.8

trans conformer

51 2-Fluoropropane

C3H7F

(CH3)2CHF

LB02

1162.79 ± 0.84

52 Butanenitrile

C4H7N

CH3C(H2)C(H2)C≡N

VD88

1087.4 ± 8.4

C4H7N

CH3C(H2)C(H2)C≡N

VD88

1088.5 ± 13.3

trans conformer

53 Propanamide

C3H7NO

CH3CH2C(=O)NH2

MM96

761 ± 42

syn conformer

50 1-Fluoropropane

gauche conformer

C3H7NO

(CH3)2NC(H)=O

LB02

366.04 ± 0.26

cis CH3

C3H7NO

(CH3)2NC(H)=O

LB02

772.4 ± 7.4

trans CH3

55 Propane

C3H8

(CH3)2CH2

BL85

1108.1 ± 9.5

56 Cyclopropylgermane

C3H8Ge

C(H 2 )C(H 2 )C (H )(GeH 3 ) 

LB02

466.6 ± 16.7

GeH3

57 N-Nitrosoethylmethylamine

C3H8N2O

CH3CH2N(CH3)N=O

LB02

310 ± 30

N-methyl top, OGM conformer

58 1-Propanol

C3H8O

CH3C(H2)C(H2)OH

DS81

956 ± 21

trans conformer

59 Cyclopropylsilane

C3H8Si

C(H 2 )C(H 2 )C (H )(SiH 3 ) 

TB86

670.9 ± 1.5

60 Dimethyl(methylene)silane

C3H8Si

(CH3)2Si=CH2

LB02

351.4 ± 5.9

61 Dimethyl methylphosphonate

C3H9O3P

(OCH3)2P(=O)CH3

SL02

662 ± 6

P-methyl top

C3H9O3P

(OCH3)2P(=O)CH3

OH07

278.82 ± 0.06

O-methyl top #1

C3H9O3P

(OCH3)2P(=O)CH3

OH07

181.82 ± 0.01

O-methyl top #2

54 N,N-Dimethylformamide

62 But-2-ynoyl fluoride

C4H3FO

CH3C≡CC(F)=O

LB02

2.20 ± 0.12

63 cis-2-Butenenitrile

C4H5N

CH3C(H)=C(H)C≡N

LB02

485.50 ± 0.25

64 2-Methylacrylonitrile

C4H5N

CH2=C(CH3)C≡N

LB02

695.2 ± 2.1

65 2-Methyloxazole

C4H5NO

N=C(CH 3 )OC(H )=C (H ) 

LB02

251.70 ± 1.17

66 4-Methyloxazole

C4H5NO

N=C(H)OC(H)=C (CH 3 ) 

LB02

429.44 ± 0.33

6679X_S09.indb 61

4/11/08 3:46:56 PM

9-62 Hindered Internal Rotation Name

Molecular Formula

Line Formula

Ref.

V3/cm–1

Comments

67 5-Methyloxazole

C4H5NO

N=C(H)OC(CH 3 )=C (H ) 

LB02

477.90 ± 1.34

68 5-Methylisoxazole

C4H5NO

C(H )=NOC(CH 3 )=C (H ) 

LB02

272.05 ± 1.00

69 2-Methylthiazole

C4H5NS

N=C(CH 3 )SC(H )=C (H ) 

GH02

34.938 ± 0.020

70 4-Methylisothiazole

C4H5NS

N=C(H)C(CH 3 )=C(H)S 

LB02

105.767 ± 0.043

71 4-Methyl-2-oxetanone

C4H6O2

OC(=O)C(H 2 )C (H )(CH 3 ) 

LB02

1256.5 ± 10.5

72 trans-1-Fluoro-2-butene

C4H7F

CH3C(H)=C(H)CH2F

LB02

596 ± 7

anticlinal conformer

73 1-Isocyanopropane

C4H7N

CH3C(H2)C(H2)N≡C

LB02

1012.3 ± 8.4

gauche conformer

C4H7N

CH3C(H2)C(H2)N≡C

LB02

1033.8 ± 7.7

trans conformer

74 Isobutene

C4H8

(CH3)2C=CH2

LB02

761.58 ± 1.05

75 cis-2-Butene

C4H8

CH3CH=CHCH3

LB02

259.89 ± 0.42

76 3-Methoxy-1-propene

C4H8O

CH3OC(H2)C(H)=CH2

LB02

728.0 ± 10.5

skew-gauche conformer

C4H8O

syn-trans conformer

CH3OC(H2)C(H)=CH2

LB02

829.5 ± 10.5

77 2,2-Dimethyloxirane

C4H8O

OC(CH 3 )(CH 3 )C (H 2 ) 

LB02

945.61 ± 0.75

78 cis-2,3-Dimethyloxirane

C4H8O

OC(H )(CH 3 )C (H )(CH 3 ) 

LB02

577.80 ± 1.84

cis conformer

C4H8O

OC(H )(CH 3 )C (H )(CH 3 ) 

LB02

862.52 ± 1.84

trans conformer

79 2-Methyloxetane

C4H8O

OC(H 2 )C(H 2 )C (H )(CH 3 ) 

LB02

1166.5 ± 4.9

80 3-Methyloxetane

C4H8O

OC(H 2 )C(H )(CH 3 )C (H 2 ) 

LB02

1149.4 ± 4.2

81 3-Methoxythietane

C4H8OS

SC(H 2 )C(H )(OCH 3 )C (H 2 ) 

LB02

1071.0 ± 10.5

82 3-(Methylthio)-1-propene

C4H8S

CH3SC(H2)C(H)=CH2

LB02

619 ± 28

83 2,2-Dimethylthiirane

C4H8S

SC(CH 3 )(CH 3 )C (H 2 ) 

LB02

1268.3 ± 3.0

84 Butane

C4H10

CH3C(H2)C(H2)CH3

LB02

948 ± 24

85 N-Methyl-N-nitrosopropylamine

C4H10N2O

CH3C(H2)C(H2)N(CH3)N=O

LB02

320 ± 30

86 Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone

C5H8O2

OC(=O)C(H)(CH 3 )C(H 2 )C (H 2 ) 

LB02

913.8 ± 2.5


C5H8O2

OC(=O)C(H 2 )C(H )(CH 3 )C (H 2 ) 

CA96

1437.8 ± 8.4


C5H8O2

OC(=O)C(H 2 )C(H 2 )C (H )(CH 3 ) 

CA96

1233.0 ± 4.2

89 tert-Butyl isocyanate

C5H9NO

(CH3)3C≡N=C=O

LB02

41.510 ± 0.015

(CH3)3 C group

90 Methyl tert-butyl ether

C5H12O

(CH3)3COCH3

LB02

498.6 ± 1.5

O-methyl top

91 2-Methylcyclopentanone

C6H10O

C(=O)C(H)(CH 3 )C(H 2 )C(H 2 )C (H 2 )  

LB02

844.2 ± 2.4

92 3-Methylcyclopentanone

C6H10O

C(=O)C(H 2 )C(H )(CH 3 )C(H 2 )C (H 2 )  

LB02

1233.8 ± 1.7

N-methyl top, conformer OMGA

93 tert-Butyl ethyl ether

C6H14O

(CH3)3COC(H2)CH3

LB02

1025 ± 3

94 2,4-Difluorotoluene

C7H6F2

C(H )=C(CH 3 )C(F)=C(H)C(F)=C (H )  

LB02

204.04 ± 0.23

95 2-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl

C(H )=C(H)C(Cl)=C(CH 3 )C(H )=C (H )  

ND06

513.8 ± 2.7

96 2,6-Dimethylpyridine

C7H9N

C(H )=C(H)C(CH 3 )=NC(CH 3 )=C (H )  

LB02

98.24 ± 0.27

97 1,2,2-Trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate

C7H16FO2P (CH3)3CC(H)(CH3)OP(O)(F)CH3

SD04

821 ± 5

P-methyl top, conformer GD-I

C7H16FO2P (CH3)3CC(H)(CH3)OP(O)(F)CH3

SD04

738 ± 5

P-methyl top, conformer GD-II

98 Germyl azide

GeH3N3

GeH3-N=N≡N

GA89

86.598 ± 0.062

99 Silylphospine

H5PSi

SiH3PH2

VR75

537.2 ± 14.0

6679X_S09.indb 62

ethyl CH3 Cl

35

4/11/08 3:47:04 PM

Hindered Internal Rotation

9-63

TABLE 2. Symmetric Top Potential Parameters Name

Molecular Formula

Line Formula

Ref.

V3/cm–1

BF3H3P

H3PBF3

OK75

1169 ± 123

2 Trihydro(phosphorus trifluoride)boron BF3H3P

F3PBH3

KL67

1134 ± 53

H3PBH3

DL73

864.5 ± 17.5 489 ± 50

1 Phosphine-trifluoroborane 3 Trihydro(phosphine)boron

BH6P

Comments

4 Trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)silane

CF6Si

CF3SiF3

LJ72

5 Trifluoromethylgermane

CH3F3Ge

CF3GeH3

KW74 448 ± 53

6 Trifluoromethylsilane

CH3F3Si

CH3SiF3

ST06

414.147 ± 0.030

7 Methylgermane

CH6Ge

CH3GeH3

L59

433.6 ± 8.8

8 Methylsilane

CH6Si

CH3SiH3

OM07 603.3878 ± 0.0037

9 Methylstannane

CH6Sn

CH3SnH3

CB61

10 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane

C2H3F3

CH3CF3

WA02 1112.24 ± 0.16

11 Ethane

C2H6

CH3CH3

OM07 1013.28 ± 0.10

V6 = 8.798 ± 0.041

12 Ethane-1,1,1-d3

C2H3D3

CH3CD3

OM07 1001.876 ± 0.023

V6 = 9.328 ± 0.018

13 Ethane-d6

C2D6

CD3CD3

OM07 989.946 ± 0.090

V6 = 9.51 ± 0.10

14 1-Silylpropyne

C3H6Si

CH3C≡CSiH3

NY85

15 Trimethylchlorosilane

C3H9ClSi

(CH3)3SiCl

MS02

576.9 ± 0.9

16 2-Butyne

C4H6

CH3C≡CCH3

LB97

6.067 ± 0.040

17 Ethynyltrimethylgermane

C5H10Ge

(CH3)3GeC≡CH

VG96

376.2 ± 16.7

18 Disilane

H6Si2

SiH3SiH3

BM07 412.033 ± 0.010

227 ± 10

3.77 ± 0.70 V6 = 0.1240 ± 0.0144 V9 = –0.0916 ± 0.0180

6679X_S09.indb 63

4/11/08 3:47:05 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies Yu-Ran Luo The bond dissociation energy (enthalpy) is also referred to as bond disruption energy, bond energy, bond strength, or binding energy (abbreviation: BDE, BE, or D). It is defined as the standard enthalpy change of the following fission: R−X → R + X. The BDE, denoted by Do(R−X), is usually derived by the thermochemical equation, Do(R−X) = ∆fHo(R) + ∆fHo(X) – ∆fHo(RX). The enthalpy of formation ∆fHo of a large number of atoms, free radicals, ions, clusters and compounds is available from the websites of NIST, NASA, CODATA, and IUPAC. Most authors prefer to use the BDE values at 298.15 K. The following seven tables provide essential information of experimental BDE values of R−X and R+−X bonds.

(1) Table 1: Bond Dissociation Energies in Diatomic Molecules (2) Table 2: Enthalpy of Formation of Gaseous Atoms (3) Table 3: Bond Dissociation Energies in Polyatomic Molecules (4) Table 4: Enthalpies of Formation of Free Radicals and Other Transient Species (5) Table 5: Bond Dissociation Energies of Common Organic Molecules (6) Table 6: Bond Dissociation Energies in Diatomic Cations (7) Table 7: Bond Dissociation Energies in Polyatomic Cations The data in these tables have been revised through September 2008.

TABLE 1. Bond Dissociation Energies in Diatomic Molecules The BDEs in diatomic species have usually been measured by spectroscopy or mass spectrometry. In the absence of data on the enthalpy function, the values at 0 K, Do(A−B), are converted to Do298 by the approximate equation: Do298(A−B) ≈ Do(A−B) + (3/2)RT = Do(A−B) + 3.7181 kJ mol–1

This table has been arranged in an alphabetical order of the atoms A in the diatomics A−B. A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

Ac−O

794

1

Ag−Sn

136 ± 21

1

Al−Sb

216.3 ± 6

1

Ar−Si

5.86

1

Ag−Ag

162.9 ± 2.9

1

Ag−Te

195.8 ± 14.6

1

Al−Se

318 ± 13

1

Ar−Sn

211

1

321 ± 24

1

202.5 ± 5.9

1

Mn −I

>211

1

Mn+ −O

285 ± 13

1

Mn+ −S

247 ± 23

1

+

165 ± 50

1

442.7 ± 13.5

1

376 ± 29

1

170 ± 6

1

Lu+ −I

Lu −O

Mg+ −Ar

Mg+ −Au Mg −Cl +

Mg+ −D Mg+ −F

Mg+ −H

Mg −Kr +

Mg+ −Mg Mg+ −Ne Mg+ −O

Mg −Xe Mn+ −F

Mn+ −H +

Mn+ −Mn 129

Mn −Se Mo+ −C Mo+ −F

Mo+ −H

1

Mo −Mo 449.4 ± 1.0

1

+

488.2 ± 1.9

1

Mo+ −S

355.1 ± 5.8

1

>53.1 ± 6.8

1

208.4 ± 9.6

1

584 ± 42

1

+

Mo −O

Mo+ −Xe N+ −Ar N −F +

N+ −H N+ −N

N+ −O

Na −Ar +

Na+ −Br Na+ −Cl

Na+ −He Na −I +

Na+ −Kr Na+ −Li

Na+ −Na Na −Na +

Na+ −Ne Na+ −O

Na+ −Xe

Nb −Ar +

Nb+ −C

Nb+ −Fe Nb+ −H

≥435.67 ± 0.77

1

843.85 ± 0.10

1

115

1

19 ± 8

1

58.2 ± 10.6

1

20.3 ± 10

1

7.55

1

64.9 ± 3.0

1

~24.9

1

95.8 ± 3.9

1

98.64 ± 0.29

1

6.4

1

~9.04

1

37 ± 19

1

~28.6

1

40.87 ± 0.13

1

509 ± 15

1

>251

1

220 ± 7

1

Bond Dissociation Energies A+ −B

Nb+ −Nb Nb+ −O Nb −S +

Nb+ −V

Nb+ −Xe

Nd+ −Au

Do298 kJ/mol–1

9-89 Ref.

576.8 ± 9.6

1

688 ± 11

1

501.7 ± 20.3

1

404.7 ± 0.2

1

73.28 ± 0.12

1

267 ± 84

1

+

352.9

1

Nd+ −Cl

441.4

1

309.6

1

Nd+ −I

596 ± 32

1

+

Nd −Br Nd+ −F

Nd −O Ne+ −H

Ne+ −He

Ne+ −Ne

Ni −Ar +

Ni+ −Br Ni+ −C

Ni+ −Cl Ni −D +

Ni+ −F

Ni+ −H

Ni+ −He Ni −I +

Ni+ −Ne

Ni+ −Ni Ni+ −O

Ni −S +

Ni −Si +

Np+ −F

Np+ −O O+ −Ar O −F +

O+ −H O+ −N

O+ −O

Os −H +

Os+ −O P+ −C

P+ −Cl P −F +

P+ −H P+ −N

P+ −O P −P +

P+ −S

Pa+ −O

Pb+ −Br

753 ± 15

1

1239

1

13.0 ± 0.8

1

125.29 ± 1.93

1

53.9

1

>289

1

418

1

192 ± 4

1

166.0 ± 7.7

1

≥456

1

158.1 ± 7.7

1

12.4 ± 0.4

1

>297

1

9.9 ± 0.4

1

208

1

275.9 ± 7.7

1

241.0 ± 3.9

1

326 ± 6.7

1

730 ± 100

1

≥752

1

33.8

1

301.8 ± 8.4

1

487.9 ± 0.34

1

1050.64 ± 0.13

1

647.75 ± 0.17

1

238.9

1

418 ± 50

1

512 ± 42

1

289

1

490.6 ± 8.4

1

329.6 ± 2.1

1

483 ± 21

1

791.3 ± 8.4

1

481 ± 50

1

606 ± 34

1

~800

1

260 ± 63

1

+

285 ± 63

1

Pb+ −F

347 ± 32

1

247 ± 8.4

1

214 ± 29

1

Pb −Cl Pb+ −O

Pb+ −Pb

A+ −B

Pb+ −S

Do298 kJ/mol–1

Ref.

293 ± 50

1

169.4 ± 6.3

1

163 ± 63

1

528 ± 5

1

208.4 ± 8.7

1

Pd+ −O

145 ± 11

1

+

197 ± 29

1

197 ± 6

1

289 ± 50

1

317 ± 81

1

357.7

1

445.0

1

557 ± 63

1

317.0

1

796 ± 15

1

36.4 ± 8.7

1

398 ± 105

1

530.5 ± 4.8

1

249.8 ± 14.5

1

275 ± 5

1

326.9 ± 9.6

1

318.4 ± 6.7

1

318 ± 23

1

515 ± 50

1

86.6 ± 28.9

1

562 ± 50

1

Pu −O

655

1

+

12.0

1

17.6v5.1

1

10.5 ± 10.5

1

27 ± 42

1

14.9

1

50.1 ± 3.9

1

6.95

1

29

1

75.6 ± 9.6

1

21.5

1

497.7 ± 3.9

1

224.7 ± 6.7

1

+

435 ± 59

1

Rh+ −C

414 ± 17

1

164.8 ± 3.8

1

295.0 ± 5.8

1

226 ± 13

1

453.5 ± 10.6

1

160.2 ± 5.0

1

Ru+ −O

372 ± 5

1

+

288 ± 6

1

620.8 ± 1.3

1

343.5 ± 4.8

1

348.2 ± 1.7

1

Pb+ −Se

Pb −Te +

Pd+ −C

Pd+ −H

Pd −Pd Pd+ −S

Pd+ −Si

Pr+ −Au

Pr −Br +

Pr+ −Cl Pr+ −F Pr+ −I

Pr −O +

Pt+ −Ar Pt+ −B

Pt+ −C

Pt −Cl +

Pt+ −H Pt+ −N

Pt+ −O

Pt −Pt +

Pt+ −Si

Pt+ −Xe Pu+ −F +

Rb −Ar Rb+ −Br Rb+ −Cl Rb+ −I

Rb −Kr +

Rb+ −Na

Rb+ −Ne Rb+ −O

Rb −Rb +

Rb+ −Xe Re+ −C

Re+ −H

Re −O

Rh+ −H

Rh+ −O Rh −S +

Ru+ −C

Ru+ −H Ru −S S+ −C S+ −F

S+ −H

A+ −B

S+ −N

S+ −O S −P +

S+ −S

Sc+ −C

Sc+ −Cl Sc −F +

Sc+ −Fe Sc+ −H

Sc+ −O Sc −S +

Sc+ −Se Sc+ −Si Se+ −F

Se −H +

Se+ −P

Se+ −S

Se+ −Se

Si −Au +

Si+ −B

Si+ −Br Si+ −C

Si −Cl +

Si+ −F

Si+ −H

Si+ −O Si −P +

Si −Pd +

Si+ −Pt Si+ −S

Si+ −Si

Si −Te +

Sm+ −Br

Sm+ −Cl

Do298 kJ/mol–1

Ref.

516 ± 34

1

524.3 ± 0.4

1

573 ± 21

1

522.4 ± 0.5

1

326 ± 6

1

410 ± 42

1

605 ± 32

1

201 ± 21

1

235 ± 8

1

689 ± 5

1

529.7 ± 17.4

1

475.8 ± 8.4

1

242.3 ± 10.5

1

364 ± 42

1

304

1

514 ± 25

1

392 ± 19

1

413 ± 19

1

175 ± 50

1

351 ± 15

1

276 ± 96

1

365 ± 50

1

591.0 ± 0.6

1

684.1 ± 5.4

1

316.6 ± 2.1

1

478 ± 13.4

1

272 ± 50

1

237 ± 50

1

525 ± 50

1

387.5 ± 6.0

1

334 ± 19

1

347 ± 50

1

343.3

1

435.4

1

Sm+ −F

620.9

1

+

299.1

1

569 ± 15

1

335 ± 50

1

184 ± 96

1

+

364 ± 29

1

Sn+ −O

281 ± 10

1

240 ± 19

1

174 ± 6.3

1

193

1

Sm −I

Sm+ −O Sn+ −Br

Sn+ −Cu Sn −F

Sn+ −S

Sn+ −Se

Sn −Sn +

Sn+ −Te Sr+ −Ar

Sr+ −Br

168.7 ± 8.4

1

13.32 ± 2.92

1

378.1 ± 8.4

1

+

427 ± 8.4

1

Sr+ −F

615 ± 50

1

209 ± 5

1

308.2

1

Sr −Cl Sr+ −H Sr+ −I

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-90 A+ −B

Sr+ −Kr

Sr+ −Ne Sr −O +

Sr+ −Sr

Ta+ −H

Ta+ −O

Ta − Ta

Do298 kJ/mol–1

Ref.

18.13 ± 6.94

1

4.52 ± 9.6

1

298.7

1

108.5 ± 1.6

1

230 ± 6

1

787 ± 63

1

666

1

245 ± 34

1

722 ± 15

1

197.5

1

>167

1

305 ± 12

1

339 ± 50

1

Te+ −P

415 ± 97

1

+

342 ± 19

1

339.6

5

278 ± 29

1

+

-

Tb+ −Cu

Tb+ −O

Tc+ −H

Tc −O +

Te+ −H

Te+ −O Te −Se Te+ −Si

Te+ −Te

Th+ −Cl

499 ± 29

1

+

682 ± 29

1

Th+ −O

875 ± 16

1

388 ± 193

1

504 ± 67

1

395 ± 23

1

426.8

1

≥456

1

226.6 ± 10.6

1

501 ± 13

1

667 ± 7

1

82 ± 96

1

461.1 ± 6.8

1

249 ± 16

1

229

1

52 ± 50

1

26 ± 4

1

13 ± 21

1

Th −F

Th+ −Pt

Th+ −Rh Ti −C +

Ti+ −Cl Ti+ −F

Ti+ −H Ti −N +

Ti+ −O

Ti+ −Pt Ti+ −S

Ti+ −Si

Ti −Ti +

Tl+ −Br Tl+ −Cl Tl+ −F

A+ −B

Tl+ −I

Do298 kJ/mol–1

133 ± 21

1

22 ± 50

1

+

312.2

1

Tm+ −Cl

407.9

1

537 ± 16

1

266.8

1

482 ± 15

1

345 ± 29

1

300 ± 96

1

431 ± 34

1

283.4 ± 9.6

1

668 ± 29

1

284 ± 8

1

~485

1

757 ± 42

1

186

1

518 ± 29

1

39.39 ± 0.12

1

373 ± 13.5

1

202 ± 6

1

314 ± 21

1

202 ± 6

1

Tl+ −Tl

Tm −Br Tm+ −F Tm+ −I

Tm −O +

U+ −Br U+ −C

U+ −Cl U −D +

U+ −F

U+ −H U+ −N

U −O +

U+ −P U+ −S

V+ −Ar V −C +

V+ −D

V+ −Fe V+ −H

V −Kr

49.46 ± 0.18

1

448.6 ± 5.8

1

403.5 ± 0.2

1

581.6 ± 9.6

1

358.9 ± 8.7

1

229 ± 15

1

302

1

66.4 ± 0.6

1

W+ −C

483 ± 21

1

+

444 ± 96

1

222.5 ± 5

1

695 ± 42

1

13.4

1

+

V+ −N

V+ −Nb V+ −O V −S +

V+ −Si V+ −V

V+ −Xe W −F

W+ −H

W+ −O

Xe+ −Ar

References 1.

2. 3. 4. 5 6.

Ref.

Luo, Y.R., Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical Bond Energies, CRC Press, 2007. Parke, L.G., et al., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 254, 168–182, 2006. Li, F.X., et al., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 255/256, 279–300, 2006. Li, F.X., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 125, 133114/1-133114/13, 2006. Chattopadhyaya, S., et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 110, 12303–12311, 2006. Li, J., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 127, 104307/1-104307/9, 2007.

A+ −B

Xe+ −H

Xe+ −Kr Xe −N +

Xe+ −Ne Xe+ −Xe Y+ −C Y −F +

Y+ −H

Y+ −O

Y+ −Pt Y −S +

Y+ −Si

Y+ −Te Y+ −Y

Yb −Br +

Yb+ −Cl Yb+ −F

Yb+ −I

Yb −O +

Yb+ −Yb Zn+ −Ar Zn+ −H

Zn −O +

Zn+ −S

Zn+ −Si

Zn+ −Zn

Do298 kJ/mol–1

Ref.

355

1

41.65 ± 0.08

1

66.4 ± 9.6

1

2.1 ± 0.8

1

99.6

1

281 ± 12

1

677 ± 21

1

260.5 ± 5.8

1

718 ± 25

1

466 ± 192

1

533.9 ± 8

1

243 ± 13

1

360 ± 96

1

281 ± 21

1

307.4

1

399.6

1

557.5 ± 14.4

1

262.0

1

376 ± 15

1

238 ± 96

1

28.7 ± 1.2

1

216 ± 15

1

161.1 ± 4.8

1

198 ± 12

1

274.1 ± 9.6

1

60 ± 19

1

+

36.09 ± 0.24

1

Zr+ −C

445.8 ± 15.4

1

218.8 ± 9.6

1

443 ± 46

1

753 ± 11

1

549.0 ± 9.6

1

407.0 ± 9.6

1

Zr −Ar

Zr+ −H Zr+ −N

Zr+ −O Zr −S +

Zr+ −Zr


9-91

TABLE 7. Bond Dissociation Energies in Polyatomic Cations This Table has been arranged on the basis of the Periodic Table with the IUPAC notation for Groups 1 to 18, see inside front cover of this Handbook. The boldface in the species indicates the dissociated fragment. Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

(1) Group 1 Li+−H2

27.2

1

57 ± 13

1

139 ± 8

1

156 ± 8

1

130

1

156 ± 8

1

167 ± 10

1

Li+−pyridine

183.0 ± 14.5

1

220 ± 9

1

Na+−H2

10.4 ± 0.8

1

33.5

1

Li+−CO

Li+−H2O

Li+−NH3

Li+−CH4

Li+−CH3OH

Li+−CH3OCH3 Li+−Gly (glycine)

Na+−N2

Na −CO

31 ± 8

1

66.5

1

79.1

1

52.3

1

91.2 ± 6.3

1

82.0 ± 5.8

1

Na+(H2O)2−H2O

66.1

1

52.7 ± 0.8

1

Na (glycine)−H2O

+

Na+−CO2

Na+−SO2 Na+−O3

Na+−H2O

Na (H2O)−H2O +

Na+(H2O)3−H2O

75.1 ± 5.3

1

52 ± 1

1

106.2 ± 5.4

1

86.2

1

30.1

1

98.8 ± 5.7

1

125.5 ± 9.6

1

44.6 ± 4.4

1

101.4 ± 5.7

1

114.4 ± 3.4

1

131.3 ± 4.1

1

97.0 ± 5.9

1

103.7 ± 4.8

1

166.7 ± 5.1

1

Na −Ala (alanine)

167 ± 4

1

203 ± 8

1

K+−H2

6.1 ± 0.8

1

35.6

1

74.9

1

67.4

1

55.2

1

11.8

1

44.8

1

41.8

1

79 ± 7

1

80.3

1

+

Na+(glutamine)−H2O

Na+−NH3

Na+−HNO3

Na+−CH4

Na −CH3OH +

Na+−CH3CN Na+−C2H4

Na −CH3OCH3 +

Na+−CH3C(O)H Na+− MeCOMe Na+−C6H6

Na+−pyrrole

Na+ −Gly (glycine) +

Na+−GlyGly (glycylglycine) K −CO2 +

K+−H2O

K+(H2O)2−H2O

K+(H2O)3−H2O K+(H2O)4−H2O

K+(H2O)5−H2O K+(H2O)6−H2O K+−NH3

K+−C6H6

K −adenine

Bond

+

K+−indole

K −Phe (phenylalanine) +

K −Tyr (tyrosine) +

Rb+−H2O

Rb+−NH3

Rb+−CH3CN

Rb −C6H5OH +

Cs+−H2O


95.1 ± 3.2

1

104.6 ± 12.6

1

150.5 ± 5.8

1

165.0 ± 5.8

1

66.9 ± 12.6

1

78.2

1

86.6 ± 1.3

1

70.2 ± 3.7

1

57.3

1

70.8 ± 4.5

1

192.9 ± 13.4

1

tert-C(CH3)3Be −tert-C(CH3)3

121.8 ± 13.4

1

314 ± 33

1

Mg+−CO

43.1 ± 5.8

1

Mg+−CO2

58.4 ± 5.8

1

122.5 ± 12.5

1

Mg+−NH3

158.9 ± 11.6

1

29.8 ± 6.8

1

Mg+−MeOH

147.6 ± 6.8

1

Mg −C6H6

155.2

1

200.0 ± 6.4

1

Mg+−imidazole

243.9 ± 10.4

1

Mg2+(H2O)5−H2O

101.3

1

Mg2+(Me2CO)5−Me2CO

93.3

1

Ca+−OH

435.1 ± 14.5

1

Ca+−H2O

117.2

1

134

1

Cs+−C6H5NH2

(2) Group 2

CH3Be+−CH3

+

Mg+−OH

Mg+−H2O Mg+−CH4 +

Mg+−pyridine

Ca+−C6H6

Ca −imidazole

186.3 ± 3.9

1

Ca2+(H2O)4−H2O

110.0 ± 5.9

1

Ca2+(Me2CO)5−Me2CO

101.3

1

Sr+−CO

20.3

1

Sr+−CO2

41.9

1

144.3

1

Sr+−C6H6

117

1

Sr2+(H2O)5−H2O

87.4

1

530.7 ± 19.3

1

Ba (H2O)4−H2O

90.8

1

Sc+−H2

23.0 ± 1.3

1

412 ± 22

1

Sc+−CH3

233 ± 10

1

Sc −C2H2

Sc+−C6H6

+

Sr+−H2O

Ba+−OH 2+

(3) Group 3

Sc+−CH2

240 ± 20

1

Sc+−C2H4

≥131

1

222 ± 21

1

Sc+−H2O

131

1

+


9-92

Sc+−NH

Bond

Sc+−NH2

Sc+−pyridine Y −CH2 +

Y+−CH3

Y+−C2H2

Y −C2H4 +

Y+−CO Y+−CS

Y+(O)−CO2

La −CH +

La+−CH2

La+−CH3

La+−C2H2 La −C2H4


483 ± 10

1

347 ± 5

1

231.5 ± 10.3

1

398 ± 13

1

249 ± 5.0

1

218 ± 13

1

>138

1

29.9 ± 10.6

1

137.0 ± 7.7

1

86 ± 5

1

523 ± 33

1

401 ± 7

1

217 ± 15

1

262 ± 30

1

192.5

1

>230 ± 6

1

176 ± 20

1

552 ± 44

1

523 ± 38

1

U (F)3−F

381 ± 19

1

243 ± 17

1

U+(F)5−F

26 ± 11

1

+

Lu+−CH2

Lu+−CH3 U+(F)−F

U+(F)2−F +

U+(F)4−F

Ti+−CH2

Ti+−CH3 Ti+−CH4

Ti+−C2H2 Ti+−C2H4 Ti+−C6H6

Ti+−CO

Ti+−H2O

Ti −NH +

Ti+−NH2

Ti+−NH3

Ti+−pyridine

Ti −imidazole +

Zr+−CH

Zr+−CH2

Zr+−CH3

Zr −C2H2 +

Zr+−CO Zr+−CS

Hf+−CH

Hf+−CH2 Hf −CH2 +

Hf+−C2H2

1

391 ± 15

1

213.8 ± 3

1

70.3 ± 2.5

1

213 ± 13

1

146 ± 11

1

259 ± 9

1

117.7 ± 5.8

1

157.7 ± 5.9

1

466 ± 12

1

356 ± 13

1

197 ± 7

1

217.2 ± 9.3

1

≤232.4 ± 8.2

1

568 ± 13

1

444.8 ± 5

1

227.7 ± 9.6

1

273 ± 14

1

77 ± 10

1

257.6 ± 10.6

1

492.1 ± 14.5

2

421.6 ± 6.8

2

204.5 ± 25.1

2

150.6

1

(5) Group 5 (CO)6V+−H

V+−H2

470 ± 5

1

326 ± 6

1

V+−CH3

193 ± 7

1

V+−C2H2

172 ± 8

1

V+−C2H4

124 ± 8

1

V+−(η5-C5H5)

530.7

1

V −C6H6

234 ± 10

1

114.8 ± 2.9

1

V+−CO2

72.4 ± 3.8

1

149.8 ± 5.0

1

+

V+−CO

V+−H2O V −NH

423 ± 29

1

V+−NH2

293 ± 6

1

192 ± 11

1

V+−pyridine

218.7 ± 13.5

1

+

V+−NH3

V −imidazole

≤243.4 ± 8.0

1

Nb+−H2

61.9

1

581 ± 19

1

Nb+−CH2

428.4 ± 8.7

1

198.8 ± 10.6

1

Nb+−CH3NH2

134

1

117.7

1

>163

1

95.5 ± 4.8

1

+

Nb+−CH

Nb+−CH3

Nb+−C3H6

(NbFe)+−C3H4 Nb −CO

478 ± 5

220 ± 14

1

42.7 ± 2.1

1


V+−CH2

+

(4) Group 4 Ti+−CH

V+−CH

Bond

Nb+−CS

242.2 ± 10.6

1

Nb7+−N2

209

1

Mo+−pyrrole +

W+−CH

W+−CH3

(PMe3)3(CO)3W+−H

W −pyrrole +

(7) Group 7

(CO)5Mn+−H

172 ± 10

1

7.9 ± 1.7

1

295 ± 13

1

215 ± 10

1

Mn+(CO)5−CH3

132 ± 15

1

>30

1

Mn −(η -C5H5)

326.1 ± 9.6

1

145 ± 10

1

332 ± 24

1

25 ± 10

1

Mn+−H2

Mn+−CH2 Mn+−CH3

Mn+(CO)5−CH4 +

5

Mn −C6H6 +

Mn+−OH Mn+−CO

Mn −H2O

121.8 ± 5.9

1

134 ± 29

1

159 ± 14

1

Mn+−CS

80.0 ± 21

1

+

254 ± 20

1

147 ± 8

1

28.9 ± 4.8

1

146.7 ± 11.6

1

536.4 ± 9.6

1

Pt+–CH2

471

1

257.6 ± 7.7

1

Pt+–CH4

170.8 ± 7.7

1

64.6 ± 4.8

1

218.1 ± 8.7

1

59.8 ± 4.8

1

274 ± 12

1

229.7

1

+

Pd+−CH2

Pd+−CH3 Pd+−CH4 Pd+−CS

Pd+−C2H2

Pt+–H2

Pt+–CH

Pt+–CH3 Pt+–O2

Pt+–CO

Pt+–CO2

Pt+–NH3

Pt+–C2H4

51.9 ± 0.4

1

267.3 ± 6.8

1

111 ± 7

1

>21.2 ± 9.6

1

176 ± 14

1

218.0 ± 9.6

1

149 ± 7

1

89 ± 30

1

109.0 ± 4.8

1

160.7 ± 7.5

1

192 ± 13

1

237 ± 15

1

Cu+−CS

238.3 ± 11.6

1

246 ± 27

1

Cu+−SiH2

≥231 ± 7

1

97 ± 25

1

≥107 ± 4

1

66.6 ± 4.8

1

65.7 ± 7.5

1

167 ± 19

1

Cu+−CH2 Cu+−CH3

Cu+−C2H2 Cu+−C2H4 Cu+−C6H6

Cu+−CO Cu+−N2

Cu+−NO

Cu+−H2O

Cu+−NH2

Cu+−NH3 Cu+−SiH

Cu −SiH3 +

Ag+−CH2 Ag+−CH3

Ag+−C2H5

Ag+−C6H6


29.7 ± 0.8

1

89 ± 5

1

Ag −H2O

134 ± 8

1

152 ± 20

1

Ag+−NH3

170 ± 13

1

357.0 ± 6.8

5

209.4 ± 23.2

5

Ag+−CO +

Ag+−CS

Au+−CH2 Au −CH3 +

Au+−C2H4

344.5

1

289 ± 29

1

201 ± 8

1

Au −H2O

164.0 ± 9.6

1

230 ± 25

1

Au+−NH3

297 ± 29

1

402 ± 33

1

Zn+−H2

15.7 ± 1.7

1

280 ± 7

1

Zn+−OH

127.2

1

Zn+−H2O

163

1

76.2 ± 9.6

1

Zn+−pyrimidine

209.6 ± 7.7

1

Au+−C6H6

Au+−CO +

Au+−H2S

Au+−PH3

(12) Group 12 Zn+−CH3

Zn+−NO Zn+−CS

149 ± 23

1

228 ± 3

1

109 ± 3

1

Cd −C6H6

136 ± 19

1

285 ± 3

1

Hg+(CH3)−CH3

96 ± 3

1

15.9 ± 0.8

1

HB −H2 Al+−H2

Cd+−CH3

Cd+(CH3)−CH3 +

Hg+−CH3

(13) Group 13 B+−H2

61.5 ± 2.1

1

(CH3)2B+−CH3

32.6 ± 4.2

1

5.6 ± 0.6

1

Al+−N2

5.6

1

Al −CO2

≥29.3

1

104 ± 15

1

Al+−MeOH

139.7

1

191.2

1

Al −C6H6

147.3 ± 8.4

1

190.3 ± 10.3

1

Al+−phenol

154.8 ± 16.7

1

232.4 ± 8.2

1

122.5

1

111.0

1

C58+−C2

955 ± 15

1

822.0 ± 12.5

1

C −C2

846.2 ± 10.6

1

938.8 ± 10.6

1

HC2+−H

574.749

1

376.3 ± 4.8

1

+

(11) Group 11 Cu+−H2

Ag+−O2

Bond

+

Al+−H2O

Al+−EtC(O)Et +

Al+−pyridine Al+−imidazole Ga −NH3 +

In+−NH3

(14) Group 14 C60+−C2 + 62

C78+−C2

C6H5+−H


C2H3+−Cl

Bond

C2H5+−Br C6H5 −Br

9-95 Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

249 ± 1.0

7

206.3 ± 1.0

7

266.3

1

196.2 ± 1.4

7

186

1

7.9 ± 0.4

1

C2H5 −H2 CO+−N2

+

C2H3+–I

CH3+−H2 CH5+−H2

17

1

CH3+−O2

80 ± 7

4

67.5 ± 19.3

1

H2CH+−N2

31.8

1

173.7 ± 14.6

1

52.3

1

30.2

1

18.4

1

+

CO −CO +

CO+(CO)−CO

CO+(CO)2−CO

CO+(CO)3−CO

(CO2) −CO2

70.3

1

(CO2)+(CO2)−CO2

34.7

1

(CO2)+(CO2)2−CO2

21.3

1

(CO2)+(CO2)3−CO2

20.1 ± 1.3

1

+

CH3 −N2O

221.3

1

CH3+−SO2

253.6

1

CH3+−OCS

239.3

1

251.9

1

CH3 −H2O

+

CH3+−CS2

279

1

CH3+(H2O)−H2O

106.3

1

CH3+(H2O)2−H2O

87.9

1

CH3+(H2O)3−H2O

61.9

1

CH3+(H2O)4−H2O

48.5

1

+

CH3 −H2S

344.8

1

303.0 ± 2.9

1

CH3+−NH3

431.4

1

209.2 ± 4.2

1

CH3+−CH4

166.5

1

19.0

1

28.7 ± 1.3

1

12.0

1

230

1

221

1

259

1

63

1

85

1

43.5

1

338.7 ± 2.9

1

252

1

185

1

85

1

27.6

1

tert-C4H9+−t-C4H9Cl

339

1

30.1

1

tert-C4H9+−C6H6

92

1

73.6

1

54.8

1

+

CH2+−CH2O

(CH3)+−CH3 CF3+−CH4

(CH5)+−CH4 C6H6+−CH4

CH3+−CH3F

CH3+−CF3Cl

CH3+−CH3Cl

tert-C4H9+−CH3OH

tert-C4H9+−CH3CN tert-C4H9+−SO2F2 CH3+−C2H3O

CH3+−CF3ClOCl

tert--C4H9+−(CH3)2S

tert-C4H9+−C2H5OH tert-C4H9+−C3H8

tert-C4H9+−(CH3)3CH

(C6H6)+−C6H6

(C6H6)+−indole

C6F6+−C6F6

Bond


30.1 ± 4

1

35.89 ± 7.72

1

PhSiH2 −H

159

1

178.5 ± 1.9

1

SiH3+−CO

≥151

1

174.1 ± 1.3

1

(CH3)3Si −H2O Si+(CH3)(Cl)2−CH3

C60+−C60

+

Si+(CH3)3−Cl SiF3+−CO

125.9 ± 7.9

1

(CH3)3Si+−NH3

194.6

1

60.8 ± 2.9

1

Si+(CH3)2(Cl)−CH3

41.5 ± 1.9

1

+

Si −CH3

413.9 ± 5.8

1

Si+(CH3)−CH3

123 ± 48

1

Si+(CH3)2−CH3

513 ± 27

1

Si+(CH3)3−CH3

66.6 ± 5.8

1

(CH3)3Si −CH3OH

164.0

1

184.9

1

(CH3)3Si+−C6H6

100.0

1

231.8

1

(CH3)3Ge −H2O

119.7 ± 2.1

1

104.2 ± 2.1

1

(CH3)3Sn+−NH3

154

1

108

1

+

+

(CH3)3Si+−(C2H5)2O (CH3)3Si+−CH3NH2 +

(C2H5)3Ge+−H2O (CH3)3Sn+−H2O

(CH3)3Sn −(CH3)2CO +

157

1

(CH3)3Sn+−C3H7SH

143

1

93.7

1

Pb+−NH3

118.4 ± 0.8

1

97.5 ± 0.8

1

148.1 ± 1.3

1

110 ± 2

1

H2N+−H

544.43 ± 0.10

1

515.1

1

Me3N −H (imidazole)+ −Zn

Pb+−H2O

Pb+−CH3OH

Pb −CH3NH2 +

Pb+−C6H6

(15) Group 15 H3N+−H

376

1

Et3N+−H

362

1

216.1 ± 3.9

1

N2H+−H2

24.7 ± 0.8

1

14.2

1

N+−N2

303.8

1

21.3

1

102.3 ± 14.6

1

HN2 −N2

+

ON+−O2 ON+−N2 N2+−N2

60.7

1

N3+−N2

18.8 ± 1.3

1

O2N+−N2

19.2 ± 1.3

1

H4N+−N2

54 ± 21

1

ON −NO

59.4 ± 0.8

1

+

+

ON+−CO ON+−O3

ON+−CO2

27.2 ± 1.3

1

67

1

87.4

1

(OH)+(H2SO4)(H2O)4−H2O

56.9

1

49.8

1

(OH) (H2SO4)(H2O)6−H2O (H3O)+−H2O

+

(OH)+(H2O)2−H2O

(OH)+(H2SO4)(H2O)5−H2O

44.8

1

(H2O)+−H2O

164.0

1

140.2

1

(H3O)+(H2O)−H2O

93.3

1

(H3O)+(H2O)2−H2O

71.1

1

(H3O)+(H2O)3−H2O

64.0

1

(H3O)+(H2O)4−H2O

54.4

1

(H3O)+(H2O)5−H2O

49.0

1

+

(H3O) (H2O)6−H2O

43.1

1

100.8

1

CH3OH2+−H2O

115.6

1

104.6

1

(CH3)2OH −H2O

100.4

1

82.8

1

(furanH)+−H2O

43.5

1

+

(HCOOH)H+−H2O

CH3CHOH+−H2O +

(tetrahydrofuranH)+−H2O furane+−H2O

41.0

1

(phenol)+−H2O

78.0

1

66.4

1

H3O+−HC(O)H

137.7

1

H3O+−NH3

229.3

1

H3O+(NH3)−NH3

77.0

1

H3O (NH3)2−NH3 H3O+−PH3

(1-naphthol)+−H2O

71.5

1

H3O+(NH3)3−NH3

62.8

1

144

1

H3O+−SO3

74

1

+

(HCOOH) −HCOOH

96.5 ± 9.6

1

H3O+−CH4

33.5

1

115.8 ± 19.3

1

CH3OH2+−CH3OH

136.4

1

195.4

1

furan+−furan

94.1

1

125.1

1

S+−CS2

166

1

+

(CH3OH)+−CH3OH H3O+−CH3CN

BH+−B, B = tetrahydofuran CS+−CS2

150.6

1

CS2+−CS2

104.2

1

46.4

1

OS+−SO2

57.7

1

HCS2+−CS2


O2S+−SO2

Bond

9-97

63.6

1

100.0

1

+

72.0

1

SO2+−CO2

42.7

1

91.6

1

thiopheneH+−H2O

42.7

1

OCS+−OCS OCS −CO2

H3S+−H2O H3S −H2S

53.6 ± 6.3

1

H3S+−CH4

16.3

1

~95 ± 3

1

(CH3)2Te•+−Te(CH3)2

97 ± 2

1

+

(CH3)2Se•+−Se(CH3)2

Bond


HF+−HF

(H2Cl)+ −Cl

HCl+−HCl Cl+−CCl3

Cl+−C2H3

HBr+−HBr I+−CH3

I+(CH3I)−CH3

I+(CH3I)2−CH3

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1

10.3 ± 0.6

1

Ne (Ne)2−Ne

3.3 ± 0.6

1

20.4 ± 0.6

1

Ar+(Ar)2−Ar

7.0 ± 0.6

1

25.1

1

Ar (N2)(Ar)−Ar Kr+(Kr)−Kr

Ar+(Ar)−Ar Ar+(N2)−Ar

7.1

1

Ar+(N2)(Ar)2−Ar

7.1

1

23.3 ± 0.6

1

Kr+(Kr)2−Kr

9.0 ± 0.6

1

25.2 ± 0.6

1

Xe+(Xe)2−Xe

11.0 ± 0.6

1

93.7

1

Ar+−N2

127.6

1

Ar (N2)−N2 Ar+−CO

+

Xe+(Xe)−Xe ≥138

1

39.6

1

83.9

1

446.7 ± 9.6

1

685.0 ± 4.8

1

96

1

330.0

1

51.1

1

112.9

1

17.6

1

Ar+−H2

31.0

1

Ar+(N2)2−N2

10.9

1

75 ± 17

1

Ar+(CO)−CO

13

1

+

Kr −CO +

Kr+−CO2

References

2.7 ± 0.6

+

(18) Group 18 He+(He)1−He

He+(He)2−He Ne+(Ne)−Ne

(17) Group 17

Luo, Y.R., Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical Bond Energies, CRC Press, 2007. Parke, L.G., et al., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 254, 168–182, 2006. Li, F.X., et al., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 255/256, 279–300, 2006. Meloni, G., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 13559–13567, 2006. Li, F.X., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 125, 133114/1-133114/13, 2005. Parke, L.G., et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 111, in press, 2007. Shuman, N.S., et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 112, 5647-5652, 2008.


103.3 ± 7.5

1

79.1 ± 2.9

1

ELECTRONEGATIVITY Electronegativity is a parameter originally introduced by Pauling which describes, on a relative basis, the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract bonding electrons. While electronegativity is not a precisely defined molecular property, the electronegativity difference between two atoms provides a useful measure of the polarity and ionic character of the bond between them. This table gives the electronegativity X, on the Pauling scale, for the most common oxidation state. Other scales are described in the references. Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Symbol H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge

X 2.20 — 0.98 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.98 — 0.93 1.31 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16 — 0.82 1.00 1.36 1.54 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.83 1.88 1.91 1.90 1.65 1.81 2.01

Z 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

References 1. Pauling, L., The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Third Edition, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1960. 2. Allen, L. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 9003, 1989. 3. Allred, A. L., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 17, 215, 1961.

Symbol As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd

X 2.18 2.55 2.96 — 0.82 0.95 1.22 1.33 1.6 2.16 2.10 2.2 2.28 2.20 1.93 1.69 1.78 1.96 2.05 2.1 2.66 2.60 0.79 0.89 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.14 — 1.17 — 1.20

Z 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94

Symbol Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu

X — 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 — 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 — 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.3

9-77


5/3/05 12:11:25 PM

FORCE CONSTANTS FOR BOND STRETCHING Representative force constants (f) for stretching of chemical bonds are listed in this table. Except where noted, all force constants are derived from values of the harmonic vibrational frequencies ωe. Values derived from the observed vibrational fundamentals ν, which are noted by a, are lower than the harmonic force constants, typically by 2 to 3% in the case of heavy atoms (often by 5 to 10% if one of the atoms is hydrogen). Values are given in the SI unit newton per centimeter (N/cm), which is identical to the commonly used cgs unit mdyn/Å. Bond H-H Be-H B-H C-H

N-H O-H P-H S-H F-H Cl-H Br-H I-H Li-H Na-H K-H Rb-H Cs-H C-C

C-F C-Cl

C-Br C-I C-O

C-S

a b c

Molecule H2 BeH BH CH CH4 C2H6 CH3CN CH3Cl CCl2=CH2 HCN NH OH H2O PH SH H2S HF HCl HBr HI LiH NaH KH RbH CsH C2 CCl2=CH2 C2H6 CH3CN CF CH3F CCl CH3Cl CCl2=CH2 CH3Br CH3I CO CO2 OCS CH3OH CS CS2

f/(N/cm) 5.75 2.27 3.05 4.48 5.44 4.83 5.33 5.02 5.57 6.22 5.97 7.80 8.45 3.22 4.23 4.28 9.66 5.16 4.12 3.14 1.03 0.78 0.56 0.52 0.47 12.16 8.43 4.50 5.16 7.42 5.71 3.95 3.44 4.02 2.89 2.34 19.02 16.00 16.14 5.42 8.49 7.88

Note

References 1. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979. 2. Shimanouchi, T., The Molecular Force Field, in Eyring, H., Henderson, D., and Yost, W., Eds., Physical Chemistry: An Advanced Treatise, Vol. IV, Academic Press, New York, 1970. 3. Tasumi, M., and Nakata, M., Pure and Appl. Chem., 57, 121—147, 1985. Bond C-N

b a,b,c b a,b,c b

C-P Si-Si Si-O Si-F Si-Cl N-N N-O P-P P-O O-O S-O

a,c

a,c a,c b a,c a,c

a,c

S-S F-F Cl-F Br-F Cl-Cl Br-Cl Br-Br I-I Li-Li Li-Na Na-Na Li-F Li-Cl Li-Br Li-I Na-F Na-Cl Na-Br Na-I Be-O Mg-O Ca-O

Molecule OCS CN HCN CH3CN CH3NH2 CP Si2 SiO SiF SiCl N2 N2O NO N2O P2 PO O2 O3 SO SO2 S2 F2 ClF BrF Cl2 BrCl Br2 I2 Li2 LiNa Na2 LiF LiCl LiBr LiI NaF NaCl NaBr NaI BeO MgO CaO

f/(N/cm) 7.44 16.29 18.78 18.33 5.12 7.83 2.15 9.24 4.90 2.63 22.95 18.72 15.95 11.70 5.56 9.45 11.77 5.74 8.30 10.33 4.96 4.70 4.48 4.06 3.23 2.82 2.46 1.72 0.26 0.21 0.17 2.50 1.43 1.20 0.97 1.76 1.09 0.94 0.76 7.51 3.48 3.61

Note

a,c

a a

Derived from fundamental frequency, without anharmonicity correction. Average of symmetric and antisymmetric (or degenerate) modes. Calculated from Local Symmetry Force Field (see Reference 2).

9-78


5/3/05 12:11:27 PM

Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules This table lists the fundamental vibrational frequencies of selected three-, four-, and five-atom molecules. Both stable molecules and transient free radicals are included. The data have been taken from evaluated sources. In general, the selected values are based on gas-phase infrared, Raman, or ultraviolet spectra; when these were not available, liquid-phase or matrix-isolation spectra were used. Molecules are grouped by structural type. Within each group, related molecules appear together for convenient comparison. The vibrational modes are described by their approximate character in terms of stretching, bending, deformation, etc. However, it should be emphasized that most such descriptions are only approximate, and that the true normal mode usually involves a mixture of motions. Abbreviations are:

sym. antisym. str. deform. scis. rock. deg.

In the case of free radicals, strong interactions may exist between the electronic and bending vibrational motions. Details can be found in References 3 and 4. The references should be consulted for information on the accuracy of the data and for data on other molecules not listed here. All fundamental frequencies (more precisely, wavenumbers) are given in units of cm–1.

XY2 Molecules Molecule

XY2 Molecules

Point groups D∞h(linear) and C2v(bent)

CO2 CS2 C3 CNC NCN BO2 BS2 KrF2 XeF2 XeCl2 H2O D 2O F2O Cl2O O3 H2S D 2S SF2 SCl2 SO2 H2Se D2Se

Structure

Sym. str.

Bend

Antisym. str.

Molecule

Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

1333 658 1224

667 397 63 321 423 447 120 233 213

2349 1535 2040 1453 1476 1278 1015 590 555 481 3756 2788 831 686 1042 2626 1999 813 535 1362 2358 1696

NH2 NO2 NF2 ClO2 CH2 CD2 CF2 CCl2 CBr2 SiH2 SiD2 SiF2 SiCl2 SiBr2 GeH2 GeCl2 SnF2 SnCl2 SnBr2 PbF2 PbCl2 ClF2

1197 1056 510 449 515 316 3657 2671 928 639 1103 2615 1896 838 525 1151 2345 1630

1595 1178 461 296 701 1183 855 357 208 518 1034 745

Point groups D∞h(linear) and C2v(bent) Structure

Sym. str.

Bend

Antisym. str.

Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

3219 1318 1075 945

1497 750 573 445 963 752 667 333 196 990 729 345

3301 1618 942 1111

XYZ Molecules

1225 721 595 2032 1472 855 515 403 1887 399 593 352 244 531 314 500

920 159 197 120 80 165 99

1114 748 641 2022 1468 870 505 400 1864 374 571 334 231 507 299 576

XYZ Molecules

Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent)

9-100

symmetric antisymmetric stretch deformation scissors rocking degenerate


Molecule

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

Molecule

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

HCN DCN FCN ClCN BrCN ICN CCN CCO HCO HCC OCS NCO

Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Linear Linear Linear

3311 2630 1077 744 575 486 1060 1063 2485 3612 2062 1270

712 569 451 378 342 305 230 379 1081

2097 1925 2323 2216 2198 2188 1917 1967 1868 1848 859 1921

NNO HNB HNC HNSi HBO FBO ClBO BrBO FNO ClNO BrNO HNF

Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Bent Bent Bent

2224 3675 3653 3583

589

1285 2035 2032 1198 1817 2075 1958 1937 1844 1800 1799 1000

520 535

676 535 766 596 542

523 754 500 404 374 520 332 266 1419

Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules

9-101

XYZ Molecules

XYZ Molecules



Molecule

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

Molecule

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

HNO HPO HOF HOCl HOO FOO ClOO BrOO HSO

Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

2684 2095 3537 3609 3436 579 407

1501 983 886 1242 1392 376 373

1565 1179 1393 725 1098 1490 1443 1487 1009

NSF NSCl HCF HCCl HSiF HSiCl HSiBr

Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

1372 1325

366 273 1407 1201 860 808 774

640 414 1181 815 834 522 408

1063

1913 1548

Symmetric XY3 Molecules

Molecule C2H2 C2D2 C2N2

Sym. XY str. 3374 2701 2330

Point Groups D3h (planar) and C3v (pyramidal)

Molecule

Structure

NH3 ND3 PH3 AsH3 SbH3 NF3 PF3 AsF3 PCl3 PI3 AsI3 AlCl3 SO3 BF3 BH3 CH3 CD3 CF3 SiF3

Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Planar Planar Planar Planar Planar Pyram. Pyram.

Sym. str. 3337 2420 2323 2116 1891 1032 892 741 504 303 219 375 1065 888

1090 830

Sym. deform. 950 748 992 906 782 647 487 337 252 111 94 183 498 691 1125 606 453 701 427

Deg. str. 3444 2564 2328 2123 1894 907 860 702 482 325 224 595 1391 1449 2808 3161 2369 1260 937

Deg. deform. 1627 1191 1118 1003 831 492 344 262 198 79 71 150 530 480 1640 1396 1029 510 290

Linear XYYX Molecules

Planar X2YZ Molecules

Point Group D∞h

Point Group C2v

Antisym. XY str. 3289 2439 2158

YY str. 1974 1762 851

Bend

Bend

612 505 507

730 537 233

Molecule H2CO D2CO F2CO Cl2CO O2NF O2NCl

Sym.XY str.

YZ str.

YX2 scis.

2783 2056 965 567 1310 1286

1746 1700 1928 1827 822 793

1500 1106 584 285 568 370

Antisym. XY str. 2843 2160 1249 849 1792 1685

YX2 rock 1249 990 626 440 560 408

YX2 wag 1167 938 774 580 742 652

Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules

9-102

References

Tetrahedral XY4 Molecules Point Group Td

Molecule CH4 CD4 CF4 CCl4 CBr4 CI4 SiH4 SiD4 SiF4 SiCl4 GeH4 GeD4 GeCl4 SnCl4 TiCl4 ZrCl4 HfCl4 RuO4 OsO4

Sym. str.

Deg. deform.(e)

Deg. str.(f )

2917 2109 909 459 267 178 2187 1558 800 424 2106 1504 396 366 389 377 382 885 965

1534 1092 435 217 122 90 975 700 268 150 931 665 134 104 114 98 102 322 333

3019 2259 1281 776 672 555 2191 1597 1032 621 2114 1522 453 403 498 418 390 921 960

Deg. deform.(f ) 1306 996 632 314 182 125 914 681 389 221 819 596 172 134 136 113 112 336 329

1. T. Shimanouchi, Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume I, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), 39, 1972. 2. T. Shimanouchi, Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 6, 993, 1977. 3. G. Herzberg, Electronic Spectra and Electronic Structure of Polyatomic Molecules, D. Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, NJ, 1966. 4. M. E. Jacox, Ground state vibrational energy levels of polyatomic transient molecules, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 945, 1984.

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules This table lists the leading spectroscopic constants and equilibrium internuclear distance re in the ground electronic state for selected diatomic molecules. The constants are those describing the vibrational and rotational energy through the expressions:

Evib /hc = ωe(v + 1/2) – ωexe(v + 1/2)2 + …

Erot /hc = BvJ(J + 1) – Dv[J(J + 1)]2 + …

where

Bv = Be – αe(v+1/2) + …

Dv = De + …

Here v and J are the vibrational and rotational quantum numbers, respectively, h is Planck’s constant, and c is the speed of light. In this customary formulation the constants ωe, Be , etc. have dimensions of inverse length; in this table they are given in units of cm–1. Users should note that higher order terms in the above energy expressions are required for very precise calculations; constants for many of these terms can be found in the references. Also, if the ground electronic state is not 1Σ, additional terms are needed to account for the interaction between electronic and pure rotational angular momentum. For some molecules in the table the data have been analyzed in terms of the Dunham series expansion:

E/hc = Σlm Ylm(v+1/2)lJm(J+1)m Molecule 107 Ag79Br 107 Ag35Cl 107 Ag19F 107 Ag1H 107 Ag2H 107 Ag127I 107 Ag16O 27 Al2 27 Al79Br 27 Al35Cl 27 Al19F 27 Al1H 27 Al2H 27 Al127I 27 Al16O 27 Al32S 75 As2 75 As1H 75 As2H 75 As14N 75 As16O 197 Au2 197 Au1H 197 Au2H 11 B2 11 79 B Br 11 35 B Cl 11 19 B F 11 1 BH 11 2 BH 11 14 B N 11 16 B O

State 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 3 Πu 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 3 Σ 3 Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 1 Σ g+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 3 Σ g1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 3 Π 2 + Σ

ωe cm–1 249.57 343.49 513.45 1759.9 1250.70 206.50 490.2 285.8 378.0 481.30 802.3 1682.56 1211.95 316.1 979.23 617.1 429.55 2130* 1484* 1068.54 967.08 190.9 2305.01 1634.98 1051.3 684.31 840.29 1402.1 2366.9 1703.3 1514.6 1885.69

ωexe cm–1 0.63 1.17 2.59 34.06 17.17 0.46 3.1 0.9 1.28 1.95 4.77 29.09 15.14 1.0 6.97 3.33 1.12

5.41 4.85 0.42 43.12 21.65 9.35 3.52 5.49 11.8 49.40 28 12.3 11.81

In such cases it has been assumed that Y10 = ωe , Y01 = Be , etc., although in the highest approximations these identities are not precisely correct. Some of the values of re in the table have been corrected for breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, which can affect the last decimal place. Because of differences in the method of data analysis and limitations in the model, care should be taken in comparing re values for different molecules to a precision beyond 0.001 Å. Molecules are listed in alphabetical order by formula as written in the most common form. In most cases this form places the more electropositive element first, but there are exceptions such as OH, NH, CH, etc. * Indicates a value for the interval between v = 0 and v = 1 states instead of a value of ωe.

References 1. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979. 2. Lovas, F. J., and Tiemann, E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3, 609, 1974. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/6 (1974), II/14a (1982), II/14b (1983), II/19a (1992), II/19d-1 (1995), Molecular Constants, SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg. Be cm–1 0.064833 0.12298388 0.2657020 6.449 3.2572 0.04486821 0.3020 0.17127 0.15919713 0.24393012 0.5524798 6.3907 3.3186 0.11769985 0.6414 0.2799 0.10179 7.3067 3.6688 0.54551 0.48482 0.028013 7.2401 3.6415 1.212 0.4894 0.684282 1.516950 12.021 6.54 1.666 1.7820

αe cm–1 0.0002361 0.00059541 0.0019206 0.201 0.0722 0.0001414 0.0025 0.0008 0.00086045 0.00161113 0.0049841 0.1858 0.0697 0.00055859 0.0058 0.0018 0.000333 0.2117 0.003366 0.003299 0.0000723 0.2136 0.07614 0.014 0.0035 0.006812 0.019056 0.412 0.17 0.025 0.0166

De 10–6cm–1 0.0175 0.06305 0.284 344 85.9 0.00847 0.45 0.11285 0.2503 1.0464 356.5 97 1.08 0.22 327 90 0.53 0.49 0.00250 279 70.9 1.00 1.84 7.105 1242 400 8.1 6.32

re Å 2.39311 2.28079 1.98318 1.618 1.6180 2.54463 2.003 2.701 2.29481 2.13011 1.65437 1.6478 1.6463 2.53710 1.6179 2.029 2.1026 1.52315 1.5306 1.6184 1.6236 2.4719 1.5239 1.5238 1.590 1.888 1.71528 1.26267 1.2324 1.2324 1.281 1.2045

9-103

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules

9-104 Molecule 11 32 B S 138 Ba79Br 138 Ba35Cl 138 Ba19F 138 Ba1H 138 Ba2H 138 Ba127I 138 Ba16O 138 Ba32S 9 Be19F 9 Be1H 9 Be2H 9 Be16O 9 Be32S 209 Bi2 209 1 Bi H 209 2 Bi H 79 Br2 79 Br35Cl 79 Br19F 79 Br16O 12 C2 12 35 C Cl 12 19 C F 12 1 CH 12 2 CH 12 14 C N 12 16 C O 12 31 C P 12 32 C S 12 80 C Se 40 Ca35Cl 40 Ca19F 40 Ca1H 40 Ca2H 40 Ca127I 40 Ca16O 40 Ca32S 114 Cd1H 114 Cd2H 35 Cl2 35 Cl19F 35 Cl16O 52 Cr1H 52 Cr2H 52 Cr16O 133 Cs2 133 Cs79Br 133 Cs35Cl 133 Cs19F 133 Cs1H 133 Cs2H 133 Cs127I 133 Cs16O 63 Cu2 63 Cu79Br 65 Cu35Cl 63 Cu19F 63 Cu1H 63 Cu2H

State 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 Σ g+ 3 Σ 3 Σ 1 Σ g+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 1 Σ g+ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σ g+ 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 6 + Σ 6 + Σ 5 Π 1 Σ g+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ

ωe cm–1 1180.17 193.77 279.92 468.9 1168.31 829.77 152.14 669.76 379.42 1247.36 2060.78 1530.32 1487.32 997.94 172.71 1635.73 1173.32 325.32 444.28 670.75 779 1854.71 866.72* 1308.1 2858.5 2099.8 2068.59 2169.81 1239.67 1285.15 1035.36 367.53 581.1 1298.34 910* 238.70 732.03 462.23 1337.1*

ωexe cm–1 6.31 0.41 0.82 1.79 14.50 7.32 0.27 2.03 0.88 9.12 36.31 20.71 11.83 6.14 0.34 31.6 16.1 1.08 1.84 4.05 6.8 13.34 6.2 11.10 63.0 34.02 13.09 13.29 6.86 6.50 4.86 1.31 2.74 19.10

559.7 786.15 853.8 1581* 1182* 898.4 42.02 149.66 214.17 352.56 891.0 619.1* 119.18 357.5* 264.55 314.8 415.29 622.7 1941.26 1384.14

2.68 6.16 5.5 32

0.63 4.83 1.78

6.8 0.08 0.37 0.73 1.62 12.9 0.25 1.02 0.96 1.58 3.95 37.51 18.97

Be cm–1 0.7949 0.0415082 0.08396717 0.2159 3.38285 1.7071 0.02680587 0.3126140 0.10331 1.4889 10.3164 5.6872 1.6510 0.79059 0.022781 5.137 2.592 0.082107 0.152470 0.35584 0.429598 1.8198 0.6936 1.4172 14.457 7.806 1.8997830 1.93128075 0.7986 0.8200434 0.5750 0.1522302 0.339 4.2766 2.1769 0.0693263 0.444441 0.1766757 5.323 2.704 0.2440 0.516479 0.62345 6.220 3.14 0.5231 0.0127 0.03606925 0.07209149 0.18436969 2.7099 1.354 0.02362736 0.223073 0.10874 0.10192625 0.17628802 0.3794029 7.9441 4.0381

αe cm–1 0.0061 0.0001219 0.00033429 0.0012 0.06599 0.02363 0.00006634 0.0013921 0.0003188 0.0176 0.3030 0.1225 0.0190 0.00664 0.000055 0.148 0.054 0.0003187 0.000770 0.00261 0.003639 0.0177 0.00672 0.0184 0.534 0.208 0.0173717 0.01750390 0.00597 0.0059182 0.00379 0.0007990 0.0026 0.0970 0.035 0.0002634 0.003282 0.0008270

0.0015 0.004358 0.0058 0.179 0.0070 0.0000264 0.00012401 0.00033756 0.0011756 0.0579 0.00006826 0.001303 0.000614 0.00045214 0.00099647 0.0032298 0.2563 0.0917

De 10–6cm–1 1.40 0.00762 0.03022 0.175 112.67 28.77 0.00333 0.2724 0.0306 8.28 1022.1 313.8 8.20 2.00 0.00150 183 50.6 0.02092 0.07183 0.401 0.523 6.92 1.9 6.5 1450 420 6.4034 6.1216 1.33 1.336 0.71 0.1029 0.45 183.7 47.9 0.0234 0.6541 0.1032 314 76 0.186 0.88 1.33 347 88.8 0.00464 0.00838 0.03268 0.20168 113 20 0.00371 0.348 0.0716 0.04274 0.12706 0.563 520 136.2

re Å 1.6092 2.84449 2.68276 2.163 2.23175 2.2304 3.08476 1.93969 2.5074 1.3610 1.3426 1.3419 1.3309 1.7415 2.6596 1.805 1.804 2.2811 2.13607 1.75894 1.717 1.2425 1.6450 1.2718 1.1199 1.1190 1.17181 1.12823 1.562 1.53482 1.67609 2.43676 1.967 2.0025 2.002 2.82859 1.8221 2.31775 1.781 1.775 1.988 1.62831 1.56963 1.656 1.664 1.615 4.47 3.07225 2.90627 2.34535 2.4938 2.505 3.31519 2.3007 2.2197 2.17344 2.05118 1.74493 1.46263 1.4626

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules Molecule 63 Cu127I 63 Cu16O 63 Cu32S 19 F2 56 Fe16O 69 Ga81Br 69 Ga35Cl 69 Ga19F 69 Ga1H 69 Ga2H 69 Ga127I 69 Ga16O 74 Ge79Br 74 Ge35Cl 72 Ge1H 72 Ge2H 74 Ge16O 74 Ge32S 74 Ge80Se 74 Ge130Te 1 H2 2 H2 3 H2 1 81 H Br 2 81 H Br 1 35 H Cl 2 35 H Cl 1 19 H F 2 19 H F 1 127 H I 202 Hg1H 202 Hg2H 127 I2 127 79 I Br 127 35 I Cl 127 19 I F 127 16 I O 115 In81Br 115 In35Cl 115 In19F 115 In1H 115 In2H 115 In127I 39 K2 39 79 K Br 39 35 K Cl 39 19 K F 39 1 KH 39 2 KH 39 127 K I 139 La16O 7 Li2 7 79 Li Br 7 35 Li Cl 7 19 Li F 7 1 Li H 7 2 Li H 7 127 Li I 7 16 Li O 24 Mg2

State 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 1 Σg+ 5 ∆ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Σ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 Σg+ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π 1 Σg+

ωe cm–1 264.5 640.17 415.0 916.64 965* 263.0 365.67 622.2 1604.52 216.38 767.5 295 407.6 1833.77 1320.09 986.49 575.8 408.7 323.9 4401.21 3115.50 2546.5 2648.97 1884.75 2990.95 2145.16 4138.32 2998.19 2309.01 1203.24* 896.12* 214.50 268.64 384.29 610.24 681.5 221.0 317.39 535.4 1476.0 1048.2 177.08 92.02 213 281 426.26 983.6 707 186.53 812.8 351.43 563.2 642.95 910.57 1405.65 1054.80 496.85 814.62 51.12

ωexe cm–1 0.60 4.43 1.75 11.24 0.81 1.25 3.2 28.77 0.47 6.24 0.7 1.36 37 19 4.47 1.80 1.36 0.75 121.34 61.82 41.23 45.22 22.72 52.82 27.18 89.88 45.76 39.64

0.61 0.81 1.50 3.12 4.3 0.65 1.03 2.6 25.61 12.4 0.34 0.28 0.80 1.30 2.45 14.3 7.7 0.57 2.22 2.61 3.5 4.47 8.21 23.20 12.94 2.85 7.78 1.64

9-105 Be cm–1 0.07328742 0.44454 0.1891 0.89019 0.650 0.081839 0.1499046 0.3595161 6.137 3.083 0.0569359 0.4271

αe cm–1 0.00028390 0.00456

6.726 3.415 0.4856981 0.18656576 0.09634051 0.06533821 60.853 30.444 20.335 8.46488 4.245596 10.59342 5.448796 20.9557 11.0102 6.4263650 5.3888 2.739 0.03737 0.0568325 0.1141587 0.2797111 0.34026 0.05489468 0.1090583 0.2623241 4.995 2.523 0.03686702 0.056743 0.08122109 0.1286348 0.27993741 3.416400 1.754 0.06087473 0.35252001 0.67264 0.555399 0.7065225 1.3452583 7.51373 4.23310 0.4431766 1.212830 0.09287

0.192 0.070 0.0030787 0.00074910 0.00028904 0.00017246 3.062 1.0786 0.5887 0.23328 0.084 0.30718 0.113292 0.798 0.3017 0.1689

0.013847 0.0003207 0.0007936 0.0028642 0.181 0.06 0.0001897

0.000114 0.0001969 0.0005354 0.0018738 0.00270 0.00018672 0.0005177 0.0018798 0.143 0.051 0.00010411 0.000165 0.00040481 0.0007899 0.00233492 0.085313 0.0318 0.00026776 0.00142365 0.00704 0.005644 0.0080102 0.0202887 0.21665 0.09155 0.0040862 0.017899 0.00378

De 10–6cm–1 0.02244 0.85 0.18 3.3 0.72 0.032 0.1008 0.50 342 84 0.015770 0.37

re Å 2.33832 1.7244 2.051 1.41193 1.444 2.35248 2.20169 1.77437 1.663 1.663 2.57464 1.744

326 83.2 0.4709 0.07883 0.02207 0.012 47100 11410

1.5880 1.5874 1.62464 2.01209 2.13463 2.34017 0.74144 0.74152 0.74142 1.41444 1.4145 1.27455 1.27458 0.91681 0.91694 1.60916 1.7662 1.757 2.666 2.46899 2.32088 1.90976 1.8676 2.54315 2.40117 1.98540 1.8380 1.837 2.75364 3.9051 2.82078 2.66665 2.17146 2.243 2.240 3.04784 1.82591 2.6729 2.17043 2.02067 1.56386 1.59490 1.5941 2.39192 1.68822 3.891

345.8 88.32 531.94 140 2151 594 206.9 395.3 91 0.0043 0.0102 0.0403 0.2356 0.36 0.01350 0.0515 0.252 223 58 0.00639 0.0863 0.04462 0.1087 0.4829 163.55 50 0.02593 0.2626 9.87 2.159 3.409 11.745 862 276 1.4104 0.1079 1.22

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules

9-106 Molecule 24 Mg35Cl 24 Mg19F 24 Mg1H 24 Mg2H 24 Mg16O 55 Mn1H 55 Mn2H 14 N2 14 79 N Br 14 35 N Cl 14 19 N F 14 1 NH 14 2 NH 14 16 N O 14 32 N S 23 Na2 23 Na79Br 23 Na35Cl 23 Na19F 23 Na1H 23 Na2H 23 Na127I 23 Na16O 93 Nb16O 58 Ni1H 58 Ni2H 16 O2 16 1 OH 16 2 OH 31 P2 31 35 P Cl 31 19 P F 31 1 PH 31 2 PH 31 14 P N 31 16 P O 208 Pb2 208 Pb79Br 208 Pb35Cl 208 Pb19F 208 Pb1H 208 Pb16O 208 Pb32S 208 Pb80Se 208 Pb130Te 195 Pt12C 195 Pt1H 195 Pt2H 85 Rb79Br 85 Rb35Cl 85 Rb19F 85 Rb1H 85 Rb127I 85 Rb16O 32 S2 32 19 S F 32 1 SH 32 2 SH 32 16 S O 121 Sb35Cl

State 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 7 Σ 7 Σ 1 Σg+ 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π 4 Σ 2 ∆5/2 2 ∆5/2 3 Σg2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 1 Σg+ 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 Π1/2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 ∆5/2 2 ∆5/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 3 Σg2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 3 Σ 3 Σ 2 2

ωe cm–1 462.12* 711.69* 1495.20 1077.9 784.78 1548.0 1103 2358.57 691.75 827.96 1141.37 3282.3 2398 1904.20 1218.7 159.13 302 366 535.66 1172.2 826.1* 258 492.3 989.0 1926.6 1390.1 1580.19 3737.76 2720.24 780.77 551.38 846.75 2365.2 1699.2 1337.24 1233.34 110.5 207.5 303.9 502.73 1564.1 720.96 429.17 277.6 212.0 1051.13 2294.68* 1644.3* 169.46 228 376 936.9 138.51 388.4* 725.65

ωexe cm–1 2.1 4.9 31.89 16.1 5.26 28.8 13.9 14.32 4.72 5.30 8.99 78.4 42 14.07 7.28 0.72 1.5 2.05 3.57 19.72

2711.6 1885 1149.2 374.7

59.9 31 5.6 0.6

1.1 3.8 38 19 11.98 84.88 44.05 2.84 2.23 4.49 44.5 23.0 6.98 6.56 0.35 0.50 0.88 2.28 29.75 3.52 1.26 0.51 0.43 4.86 46 23 0.46 0.92 1.9 14.21 0.33 2.84

Be cm–1 0.2456154 0.51922 5.8257 3.0306 0.57470436 5.6841 2.8957 1.99824 0.444 0.649770 1.2057 16.6993 8.7913 1.67195 0.769602 0.154707 0.1512533 0.2180631 0.4369011 4.9033634 2.557089 0.1178056 0.424630 0.4321 7.700 3.992 1.44563 18.911 10.021 0.30362 0.2528748 0.5665 8.5371 4.4081 0.7864854 0.7337

αe cm–1 0.0016204 0.00470 0.1859 0.06289 0.00532377 0.1570 0.051 0.017318 0.0040 0.006414 0.01492 0.6490 0.2531 0.0171 0.0064 0.008736 0.0009410 0.0016248 0.0045580 0.1370919 0.051600 0.0006478 0.004506 0.0021 0.23 0.092 0.0159 0.7242 0.276 0.00149 0.0015119 0.00456 0.2514 0.0928 0.0055364 0.0055

De 10–6cm–1 0.2723 1.080 344 92 1.2328 303.9 79.5 5.76

0.22875 4.971 0.30730373 0.11632307 0.05059953 0.03130774 0.53044 7.1963 3.640 0.04752798 0.0876404 0.2106640 3.020 0.03283293 0.246481 0.2955 0.552174 9.5995 4.95130 0.7208171

0.001473 0.144 0.00190977 0.00043510 0.00012993 0.00006743 0.003273 0.1996 0.071 0.00018596 0.0004537 0.0015228 0.072 0.00010946 0.002174 0.001570

0.183 201 0.2138 0.03418 0.0070 0.0027 0.546 261 66 0.01496 0.04947 0.2684 123 0.00738 0.397 0.19

0.2785 0.10308 0.005737

480.6 130 1.134

1.598 5.39 1709.7 490.4 0.5 1.2 0.581 0.1554 0.3120 1.163 343.40 93.46 0.0973 1.2638 0.22 481 130 4.839 1938 537.4 0.188 0.2124 436 116 1.091 1.3

re Å 2.19639 1.7500 1.7297 1.7302 1.74838 1.7311 1.7310 1.09769 1.79 1.61071 1.3170 1.0362 1.0361 1.15077 1.4940 3.0789 2.50204 2.36080 1.92595 1.88654 1.88654 2.71145 2.05155 1.691 1.476 1.465 1.20752 0.96966 0.9698 1.8934 2.01461 1.58938 1.42140 1.4220 1.49087 1.4759

2.0575 1.839 1.92181 2.28678 2.40218 2.59492 1.6767 1.52852 1.524 2.94474 2.78673 2.27033 2.367 3.17688 2.25420 1.8892 1.60058 1.34066 1.34049 1.48109

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules Molecule 121 Sb19F 121 Sb1H 121 Sb2H 121 Sb14N 121 Sb16O 45 Sc19F 80 Se2 80 Se1H 80 Se2H 80 Se16O 28 Si2 28 35 Si Cl 28 19 Si F 28 1 Si H 28 2 Si H 28 14 Si N 28 16 Si O 28 32 Si S 28 80 Si Se 120 Sn79Br 120 Sn35Cl 118 Sn19F 120 Sn1H 120 Sn2H 120 Sn127I 120 Sn16O 120 Sn32S 120 Sn80Se 120 Sn130Te 88 Sr79Br 88 Sr35Cl 88 Sr19F 88 Sr1H 88 Sr2H 88 Sr127I 88 Sr16O 181 Ta16O 130 Te2 130 Te1H 130 Te16O 232 Th16O 48 16 Ti O 205 Tl81Br 205 Tl35Cl 205 Tl19F 205 Tl1H 205 Tl2H 205 Tl127I 51 16 V O 89 35 Y Cl 89 19 Y F 89 16 Y O 174 Yb1H 174 Yb2H 64 Zn35Cl 64 Zn19F 64 Zn1H 64 Zn2H 64 Zn127I 90 Zr16O

State 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 3 Σg2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 3 Σ 3 Σg2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 ∆3/2 3 Σg2 Π3/2 0+ 1 + Σ 3 ∆1 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 4 Σ 1 Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 Σ 2 Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 Σ 1 + Σ

ωe cm–1 605.0

ωexe cm–1 2.6

942.0 816 735.6 385.30 2400* 1708* 914.69 510.98 535.60 857.19 2041.80 1469.32 1151.4 1241.54 749.64 580.0 247.2 351.1 577.6

5.6 4.2 3.8 0.96

4.52 2.02 2.17 4.73 35.51 18.23 6.47 5.97 2.58 1.78 0.6 1.06 2.69

1188.0* 199.0 822.13 487.26 331.2 259.5 216.60 302.3 502.4 1206.2 841 173.77 653.5 1028.69 247.07

0.6 3.72 1.36 0.74 0.50 0.52 0.95 2.3 17.0 8.6 0.35 3.96 3.51 0.51

797.11 895.77 1009.02 192.10 284.71 476.86 1390.7 987.7 150* 1011.3 380.7 631.29 861.0 1249.54 886.6 390.5 628 1607.6 1072 223.4 969.8

4.00 2.39 4.50 0.39 0.86 2.24 22.7 12.04 4.86 1.3 2.50 2.9 21.06 10.57 1.6 3.5 55.14 28 0.6 4.9

9-107 Be cm–1 0.2792 5.684 2.8782

αe cm–1 0.0020

De 10–6cm–1 0.23 240 45

re Å 1.918 1.723 1.7194

0.3580 0.3950 0.08992 8.02 3.94 0.4655 0.2390 0.2561 0.5812 7.4996 3.8840 0.7311 0.7267521 0.30352788 0.1920117

0.0022 0.00266 0.000288 0.23

0.270

0.00323 0.0014 0.0016 0.00494 0.2190 0.0781 0.00565 0.0050379 0.00147308 0.0007767

0.5 0.21 0.25 1.07 397 105.4 1.2 0.9923 0.201 0.0842

1.826 1.788 2.166 1.48 1.48 1.648 2.246 2.058 1.6011 1.5201 1.5199 1.572 1.50975 1.92926 2.05832

0.1117 0.2727 5.31488 2.6950

0.0004 0.0014 0.049

0.26 207.5 53.4

2.361 1.944 1.78146 1.7770

0.35571998 0.13686139 0.0649978 0.04247917 0.0541847

0.00214432 0.00050563 0.0001705 0.00009543 0.0001827

0.26638 0.0424 0.011 0.0055 0.01356

1.83251 2.20898 2.32557 2.52280 2.73522

0.2505346 3.6751 1.8609 0.0367097 0.33798 0.40284 0.039681 5.56 0.3554 0.332644 0.53541 0.0423899 0.09139702 0.22315014 4.806 2.419 0.0271676 0.54825 0.1160 0.29042 0.3881 3.9931 2.01162

0.0015513 0.0814 0.0292 0.0001060 0.00219 0.00182 0.000106

0.2498 135 34.7 0.00655 0.36 0.2450 0.0044

0.00237 0.001302 0.00301 0.0001276 0.00039784 0.00150380 0.154 0.057 0.0000664 0.00352 0.0003 0.00163 0.0018 0.0957 0.03425

0.27 0.1833 0.603 0.0083 0.0377 0.1955 254 60 0.0036 0.6 0.09 0.237 0.32 161.8 41.60

2.07537 2.1456 2.1449 2.94364 1.91983 1.68746 2.5574 1.74 1.825 1.84032 1.6202 1.61817 2.48483 2.08439 1.870 1.869 2.81361 1.5893 2.41 1.9257 1.790 2.0526 2.0516

6.6794 3.350

0.2500

466 124

1.5949 1.6054

0.42263

0.0023

0.319

1.7116

0.024 330


INFRARED CORRELATION CHARTS

5/3/05 12:11:45 PM



5/3/05 12:11:47 PM



5/3/05 12:11:50 PM

9-90


Infrared Correlation Charts

5/3/05 12:11:53 PM

Infrared Correlation Charts


9-91

5/3/05 12:11:55 PM

Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy near the nucleus, values of Q in the literature tend to scatter considerably. The values quoted here come mainly from the review of Pyykkö (Ref. 3), otherwise from Ref. 1.

This table presents the following data relevant to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Z: Atomic number Isotope: Element symbol and mass number Abundance: Natural abundance of the isotope in percent. An * indicates a radioactive nuclide; if no value is given, the nuclide is not present in nature or its abundance is highly variable. I: Nuclear spin ν: Resonant frequency in megahertz for an applied field H0 of 1 tesla (in cgs units, 10 kilogauss). The resonant frequency scales with H0. Relative sensitivity: Sensitivity relative to 1H (=1) assuming an equal number of nuclei and constant temperature. Values were calculated from the expressions:

μ/μN: Nuclear magnetic moment in units of the nuclear magneton μN Q: Nuclear quadrupole moment in units of femtometers squared (1 fm2 = 10-2 barn). Because the determination of quadrupole moments requires knowledge of the electron configuration

Isotope 1 n 1 H 2 H 3 H 3 He 6 Li 7 Li 9 Be 10 B 11 B 13 C 14 N 15 N 17 O 19 F 21 Ne 23 Na 25 Mg 27 Al 29 Si 31 P 33 S 35 Cl 37 Cl 37 Ar 39 Ar 39 K 40 K 41 K

Abundance % 99.9885 0.0115 * 0.000134 7.59 92.41 100 19.9 80.1 1.07 99.636 0.364 0.038 100 0.27 100 10.00 100 4.685 100 0.75 75.76 24.24 * * 93.2581 0.0117 6.7302

I 1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1 3/2 3/2 3 3/2 1/2 1 1/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 7/2 3/2 4 3/2

References 1. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Lide, D. R., Ed., CRC Handbook

For constant H0: 0.0076508(μ/μN)3(I + 1)/I2 For constant ν: 0.23871(μ/μN)(I + 1)

Z 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 19

The table includes all stable nuclides of non-zero spin for which spin and magnetic moment values have been measured, as well as selected radioactive nuclides of current or potential interest. At least one isotope is included for each element through Z = 95 for which data are available. See Reference 1 for a complete listing of spins and moments. The assistance of P. Pyykkö in providing data on nuclear quadrupole moments is gratefully acknowledged.

ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T 29.1647 42.5775 6.5359 45.4148 32.4380 6.2661 16.5483 5.9842 4.5752 13.6630 10.7084 3.0777 4.3173 5.7742 40.0776 3.3631 11.2688 2.6083 11.1031 8.4655 17.2515 3.2717 4.1765 3.4765 5.819 3.46 1.9893 2.4737 1.0919

2. 3. 4. 5.

of Chemistry and Physics, 90th Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2009. Raghavan, P., At. Data Nuc. Data Tables, 42, 189, 1989. Pyykkö, P., Mol. Phys. 106, 1965, 2008. Stone, N. J., At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 90, 75, 2005. IUPAC Commission on Physiochemical Symbols, Terminology and Units, Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Third Edition, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2007.

Relative Sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν 0.32139 0.6850 1.00000 1.0000 0.00965 0.4094 1.21354 1.0667 0.44220 0.7619 0.00850 0.3925 0.29356 1.9434 0.01388 0.7028 0.01985 1.7193 0.16522 1.6045 0.01591 0.2515 0.00101 0.1928 0.00104 0.1014 0.02910 1.5822 0.83400 0.9413 0.00246 0.3949 0.09270 1.3234 0.00268 0.7147 0.20689 3.0424 0.00786 0.1988 0.06652 0.4052 0.00227 0.3842 0.00472 0.4905 0.00272 0.4083 0.01276 0.6833 0.01130 1.7080 0.00051 0.2336 0.00523 1.5493 0.00008 0.1282

μ/μN –1.91304272 +2.792847337 +0.857438228 +2.9789625 –2.127750 +0.8220467 +3.25644 –1.1776 +1.800645 +2.688649 +0.7024118 +0.4037610 –0.2831888 –1.89379 +2.628868 –0.661797 +2.217522 –0.85545 +3.641507 –0.55529 +1.13160 +0.6438212 +0.8218743 +0.6841236 +1.145 –1.59 +0.3914662 –1.298100 +0.2148701

Q/fm2

+0.2860

–0.0808 –4.01 +5.288 +8.459 +4.059 +2.044 –2.558 +10.155 +10.4 +19.94 +14.66

–6.78 –8.165 –6.435 +7.6 –12 +5.85 –7.3 +7.11

9-113

Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy

9-114

Z 20 21 22 22 23 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 35 35 36 37 37 38 39 40 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 50 51 51 52 52 53 54 54 55 56 56 57

Isotope 43 Ca 45 Sc 47 Ti 49 Ti 50 V 51 V 53 Cr 55 Mn 57 Fe 59 Co 61 Ni 63 Cu 65 Cu 67 Zn 69 Ga 71 Ga 73 Ge 75 As 77 Se 79 Br 81 Br 83 Kr 85 Rb 87 Rb 87 Sr 89 Y 91 Zr 93 Nb 95 Mo 97 Mo 99 Tc 99 Ru 101 Ru 103 Rh 105 Pd 107 Ag 109 Ag 111 Cd 113 Cd 113 In 115 In 115 Sn 117 Sn 119 Sn 121 Sb 123 Sb 123 Te 125 Te 127 I 129 Xe 131 Xe 133 Cs 135 Ba 137 Ba 138 La

Abundance % 0.135 100 7.44 5.41 0.250 99.750 9.501 100 2.119 100 1.1399 69.15 30.85 4.102 60.108 39.892 7.76 100 7.63 50.69 49.31 11.500 72.17 27.83 7.00 100 11.22 100 15.90 9.56 * 12.76 17.06 100 22.33 51.839 48.161 12.80 12.22 4.29 95.71 0.34 7.68 8.59 57.21 42.79 0.89 7.07 100 26.4006 21.2324 100 6.592 11.232 0.090

I 7/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 6 7/2 3/2 5/2 1/2 7/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 3/2 3/2 9/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 9/2 5/2 3/2 9/2 1/2 5/2 9/2 5/2 5/2 9/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 5/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/2 9/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 7/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 7/2 3/2 3/2 5

ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T 2.8697 10.3591 2.4041 2.4048 4.2505 11.2133 2.4115 10.5763 1.3816 10.077 3.8114 11.3188 12.1027 2.6685 10.2478 13.0208 1.4897 7.3150 8.1568 10.7042 11.5384 1.6442 4.1253 13.9814 1.8525 2.0949 3.9748 10.4523 2.7874 2.8463 9.6294 1.9553 2.1916 1.3477 1.957 1.7331 1.9924 9.0692 9.4871 9.3655 9.3856 14.0077 15.2610 15.9660 10.2551 5.5532 11.2349 13.5446 8.5778 11.8604 3.5159 5.6234 4.2617 4.7634 5.6615

Relative Sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν 0.00643 1.4154 0.30244 5.1094 0.00210 0.6588 0.00378 1.1861 0.05571 5.5905 0.38360 5.5307 0.00091 0.2832 0.17881 2.8981 0.00003 0.0324 0.27841 4.9703 0.00359 0.4476 0.09393 1.3292 0.11484 1.4213 0.00287 0.7312 0.06971 1.2035 0.14300 1.5291 0.00141 1.1547 0.02536 0.8590 0.00703 0.1916 0.07945 1.2570 0.09951 1.3550 0.00190 1.2744 0.01061 1.1304 0.17704 1.6419 0.00272 1.4358 0.00012 0.0492 0.00949 1.0892 0.48821 8.1013 0.00327 0.7638 0.00349 0.7799 0.38174 7.4635 0.00113 0.5358 0.00159 0.6005 0.00003 0.0317 0.00113 0.5364 0.00007 0.0407 0.00010 0.0468 0.00966 0.2130 0.01106 0.2228 0.35121 7.2589 0.35348 7.2745 0.03561 0.3290 0.04605 0.3584 0.05273 0.3750 0.16302 2.8101 0.04659 2.7390 0.01837 0.2639 0.03219 0.3181 0.09540 2.3504 0.02162 0.2786 0.00282 0.4129 0.04838 2.7736 0.00501 0.5005 0.00700 0.5594 0.09404 5.3189

μ/μN –1.317643 +4.756487 –0.78848 –1.10417 +3.345689 +5.1487057 –0.47454 +3.46872 +0.0906230 +4.627 –0.75002 +2.2273456 +2.38161 +0.875205 +2.01659 +2.56227 –0.8794677 +1.439475 +0.5350422 +2.106400 +2.270562 –0.970669 +1.35298 +2.75131 –1.093603 –0.1374154 –1.30362 +6.1705 –0.9142 –0.9335 +5.6847 –0.6413 –0.7188 –0.08840 –0.642 –0.1136796 –0.1306906 –0.5948861 –0.6223009 +5.5289 +5.5408 –0.91883 –1.00104 –1.04728 +3.3634 +2.5498 –0.7369478 –0.8884509 +2.813273 –0.7779763 +0.6918619 +2.582025 +0.838627 +0.937365 +3.713646

Q/fm2 –4.08 –22.0 +30.2 +24.7 +21 –5.2 –15 +33 +16 +42 +16.2 –22.0 –20.4 +15.0 +17.1 +10.7 –19.6 +31.4 +31.3 +26.2 +25.9 +27.6 +13.35 +30.5 –17.6 –32 –2.2 +25.5 –12.9 +7.9 +45.7 +66.0

+75.9 +77.0

–54.3 –69.2

–69.6 –11.4 –0.343 +16.0 +24.5 +45

Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy Z 57 58 58 58 59 60 60 61 61 62 62 63 63 64 64 65 66 66 67 68 69 70 70 71 71 72 72 73 74 75 75 76 76 77 77 78 79 80 80 81 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95

Isotope 139 La 137 Ce 139 Ce 141 Ce 141 Pr 143 Nd 145 Nd 143 Pm 147 Pm 147 Sm 149 Sm 151 Eu 153 Eu 155 Gd 157 Gd 159 Tb 161 Dy 163 Dy 165 Ho 167 Er 169 Tm 171 Yb 173 Yb 175 Lu 176 Lu 177 Hf 179 Hf 181 Ta 183 W 185 Re 187 Re 187 Os 189 Os 191 Ir 193 Ir 195 Pt 197 Au 199 Hg 201 Hg 203 Tl 205 Tl 207 Pb 209 Bi 209 Po 211 Rn 223 Fr 223 Ra 225 Ra 227 Ac 229 Th 231 Pa 235 U 237 Np 239 Pu 243 Am

Abundance % 99.910 * * * 100 12.2 8.3 * * 14.99 13.82 47.81 52.19 14.80 15.65 100 18.889 24.896 100 22.869 100 14.28 16.13 97.41 2.59 18.60 13.62 99.988 14.31 37.40 62.60 1.96 16.15 37.3 62.7 33.832 100 16.87 13.18 29.52 70.48 22.1 100 * * * * * * * 100 0.7204 * * *

I 7/2 3/2 3/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 7/2 5/2 5/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 7/2 7 7/2 9/2 7/2 1/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/2 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 5/2 3/2 7/2 5/2 1/2 5/2

ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T 6.0612 4.88 5.39 2.37 13.0359 2.319 1.429 11.59 5.62 1.7748 1.4631 10.5856 4.6745 1.312 1.720 10.23 1.4654 2.0508 9.0883 1.2281 3.531 7.5261 2.0730 4.8626 3.451 1.7282 1.0856 5.1627 1.7957 9.7176 9.8170 0.9856 3.3536 0.7658 0.8319 9.2922 0.7406 7.7123 2.8469 24.7316 24.9749 9.0340 6.9630 11.7 9.16 5.95 1.3746 11.187 5.6 1.40 10.2 0.83 9.57 3.09 4.6

Relative Sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν 0.06058 2.9895 0.00752 0.5729 0.01012 0.6326 0.00364 1.1709 0.33483 3.5720 0.00339 1.1440 0.00079 0.7047 0.23510 3.1748 0.04827 2.7714 0.00152 0.8754 0.00085 0.7216 0.17929 2.9006 0.01544 1.2809 0.00015 0.1541 0.00033 0.2020 0.06945 1.2019 0.00048 0.4015 0.00130 0.5619 0.20423 4.4826 0.00050 0.6057 0.00057 0.0829 0.00552 0.1768 0.00135 0.5680 0.03128 2.3984 0.03975 6.0518 0.00140 0.8524 0.00055 0.8414 0.03744 2.5464 0.00008 0.0422 0.13870 2.6628 0.14300 2.6900 0.00001 0.0231 0.00244 0.3938 0.00003 0.0899 0.00004 0.0977 0.01039 0.2182 0.00003 0.0870 0.00594 0.1811 0.00149 0.3343 0.19598 0.5809 0.20182 0.5866 0.00955 0.2122 0.14433 5.3968 0.02096 0.2757 0.00997 0.2152 0.01362 0.6982 0.00017 0.1614 0.01814 0.2627 0.01131 0.6565 0.00042 0.3843 0.06903 1.1995 0.00015 0.4082 0.13264 2.6234 0.00038 0.0727 0.01446 1.2532

9-115

μ/μN +2.7830455 0.96 1.06 1.09 +4.2754 –1.065 –0.656 +3.80 +2.58 –0.8149 –0.6718 +3.4718 +1.5331 –0.2582 –0.3385 +2.014 –0.4806 +0.6726 +4.173 –0.5639 –0.2316 +0.49367 –0.67989 +2.2327 +3.169 +0.7935 –0.6409 +2.3705 +0.1177848 +3.1871 +3.2197 +0.06465189 +0.659933 +0.1507 +0.1637 +0.60952 +0.145746 +0.5058855 –0.5602257 +1.6222579 +1.6382146 +0.59258 +4.1106 +0.77 +0.601 +1.17 +0.2705 –0.7338 +1.1 +0.46 2.01 –0.38 +3.14 +0.203 +1.5

Q/fm2 +20.0

–5.9 –63 –33 +74 –26 +7.4 +90.3 +241 +127 +135 +143.2 +250.7 +265 +358 +356.5 –120 +280 +349 +497 +336.5 +379.3 +317 +218 +207 +85.6 +81.6 +75.1 +54.7 +38.7

–51.6

+117 +121 +170 +430 –172 +493.6 +388.6 +421

PROTON NMR CHEMICAL SHIFTS FOR CHARACTERISTIC ORGANIC STRUCTURES The chart below summarizies the range of chemical shifts for protons in several classes or organic compounds and substituent groups. The chemical shifts δ are given in parts per million relative to tetramethylsilane.

Reference Mohacsi, E., J. Chem. Edu., 41, 38, 1964 (with permission)

9-95


5/3/05 12:12:05 PM

13

C-NMR ABSORPTIONS OF MAJOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

The table below lists the range of 13C chemical shifts δ in parts per million relative to tetramethylsilane, in descending order, for various functional groups. Examples of simple compounds for each family are given to illustrate the correlations. The shifts for the carbons of interest, which are italicized, are given in parentheses; when two or more values appear, they refer to the sequence of italicized carbon atoms from left to right in the formula.

δ (ppm)

Group

220-165

>C=O

Family Ketones Aldehydes α,β-Unsaturated carbonyls Carboxylic acids Amides Esters

140-120

>C=C
25, relativistic corrections15 must be applied.

References 1. J. R. Fuhr and W. L. Wiese, A Critical Compilation of Atomic Transition Probabilities for Neutral and Singly-Ionized Iron, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, to be published, 2005. 2. J. Z. Klose, J. R. Fuhr, and W. L. Wiese, Critically Evaluated Atomic Transition Probabilities for Ba I and Ba II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 31, 217 (2002). 3. W. L. Wiese, J. R. Fuhr and T. M. Deters, Atomic Transition Probabilities for Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 7, 1996. 4. G. A. Martin, J. R. Fuhr, and W. L. Wiese, Atomic Transition Probabilities — Scandium through Manganese, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 3, 1988. 5. J. R. Fuhr, G. A. Martin, and W. L. Wiese, Atomic Transition Probabilities — Iron through Nickel, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 4, 1988. 6. W. L. Wiese, M. W. Smith, and B. M. Glennon, Atomic Transition Probabilities (H through Ne — A Critical Data Compilation), National Standard Reference Data Series, National Bureau of Standards 4, Vol. I, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1966. 7. W. L. Wiese, M. W. Smith, and B. M. Miles, Atomic Transition Probabilities (Na through Ca — A Critical Data Compilation), National Standard Reference Data Series, National Bureau of Standards 22, Vol. II, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1969. 8. W. L. Wiese and A. W. Weiss, Phys. Rev., 175, 50, 1968. 9. M. W. Smith and W. L Wiese, Astrophys. J., Suppl. Ser., 23, No. 196, 103, 1971. 10. G. A. Martin and W. L. Wiese, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 5, 537, 1976. 11. J. R. Fuhr, H. R. Felrice, K. Olsen, J. Hwang, and S. Kotochigova, Atomic Transition Probability Bibliographic Database, . 12. W. L. Wiese, Reports on Astronomy, Trans. Int. Astron. Union, 18A, 116-123, 1982; 19A, 122-138, 1985; 20A, 117-123, 1988; 21A, 111-

10-93

Section 10.indb 93

5/4/05 8:07:04 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-94 116, 1991; 22A, 109-114, 1994; 23A, 13-17, 1997; 24A, 2-9, 1999; 25A, 383-391, 2003, D. Reidel, Kluwer, Dordrecht, Holland. 13. C. E. Moore, Bibliography on the Analyses of Optical Atomic Spectra, National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 306 — Section 1, 1968; Sections 2-4, 1969. 14. L. Hagan and W. C. Martin, Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1968 through June 1971), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, 1972; L. Hagan, Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1971 through June 1975),

λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

λ –1

Hydrogen HI 912.768 912.839 912.918 913.006 913.104 913.215 913.339 913.480 913.641 913.826 914.039 914.286 914.576 914.919 915.329 915.824 916.429 917.181 918.129 919.351 920.963 923.150 926.226 930.748 937.803 949.743 972.537 1025.72 1215.67 3662.26 3663.40 3664.68 3666.10 3667.68 3669.46 3671.48 3673.76 3676.36 3679.35 3682.81 3686.83 3691.55 3697.15 3703.85 3711.97

Section 10.indb 94

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

1800 1682 1568 1458 1352 1250 1152 1058 968 882 800 722 648 578 512 450 392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 32 18 8 1800 1682 1568 1458 1352 1250 1152 1058 968 882 800 722 648 578 512 450

5.167E-06 6.122E-06 7.297E-06 8.753E-06 1.057E-05 1.286E-05 1.578E-05 1.952E-05 2.438E-05 3.077E-05 3.928E-05 5.077E-05 6.654E-05 8.858E-05 1.200E-04 1.657E-04 2.341E-04 3.393E-04 5.066E-04 7.834E-04 1.263E-03 2.143E-03 3.869E-03 7.568E-03 1.644E-02 4.125E-02 1.278E-01 5.575E-01 4.699E+00 2.847E-06 3.374E-06 4.022E-06 4.826E-06 5.830E-06 7.096E-06 8.707E-06 1.078E-05 1.347E-05 1.700E-05 2.172E-05 2.809E-05 3.685E-05 4.910E-05 6.658E-05 9.210E-05

Å 3721.94 3734.37 3750.15 3770.63 3797.90 3835.38 3889.05 3970.07 4101.73 4340.46 4861.32 6562.80 8392.40 8413.32 8437.96 8467.26 8502.49 8545.39 8598.40 8665.02 8750.48 8862.79 9014.91 9229.02 9545.97 10049.4 10938.1 12818.1 16407.2 16806.5 17362.1 18174.1 18751.0 19445.6 21655.3 26251.5 27575 28722 30384 32961 37395 40511.5 43753 46525 46712 51273 59066 74578

gi

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 18 32 32 32 50 50 50 50 50 32 72 50 72 72 72 50

National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 1, 1977; R. Zalubas and A. Albright, Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1975 through June 1979), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 2, 1980; A. Musgrove and R. Zalubas, Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1979 through December 1983), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 3, 1985. 15. S. M. Younger and A. Weiss, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 79A, 629, 1975.

Weights

A

gk

10 s

392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 32 18 800 722 648 578 512 450 392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 288 242 200 162 32 128 98 72 288 242 200 162 128 50 288 98 242 200 162 72

8

Weights

λ –1

1.303E-04 1.893E-04 2.834E-04 4.397E-04 7.122E-04 1.216E-03 2.215E-03 4.389E-03 9.732E-03 2.530E-02 8.419E-02 4.410E-01 1.517E-05 1.964E-05 2.580E-05 3.444E-05 4.680E-05 6.490E-05 9.211E-05 1.343E-04 2.021E-04 3.156E-04 5.156E-04 8.905E-04 1.651E-03 3.358E-03 7.783E-03 2.201E-02 1.620E-04 2.556E-04 4.235E-04 7.459E-04 8.986E-02 1.424E-03 3.041E-03 7.711E-03 1.402E-04 2.246E-04 3.800E-04 6.908E-04 1.388E-03 2.699E-02 1.288E-04 3.253E-03 2.110E-04 3.688E-04 7.065E-04 1.025E-02

Å 75004 123680

gi

gk

A 108 s–1

72 72

128 98

1.561E-03 4.561E-03

Al I 2263.5 2269.1 2269.2 2367.1 2373.1 2373.4 2568.0 2575.1 2575.4 2652.5 2660.4 3082.2 3092.7 3092.8 3944.0 3961.5 6696.0 6698.7 7835.3 7836.1

2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 6

4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 2 6 8

6.6E-01 7.9E-01 1.3E-01 7.2E-01 8.6E-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 2.8E-01 4.4E-02 1.33E-01 2.64E-01 6.3E-01 7.4E-01 1.2E-01 4.93E-01 9.8E-01 1.69E-02 1.69E-02 5.7E-02 6.2E-02

Al II 1047.9 1048.6 1539.8 1670.8 1719.4 1764.0 1772.8 1777.0 *1819.0 1855.9 1858.0 1862.3 1931.0 1990.5 2816.2 4663.1 6226.2 6231.8 6243.4 6335.7 6823.4 6837.1

1 3 3 1 1 5 1 5 15 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 5 3 5

3 5 5 3 3 5 3 7 15 3 3 3 1 5 1 3 3 5 7 3 3 3

3.6E-01 4.8E-01 8.8E+00 1.46E+01 6.79E+00 9.8E+00 9.5E+00 1.7E+01 5.6E+00 8.32E-01 2.48E+00 4.12E+00 1.08E+01 1.47E+01 3.83E+00 5.3E-01 6.2E-01 8.4E-01 1.1E+00 1.4E-01 3.4E-01 5.7E-01

Aluminum

5/4/05 8:07:07 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å

A

gk

10 s

1 5 3 7

8

λ –1

6920.3 7042.1 7056.7 7471.4 Al III *560.36 695.83 696.22 *1352.8 1379.7 1384.1 1605.8 1611.8 1611.9 1854.7 1862.8 *1935.9 3601.6 3601.9 3612.4

2 2 2 10 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 10 6 4 4

6 4 2 14 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 14 4 4 2

4.0E-01 7.4E-01 7.2E-01 4.40E+00 4.59E+00 9.1E+00 1.22E+01 2.42E+00 1.45E+01 5.40E+00 5.33E+00 1.22E+01 1.34E+00 1.49E-01 1.5E+00

A1 X 39.925 51.979 55.227 55.272 55.376 59.107 332.78 394.83 395.36 397.76 400.43 401.12 403.55 406.31 670.06 2535

1 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 1

3 3 3 5 7 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 3

2.22E+03 4.8E+03 5.2E+03 7.2E+03 9.5E+03 4.6E+03 5.6E+01 8.3E+01 1.2E+01 1.7E+01 1.3E+01 3.6E+01 4.9E+01 1.9E+01 9.8E+00 3.8E-01

Al XI *36.675 39.091 39.180 39.530 39.623 48.298 48.338 52.299 52.446 52.458 54.217 54.388 *99.083 103.6 103.8 *141.6 150.31 150.61 157.0 157.4 *205.0

2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2

6 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 6

1.5E+03 2.6E+03 3.1E+03 1.8E+02 3.7E+02 3.09E+03 3.08E+03 8.1E+03 9.6E+03 1.6E+03 4.8E+02 9.6E+02 2.2E+02 4.2E+02 5.0E+02 4.07E+02 8.5E+02 9.9E+02 1.3E+02 2.6E+02 6.3E+01

Section 10.indb 95

3 3 3 5

gi

Weights

10-95

9.6E-01 5.9E-01 5.8E-01 9.4E-01

Å *308.6 *341.3 550.05 568.12 1997 2069 *4761 5172 5551 5687

2 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

6 2 4 2 4 2 6 4 6 4

8

9.9E+01 1.3E+02 8.55E+00 7.73E+00 1.07E+00 9.7E-01 2.55E-01 3.95E-02 3.85E-02 6.0E-03

Argon Ar I 1048.22 1066.66 3406.18 3461.08 3554.30 3563.29 3567.66 3572.30 3606.52 3632.68 3634.46 3643.12 3649.83 3659.53 3670.67 3675.23 3770.37 3834.68 3894.66 3947.50 3948.98 4044.42 4045.96 4054.53 4158.59 4164.18 4181.88 4190.71 4191.03 4198.32 4200.67 4251.18 4259.36 4266.29 4272.17 4300.10 4333.56 4335.34 4345.17 4363.79 4424.00 4510.73 4522.32 4544.75 4554.32 4584.96 4586.61

1 1 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 1 5 1 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 3

3 3 1 5 5 3 7 1 1 5 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3

Weights

λ –1

5.36E+00 1.29E+00 3.9E-03 6.7E-04 2.7E-03 1.2E-03 1.1E-03 5.1E-03 7.6E-03 6.6E-04 1.3E-03 2.4E-04 8.0E-03 4.4E-04 3.1E-04 4.9E-04 7.0E-04 7.5E-03 5.7E-04 5.6E-04 4.55E-03 3.33E-03 4.1E-04 2.7E-04 1.40E-02 2.88E-03 5.61E-03 2.80E-03 5.39E-03 2.57E-02 9.67E-03 1.11E-03 3.98E-02 3.12E-03 7.97E-03 3.77E-03 5.68E-03 3.87E-03 2.97E-03 1.2E-04 7.3E-05 1.18E-02 8.98E-04 8.3E-04 3.8E-04 1.6E-03 2.3E-03

Å 4587.21 4589.29 4596.10 4628.44 4642.15 4647.49 4702.32 4746.82 4752.94 4768.68 4798.74 4835.97 4836.70 4876.26 4886.29 4887.95 4894.69 4921.04 4937.72 4956.75 4989.95 5032.03 5048.81 5054.18 5056.53 5060.08 5070.99 5073.08 5078.03 5087.09 5104.74 5118.21 5127.80 5151.39 5152.30 5162.29 5177.54 5192.72 5194.02 5210.49 5214.77 5216.28 5221.27 5241.09 5246.24 5249.20 5252.79 5254.47 5286.07 5290.00 5309.52 5317.73 5373.50 5393.27 5410.48 5421.35 5439.99 5442.24 5451.65 5457.42

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 7 3 3 7 3 3 5 7 7 5 7 3 3 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 7 7 3 7 5 5 7 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 7 3 7 3 5

gi

1 5 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 9 9 5 5 9 3 1 7 5 9 7 5 5 3 1 9 3 5 7 7 5 7 5 1 5 3 5 7 1 7 3 3 9 5 7 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 7 5 3 7 5 3

gk

A 108 s–1 4.9E-03 6.2E-05 9.47E-04 3.83E-04 9.6E-04 1.2E-03 1.09E-03 3.6E-03 4.5E-03 8.6E-03 8.8E-04 9.3E-04 1.02E-03 7.8E-03 1.2E-03 1.3E-02 1.8E-02 5.9E-04 3.6E-04 1.8E-03 1.1E-03 8.2E-04 4.6E-03 4.5E-03 5.7E-03 3.7E-03 2.6E-03 5.9E-04 4.7E-04 1.6E-03 8.7E-04 2.7E-03 3.3E-04 2.39E-02 1.1E-03 1.90E-02 2.4E-03 1.2E-04 7.8E-03 1.1E-03 2.1E-03 1.3E-03 8.8E-03 1.3E-03 1.2E-03 7.9E-04 5.4E-03 3.6E-03 9.6E-04 9.0E-04 1.2E-03 2.6E-03 2.7E-03 9.6E-04 2.0E-03 6.0E-03 1.9E-03 9.3E-04 4.7E-03 3.6E-03

5/4/05 8:07:09 AM


10-96 λ Å 5459.65 5467.16 5473.46 5490.12 5492.09 5495.87 5506.11 5524.96 5528.97 5534.49 5540.87 5552.77 5558.70 5559.66 5572.54 5574.22 5581.87 5588.72 5597.48 5606.73 5618.01 5620.92 5623.78 5635.58 5637.33 5639.12 5641.39 5648.69 5650.70 5659.13 5681.90 5683.73 5700.87 5712.51 5739.52 5772.11 5773.99 5783.54 5789.48 5790.40 5802.08 5843.77 5882.62 5888.58 5916.58 5927.11 5928.81 5940.86 5942.67 5943.89 5949.26 5964.48 5968.32 5971.60 5981.90 5987.30 5988.13 5994.66 5999.00 6005.73

Section 10.indb 96

7 5 5 5 3 7 5 7 1 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 7 5 7 5 1 5 7 3 1 3 3 5 7 3 3 5 5

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 5 3 5 1 9 7 7 3 3 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 7 3 3 1 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 5 1 5 3 7 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 1 7 7 5 5 5 3

8

λ –1

3.8E-04 7.6E-04 2.0E-03 8.5E-04 5.6E-03 1.69E-02 3.6E-03 1.7E-03 1.2E-03 2.7E-03 4.1E-04 7.9E-04 1.42E-02 2.2E-03 6.6E-03 4.6E-04 5.6E-04 1.5E-03 4.2E-03 2.20E-02 2.1E-03 3.6E-03 1.4E-03 9.6E-04 9.1E-04 2.1E-03 8.7E-04 1.2E-03 3.20E-02 2.6E-03 2.0E-03 2.0E-03 5.9E-03 8.7E-04 8.7E-03 2.0E-03 1.1E-03 8.1E-04 4.6E-04 3.4E-04 4.2E-03 3.3E-04 1.23E-02 1.29E-02 5.9E-04 3.7E-04 1.1E-02 1.2E-03 1.8E-03 3.6E-04 1.5E-03 7.7E-04 1.8E-03 1.1E-02 1.2E-04 1.2E-03 6.1E-04 2.6E-04 1.4E-03 1.4E-03

Å 6013.68 6025.15 6043.22 6052.73 6064.76 6081.25 6085.86 6090.79 6098.81 6101.16 6104.58 6105.64 6113.46 6119.66 6121.86 6127.42 6128.73 6145.44 6155.24 6165.12 6170.17 6173.10 6179.41 6212.50 6215.94 6230.93 6243.40 6244.73 6248.41 6278.65 6296.87 6307.66 6309.14 6364.89 6369.58 6384.72 6416.31 6431.56 6466.55 6481.14 6513.85 6538.11 6596.12 6598.68 6604.02 6604.85 6632.09 6656.88 6660.68 6664.05 6677.28 6684.73 6698.47 6698.88 6719.22 6722.88 6752.84 6754.37 6756.10 6766.61

7 5 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 1 1 3 7 7 5 7 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 5 5

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 3 7 5 7 3 3 3 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 5 5 3 7 5 5 1 5 5 7 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 5 5 5 7 3 3 1 5 1 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 5 3

8

Weights

λ –1


Å 6779.93 6818.29 6827.25 6851.88 6871.29 6879.59 6887.10 6888.17 6925.01 6937.67 6951.46 6960.23 6965.43 6992.17 7030.25 7067.22 7068.73 7086.70 7107.48 7125.83 7147.04 7158.83 7162.57 7206.98 7229.93 7265.17 7270.66 7272.93 7285.44 7311.72 7316.01 7350.78 7353.32 7372.12 7383.98 7392.97 7412.33 7422.26 7425.29 7435.33 7436.25 7471.17 7484.24 7503.84 7510.42 7514.65 7618.33 7628.86 7635.11 7670.04 7704.81 7723.76 7724.21 7798.55 7868.20 7891.08 7916.45 7948.18 8006.16 8014.79

1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 7 5 5 1 5 3 5 3 1 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 1 5 3 1 3 5

gi

3 1 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 1 5 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 3 1 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 5 1 5 1 5 5 5 3 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 5

gk


5/4/05 8:07:11 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 8037.23 8046.13 8053.31 8066.60 8103.69 8115.31 8264.52 8384.73 8408.21 8424.65 8490.30 8521.44 8605.78 8620.46 8667.94 8761.69 8784.61 8799.08 8962.19 9075.42 9122.97 9194.64 9224.50 9291.53 9354.22 9657.78 9784.50 10470.05 10478.0 10950.7 11078.9 11393.7 11441.8 11467.5 11488.11 11668.7 11719.5 12026.6 12112.2 12139.8 12343.7 12402.9 12439.2 12456.1 12487.6 12554.4 12702.4 12733.6 12746.3 12802.7 12933.3 12956.6 13008.5 13214.7 13273.1 13313.4 13504.0 13599.2 13622.4 13678.5

Section 10.indb 97

1 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 1 7 3 5 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 1 3 5 3 7 3 7 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 7 3 7 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 5 7 5 5 5

8

10-97 λ

–1


Å 14093.6 14739.1 15046.4 15172.3 15329.6 15555.5 15734.9 15816.8 15989.3 16122.7 16180.0 16264.1 16520.1 16739.8 16940.4 20317.0 20616.5 20812.0 21332.2 21534.9 22039.2 22077.4 23133.4 23844.8 23967.5

1 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 9 3

Ar II 2317.7 2891.6 2942.9 2979.1 3033.5 3139.0 3169.7 3181.0 3212.5 3221.6 3226.0 3243.7 3249.8 3263.6 3281.7 3430.4 3454.1 3466.3 3476.7 3491.2 3491.5 3509.8 3514.4 3520.0 3521.3 3535.3 3548.5 3550.0 3556.9 3559.5 3565.0 3576.6 3581.6

6 4 4 2 2 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 6 6 8 6 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 2 6 2 6 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 7 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 5 1 3 3 7 1 4 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 8 4 6 6 4 8 2 6 6 8 4 4 6 2 8 4 8 4

8

Weights

λ –1

4.3E-02 8.8E-04 5.2E-02 1.3E-02 1.2E-03 9.8E-05 2.9E-04 8.7E-04 1.9E-02 3.9E-04 1.2E-03 3.0E-04 2.6E-03 3.1E-03 2.5E-02 1.6E-03 3.9E-03 7.6E-04 3.2E-04 1.1E-03 1.2E-03 1.4E-03 1.7E-03 1.1E-02 3.6E-03 1.4E-01 1.82E-01 5.3E-01 4.16E-01 9.9E-02 5.2E-01 4.9E-01 3.7E-01 5.2E-02 1.8E-02 2.1E-02 1.06E+00 6.3E-01 1.55E-01 4.2E-01 6.2E-02 3.14E-01 3.0E-02 1.25E+00 1.79E+00 2.31E+00 2.55E+00 1.36E+00 5.2E-01 2.27E-01 5.7E-01 8.7E-01 2.6E-02 5.0E-02 2.88E+00 5.5E-01 2.75E+00 1.76E+00

Å 3582.4 3588.4 3605.9 3656.0 3682.5 3709.9 3717.2 3729.3 3746.9 3763.5 3766.1 3777.5 3780.8 3786.4 3799.4 3808.6 3826.8 3841.5 3844.7 3845.4 3850.6 3868.5 3872.1 3875.3 3880.3 3891.4 3892.0 3900.6 3911.6 3914.8 3928.6 3931.2 3932.5 3944.3 3952.7 3958.4 3968.4 3979.4 3988.2 3992.1 4013.9 4031.4 4035.5 4038.8 4042.9 4045.7 4052.9 4065.1 4072.0 4079.6 4082.4 4112.8 4128.6 4131.7 4178.4 4202.0 4228.2 4237.2 4266.5 4277.5

4 8 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 8 4 2 8 8 6 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 6 4 2 4 2 2 4 8 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 6 6 4 8 4 6 2 4 4 6 6

gi

6 10 6 6 2 4 8 4 6 6 4 2 8 6 4 6 6 2 8 4 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 6 6 8 2 6 8 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 4 6 4

gk

A 108 s–1 2.53E+00 3.03E+00 4.4E-02 7.6E-02 1.7E-02 4.7E-02 5.2E-02 4.80E-01 2.1E-02 1.78E-01 7.4E-02 1.1E-02 7.7E-01 1.5E-02 1.7E-01 1.0E-02 2.81E-01 2.69E-01 4.8E-02 1.6E-02 3.87E-01 1.4E+00 1.5E-01 8.2E-02 2.32E-01 4.3E-02 6.3E-02 7.2E-02 7.7E-02 3.7E-02 2.44E-01 2.0E-02 9.3E-01 4.1E-02 2.08E-01 3.8E-02 4.8E-02 9.8E-01 4.1E-02 1.6E-02 1.05E-01 7.5E-02 4.4E-02 1.2E-02 4.06E-01 1.6E-02 6.7E-01 1.1E-02 5.8E-01 1.19E-01 2.9E-02 1.1E-02 1.4E-02 8.5E-01 1.2E-02 2.1E-02 1.31E-01 1.12E-01 1.64E-01 8.0E-01

5/4/05 8:07:13 AM


10-98 λ Å 4282.9 4300.6 4331.2 4332.0 4348.1 4352.2 4362.1 4370.8 4371.3 4376.0 4379.7 4383.8 4400.1 4401.0 4412.9 4420.9 4426.0 4430.2 4431.0 4460.6 4474.8 4481.8 4491.0 4530.5 4545.1 4579.4 4589.9 4598.8 4609.6 4637.2 4657.9 4726.9 4732.1 4735.9 4764.9 4806.0 4847.8 4879.9 4889.0 4904.8 4933.2 4965.1 4972.2 5009.3 5017.2 5017.6 5062.0 5141.8 5145.3 5176.2 6103.5 6114.9 6138.7 6172.3 6243.1 6483.1 6638.2 6639.7 6643.7 6666.4

Section 10.indb 98

gi

4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 8 6 2 4 2 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 2 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 2 10 6 8 8 4 6 4 10 2

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 6 4 2 8 2 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 2 6 4 4 4 2 6 4 8 6 2 4 4 4 4 6 2 6 2 8 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 8 6 6 2 8 4 6 6 2 4 2 8 2

8

λ –1

1.32E-01 5.7E-02 5.74E-01 1.92E-01 1.17E+00 2.12E-01 5.5E-02 6.6E-01 2.21E-01 2.05E-01 1.00E+00 1.1E-02 1.60E-01 3.04E-01 6.1E-02 3.1E-02 8.17E-01 5.69E-01 1.09E-01 1.5E-02 2.90E-01 4.55E-01 4.6E-02 2.1E-02 4.71E-01 8.0E-01 6.64E-01 6.7E-02 7.89E-01 7.1E-02 8.92E-01 5.88E-01 6.7E-02 5.80E-01 6.4E-01 7.80E-01 8.49E-01 8.23E-01 1.9E-01 3.7E-02 1.44E-01 3.94E-01 9.7E-02 1.51E-01 2.07E-01 1.1E-02 2.23E-01 8.1E-02 1.06E-01 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 2.00E-01 1.2E-02 2.00E-01 3.0E-02 1.06E-01 1.37E-01 1.69E-01 1.47E-01 8.8E-02

Å 6684.3 6756.6 6863.5 7233.5 7380.4 7589.3

8 4 6 2 4 6

Ar III 769.15 871.10 875.53 878.73 879.62 883.18 887.40 3024.1 3027.2 3054.8 3064.8 3078.2 3285.9 3301.9 3311.3 3336.1 3344.7 3352.1 3358.5 3361.3 3472.6 3480.6 3499.7 3500.6 3502.7 3503.6 3511.7

5 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 5 7 3 3 5 5 7

Ar IV 840.03 843.77 850.60 Ar VI 292.15 294.05

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

6 4 6 4 4 4 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 7 5 3 9 7 7 5 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 5

8

Weights

λ –1

1.07E-01 2.0E-02 2.5E-02 3.7E-02 5.6E-02 1.07E-01 6.0E+00 1.59E+00 3.74E+00 2.79E+00 9.2E-01 1.22E+00 9.0E-01 2.6E+00 6.4E-01 1.9E+00 1.0E+00 1.4E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 1.8E+00 2.2E-01 1.6E+00 3.0E-01 2.0E-01 1.6E+00 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 4.3E-01 1.2E+00 2.6E-01

4 4 4

2 4 6

2.73E+00 2.70E+00 2.63E+00

2 4

2 2

6.9E+01 1.36E+02

Ar VII *250.41 *477.54 585.75 *637.30

9 9 1 9

3 15 3 9

2.78E+02 9.92E+01 7.83E+01 6.7E+01

Ar VIII 158.92 159.18 229.44 230.88 337.09 337.26 338.22 519.43 526.46 526.87 700.24

2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2

4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4

1.1E+02 1.11E+02 1.12E+02 2.21E+02 1.2E+01 1.0E+02 1.1E+02 6.3E+01 7.2E+01 1.2E+01 2.55E+01

Å 713.81 Ar IX 48.739

2

gi

2

gk

A 108 s–1 2.4E+01

1

3

1.69E+03

Ar XIII 162.96 *163.08 184.90 186.38 *207.89 *245.10

5 9 5 1 9 9

3 3 5 3 9 15

3.4E+02 5.3E+02 1.66E+02 8.8E+01 9.5E+01 3.7E+01

Ar XIV 180.29 183.41 187.95 191.35 194.39 203.35

2 2 4 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 2 2

4.5E+01 1.69E+02 1.97E+02 7.5E+01 4.6E+01 7.8E+01

Ar XV 25.05 221.10 *265.3

1 1 9

3 3 9

1.7E+04 9.55E+01 8.1E+01

Ar XVI *23.52 *24.96 353.88 389.11 1268 1401 2975 3514

2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4

6 10 4 2 4 2 4 6

1.43E+04 4.4E+04 1.5E+01 1.1E+01 1.9E+00 1.4E+00 9.0E-02 6.5E-02

4 4 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 4

6 4 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2

2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.8E+00 3.5E-01 3.1E+00 6.0E-01 4.2E-01 7.2E-02 1.2E-01 2.6E-01 7.8E-01 5.5E-01 9.9E-02

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2.62E-04 2.44E-04 2.55E-04 2.57E-04 2.50E-04 2.91E-04 3.15E-04 3.41E-04

Arsenic As I 1890.4 1937.6 1972.6 2288.1 2344.0 2349.8 2369.7 2370.8 2456.5 2492.9 2745.0 2780.2 2860.4 2898.7 Barium Ba I 2380.66 2380.75 2380.86 2380.97 2381.08 2381.21 2381.34 2381.48

5/4/05 8:07:16 AM


Section 10.indb 99

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

8

10-99 λ

–1


Å 4189.44 4190.76 4192.20 4193.81 4195.59 4323.00 4402.54 4488.98 4493.64 4573.85 4579.64 4599.72 4619.92 4700.42 4726.43 4801.30 4902.85 5169.53 5519.04 5535.48 5777.62 5784.04 5800.23 5826.27 5971.70 5997.09 6019.47 6063.11 6083.39 6129.23 6309.36 6341.68 6450.85 6498.76 6527.31 6527.40 6595.33 6675.27 6693.84 6986.80 7059.94 7120.33 7195.23 7213.60 7280.30 7392.41 7417.54 7488.08 7528.18 7610.48 7644.90 7672.09 7780.48 7877.80 7905.75 8147.70 8560.00 8654.08 9370.12 9645.60

gi

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 9 5 5 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 15 3 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 5 3 7 7 5 5 9 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 7

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 5 1 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 5 3 1 3 1 1 3 7 5 7 5 15 3 3 5 3 9 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 5 7 5 5

8

Weights

λ –1

1.13E-03 1.28E-03 1.36E-03 1.58E-03 1.78E-03 8.80E-02 2.70E-01 2.80E-01 1.95E-01 1.21E+00 7.00E-01 4.07E-01 2.70E-02 6.10E-02 3.30E-01 1.39E-01 5.40E-02 9.00E-04 5.70E-01 1.19E+00 8.00E-01 2.10E-01 2.39E-01 4.50E-01 1.62E-01 2.80E-01 8.10E-01 5.60E-01 1.10E-01 6.00E-02 2.00E-04 1.16E-01 1.10E-01 5.40E-01 3.30E-01 6.15E-01 3.80E-01 1.89E-01 1.46E-01 5.20E-03 5.00E-01 1.10E-01 5.60E-02 6.50E-04 3.20E-01 1.81E-01 7.70E-03 7.30E-02 2.70E-02 1.10E-02 5.03E-01 1.52E-01 7.60E-02 1.60E-02 2.65E-01 6.30E-02 2.00E-01 3.10E-03 7.60E-02 1.10E-01

Å 9704.31 9821.48 10370.30 10540.10 10649.10 11075.70 11303.00 11373.70 12342.30 14723.10 14999.90 17186.90 18202.80 21567.70 30685.30

3 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5

Ba II 1622.43 1630.36 1761.74 1771.10 1786.95 1892.49 1954.28 1955.05 1985.75 1999.55 2009.28 2024.06 2052.75 2054.09 2079.98 2153.93 2200.89 2214.76 2232.79 2235.38 2245.69 2254.78 2285.99 2528.41 2634.78 2641.37 2647.26 2771.35 3390.18 3412.44 3413.95 3552.45 3576.28 3578.57 3891.78 4130.65 4166.00 4216.07 4267.92 4309.26 4325.75 4329.56 4524.93

2 2 4 4 6 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 6 6 2 4 4 2 6 8 4 4 2

gi

1 1 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 4 2 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 8 6 6 8 6 4 6 4 4 8 10 6 4 2

gk

A 108 s–1 1.60E-01 5.50E-02 1.30E-02 1.80E-02 2.70E-02 3.10E-05 1.10E-03 1.30E-01 9.00E-04 8.60E-03 2.50E-03 2.70E-02 1.20E-02 2.60E-03 6.50E-03 2.46E-02 2.42E-02 1.00E-02 1.00E-01 9.00E-02 1.30E-01 1.40E-01 2.40E-02 2.00E-01 7.12E-02 6.51E-02 6.86E-02 2.20E-01 3.70E-02 1.17E-01 3.43E-01 1.13E-01 1.60E-02 3.69E-01 6.13E-02 1.60E-01 1.40E-01 2.03E-01 6.91E-01 7.33E-01 1.21E-01 2.26E-01 3.95E-01 4.54E-03 4.77E-03 3.18E-04 3.87E-03 4.07E-03 2.71E-04 2.17E+00 2.18E+00 3.54E-01 5.09E-02 3.10E-01 3.10E-01 5.65E-02 9.39E-03 6.63E-01

5/4/05 8:07:18 AM


10-100 λ Å 4554.03 4708.90 4843.48 4847.19 4850.92 4899.93 4934.08 4957.09 4997.79 5012.95 5185.06 5267.01 5361.35 5391.59 5413.57 5421.06 5428.84 5480.25 5784.15 5853.67 5981.26 5999.91 6135.60 6141.71 6378.92 6496.90 6769.48 6874.08 6995.14 7115.03 8496.80 8591.43 8661.90 8703.69 8710.77 8719.12 8737.75 8760.61 8897.46 9603.12 10115.00 10212.80 10709.80 10768.00 10769.70 10993.40 11088.50 11127.50 11519.50 11577.10 11931.90 12475.00 13057.80 14211.50 17738.90 18530.70 18729.70 19642.60 19845.10 22994.70

Section 10.indb 100

2 2 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 2 4 6 6 6 6 8 2 4 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 8 6 8 2 6 6 4 6 4 4 8 6 2 4 4 6 2 6 8 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 6 8 2 4 4 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4 6 2 4 2 2 8 2 10 4 2 6 8 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 2 8 10 8 10 4 6 4 6 8 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 8 10 4 6 4 2

8

λ –1

1.11E+00 8.47E-02 9.34E-02 3.49E-02 1.55E-02 1.04E+00 9.53E-01 5.13E-01 6.37E-02 5.15E-01 1.10E-02 1.00E-02 4.01E-02 4.22E-02 9.21E-05 2.77E-03 1.92E-03 1.78E-03 1.59E-01 6.00E-02 1.73E-01 2.86E-02 6.64E-02 4.12E-01 1.18E-01 3.10E-01 9.35E-01 9.26E-01 8.90E-03 8.80E-03 3.31E-02 6.19E-04 1.27E-02 3.69E-02 7.88E-01 6.12E-03 7.29E-01 1.17E-02 4.93E-02 4.16E-01 4.27E-01 6.92E-02 9.90E-05 5.56E-02 2.04E-03 1.83E-03 6.11E-02 1.01E-02 2.47E-02 1.75E-01 4.44E-02 2.80E-01 2.14E-01 1.66E-01 2.16E-01 1.96E-01 1.23E-01 1.28E-01 2.07E-02 6.18E-02

Å 24612.50 24699.00 25923.20 27687.20 29058.90 30196.00 42934.70 43294.30 47520.80

4 4 6 2 4 2 6 4 6

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 2 4 4 2 2 8 6 6

8

4.75E-03 9.98E-02 3.66E-02 6.10E-02 2.89E-02 4.70E-02 4.82E-03 4.39E-03 2.37E-04

Beryllium Be I 1491.8 1661.5 2348.6 *2494.7 *2650.6 4572.7 Be II 1197.1 1197.2 1512.3 1512.4 1776.1 1776.3 *2453.8 3046.5 3046.7 3130.4 3131.1 3241.6 3241.8 3274.6 3274.7 4360.7 4361.0 *5255.9 5270.3 5270.8 6279.4 6279.7 6756.7 6757.1 7401.2 7401.4

1 1 1 9 9 3

3 3 3 15 9 5

1.3E-02 2.0E-01 5.55E+00 1.6E+00 4.24E+00 7.9E-01

2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2

2 2 4 6 2 2 6 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 6 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 2

4.7E-01 9.4E-01 9.2E+00 1.1E+01 1.4E+00 2.9E+00 1.42E-01 4.8E-01 5.9E-01 1.14E+00 1.15E+00 1.41E-01 2.8E-01 1.9E-01 1.9E-01 9.2E-01 1.1E+00 2.56E-02 3.30E-01 6.6E-01 1.2E-01 1.43E-01 5.1E-02 1.02E-01 3.0E-02 3.0E-02

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

6 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 2

1.2E+00 6.0E-02 9.9E-01 9.1E-01 2.6E-02 8.9E-01 2.6E+00 2.5E-01 4.3E-02 4.7E-01 6.4E-02 3.09E-01

Bismuth Bi I 1954.5 2021.2 2061.7 2110.3 2177.3 2228.3 2230.6 2276.6 2515.7 2627.9 2696.8 2780.5

Weights

λ –1

Å 2798.7 2898.0 2938.3 2989.0 2993.3 3024.6 3067.7 3076.7 3397.2 3402.9 3510.9 3596.1 3888.2 4121.5 4308.5 4493.0 4722.5 6134.8

6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 4 4

gi

6 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4

gk

A 108 s–1 3.6E-02 1.53E+00 1.23E+00 5.5E-01 1.6E-01 8.8E-01 2.07E+00 3.5E-02 1.81E-01 1.6E-02 6.8E-02 1.98E-01 6.9E-02 1.64E-01 1.6E-02 1.5E-02 1.17E-01 1.8E-02

Boron BI 1378.6 1378.9 1378.9 1379.2 1465.5 1465.7 1465.8 1825.9 1826.4 2088.9 2089.6 2496.8 2497.7

2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 2

3.50E+00 1.40E+01 1.75E+01 7.0E+00 3.34E+00 6.7E+00 1.00E+01 1.76E+00 2.11E+00 2.8E-01 3.3E-01 8.64E-01 1.73E+00

4 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 6 2 2

4 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 4 8 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 2

1.2E+00 1.4E+00 2.0E-01 2.1E-02 8.1E-02 7.5E-03 4.2E-03 7.5E-03 9.3E-03 1.3E-02 2.8E-03 7.2E-03 1.6E-02 5.4E-03 2.6E-03 3.1E-03 7.6E-03 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 5.3E-02 1.9E-01 3.8E-02 2.2E-01

Bromine Br I 1488.5 1540.7 1574.8 1576.4 1633.4 4365.1 4425.1 4441.7 4472.6 4477.7 4513.4 4525.6 4575.7 4614.6 4979.8 5245.1 5345.4 7348.5 7513.0 7803.0 7938.7 8131.5 8343.7

5/4/05 8:07:20 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 8446.6 8638.7 Br II 4704.9 4785.5 4816.7

4 6

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4

8

λ –1

1.2E-01 9.7E-02

5 5 5

7 5 3

1.1E+00 9.4E-01 1.1E+00

Cd I 2288.0 2836.9 2880.8 2881.2 2980.6 2981.4 3261.1 3403.7 3466.2 3467.7 3610.5 3612.9 4140.5 4662.4 4678.1 4799.9 5085.8 6438.5

1 1 3 3 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 3

3 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5

5.3E+00 2.8E-01 4.2E-01 2.4E-01 5.9E-01 1.5E-01 4.06E-03 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 6.7E-01 1.3E+00 3.5E-01 4.7E-02 5.5E-02 1.3E-01 4.1E-01 5.6E-01 5.9E-01

Cd II 2144.4 2265.0 2572.9 2748.5 4415.6

2 2 2 4 4

4 2 2 2 6

2.8E+00 3.0E+00 1.7E+00 2.8E+00 1.4E-02

Cadmium

Calcium Ca I 2275.5 2995.0 2997.3 2999.6 3000.9 3006.9 3009.2 3344.5 3350.2 3361.9 3624.1 3630.8 3631.0 3644.4 3644.8 3870.5 3957.1 3973.7 4092.6 4094.9 4098.5 4108.5 4226.7 4283.0

Section 10.indb 101

1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 1 3

3 3 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 5 7 9 7 3 5

10-101

3.01E-01 3.67E-01 2.41E-01 2.79E-01 1.58E+00 7.5E-01 4.30E-01 1.51E-01 1.78E-01 2.23E-01 2.12E-01 2.97E-01 1.53E-01 3.55E-01 9.4E-02 7.2E-02 9.8E-02 1.75E-01 1.1E-01 1.2E-01 1.3E-01 9.0E-01 2.18E+00 4.34E-01

Å 4289.4 4299.0 4302.5 4307.7 4318.7 4355.1 4425.4 4435.0 4435.7 4454.8 4455.9 4526.9 4578.6 4581.4 4585.9 4685.3 4878.1 5041.6 5188.9 5261.7 5262.2 5264.2 5265.6 5270.3 5582.0 5588.8 5590.1 5594.5 5598.5 5601.3 5602.9 5857.5 6102.7 6122.2 6161.3 6162.2 6163.8 6166.4 6169.1 6169.6 6439.1 6449.8 6462.6 6471.7 6493.8 6499.7

1 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 1 3 5 5 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 7 3 5

Ca II 1341.9 1342.5 1649.9 1652.0 1673.9 1680.1 1680.1 1807.3 1814.5 1814.7 1843.1 1850.7

2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 5 1 3 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 3 1 5 3 5 7 7 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 9 5 7 7 5 5 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 2

8

Weights

λ –1

6.0E-01 4.66E-01 1.36E+00 1.99E+00 7.4E-01 1.9E-01 4.98E-01 6.7E-01 3.42E-01 8.7E-01 2.0E-01 4.1E-01 1.76E-01 2.09E-01 2.29E-01 8.0E-02 1.88E-01 3.3E-01 4.0E-01 1.5E-01 6.0E-01 9.1E-02 4.4E-01 5.0E-01 6.0E-02 4.9E-01 8.3E-02 3.8E-01 4.3E-01 8.6E-02 1.4E-01 6.6E-01 9.6E-02 2.87E-01 3.3E-02 3.54E-01 5.6E-02 2.2E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 5.3E-01 9.0E-02 4.7E-01 5.9E-02 4.4E-01 8.1E-02 1.5E-02 1.5E-02 3.2E-03 3.1E-03 2.24E-01 2.65E-01 4.41E-02 3.54E-01 4.2E-01 7.0E-02 1.6E-01 3.08E-01

Å

gi

4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 2

gk

A 108 s–1

2103.2 2112.8 2113.2 2197.8 2208.6 3158.9 3179.3 3181.3 3706.0 3736.9 3933.7 3968.5

2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2

8.2E-01 9.7E-01 1.6E-01 3.1E-01 6.2E-01 3.1E+00 3.6E+00 5.8E-01 8.8E-01 1.7E+00 1.47E+00 1.4E+00

Ca III 357.97 439.69 490.55

1 1 1

3 3 3

8.8E+02 1.9E-01 1.6E-02

Ca V 558.60 637.93 643.12 646.57 647.88 651.55 656.76

5 5 3 5 3 1 3

3 3 1 5 3 3 5

2.2E+01 3.9E+00 9.1E+00 6.9E+00 2.3E+00 2.9E+00 2.1E+00

Ca VII 550.20 624.39 630.54 630.79 639.15 640.41

5 1 3 3 5 5

5 3 5 3 7 5

1.8E+01 3.3E+00 4.5E+00 2.2E+00 5.7E+00 1.3E+00

Ca VIII 182.71 184.16

2 4

2 2

1.6E+02 3.2E+02

Ca IX 163.23 371.89 373.81 378.08 395.03 466.24 498.01 506.18 515.57

5 1 3 5 3 1 3 5 5

3 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 3

3.76E+02 8.8E+01 1.16E+02 1.5E+02 2.2E+02 1.12E+02 2.49E+01 7.2E+01 3.75E+01

Ca X 110.96 111.20 151.84 153.02 206.57 206.75 207.39 411.70 419.75 420.47 557.76 574.01

2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2

4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2

2.9E+02 2.92E+02 2.3E+02 4.5E+02 2.9E+01 2.6E+02 2.8E+02 8.3E+01 9.5E+01 1.6E+01 3.50E+01 3.2E+01

5/4/05 8:07:22 AM


10-102 λ Å Ca XI 30.448 30.867 35.212 Ca XII 140.05 147.27

Weights

A

gk

10 s

gi

8

λ –1

1 1 1

3 3 3

6.2E+03 4.9E+04 2.0E+03

4 2

2 2

3.7E+02 1.6E+02

Ca XV 141.69 *142.23 161.00

5 9 5

3 3 5

4.08E+02 6.3E+02 1.9E+02

Ca XVII 19.558 21.198 192.82 218.82 223.02 228.72 232.83 244.06

1 3 1 3 1 3 5 5

3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3

3.8E+04 4.9E+04 1.21E+02 2.76E+01 3.44E+01 2.37E+01 6.5E+01 3.28E+01

Ca XVIII *18.71 *19.74 302.19 344.76

2 6 2 2

6 10 4 2

2.31E+04 7.0E+04 2.0E+01 1.3E+01

1 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 5 5 5

3 3 3 7 3 1 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 1 5 3 7 5

3.79E+00 1.14E+01 1.89E+01 1.22E+00 5.32E-01 1.70E+00 4.42E-01 3.71E-01 7.06E-01 1.27E+00 1.03E-02 1.27E+00 1.73E+00 9.12E-01 2.31E+00 6.35E-01 5.56E-02 1.10E-01 3.08E-01 3.11E-01 5.77E-01 1.73E-01 8.22E-01 3.33E-01 7.95E-01 2.41E+00 1.79E+00 1.00E+00 1.04E+00 1.57E-01

Carbon CI 945.191 945.338 945.579 1193.24 1260.74 1260.93 1261.00 1261.12 1261.43 1261.55 1274.11 1277.25 1277.28 1277.51 1277.55 1277.72 1277.95 1279.23 1279.89 1280.14 1280.33 1280.40 1280.60 1280.85 1328.83 1329.09 1329.58 1329.60 1355.84 1364.16

Section 10.indb 102

Å 1431.60 1432.10 1432.53 1459.03 1463.34 1467.40 1468.41 1470.09 1472.23 1481.76 1560.31 1561.34 1561.44 1656.27 1656.93 1657.01 1657.38 1657.91 1658.12 1751.83 1763.91 1765.37 1930.90 2478.56 2902.23 2903.27 2905.00 4371.37 4762.31 4762.53 4766.67 4770.03 4771.74 4775.90 4812.92 4817.37 4826.80 4932.05 5023.84 5039.06 5041.48 5041.79 5052.17 5380.34 5545.05 5668.94 5793.12 5794.47 5800.23 5800.60 5805.20 6001.12 6006.02 6007.18 6010.68 6013.17 6013.21 6014.83 6016.45 6587.61

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 1 1 5 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 3 7 7 5 5 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 5 3 3 7 3 3 7 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 3 3 3 3 1 9 9 5 7 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 1 5 9 3 7 3

8

Weights

λ –1

2.11E+00 2.01E+00 2.11E+00 4.76E-01 1.88E+00 5.49E-01 3.90E-02 1.37E-02 8.01E-03 3.92E-01 6.57E-01 2.94E-01 1.18E+00 8.58E-01 1.13E+00 2.52E+00 8.64E-01 3.43E+00 1.44E+00 9.07E-01 3.59E-02 1.04E-02 3.51E+00 3.40E-01 4.32E-03 1.29E-02 2.15E-02 1.27E-02 3.37E-03 2.72E-03 2.36E-03 1.07E-02 7.97E-03 4.84E-03 4.03E-04 8.76E-04 6.28E-04 6.02E-02 1.81E-03 4.73E-03 5.25E-03 3.28E-03 2.60E-02 1.86E-02 3.04E-03 2.35E-02 3.44E-03 6.44E-04 1.04E-03 3.04E-03 4.12E-03 3.22E-03 1.79E-02 5.34E-03 2.13E-02 1.79E-02 4.35E-03 1.60E-02 3.86E-03 5.09E-02

Å 6655.52 6828.12 7111.47 7113.18 7115.17 7115.18 7116.99 7119.66 7860.88 8058.62 8335.15 9061.44 9062.49 9078.29 9088.51 9094.83 9111.81 9405.73 9603.03 9620.78 9658.43

3 3 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 3 5

C II 687.345 858.092 858.559 903.623 903.962 904.142 904.480 1009.86 1010.08 1010.37 1036.34 1037.02 1323.91 1323.95 1334.53 1335.71 2091.14 2091.19 2091.65 2093.16 2173.85 2174.17 2509.13 2511.74 2512.06 2727.31 2728.72 2729.21 2730.63 5132.95 5133.28 5137.26 5139.17 5143.49 5145.16 5151.08 5640.55

4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 6 6 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 2

gi

3 5 5 9 7 1 5 3 5 5 1 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 6 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 2 6 4 4

gk

A 108 s–1 5.03E-03 9.89E-03 2.17E-02 2.47E-02 2.19E-02 4.43E-02 3.26E-02 3.12E-02 1.53E-02 1.09E-02 3.51E-01 7.31E-02 9.48E-02 7.07E-02 3.00E-01 2.28E-01 1.35E-01 2.91E-01 3.06E-02 8.62E-02 1.25E-01 2.84E+01 1.18E+00 2.35E+00 6.85E+00 2.74E+01 3.42E+01 1.37E+01 5.71E+00 1.14E+01 1.71E+01 7.61E+00 1.52E+01 4.33E+00 4.49E+00 2.37E+00 2.84E+00 1.00E-01 1.69E-01 2.41E-01 7.20E-02 2.31E-01 2.31E-01 4.53E-01 9.04E-02 5.42E-01 6.63E-02 3.31E-01 2.65E-01 1.32E-01 3.89E-01 2.80E-01 1.55E-01 1.24E-01 7.73E-01 6.49E-01 4.16E-01 9.89E-02

5/4/05 8:07:24 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 5648.07 5662.46 5818.31 5822.98 5823.18 5827.85 5836.37 5843.62 5856.06 6095.29 6098.51 6102.56 6578.05 6582.88 6724.56 6727.07 6727.26 6731.07 6733.58 6734.00 6738.61 6742.43 6750.54 6755.16 6779.94 6780.59 6783.91 6787.21 6791.47 6798.10 6800.69 6812.28 7046.25 7053.09 7063.68 7112.48 7113.04 7115.63 7119.76 7119.91 7125.72 7132.47 7134.10 7231.33 7236.42 7237.17 8028.85 8037.73 8039.40 8048.31 8062.10 8062.80 8076.64 9238.30 9251.01 9863.06 9870.78 9882.68

4 6 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 2 2 4 6

C III 310.170

1

Section 10.indb 103

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 2 6 4 2 8 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 4 10 6 4 8 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 8 3

8

10-103 λ

–1

1.97E-01 2.93E-01 3.38E-02 3.38E-03 3.38E-02 2.16E-02 4.22E-02 1.20E-02 5.31E-02 4.20E-01 5.03E-01 8.37E-02 3.63E-01 3.62E-01 3.17E-02 6.34E-02 2.96E-02 5.06E-02 6.32E-02 1.80E-02 7.23E-02 4.41E-02 1.08E-01 2.38E-02 2.56E-01 1.52E-01 3.65E-01 3.04E-01 1.94E-01 6.04E-02 1.09E-01 1.80E-02 3.20E-01 3.19E-01 3.17E-01 2.94E-01 3.15E-01 3.60E-01 1.17E-01 4.19E-01 1.02E-01 8.33E-03 5.93E-02 3.52E-01 4.22E-01 7.03E-02 1.71E-02 4.26E-02 8.51E-02 1.36E-02 3.04E-02 4.56E-02 7.05E-02 3.34E-02 2.77E-02 5.56E-02 9.31E-02 1.33E-01 6.56E+00

Å 386.203 459.466 459.514 459.627 574.281 977.020 1174.93 1175.26 1175.59 1175.71 1175.99 1176.37 1247.38 2296.87 2849.05 3703.70 4325.56 4647.42 4650.25 4651.02 4651.47 4652.05 4659.06 4663.64 4665.86 4673.95 5244.66 5253.58 5272.52 5695.92 5858.34 5863.25 5871.68 5880.56 5894.07 6727.48 6731.04 6742.15 6744.39 6762.17 6773.39 6851.18 6853.68 6857.24 6862.69 6868.78 6872.04 6881.10 7353.88 7707.43 7771.76 7780.41 7796.00 8500.32 9593.32 9651.47 9696.48 9696.54 9699.57 9701.10

1 1 3 5 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 7 7 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 3 7 1

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 1 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 5 3 3 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 7 5 9 3

8

Weights

λ –1

3.46E+01 5.91E+01 7.97E+01 1.06E+02 6.24E+01 1.767E+01 3.293E+00 4.385E+00 3.287E+00 9.856E+00 1.313E+01 5.468E+00 2.082E+01 1.376E+00 1.95E-01 5.90E-01 1.24E-01 7.26E-01 7.25E-01 2.28E-01 7.24E-01 3.04E-01 2.27E-01 9.05E-01 6.78E-01 3.75E-01 5.30E-02 1.58E-01 2.61E-01 4.27E-01 1.34E-01 3.35E-02 1.00E-01 1.99E-02 1.11E-01 1.12E-01 1.50E-01 8.32E-02 1.99E-01 4.95E-02 5.47E-03 7.60E-03 5.64E-03 3.79E-02 3.51E-02 1.26E-02 4.46E-02 7.80E-03 3.09E-02 1.30E-01 1.77E-01 1.76E-01 1.75E-01 1.01E-01 5.32E-03 1.57E-02 7.53E-03 7.12E-03 8.47E-03 4.40E-02

Å

gi

5 3 7 5 3

gk

A 108 s–1

9705.41 9706.44 9715.09 9717.75 9718.79

3 3 5 5 5

5.93E-02 3.29E-02 7.88E-02 1.97E-02 2.19E-03

C IV *312.43 *384.13 1548.19 1550.77 5801.31 5811.97

2 6 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2

4.63E+01 1.76E+02 2.65E+00 2.64E+00 3.17E-01 3.16E-01

CV 34.9728 40.2678 *227.19 247.315 *248.71 *260.19 267.267 *2273.9 3526.66 8420.72 *8433.2 8448.12 8449.19

1 1 3 1 9 9 3 3 1 3 3 3 3

3 3 9 3 15 3 5 9 3 5 9 1 3

2.554E+03 8.873E+03 1.363E+02 1.278E+02 4.247E+02 6.680E+01 3.947E+02 5.646E-01 1.663E-01 6.898E-02 6.868E-02 6.832E-02 6.829E-02

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2

7.6E-06 7.9E-06 8.5E-06 9.4E-06 1.19E-05 1.49E-05 1.7E-05 1.07E-07 2.0E-05 1.43E-07 2.5E-05 1.97E-07 2.8E-05 2.63E-07 3.45E-05 3.7E-07 4.25E-05 7.0E-07 5.6E-05 9.8E-07 1.0E-04 2.7E-06 1.6E-04 5.2E-06 2.2E-04 1.1E-05 4.0E-04 2.4E-05 6.6E-04 6.6E-05

Cesium Cs I 3203.5 3205.3 3207.5 3210.0 3212.8 3216.2 3220.1 3220.2 3224.8 3225.0 3230.5 3230.7 3237.4 3237.6 3245.9 3246.2 3256.7 3257.1 3270.5 3271.0 3288.6 3289.3 3313.1 3314.0 3347.5 3348.8 3397.9 3400.0 3476.8 3480.0

5/4/05 8:07:26 AM


10-104 λ Å 3611.4 3617.3 3876.1 3888.6 4555.3 4593.2 8521.1 8943.5

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2

8

λ –1

1.5E-03 2.5E-04 3.8E-03 9.7E-04 1.88E-02 8.0E-03 3.276E-01 2.87E-01

Chlorine Cl I 1188.8 1188.8 1201.4 1335.7 1347.2 1351.7 1363.4 4323.3 4363.3 4379.9 4389.8 4526.2 4601.0 4661.2 7256.6 7414.1 7547.1 7717.6 7745.0 7769.2 7821.4 7830.8 7878.2 7899.3 7924.6 7935.0 7997.9

4 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 2 6 6 4 6 4 2 6 4

6 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 8 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 4 8 4

2.33E+00 2.71E-01 2.39E+00 1.74E+00 4.19E+00 3.23E+00 7.5E-01 1.1E-02 6.8E-03 1.4E-02 1.4E-02 5.1E-02 4.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.5E-01 4.7E-02 1.2E-01 3.0E-02 6.3E-02 6.0E-02 9.8E-02 9.7E-02 1.8E-02 5.1E-02 2.1E-02 3.9E-02 2.1E-02

Cl II 3329.1 3522.1 3798.8 3805.2 3809.5 3851.0 3851.4 3854.7 3861.9 3868.6 3913.9 3990.2 4132.5 4276.5 4768.7 4781.3 4794.6 4810.1 4819.5 4904.8

5 7 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 9 5 5 9 3 5 5 5 5 5

7 7 7 9 5 7 5 5 7 9 9 7 5 7 5 7 7 5 3 7

1.5E+00 1.4E+00 1.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.5E+00 1.8E+00 1.6E+00 2.2E+00 2.4E+00 2.7E+00 8.2E-01 8.4E-01 1.6E+00 7.6E-01 7.7E-01 1.0E+00 1.04E+00 9.9E-01 1.00E+00 8.1E-01

Section 10.indb 104

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 7 9 7

8

4917.7 5078.3 5219.1 5392.1

3 7 3 5

Cl III 2298.5 2340.6 2370.4 2531.8 2532.5 2577.1 2580.7 2601.2 2603.6 2609.5 2617.0 2661.6 2665.5 2691.5 2710.4 3340.4 3392.9 3393.5 3530.0 3560.7 3602.1 3612.9 3720.5

4 6 8 2 4 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 4

4 6 6 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 10 6 8 4 6 6 4 6 8 6 8 6 6

4.2E+00 4.2E+00 2.8E+00 4.4E+00 5.3E+00 4.3E+00 4.7E+00 4.6E+00 5.0E+00 5.7E+00 6.6E+00 3.4E+00 4.8E+00 3.5E+00 3.5E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 1.9E+00 1.8E+00 1.7E+00 1.7E+00 1.2E+00 1.7E+00

7.5E-01 7.7E-01 8.6E-01 1.0E+00

9 9 3 9 7 3 3 5 7 7 5 5 9 3 5 7 7 9 5 3 9 5 5 5 3 5 5 7

9 11 5 7 5 5 3 7 9 9 5 3 9 3 5 5 7 7 3 3 11 7 5 3 3 5 3 7

1.4E+00 4.1E-01 2.3E-01 6.7E-01 2.9E-01 4.5E-01 2.7E-01 5.6E-01 2.2E-01 4.5E-01 2.1E-01 3.8E-01 5.3E-01 4.8E-01 4.3E-01 6.4E-01 2.6E-01 6.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.8E-01 2.1E-01 7.5E-01 7.8E-01 7.5E-01 8.7E-01 6.8E-01 6.8E-01 3.7E-01

Chromium Cr I 1999.95 2383.30 2389.21 2408.60 2408.72 2492.57 2495.08 2496.30 2502.55 2504.31 2508.11 2508.97 2527.11 2549.55 2560.70 2571.74 2577.66 2591.84 2620.48 2673.64 2701.99 2726.50 2731.90 2736.46 2752.85 2757.09 2761.74 2764.36

Weights

λ –1

Å 2769.90 2780.70 2879.27 2887.00 2889.22 2893.25 2894.17 2896.76 2905.48 2909.05 2910.89 2911.15 2967.64 2971.10 2975.48 2980.78 2988.64 2991.88 2994.06 2995.09 2996.57 2998.78 3000.88 3005.06 3013.72 3015.20 3020.67 3021.58 3024.36 3029.17 3030.25 3031.35 3034.19 3037.05 3040.84 3053.87 3148.44 3155.16 3163.76 3237.73 3238.09 3578.68 3593.48 3605.32 3639.80 3743.89 3757.66 3768.24 3804.80 3963.69 3969.75 3983.90 3991.12 4001.44 4039.10 4048.78 4058.78 4065.71 4165.52 4204.48

gi

7 9 5 3 9 7 1 5 3 5 7 9 7 5 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 5 7 9 3 1 3 9 5 5 7 5 7 9 7 9 9 11 13 9 11 7 7 7 13 13 7 5 9 13 11 7 5 9 15 13 11 9 11 13

5 7 7 5 9 7 3 5 1 3 5 7 9 7 5 3 7 1 5 5 3 3 5 7 5 3 3 11 5 3 7 3 7 9 5 7 11 13 15 9 11 9 7 5 11 13 7 5 9 15 13 9 7 11 15 13 11 11 13 11

gk

A 108 s–1 1.1E+00 1.4E+00 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 6.6E-01 5.2E-01 3.3E-01 3.0E-01 1.3E+00 6.8E-01 3.4E-01 2.6E-01 3.9E-01 7.1E-01 8.9E-01 5.10E-01 5.2E-01 3.0E+00 2.5E-01 4.3E-01 2.0E+00 4.07E-01 1.6E+00 9.2E-01 8.3E-01 1.63E+00 1.5E+00 2.91E+00 1.27E+00 3.8E-01 1.1E+00 3.1E-01 3.5E-01 5.4E-01 7.4E-01 7.97E-01 5.6E-01 5.7E-01 6.0E-01 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 1.48E+00 1.50E+00 1.62E+00 1.8E+00 7.61E-01 4.13E-01 5.10E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E+00 1.2E+00 1.05E+00 1.07E+00 6.8E-01 6.7E-01 6.4E-01 6.7E-01 3.5E-01 7.5E-01 3.1E-01

5/4/05 8:07:28 AM


Section 10.indb 105

gi

7 15 7 11 13 7 7 11 9 9 11 11 5 5 9 13 7 5 9 3 1 15 3 3 9 5 9 7 13 11 11 13 7 3 3 7 9 11 13 7 9 3 13 11 7 9 9 7 9 11 3 5 5 5 5 7 7 9 9 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 17 7 11 15 5 5 13 9 7 9 11 3 7 9 13 5 5 7 3 3 15 1 3 7 3 7 7 11 11 13 13 7 3 3 5 7 9 11 5 7 5 13 9 5 7 9 9 11 13 1 3 5 7 3 9 7 11 9 3

8

10-105 λ

–1


Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 7

8

Weights

λ –1

5783.89 5787.97

5 5

2.02E-01 2.35E-01

Cr II 2653.57 2658.59 2666.02 2668.71 2671.80 2672.83 2744.97 2787.61 2822.38 2835.63 2840.01 2843.24 2849.83 2851.35 2856.77 2857.40 2860.92 2862.57 2866.72 2867.09 2867.65 2870.43 2873.81 2880.86 2898.53 2921.81 2930.83 2935.12 2953.34 2966.03 2971.90 2979.73 2985.32 2989.18 3118.64 3120.36 3122.59 3128.69 3136.68 4588.22

4 2 6 4 6 8 4 6 14 10 10 8 6 8 4 6 2 8 4 4 2 6 4 6 10 8 2 6 2 10 14 12 10 8 2 4 12 4 6 8

6 4 8 2 4 6 6 6 16 12 12 10 8 10 6 8 4 8 4 4 2 6 2 4 12 10 4 8 2 8 14 12 10 8 4 6 12 4 6 6

3.5E-01 5.8E-01 5.9E-01 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 5.5E-01 8.5E-01 1.5E+00 2.3E+00 2.0E+00 2.7E+00 6.4E-01 9.2E-01 2.2E+00 4.3E-01 2.8E-01 6.9E-01 6.3E-01 1.2E+00 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 8.8E-01 7.9E-01 1.2E+00 9.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.8E+00 1.8E+00 5.4E-01 2.0E+00 1.8E+00 2.2E+00 2.2E+00 1.7E+00 1.5E+00 4.4E-01 8.1E-01 6.4E-01 1.2E-01

Cr V 434.306 436.351 436.601 437.420 437.655 441.056 456.357 456.637 456.743 457.028 457.504 464.015 469.634 1106.25 1121.07

9 9 7 7 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 9 5 7 7

9 7 5 7 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 9 9

1.5E+01 2.4E+01 2.1E+01 1.4E+01 1.3E+01 2.3E+01 9.5E+00 3.3E+01 9.1E+00 2.7E+01 1.2E+01 3.6E+01 2.3E+01 1.2E+01 2.1E+01

Å

gi

11 3 1 7 9

gk

A 108 s–1

1127.63 1465.86 1481.65 1519.03 1579.70

9 5 3 5 7

3.5E+01 1.1E+01 1.0E+01 9.5E+00 8.6E+00

Cr VI 161.687 168.088 201.007 201.224 201.388 201.606 202.442 202.739 226.241 227.202

6 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 6 4

6 6 4 6 4 6 4 2 8 6

1.7E+02 2.0E+02 2.5E+03 1.8E+02 2.7E+02 2.6E+03 1.0E+03 1.2E+03 7.2E+02 6.6E+02

Cr X 216.72 223.86 224.74 226.24 227.42 227.50 228.63 228.71 231.21 232.96 242.20 244.19 395.984 398.150

6 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 6

8 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 4 6

9.0E+02 7.7E+02 7.6E+02 7.3E+02 5.2E+02 1.8E+01 8.1E+01 4.5E+02 1.2E+02 4.4E+02 5.0E+01 5.8E+01 2.4E+01 2.1E+01

Cr XI 214.31 226.45 232 235.53 240.76 250.28 366.491 366.942 374.927 422.083

5 5 3 5 1 5 3 3 5 3

7 7 1 7 3 7 3 1 5 5

1.4E+01 6.0E+02 4.1E+02 5.5E+02 4.8E+02 1.0E+01 1.2E+01 3.0E+01 2.3E+01 1.0E+01

Cr XII 216 218 239 244.70 247 247 248 250 250 251.52 252 256 259 269 300.32

4 6 2 2 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 2 2 2 2

6 8 2 4 2 2 8 8 6 6 6 2 4 2 2


5/4/05 8:07:30 AM


10-106 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

305.81 309 309 311.55 324 327 332.06

4 4 6 4 4 6 6

Cr XIII 49.59 67.01 228 267.73 270 276.4 277 279.32 286 328.29 345

1 1 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 7

3 3 7 7 1 7 3 5 1 3 9

9.9E+02 1.67E+03 1.8E+02 1.9E+02 1.7E+02 2.2E+02 2.1E+02 3.5E+02 4.6E+02 1.86E+02 1.74E+02

Cr XIV *38.036 39.796 40.018 40.782 40.800 41.556 41.788 44.597 44.869 46.125 46.468 46.527 48.300 48.338 50.821 51.172 51.180 52.321 52.363 53.760 54.164 60.699 60.756 63.324 63.539 68.594 69.213 69.247 86.060 86.169 86.185 101.05 101.42 104.4 104.5 109.8 110.4 118.3 125.2

2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 4

6 4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 6 8 4 6 4 6 8 2 2 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 2 6

2.47E+02 3.05E+02 3.6E+02 3.9E+02 3.9E+02 4.5E+02 5.3E+02 7.1E+02 8.3E+02 3.1E+02 6.6E+02 6.7E+02 5.9E+02 6.3E+02 1.2E+03 1.4E+03 2.3E+02 1.0E+03 1.1E+03 3.0E+02 5.9E+02 2.05E+03 2.19E+03 1.07E+03 1.13E+03 1.98E+03 2.31E+03 3.8E+02 5.3E+03 5.9E+03 3.9E+02 4.4E+02 4.83E+02 3.0E+02 3.1E+02 2.3E+02 2.8E+02 2.1E+02 5.0E+02

Section 10.indb 106

4 2 6 2 6 8 4

8

2.76E+02 2.7E+02 1.6E+02 1.6E+02 2.2E+02 2.2E+02 1.4E+02

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 4 2 4 6 6 8 2 2 2 6 8

8

Weights

λ –1

125.3 148.5 149.1 157.1 158.4 187.02 187.30 189.1 191.0 222.9 346.3 346.5

6 2 2 2 4 4 6 2 4 4 4 6

5.4E+02 2.18E+02 2.1E+02 3.3E+02 3.7E+02 9.3E+02 9.6E+02 2.13E+02 4.11E+02 2.2E+02 2.4E+02 2.5E+02

Cr XV 18.497 18.782 19.015 20.863 21.153 102 102.18 103 105 111.27

1 1 1 1 1 3 5 3 7 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 5 3

1.62E+05 2.8E+04 6.3E+02 6.0E+03 5.6E+03 1.6E+02 7.0E+02 3.8E+02 5.3E+02 1.7E+02

Cr XVI 17.073 17.242 17.299 17.372 17.438 17.514 17.587 17.656 19.442 19.714

4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 2

6 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2

1.2E+04 8.6E+04 2.5E+04 1.4E+05 1.1E+05 1.1E+05 2.0E+04 2.0E+04 9.9E+03 1.1E+04

Cr XVII 16.31 16.32 16.37 16.44 16.59 16.65 16.66 16.68 16.80 16.97 16.97 17.968 18.336 18.336 18.389

5 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5 5 1

3 7 1 7 1 5 3 7 7 3 3 3 3 5 3


Cr XVIII 95.77 102.32 104.98 106.84 110.41 112.27 119.62

4 4 6 4 4 4 2

2 4 4 2 2 2 2

3.08E+02 1.54E+02 8.7E+02 3.4E+02 7.9E+02 4.24E+02 3.2E+02

Å

gi

4 4 6 2 4 2 2 4

gk

A 108 s–1

123.87 125.51 128.10 136.52 139.87 140.82 155.46 157.40

6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4

3.9E+02 3.4E+02 2.8E+02 1.66E+02 1.49E+02 2.66E+02 2.84E+02 2.83E+02

Cr XIX 14.73 14.80 14.81 14.84 109.64 110.37 113.97 118.31 118.67 118.83 126.30 126.33 130.99 134.89 138.15 138.45 140.92 143.57 163.94 179.18

3 1 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 5 7 3 3 5 5 3 5 3

3 3 3 7 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 1 5 3 1 5 1

7.1E+04 1.3E+05 3.4E+04 1.3E+05 2.46E+02 6.0E+02 5.5E+02 3.29E+02 2.1E+02 1.35E+02 1.56E+02 4.35E+02 2.9E+02 1.98E+02 1.75E+02 1.71E+02 1.38E+02 7.2E+02 3.1E+02 1.45E+02

Cr XX 14.13 14.26 128.42 131.31 133.82 135.26 140.75 148.99 156.00 167.97 180.85

2 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 6 4

4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 6 4

1.1E+05 1.3E+05 3.8E+02 1.27E+02 8.3E+01 2.41E+02 1.35E+02 1.75E+02 8.4E+01 1.12E+02 1.6E+02

Cr XXI 12.97 12.98 13.02 13.02 13.08 13.22 13.34 13.49 13.53 13.55 13.65 13.66 13.67 13.68 13.75 13.75

3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5

1 5 5 7 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 1 5 3 3 5

4.8E+04 3.9E+04 3.8E+04 3.9E+04 5.2E+04 4.6E+04 5.2E+04 9.0E+04 6.6E+04 1.2E+05 1.5E+05 1.2E+05 3.9E+04 8.2E+04 4.5E+04 9.5E+04

5/4/05 8:07:33 AM


gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 7 7 5 5 7 5 5 3

8

λ –1

13.76 13.78 13.84 13.87 13.92 13.93 13.95 14.04 14.24

1 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 1

Cr XXII 2.190 2.191 2.198 2.199 2.202 2.203 13.149 13.292

4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4

2 2 4 4 6 2 4 6

1.7E+06 2.5E+06 4.5E+06 2.3E+06 1.6E+06 1.3E+06 1.29E+05 1.54E+05

Cr XXIII 1.7632 1.8557 2.095 2.101 2.101 2.102 2.103 2.104 2.105 2.106 2.107 2.107 2.109 2.113 2.119 2.129 2.1818 2.1923

1 1 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 1

3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 1 1 3 3

3.68E+05 8.97E+05 3.5E+06 2.0E+06 7.9E+05 2.1E+06 1.2E+06 1.4E+06 9.6E+05 2.0E+06 2.3E+06 3.3E+06 1.7E+06 5.9E+05 2.7E+05 5.1E+05 3.37E+06 2.34E+05

1.51E+05 1.7E+05 2.59E+05 8.5E+04 8.5E+04 4.2E+04 3.8E+04 1.2E+05 1.41E+05

8 10 10 8 6 6 4 8 6 4 10 6 10 6 8 10 4 6 4

8 8 10 8 8 6 4 10 8 6 10 8 8 6 6 12 6 8 6

8.6E-01 2.2E-01 5.6E-01 5.0E-01 1.1E-01 5.1E-01 7.7E-01 1.5E-01 1.3E-01 1.4E-01 1.3E-01 7.3E-02 2.4E-01 4.0E-01 5.1E-01 3.6E+00 6.5E-01 3.4E+00 3.6E+00

Cobalt Co I 2287.80 2295.22 2309.03 2323.13 2325.53 2335.98 2338.66 2353.36 2355.48 2358.18 2365.06 2371.85 2384.86 2392.03 2402.06 2407.25 2412.76 2414.46 2415.29

Section 10.indb 107

10-107

Å 2424.93 2432.21 2436.66 2439.04 2460.80 2467.69 2470.27 2476.64 2504.52 2511.02 2521.36 2528.97 2530.13 2535.96 2536.50 2544.25 2562.12 2567.34 2574.35 2685.34 3017.55 3044.00 3048.89 3061.82 3072.34 3086.78 3354.37 3367.11 3385.22 3388.16 3395.37 3405.12 3409.17 3412.34 3412.63 3414.74 3417.15 3431.58 3433.05 3442.92 3443.64 3449.17 3449.44 3453.51 3455.24 3462.80 3465.79 3474.02 3483.41 3489.40 3491.32 3495.68 3502.28 3502.63 3506.32 3509.84 3512.64 3513.48 3518.34 3521.58

gi

10 8 6 4 4 6 10 10 10 10 10 8 6 6 8 4 4 6 8 6 8 10 6 8 6 4 8 10 8 6 6 10 8 8 10 4 6 8 4 6 8 6 10 10 4 4 10 6 8 8 4 4 10 6 8 6 6 8 6 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

10 8 6 4 6 8 12 8 8 10 8 6 6 4 8 2 4 6 8 8 6 10 4 8 6 4 6 8 6 4 8 10 8 10 8 4 6 6 4 4 8 6 10 12 2 6 12 8 10 6 4 6 8 6 6 8 4 10 4 8

8

Weights

λ –1

3.2E+00 2.6E+00 2.6E+00 2.7E+00 1.2E-01 7.0E-02 1.5E-01 2.2E-01 1.8E-01 9.2E-01 3.0E+00 2.8E+00 7.1E-02 1.9E+00 3.0E-01 3.0E+00 3.9E-01 3.0E-01 1.7E-01 5.5E-02 6.9E-02 1.9E-01 7.5E-02 1.6E-01 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.1E-01 6.0E-02 1.1E-01 2.4E-01 2.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.2E-01 6.1E-01 1.2E-01 8.8E-02 3.2E-01 1.1E-01 1.0E+00 1.2E-01 6.9E-01 7.6E-01 1.8E-01 1.1E+00 1.9E-01 7.9E-01 9.2E-02 5.6E-01 5.5E-02 1.3E+00 5.0E-02 4.9E-01 8.0E-01 5.2E-02 8.2E-01 3.2E-01 1.0E+00 7.8E-02 1.6E+00 1.8E-01

Å

gi

3523.42 3526.85 3529.03 3529.82 3533.36 3560.89 3564.95 3569.37 3574.97 3575.36 3585.15 3587.19 3594.87 3602.08 3704.06 3745.49 3842.05 3845.47 3861.16 3873.12 3873.95 3881.87 3894.07 3894.98 3935.96 3995.31 3997.90 4092.39 4110.53 4118.77 4121.32 5146.75 5212.70 5265.79 5280.63 5352.05 5477.09 5483.96 6082.43 6455.00 7838.12 8093.93 8372.79

4 10 6 8 4 4 6 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 6 8 8 8 6 10 8 6 6 4 8 8 6 8 6 6 8 8 10 6 10 12 6 8 10 8 8 12 10

2 10 8 10 6 4 8 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 8 8 6 10 4 8 6 4 8 2 10 10 8 8 6 8 10 8 10 8 8 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10

Co II 2286.15 2307.85 2311.61 2314.05 2314.97 2330.36 2344.28 2353.41 2363.80 2378.62 2383.45 2388.92 2389.54 2404.17 2417.66

11 9 7 5 3 5 3 7 9 11 9 11 5 3 9

13 11 9 7 5 3 3 7 9 9 7 11 3 3 9

gk

A 108 s–1 9.8E-01 1.3E-01 8.8E-02 4.6E-01 9.1E-02 2.3E-01 7.0E-02 1.6E+00 1.5E-01 9.6E-02 7.1E-02 1.4E+00 9.2E-02 1.0E-01 1.2E-01 7.5E-02 1.3E-01 4.6E-01 1.4E-01 1.2E-01 1.0E-01 8.2E-02 6.9E-01 8.8E-02 6.2E-02 2.5E-01 7.0E-02 5.7E-02 5.5E-02 1.6E-01 1.9E-01 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 5.0E-02 2.8E-01 2.7E-01 6.8E-02 7.3E-02 5.4E-02 9.0E-02 5.4E-02 2.0E-01 8.7E-02 3.3E+00 2.6E+00 2.8E+00 2.8E+00 2.7E+00 1.32E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 2.1E+00 1.9E+00 1.8E+00 2.8E+00 1.5E+00 1.5E+00 8.5E-01

5/4/05 8:07:35 AM


10-108 λ Å

Weights

A

gk

10 s

gi

8

λ –1

Copper Cu I *2024.3 2165.1 2178.9 2181.7 2225.7 2244.3 2441.6 2492.2 2618.4 2766.4 2824.4 2961.2 3063.4 3194.1 3247.5 3274.0 3337.8 4022.6 4062.6 4249.0 4275.1 4480.4 4509.4 4530.8 4539.7 4587.0 4651.1 4704.6 5105.5 5153.2 5218.2 5220.1 5292.5 5700.2 5782.1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 8 10 8 6 2 4 4 8 4 4

6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 8 4 4 4 2 8 4 6 2 8 2 2 2 4 6 8 8 4 4 6 4 8 4 2

9.8E-02 5.1E-01 9.13E-01 1.0E+00 4.6E-01 1.19E-02 2.0E-02 3.11E-02 3.07E-01 9.6E-02 7.8E-02 3.76E-02 1.55E-02 1.55E-02 1.39E+00 1.37E+00 3.8E-03 1.90E-01 2.10E-01 1.95E-01 3.45E-01 3.0E-02 2.75E-01 8.4E-02 2.12E-01 3.20E-01 3.80E-01 5.5E-02 2.0E-02 6.0E-01 7.5E-01 1.50E-01 1.09E-01 2.4E-03 1.65E-02

Cu II 2489.7 2544.8 2689.3 2701.0 2703.2 2713.5

5 9 7 5 3 5

5 7 7 5 3 5

1.5E-02 1.1E+00 4.1E-01 6.7E-01 1.2E+00 6.8E-01

17 17 15 15 15 15 17 17 17 17 13 17

15 17 17 13 13 13 19 17 19 15 11 17

6.5E-02 6.5E-02 1.1E-01 1.4E-01 3.1E-01 2.0E-01 3.0E+00 3.1E+00 8.7E-01 1.5E+00 1.7E+00 1.32E+00

Dysprosium Dy I 2862.7 2964.6 3147.7 3263.2 3511.0 3571.4 3757.1 3868.8 3967.5 4046.0 4103.9 4186.8

Section 10.indb 108

Å 4194.8 4211.7 4218.1 4221.1 4225.2 4268.3 4276.7 4292.0 4577.8 4589.4 4612.3 5077.7 5301.6 5547.3 5639.5 5974.5 5988.6 6010.8 6088.3 6168.4 6259.1 6579.4

gi

17 17 15 15 13 15 13 15 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 15 15 15 17 17

Weights

A

gk

10 s

17 19 15 17 15 15 13 15 19 15 15 17 15 17 19 17 15 15 13 17 19 15

8

7.2E-01 2.08E+00 1.85E+00 1.52E+00 4.5E+00 3.6E-02 7.3E-01 5.8E-02 2.2E-02 1.3E-01 8.2E-02 5.7E-03 1.1E-02 2.7E-03 4.7E-03 4.0E-03 5.3E-03 2.6E-02 3.5E-02 2.5E-02 8.5E-03 7.5E-03

Erbium Er I 3862.9 4008.0 4151.1

Å 3212.8 3213.8 3235.1 3241.4 3246.0 3247.6 3322.3 3334.3 3350.4 3353.7 3457.1 3467.9 3589.3 4594.0 4627.2 4661.9 5645.8 5765.2 6018.2 6291.3 6864.5 7106.5

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

gi

8 6 10 8 6 8 6 6 10 8 8 8 6 10 8 6 6 8 10 6 10 8

gk

A 108 s–1 2.9E-01 1.8E-01 1.0E-02 2.3E-02 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 3.5E-02 3.4E-01 1.5E-02 5.8E-03 8.4E-03 1.0E-02 6.9E-03 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 5.4E-03 1.1E-02 8.5E-03 1.8E-03 5.8E-03 2.6E-03

Fluorine 13 13 13

13 15 11

2.5E+00 2.6E+00 1.8E+00

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

6 8 10 10 8 10 6 10 8 8 6 10 10 6 6 8 6 10 8 6 10 6 8 10 10 10 10 10 8

1.9E-01 2.0E-01 2.0E-01 7.0E-03 6.6E-03 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.4E-01 1.2E-01 3.1E-02 3.7E-02 4.7E-02 1.3E-02 1.1E-01 5.0E-02 5.2E-02 1.0E-02 2.8E-02 1.0E-01 1.0E-01 6.9E-02 1.6E-02 3.8E-02 9.1E-03 5.5E-02 3.0E-01 6.9E-02 5.8E-03 1.1E-01

Europium Eu I 2372.9 2375.3 2379.7 2619.3 2643.8 2659.4 2682.6 2710.0 2724.0 2731.4 2732.6 2735.3 2738.6 2743.3 2745.6 2747.8 2772.9 2878.9 2892.5 2893.0 2909.0 2958.9 3059.0 3067.0 3106.2 3111.4 3168.3 3185.5 3210.6

Weights

λ –1

FI 806.96 809.60 951.87 954.83 955.55 958.52 6239.7 6348.5 6413.7 6708.3 6774.0 6795.5 6834.3 6856.0 6870.2 6902.5 6909.8 6966.4 7037.5 7127.9 7309.0 7311.0 7314.3 7332.0 7398.7 7425.7 7482.7 7489.2 7514.9 7552.2 7573.4 7607.2 7754.7 7800.2

4 2 4 4 2 2 6 4 2 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 2

6 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 2 4 8 2 6 4 2 4 2 8 2 6 4 6 2 4 2 2 6 4 4 6 4

3.3E+00 2.8E+00 2.6E+00 5.77E+00 5.1E+00 1.3E+00 2.5E-01 1.8E-01 1.1E-01 1.4E-02 1.0E-01 5.2E-02 2.1E-01 4.94E-01 3.8E-01 3.2E-01 2.2E-01 1.1E-01 3.0E-01 3.8E-01 4.7E-01 3.9E-01 4.8E-01 3.1E-01 2.85E-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-02 1.1E-01 5.2E-02 7.8E-02 1.0E-01 7.0E-02 3.82E-01 2.1E-01

5/4/05 8:07:37 AM


Weights

A

gk

10 s

gi

8

λ –1

Gallium Ga I 2195.4 2199.7 2214.4 2235.9 2255.0 2259.2 2294.2 2297.9 2338.2 2371.3 2418.7 2450.1 2500.2 2659.9 2719.7 2874.2 2943.6 2944.2 4033.0 4172.0

2 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4

2 2 6 2 2 6 4 2 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 2 2

1.9E-02 3.3E-02 1.2E-02 4.3E-02 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 7.0E-02 5.8E-02 9.8E-02 5.7E-02 1.0E-01 2.8E-01 3.4E-01 1.2E-01 2.3E-01 1.2E+00 1.4E+00 2.7E-01 4.9E-01 9.2E-01

Ga II 829.60 1414.4

1 1

3 3

2.2E-01 1.88E+01

Germanium Ge I 1944.7 1955.1 1988.3 1998.9 2041.7 2065.2 2068.7 2086.0 2094.3 2105.8 2256.0 2417.4 2498.0 2533.2 2589.2 2592.5 2651.2 2651.6 2691.3 2709.6 2754.6 3039.1 3124.8 3269.5 4226.6 4685.8

3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 1

1 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 3

7.0E-01 2.8E-01 2.5E-01 5.5E-01 1.1E+00 8.5E-01 1.2E+00 4.0E-01 9.7E-01 1.7E-01 3.2E-02 9.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.0E-01 5.1E-02 7.1E-01 2.0E+00 8.5E-01 6.1E-01 2.8E+00 1.1E+00 2.8E+00 3.1E-02 2.9E-01 2.1E-01 9.5E-02

Ge II 999.10 1016.6 1017.1 1055.0

2 4 4 2

4 6 4 2

1.9E+00 2.1E+00 3.5E-01 6.9E-01

Section 10.indb 109

10-109

Å 1075.1 1237.1 1261.9 1264.7 1602.5 1649.2 4741.8 4814.6 4824.1 5131.8 5178.5 5178.6 5893.4 6021.0 6336.4 6484.2

4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 6 8 4 2 2 2

8

1.3E+00 1.9E+01 2.2E+01 3.5E+00 3.4E+00 6.5E+00 4.6E-01 5.1E-01 8.6E-02 1.9E+00 1.3E-01 2.0E+00 9.2E-01 8.4E-01 4.4E-01 8.5E-01

Gold Au I 2427.95 2675.95 3122.78 6278.30

2 2 6 4

4 2 4 2

1.99E+00 1.64E+00 1.90E-01 3.4E-02

1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 1 9 9 9 9 3 9 3 3 3 3 1 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 15 3 15 3 15 3 15 15 5 3 5 9 5 1 3 5

4.622E-01 7.317E-01 1.258E+00 2.436E+00 5.663E+00 1.799E+01 4.417E-03 6.023E-03 8.500E-03 1.251E-02 1.939E-02 3.201E-02 5.636E-02 5.102E-03 6.963E-03 9.843E-03 1.454E-02 2.269E-02 7.597E-03 4.836E-03 1.811E-02 3.802E-02 2.606E-02 9.744E-03 3.953E-02 6.435E-02 9.647E-03 2.447E-02 1.339E-02 9.475E-02 1.937E-02 7.448E-03 6.951E-02 2.961E-02

Helium He I 510.00 512.10 515.62 522.21 537.03 584.33 *2677.1 *2696.1 *2723.2 *2763.8 *2829.1 *2945.1 *3187.7 3231.3 3258.3 3296.8 3354.6 3447.6 *3554.4 *3563.0 *3587.3 3613.6 *3634.2 *3652.0 *3705.0 *3819.6 3833.6 *3867.5 3871.8 *3888.7 3926.5 3935.9 3964.7 4009.3

Weights

λ –1

Å 4024.0 *4026.2 *4120.8 4143.8 4169.0 4387.9 4437.6 *4471.5 *4713.2 4921.9 5015.7 5047.7 *5875.7 6678.2 *7065.2 7281.4 *8361.7 *9463.6 9603.4 *9702.6 *10311 *10668 *10830 *10913 10917 *10997 11013 11045 11226 *11969 *12528 12756 *12785 12791 *12846 12968 *12985

gi

gk

A 108 s–1

3 9 9 3 3 3 3 9 9 3 1 3 9 3 9 3 3 3 1 9 9 9 3 15 5 15 1 3 3 9 3 5 15 5 9 3 15

1 15 3 5 1 5 1 15 3 5 3 1 15 5 3 1 9 9 3 3 15 3 9 21 7 9 3 5 1 15 9 3 21 7 3 5 9

1.128E-02 1.160E-01 4.453E-02 4.881E-02 1.830E-02 8.989E-02 3.269E-02 2.458E-01 9.521E-02 1.986E-01 1.337E-01 6.771E-02 7.070E-01 6.371E-01 2.785E-01 1.830E-01 3.813E-03 5.687E-03 5.829E-03 8.651E-03 1.995E-02 1.447E-02 1.022E-01 1.980E-02 1.608E-02 1.425E-03 9.250E-03 1.846E-02 1.117E-02 3.478E-02 7.093E-03 1.275E-03 4.134E-02 3.248E-02 2.732E-02 3.362E-02 2.729E-03

In I 2560.2 2710.3 3039.4 3256.1 4101.8 4511.3

2 4 2 4 2 4

4 6 4 6 2 2

4.0E-01 4.0E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 5.6E-01 1.02E+00

In II 2941.1

3

1

1.4E+00

4 4

4 6

2.71E+00 1.6E-01

10 10 10 10

10 12 10 10

2.1E-01 3.2E-01 4.7E-01 2.5E-01

Indium

Iodine II 1782.8 1830.4 Iridium Ir I 2475.12 2502.98 2639.71 2661.98

5/4/05 8:07:39 AM


10-110 λ Å 2664.79 2694.23 2849.72 2853.31 2882.64 2924.79 2934.64 2951.22 3003.63 3168.88 3220.78 3558.99 3573.72 3617.21 3628.67 3661.71 3734.77 4033.76 4069.92 4913.35 4939.24

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 8 10 6 8 6 8 8 8 8 6 12 10

8 12 10 10 8 12 10 8 10 10 8 8 10 8 8 10 8 10 8 12 12

9 9 7 9 7 5 3 9 5 3 1 5 3 1 3 9 7 9 7 5 7 3 7 9 5 5 1 3 3 5 7 7 5 11 13 11

7 7 5 9 7 5 5 7 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 11 9 7 5 3 9 1 7 9 5 7 3 5 5 7 9 7 7 9 13 11

8

λ –1

4.0E-01 4.8E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-03 7.2E-02 1.42E-01 2.0E-01 2.8E-02 5.9E-02 5.47E-02 2.4E-01 1.5E-02 5.4E-02 2.0E-02 2.8E-02 4.0E-02 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 3.6E-02 3.3E-02 2.5E-03

Iron Fe I 1934.54 1937.27 1940.66 2132.02 2145.19 2153.01 2161.58 2166.77 2171.30 2173.21 2176.84 2191.84 2196.04 2200.39 2200.72 2259.51 2272.07 2276.03 2284.09 2287.25 2292.52 2294.41 2297.79 2298.17 2299.22 2300.14 2301.68 2303.58 2309.00 2313.10 2320.36 2373.62 2389.97 2438.18 2439.74 2442.57

Section 10.indb 110

2.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.6E-01 7.6E-02 5.7E-02 6.9E-02 5.0E-02 2.7E+00 5.1E-02 8.3E-02 1.0E-01 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 8.9E-01 2.8E-01 5.66E-02 2.92E-02 1.25E-01 1.29E-01 2.23E-01 2.96E-02 3.61E-01 1.44E-01 3.09E-01 7.03E-02 4.99E-02 8.68E-02 4.83E-02 1.02E-01 1.18E-01 1.41E-01 6.53E-02 4.47E-02 7.09E-02 3.46E+00 3.12E+00

Å 2443.87 2453.48 2453.57 2457.60 2462.18 2462.65 2463.73 2465.15 2468.88 2470.97 2472.34 2472.87 2472.89 2473.16 2474.81 2476.66 2479.48 2479.78 2483.27 2483.53 2484.19 2485.99 2486.69 2487.07 2488.14 2489.75 2489.91 2490.64 2491.16 2491.99 2494.00 2496.53 2501.13 2501.69 2505.01 2506.57 2507.90 2510.83 2517.66 2518.10 2519.63 2522.85 2524.29 2527.27 2527.44 2529.14 2529.31 2529.84 2533.14 2535.61 2537.17 2537.46 2540.97 2542.10 2543.92 2545.98 2549.61 2576.69 2584.54 2599.57

gi

11 9 11 11 7 9 7 9 11 9 11 5 7 9 7 5 5 5 9 5 3 9 7 3 7 1 3 5 3 9 3 9 9 11 9 7 7 7 5 5 3 9 3 13 7 5 5 3 11 1 13 9 3 11 9 5 7 11 11 9

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 7 13 11 5 9 5 9 11 11 13 3 7 9 7 3 5 5 11 5 3 9 9 3 9 3 5 7 5 9 5 11 7 9 11 9 9 5 7 3 5 9 1 13 7 5 7 3 11 3 15 11 5 13 11 7 9 11 13 9

8

Weights

λ –1

5.89E-02 1.89E-01 1.23E-01 4.81E-01 1.10E-01 5.85E-01 1.64E-01 4.35E-01 2.40E-01 2.36E-02 7.21E-02 2.10E-01 1.30E+00 2.75E-02 6.13E-01 3.05E-01 2.10E-01 1.74E+00 4.80E+00 2.09E-01 2.26E+00 2.94E-02 1.47E-01 6.40E-01 4.20E+00 2.31E+00 8.72E-02 3.44E+00 2.91E+00 3.25E-01 8.89E-02 2.15E-01 6.75E-01 3.69E-02 2.56E-01 2.04E-01 1.93E-01 1.29E+00 1.58E-01 1.93E+00 1.34E-01 2.13E+00 3.23E+00 3.46E-01 1.93E+00 9.91E-01 4.86E+00 3.83E-01 2.07E-01 9.59E-01 3.70E+00 3.19E-02 9.59E-01 4.47E+00 4.70E+00 7.16E-01 2.31E-01 1.13E-01 3.15E-01 1.47E-01

Å 2606.83 2609.22 2618.02 2623.53 2632.24 2635.72 2635.81 2641.03 2641.64 2644.00 2656.15 2662.06 2666.81 2666.97 2669.49 2679.02 2679.06 2689.21 2689.83 2697.02 2699.11 2701.91 2702.45 2706.01 2706.58 2708.57 2710.54 2711.66 2716.26 2716.42 2718.44 2719.03 2719.06 2719.42 2720.90 2723.58 2724.95 2726.06 2728.02 2728.82 2731.28 2733.58 2735.48 2737.31 2737.64 2742.25 2742.41 2743.57 2744.07 2744.53 2750.14 2753.69 2754.03 2755.18 2756.33 2757.32 2761.78 2762.03 2767.52 2769.30

gi

9 7 7 7 5 11 5 9 9 3 13 7 11 9 11 9 11 9 7 7 9 9 13 13 7 9 5 9 9 11 5 9 7 11 7 5 7 3 9 9 5 11 9 3 13 7 5 7 1 5 7 3 5 11 3 3 5 7 9 13

11 7 7 9 5 9 7 7 7 5 15 5 9 11 13 11 11 7 9 9 9 7 11 13 5 9 7 11 9 9 3 7 7 11 5 3 9 1 9 9 7 9 7 3 11 5 5 7 3 3 7 1 5 9 5 3 5 7 9 13

gk

A 108 s–1 2.43E-01 4.60E-01 1.50E-01 2.13E-01 1.21E-01 4.29E-02 2.11E-01 7.71E-02 6.47E-02 2.34E-01 1.63E-01 4.64E-02 8.91E-02 5.16E-02 1.34E-01 1.10E-01 1.50E-01 1.68E-01 3.04E-02 3.51E-02 5.59E-02 1.05E-01 4.23E-02 2.28E-01 2.69E-01 6.49E-01 5.99E-02 4.99E-02 3.70E-02 4.96E-02 3.79E-01 1.42E+00 7.40E-01 3.20E-01 1.04E+00 5.69E-01 4.76E-02 5.52E-01 3.45E-02 2.98E-01 6.84E-02 7.10E-01 5.03E-01 7.25E-01 1.14E-01 3.41E-01 4.70E-01 4.84E-02 3.09E-01 2.53E-01 2.74E-01 4.00E-01 7.29E-02 5.13E-02 1.41E-01 2.85E-01 1.94E-01 1.76E-01 1.48E-01 1.80E-01

5/4/05 8:07:41 AM


Section 10.indb 111

gi

11 5 11 9 11 9 11 11 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 9 5 9 5 7 3 7 9 5 9 11 11 9 5 7 5 11 9 7 13 9 5 11 11 7 7 9 9 5 7 9 7 5 5 3 5 11 11 1 9 3 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 7 11 9 11 11 13 9 9 9 9 7 11 9 11 7 9 9 11 5 7 7 5 5 9 9 3 9 11 13 9 5 7 3 11 11 9 13 11 5 11 11 9 5 9 9 5 7 9 7 5 7 3 3 13 9 3 11 3 5

8

10-111 λ

–1

2.34E-02 4.12E-02 9.08E-02 9.01E-02 2.30E-02 2.27E-02 5.92E-01 2.36E-01 4.52E-02 1.04E-01 1.05E-01 2.40E-01 1.15E-01 5.00E-02 3.42E-01 1.51E-01 1.32E-01 2.38E-01 5.41E-02 1.28E-01 6.96E-02 3.17E-01 7.86E-02 3.37E-01 5.91E-02 4.13E-02 1.45E-01 4.61E-02 2.91E-02 7.98E-02 8.78E-02 4.83E-01 4.24E-02 4.68E-01 1.78E-01 1.61E-01 8.98E-02 1.18E+00 7.44E-02 6.38E-02 1.39E+00 2.97E-01 1.69E-01 5.10E-02 1.53E+00 1.40E-01 9.30E-02 1.83E-01 3.32E-01 3.64E-01 1.89E-01 1.06E-01 1.77E-01 1.31E-01 5.02E-01 8.48E-02 1.16E-01 2.72E-01 8.26E-02 1.08E-01

Å 2973.13 2973.24 2976.13 2980.53 2981.45 2981.85 2982.23 2983.57 2987.29 2990.39 2994.43 2996.39 2999.51 3000.45 3000.95 3003.03 3004.11 3005.30 3007.15 3008.14 3009.09 3009.57 3011.48 3015.92 3016.18 3018.98 3019.29 3020.49 3020.64 3021.07 3024.03 3025.64 3025.84 3026.46 3030.15 3031.64 3037.39 3040.43 3041.64 3041.74 3042.02 3042.66 3047.60 3053.07 3055.26 3057.45 3059.09 3060.54 3066.48 3067.00 3067.12 3067.24 3068.17 3073.98 3075.72 3078.43 3079.99 3083.74 3091.58 3098.19

gi

5 7 5 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 7 3 11 9 5 7 11 13 9 3 13 9 7 11 5 7 9 5 9 7 3 13 1 5 11 3 3 9 7 7 3 5 5 3 7 11 7 9 9 11 5 9 5 11 7 1 9 5 3 11

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 9 7 7 5 9 7 7 7 11 5 5 11 11 3 5 11 15 7 1 11 9 9 9 3 7 11 5 9 7 5 13 3 5 11 3 5 11 9 9 5 7 7 5 5 9 9 7 7 13 7 7 3 9 5 3 11 3 1 11

8

Weights

λ –1

1.35E-01 1.83E-01 9.70E-02 1.66E-01 6.53E-02 1.86E-01 3.47E-02 2.79E-01 5.25E-02 3.5E-01 4.39E-01 1.70E-01 1.70E-01 5.41E-02 6.42E-01 7.50E-02 2.79E-02 2.94E-02 7.34E-02 1.07E+00 7.77E-02 1.43E-01 3.79E-01 6.3E-02 8.85E-02 1.03E-01 2.33E-02 1.94E-01 7.59E-01 4.55E-01 4.87E-02 5.86E-01 3.48E-01 1.10E-01 5.04E-01 1.38E-01 2.91E-01 2.45E-02 4.24E-02 5.20E-02 4.70E-02 5.20E-02 2.84E-01 1.53E-01 9.48E-02 3.13E-01 1.63E-01 6.75E-02 9.11E-02 1.71E-01 3.89E-02 3.12E-01 1.11E-01 3.83E-02 3.14E-01 1.52E-01 8.35E-02 3.08E-01 5.53E-01 7.52E-02

Å 3099.89 3099.97 3100.30 3100.67 3100.84 3101.00 3112.08 3119.49 3120.44 3125.68 3132.52 3142.45 3142.89 3143.99 3145.06 3147.79 3153.20 3154.50 3156.27 3157.04 3157.89 3160.66 3161.95 3165.86 3166.44 3171.35 3175.44 3178.01 3180.22 3181.52 3182.06 3182.97 3188.57 3188.82 3190.65 3190.82 3192.80 3193.30 3194.42 3196.12 3196.93 3199.53 3202.56 3205.40 3210.23 3210.83 3211.61 3211.99 3214.01 3214.06 3215.94 3217.38 3219.58 3219.80 3221.92 3222.07 3225.79 3227.80 3228.25 3229.99

gi

3 9 5 7 13 9 11 11 9 13 9 7 5 9 9 7 7 5 7 9 5 9 11 7 9 9 11 11 7 7 9 5 11 3 9 9 3 5 5 11 9 9 9 3 9 5 9 11 7 7 5 11 7 9 3 11 11 9 5 9

3 9 5 7 11 9 11 9 7 11 7 7 5 9 9 7 9 7 7 11 7 9 13 9 7 7 11 9 9 5 9 7 11 5 11 9 5 7 3 9 11 9 7 3 11 3 9 9 7 5 5 9 9 7 3 11 13 7 3 11

gk

A 108 s–1 1.93E-01 8.23E-02 1.87E-01 1.35E-01 2.73E-02 5.53E-02 5.24E-02 8.28E-02 7.26E-02 8.46E-02 3.39E-01 3.93E-02 5.65E-02 6.10E-01 4.65E-02 7.59E-02 7.91E-02 4.64E-02 6.36E-01 1.26E-01 1.61E-01 1.93E-01 4.65E-02 5.35E-02 1.14E-01 1.85E-01 1.44E-01 1.28E-01 4.42E-01 1.84E-01 3.23E-02 1.42E-01 5.00E-02 2.53E-01 5.75E-02 5.55E-02 5.01E-01 3.07E-01 1.08E-01 1.40E-01 5.97E-01 2.23E-01 6.18E-02 9.77E-01 1.15E-01 9.24E-01 3.07E-02 4.64E-01 8.38E-01 1.18E+00 6.19E-01 1.50E-01 4.64E-01 3.61E-01 1.22E-01 8.65E-01 1.18E+00 4.96E-01 3.72E-01 1.06E-01

5/4/05 8:07:43 AM


10-112 λ Å 3230.21 3230.96 3233.05 3233.97 3239.43 3244.19 3246.96 3248.20 3250.76 3252.91 3253.60 3254.36 3257.23 3257.59 3259.99 3264.51 3265.62 3271.00 3271.48 3280.26 3282.89 3284.59 3286.75 3290.99 3292.02 3292.59 3298.13 3305.97 3306.34 3306.35 3307.23 3310.34 3310.49 3314.74 3319.25 3322.47 3323.74 3328.87 3335.77 3336.26 3337.67 3340.56 3341.91 3342.29 3347.93 3354.06 3355.23 3369.55 3370.78 3380.11 3383.69 3383.98 3392.30 3392.65 3394.58 3399.33 3402.26 3403.29 3404.35 3406.44

Section 10.indb 112

gi

5 7 13 9 9 9 5 7 11 9 7 11 9 7 7 5 7 5 7 9 3 5 7 3 7 3 3 5 9 3 13 11 7 5 9 9 5 11 3 9 11 5 11 3 5 1 9 9 11 7 5 7 5 7 5 5 13 5 5 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 5 15 9 9 11 3 7 11 11 9 13 9 5 9 3 5 3 7 11 5 5 7 5 9 3 5 7 9 5 13 11 9 7 9 11 5 11 5 9 9 5 11 3 5 3 9 9 11 7 3 7 5 7 3 5 13 7 7 5

8

λ –1


Å 3406.80 3407.46 3410.17 3411.35 3413.13 3415.53 3417.84 3418.51 3422.66 3424.28 3425.01 3426.63 3426.67 3427.12 3428.19 3431.81 3440.61 3440.99 3443.88 3445.15 3447.28 3450.33 3451.91 3458.30 3459.91 3465.86 3468.84 3469.01 3475.45 3475.65 3476.34 3476.85 3485.34 3489.67 3490.57 3495.29 3497.10 3500.56 3505.06 3506.50 3508.47 3513.82 3516.41 3516.56 3521.26 3522.27 3522.90 3523.31 3524.07 3524.24 3526.17 3526.24 3526.38 3526.47 3526.67 3527.79 3529.82 3530.39 3533.01 3533.20

gi

3 7 3 9 5 3 3 3 3 7 9 5 11 7 5 5 9 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 9 9 5 7 7 7 5 11 7 9 7 7 5 5 9 11 7 7 9 11 5 5 7 5 7 7 7 5 5 9 3 13 1 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 9 5 9 7 5 3 1 5 7 7 3 11 9 5 7 7 5 3 7 5 3 5 1 3 3 11 9 5 5 7 9 3 13 7 7 7 5 3 5 11 11 9 5 9 11 7 3 5 7 7 9 7 5 5 9 3 13 3 5

8

Weights

λ –1


Å 3534.53 3536.56 3537.73 3537.89 3540.12 3541.08 3542.08 3543.67 3545.64 3547.19 3552.11 3552.83 3553.74 3554.50 3554.92 3556.88 3558.52 3559.50 3560.70 3565.38 3567.03 3568.82 3568.97 3570.10 3572.00 3572.59 3573.39 3573.83 3573.89 3575.11 3575.25 3575.37 3576.76 3578.38 3581.19 3581.65 3581.81 3582.20 3584.66 3584.79 3584.96 3585.19 3585.32 3585.71 3586.11 3586.74 3586.98 3587.24 3588.53 3588.61 3588.92 3589.45 3594.63 3595.30 3597.02 3599.63 3602.46 3602.53 3603.20 3603.82

gi

11 5 5 11 7 9 7 3 9 9 3 5 11 3 11 9 5 3 7 7 5 7 11 9 11 9 5 13 9 3 11 5 11 1 11 11 3 13 11 7 11 11 7 9 13 13 5 7 9 11 5 9 9 5 5 11 7 7 11 3

11 7 3 11 9 11 9 5 9 9 5 5 9 5 13 11 7 3 9 9 7 9 9 11 11 9 7 13 7 3 9 5 9 3 13 9 5 11 11 5 9 9 7 9 11 13 5 9 7 11 3 7 9 5 3 9 7 5 11 3

gk

A 108 s–1 2.20E-02 9.95E-01 1.33E-01 8.0E-02 9.48E-02 8.65E-01 9.51E-01 1.6E-01 2.05E-01 7.13E-02 4.8E-02 1.74E-01 1.09E+00 9.87E-02 1.40E+00 4.1E-01 1.77E-01 2.2E-01 7.4E-02 4.29E-01 8.34E-02 6.72E-02 4.64E-02 6.76E-01 2.89E-01 3.31E-02 1.05E-01 2.41E-02 5.73E-01 1.60E-01 7.43E-02 3.06E-01 8.8E-02 7.82E-02 1.02E+00 3.21E-02 8.68E-02 2.35E-01 3.29E-01 1.56E-01 6.74E-01 3.19E-02 1.17E-01 3.75E-02 7.02E-01 3.62E-02 1.66E-01 7.73E-02 7.21E-02 1.19E-01 2.15E-01 1.05E-01 3.14E-01 8.21E-02 1.8E-01 2.33E-01 1.02E-01 2.12E-01 2.59E-01 1.70E-01

5/4/05 8:07:45 AM


Section 10.indb 113

gi

9 13 11 9 3 13 5 11 7 5 11 9 5 9 11 7 13 11 9 11 7 3 11 9 9 5 9 7 9 7 9 1 3 9 11 7 11 7 5 9 7 11 9 7 9 9 3 11 5 9 5 7 7 5 9 9 9 11 9 7

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 11 13 11 5 13 3 13 7 7 9 9 7 11 9 7 13 9 7 11 9 5 9 11 7 7 9 9 11 5 9 3 3 11 9 7 11 9 5 9 9 9 7 9 7 7 5 13 3 11 7 5 5 5 7 7 11 9 9 9

8

10-113 λ

–1

4.66E-01 2.12E-01 8.29E-01 6.22E-02 8.13E-01 5.90E-01 1.05E-01 1.11E-01 7.0E-02 7.09E-01 4.89E-02 8.88E-02 7.22E-01 4.45E-01 1.07E-01 5.14E-01 6.68E-02 8.15E-02 1.04E-01 2.15E-01 5.17E-01 6.74E-01 5.69E-02 3.54E-02 1.05E-01 2.20E-01 5.9E-02 2.36E-01 3.57E-01 8.3E-02 2.91E-02 4.87E-01 3.38E-01 2.91E-01 3.94E-01 2.26E-01 6.15E-02 5.83E-01 1.18E-01 6.31E-02 4.68E-02 3.87E-02 1.3E-01 3.2E-02 8.03E-02 2.34E-01 8.60E-02 7.20E-02 7.91E-02 4.63E-02 2.28E-01 6.08E-01 1.04E-01 1.5E+00 2.97E-01 9.29E-02 3.34E-01 8.00E-02 7.38E-02 7.3E-02

Å 3689.46 3690.45 3690.73 3694.01 3695.05 3697.43 3698.60 3699.14 3701.09 3702.03 3703.55 3703.69 3703.82 3704.46 3707.92 3709.25 3711.22 3711.41 3716.44 3718.41 3719.93 3721.50 3722.56 3724.38 3726.93 3727.09 3727.62 3727.81 3730.39 3730.46 3730.95 3732.40 3734.86 3735.32 3737.13 3738.31 3740.24 3742.62 3743.36 3743.47 3744.10 3745.56 3746.93 3748.26 3748.96 3749.49 3753.61 3756.94 3757.45 3758.23 3759.15 3760.05 3760.53 3762.20 3763.79 3765.54 3765.70 3767.19 3778.51 3779.45

gi

9 1 11 5 7 7 5 5 7 3 7 9 1 11 7 9 7 3 9 7 9 5 5 5 5 9 7 7 9 7 5 5 11 9 7 11 7 9 5 11 5 5 7 3 9 9 7 11 5 7 13 13 3 9 5 13 11 3 7 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 3 11 7 9 7 7 7 9 1 7 11 3 9 5 7 9 5 7 7 11 5 5 7 5 7 5 5 11 9 7 5 11 9 9 13 9 9 3 11 3 7 7 5 11 9 5 11 3 7 11 15 5 11 5 15 11 3 5 3

8

Weights

λ –1


Å 3781.94 3785.95 3786.19 3787.16 3787.88 3789.18 3789.82 3793.48 3794.34 3795.00 3797.51 3798.51 3799.55 3801.68 3801.98 3802.28 3804.01 3805.34 3806.22 3806.70 3807.54 3808.73 3810.76 3812.96 3813.06 3813.88 3815.84 3816.34 3817.64 3819.49 3820.43 3821.18 3821.83 3825.88 3827.82 3829.45 3833.31 3834.22 3836.33 3839.26 3840.44 3841.05 3843.26 3845.70 3845.99 3846.41 3846.80 3849.97 3852.57 3854.37 3856.37 3859.21 3859.91 3865.52 3867.22 3871.75 3872.50 3873.76 3878.02 3878.67

gi

5 11 5 5 3 9 9 7 9 5 13 9 7 5 11 5 11 9 3 11 3 9 5 7 7 13 9 5 11 7 11 11 5 9 7 3 9 7 5 9 5 5 9 5 9 11 7 3 7 9 7 13 9 3 5 11 5 11 7 9

7 13 5 5 5 11 7 7 11 7 13 11 9 7 13 5 9 11 3 11 5 9 3 5 7 11 7 7 11 5 9 13 5 7 5 3 9 5 5 9 3 3 7 7 7 9 7 1 9 7 5 11 9 3 5 11 5 9 7 7

gk

A 108 s–1 3.8E-02 4.14E-02 1.3E-01 9.9E-02 1.29E-01 2.16E-02 4.1E-02 7.92E-02 4.15E-02 1.15E-01 4.57E-01 3.23E-02 7.31E-02 6.26E-02 3.7E-02 5.63E-02 4.6E-02 8.60E-01 2.5E-01 4.35E-01 9.37E-02 3.54E-02 1.94E-01 7.91E-02 5.52E-02 6.62E-02 1.12E+00 4.16E-02 7.7E-02 4.9E-02 6.67E-01 5.54E-01 7.30E-02 5.97E-01 1.05E+00 1.32E-01 4.68E-02 4.52E-01 3.29E-01 2.35E-01 4.70E-01 1.36E+00 3.70E-01 5.89E-02 4.5E-02 1.68E-01 6.20E-01 6.05E-01 3.26E-02 5.07E-02 4.64E-02 7.25E-02 9.69E-02 1.55E-01 3.16E-01 5.83E-02 1.05E-01 6.57E-02 7.72E-02 7.02E-02

5/4/05 8:07:47 AM


10-114 λ Å 3878.73 3883.28 3884.36 3885.51 3886.28 3887.05 3888.51 3888.82 3891.93 3893.39 3894.01 3897.89 3900.52 3902.95 3903.90 3906.75 3907.93 3909.66 3911.00 3916.73 3918.42 3918.64 3919.07 3925.64 3925.94 3926.01 3928.08 3931.12 3932.63 3933.60 3935.81 3941.28 3942.44 3946.99 3947.53 3948.10 3948.77 3949.95 3951.16 3952.60 3953.15 3955.34 3956.46 3956.68 3957.02 3960.28 3963.10 3967.42 3967.96 3969.26 3970.39 3971.32 3973.65 3976.61 3977.74 3981.77 3983.96 3985.39 3989.86 3996.96

Section 10.indb 114

gi

3 7 11 3 7 9 5 5 3 11 5 11 7 7 9 5 7 3 9 13 3 7 9 5 1 7 9 5 9 3 5 5 3 9 5 7 11 7 3 11 7 3 13 11 5 5 3 9 7 9 3 11 5 3 5 9 9 5 5 9

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 7 9 5 7 9 5 3 3 11 5 13 7 7 9 7 5 5 9 11 1 7 9 5 3 7 9 7 11 5 5 5 5 11 5 9 9 5 5 11 9 3 11 13 7 7 5 7 9 7 1 9 7 5 5 9 7 5 7 9

8

λ –1


Å 3997.39 3998.05 4005.24 4006.31 4009.71 4014.53 4017.15 4018.27 4021.87 4024.73 4030.49 4030.89 4031.96 4040.64 4043.90 4044.61 4045.59 4045.81 4054.87 4058.22 4062.44 4063.59 4067.98 4070.77 4071.74 4073.76 4074.79 4076.63 4076.80 4079.17 4080.21 4084.49 4085.00 4085.30 4085.98 4098.18 4107.49 4109.80 4112.96 4118.55 4125.62 4126.18 4127.61 4132.06 4132.90 4134.68 4137.00 4142.59 4143.41 4143.87 4149.37 4153.90 4154.50 4154.81 4156.80 4157.78 4158.79 4170.90 4172.12 4172.64

gi

9 11 7 11 3 9 9 5 7 7 9 9 3 5 7 5 9 9 5 9 3 7 9 7 5 5 9 9 5 5 3 11 3 7 7 7 5 3 11 11 9 11 1 5 3 5 3 3 9 7 11 7 5 9 5 5 3 5 7 11

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 9 5 9 5 7 11 7 9 9 11 7 5 7 7 3 7 9 3 7 3 7 9 5 5 3 9 9 7 5 1 9 5 7 5 7 3 3 13 13 11 11 3 7 5 7 5 5 9 9 13 9 3 11 5 7 5 5 5 11

8

Weights

λ –1


Å 4175.64 4181.75 4182.38 4184.89 4187.04 4187.80 4191.43 4195.33 4196.21 4198.25 4198.30 4198.63 4199.10 4200.92 4202.03 4203.94 4203.98 4210.34 4217.55 4219.36 4222.21 4224.17 4224.51 4225.45 4227.43 4233.60 4235.94 4238.81 4245.26 4246.09 4247.43 4250.12 4250.79 4260.47 4267.83 4271.15 4271.76 4276.68 4282.40 4294.12 4299.23 4307.90 4309.03 4315.08 4325.76 4327.10 4369.77 4383.55 4388.41 4401.29 4404.75 4415.12 4422.57 4433.22 4443.19 4455.03 4466.55 4469.38 4476.02 4484.22

gi

3 5 5 5 7 9 5 11 7 9 11 5 9 7 9 13 3 3 3 11 7 9 3 5 11 3 9 7 1 7 9 5 7 11 1 7 9 9 7 9 9 7 13 5 5 5 9 9 7 7 7 5 3 5 1 9 5 5 3 7

5 7 5 5 5 7 3 11 7 9 9 5 11 9 9 13 5 3 5 13 7 11 5 7 13 5 9 9 3 5 11 7 7 11 3 9 11 9 5 9 11 9 13 5 7 5 9 11 7 7 9 7 3 3 3 7 7 7 5 9

gk


5/4/05 8:07:49 AM


Section 10.indb 115

gi

3 5 7 5 7 7 7 7 7 5 7 9 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 9 3 7 11 9 13 11 3 5 5 7 9 11 7 7 5 3 9 9 7 5 11 7 9 5 5 7 7 5 5 9 9 13 5 7 1 5 7 3 9 5

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 7 9 7 5 5 7 7 9 7 9 11 7 9 3 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 9 9 11 11 3 3 5 7 7 11 5 9 3 5 7 11 5 5 9 5 9 7 3 7 5 3 5 11 7 11 5 9 3 7 7 5 9 7

8

10-115 λ

–1


Å 5364.87 5367.47 5369.96 5373.71 5383.37 5393.17 5398.28 5404.15 5410.91 5415.20 5463.28 5473.90 5476.29 5476.56 5563.60 5569.62 5572.84 5576.09 5586.76 5594.66 5602.95 5615.64 5624.54 5633.95 5638.26 5649.99 5655.18 5658.82 5662.52 5679.02 5686.53 5705.99 5753.12 5762.99 5816.37 5905.67 6301.50 6400.00 6411.65 6419.95 6469.19 6496.47 6569.22 6633.75 6841.34 6855.16 7187.32 7511.02 8220.38 8699.45 9012.07 9401.11 9414.04 9443.80 9569.91 9626.50 9738.57 9763.38 9861.74 9889.04

gi

5 7 9 7 11 7 5 9 7 11 9 7 7 9 5 5 7 3 9 9 3 11 5 11 9 3 7 7 11 5 9 7 3 5 9 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 7 5 7 9 11 13 7 11 9 7 5 11 9 11 3 7 9

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 9 11 9 13 9 5 11 9 13 9 7 9 9 7 3 5 1 7 9 3 9 5 13 7 5 9 7 9 7 11 9 5 7 11 3 5 9 7 7 3 5 9 7 7 9 11 11 11 9 9 11 9 7 11 9 13 5 9 11

8

Weights

λ –1


Å

gi

22473.28 23566.67 24547.95 24729.10

11 9 11 13

11 11 9 11

Fe II 1055.26 1063.97 1068.35 1071.58 1096.88 1112.05 1121.97 1122.84 1125.45 1127.10 1128.05 1130.44 1133.40 1133.67 1138.63 1142.37 1143.23 1144.94 1147.41 1148.28 1151.15 1267.42 1272.61 1272.65 1371.02 1563.79 1580.63 1588.69 1608.45 1608.54 1610.92 1611.20 1618.47 1621.25 1621.69 1623.09 1625.52 1625.91 1629.16 1631.13 1633.91 1634.35 1635.40 1636.33 1637.40 1639.40 1641.76 1647.16 1661.32 1663.70 1670.75 1676.86 1688.40 1702.04

10 10 8 6 10 10 10 8 10 10 2 6 8 10 8 10 10 10 8 8 6 8 6 6 14 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 4 8 4 10 2 6 6 10 6 10 8 6 10

8 8 8 8 8 12 8 6 8 10 4 8 10 8 8 8 10 12 8 10 8 6 4 4 12 8 10 8 8 8 10 8 8 8 6 8 10 8 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 4 4 6 8 8 8 8 8 12

gk

A 108 s–1 3.32E-02 2.21E-02 3.72E-02 5.08E-02 4.6E-01 3.5E-01 1.59E+00 1.14E+00 2.26E+00 2.0E-01 1.92E+00 1.81E+00 1.03E+00 5.9E-02 1.40E+00 3.1E-01 2.6E-01 3.1E-01 5.5E-01 2.6E-01 9.8E-01 3.52E+00 1.24E+00 3.35E+00 2.23E+00 9.3E-01 3.3E-01 2.2E-01 1.74E+00 1.33E+00 5.8E-01 4.9E-03 1.91E+00 2.1E-02 1.94E-01 4.40E-02 5.53E-01 1.3E-02 1.32E+00 1.99E-01 4.04E-01 1.02E-01 8.66E-01 6.93E-01 3.85E-01 3.21E-01 2.28E+00 9.63E-01 3.57E-01 6.85E-01 1.76E+00 4.98E-01 1.2E-02 9.9E-03 1.06E+00 6.75E-02 2.53E-02 1.02E+00

5/4/05 8:07:51 AM


10-116 λ Å 1761.37 1785.27 1786.75 1788.08 1796.98 1818.52 1833.08 1863.11 2020.75 2057.33 2074.19 2078.16 2097.02 2122.45 2146.37 2162.02 2182.36 2187.68 2189.03 2191.98 2201.59 2208.41 2209.03 2213.66 2218.26 2220.38 2228.73 2249.18 2250.18 2250.94 2251.56 2253.13 2254.41 2255.77 2260.08 2260.24 2260.86 2262.69 2266.00 2267.59 2268.56 2268.82 2279.92 2292.42 2296.88 2312.22 2327.40 2327.88 2331.31 2332.80 2338.01 2338.54 2343.50 2343.96 2344.28 2345.34 2348.12 2348.30 2351.20 2351.67

Section 10.indb 116

gi

8 6 6 6 6 8 6 6 6 6 10 10 8 10 8 10 10 8 10 8 6 10 10 14 8 12 6 10 4 6 8 8 4 6 10 2 4 4 6 6 2 8 8 12 6 10 6 10 10 8 4 10 10 8 2 14 10 6 12 6

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 8 6 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 8 8 8 10 8 8 10 8 8 10 8 14 10 12 8 8 4 6 6 8 2 4 10 2 6 4 6 8 4 8 10 10 8 8 4 12 8 6 4 12 8 6 4 12 8 6 10 6

8

λ –1

1.42E+00 1.2E+01 1.2E+01 4.6E+00 3.0E-03 5.70E-02 2.2E-02 2.4E-03 1.83E-01 2.80E-02 2.30E-02 2.84E-02 1.07E-02 4.8E-03 7.1E-03 2.54E-01 8.6E-02 2.87E-02 1.97E-02 7.54E-01 7.77E-01 1.59E+00 1.27E+00 3.26E-01 1.57E+00 4.19E-01 1.59E+00 3.00E-02 1.67E-02 3.19E-02 9.8E-03 4.41E-02 5.5E-03 4.75E-01 3.18E-02 3.4E-02 2.16E-02 1.98E-02 1.0E-02 3.69E-02 6.0E-03 3.97E-03 4.49E-02 8.42E-03 1.82E-02 9.3E-03 6.55E-01 1.08E+00 3.17E-01 1.31E+00 1.13E+00 5.6E-02 1.73E+00 3.13E-01 9.27E-01 7.3E-01 6.50E-01 1.15E+00 7.19E-01 1.80E+00

Å 2352.31 2353.47 2353.68 2354.48 2354.89 2356.21 2359.11 2359.60 2360.00 2360.29 2360.53 2361.73 2362.02 2363.86 2364.83 2365.76 2366.59 2366.88 2368.60 2369.95 2370.50 2372.36 2373.74 2375.19 2376.43 2378.55 2378.70 2379.28 2379.42 2380.76 2382.04 2382.36 2382.90 2383.06 2383.24 2384.39 2385.01 2388.39 2388.63 2390.10 2390.76 2391.48 2394.00 2395.42 2395.63 2396.72 2399.24 2400.05 2401.29 2402.45 2402.60 2402.63 2404.43 2404.89 2406.09 2406.66 2410.27 2410.52 2411.07 2411.81

gi

2 12 8 10 6 6 4 10 10 8 6 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 6 10 4 10 10 4 12 8 8 8 10 6 10 4 12 8 6 4 6 10 8 14 6 8 12 6 8 10 6 12 6 10 6 8 4 6 6 4 8 4 2 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 14 8 8 4 8 6 10 10 6 8 8 8 10 8 6 6 10 4 12 4 8 10 2 14 8 8 8 10 8 12 6 14 6 6 4 8 12 8 16 6 10 10 4 10 12 6 14 8 10 8 8 2 8 8 4 8 6 2 12

8

Weights

λ –1

4.38E+00 4.98E+00 1.30E+00 8.13E-01 2.67E-01 7.1E-03 5.0E-01 2.25E-01 3.59E-01 6.23E-01 2.22E-01 2.40E-01 1.41E-01 5.3E+00 5.90E-01 2.16E+00 1.01E-01 3.51E-02 6.06E-01 5.9E+00 1.73E-01 6.6E-03 4.25E-01 9.81E-01 6.4E+00 1.70E-01 1.49E-01 2.73E-01 3.68E-01 3.10E-01 3.13E+00 3.19E-02 1.62E-01 1.0E-01 3.59E-01 3.22E-01 3.60E-02 2.02E-01 1.05E+00 5.5E+00 1.17E+00 3.77E-02 9.4E-02 2.67E-01 2.59E+00 2.15E-01 1.39E+00 4.57E+00 1.89E+00 5.8E-01 2.17E-02 8.19E-01 6.44E-01 1.96E+00 2.05E-02 1.61E+00 7.65E-01 1.55E+00 2.37E+00 4.33E+00

Å 2412.01 2413.31 2414.10 2414.51 2416.45 2417.87 2418.17 2418.44 2419.89 2422.69 2422.93 2423.21 2424.15 2424.39 2424.50 2424.59 2424.65 2428.08 2428.36 2428.80 2429.04 2429.39 2429.86 2430.08 2432.26 2432.87 2433.50 2434.06 2434.24 2434.73 2434.95 2435.00 2436.62 2439.30 2440.42 2441.13 2442.38 2443.71 2444.52 2445.11 2445.57 2445.80 2446.11 2446.47 2447.21 2447.33 2447.76 2449.96 2450.21 2453.98 2454.58 2455.71 2455.90 2457.10 2458.78 2458.97 2460.44 2461.28 2461.86 2463.28

gi

6 2 14 10 8 12 6 6 10 6 10 4 10 6 8 6 8 12 8 4 2 4 8 8 6 14 10 8 8 12 4 8 6 12 6 10 10 8 6 12 4 4 8 12 6 4 12 4 2 8 14 8 4 6 10 6 10 6 8 12

8 4 12 8 10 12 8 8 10 8 8 6 12 8 8 6 8 10 10 4 4 4 8 10 8 14 12 6 10 12 6 8 8 14 8 10 12 10 8 12 6 6 8 14 6 2 10 4 4 10 12 8 6 4 12 4 12 8 10 10

gk

A 108 s–1 1.66E-01 1.02E+00 1.05E-02 4.2E-03 2.38E+00 9.5E-01 2.0E-02 2.28E+00 2.2E-02 1.46E+00 2.94E-02 1.40E+00 2.21E+00 1.61E-01 2.9E-03 1.24E+00 6.55E-02 7.0E-03 2.68E+00 1.38E+00 1.23E+00 6.9E-01 1.51E+00 1.91E+00 1.57E+00 2.86E+00 1.30E-01 7.2E-01 2.01E+00 2.79E+00 1.39E+00 2.02E+00 2.70E+00 2.25E+00 1.18E+00 8.95E-01 2.75E+00 1.44E+00 2.78E+00 2.03E+00 2.07E+00 1.23E+00 1.06E+00 2.99E-01 1.15E+00 2.56E+00 1.97E+00 1.24E+00 1.26E+00 1.31E+00 1.16E+00 1.01E+00 1.73E+00 4.71E-01 2.31E+00 2.51E+00 5.39E+00 2.34E+00 2.43E+00 7.1E-01

5/4/05 8:07:54 AM


Section 10.indb 117

gi

10 6 8 2 4 6 10 10 8 6 8 8 10 8 2 4 6 8 8 6 10 12 14 4 12 6 8 4 8 4 12 12 10 8 10 10 14 6 12 10 6 6 2 8 12 8 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 10 8 2 8 6 8 14

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 4 6 4 2 4 10 8 6 6 6 8 8 10 2 6 8 10 8 6 8 12 14 4 10 4 10 6 8 4 12 12 12 8 8 12 16 6 10 12 6 8 2 8 12 8 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 8 4 6 4 8 14

8

10-117 λ

–1

1.32E+00 2.22E+00 1.62E+00 2.40E+00 2.64E+00 1.77E+00 9.8E-02 2.23E-02 2.58E+00 6.0E-01 1.54E+00 5.4E-03 4.15E-01 3.22E+00 2.74E+00 3.72E+00 3.18E+00 9.7E-02 1.70E-01 9.1E-01 1.55E+00 1.46E-01 6.5E-01 2.23E+00 1.25E+00 1.69E+00 5.4E-01 8.3E-02 2.16E+00 2.6E-02 5.1E-01 1.94E+00 1.44E+00 8.8E-01 1.01E+00 2.30E-01 3.04E+00 1.74E+00 2.97E-02 8.4E-03 1.68E+00 2.41E+00 1.48E+00 1.43E+00 7.3E-01 3.32E-01 2.53E-01 2.23E+00 9.9E-01 1.98E+00 3.79E-01 1.54E-01 2.30E+00 2.49E-01 2.11E+00 9.2E-01 2.10E+00 2.05E+00 2.36E+00 1.91E+00

Å 2525.92 2526.08 2526.29 2527.10 2527.71 2528.68 2529.08 2529.23 2529.55 2530.10 2533.63 2534.42 2535.36 2535.49 2536.67 2536.81 2536.84 2537.14 2538.21 2538.40 2538.50 2538.68 2538.91 2538.99 2539.81 2540.52 2540.66 2541.10 2541.84 2542.32 2542.74 2543.38 2543.43 2544.97 2545.22 2545.44 2545.53 2546.67 2547.34 2548.16 2548.32 2548.59 2548.74 2548.92 2549.08 2549.40 2549.46 2549.77 2550.03 2550.15 2550.57 2550.68 2551.20 2554.94 2555.07 2555.45 2557.08 2557.51 2559.24 2559.77

gi

8 10 6 12 10 10 4 12 10 4 12 8 6 10 12 10 12 10 14 6 8 6 10 14 8 2 6 8 8 4 2 10 6 4 8 8 8 8 8 6 4 10 4 12 10 4 6 8 10 8 12 12 10 8 6 4 8 10 8 6

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 8 6 10 8 8 6 10 10 6 12 8 4 8 12 10 14 10 12 8 6 8 8 12 8 2 8 6 6 2 2 12 4 6 10 10 10 8 8 8 6 10 2 10 8 4 6 6 10 10 12 12 8 8 8 6 10 8 8 8

8

Weights

λ –1

7.4E-01 3.52E-01 2.47E+00 3.67E-01 9.1E-01 2.3E-02 1.80E+00 3.27E-01 2.20E+00 6.6E-01 1.92E+00 1.83E+00 2.46E+00 7.47E-01 5.7E-01 1.69E+00 6.8E-01 1.44E+00 1.26E+00 3.7E-02 5.9E-01 7.4E-01 1.28E+00 1.93E+00 5.6E-02 1.26E+00 1.70E+00 9.6E-01 8.2E-01 3.9E-03 1.61E+00 6.7E-01 8.3E-01 3.93E-01 5.3E-01 1.52E-01 1.2E-02 7.98E-01 2.28E-01 8.0E-03 2.69E-01 2.67E-01 2.43E+00 6.0E-01 1.89E+00 1.65E+00 1.12E+00 2.35E-01 1.74E+00 3.91E-01 1.6E-02 1.07E+00 2.48E-01 2.6E-02 1.96E-01 2.49E-01 2.8E-02 1.53E-01 6.4E-02 2.42E-01

Å 2559.93 2560.28 2561.59 2562.09 2562.54 2563.48 2566.22 2566.40 2566.62 2566.91 2568.41 2568.89 2569.78 2570.55 2570.85 2571.55 2572.97 2573.21 2573.76 2574.37 2576.86 2577.43 2577.92 2580.72 2581.11 2582.41 2582.58 2583.05 2583.35 2585.62 2585.88 2586.06 2587.95 2588.19 2588.80 2590.55 2591.54 2592.79 2593.73 2594.96 2595.28 2595.30 2598.37 2599.40 2604.05 2604.67 2605.04 2605.31 2605.43 2605.90 2606.52 2607.09 2608.85 2609.13 2609.44 2609.87 2611.07 2611.34 2611.87 2613.57

gi

6 4 10 4 8 6 8 8 10 4 2 8 2 6 8 10 6 8 8 6 10 6 2 8 6 6 4 8 8 10 10 6 8 2 8 4 6 14 2 8 12 10 8 10 8 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 10 8 6 8 4 8 8 10

8 4 10 2 6 4 10 6 12 2 4 8 4 8 6 10 8 10 8 4 12 8 2 6 6 8 4 10 10 10 8 4 10 2 8 6 6 16 4 8 10 8 6 10 8 10 8 4 6 2 6 4 8 10 8 8 6 6 8 12

gk

A 108 s–1 2.47E-01 1.77E+00 1.1E-02 1.62E+00 1.79E+00 1.51E+00 2.61E+00 2.29E+00 7.1E-02 1.15E+00 4.77E-01 2.8E-02 1.11E+00 1.1E-03 1.84E+00 2.89E-02 7.89E-02 1.42E-01 2.3E-02 2.43E+00 1.32E+00 7.8E-03 1.24E+00 2.2E-02 7.61E-02 2.22E-01 8.80E-01 2.16E-02 9.0E-03 3.09E-01 8.94E-01 5.8E-02 1.69E+00 1.5E-01 8.4E-02 7.9E-02 5.72E-01 2.74E+00 1.63E-01 1.0E-01 1.67E-03 1.2E-02 1.43E+00 2.35E+00 1.49E-01 1.2E-02 2.34E+00 1.99E+00 3.40E-01 1.27E+00 2.31E+00 1.73E+00 5.0E-02 2.77E-01 6.0E-02 1.34E-01 7.28E-02 1.4E-02 1.20E+00 2.0E-02

5/4/05 8:07:56 AM


10-118 λ Å 2613.82 2614.19 2614.59 2614.87 2617.62 2619.08 2620.17 2620.41 2620.70 2621.67 2623.13 2623.72 2625.49 2625.67 2626.50 2626.70 2628.29 2628.58 2629.59 2630.07 2631.05 2631.32 2631.61 2633.20 2636.70 2637.50 2637.64 2639.57 2641.12 2642.01 2646.21 2649.47 2650.48 2651.30 2652.57 2654.63 2657.92 2658.25 2659.06 2662.56 2664.66 2666.64 2667.22 2669.93 2670.38 2671.39 2680.23 2682.51 2683.00 2684.75 2684.96 2686.11 2686.39 2691.74 2692.60 2692.83 2693.86 2697.33 2697.46 2697.73

Section 10.indb 118

gi

4 8 10 8 6 10 6 4 8 2 14 6 12 8 4 8 2 6 6 4 4 6 10 6 4 6 2 2 4 6 12 6 6 12 10 4 10 8 10 2 8 6 4 2 6 2 6 8 4 8 12 6 6 10 10 8 8 4 4 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 10 8 6 6 10 6 4 8 2 14 6 14 10 6 8 4 6 8 6 6 8 12 4 4 6 4 2 4 6 10 8 8 12 8 4 10 8 10 2 10 8 6 4 8 4 8 10 6 10 12 6 4 8 12 6 6 4 2 8

8

λ –1

2.12E+00 3.3E-02 3.37E-02 3.5E-02 4.88E-01 2.48E-01 1.1E-01 4.30E-02 3.43E-01 5.60E-01 8.8E-02 1.92E-01 2.55E+00 3.52E-01 3.48E-01 1.94E-02 8.74E-01 3.4E-02 7.2E-01 5.1E-01 8.16E-01 6.29E-01 6.6E-01 1.21E+00 8.8E-02 6.2E-01 6.6E-01 8.0E-01 3.7E-02 2.29E-01 1.44E-02 1.98E+00 1.60E+00 4.0E-03 4.45E-02 8.1E-01 3.2E-02 2.12E-01 2.5E-03 1.33E+00 1.91E+00 1.87E+00 1.02E+00 5.2E-01 6.0E-02 6.5E-01 1.10E-01 9.2E-01 7.3E-01 1.57E+00 6.4E-03 9.4E-03 1.6E-02 5.04E-02 1.40E+00 1.64E-02 4.2E-02 2.48E-01 1.65E+00 2.6E-02

Å 2699.20 2703.99 2704.58 2707.13 2709.06 2709.38 2709.99 2711.84 2712.39 2714.41 2716.22 2716.44 2716.57 2716.70 2717.88 2718.64 2719.30 2721.81 2722.06 2722.74 2724.88 2726.52 2727.38 2727.54 2728.91 2730.73 2732.01 2732.45 2732.94 2736.49 2736.97 2739.55 2741.39 2743.20 2744.90 2746.48 2746.98 2749.18 2749.32 2749.49 2750.01 2751.13 2752.15 2753.29 2754.89 2755.74 2756.51 2757.03 2759.33 2761.81 2762.33 2762.45 2763.66 2763.91 2764.79 2765.13 2767.50 2768.93 2769.15 2769.35

gi

4 8 8 4 4 6 6 12 10 8 6 6 14 8 16 10 6 12 8 6 6 6 12 6 8 4 10 10 8 2 4 8 6 2 6 4 6 4 6 2 10 4 4 10 8 8 6 10 8 2 6 6 14 8 12 10 12 4 8 12

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 8 8 6 6 4 8 14 12 6 6 6 12 8 14 8 8 10 8 8 6 8 10 4 10 4 8 10 6 4 2 8 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 2 10 4 4 12 6 10 8 8 8 4 6 4 12 6 12 8 14 6 10 14

8

Weights

λ –1

6.2E-01 1.38E+00 1.66E-02 8.3E-01 3.88E-01 2.78E-03 8.7E-03 4.36E-01 1.29E-01 5.70E-01 1.15E+00 2.8E-02 1.35E+00 1.02E-03 1.51E+00 1.18E+00 4.44E-01 5.1E-02 1.42E-01 8.2E-01 9.58E-02 5.0E-02 3.12E-01 9.38E-01 1.25E-01 2.79E-01 7.05E-02 9.8E-04 9.5E-01 1.5E-02 1.22E+00 2.21E+00 2.03E-01 1.97E+00 3.62E-02 2.05E+00 1.69E+00 1.21E+00 2.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.8E-02 2.92E-01 7.7E-01 1.89E+00 1.21E+00 2.15E+00 7.3E-02 8.07E-02 2.7E-04 1.38E-01 6.0E-01 3.3E-02 1.34E+00 2.9E-02 1.1E-02 1.47E+00 1.58E+00 4.75E-02 6.6E-02 2.07E-01

Å 2770.50 2771.19 2771.56 2772.73 2774.69 2775.34 2776.18 2776.91 2779.30 2779.91 2780.05 2783.69 2784.28 2785.19 2787.24 2790.56 2793.89 2796.63 2797.92 2799.29 2799.72 2804.02 2805.32 2805.79 2809.78 2811.27 2812.49 2813.61 2817.09 2819.34 2826.03 2827.43 2828.63 2831.56 2833.09 2835.71 2836.19 2836.51 2837.30 2838.22 2839.51 2839.80 2840.34 2840.65 2840.76 2841.36 2842.08 2843.32 2843.48 2844.96 2845.60 2847.21 2847.77 2848.11 2848.32 2848.91 2849.61 2852.87 2853.21 2855.67

gi

12 10 6 6 2 6 6 8 10 2 2 12 2 12 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 6 4 8 8 12 4 8 6 12 8 12 12 4 6 4 4 2 10 4 10 8 12 2 10 10 8 10 4 2 8 8 4 6 6 12 10 2 6 8

10 12 4 8 4 6 8 8 8 4 2 10 4 10 6 10 12 10 10 8 10 6 6 8 8 10 4 10 4 12 6 14 10 6 6 6 4 4 12 2 8 10 12 4 12 10 8 10 6 2 6 6 4 6 4 10 12 4 6 10

gk

A 108 s–1 4.08E-02 4.3E-02 1.9E-02 1.1E-03 2.73E-01 1.5E-04 2.66E-02 4.08E-01 1.00E+00 2.56E-01 3.3E-01 1.06E+00 3.4E-02 1.53E+00 1.83E-01 2.1E-02 1.26E-01 2.0E-01 3.2E-02 1.55E-01 5.0E-03 1.6E-02 2.5E-02 3.22E-02 3.10E-01 1.2E-02 2.9E-02 3.40E-02 3.37E-01 9.7E-03 4.5E-02 2.4E-02 6.9E-02 7.6E-01 4.55E-01 5.1E-01 5.4E-02 9.8E-02 1.9E-02 8.6E-01 1.47E+00 5.8E-01 7.7E-02 7.6E-01 1.49E-01 4.3E-03 1.5E-02 1.40E-02 9.6E-02 5.5E-01 1.57E+00 1.7E-04 5.1E-01 9.9E-01 1.59E+00 5.3E-02 4.6E-02 1.65E-02 2.3E-02 9.2E-02

5/4/05 8:07:58 AM


Section 10.indb 119

gi

10 6 8 6 6 10 4 8 6 8 4 8 8 10 12 10 8 8 8 10 8 12 6 14 12 6 4 4 10 8 6 6 10 2 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 8 6 4 6 6 10 6 8 8 8 4 8 2 4 6 8 8 4 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

10 8 8 8 6 12 4 8 6 10 6 6 10 12 10 8 10 10 8 8 8 14 8 12 10 4 6 6 12 10 4 8 10 4 6 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 4 2 6 4 8 8 8 6 6 2 6 2 4 4 10 6 6 8

8

10-119 λ

–1

5.0E-02 4.42E-01 1.32E+00 1.22E-01 2.0E-02 4.85E-01 1.7E-03 4.3E-02 7.3E-03 1.4E-02 4.04E-01 1.1E-02 7.5E-03 2.2E-02 3.0E-02 1.70E-01 4.56E-01 1.35E-01 9.56E-02 3.6E-02 2.21E-02 1.48E-01 2.46E-01 3.8E-02 6.9E-03 1.9E-02 6.1E-02 1.8E-03 5.7E-02 1.09E-01 1.8E-01 8.81E-03 3.2E-02 4.4E-02 1.3E-03 1.5E-02 4.8E-04 2.7E-02 1.4E-03 3.8E-02 5.1E-02 5.6E-03 4.0E-03 3.5E-01 5.6E-04 2.01E-01 2.45E-01 5.2E-02 1.2E-02 9.7E-02 1.36E-01 8.9E-03 4.6E-02 6.5E-02 9.43E-02 1.1E-02 2.4E-03 2.28E-01 2.70E-02 4.15E-02

Å 2975.94 2978.85 2979.35 2980.96 2982.06 2984.82 2985.54 2997.30 2998.85 3000.06 3002.32 3002.65 3004.26 3020.01 3021.42 3036.96 3044.84 3048.99 3056.80 3062.24 3065.32 3070.69 3071.12 3076.44 3077.17 3078.68 3089.38 3096.29 3101.89 3105.17 3105.55 3106.57 3114.30 3114.69 3116.58 3129.01 3131.72 3133.05 3135.36 3144.75 3146.75 3154.20 3155.95 3162.80 3163.09 3166.67 3167.86 3170.34 3177.53 3179.50 3180.15 3183.11 3185.32 3186.74 3187.30 3192.07 3192.91 3193.80 3193.86 3196.07

gi

2 10 2 6 4 6 2 6 6 8 6 4 8 12 8 6 8 4 14 12 6 10 2 4 14 6 6 8 6 4 2 8 4 2 6 8 12 4 6 8 10 10 10 8 6 6 8 4 8 6 4 4 2 4 10 8 6 2 8 6

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 10 4 8 6 6 4 8 8 6 8 6 8 10 6 6 10 4 12 10 6 8 4 6 12 8 8 8 8 2 2 8 4 4 4 10 10 6 6 6 10 10 8 8 6 4 8 2 8 8 6 6 4 4 10 10 6 2 8 8

8

Weights

λ –1


Å 3210.44 3211.08 3213.31 3227.74 3231.71 3232.78 3237.40 3237.82 3241.69 3243.72 3247.17 3247.39 3255.89 3257.36 3258.77 3259.05 3266.94 3267.04 3268.51 3269.77 3273.49 3276.60 3277.35 3279.64 3281.29 3285.41 3289.35 3295.23 3295.82 3297.88 3302.86 3303.46 3304.43 3313.99 3323.06 3325.01 3360.11 3366.97 3381.01 3388.14 3395.33 3398.36 3416.02 3425.57 3436.11 3442.22 3453.62 3456.92 3463.96 3464.50 3468.68 3475.74 3487.99 3493.47 3494.67 3495.62 3499.88 3503.47 3507.40 3508.20

gi

2 6 4 6 6 8 4 2 8 10 4 8 8 8 6 8 10 8 8 10 8 6 8 10 6 4 8 6 4 6 6 2 6 2 8 8 12 8 6 8 8 14 4 6 8 8 8 8 6 10 8 6 4 10 4 10 8 2 2 2

4 8 6 8 8 6 4 4 8 8 6 8 8 6 8 10 10 10 6 8 8 8 10 10 6 2 8 8 4 4 8 2 8 4 10 8 12 6 4 10 8 14 2 8 6 6 10 6 6 8 8 8 6 10 6 8 8 2 4 4

gk


5/4/05 8:08:00 AM


10-120 λ Å 3614.88 3621.27 3624.89 3632.29 3711.98 3748.48 3759.46 3814.12 3824.93 3827.08 3906.04 3914.50 3935.96 3938.29 3938.97 3945.21 3974.17 4024.55 4075.95 4087.28 4122.67 4124.79 4128.75 4173.46 4178.86 4180.98 4233.17 4258.15 4273.33 4296.57 4303.18 4351.77 4369.41 4384.32 4385.39 4413.60 4416.83 4472.93 4489.18 4491.41 4508.29 4515.34 4520.22 4522.63 4534.17 4541.52 4549.19 4549.47 4555.89 4576.34 4582.84 4583.84 4620.52 4629.34 4635.32 4656.98 4666.76 4670.18 4720.15 4731.45

Section 10.indb 120

gi

8 2 2 10 4 6 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 6 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 2 12 2 10 2 6 8 4 4 6 10 6 4 4 4 8 8 6 6 10 8 10 6 6 8 6 4 6

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 4 2 10 6 4 2 6 6 8 8 4 10 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 8 4 8 4 2 6 4 6 4 10 2 10 4 4 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 8 6 8 8 8 10 8 6 10 8 6 8

8

λ –1


Å 4833.20 4840.00 4893.82 4923.93 4990.51 4993.36 5000.74 5001.96 5018.44 5030.63 5035.71 5100.66 5132.67 5136.80 5144.35 5149.47 5169.03 5197.58 5227.48 5234.62 5247.95 5251.23 5262.48 5264.18 5264.81 5272.40 5276.00 5284.11 5306.18 5316.22 5316.62 5316.78 5325.55 5387.06 5395.86 5402.06 5414.07 5425.26 5427.83 5429.99 5465.93 5482.31 5493.83 5506.19 5510.78 5525.12 5529.05 5534.85 5544.76 5607.14 5627.50 5725.96 5783.63 5813.68 5823.15 5824.41 5885.01 5902.83 5955.70 5961.71

gi

12 10 8 6 6 10 2 12 6 10 10 10 10 6 4 8 6 6 12 8 4 6 4 8 6 6 10 6 6 14 12 8 8 12 6 10 8 10 12 8 6 10 8 12 10 10 6 12 12 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 4 8 6 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

10 8 6 4 8 8 4 14 6 10 12 8 10 4 6 10 8 4 14 6 6 8 6 10 4 6 8 8 8 14 10 6 8 14 8 12 8 10 10 10 8 12 10 14 12 8 6 10 12 8 6 6 10 4 10 6 6 10 8 12

8

Weights

λ –1

4.6E-06 4.0E-06 2.5E-05 4.28E-02 5.2E-01 6.9E-05 1.8E-05 1.57E+00 2.0E-02 7.1E-01 9.4E-01 2.0E-05 2.0E-05 2.8E-05 8.5E-01 9.0E-01 4.22E-02 5.4E-03 1.22E+00 2.5E-03 1.43E+00 8.0E-01 8.0E-07 4.76E-01 3.52E-04 3.9E-03 3.76E-03 1.9E-04 3.28E-01 3.69E-01 3.89E-03 6.5E-04 8.0E-04 5.2E-01 5.5E-01 5.6E-01 9.4E-05 9.2E-05 5.9E-03 6.0E-01 6.2E-01 4.78E-01 4.01E-01 1.14E+00 2.28E-01 3.17E-05 2.01E-01 3.0E-04 2.49E-01 4.63E-05 2.93E-05 5.1E-06 4.62E-01 8.8E-04 2.0E-04 8.3E-07 6.4E-01 4.98E-01 4.19E-01 7.4E-01

Å

gi

gk

A 108 s–1

5965.62 5991.38 6084.11 6113.32 6129.70 6147.74 6149.26 6175.15 6179.38 6238.39 6239.95 6247.56 6305.30 6331.95 6369.46 6383.72 6416.92 6432.68 6446.41 6456.38 6516.08 7222.39 7224.49 7301.56 7320.65 7449.33 7462.41 7479.69 7515.83 7711.72

10 12 10 8 10 4 2 8 8 4 2 6 10 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 4 2 6 6 4 6 6 8 8

10 10 8 6 10 2 2 8 6 4 4 4 10 8 4 6 6 6 10 6 8 2 2 6 4 6 6 8 6 8

2.19E-01 4.2E-05 3.0E-05 1.7E-05 3.2E-06 1.3E-03 1.3E-03 1.8E-03 4.6E-04 7.5E-04 1.1E-04 1.6E-03 1.4E-03 1.8E-03 1.40E-04 1.1E-03 3.6E-04 8.5E-05 1.3E-03 1.7E-03 8.3E-05 2.5E-04 2.8E-04 2.1E-05 1.4E-04 1.68E-04 2.7E-04 3.5E-05 8.1E-05 4.94E-04

Fe III 1843.4 1844.3 1846.9 1854.38 1865.20 1893.98 1896.80 1904.3 1907.58 1915.08 1922.79 1930.39 1931.51 1937.35 1943.48 1950.33 1951.01 1952.65 1953.32 1987.50

9 7 5 3 7 11 13 5 15 13 11 9 9 7 5 13 11 9 7 13

7 5 3 1 7 9 11 5 13 15 13 11 11 9 7 15 11 9 7 13


Fe VII 150.807 150.852 151.023 151.046 151.145 151.432 151.512

5 7 9 7 9 5 5

7 9 11 7 9 7 5

1.3E+03 1.3E+03 1.6E+03 2.2E+02 2.1E+02 2.2E+02 5.3E+02

5/4/05 8:08:02 AM


gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

151.675 151.782 154.307 154.335 154.363 154.565 154.650 154.848 154.921 154.941 154.949 155.994 158.481 165.087 165.919 166.365 173.441 176.744 176.928 177.172 235.221 240.053 243.379

7 9 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 9 9 1 7 9 9 9 7 5 5 3 9

Fe VIII 112.472 112.486 116.196 117.197 167.486 168.172 168.545 168.929 185.213 186.601

4 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4

4 6 6 8 4 6 4 2 8 6

3.6E+02 4.3E+02 4.5E+02 3.8E+02 3.0E+03 3.1E+03 2.0E+03 2.1E+03 1.0E+03 9.4E+02

Fe X 76.822 77.865 100.026 101.733 101.846 102.095 102.192 102.829 103.319 103.724 104.638 174.534 175.266

2 4 8 6 4 10 10 4 6 6 8 4 2

2 6 10 8 6 12 12 6 8 8 10 6 4

1.8E+03 1.6E+03 2.6E+03 1.8E+03 1.7E+03 2.9E+03 2.9E+03 2.1E+03 2.6E+03 1.7E+03 2.1E+03 1.8E+03 1.72E+03

Fe XI 72.166 72.310 72.635 91.394 91.472 91.63 91.63 91.63 91.733

5 5 5 5 7 3 7 5 9

7 5 7 7 9 5 9 7 11

2.9E+03 1.5E+03 1.6E+03 2.6E+03 2.5E+03 2.3E+03 3.4E+03 2.8E+03 4.1E+03

Section 10.indb 121

7 9 1 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 7 11 9 3 5 7 9 9 7 5 3 1 7

8

10-121


Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

Weights

λ –1

92.81 92.87 93.433 179.762

9 11 9 5

11 13 11 7

3.7E+03 3.9E+03 3.2E+03 1.67E+03

Fe XII 65.905 66.526 66.960 67.164 67.821 68.382 80.541 81.943 82.226 84.48 84.48 84.52 84.52 84.85 85.14 85.477 186.880 192.394 193.509 195.119

4 6 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 8 10 6 6 8 10 6 4 4 4

4 8 6 2 6 4 6 4 2 6 10 12 8 8 10 12 8 2 4 6


Fe XIII 62.353 62.46 62.699 63.188 64.139 74.845 75.892 76.117 78.452 84.270 107.384

1 5 3 5 1 5 5 5 9 7 7

3 7 5 7 3 5 3 3 11 9 5

2.0E+03 1.2E+03 2.3E+03 3.9E+03 2.1E+03 1.0E+03 7.7E+02 2.1E+03 6.3E+03 5.5E+03 1.8E+03

Fe XIV 58.963 59.579 69.176 69.386 69.66 69.66 70.251 70.613 72.80 76.022 76.152 91.009 91.273 188 190 207 211.316 213 214 216

2 4 4 2 2 6 6 4 10 4 6 6 4 4 6 2 2 4 2 6

4 6 6 4 2 6 4 2 12 6 8 4 2 6 8 2 4 2 2 8


Å

gi

8 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 4 6 2 2 2 6 8 4

gk

A 108 s–1

217 217 219 219 219.123 220 221 226 234 264.787 265 266 268 268 270.524 274.203 280 283 288.45

6 6 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 4 6 6

4.0E+02 2.6E+02 4.8E+02 2.4E+02 3.9E+02 3.2E+02 5.9E+02 3.9E+02 2.8E+02 3.38E+02 1.5E+02 1.7E+02 2.1E+02 3.3E+02 2.1E+02 1.8E+02 2.8E+02 2.7E+02 1.6E+02

Fe XV 38.95 52.911 59.404 63.959 65.370 65.612 66.238 68.860 69.7 69.942 69.989 70.052 70.224 70.53 70.59 73.199 73.473 233.857 235 243 243 243.790 248 284.160

1 1 3 5 1 3 5 9 3 3 5 7 1 7 7 7 5 5 1 1 5 3 3 1

3 3 5 7 3 3 3 11 1 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 7 7 3 3 7 5 1 3

1.69E+03 2.94E+03 3.4E+03 1.6E+03 3.2E+02 9.8E+02 1.6E+03 9.2E+03 1.9E+03 7.4E+03 7.9E+03 8.8E+03 4.13E+03 2.6E+02 1.7E+03 8.8E+03 6.2E+03 2.2E+02 2.5E+02 2.4E+02 2.3E+02 4.2E+02 5.4E+02 2.28E+02

Fe XVI 31.041 31.242 32.166 32.192 32.433 32.652 34.857 35.106 35.333 35.368 36.01 36.749 36.803 37.096

2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 2 2 4

4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 8 2 4 2 6

5.2E+02 6.1E+02 6.8E+02 6.7E+02 7.7E+02 9.1E+02 1.23E+03 1.44E+03 6.4E+02 6.8E+02 5.0E+02 1.1E+03 1.2E+03 1.0E+03

5/4/05 8:08:04 AM


10-122 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

37.138 39.827 40.153 40.161 40.199 40.245 41.91 42.30 46.661 46.718 50.350 50.555 54.142 54.728 54.769 62.879 63.719 66.263 66.368 66.392 76.502 76.796 80.192 80.270 85.587 86.133 96.256 96.348 117.2 117.7 123.4 124.5 144.06 144.25 148 266.7 267.0

6 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 6

Fe XVII 11.023 12.123 12.264 12.526 12.681 13.823 13.891 15.015 15.262 16.777 17.054 41.37 49.427 50.26 58.76

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 3 7 9

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 11 3 9 11


Fe XIX 13.413 13.426 13.47 13.520 13.56

5 5 3 5 3

3 7 1 7 5

1.3E+04 4.8E+04 1.5E+05 2.0E+05 1.0E+04

Section 10.indb 122

8 4 6 4 6 8 2 2 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 6 8 4 2 4 6 6 8 2 6 8

8

1.07E+03 2.1E+03 2.5E+03 4.1E+02 1.7E+03 1.8E+03 4.72E+02 9.2E+02 3.46E+03 3.7E+03 1.86E+03 1.98E+03 3.41E+03 4.16E+03 6.97E+02 1.05E+03 2.18E+03 9.39E+03 1.00E+04 6.69E+02 6.7E+02 7.72E+02 5.2E+02 5.4E+02 4.0E+02 4.8E+02 8.7E+02 9.3E+02 3.93E+02 3.9E+02 5.9E+02 7.0E+02 1.6E+03 1.6E+03 6.5E+02 3.9E+02 4.3E+02

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

1 7 3 5 7 7 5 3 3 7 3 3 3 5 3 1

8

Weights

λ –1

13.68 13.69 13.700 13.71 13.738 13.796 13.83 13.934 13.961 14.668 14.671 14.929 14.966 14.995 15.015 16.668

3 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 5 1 3


Fe XX 12.67 12.69 12.73 12.77 12.78 12.78 12.79 12.82 12.88 12.89 12.90 12.90 12.92 12.93 12.93 12.98 12.99 13.00 13.01 13.03 13.07 13.13 13.24 13.28 13.70 13.71 13.78 13.79 13.83 13.90 13.98 13.99 14.05 14.23

6 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 6 6 2 4 6 2 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 2

6 6 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 2 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 2

1.0E+04 1.2E+04 4.0E+04 2.1E+05 6.9E+04 1.4E+05 1.7E+04 1.1E+05 2.7E+04 4.4E+04 6.2E+03 1.4E+05 1.7E+04 1.6E+05 1.2E+04 6.7E+04 5.1E+04 1.1E+04 3.0E+04 8.6E+04 8.2E+03 8.9E+04 1.2E+04 6.1E+03 1.1E+04 9.9E+03 1.0E+04 1.2E+04 9.8E+03 1.2E+04 1.6E+04 2.2E+04 1.7E+04 6.3E+03

Fe XXI 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.56 8.56 8.56 8.64

3 3 3 5 1 5 5

1 5 3 7 3 3 7

1.8E+04 6.1E+03 1.5E+04 2.0E+04 2.1E+04 6.5E+03 1.5E+04

Å 8.65 8.66 8.74 9.42 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.47 9.52 9.58 9.59 9.67 9.68 9.74 12.02 12.13 12.18 12.19 12.21 12.21 12.25 12.28 12.30 12.36 12.37 12.38 12.47 12.47 12.49 12.53 12.57 12.73 12.95 13.00 13.03 13.14 13.41

5 5 1 3 3 3 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 3 1 5 3 1

Fe XXII 9.002 9.006 9.006 9.163 9.183 9.241 11.748 11.748 11.748 11.763 11.789 11.789 11.797 11.823 11.837 11.837 11.886 11.898 11.922

4 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 6 2 6 6 6 4 2 4

gi

7 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 7 3 3 3 7 3 1 3 3 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 6 8 6 6 8 6 4 6 2 4 2 8 4 4 8 6 6 4 6

gk

A 108 s–1 3.9E+04 4.4E+03 2.5E+04 4.3E+04 3.3E+04 1.7E+04 5.2E+04 1.5E+04 4.9E+04 6.1E+03 8.1E+03 5.2E+03 1.0E+04 5.7E+04 4.0E+03 5.3E+03 1.3E+04 1.8E+04 2.2E+04 6.4E+03 1.5E+05 1.2E+05 2.1E+05 5.2E+04 2.1E+05 3.6E+04 3.1E+05 6.9E+03 5.8E+04 1.3E+04 1.3E+04 1.5E+04 7.2E+04 8.2E+03 6.2E+03 7.2E+03 1.3E+04 2.0E+04 7.3E+03 5.5E+04 5.7E+04 5.3E+04 6.9E+04 8.3E+04 5.1E+04 1.2E+05 1.6E+05 1.8E+05 1.6E+05 2.6E+05 1.2E+05 1.7E+05 7.9E+04 2.3E+05 1.7E+05 1.3E+05 8.2E+04 1.8E+05

5/4/05 8:08:07 AM


gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

11.976 12.027 12.045 12.045 12.053 12.077 12.077 12.095 12.193 12.193 12.325

6 2 6 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 2

Fe XXIII 7.733 7.849 8.307 8.529 8.550 8.552 8.614 8.664 8.669 8.672 8.752 8.764 8.814 10.902 10.910 10.927 10.934 10.979 11.018 11.086 11.165 11.255 11.298 11.325 11.338 11.429 11.433 11.441 11.445 11.485 11.491 11.519 11.520 11.524 11.593 11.613 11.615 11.691 11.698 11.737 11.898

5 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 1

7 7 3 3 5 3 7 3 7 3 7 7 5 5 1 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 7 5 5 3 5 3 7 7 5 3 7 5 5 3

3.0E+04 4.9E+04 4.8E+04 4.3E+04 6.0E+04 3.2E+04 7.7E+04 4.4E+04 6.1E+04 6.8E+04 1.2E+05 4.6E+04 6.2E+04 5.3E+04 6.7E+04 6.0E+04 5.4E+04 7.9E+04 4.9E+04 6.5E+04 6.7E+04 3.7E+04 1.3E+05 1.7E+05 9.3E+04 1.7E+05 1.2E+05 2.2E+05 5.6E+04 1.40E+05 5.9E+04 1.16E+05 2.16E+05 2.3E+05 3.58E+05 1.0E+05 4.4E+04 7.7E+04 7.3E+04 1.8E+05 2.03E+05

Fe XXIV 1.8523 1.8552 1.8563 1.8572 1.858

2 2 4 2 2

2 4 2 2 4

1.0E+05 4.82E+06 2.43E+06 3.06E+06 1.2E+05

Section 10.indb 123

8 4 8 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2

8

10-123

5.9E+04 6.9E+04 2.4E+05 9.7E+04 6.1E+04 1.0E+05 2.4E+05 7.8E+04 7.2E+04 9.9E+04 1.5E+05

Å 1.8614 1.8626 1.8627 1.8637 1.8655 1.8672 1.8678 1.8721 1.8721 1.8730 1.8739 1.891 1.897 8.231 8.316 10.619 10.663 11.030 11.171

4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4

Fe XXV 1.4607 1.4945 1.5730 1.5749 1.778 1.782 1.787 1.787 1.788 1.788 1.789 1.790 1.791 1.791 1.792 1.792 1.793 1.794 1.797 1.798 1.800 1.802 1.810 1.8502 1.8593 10.038

1 1 1 1 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 1 1 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4 2 2 6 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 4 6 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 5 1 3 5 3 3 1 1 3 3 3

8

6.24E+06 3.16E+06 5.47E+06 1.91E+06 2.14E+06 1.63E+06 3.5E+05 3.2E+05 2.0E+05 1.5E+05 8.3E+04 9.7E+04 9.8E+04 6.10E+04 7.07E+04 7.28E+04 7.51E+04 1.84E+05 2.18E+05 2.54E+05 5.05E+05 1.24E+06 1.5E+05 8.7E+04 4.69E+06 2.57E+06 1.19E+06 2.68E+06 1.63E+06 1.78E+06 1.23E+06 4.10E+06 2.59E+06 4.92E+06 2.81E+06 2.67E+06 2.22E+06 8.8E+05 1.0E+05 8.6E+04 4.1E+05 5.9E+05 4.57E+06 4.42E+05 8.08E+04

Krypton Kr I 1164.9 1235.8 4274.0 4351.4 4362.6 4376.1 4400.0 4410.4 4425.2 4453.9

1 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 5 1 3 1 5 3 3 5

Weights

λ –1

3.16E+00 3.12E+00 2.6E-02 3.2E-02 8.4E-03 5.6E-02 2.0E-02 4.4E-03 9.7E-03 7.8E-03

Å

gi

3 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 1 5 1 3 3 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 3

gk

A 108 s–1

4463.7 4502.4 5562.2 5570.3 5649.6 5870.9 6904.7 7224.1 7587.4 7601.5 7685.2 7694.5 7854.8 8059.5 8104.4 8112.9 8190.1 8263.2 8281.1 8298.1 8508.9 8776.7 8928.7

3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 1 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5

2.3E-02 9.2E-03 2.8E-03 2.1E-02 3.7E-03 1.8E-02 1.3E-02 1.4E-02 5.1E-01 3.1E-01 4.9E-01 5.6E-02 2.3E-01 1.9E-01 1.3E-01 3.6E-01 1.1E-01 3.5E-01 1.9E-01 3.2E-01 2.4E-01 2.7E-01 3.7E-01

Kr II 4250.6 4292.9 4355.5 4431.7 4436.8 4577.2 4583.0 4615.3 4619.2 4633.9 4658.9 4739.0 4762.4 4765.7 4811.8 4825.2 4832.1 5208.3 5308.7 7407.0

4 4 6 2 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 6

4 4 8 2 4 8 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 6

1.2E-01 9.6E-01 1.0E+00 1.8E+00 6.6E-01 9.6E-01 7.6E-01 5.4E-01 8.1E-01 7.1E-01 6.5E-01 7.6E-01 4.2E-01 6.7E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 7.3E-01 1.4E-01 2.4E-02 7.0E-02

1 1 1 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5

3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 5

5.2E-02 1.2E-01 1.5E+00 1.9E-01 2.5E-01 2.8E-01 5.0E-01 2.7E-01 1.9E+00 3.1E-02 9.8E-04 7.1E-01

Lead Pb I 2022.0 2053.3 2170.0 2401.9 2446.2 2476.4 2577.3 2613.7 2614.2 2628.3 2657.1 2663.2

5/4/05 8:08:09 AM


10-124 λ Å 2802.0 2823.2 2833.1 2873.3 3572.7 3639.6 3671.5 3683.5 3739.9 4019.6 4057.8 4062.1 4168.0 5005.4 5201.4 7229.0

5 5 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 5

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 3

8

λ –1

10 s

14 4 4 2 14 4 2

Mg IV 320.99 323.31 1219.0 1375.5 1459.6 1495.5 1510.7 1683.0 1698.8 1893.9

4 2 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 6

2 2 6 4 4 6 4 8 6 6

1.2E+02 5.9E+01 5.9E+00 4.5E+00 4.6E+00 6.4E+00 6.7E+00 5.8E+00 3.9E+00 2.8E+00

Mg VI *269.92 *292.53 *314.64 *349.15 *387.94 399.29 400.68 403.32

10 6 6 10 6 4 4 4

6 6 2 10 10 2 4 6

3.1E+02 9.0E+01 1.8E+02 6.1E+01 1.3E+01 2.8E+01 2.8E+01 2.7E+01

Mg VII 277.01 278.41 280.74 319.02 *366.42 *433.04 1334.3 1410.0 1487.0 1487.9

3 5 5 5 9 9 5 5 3 5

3 3 3 5 9 15 5 5 5 7

9.5E+01 1.5E+02 2.0E+02 8.9E+01 4.4E+01 1.6E+01 5.3E+00 2.57E+00 3.02E+00 3.66E+00

Mg VIII *74.976 315.02 *342.29 353.86 356.00 *428.52 *434.62 *489.33 *686.92

6 4 10 4 6 10 6 6 6

10 4 6 4 4 10 10 6 10

4.3E+03 1.2E+02 6.3E+01 3.89E+01 5.7E+01 3.24E+01 1.6E+01 3.9E+01 9.4E+00

Mg IX 62.751 *67.189 *71.965 72.312 77.737 368.07 438.69 *443.74 749.55

1 9 9 3 3 1 3 9 3

3 15 3 5 1 3 1 9 5

2.87E+03 6.20E+03 1.22E+03 4.43E+03 3.92E+02 5.27E+01 7.9E+01 4.19E+01 8.2E+00

1.3E-02 1.17E-02 2.23E-01 6.860E-01 3.691E-01

4 4 6 6 4

4 6 4 6 4

2.23E+00 5.9E-01 1.1E-02 2.5E-01 2.1E-01

Mg I 2025.8 *2779.8 *2850.0 2852.1 *3094.9 3329.9 3332.2 3336.7 *3835.3 4703.0 5167.3 5172.7 5183.6 5528.4

1 9 9 1 9 1 3 5 9 3 1 3 5 3

3 9 15 3 15 3 3 3 15 5 3 3 3 5

8.4E-01 5.2E+00 2.3E-01 4.95E+00 5.2E-01 3.3E-02 9.7E-02 1.6E-01 1.68E+00 2.55E-01 1.16E-01 3.46E-01 5.75E-01 1.99E-01

Mg II 1239.9 1240.4 *2660.8 2790.8 2795.5 2797.9 2798.1 2802.7 2928.8 2936.5

2 2 10 2 2 4 4 2 2 4

4 2 14 4 4 4 6 2 2 2

1.4E-02 1.4E-02 3.8E-01 4.0E+00 2.6E+00 7.9E-01 4.8E+00 2.6E+00 1.2E+00 2.3E+00

Lutetium

Magnesium

Weights

λ –1

10 6 4 4 10 2 2

6 6 10 10 6

Section 10.indb 124

gk

8

*3104.8 3848.2 3848.3 3850.4 *4481.2 9218.3 9244.3

2 2 6 6 2

Lu I 3376.5 3567.8 3620.3 3841.2 4518.6

gi

A

1.6E+00 2.6E-01 5.8E-01 3.7E-01 9.9E-01 3.4E-01 4.4E-01 1.5E+00 7.3E-01 3.5E-02 8.9E-01 9.2E-01 1.2E-02 2.7E-01 1.9E-01 8.9E-03

Lithium Li I *2741.2 *3232.7 *4602.9 *6103.6 *6707.8

Å

Weights

8.1E-01 2.8E-02 3.0E-03 3.0E-02 2.23E+00 3.6E-01 3.6E-01

Å

gi

5 3

gk

A 108 s–1

1639.8 2814.2

3 1

2.1E+00 3.35E-01

Mg X 57.876 57.920 63.152 63.295 609.79 624.94 2212.5 2278.7 5918.7 6229.6

2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4

4 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6

2.09E+03 2.09E+03 5.6E+03 6.7E+03 7.53E+00 7.01E+00 9.64E-01 8.82E-01 3.20E-02 3.30E-02

Mg XI 7.310 7.473 7.850 9.169

1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3

1.15E+04 2.27E+04 5.50E+04 1.97E+05

6 6 6 6 8 10 8 10 10 8 12 8 6 4 14 6 12 4 10 8 10 8 8 4 10 10 8 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 14 6 12 10

8 6 4 8 10 12 8 8 10 10 12 6 6 4 14 8 10 6 10 6 10 8 10 6 12 12 8 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 14 8 12 10

3.7E+00 3.6E+00 3.7E+00 1.8E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 5.9E-01 5.7E-01 6.7E-01 1.7E-01 6.1E-01 4.6E-01 1.9E-01 3.7E-01 2.9E-01 2.7E-01 2.6E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 2.3E-01 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 1.8E-01 2.2E-01 6.4E-01 1.9E-01 3.5E-01 2.2E-01 5.3E-01 2.3E-01 1.8E-01 5.0E-01 9.7E-01 3.8E-01 3.5E-01 3.3E-01 2.6E-01 2.7E-01

Manganese Mn I 2794.82 2798.27 2801.08 3007.65 3011.38 3016.45 3043.36 3044.57 3045.59 3045.80 3047.03 3054.36 3070.27 3073.18 3082.71 3110.68 3113.80 3118.10 3122.88 3126.85 3132.28 3132.79 3175.58 3201.11 3228.09 3230.23 3230.72 3240.88 3243.78 3251.13 3252.95 3256.14 3258.41 3260.24 3267.79 3268.72 3270.35 3273.02

5/4/05 8:08:11 AM


Section 10.indb 125

gi

6 4 8 6 12 10 6 10 6 12 8 6 4 10 12 6 10 12 8 6 12 10 8 14 12 6 10 8 6 4 6 2 4 2 12 6 4 2 6 2 6 2 4 6 6 2 8 10 6 6 6 10 6 6 8 4 8 6 12 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4 8 8 12 10 6 8 4 10 8 6 4 8 14 8 12 10 10 8 14 12 10 14 12 8 12 10 6 4 8 2 6 4 14 8 6 4 8 2 6 4 2 4 4 2 8 8 8 6 4 10 4 8 8 2 6 6 14 8

8

10-125 λ

–1

2.8E-01 1.9E-01 3.2E-01 2.4E-01 2.7E-01 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 9.4E-01 1.8E-01 2.3E-01 2.3E-01 3.6E-01 4.2E-01 2.1E-01 9.1E-01 2.2E-01 7.3E-01 1.9E-01 7.6E-01 2.6E-01 1.4E+00 9.6E-01 1.0E+00 1.9E-01 2.5E-01 2.7E-01 5.9E-01 5.21E-01 2.31E-01 3.14E-01 4.29E-01 4.64E-01 3.3E-01 2.11E-01 3.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.4E-01 9.4E-01 5.4E-01 3.1E-01 4.1E-01 1.8E-01 3.5E-01 2.3E-01 5.5E-01 2.1E-01 2.3E-01 2.54E-01 1.7E-01 1.65E-01 1.58E-01 7.87E-01 7.5E-01 3.8E-01 4.31E-01 7.25E-01 1.9E-01 1.69E-01 2.5E-01 2.2E-01

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4070.28 4079.42 4082.95 4083.63 4089.94 4105.37 4135.03 4141.06 4148.80 4176.61 4189.99 4201.78 4235.30 4239.74 4257.67 4265.93 4281.10 4411.87 4414.89 4419.77 4436.36 4451.58 4453.01 4455.82 4457.04 4457.55 4458.26 4461.09 4462.03 4464.68 4470.14 4472.79 4479.40 4490.08 4498.90 4502.22 4605.37 4626.54 4709.71 4727.46 4739.11 4754.05 4761.53 4762.38 4765.86 4766.43 4783.43 4823.53 6013.48 6021.79

2 2 4 6 8 10 12 10 8 14 12 10 8 4 2 4 6 12 8 10 6 8 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 6 4 2 8 2 4 6 10 12 8 6 4 6 2 8 4 6 8 10 4 8

2 4 6 8 10 8 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 2 2 4 6 10 6 8 4 8 2 6 4 6 8 8 10 6 4 2 10 4 6 8 12 14 8 6 4 8 4 10 6 8 8 8 6 6

Mn II 2593.72 2605.68 2933.05 2939.31 2949.20 3441.99 3460.32 3474.13

7 7 5 5 5 9 7 5

7 5 3 5 7 7 5 3

8

Weights

λ –1

2.3E-01 3.8E-01 2.95E-01 2.8E-01 1.7E-01 1.7E-01 3.0E-01 2.6E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 2.0E-01 2.3E-01 9.17E-01 3.9E-01 3.7E-01 4.92E-01 2.3E-01 2.6E-01 2.93E-01 2.1E-01 4.37E-01 7.98E-01 5.44E-01 1.7E-01 2.34E-01 4.27E-01 4.62E-01 1.7E-01 7.00E-01 4.39E-01 3.00E-01 4.35E-01 3.4E-01 2.49E-01 2.49E-01 1.86E-01 3.6E-01 3.6E-01 1.72E-01 1.7E-01 2.40E-01 3.03E-01 5.35E-01 7.83E-01 4.1E-01 4.6E-01 4.01E-01 4.99E-01 1.72E-01 3.32E-01 2.6E+00 2.7E+00 2.0E+00 1.9E+00 1.9E+00 4.3E-01 3.2E-01 1.5E-01

Å

gi

5 3

gk

A 108 s–1

3482.90 3488.68

5 3

2.0E-01 2.5E-01

Mn VI 307.999 309.440 309.579 310.058 310.182 311.748 320.598 320.681 320.874 320.979 321.176 321.541 325.146 328.431 328.558 329.043 1236.23 1255.77 1285.10 1333.87

9 9 7 7 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 9 5 3 1 5 3 5 7

9 7 5 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 1 7 9


1 3 3 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 1 3

3 5 5 3 1 3 3 3 7 5 5 5 3 7 5 3 1 1 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1

8.00E-02 3.88E-01 1.1E-01 6.10E-02 1.1E-02 1.6E-01 7.7E-02 4.5E-01 5.09E-01 9.4E-02 2.0E-02 6.56E-01 1.68E-01 1.3E+00 1.8E-01 2.1E-01 4.0E-02 3.0E-02 2.88E-02 8.4E-02 5.57E-01 5.8E-02 2.7E-04 4.87E-01 2.36E-01 5.3E-03 4.3E-03 2.8E-02 9.7E-03 2.71E-01

5

7.34E-01

Mercury Hg I 2536.52 2652.04 2655.13 2752.78 2856.94 2893.60 2925.4 2967.3 3021.50 3023.48 3027.49 3125.66 3341.48 3650.15 3654.83 4046.56 4077.81 4108.1 4339.22 4347.50 4358.34 4916.07 5025.64 5460.75 5769.59 6234.4 6716.4 6907.5 7728.8 10139.79

Molybdenum Mo I 2616.79

3

5/4/05 8:08:13 AM


10-126 λ Å 2621.06 2628.96 2629.85 2631.50 2638.30 2640.98 2644.36 2649.46 2655.02 2658.11 2665.09 2679.85 2684.16 2706.11 2710.74 2725.15 2728.71 2733.39 2743.71 2745.38 2751.47 2756.26 2761.53 2763.02 2766.25 2787.83 2792.96 2798.02 2801.47 2825.68 2826.75 2876.54 2886.60 2906.06 2913.52 2915.38 2918.84 2930.39 2936.50 2945.43 2945.66 2946.01 2951.45 2959.48 2972.96 2977.27 2978.28 2983.04 2987.92 2988.23 2988.68 2989.80 3000.24 3000.44 3000.85 3001.43 3007.71 3013.39 3016.78 3025.00

Section 10.indb 126

gi

7 3 5 1 5 7 5 7 9 7 7 9 9 3 3 3 3 5 1 13 7 5 9 3 3 9 5 7 5 5 7 9 11 3 5 5 5 1 11 7 3 5 9 9 5 9 7 1 3 5 7 9 9 5 5 5 7 7 9 5

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 3 7 3 5 5 7 9 7 7 9 11 9 5 3 5 3 7 3 11 9 3 11 1 5 7 3 5 7 7 7 9 11 3 3 3 3 3 11 7 3 5 9 11 3 7 5 3 5 7 9 7 9 5 7 5 5 5 9 5

8

λ –1

1.16E-01 2.81E-01 7.75E-01 2.54E-01 7.57E-01 1.20E+00 1.96E-01 9.84E-01 4.08E-01 6.43E-01 1.32E-01 1.31E+00 4.18E-01 2.03E-01 1.57E-01 2.79E-01 1.26E-01 2.95E-01 2.47E-01 1.29E-01 2.54E-01 1.18E-01 2.06E-01 4.44E-01 1.17E-01 2.85E-01 1.53E-01 1.22E-01 1.24E-01 2.53E-01 4.23E-01 2.84E-01 4.74E-01 8.04E-01 1.38E-01 7.31E-01 3.79E-01 1.91E-01 2.33E-01 3.66E-01 4.08E-01 1.68E-01 1.43E-01 1.75E-01 2.69E-01 3.28E-01 1.50E-01 2.82E-01 8.43E-01 4.28E-01 1.61E-01 9.27E-01 1.40E-01 1.25E-01 2.58E-01 2.31E-01 1.90E-01 6.06E-01 2.75E-01 8.49E-01

Å 3036.31 3041.70 3046.80 3047.31 3055.32 3057.56 3061.59 3064.27 3065.04 3069.51 3069.96 3070.89 3074.37 3079.88 3080.40 3081.16 3085.62 3089.13 3089.71 3094.66 3099.92 3100.88 3101.34 3106.34 3117.54 3123.03 3125.03 3132.59 3135.90 3136.75 3142.75 3147.35 3155.19 3158.17 3170.34 3171.38 3175.59 3179.78 3183.03 3184.58 3185.10 3185.71 3188.10 3188.41 3192.79 3193.98 3194.88 3195.96 3197.18 3198.85 3200.89 3205.22 3205.43 3205.89 3208.84 3210.97 3214.44 3215.07 3216.78 3221.73

gi

3 13 13 11 9 7 7 13 13 5 11 9 11 9 7 3 9 11 5 7 9 7 5 7 13 3 5 7 9 9 3 13 7 7 7 5 13 11 11 7 7 5 7 5 9 7 9 9 1 15 3 1 9 9 7 7 9 3 15 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 11 11 9 7 5 5 13 13 5 11 11 11 11 9 5 9 9 7 7 7 9 5 5 13 3 3 9 11 11 5 11 7 7 7 7 11 13 9 5 7 3 9 7 11 5 11 7 3 13 5 3 11 9 5 5 7 5 13 1

8

Weights

λ –1

5.81E-01 5.94E-01 1.63E-01 5.01E-01 4.29E-01 2.64E-01 4.41E-01 8.46E-01 3.08E-01 1.52E-01 2.72E-01 1.87E-01 1.42E+00 9.55E-01 3.61E-01 2.35E-01 1.63E+00 1.53E-01 2.34E-01 1.63E+00 1.45E-01 1.20E+00 1.92E+00 2.21E-01 1.89E-01 2.81E-01 1.98E-01 1.79E+00 3.68E-01 1.57E-01 4.10E-01 2.41E-01 2.75E-01 4.63E-01 1.37E+00 2.03E-01 8.40E-01 2.33E-01 3.98E-01 2.77E-01 2.54E-01 6.10E-01 3.45E-01 4.40E-01 1.88E-01 1.53E+00 1.75E-01 4.10E-01 1.47E-01 7.22E-01 1.82E-01 4.27E-01 2.55E-01 5.35E-01 2.77E-01 6.94E-01 2.01E-01 4.20E-01 2.10E-01 1.41E+00

Å 3228.21 3229.79 3233.14 3237.06 3244.47 3247.61 3249.93 3251.65 3256.21 3256.72 3259.16 3262.63 3264.40 3265.14 3266.16 3270.90 3276.07 3285.03 3285.35 3287.38 3289.01 3290.82 3305.56 3305.91 3307.13 3312.33 3323.95 3325.13 3325.67 3327.30 3336.56 3340.16 3344.73 3346.83 3347.00 3358.12 3361.37 3363.78 3363.87 3373.81 3375.22 3375.65 3378.19 3378.46 3379.96 3382.48 3384.61 3385.87 3389.79 3392.17 3393.65 3404.33 3413.37 3415.27 3415.61 3416.14 3418.52 3419.69 3420.04 3422.31

gi

5 9 13 7 5 5 5 3 5 3 11 7 11 5 9 7 11 1 9 5 9 7 5 7 7 7 9 5 5 1 9 5 3 11 3 5 9 5 5 3 7 7 3 13 5 3 7 9 5 9 11 7 11 9 7 9 5 7 5 9

7 11 13 9 3 5 3 5 3 3 13 9 9 7 11 7 9 3 7 5 9 5 3 9 9 5 7 3 5 3 9 3 5 11 3 7 9 7 7 3 7 9 1 13 5 3 9 11 7 9 11 7 11 9 9 11 3 7 5 9

gk


5/4/05 8:08:16 AM


Section 10.indb 127

gi

11 11 7 15 11 1 5 3 7 7 9 9 5 7 5 7 5 3 5 9 3 9 7 5 5 13 3 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 13 11 3 9 9 5 7 11 5 7 9 3 5 1 9 7 15 3 13 11 3 7 7 7 5

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 13 7 15 9 3 3 3 9 5 9 11 3 9 7 7 5 3 3 7 1 7 7 7 3 15 5 3 5 7 5 7 9 9 9 13 11 3 9 11 3 9 11 3 5 7 3 7 3 9 7 15 5 11 13 3 5 7 9 5

8

10-127 λ

–1

2.29E-01 4.09E-01 1.75E-01 1.50E+00 8.06E-01 2.34E-01 1.34E-01 2.94E-01 1.53E-01 2.96E-01 1.14E-01 8.75E-01 1.79E-01 1.52E-01 1.65E-01 2.48E-01 3.60E-01 2.96E-01 2.77E-01 6.03E-01 9.99E-01 2.11E-01 1.52E-01 2.63E-01 6.96E-01 1.51E-01 2.91E-01 4.68E-01 2.26E-01 1.13E-01 1.41E-01 3.27E-01 8.06E-01 2.25E-01 1.59E-01 4.75E-01 5.41E-01 3.64E-01 1.39E-01 6.06E-01 3.10E-01 2.25E-01 2.24E-01 4.46E-01 4.93E-01 3.64E-01 3.46E-01 5.43E-01 1.53E-01 2.67E-01 1.43E-01 7.18E-01 3.58E-01 5.49E-01 3.81E-01 1.73E-01 3.95E-01 1.18E-01 2.23E-01 2.32E-01

Å 3598.88 3600.73 3601.88 3602.94 3604.07 3610.61 3611.99 3615.16 3623.22 3624.46 3624.62 3638.20 3638.21 3640.62 3647.84 3648.70 3654.58 3657.36 3658.13 3659.36 3660.92 3662.15 3662.99 3663.27 3664.81 3664.88 3669.34 3672.81 3672.82 3676.23 3680.68 3681.72 3683.01 3687.96 3688.97 3690.59 3694.94 3696.04 3698.07 3708.55 3715.75 3718.48 3720.25 3725.55 3727.68 3728.30 3728.50 3733.02 3733.41 3735.62 3742.28 3747.19 3748.48 3755.10 3755.16 3758.52 3759.60 3760.88 3768.73 3769.99

gi

13 9 7 5 9 5 7 7 11 9 5 5 5 7 7 7 3 5 9 7 3 7 11 7 11 1 9 9 9 3 11 9 3 5 11 11 5 11 7 7 9 5 7 7 9 7 7 7 13 11 7 5 9 3 9 9 9 9 9 7

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 9 9 7 7 3 7 9 9 11 7 3 3 5 7 5 3 7 9 9 5 9 11 5 13 3 7 11 9 1 11 7 5 7 9 9 7 11 5 9 7 7 9 7 11 5 9 7 13 11 7 7 11 5 9 9 7 9 9 9

8

Weights

λ –1


Å 3777.72 3788.25 3794.43 3797.47 3798.25 3801.84 3805.99 3819.78 3824.78 3827.15 3828.88 3830.81 3831.07 3832.11 3833.75 3834.64 3846.18 3847.25 3848.30 3851.99 3864.10 3866.69 3867.67 3869.08 3874.15 3902.95 3909.54 3911.94 3915.43 3916.43 3919.55 3955.48 3973.76 3977.90 3980.20 3991.85 4010.13 4021.01 4051.18 4062.08 4069.88 4076.19 4084.37 4102.15 4107.46 4120.09 4131.92 4148.98 4157.40 4157.90 4185.82 4188.32 4194.56 4232.59 4240.83 4246.02 4251.88 4254.95 4269.28 4276.91

gi

13 7 9 7 7 9 5 9 5 7 7 5 7 9 9 3 7 3 9 11 7 3 5 5 7 7 9 5 5 5 11 13 11 9 5 11 5 9 13 11 13 9 9 5 7 13 9 9 13 9 11 11 11 9 5 11 13 7 11 7

11 9 9 5 9 7 5 11 7 7 7 5 9 9 9 5 7 1 9 9 7 5 3 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 13 11 13 7 3 9 3 11 11 9 11 9 7 3 5 15 11 11 11 11 13 13 11 11 5 13 11 9 11 9

gk


5/4/05 8:08:18 AM


10-128 λ Å 4277.24 4317.92 4325.80 4326.14 4340.74 4381.63 4382.41 4409.94 4411.69 4434.95 4446.42 4457.35 4474.57 4491.65 4536.80 4598.23 4624.23 4633.08 4649.06 4652.24 4686.08 4688.21 4707.25 4718.86 4723.05 4731.44 4758.50 4760.18 4764.11 4811.05 4819.25 4830.51 4858.39 4868.02 5037.18 5044.36 5047.70 5163.18 5171.06 5172.94 5174.18 5191.45 5238.21 5240.87 5242.80 5261.53 5280.85 5355.52 5356.46 5360.51 5364.28 5460.50 5493.76 5506.49 5533.03 5570.44 5849.71 5851.50 5893.36 5895.93

Section 10.indb 128

gi

9 15 3 5 5 13 11 13 11 9 11 7 5 11 13 1 9 3 3 5 3 13 7 5 9 9 11 11 9 13 11 9 13 7 9 7 3 9 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 5 5 9 11 9 9 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 5 5

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 15 3 7 7 13 13 13 11 9 11 7 5 11 15 3 9 5 1 7 3 15 9 5 9 11 9 13 7 11 9 7 11 5 7 5 1 11 7 5 3 9 9 7 5 7 5 9 11 11 9 3 5 7 5 3 3 5 5 7

8

λ –1


Å 5926.37 5928.88 7154.11

7 7 9

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 9 9

8

1.63E-01 5.32E-01 3.45E-01

Neodymium Nd II 3780.4 3805.4 3807.2 3863.3 3941.5 3951.2 3973.3 3979.5 3990.1 4012.3 4061.1 4106.6 4109.5 4133.4 4156.1 4205.6 4284.5 4303.6 4325.8 4358.2 4382.7 4400.8 4451.6 4456.4 4463.0 4958.1 5130.6 5192.6 5249.6 5276.9 5293.2 5302.3 5311.5 5319.8 5357.0 5371.9 5485.7 5594.4 5620.6 5688.5 5718.1 5726.8 5740.9 5804.0 5865.1 6051.9

16 14 10 8 10 12 18 10 16 18 16 14 14 14 12 18 18 8 16 14 12 10 12 16 14 12 22 20 18 12 16 20 14 12 18 20 18 16 18 14 16 10 12 10 16 12

18 16 12 10 10 12 18 12 16 20 18 16 16 12 14 16 18 10 16 14 10 10 14 18 16 10 20 18 16 10 14 18 12 10 16 20 18 16 18 14 16 10 12 10 18 10

1.4E-01 6.9E-01 4.9E-02 1.5E-01 6.1E-01 6.0E-01 6.3E-01 2.7E-01 5.2E-01 5.5E-01 4.4E-01 6.8E-02 3.7E-01 1.5E-01 3.4E-01 1.8E-01 8.5E-02 4.7E-01 1.6E-01 1.5E-01 4.0E-02 6.8E-02 2.5E-01 6.4E-02 1.8E-01 1.2E-02 1.6E-01 1.7E-01 1.8E-01 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.6E-01 1.8E-01 5.1E-02 5.7E-02 7.0E-02 1.3E-01 5.9E-02 8.7E-02 5.6E-02 7.2E-02 4.6E-02 1.3E-02 1.1E-02

1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3

3.8E-01 9.3E-01 3.3E-01 7.4E-01 4.8E-01

Neon Ne I 615.63 618.67 619.10 626.82 629.74

Weights

λ –1

Å 735.90 743.72 3369.8 3369.9 3375.6 3417.9 3418.0 3423.9 3447.7 3450.8 3454.2 3460.5 3464.3 3466.6 3472.6 3498.1 3501.2 3510.7 3515.2 3520.5 3593.5 3593.6 3600.2 3633.7 3682.2 3685.7 3701.2 4536.3 4702.5 4708.9 4955.4 5113.7 5120.5 5154.4 5191.3 5326.4 5333.3 5341.1 5400.6 5418.6 5433.7 5652.6 5662.5 5852.5 5868.4 5881.9 5913.6 5939.3 5944.8 5961.6 5975.5 6030.0 6046.1 6074.3 6096.2 6118.0 6128.5 6143.1 6150.3 6163.6

1 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 1

gi

3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 3

gk

A 108 s–1 6.11E+00 4.86E-01 1.0E-03 7.6E-03 2.2E-03 9.2E-03 2.2E-03 1.0E-03 2.1E-02 4.9E-03 3.7E-02 7.0E-03 6.7E-03 1.3E-02 1.7E-02 5.1E-03 1.2E-02 2.2E-03 6.9E-03 9.3E-02 9.9E-03 6.6E-03 4.3E-03 1.1E-02 1.6E-03 3.9E-03 2.2E-03 5.0E-03 2.1E-03 4.2E-02 3.3E-03 1.0E-02 5.6E-03 1.9E-02 1.3E-02 6.8E-03 5.3E-03 1.1E-01 9.0E-03 5.2E-03 2.83E-03 8.9E-03 6.9E-03 6.82E-01 1.4E-02 1.15E-01 4.8E-02 2.00E-03 1.13E-01 3.3E-02 3.51E-02 5.61E-02 2.26E-03 6.03E-01 1.81E-01 6.09E-03 6.7E-03 2.82E-01 1.5E-02 1.46E-01

5/4/05 8:08:20 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 6217.3 6266.5 6273.0 6293.7 6304.8 6328.2 6330.9 6334.4 6351.9 6383.0 6401.1 6402.2 6506.5 6532.9 6599.0 6602.9 6652.1 6678.3 6717.0 6721.1 6929.5 7024.1 7032.4 7051.3 7059.1 7173.9 7245.2 7304.8 7438.9 7472.4 7535.8 7937.0 8082.5 8118.5 8128.9 8259.4 8571.4 8582.9 8647.0 8681.9 8767.5 8771.7 8783.8 8865.3 9201.8 9433.0 9486.7 9534.2 10621 11409 11525 11767 12459

5 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Ne II *357.03 *361.77 *406.28 *446.37 460.73

6 6 6 6 4

Section 10.indb 129

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 10 2 10 6 2

8

10-129 λ

–1

6.37E-02 2.49E-01 9.7E-03 6.39E-03 4.16E-02 3.39E-02 2.3E-02 1.61E-01 3.45E-03 3.21E-01 1.39E-02 5.14E-01 3.00E-01 1.08E-01 2.32E-01 5.9E-03 2.9E-03 2.33E-01 2.17E-01 4.9E-04 1.74E-01 1.89E-02 2.53E-01 3.0E-02 6.8E-02 2.87E-02 9.35E-02 2.55E-03 2.31E-02 4.0E-02 4.3E-01 7.8E-03 1.2E-03 4.9E-02 7.2E-03 2.03E-02 5.5E-02 1.00E-02 3.91E-02 2.1E-01 1.1E-03 1.6E-01 3.13E-01 9.4E-03 9.1E-02 1.1E-03 2.5E-02 6.3E-02 2.4E-03 4.2E-02 8.4E-02 6.9E-02 1.5E-02 3.8E+01 1.6E+01 1.8E+01 4.07E+01 4.7E+01

Å 462.39 1907.5 1916.1 1930.0 1938.8 2858.0 2870.0 2873.0 2876.3 2876.5 2878.1 2888.4 2891.5 2897.0 2906.8 2910.1 2910.4 2916.2 2925.6 2933.7 2955.7 3001.7 3017.3 3027.0 3028.7 3028.9 3034.5 3037.7 3045.6 3047.6 3054.7 3092.9 3097.1 3118.0 3134.1 3140.4 3151.1 3154.8 3164.4 3165.7 3173.6 3176.1 3187.6 3188.7 3190.9 3194.6 3198.6 3198.9 3209.0 3209.4 3213.7 3214.3 3218.2 3224.8 3229.5 3229.6 3230.1 3230.4 3232.0 3232.4

2 4 4 2 2 6 6 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 2 6 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 6 8 8 6 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 8 2 2 4 8 6 8 8 6 4 6 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 6 4 2 6 4 8 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 4 6 2 4 8 4 2 6 4 6 8 6 4 6 6 6 8 6 4 6 6 6 6 4 8 4 8 4 4 6 10 8 8 10 6 6 4 4

8

Weights

λ –1

2.3E+01 2.8E-01 6.9E-01 5.7E-01 1.3E-01 7.9E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 7.8E-01 3.3E-01 6.9E-02 7.0E-02 6.1E-02 5.2E-02 5.5E-01 1.7E+00 5.9E-01 9.6E-02 5.6E-01 6.9E-02 1.2E+00 8.7E-01 3.5E-01 1.4E+00 8.5E-01 4.7E-01 3.1E+00 2.1E+00 2.5E+00 1.8E+00 9.4E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 4.2E-02 2.6E-01 2.4E-01 4.8E-02 1.8E-02 1.6E-01 1.2E-01 4.5E-02 6.0E-02 1.4E-02 3.9E-01 1.5E-01 5.2E-01 1.7E+00 2.3E-01 1.6E-01 6.0E-01 1.7E+00 2.2E+00 3.6E+00 3.5E+00 1.3E-01 3.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.4E-01 2.7E-01 1.6E+00

Å 3243.4 3244.1 3248.1 3255.4 3263.4 3269.9 3270.8 3297.7 3309.7 3310.5 3311.3 3314.7 3319.7 3320.2 3323.7 3327.2 3329.2 3330.7 3334.8 3336.1 3344.4 3345.5 3345.8 3353.6 3355.0 3356.3 3357.8 3360.3 3360.6 3362.9 3371.8 3374.1 3378.2 3379.3 3386.2 3388.4 3390.6 3392.8 3404.8 3407.0 3411.4 3413.2 3414.9 3416.9 3417.7 3438.9 3440.7 3453.1 3454.8 3456.6 3457.1 3459.3 3475.2 3477.6 3481.9 3503.6 3522.7 3538.0 3539.9 3542.2

6 6 4 6 2 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 4 8 4 4 8 6 6 4 2 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 6

gi

6 8 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 6 2 6 4 4 8 6 8 6 2 4 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 6 8 2 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 4

gk

A 108 s–1 2.3E-01 1.5E+00 2.4E-01 3.8E-02 3.9E-01 5.1E-01 5.7E-02 4.3E-01 3.1E-01 6.9E-02 2.6E-01 4.4E-02 1.6E+00 2.1E-01 1.6E+00 9.1E-01 8.8E-01 3.9E-02 1.8E+00 1.1E+00 1.5E+00 1.4E+00 2.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 5.0E-01 8.6E-01 8.2E-01 3.5E-01 2.2E-01 3.0E-01 1.7E+00 3.0E-01 5.5E-02 2.2E+00 7.7E-02 4.4E-01 1.9E+00 2.3E+00 6.1E-01 1.8E+00 1.8E-02 6.4E-01 1.6E+00 1.4E+00 3.5E-01 4.6E-01 1.6E+00 9.6E-01 9.9E-02 1.6E+00 1.2E-02 4.3E-01 1.4E+00 2.0E+00 2.3E-02 7.6E-01 3.6E-02 6.0E-01

5/4/05 8:08:22 AM


10-130 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

3542.9 3546.2 3551.6 3557.8 3561.2 3565.8 3568.5 3571.2 3574.2 3574.6 3590.4 3594.2 3612.3 3628.0 3632.7 3643.9 3644.9 3659.9 3664.1 3679.8 3694.2 3697.1 3701.8 3709.6 3713.1 3721.8 3726.9 3727.1 3734.9 3744.6 3751.2 3753.8 3766.3 3777.1 3800.0 3818.4 3829.8 3942.3

4 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4

Ne V *142.61 *143.32 147.13 151.23 154.50 *167.69 *358.93 365.59 *482.15 *571.04 2259.6 2265.7

9 9 5 5 1 9 9 5 9 9 3 5

9 15 7 5 3 9 3 3 9 15 5 7

6.7E+02 1.2E+03 1.5E+03 3.38E+02 7.0E+02 1.5E+02 2.1E+02 1.35E+02 3.01E+01 1.0E+01 1.9E+00 2.4E+00

Ne VII 97.502 *115.46 116.69 127.66 465.22 558.61 559.95

1 9 3 3 1 3 1

3 3 5 1 3 5 3

1.07E+03 4.8E+02 1.6E+03 1.9E+02 4.09E+01 8.11E+00 1.07E+01

Section 10.indb 130

6 4 4 2 6 4 8 4 6 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 6 2 6 2 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6

8

1.2E+00 6.3E-02 3.7E-02 1.9E-01 2.1E-01 6.2E-01 1.4E+00 6.3E-01 1.0E-01 1.3E+00 3.6E-02 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 6.0E-01 1.3E-01 3.2E-01 9.9E-01 6.7E-02 7.0E-01 3.2E-01 1.0E+00 2.8E-01 2.7E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 1.2E-01 9.8E-01 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 1.8E-01 4.5E-01 2.9E-01 4.2E-01 3.7E-01 6.1E-01 8.4E-01 1.0E-02

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 5 1 3

8

561.38 561.73 562.99 564.53

3 5 3 5

Ne VIII *88.09 *98.208 770.41 780.32 2820.7 2860.1

2 6 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2

8.4E+02 2.77E+03 5.90E+00 5.69E+00 7.20E-01 6.88E-01

7.99E+00 2.39E+01 3.17E+01 1.31E+01

7 7 5 5 5 7 3 7 9 7 9 5 7 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 7 9 7 5 9 3 9 5 7 3

7 9 5 7 5 7 5 5 7 5 9 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 7 9 5 3 7 5 7 5 7 3

1.1E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E-01 8.3E-01 1.7E-01 9.0E-02 9.3E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 1.8E-01 9.7E-02 3.3E-01 2.1E-01 2.3E-01 4.0E-01 1.1E-01 2.6E+00 9.7E-02 1.1E-01 9.7E-02 2.8E-01 3.8E-01 4.7E-01 4.1E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 8.9E-01 1.3E-01 1.2E-01 3.0E-01 7.8E-01 7.3E-01 2.2E-01 3.8E-01 1.9E-01 9.6E-02 1.7E-01 2.0E-01 9.1E-02 1.8E-01 2.1E+00 3.8E-01 7.5E-01 4.5E-01

Nickel Ni I 1963.85 1976.87 1981.61 1990.25 2007.01 2007.69 2014.25 2025.40 2026.62 2047.35 2052.04 2055.50 2059.92 2060.20 2064.39 2069.52 2085.57 2089.09 2095.13 2114.43 2121.40 2124.80 2147.80 2157.83 2158.31 2161.04 2173.54 2174.48 2182.38 2183.91 2190.22 2197.35 2201.59 2221.94 2244.46 2253.57 2254.81 2258.15 2259.56 2261.42 2287.32 2289.98 2293.11 2300.77 2302.97

Weights

λ –1

Å 2307.35 2312.34 2313.98 2317.16 2320.03 2321.38 2324.65 2325.79 2329.96 2345.54 2346.63 2347.51 2348.73 2419.31 2943.91 2981.65 3002.48 3003.62 3012.00 3037.93 3050.82 3054.31 3057.64 3064.62 3101.56 3101.88 3134.11 3225.02 3369.56 3380.57 3392.98 3414.76 3423.71 3433.56 3446.26 3452.88 3458.46 3461.66 3472.55 3483.77 3492.96 3510.33 3515.05 3524.54 3566.37 3597.70 3619.39 4027.67 4295.88 4401.54 4462.46 4470.48 4600.37 4604.99 4606.23 4648.66 4686.22 4701.54 4714.42 4715.78

gi

5 7 5 7 9 5 7 7 5 9 7 9 7 7 7 5 7 5 5 7 7 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 9 5 7 7 3 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 9 9 3 5 5 9 5 11 5 9 13 7

7 7 5 5 11 7 9 9 3 7 5 9 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 7 9 5 3 7 7 7 5 3 7 3 7 9 3 7 5 7 5 9 7 3 3 1 7 5 5 3 7 7 7 11 5 7 3 7 3 9 5 9 11 7

gk

A 108 s–1 1.6E-01 5.5E+00 5.0E+00 3.8E+00 6.9E+00 5.6E+00 1.8E-01 3.5E+00 5.3E+00 2.2E+00 5.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.1E-01 2.8E-01 8.0E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E+00 2.8E-01 6.0E-01 4.0E-01 1.0E+00 1.1E-01 6.3E-01 4.9E-01 7.3E-01 9.3E-02 1.8E-01 1.3E+00 2.4E-01 5.5E-01 3.3E-01 1.7E-01 4.4E-01 9.8E-02 6.1E-01 2.7E-01 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 9.8E-01 1.2E+00 4.2E-01 1.0E+00 5.6E-01 1.4E-01 6.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 2.3E-01 1.0E-01 2.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 4.6E-01 2.0E-01

5/4/05 8:08:25 AM


gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4732.47 4752.43 4756.52 4786.54 4812.00 4829.03 4831.18 4838.64 4855.41 4904.41 4912.03 4913.97 4918.36 4935.83 4937.34 4953.20 4980.17 5000.34 5012.46 5017.58 5035.37 5042.20 5048.85 5080.53 5081.11 5082.35 5084.08 5099.95 5115.40 5129.37 5155.14 5155.76 5176.57 5371.33 5476.91 5637.12 5664.02 5695.00 6086.29 6175.42 7122.24 7381.94 7422.30 7727.66

7 3 9 11 3 5 9 9 5 5 3 1 9 7 9 5 9 7 7 11 7 3 7 9 7 3 7 7 11 7 5 5 5 7 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 9 7 7

9 3 9 11 1 7 7 7 5 3 3 3 7 5 9 5 11 7 7 11 9 5 7 11 9 3 9 7 9 5 5 7 5 7 3 3 7 3 5 3 7 11 5 7

Ni II 2165.55 2169.10 2174.67 2175.15 2184.61 2201.41 2206.72 2216.48 2220.40 2222.96 2224.86 2226.33 2253.85 2264.46

10 8 8 6 4 4 6 10 6 10 8 6 4 6

10 8 10 6 4 6 8 12 8 10 8 6 6 8

Section 10.indb 131

8

10-131 λ

–1

9.3E-02 2.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.8E-01 9.5E-02 1.9E-01 1.6E-01 2.2E-01 5.7E-01 6.2E-01 1.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 1.4E-01 1.1E-01 2.0E-01 5.7E-01 1.4E-01 1.6E-01 3.2E-01 5.7E-01 2.5E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 2.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 2.9E-01 1.8E-01 1.6E-01 9.5E-02 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 9.7E-02 1.8E-01 1.1E-01 2.4E+00 1.58E+00 1.43E+00 1.77E+00 2.90E+00 1.3E+00 1.66E+00 3.4E+00 2.3E+00 9.8E-01 1.55E+00 1.3E+00 1.98E+00 1.43E+00

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

Weights

λ –1

2270.21 2278.77 2287.09 2296.55 2297.14 2297.49 2298.27 2303.00 2316.04 2334.58 2375.42 2394.52 2416.13 2437.89 2510.87

8 8 6 8 6 4 6 8 10 8 6 8 6 8 8

10 6 4 8 4 2 6 6 8 8 8 10 8 10 10

1.56E+00 2.8E+00 2.8E+00 1.98E+00 2.70E+00 3.0E+00 2.8E+00 2.9E+00 2.88E+00 8.0E-01 6.6E-01 1.70E+00 2.1E+00 5.4E-01 5.8E-01

Ni III 1692.51 1709.90 1719.46 1722.28 1724.52 1741.96 1752.43 1760.56 1769.64 1823.06

11 9 5 3 3 9 7 5 11 9

13 11 7 5 1 7 5 3 11 9

7.9E+00 6.3E+00 6.0E+00 5.9E+00 6.7E+00 5.7E+00 5.5E+00 6.5E+00 6.2E+00 5.6E+00

Ni XIV 164.13 168 168.12 169.69 170.50 171.37 172.16 172.80 177.28 178 181 182.14 196 288.894 292.399

6 2 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 4 4 6

8 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 2 2 4 6


Ni XV 50.249 60.890 64.635 163.64 173.73 175 179.28 181 269 278.386

5 9 7 5 5 3 5 1 3 5

7 11 9 7 7 1 7 3 1 5

6.8E+03 1.0E+04 9.6E+03 5.6E+01 7.6E+02 5.7E+02 7.5E+02 6.8E+02 5.3E+01 4.3E+01

Ni XVI 166 168 182 185.23

4 6 2 2

6 8 2 4

3.1E+02 3.2E+02 2.5E+02 4.2E+02

Å

gi

6 2 2 8 8 6 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 8 4 2 4

gk

A 108 s–1

187 187 188 190 192 192 194 194 194 194 194.04 195.27 196 197 197 199 206 217 218.391 223.119 231 232.475 233 235 235 236 237.875 238 239.550 245 245 249 249 250 254

4 4 2 6 6 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 4 6

1.2E+02 3.3E+02 4.7E+02 2.0E+02 4.54E+02 3.1E+02 2.8E+02 5.5E+02 1.1E+02 3.5E+02 4.6E+02 9.5E+01 6.7E+02 1.5E+02 1.2E+02 4.9E+02 3.7E+02 1.1E+02 9.5E+01 1.3E+02 1.6E+02 4.07E+02 2.4E+02 3.8E+02 2.5E+02 1.2E+02 2.6E+02 1.3E+02 2.6E+02 1.4E+02 3.2E+02 3.3E+02 1.2E+02 1.6E+02 1.8E+02

Ni XVII 30.919 42.855 54.451 55.361 57.348 197.39 199.87 204 205 206 207.50 215.89 216 217 227 249.180 281.50 282 284 292

1 1 9 1 7 1 3 3 3 1 5 3 1 5 5 1 3 3 5 5

3 3 11 3 9 3 5 3 1 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 1 1 3 7


Ni XVIII 24.881 25.070

2 4

4 6

8.6E+02 9.9E+02

5/4/05 8:08:27 AM


10-132 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

26.02 26.020 26.046 26.218 27.98 27.982 28.018 28.220 29.383 29.422 29.779 29.829 31.845 31.890 32.034 32.340 36.990 37.049 41.015 41.218 43.814 44.365 44.405 52.615 52.720 52.745 59.950 60.212 63.512 63.589 69.075 76.254 76.359 99.275 100.4 114.46 114.74

2 2 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6

Ni XIX 9.140 9.153 9.977 10.110 10.283 10.433 11.539 11.599 12.435 12.656 13.779 14.043 40.7 40.7 41.132

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 7

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 9


Ni XXI 11.13 11.23 11.239 11.28 11.318

3 5 5 3 5

3 3 7 1 7

1.7E+04 1.7E+04 5.7E+04 2.2E+05 2.8E+05

Section 10.indb 132

4 4 2 6 6 4 8 6 6 8 4 2 6 8 4 6 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 6 8

8

1.26E+03 1.1E+03 1.1E+03 1.5E+03 1.0E+03 2.0E+03 1.1E+03 2.33E+03 1.58E+03 1.69E+03 1.9E+03 1.9E+03 2.7E+03 3.0E+03 3.4E+03 4.0E+03 5.5E+03 5.9E+03 2.97E+03 3.2E+03 5.5E+03 6.8E+03 1.14E+03 1.5E+04 1.6E+04 1.06E+03 9.6E+02 1.1E+03 7.9E+02 8.5E+02 8.0E+02 1.38E+03 1.47E+03 1.0E+03 1.2E+03 2.5E+03 2.7E+03

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

1 3 7 7 3 3 3 3 5

8

Weights

λ –1

11.48 11.48 11.517 11.539 11.67 11.72 12.454 12.472 12.502

3 1 5 5 1 3 5 3 5

1.1E+05 4.0E+05 1.4E+05 1.2E+05 8.0E+04 2.3E+04 3.3E+04 1.8E+04 2.8E+04

Ni XXII 72.52 84.06 84.24 85.86 88.00 95.95 98.16 98.58 100.60 101.31 103.31 106.04 106.16 124.31 126.32

4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 4

2 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 2 4


Ni XXIII 87.66 88.11 90.49 90.96 91.83 92.32 100.42 102.08 103.23 103.67 104.70 106.02 108.27 111.23 111.78 111.86 112.55 128.87 133.54 137.55

3 5 3 5 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 1 3 5 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 1 3 3 1 5 3 1


Ni XXIV 101.13 102.11 103.43 103.53 104.64 106.68 113.14 118.52 122.72 134.73 135.47

6 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 6 6 4

4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 4

1.63E+02 5.4E+02 1.3E+02 4.17E+02 4.7E+02 3.67E+02 1.65E+02 1.5E+02 2.17E+02 1.44E+02 8.0E+01

Å

gi

4 6 2 4

gk

A 108 s–1

137.01 138.80 153.47 159.69

4 4 2 2

2.6E+02 7.2E+01 1.27E+02 8.9E+01

Ni XXV 9.30 9.31 9.32 9.34 9.42 9.49 9.60 9.63 9.64 9.71 9.71 9.74 9.75 9.76 9.76 9.78 9.86 9.87 9.92 9.94 9.97 10.08

3 5 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 3 1

1 7 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 1 3 7 5 3 3 7 7 5 5 7 5 3

9.3E+04 8.2E+04 7.8E+04 1.1E+05 9.0E+04 8.9E+04 1.8E+05 2.4E+05 1.3E+05 2.3E+05 1.8E+05 3.0E+05 1.3E+05 3.03E+05 7.5E+04 2.9E+05 4.8E+05 2.03E+05 1.3E+05 1.29E+05 2.5E+05 2.80E+05

Ni XXVI 1.5930 1.5935 1.5973 1.5977 1.5982 1.5996 1.6005 1.6036 9.390 9.535

4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4

2 2 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 6

3.4E+06 4.0E+06 8.1E+06 4.4E+06 7.3E+06 2.7E+06 2.7E+06 2.1E+06 2.59E+05 2.96E+05

Ni XXVII 1.2534 1.2824 1.3500 1.3516 1.531 1.534 1.537 1.537 1.538 1.539 1.539 1.540 1.541 1.542 1.542 1.544 1.546 1.547 1.549

1 1 1 1 3 3 5 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1

3 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 3

3.35E+05 6.38E+05 1.63E+06 2.4E+05 2.0E+05 6.9E+06 2.3E+06 3.7E+06 3.9E+06 2.6E+06 2.6E+06 1.7E+06 5.5E+06 3.6E+06 3.5E+06 3.2E+06 1.6E+06 2.1E+05 2.0E+05

5/4/05 8:12:37 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 1.551 1.558 1.5883 1.5963

3 3 1 1

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

1 1 3 3

8

λ –1

8.2E+05 6.5E+05 6.02E+06 7.70E+05

Nitrogen NI 1163.88 1164.00 1164.21 1164.32 1167.45 1168.42 1168.54 1176.51 1176.63 1177.69 1199.55 1200.22 1200.71 1310.54 1316.29 1492.63 1492.82 1494.68 3822.03 3830.43 3834.22 4099.94 4109.95 4113.97 4137.64 4143.43 4151.48 4249.87 4264.00 4356.29 4385.54 4392.41 4435.43 4442.45 4669.89 4914.94 4935.12 5199.84 5201.61 5281.20 5344.05 5356.62 5367.01 5372.61 5378.27 6606.18 6622.54 6626.99 6636.94 6644.96 6646.50 6653.46 6656.51

Section 10.indb 133

6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 8 2 6 4

6 6 4 4 8 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 4 4 2 4 8 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 6 6 6 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2

10-133

7.52E-01 1.27E-02 5.17E-02 6.94E-01 1.29E+00 4.24E-02 1.24E+00 9.22E-01 1.02E-01 1.02E+00 4.01E+00 3.99E+00 3.98E+00 8.42E-01 1.42E-02 3.13E+00 3.51E-01 3.72E+00 3.70E-02 4.67E-02 1.89E-02 3.48E-02 3.90E-02 6.62E-03 2.80E-03 6.09E-03 1.01E-02 2.59E-02 2.26E-02 5.10E-02 8.84E-03 1.76E-02 7.51E-03 3.81E-02 7.49E-03 8.08E-03 1.76E-02 1.87E-02 1.87E-02 2.45E-03 6.10E-04 1.41E-03 1.07E-03 8.34E-04 1.66E-03 8.87E-04 7.93E-03 2.20E-03 1.40E-02 3.49E-02 2.18E-02 2.74E-02 2.17E-02

Å 6926.67 6945.18 6951.60 6960.50 6973.07 6979.18 6982.03 7423.64 7442.30 7468.31 7898.98 7899.28 7915.42 8184.86 8188.01 8200.36 8210.72 8216.34 8223.13 8242.39 8567.74 8594.00 8629.24 8655.88 8680.28 8683.40 8686.15 8703.25 8711.70 8718.84 8728.90 8747.37 9028.92 9045.88 9049.49 9049.89 9060.48 9187.45 9187.86 9207.59 9208.00 9386.81 9392.79 9460.68 9776.90 9786.78 9788.29 9798.56 9810.01 9814.02 9822.75 9834.61 9863.33 9872.15 9883.38 9905.52 9909.22 9931.47 9947.07 9965.75

4 6 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 2 6 6 4 2 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 2 4 2 4 6 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

6 6 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 4 2 8 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 2 8 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 8 6 4 8 6 2 2 4 4 8 6

8

Weights

λ –1


Å 9968.51 9980.42 9997.73

6 4 8

N II 474.891 475.647 475.698 475.757 475.803 475.884 508.697 510.758 513.849 529.355 529.413 529.491 529.637 529.722 529.867 533.511 533.581 533.650 533.729 533.815 547.818 559.762 574.650 582.156 635.197 644.634 644.837 645.178 660.286 671.016 671.386 671.411 671.630 671.773 672.001 745.841 746.984 748.369 775.965 915.612 915.962 1083.99 1085.55 1085.70 3408.13 3437.14 3593.60 3609.10 3615.86 3829.80 3838.37 3842.19 3847.40 3855.10 3856.06

5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 1 3 1 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 1 3 3 5

gi

4 6 8 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 7 1 1 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 3

gk

A 108 s–1 4.50E-03 8.10E-03 9.20E-03 9.66E+00 1.17E+01 1.58E+01 8.75E+00 2.10E+01 5.25E+00 1.91E+00 1.87E+01 1.24E+01 7.23E+00 2.43E+01 6.75E+00 4.92E+00 1.03E+01 1.94E+01 2.39E+01 3.20E+01 1.66E+01 4.13E+01 9.19E+00 2.16E+00 1.14E+01 3.60E+01 2.85E+01 2.33E+01 1.21E+01 3.64E+01 6.07E+01 3.69E+01 2.47E+00 7.40E+00 3.04E+00 2.27E+00 9.85E+00 3.87E+00 1.25E+01 3.85E+01 3.83E+00 3.08E+01 4.38E+00 1.32E+01 2.18E+00 9.47E-01 3.87E+00 2.19E-01 2.07E+00 1.21E-01 1.41E-01 1.53E-01 2.42E-01 6.98E-01 3.06E-01 2.22E-01 8.82E-01 3.71E-01

5/4/05 8:12:51 AM


10-134 λ Å 3919.00 3955.85 3995.00 4114.33 4124.08 4133.67 4145.77 4374.99 4447.03 4459.94 4465.53 4477.68 4488.09 4507.56 4564.76 4601.48 4607.15 4613.87 4621.39 4630.54 4643.09 4654.53 4667.21 4674.91 4694.27 4695.90 4697.64 4698.55 4700.03 4702.50 4704.25 4706.40 4709.58 4712.07 4718.38 4721.58 4774.24 4779.72 4781.19 4788.14 4793.65 4803.29 4810.30 4860.17 4987.38 4991.24 4994.36 4994.37 4997.22 5001.13 5001.47 5002.70 5005.15 5005.30 5007.33 5010.62 5011.31 5012.04 5016.38 5023.05

Section 10.indb 134

3 3 3 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 9 9 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 7 5 3 3 5 7 5 7

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 1 7 5 3 9 7 5 9 7 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 1 5 7 3 3 5 7 3 9 5 5 3 3 7 5 5

8

λ –1

6.76E-01 1.31E-01 1.35E+00 1.42E-03 3.20E-01 5.30E-01 7.36E-01 5.55E-03 1.14E+00 1.12E-01 2.36E-02 8.85E-02 1.30E-02 1.00E-01 1.41E-02 2.35E-01 3.26E-01 2.26E-01 9.55E-01 7.72E-01 4.51E-01 2.43E-02 2.99E-02 1.05E-01 1.23E-01 1.29E-01 3.06E-02 3.67E-01 1.05E-01 9.15E-02 2.13E-01 6.09E-02 1.82E-01 1.46E-01 3.02E-01 7.75E-02 3.24E-02 2.52E-01 2.05E-02 2.52E-01 7.77E-02 3.18E-01 4.75E-02 1.61E-02 7.48E-01 3.54E-01 2.62E-01 7.60E-01 1.96E-01 9.76E-01 1.05E+00 8.45E-02 1.16E+00 6.51E-02 7.89E-01 2.19E-01 5.84E-01 5.19E-01 1.62E-01 3.61E-01

Å 5025.66 5040.71 5045.10 5073.59 5168.05 5170.16 5171.27 5171.47 5172.34 5172.97 5173.39 5174.46 5175.89 5176.57 5177.06 5179.34 5179.52 5180.36 5183.20 5184.96 5185.09 5186.21 5190.38 5191.96 5199.50 5313.42 5320.20 5320.96 5327.76 5338.73 5340.21 5351.23 5383.72 5452.07 5454.22 5462.58 5478.09 5480.05 5495.65 5526.23 5530.24 5535.35 5535.38 5540.06 5543.47 5551.92 5552.68 5565.26 5666.63 5676.02 5679.56 5686.21 5710.77 5730.66 5747.30 5767.45 5893.15 5897.25 5899.83 5927.81

7 7 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 7 5 3 7 9 5 7 7 5 7 9 7 9 3 5 3 5 5 7 7 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 7 3 3 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 1

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 5 3 3 5 3 1 7 5 3 7 5 9 3 3 9 11 5 7 7 3 5 9 5 7 3 3 5 5 7 5 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 7 9 3 1 5 7 3 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 3

8

Weights

λ –1

1.07E-01 3.78E-03 3.42E-01 2.59E-02 3.06E-01 6.54E-01 8.71E-01 5.81E-01 6.01E-01 5.01E-01 7.36E-01 5.07E-01 8.93E-01 2.17E-01 5.00E-01 8.67E-01 1.07E+00 4.28E-01 2.88E-01 3.20E-01 7.11E-02 5.76E-02 1.77E-01 4.25E-02 1.51E-02 1.41E-01 4.20E-01 2.52E-01 4.65E-02 1.85E-01 2.59E-01 3.67E-01 3.31E-03 8.89E-02 3.34E-01 1.00E-01 4.75E-02 1.30E-01 2.40E-01 2.13E-01 4.04E-01 6.04E-01 4.53E-01 6.03E-01 3.51E-01 2.00E-01 1.50E-01 3.97E-02 3.74E-01 2.96E-01 5.25E-01 1.94E-01 1.24E-01 1.34E-02 3.40E-02 2.44E-02 2.88E-01 2.16E-01 1.60E-01 3.22E-01

Å 5931.78 5940.24 5941.65 5952.39 5960.91 6065.00 6284.32 6379.62 6482.05 6610.56 6857.03 6869.58 6887.83 7762.24 8438.74 8831.75 8855.30 8893.29

3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 3 5

N III 374.198 451.871 452.227 684.998 685.515 685.817 686.336 763.334 764.351 771.545 771.901 772.384 772.889 772.955 979.832 979.905 989.799 991.511 991.577 1747.85 1751.22 1751.66 2972.55 2977.33 2978.84 2983.64 3342.76 3353.98 3354.32 3355.46 3358.78 3360.98 3365.80 3367.36 3374.07 3745.95 3752.63 3754.69 3762.60 3771.03

2 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 6

gi

5 3 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 7 3 5 7 5 3 3 3 3 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 4

gk

A 108 s–1 4.27E-01 2.26E-01 5.54E-01 1.27E-01 1.34E-02 2.21E-03 7.74E-02 6.11E-02 3.01E-01 6.34E-01 2.53E-01 2.51E-01 2.49E-01 8.74E-02 2.24E-01 8.42E-03 2.51E-02 4.12E-02 9.89E+01 1.03E+01 2.05E+01 9.63E+00 3.83E+01 4.54E+01 1.95E+01 9.58E+00 1.85E+01 8.19E+00 1.64E+01 2.45E+01 2.09E+01 2.34E+01 8.84E+00 9.21E+00 4.18E+00 8.17E-01 4.97E+00 1.28E+00 2.48E-01 1.51E+00 6.67E-01 3.32E-01 1.66E-01 8.24E-01 3.80E-01 7.66E-01 5.51E-01 7.51E-01 3.05E-01 2.44E-01 1.52E+00 1.27E+00 8.13E-01 1.90E-01 6.67E-02 3.78E-01 4.24E-02 5.59E-01

5/4/05 8:12:59 AM


Section 10.indb 135

6 8 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 8 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 8 2 4 2 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 8 4 10 6 4 8 6 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 6 2 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4

8

10-135 λ

–1

8.28E-02 1.03E-01 7.49E-01 8.96E-01 1.49E-01 8.70E-01 8.67E-01 9.37E-01 1.12E+00 1.85E-01 5.40E-02 1.08E-01 5.03E-02 8.60E-02 3.06E-02 1.07E-01 1.23E-01 7.47E-02 1.82E-01 4.01E-02 2.84E-01 4.77E-01 6.80E-01 5.65E-01 3.61E-01 1.12E-01 2.01E-01 3.33E-02 6.36E-01 7.60E-01 1.26E-01 4.35E-01 4.66E-01 5.32E-01 1.73E-01 6.18E-01 1.50E-01 1.22E-02 8.71E-02 5.86E-03 2.80E-02 6.95E-02 1.39E-01 2.21E-02 4.93E-02 7.38E-02 1.14E-01 5.68E-01 5.29E-01 3.72E-02 2.18E-01 2.15E-01 8.89E-02 1.77E-01 1.49E-01 1.13E-01 2.11E-01 3.52E-02 6.31E-02 1.05E-02

Å 7371.51 7404.54 8307.51 8344.95 8386.39 8424.56

4 6 2 2 4 4

N IV 247.205 *283.52 *322.64 335.047 387.356 765.147 *923.16 955.334 1718.55 2649.88 3052.20 3059.60 3075.19 3443.61 3445.22 3454.65 3461.36 3463.36 3474.53 3478.72 *3480.8 3483.00 3484.93 3689.94 3694.14 3707.39 3714.43 3735.43 3747.54 4057.76 4740.26 4747.96 4752.49 4762.09 4769.86 4786.92 4796.66 5200.41 5204.28 5205.15 5226.70 5245.60 5272.35 5288.25 5736.93 5776.31 5784.76 5795.09 5812.31 5826.43 5843.84 6380.75

1 9 9 3 3 1 9 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 3 5 1 3 5 5 5 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 6 4 2 4 2 3 15 3 5 1 3 9 1 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 9 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 3

8

Weights

λ –1

3.53E-02 3.61E-02 1.65E-02 6.52E-02 8.03E-02 3.17E-02 1.19E+02 3.05E+02 8.99E+01 1.845E+02 2.55E+01 2.320E+01 1.759E+01 2.919E+01 2.321E+00 1.07E+00 1.33E-01 3.95E-01 6.48E-01 3.46E-01 4.60E-01 3.42E-01 1.36E+00 1.02E+00 5.61E-01 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 9.10E-02 2.27E-02 6.73E-02 1.34E-02 7.37E-02 9.92E-01 6.62E-01 1.53E-02 7.60E-02 1.13E-02 6.99E-02 2.50E-02 8.79E-02 1.53E-02 2.67E-01 3.55E-01 1.97E-01 1.46E-01 8.66E-02 9.48E-03 3.22E-02 1.84E-01 1.85E-02 5.51E-02 1.37E-02 1.36E-02 2.25E-02 4.01E-02 1.42E-01

Å

gi

3 5 3 15 7 5 3 5 7 9 5 7

gk

A 108 s–1

7103.24 7109.35 7111.28 *7116.8 7122.98 7127.25 7127.25 9165.07 9182.16 9222.99 9247.04 9311.55

1 3 3 9 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 7

6.28E-02 8.46E-02 4.70E-02 1.12E-01 1.12E-01 2.80E-02 3.11E-03 4.23E-02 4.45E-02 4.95E-02 7.66E-03 5.36E-03

NV *209.29 *247.66 1238.82 1242.80 4603.74 4619.97

2 6 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2

1.21E+02 4.26E+02 3.40E+00 3.37E+00 4.14E-01 4.10E-01

N VI 24.8980 28.7870 *161.220 173.275 *173.93 185.192 *1901 2896.4 *6991.1 9622.0

1 1 3 1 9 3 3 1 3 1

3 3 9 3 15 5 9 3 9 3

5.158E+03 1.809E+04 2.859E+02 2.697E+02 8.756E+02 8.205E+02 6.780E-01 2.079E-01 8.384E-02 3.276E-02

5 1 3 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 3 1 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 1 3

5 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 3 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 1 3 3 5

4.94E+00 2.19E+00 1.64E+00 2.85E+00 5.12E+00 1.23E+00 1.33E+00 4.22E-01 5.28E+00 2.06E+00 3.41E+00 2.03E+00 6.76E-01 6.63E-03 1.87E-03 5.19E-03 5.59E-03 8.31E-04 1.63E-02 4.91E-03 4.88E-03 4.87E-03 3.10E-03 1.29E-03 1.03E-03 7.73E-04

Oxygen OI 791.973 792.938 792.967 877.798 877.879 922.008 935.193 1028.16 1152.15 1217.65 1302.17 1304.86 1306.03 3823.41 3823.87 3824.35 3825.02 3825.19 3855.01 3947.29 3947.48 3947.59 3951.93 3952.98 3953.00 3954.52

5/4/05 8:13:04 AM


10-136 λ Å 3954.61 3997.95 4217.09 4222.77 4222.82 4233.27 4368.19 4368.24 4967.38 4967.88 4968.79 5019.29 5020.22 5329.11 5329.69 5330.74 5435.18 5435.77 5436.86 5512.60 5512.77 5554.83 5555.00 5958.39 5958.58 6046.23 6046.44 6046.49 6155.99 6156.78 6158.19 6324.84 6453.60 6454.44 6455.98 6726.28 6726.54 7001.92 7002.23 7254.15 7254.45 7254.53 7771.94 7774.17 7775.39 7981.94 7982.40 7986.98 7987.33 7995.07 8221.82 8227.65 8230.00 8233.00 8235.35 8446.25 8446.36 8446.76 8820.42 9260.81

Section 10.indb 136

5 5 3 5 1 5 3 3 3 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 5 7 7 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 3 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 7 9 5 5 5 7 9 5 5 5 5 7 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 5 7 9 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 1 5 3 7 1

8

λ –1


Å 9260.85 9260.94 9262.58 9262.67 9262.78 9265.83 9265.93 9266.01 9482.89 9622.11 9622.16 9625.26 9625.30 9694.66 9694.91 9695.06

3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 5 5 3 7 7 5 5 5

O II 429.918 430.041 430.176 483.760 483.980 484.027 485.087 485.470 485.518 2290.85 2293.30 2300.33 2302.81 2365.14 2375.72 2406.38 2407.48 2411.60 2411.64 2415.13 2418.46 2425.57 2433.54 2436.06 2444.25 2445.53 2517.96 2523.21 2526.87 2530.28 2571.46 2575.28 3134.73 3273.43 3377.15 3390.21 3407.28 3712.74 3727.32 3749.48 3833.07 3842.81

4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 4 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 8 8 2 2 6 2 4 6 6 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 5 3 5 7 5 7 9 3 3 3 5 7 7 5 3 2 4 6 2 4 4 8 6 6 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 8 4 6 6 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 8 4

8

Weights

λ –1

3.34E-01 1.56E-01 1.11E-01 2.60E-01 2.97E-01 2.97E-02 1.48E-01 4.45E-01 2.34E-01 5.22E-04 1.57E-03 3.25E-04 1.85E-03 4.54E-04 4.54E-04 4.54E-04 4.25E+01 4.13E+01 4.36E+01 2.05E+01 1.80E+01 3.22E+00 2.60E+01 1.20E+00 1.93E+01 7.41E-02 3.25E-01 4.17E-01 1.67E-01 1.52E-01 1.35E-01 1.85E-01 2.25E-01 2.05E-01 1.10E-01 2.20E-01 2.30E-01 1.77E-01 4.21E-01 1.69E-01 7.56E-02 4.98E-01 7.72E-02 9.63E-02 1.20E-01 8.16E-02 1.15E-01 1.37E-01 1.23E+00 9.99E-01 1.27E+00 1.22E+00 1.02E+00 2.84E-01 5.81E-01 9.31E-01 1.02E-02 7.45E-02

Å 3843.58 3847.89 3850.80 3851.03 3851.47 3856.13 3857.16 3863.50 3864.13 3864.43 3864.67 3874.09 3875.80 3882.19 3882.45 3883.14 3893.52 3907.45 3911.96 3912.12 3919.27 3945.04 3954.36 3973.26 3982.71 4069.62 4069.88 4072.15 4075.86 4078.84 4084.65 4085.11 4092.93 4094.14 4096.53 4097.22 4103.00 4104.72 4104.99 4106.02 4109.84 4110.19 4110.79 4112.02 4113.83 4119.22 4120.28 4120.55 4121.46 4129.32 4132.80 4140.70 4153.30 4156.53 4169.22 4185.44 4189.58 4189.79 4192.51 4196.27

4 2 4 4 8 4 6 6 2 6 6 2 8 8 4 8 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 8 4 6 6 8 6 4 2 2 4 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 6 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 6 4

gi

6 2 6 4 8 2 6 8 2 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 6 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 8 10 4 8 6 8 4 6 4 2 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 6 8 6 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 8 8 10 4 4

gk

A 108 s–1 3.55E-02 1.95E-01 6.00E-03 1.59E-01 2.72E-02 2.28E-01 6.59E-02 6.49E-02 9.12E-02 2.15E-01 1.80E-01 3.26E-02 3.38E-02 5.50E-01 8.94E-02 1.13E-01 1.89E-02 8.64E-02 1.09E+00 1.41E-01 1.22E+00 2.05E-01 8.57E-01 1.04E+00 4.27E-01 1.52E+00 1.53E+00 1.98E+00 2.11E+00 5.52E-01 7.28E-02 4.55E-01 2.65E-01 4.70E-02 1.73E-01 3.62E-01 5.09E-01 3.14E-01 9.14E-01 1.70E-02 1.21E-02 2.54E-01 7.70E-01 1.81E-01 2.41E-01 1.33E+00 2.15E-01 2.60E-01 5.60E-01 1.79E-01 9.13E-01 4.09E-02 7.91E-01 2.11E-01 2.71E-01 1.91E+00 7.06E-02 1.98E+00 3.21E-01 3.56E-02

5/4/05 8:13:09 AM


Section 10.indb 137

4 2 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 6 8 8 4 2 2 4 6 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 6 4 4 4 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 4 6 2 2 6 4 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 4 2 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 6 8 6 6 6 4 4

8

10-137 λ

–1

3.56E-01 3.70E-01 2.55E-01 5.62E-01 1.47E-01 6.76E-01 7.24E-02 1.12E+00 4.82E-02 6.50E-01 1.57E-01 8.31E-01 1.19E-01 9.32E-01 6.91E-01 9.89E-01 5.82E-02 1.44E-02 3.98E-01 3.57E-01 3.91E-01 4.30E-02 8.34E-01 7.13E-01 5.05E-01 1.89E-02 2.52E-02 5.10E-01 1.37E-01 9.00E-01 9.00E-01 7.18E-03 8.85E-01 4.87E-02 8.34E-01 3.71E-01 5.96E-01 7.81E-01 6.86E-01 4.10E-01 1.35E-01 2.05E-01 1.86E-01 7.43E-01 3.25E-02 6.59E-02 9.88E-01 9.36E-01 9.23E-01 3.69E-01 9.20E-01 1.10E+00 2.98E-01 4.71E-02 6.39E-02 1.45E-02 1.02E-02 5.58E-02 1.00E-01 4.70E-01

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4864.88 4871.52 4872.02 4890.86 4906.83 4924.53 4941.07 4943.01 4955.71 5159.94 5175.90 5190.50 5206.65 5583.22 5611.07 6627.37 6641.03 6666.66 6677.87 6717.75 6721.39 6810.48 6844.10 6846.80 6869.48 6884.88 6895.10 6906.44 6907.87 6910.56

4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 8 6 4 10 8 4 6

2 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 8 6 8 6 4 8 6 2 4

O III 263.694 263.727 263.773 263.817 263.861 277.386 279.788 295.942 303.413 303.461 303.517 303.622 303.695 303.800 305.596 305.656 305.702 305.767 305.836 320.978 328.448 345.312 374.073 395.557 507.388 507.680 508.178 525.794

1 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5

3 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3

8

Weights

λ –1

8.07E-02 5.60E-01 9.34E-02 4.80E-01 4.54E-01 5.43E-01 5.87E-01 7.78E-01 1.82E-01 3.29E-01 1.49E-01 1.26E-01 3.58E-01 2.17E-02 2.14E-02 1.73E-01 9.88E-02 6.78E-02 3.37E-02 1.33E-01 1.81E-01 1.64E-03 2.97E-03 3.17E-02 5.35E-02 6.12E-02 2.72E-01 2.48E-01 3.03E-01 2.43E-01 3.32E+01 4.48E+01 2.49E+01 5.97E+01 1.49E+01 9.43E+01 4.25E+01 5.56E+01 4.29E+01 1.29E+02 3.21E+01 3.21E+01 5.34E+01 9.61E+01 1.20E+02 1.62E+02 9.01E+01 2.16E+02 5.40E+01 2.17E+02 1.04E+02 1.35E+02 2.85E+01 2.80E+01 1.61E+01 4.82E+01 8.04E+01 9.60E+01

Å 597.814 599.590 702.337 702.838 832.929 835.092 835.289 1679.03 1686.73 1760.41 1764.46 1766.63 1772.28 1772.97 2390.43 2454.97 2665.68 2674.58 2683.66 2686.15 2687.55 2695.48 2794.14 2798.93 2809.66 2818.70 2836.31 2959.69 2983.78 2992.08 2996.48 2997.69 3004.34 3008.78 3017.62 3023.43 3024.36 3024.54 3035.41 3042.07 3047.10 3059.28 3064.98 3068.13 3068.26 3068.67 3074.14 3074.72 3075.13 3075.95 3083.65 3084.64 3088.04 3095.79 3115.67 3121.63 3132.79 3198.18 3201.14 3202.51

1 5 1 3 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 3 7 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 5

gi

3 5 3 1 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 3 1 3 3 1 5 5 1 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 5 7 3 5 9 7 5 9 7 1 3 5 5 3 7

gk

A 108 s–1 1.49E+01 5.41E+01 6.06E+00 1.83E+01 3.41E+00 1.44E+00 5.99E+00 6.57E-01 6.48E-01 8.38E-01 2.50E+00 1.11E+00 3.29E+00 1.37E+00 1.62E+00 3.43E+00 6.75E-01 1.11E+00 1.85E+00 1.54E+00 1.84E+00 1.82E+00 1.82E-01 4.52E-02 1.34E-01 2.66E-02 1.46E-01 1.83E+00 2.15E+00 9.32E-02 4.64E-01 6.88E-02 4.27E-01 1.53E-01 5.38E-01 4.79E-01 9.39E-02 6.16E-01 4.59E-01 1.94E+00 1.49E+00 8.72E-01 2.17E-01 6.49E-01 5.41E-02 2.27E-01 1.84E-01 3.76E-01 1.61E-01 1.07E-01 3.20E-01 2.55E-01 5.30E-01 1.35E-01 1.39E+00 1.38E+00 1.37E+00 9.57E-02 4.77E-01 7.08E-02

5/4/05 8:13:14 AM


10-138 λ Å 3207.61 3210.58 3216.07 3221.21 3260.86 3265.33 3267.20 3281.83 3284.45 3299.39 3312.33 3326.06 3330.30 3330.32 3332.41 3332.93 3336.67 3336.69 3340.76 3344.20 3344.51 3347.98 3350.62 3350.92 3355.86 3362.31 3376.61 3376.76 3377.26 3382.61 3383.31 3383.81 3384.90 3394.22 3395.43 3406.88 3408.13 3415.26 3428.63 3430.57 3444.05 3446.68 3447.15 3447.97 3450.91 3451.30 3454.84 3454.99 3459.48 3459.94 3466.13 3466.85 3475.24 3520.94 3531.22 3533.38 3534.90 3555.24 3556.78 3695.38

Section 10.indb 138

5 5 7 7 5 7 3 5 7 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 7 5 7 7 7 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 7 3 5 9 5 7 9 7 9 1 3 3 3 5 5 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 3 7 5 7 9 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 7 7 5 1 3 5 7 3 5 9 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 9 3 5 11 3 7 9 5 7 3 1 3 5 3 5 5

8

λ –1

4.40E-01 1.58E-01 5.58E-01 9.75E-02 1.68E+00 1.88E+00 1.58E+00 2.89E-01 2.06E-01 1.64E-01 4.60E-01 2.65E-01 6.81E-01 4.76E-01 7.92E-01 5.04E-01 3.76E-01 8.77E-02 6.57E-01 1.25E-01 3.48E-01 4.86E-01 1.12E+00 9.91E-01 6.89E-01 6.87E-01 1.49E+00 1.12E+00 5.20E-01 9.86E-01 3.70E-01 8.62E-01 1.48E+00 4.88E-01 9.75E-02 1.93E-01 5.79E-01 1.44E-01 1.42E-01 2.37E-01 4.21E-01 9.71E-01 8.09E-01 1.19E+00 1.44E+00 8.06E-01 6.89E-01 1.72E+00 1.14E-01 5.14E-01 2.84E-01 6.82E-02 2.42E-02 1.50E-01 4.45E-01 1.11E-01 1.11E-01 1.82E-01 3.26E-01 4.01E-01

Å 3698.72 3703.36 3704.75 3707.27 3709.54 3712.49 3714.03 3715.09 3720.89 3721.95 3725.31 3728.51 3728.84 3729.80 3732.13 3734.83 3742.63 3746.90 3754.70 3757.23 3759.88 3774.03 3791.28 3810.98 3816.75 3961.57 4072.64 4073.98 4081.02 4089.30 4103.07 4118.60 4440.09 4447.69 4461.61 4524.22 4532.78 4535.29 4555.39 4557.91 5268.30 5508.24 5592.25

5 7 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 5 5 7 3 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 5 3

O IV 238.360 238.570 238.579 279.631 279.933 553.329 554.076 554.513 555.263 608.397 609.829 616.952 617.005 617.036 624.619

2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 9 3 5 1 5 3 7 7 3 5 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 5 3 7 3 5 3 3 7 3 5 7 3 5 3 3 5 7 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 4 6 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4

8

Weights

λ –1

7.62E-01 1.14E+00 8.53E-01 7.34E-01 1.13E+00 6.59E-01 4.06E-01 9.73E-01 3.74E-01 2.80E-01 2.41E-01 1.29E+00 1.45E+00 1.22E+00 2.67E-02 7.40E-02 2.24E-01 1.59E-01 7.53E-01 5.56E-01 9.79E-01 3.91E-01 2.24E-01 2.37E-02 9.63E-02 1.25E+00 3.37E-01 4.54E-01 6.02E-01 2.49E-01 1.48E-01 1.63E-02 4.42E-01 4.40E-01 4.36E-01 3.38E-01 1.40E-01 8.40E-02 2.49E-01 8.27E-02 3.50E-01 1.06E-01 3.27E-01 2.96E+02 3.54E+02 5.90E+01 2.68E+01 5.34E+01 1.22E+01 4.86E+01 6.06E+01 2.41E+01 1.21E+01 2.40E+01 2.60E+01 2.89E+00 2.89E+01 1.07E+01

Å 625.127 625.853 779.736 779.820 779.912 779.997 787.710 790.112 790.199 921.296 921.365 923.367 923.436 1338.61 1342.99 1343.51 2120.58 2132.64 2493.39 2493.75 2493.99 2499.27 2501.81 2507.73 2509.22 2510.58 2517.37 2781.22 2803.57 2805.87 2812.50 2816.53 2829.17 2836.27 2916.31 2921.46 2926.18 3063.43 3071.60 3177.89 3180.77 3180.99 3185.74 3188.22 3188.64 3194.78 3199.58 3209.65 3216.31 3348.06 3349.11 3354.27 3362.55 3375.40 3378.02 3381.21 3381.30 3385.52 3390.19 3396.80

4 6 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 2 6 2 6 4 8 6 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 2 4

gi

4 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 4 8 2 4

gk

A 108 s–1 2.13E+01 3.19E+01 1.46E+00 1.31E+01 1.36E+01 9.70E-01 5.95E+00 1.18E+00 7.08E+00 2.21E+00 8.83E+00 1.10E+01 4.39E+00 2.17E+00 4.29E-01 2.57E+00 1.05E+00 1.29E+00 1.18E+00 8.48E-01 6.09E-01 4.68E-01 3.73E-01 2.32E+00 1.94E+00 1.19E+00 1.24E+00 1.03E-01 1.26E-01 2.90E-01 3.58E-02 5.74E-01 1.56E-01 8.43E-01 1.06E+00 1.27E+00 2.11E-01 1.30E+00 1.29E+00 7.59E-02 1.51E-01 7.06E-02 1.21E-01 4.28E-02 1.50E-01 1.71E-01 1.04E-01 2.53E-01 5.56E-02 8.51E-01 1.02E+00 7.71E-01 7.65E-01 7.56E-01 1.66E-01 7.19E-01 4.28E-01 1.02E+00 8.49E-01 5.40E-01

5/4/05 8:13:20 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 3405.77 3409.70 3411.30 3411.69 3425.55 3489.89 3492.21 3493.43 3560.39 3563.33 3593.08 3725.89 3725.94 3729.03 3736.68 3736.85 3744.89 3758.39 3930.68 3942.06 3945.31 3956.77 3974.58 3977.09 3995.08 4687.03 4772.60 4779.10 4783.42 4794.18 4798.27 4813.15 5305.51 5362.51 6876.49 6931.60 7004.11 7061.30

4 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 8 6 8 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2 4 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 4 4

OV 172.169 *192.85 *215.17 220.353 248.460 629.732 758.677 759.442 760.227 760.446 761.128 762.004 774.518 1371.30 2729.31 2731.45 2743.61 2752.23 2755.13 2769.69

1 9 9 3 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5

Section 10.indb 139

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 8 6 4 6 8 4 10 6 8 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 4 2 4 2 3 15 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 3

8

10-139 λ

–1

1.67E-01 3.00E-01 1.69E-01 1.02E+00 4.94E-02 7.29E-01 6.06E-01 1.21E-01 1.03E+00 1.10E+00 7.15E-02 5.61E-01 6.01E-01 6.86E-01 2.23E-01 7.95E-01 1.92E-01 1.11E-01 3.80E-02 9.42E-02 1.88E-01 2.98E-02 6.62E-02 9.91E-02 1.52E-01 2.79E-01 1.23E-01 2.45E-01 2.06E-01 1.56E-01 2.91E-01 8.65E-02 6.10E-02 6.12E-02 1.88E-02 7.35E-02 8.90E-02 3.48E-02 2.94E+02 6.90E+02 1.83E+02 4.292E+02 5.59E+01 2.872E+01 5.547E+00 7.373E+00 5.514E+00 1.652E+01 2.197E+01 9.125E+00 3.804E+01 3.336E+00 4.52E-01 5.90E-01 4.38E-01 1.82E+00 1.37E+00 7.88E-01

Å 2781.01 *2784.0 2786.99 2789.85 3058.68 3144.66 3219.24 3222.29 3227.54 3239.21 3248.28 3263.54 3275.64 3297.62 3690.17 3698.36 3702.72 3717.31 3725.63 3746.64 3761.58 4119.37 4120.49 4123.96 4125.49 4134.11 4153.27 4158.86 4178.46 4213.35 4522.66 4554.53 5114.06 5339.94 5349.74 5372.71 5414.59 5428.38 5471.12 5571.81 5580.12 5583.23 *5589.9 5597.89 5604.27 5607.41 6330.05 6460.12 6466.14 6500.24 6543.77 6601.28 6764.72 6789.62 6817.40 6828.95 6878.76

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 5 7 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 3 3 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 9 5 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 7 1 3 3 5 5

O VI *150.10

2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 9 3 1 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 1 7 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 15 7 5 3 7 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 6

8

Weights

λ –1

1.40E+00 1.40E+00 1.39E+00 1.38E+00 1.39E+00 8.86E-01 1.54E-01 1.16E-01 3.38E-02 3.28E-01 1.18E-01 1.86E-02 4.76E-01 1.30E-01 1.97E-02 1.03E-01 1.41E-02 9.63E-02 2.91E-02 1.18E-01 1.61E-02 3.66E-01 3.33E-01 4.81E-01 2.70E-01 3.34E-01 1.92E-01 3.39E-01 1.12E-01 1.19E-02 1.02E-02 2.41E-01 1.80E-01 1.85E-02 7.04E-02 1.42E-02 9.29E-03 2.68E-02 4.86E-02 8.33E-02 1.11E-01 6.20E-02 1.49E-01 1.48E-01 3.68E-02 4.08E-03 1.21E-01 9.37E-02 1.01E-01 1.11E-01 1.64E-02 1.14E-02 4.37E-02 5.79E-02 3.00E-02 7.35E-02 1.65E-02 2.62E+02

Å

gi

10 4 2 4 2

gk

A 108 s–1

*173.03 1031.91 1037.61 3811.35 3834.24

6 2 2 2 2

8.78E+02 4.16E+00 4.09E+00 5.14E-01 5.05E-01

O VII 18.6270 21.6020 *120.33 128.411 *128.46 135.820 *1630.3 2448.98 *5933.1 8241.76

1 1 3 1 9 3 3 1 3 1

3 3 9 3 15 5 9 3 9 3

9.365E+03 3.309E+04 5.334E+02 8.982E+02 1.615E+03 1.523E+03 7.935E-01 2.514E-01 1.002E-01 3.864E-02

PI 1671.7 1674.6 1679.7 1775.0 1782.9 1787.7 2135.5 2136.2 2149.1 2152.9 2154.1 2154.1 2534.0 2535.6 2553.3 2554.9

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4

2 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2

3.9E-01 4.0E-01 3.9E-01 2.17E+00 2.14E+00 2.13E+00 2.11E-01 2.83E+00 3.18E+00 4.85E-01 1.73E-01 5.8E-01 2.00E-01 9.5E-01 7.1E-01 3.00E-01

P II 1301.9 1304.5 1304.7 1305.5 1309.9 1310.7 4475.3 4499.2 4530.8 4554.8 4588.0 4589.9 4602.1 4943.5 5253.5 5425.9 6024.2 6043.1

1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 5

3 1 3 5 3 5 7 7 5 5 7 5 9 5 5 5 5 7

5.0E-01 1.5E+00 3.7E-01 3.8E-01 6.2E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 9.6E-01 1.7E+00 1.6E+00 1.9E+00 6.3E-01 1.0E+00 6.9E-01 5.1E-01 6.8E-01

P III 1334.8 1344.3 1344.8

2 4 4

4 6 4

5.5E-01 6.4E-01 1.1E-01

Phosphorus

5/4/05 8:13:23 AM


10-140 λ Å 4057.4 4059.3 4080.1

4 6 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4 2

8

λ –1

1.0E-01 9.0E-01 9.9E-01

Potassium KI 4044.1 4047.2 5084.2 5099.2 5323.3 5339.7 5343.0 5359.6 5782.4 5801.8 5812.2 5831.9 6911.1 6938.8 7664.9 7699.0

2 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2

4 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 2

1.24E-02 1.24E-02 3.50E-03 7.0E-03 6.3E-03 1.26E-02 4.0E-03 4.6E-03 1.23E-02 2.46E-02 2.8E-03 3.2E-03 2.72E-02 5.4E-02 3.87E-01 3.82E-01

K II 607.93

1

3

1.3E-02

K III 2550.0 2635.1 2992.4 3052.1 3202.0 3289.1 3322.4 3421.8

6 4 6 4 4 4 6 2

4 4 8 6 4 6 6 4

2.0E+00 1.2E+00 2.5E+00 1.7E+00 1.8E+00 2.0E+00 1.3E+00 1.5E+00

K XVI 206.27

1

3

9.4E+01

K XVII 22.020 22.163 22.18 22.60 22.76

2 4 4 2 4

4 6 4 2 2

4.7E+04 5.6E+04 9.3E+03 2.5E+03 4.7E+03

15 15 19 17 15 13 15 15 17 15 13 13 15 17

1.87E-01 1.00E+00 8.4E-01 5.8E-01 5.2E-01 3.91E-01 2.30E-01 1.1E-01 9.0E-02 2.28E-01 1.24E-01 1.54E-01 1.16E-01 4.9E-02

Praseodymium Pr II 3997.0 4062.8 4100.7 4143.1 4179.4 4222.9 4241.0 4359.8 4405.8 4429.3 4449.8 4468.7 4510.2 4534.2

Section 10.indb 140

15 13 17 15 13 11 17 15 17 15 13 11 13 15

Å 4734.2 4879.1 4886.0 4912.6 5034.4 5110.8 5135.1 5173.9 5219.1 5220.1 5251.7 5259.7 5292.6 5810.6 5879.3 6200.8 6278.7 6398.0

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

15 15 15 17 19 21 17 19 15 17 15 15 13 17 15 15 13 11

13 15 15 15 19 19 17 17 15 15 13 13 13 19 15 17 15 13

8 6 6 10 4 6 6 6 6 8 6 4 8 4 8 4 6 10 6 6 4 6 6 4 10 6 8 4 6 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 8 6 6

6 4 6 8 6 6 4 6 4 8 8 4 10 2 6 4 4 10 8 6 4 6 8 6 10 8 8 4 6 6 10 4 8 2 4 8 6 8 4

8

2.5E-02 1.8E-02 1.3E-02 5.7E-02 1.1E-01 2.78E-01 1.25E-01 3.18E-01 9.5E-02 2.35E-01 1.1E-02 2.24E-01 9.3E-02 2.3E-02 7.6E-02 1.8E-02 2.6E-02 1.9E-02

Rhodium Rh I 3083.96 3114.91 3121.76 3123.70 3137.71 3189.05 3197.13 3263.14 3271.61 3280.55 3283.57 3289.14 3323.09 3331.09 3338.54 3360.80 3368.38 3396.82 3399.70 3462.04 3470.66 3478.91 3484.04 3498.73 3502.52 3507.32 3528.02 3543.95 3549.54 3570.18 3583.10 3596.19 3597.15 3612.47 3620.46 3654.87 3657.99 3666.22 3690.70

Weights

λ –1

4.8E-02 4.45E-02 1.1E-01 4.6E-02 3.3E-02 3.03E-01 4.35E-02 1.3E-01 2.0E-01 2.36E-01 4.4E-01 1.0E-01 6.3E-01 5.40E-02 3.5E-02 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 6.5E-01 1.2E-01 6.2E-01 8.5E-01 3.32E-01 9.3E-03 2.12E-01 4.3E-01 3.4E-01 8.5E-01 4.65E-01 2.22E-01 1.82E-01 2.6E-01 5.5E-01 5.9E-01 8.90E-01 8.5E-02 6.0E-02 8.8E-01 8.4E-02 3.23E-01

Å 3692.36 3700.91 3713.02 3788.47 3793.22 3799.31 3806.76 3818.19 3822.26 3828.48 3833.89 3856.52 3872.39 3877.34 3913.51 3922.19 3934.23 3942.72 3958.86 3984.40 3995.61 4053.44 4056.34 4082.78 4097.52 4121.68 4128.87 4135.27 4196.50 4211.14 4244.44 4278.60 4288.71 4373.04 4374.80 4379.92 4492.47 4528.72 4548.73 4551.64 4565.19 4569.00 4608.12 4675.03 4721.00 4745.11 4755.58 4842.43 4963.71 4977.75 4979.18 5090.63 5120.69 5130.76 5155.54 5184.19 5212.73 5292.14 5390.44 5424.72

gi

10 8 4 4 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 8 4 8 8 4 8 4 6 4 4 2 6 6 2 6 6 8 6 8 4 4 6 2 8 6 6 6 4 4 4 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 4 2 6 4 10 4 4

8 10 4 6 6 8 6 4 6 6 4 10 6 6 8 2 8 2 8 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 8 8 8 10 4 6 8 4 10 6 6 8 6 4 4 8 2 8 4 6 4 8 2 4 6 6 8 4 4 8 2 10 6 4

gk


5/4/05 8:13:28 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 5599.42 5983.60

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

λ –1

6 10

8 10

1.3E-02 2.1E-02

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2

4.13E-05 4.93E-05 8.2E-05 1.05E-04 1.49E-04 2.5E-04 1.3E-04 3.38E-04 2.0E-04 6.4E-04 3.8E-04 1.37E-03 8.9E-04 3.97E-03 2.9E-03 1.8E-02 1.5E-02 3.70E-01 3.40E-01

4 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 4

4 6 4 2 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 6 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 4 6

2.0E-01 2.0E-01 5.8E-02 4.8E-01 4.6E-01 2.8E-01 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 2.5E-01 2.4E-01 4.1E-02 4.6E-02 1.7E-01 1.3E-01 2.8E-01 2.1E-01 4.9E-02 1.61E-01 2.4E-02 3.1E-01 1.49E-01 3.2E-01 7.5E-02 5.5E-01 5.4E-01 6.9E-02 7.8E-01 8.7E-01 1.00E-01 3.2E-01 3.13E+00 2.81E+00 1.66E+00

Rubidium Rb I 3022.5 3032.0 3044.2 3060.2 3082.0 3112.6 3113.1 3157.5 3158.3 3228.0 3229.2 3348.7 3350.8 3587.1 3591.6 4201.8 4215.5 7800.3 7947.6 Scandium Sc I 2116.7 2120.4 2262.3 2266.6 2270.9 2280.8 2289.6 2311.29 2315.69 2320.32 2324.75 2328.19 2334.67 2346.03 2429.19 2438.63 2468.40 2692.78 2699.02 2706.74 2707.93 2711.34 2965.88 2974.01 2980.76 2988.97 3015.37 3019.35 3030.76 3255.68 3269.90 3273.63 3907.48

Section 10.indb 141

10-141

Å 3911.81 3933.38 3996.60 4020.39 4023.22 4023.68 4031.38 4036.86 4043.80 4047.80 4051.83 4054.54 4067.00 4067.63 4074.96 4078.56 4080.57 4082.39 4086.66 4087.47 4093.12 4094.86 4098.36 4132.98 4140.27 4147.38 4161.85 4171.53 4186.42 4187.61 4193.53 4204.52 4205.20 4212.32 4212.48 4216.08 4218.23 4225.54 4225.69 4231.64 4233.59 4238.05 4239.55 4246.14 4542.55 4544.67 4706.94 4709.31 4711.72 4714.30 4719.31 4728.77 4729.20 4729.24 4734.11 4737.65 4741.02 4743.82 4973.67 4980.36

gi

6 6 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 6 8 4 6 10 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 10 4 6 2 4 6 4 4 6 8 6 8 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 8 10 4 6

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 6 6 4 4 6 6 4 8 4 6 2 8 8 6 4 4 4 8 6 4 6 8 6 8 6 8 4 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 4 4 8 6 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 8 4 4 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4

8

Weights

λ –1

1.79E+00 1.62E-01 1.65E-01 1.63E+00 3.0E-01 1.65E+00 2.9E-01 7.9E-02 3.11E-01 1.54E-01 7.7E-02 1.67E-01 1.91E-01 4.1E-02 3.7E-01 4.3E-01 6.6E-02 2.73E-01 3.7E-01 1.12E-01 1.23E-01 1.44E-01 8.7E-02 1.19E+00 1.17E+00 1.74E-01 1.77E-01 1.36E-01 8.4E-02 1.28E-01 6.1E-02 3.5E-02 1.12E-01 1.58E-01 8.6E-02 2.36E-01 2.26E-01 9.5E-02 7.6E-02 1.31E-01 4.0E-01 7.1E-01 2.27E-01 1.15E-01 1.28E-01 1.33E-01 2.81E-01 4.0E-01 1.81E-01 2.14E-01 1.04E-01 1.16E-01 2.20E-01 1.93E-01 1.10E+00 8.8E-01 9.1E-01 9.8E-01 8.4E-01 5.6E-01

Å 4983.43 4991.91 4995.00 5018.41 5021.52 5064.31 5066.38 5070.17 5072.71 5075.82 5080.22 5081.56 5083.72 5085.55 5086.94 5096.72 5099.27 5101.12 5331.79 5339.43 5341.07 5349.34 5350.28 5355.79 5356.10 5375.37 5392.06 5416.16 5416.41 5425.55 5429.42 5432.98 5433.25 5438.28 5439.04 5442.62 5446.20 5451.37 5455.24 5464.95 5468.40 5472.19 5482.01 5484.63 5514.23 5520.52 5526.10 5541.07 5631.04 5671.83 5686.86 5700.19 5708.64 5711.79 5717.31 5724.13 5988.43 6026.16 6146.20 6198.43

gi

4 6 4 6 4 8 6 6 2 4 4 10 8 6 4 6 4 10 4 6 4 6 8 6 8 8 10 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 2 4 8 6 4 4 6 8 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 10 8 6 10 4 8 6 6 4 6 4

4 6 6 4 4 10 6 8 4 6 4 10 8 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 2 4 8 4 6 6 8 6 6 8 4 4 4 6 2 2 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 8 10 4 6 4 12 10 8 10 6 8 6 6 4 8 6

gk


5/4/05 8:13:30 AM


10-142 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

6249.96 6262.22 6280.16 6284.16 6284.73 6293.02 7741.16 7800.42

6 4 2 6 4 2 10 8

8 6 4 6 4 2 10 8

Sc II 1880.6 2064.3 2068.0 2273.1 2545.20 2552.35 2555.79 2560.23 2563.19 2611.19 2667.70 2746.36 2782.31 2789.15 2801.31 2819.49 2822.12 2826.64 2870.85 2912.98 2979.68 2988.92 3039.92 3045.73 3052.92 3060.54 3065.12 3075.36 3128.27 3133.07 3139.72 3190.98 3199.33 3312.72 3320.40 3343.23 3353.72 3359.67 3361.26 3361.93 3368.94 3372.15 3379.16 3535.71 3558.53 3567.70 3572.53 3576.34 3580.93 3589.63

5 7 5 1 5 7 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 7 5 7 7 9 9 3 5 7 3 5 5 5 9 5 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 5 3 7 5 3 5

3 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 1 5 7 9 5 7 9 3 3 5 7 9 7 9 7 11 9 3 5 7 3 3 7 3 7 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 7 5 7 5 3 3

Section 10.indb 142

8

λ –1

3.2E-02 8.4E-02 4.0E-02 3.9E-02 7.1E-02 1.04E-01 3.8E-02 5.1E-02 5.0E+00 2.2E+00 2.0E+00 7.7E+00 4.0E-01 2.21E+00 6.9E-01 2.01E+00 2.70E+00 2.2E+00 1.5E+00 3.9E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 2.3E+00 2.5E+00 2.8E+00 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.2E+00 2.9E+00 3.5E+00 3.68E+00 3.92E+00 3.0E-01 4.00E+00 2.5E-01 1.9E+00 1.8E+00 2.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.9E+00 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 1.1E+00 1.51E+00 2.16E-01 3.4E-01 1.17E+00 8.3E-01 9.9E-01 2.5E+00 6.1E-01 3.0E-01 3.5E-01 1.38E+00 1.06E+00 1.23E+00 4.6E-01

Å 3590.47 3613.83 3630.74 3642.78 3645.31 3651.80 3859.59 4246.82 4314.08 4320.75 4325.00 4374.46 4400.39 4415.54 4670.41 5031.01 5239.81 5526.79 5657.91 5669.06

7 7 5 3 7 5 7 5 9 7 5 9 7 5 5 5 1 9 5 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 9 7 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 3 9 7 5 7 3 3 7 5 1

8

2.9E-01 1.48E+00 1.20E+00 1.13E+00 2.74E-01 3.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.29E+00 4.1E-01 4.0E-01 4.3E-01 1.48E-01 1.43E-01 1.47E-01 1.16E-01 3.5E-01 1.39E-01 3.3E-01 1.04E-01 1.31E-01

Silicon Si I 1977.6 1979.2 1980.6 1983.2 1986.4 1989.0 2208.0 2210.9 2211.7 2216.7 2218.1 2506.9 2514.3 2516.1 2519.2 2524.1 2528.5 2532.4 2631.3 2881.6 3905.5 4738.8 4783.0 4792.3 4818.1 4821.2 4947.6 5006.1 5622.2 5690.4 5708.4 5754.2 5772.1 5948.5 7226.2 7405.8 7409.1

1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 1 5 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 5

3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 1 5 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 7

Weights

λ –1

1.8E-01 5.1E-01 1.3E-01 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 4.1E-01 3.11E-01 4.16E-01 2.32E-01 5.5E-01 1.38E-01 4.66E-01 6.1E-01 1.21E+00 4.56E-01 1.81E+00 7.7E-01 2.6E-01 9.7E-01 1.89E+00 1.18E-01 1.0E-02 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 1.1E-02 8.0E-03 4.2E-02 2.8E-02 1.6E-02 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 1.5E-02 3.6E-02 2.2E-02 7.9E-03 3.7E-02 2.3E-02

Å

gi

5 5 7 9 5

gk

A 108 s–1

7680.3 7918.4 7932.3 7944.0 7970.3

3 3 5 7 5

4.6E-02 5.2E-02 5.1E-02 5.8E-02 7.1E-03

Si II 989.87 992.68 1020.7 1190.4 1193.3 1194.5 1197.4 1248.4 1251.2 1260.4 1264.7 1304.4 1309.3 1526.7 1533.5 1808.0 2904.3 2905.7 3210.0 4128.1 4130.9 5041.0 5056.0 5957.6 5978.9 6347.1 6371.4 7848.8 7849.7

2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6

4 6 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 8

6.7E+00 8.0E+00 1.3E+00 6.9E+00 2.8E+01 3.6E+01 1.4E+01 1.3E+01 1.9E+01 2.0E+01 2.3E+01 3.6E+00 7.0E+00 3.73E+00 7.4E+00 3.7E-02 6.7E-01 7.1E-01 4.6E-01 1.32E+00 1.42E+00 9.8E-01 1.2E+00 4.2E-01 8.1E-01 7.0E-01 6.9E-01 3.9E-01 4.2E-01

Si III 883.40 994.79 997.39 1141.6 1144.3 1161.6 1206.5 1206.5 1207.5 1294.5 1296.7 1298.9 1299.0 1301.2 1303.3 1328.8 1417.2 1435.8 1589.0 1778.7 1783.1 3241.6 *3486.9

5 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 1 3 5 5 7 5 5 15

7 3 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 3 9 7 3 21


5/4/05 8:13:35 AM


gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

3590.5 4552.6 4554.0 4567.8 4683.0 4716.7 5451.5 5473.1 5716.3 5739.7 7462.6 7466.3 7612.4

3 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 9 1 5 7 3

Si IV 457.82 458.16 515.12 516.35 *560.50 *749.94 815.05 818.13 *860.74 *1066.6 1122.5 1128.3 1128.3 1393.8 1402.8 *1724.1

2 2 2 4 6 10 2 4 10 10 2 4 4 2 2 10

4 2 2 2 10 14 2 2 6 14 4 4 6 4 2 6


Si V 96.439 97.143 117.86

1 1 1

3 3 3

4.8E+02 2.0E+03 3.0E+02

Si VI 246.00 249.12

4 2

2 2

1.7E+02 8.5E+01

Si VII 217.83 272.64 274.18 275.35 275.67 276.84 278.45

5 5 3 5 3 1 3

3 3 1 5 3 3 5

4.3E+02 5.1E+01 1.2E+02 8.9E+01 3.0E+01 3.9E+01 2.9E+01

Si VIII 214.76 216.92 232.86 235.56 250.45 250.79 314.31 316.20 319.83

4 6 2 4 2 4 4 4 4

2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 6

4.1E+02 3.6E+02 8.0E+01 9.7E+01 7.7E+01 1.6E+02 5.2E+01 5.0E+01 4.9E+01

Si IX 223.73

1

3

4.2E+01

Section 10.indb 143

5 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 7 3 3 5 5

8

10-143

3.9E+00 1.26E+00 7.6E-01 1.25E+00 9.5E-01 2.8E+00 6.0E-01 7.9E-01 1.9E-01 4.7E-01 4.9E-01 5.4E-01 1.1E+00

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 3 5 9 15

8

225.03 227.01 227.30 258.10 *294.37 *347.36

3 5 5 5 9 9

Si X 253.77 256.57 258.35 261.05 272.00 277.26 287.08 289.19 292.22 *347.73 *353.09

2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 10 6

4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 10 10

2.9E+01 1.1E+02 1.4E+02 5.4E+01 3.0E+01 5.7E+01 2.6E+01 5.0E+01 7.3E+01 4.3E+01 2.1E+01

Si XI 43.763 *49.116 49.222 52.296 303.30 358.29 358.63 361.41 364.50 365.42 368.28 371.48 604.14 2300.8

1 9 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 1

3 3 5 1 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 3

6.11E+03 2.45E+03 8.9E+03 7.6E+02 6.42E+01 1.03E+02 1.38E+01 1.80E+01 1.32E+01 3.90E+01 5.1E+01 2.07E+01 1.12E+01 4.34E-01

Si XII *40.924 *44.118 499.43 520.72 1862 1949 4620 4942

2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4

6 10 4 2 4 2 4 6

4.42E+03 1.4E+04 9.56E+00 8.47E+00 1.15E+00 1.0E+00 4.6E-02 4.5E-02

1.2E+02 2.0E+02 2.3E+02 1.04E+02 5.9E+01 2.2E+01

2 2 2 2 2 4 4

4 2 4 2 4 6 4

3.1E-02 1.5E-02 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 7.5E-01 8.6E-01 1.4E-01

2 2 2

4 2 4

2.81E-02 2.81E-02 7.7E-03

Silver Ag I 2061.2 2069.9 3280.7 3382.9 5209.1 5465.5 5471.6 Sodium Na I 3302.4 3303.0 4390.0

Weights

λ –1

Å

gi

4 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 2 2

gk

A 108 s–1

4393.3 4393.3 4494.2 4497.7 4497.7 4664.8 4668.6 4668.6 4747.9 4751.8 4978.5 4982.8 4982.8 5148.8 5153.4 5682.6 5688.2 5688.2 5890.0 5895.9 6154.2 6160.8 8183.3 8194.8 8194.8 11381 11404

4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4

1.6E-03 9.2E-03 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 2.4E-03 2.33E-02 4.1E-03 2.5E-02 6.3E-03 1.27E-02 4.1E-02 8.2E-03 4.89E-02 1.17E-02 2.33E-02 1.03E-01 1.2E-01 2.1E-02 6.11E-01 6.10E-01 2.6E-02 5.2E-02 4.53E-01 5.4E-01 9.0E-02 8.9E-02 1.76E-01

Na II 300.15 301.44 372.08

1 1 1

3 3 3

3.0E+01 4.9E+01 3.4E+01

Na III 378.14 380.10 1991.0 2004.2 2011.9 2151.5 2174.5 2230.3 2232.2 2246.7 2459.3 2468.9 2497.0

4 2 4 2 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 2 6

2 2 6 4 8 4 6 8 4 6 6 4 6

7.7E+01 3.7E+01 8.3E+00 4.6E+00 8.4E+00 4.4E+00 5.3E+00 3.7E+00 3.3E+00 2.4E+00 3.0E+00 2.4E+00 1.7E+00

Na V *307.89 *333.46 *369.01 *400.72 *445.14 459.90 461.05 463.26 510.10 511.19

10 6 10 10 6 4 4 4 2 4

6 6 6 10 10 2 4 6 2 4

2.0E+02 5.6E+01 1.2E+02 5.0E+01 7.1E+00 2.3E+01 2.3E+01 2.2E+01 5.6E+01 6.8E+01

Na VI 313.75

5

3

1.3E+02

5/4/05 8:13:38 AM


10-144 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 9 15 5 3 1 5 5 7

8

λ –1

361.25 *416.53 *492.80 1550.6 1567.8 1608.5 1649.4 1741.5 1747.5

5 9 9 5 5 3 5 3 5

7.7E+01 3.7E+01 1.3E+01 4.35E+00 2.68E+00 2.6E+00 2.05E+00 2.59E+00 3.1E+00

Na VII *94.409 *105.27 353.29 381.30 397.49 399.18 *483.28 486.74 491.95 555.80 777.83

6 6 4 4 4 6 10 2 4 4 4

10 2 4 2 4 4 10 4 6 4 6

2.7E+03 4.5E+02 1.0E+02 4.0E+01 3.5E+01 5.2E+01 2.9E+01 1.1E+01 1.3E+01 2.3E+01 6.8E+00

Na VIII *83.34 *89.88 90.536 411.15 1239.4 1802.7 1867.7 2059.1 2558.2 2772.0 3021.0 3108.9 3182.3

9 9 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 1

15 3 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 7 3 3

3.94E+03 8.09E+02 2.86E+03 4.42E+01 3.02E+00 2.70E+00 2.01E+00 1.80E+00 2.26E-02 4.19E-01 4.90E-01 2.58E-01 2.92E-01

Na IX 70.615 70.653 77.764 77.911 681.72 694.17 2487.7 2535.8 6841.8 7103.4

2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4

4 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6

1.35E+03 1.35E+03 3.6E+03 4.3E+03 6.63E+00 6.30E+00 8.32E-01 7.89E-01 2.59E-02 2.78E-02

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

6.6E-03 8.5E-03 1.2E-02 1.6E-02 2.3E-02 3.7E-02 6.7E-02 1.2E-01 1.8E-01

Strontium Sr I 2206.2 2211.3 2217.8 2226.3 2237.7 2253.3 2275.3 2307.3 2354.3

Section 10.indb 144

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 3 3

8

2428.1 2569.5 2931.8 4607.3

1 1 1 1

Sr II 2018.7 2051.9 2282.0 2322.4 2324.5 2423.5 2471.6 3464.5 3474.9 4077.7 4161.8 4215.5 4305.5 4414.8 4417.5 4585.9 5303.1 5379.1 5385.5 5723.7 5819.0 8688.9 8719.6

2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4

2 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4 4 2 2 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4

1.2E-01 2.4E-01 8.3E-01 9.1E-01 1.5E-01 2.4E-01 4.8E-01 3.1E+00 5.1E-01 1.42E+00 6.5E-01 1.27E+00 1.4E+00 1.1E-01 1.8E-02 7.0E-02 1.9E-01 2.2E-01 3.7E-02 7.1E-02 1.4E-01 5.5E-01 9.7E-02

1.7E-01 5.3E-02 1.9E-02 2.01E+00

5 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 1 5 1 1 5

5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 7 7 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 3

4.9E+00 2.7E+00 1.8E+00 1.6E+00 6.6E+00 1.9E+00 2.4E+00 9.1E-01 5.0E-01 1.6E-01 4.5E+00 1.2E+00 3.3E+00 1.9E+00 2.4E+00 7.3E+00 4.2E-01 1.6E+00 5.0E-01 6.2E-02 1.7E-01 1.2E+00 7.5E-01 8.7E-01 6.3E+00 9.4E-01 1.9E+00 3.8E+00

Sulfur SI 1295.7 1296.2 1302.3 1302.9 1303.1 1303.4 1305.9 1401.5 1409.3 1412.9 1425.0 1425.2 1433.3 1433.3 1437.0 1448.2 1473.0 1474.0 1474.4 1474.6 1481.7 1483.0 1483.2 1487.2 1666.7 1687.5 1782.3 1807.3

Weights

λ –1

Å

gi

1820.3 1826.2 4694.1 4695.4 4696.2 6403.6 6408.1 6415.5 *6751.2 7679.6 7686.1 7696.7

3 1 5 5 5 3 5 7 15 3 5 7

3 3 7 5 3 5 5 5 25 5 5 5

S II 1124.4 1125.0 1131.0 1131.6 1250.5 1253.8 1259.5 4463.6 4483.4 4486.7 4524.7 4525.0 4552.4 4656.7 4716.2 4815.5 4885.6 4917.2 4924.1 4925.3 4942.5 4991.9 5009.5 5014.0 5027.2 5032.4 5047.3 5103.3 5142.3 5201.0 5201.3 5212.6 5212.6 5320.7 5345.7 5345.7 5428.6 5432.8 5453.8 5473.6 5509.7 5526.2 5536.8 5556.0 5564.9 5578.8

2 4 2 4 4 4 4 8 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 8 4 4 6 6

4 4 2 2 2 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 8 6 6 4 6 8 2 4 8 6 2 6 6

gk

A 108 s–1 2.2E+00 7.2E-01 6.7E-03 6.7E-03 6.5E-03 5.7E-03 9.5E-03 1.3E-02 7.9E-02 1.2E-02 2.0E-02 2.8E-02 1.0E+00 4.6E+00 3.5E+00 1.4E+00 4.6E-01 4.2E-01 3.4E-01 5.3E-01 3.1E-01 6.6E-01 9.3E-02 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 9.0E-02 2.9E-01 8.8E-01 1.7E-01 6.6E-01 2.2E-01 2.4E-01 1.5E-01 1.5E-01 7.0E-01 8.4E-01 2.6E-01 8.1E-01 3.6E-01 5.0E-01 1.9E-01 7.5E-01 6.5E-02 9.8E-02 8.5E-01 9.2E-01 8.8E-01 1.1E-01 4.2E-01 6.8E-01 8.5E-01 7.3E-01 4.0E-01 8.1E-02 6.6E-02 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 1.1E-01

5/4/05 8:13:45 AM


gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

λ –1

5606.1 5616.6 5640.0 5645.6 5647.0 5659.9 5664.7 5819.2 6305.5 6312.7

10 4 4 6 2 6 4 4 8 6

8 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 6 4

S III 2496.2 2508.2 2636.9 2665.4 2680.5 2691.8 2702.8 2718.9 2721.4 2726.8 2731.1 2756.9 2785.5 2856.0 2863.5 2872.0 2950.2 2964.8 3662.0 3717.8 3778.9 3831.8 3837.8 3838.3 3860.6 3899.1 4253.6 4285.0

7 5 3 5 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 3

5 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 7 3 7 9 5 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 7 5

2.5E+00 2.3E+00 4.5E-01 1.4E+00 6.2E-01 4.6E-01 1.9E+00 1.2E+00 7.7E-01 6.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.4E+00 6.1E-01 5.1E+00 5.7E+00 4.7E+00 3.0E+00 4.0E+00 6.4E-01 1.0E+00 4.4E-01 5.6E-01 4.2E-01 1.3E+00 1.6E+00 6.7E-01 1.2E+00 9.0E-01

S IV 551.17 554.07 3097.5 3117.7

2 4 2 2

2 2 4 2

2.06E+01 4.08E+01 2.6E+00 2.5E+00

SV 437.37 438.19 439.65 *661.52 *679.01 *690.75 786.48 *854.85

1 3 5 9 9 9 1 9

3 3 3 15 15 9 3 9

1.12E+01 3.33E+01 5.5E+01 6.44E+01 8.6E+01 5.0E+01 5.25E+01 4.18E+01

S VI 248.99 249.27 388.94 390.86

2 2 2 4

4 2 2 2

3.1E+01 3.1E+01 4.5E+01 8.8E+01

Section 10.indb 145

10-145

5.4E-01 1.2E-01 6.6E-01 1.8E-02 5.7E-01 4.6E-01 5.8E-01 8.5E-02 1.8E-01 3.0E-01

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 6 4 4 2

8

706.48 712.68 712.84 933.38 944.52

2 4 4 2 2

S VII 60.161 60.804 72.029

1 1 1

3 3 3

9.46E+03 5.1E+02 8.61E+02

S VIII 198.55 202.61

4 2

2 2

2.5E+02 1.2E+02

S XI *189.90 190.37 215.95 217.63 239.81 242.57 242.82 246.90 247.12 *288.49

9 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 5 9

3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 15

4.3E+02 2.8E+02 1.4E+02 7.2E+01 2.6E+01 1.9E+01 1.9E+01 5.4E+01 3.0E+01 2.9E+01

S XII 212.14 215.18 218.20 221.44 227.50 234.48

2 2 4 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 2 2

3.7E+01 1.4E+02 1.7E+02 6.4E+01 3.7E+01 6.8E+01

S XIII 32.236 37.600 256.66 299.89 303.37 307.36 308.91 312.68 316.84 500.42

1 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3

3 1 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 5

1.09E+04 1.3E+03 8.7E+01 1.78E+01 2.28E+01 1.64E+01 4.82E+01 6.3E+01 2.50E+01 1.43E+01

S XIV *30.434 *32.517 417.67 445.71 1550 1663 3967 4153

2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4

6 10 4 2 4 2 4 6

8.28E+03 2.6E+04 1.2E+01 1.0E+01 1.4E+00 1.2E+00 5.4E-02 5.7E-02

4.17E+01 4.85E+01 8.1E+00 1.7E+01 1.6E+01

4 4 8 6

6 4 10 8

5.7E-03 6.0E-03 8.5E-02 5.6E-03

Tantalum Ta I 3127.9 3168.3 3170.3 3205.5

Weights

λ –1

Å 3260.2 3337.8 3383.9 3406.9 3419.7 3463.8 3484.6 3488.8 3497.9 3505.0 3553.4 3607.4 3625.2 3626.6 3642.1 3657.5 3731.0 3754.5 3784.3 3792.1 3826.9 3836.6 3848.1 3858.6 3918.5 3922.8 3996.2 3999.3 4003.7 4006.8 4026.9 4029.9 4030.7 4040.9 4061.4 4064.6 4067.2 4067.9 4097.2 4105.0 4136.2 4147.9 4175.2 4205.9 4303.0 4378.8 4386.1 4402.5 4415.7 4441.0 4441.7 4473.5 4511.0 4511.5 4514.2 4521.1 4530.9 4547.2 4553.7 4565.9

gi

4 6 6 4 8 4 4 6 6 8 4 6 10 8 10 6 4 8 4 4 6 8 10 10 4 4 2 4 10 6 4 10 8 10 2 4 6 6 10 6 8 10 6 8 6 8 4 6 2 4 10 6 10 10 10 10 4 4 6 8

4 6 4 6 8 6 4 4 8 6 6 8 8 10 12 6 6 8 6 4 6 10 8 10 2 4 4 4 8 8 4 10 10 12 4 4 4 8 10 4 6 8 8 10 6 6 6 6 4 6 8 8 12 8 10 10 6 6 8 8

gk


5/4/05 8:13:47 AM


10-146 λ Å 4574.3 4580.7 4619.5 4633.1 4669.1 4681.9 4684.9 4685.3 4691.9 4706.1 4740.2 4758.0 4769.0 4780.9 4812.8 4825.4 4832.2 4852.2 4884.0 4904.6 4920.9 4921.3 4926.0 4936.4 4969.7 5012.5 5037.4 5043.3 5067.9 5069.9 5082.3 5087.4 5090.7 5095.3 5136.5 5141.6 5143.7 5147.6 5161.8 5218.7 5235.4 5295.0 5336.1 5349.6 5354.7 5396.0 5402.5 5435.3 5499.4 5518.9 5620.7 5640.2 5645.9 5699.2 5767.9 5780.7 5811.1 5849.7 5877.4 5939.8

Section 10.indb 146

gi

4 8 6 4 6 6 10 6 2 6 4 4 8 10 4 6 4 4 6 12 8 2 4 8 4 4 10 6 8 10 10 6 8 6 2 4 6 6 4 8 6 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 10 8 8 6 6 6 6 4 8 10 10 2

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 10 4 4 4 6 8 8 4 6 4 6 8 8 4 6 4 4 8 10 10 4 4 6 4 4 8 4 6 12 12 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 4 4 8 2 6 10 10 10 8 8 6 8 6 6 8 12 4

8

λ –1


Å 5944.0 5997.2 6020.7 6045.4 6047.3 6249.8 6258.7 6309.6 6360.8 6428.6 6430.8 6450.4 6485.4 6514.4 6516.1 6612.0 6673.7 6771.7 6866.2 6927.4 6928.5 6951.3 6953.9 6966.1 6969.5 7407.9

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

4 10 2 6 8 6 6 4 6 6 8 8 10 6 6 6 2 4 8 10 10 10 6 8 10 6

6 10 4 8 10 6 8 6 8 6 8 10 10 4 8 4 4 4 6 12 8 10 8 8 10 4

2.13E-02 2.4E-02 1.0E-02 2.6E-02 9.0E-03 3.5E-03 3.3E-03 1.83E-02 4.6E-03 6.0E-03 2.9E-02 2.2E-02 5.8E-02 2.2E-02 1.25E-02 1.9E-02 9.0E-03 5.8E-03 2.58E-02 1.01E-02 1.69E-02 3.7E-03 8.3E-03 1.2E-02 2.9E-03 2.0E-02

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 6 4 2 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 6 4 2 2

4.0E-02 2.0E-02 5.8E-02 3.1E-02 9.8E-02 1.9E-01 7.8E-02 4.4E-01 1.1E-02 1.6E-02 1.8E-01 1.0E-01 1.9E-02 5.7E-02 1.7E-01 3.7E-02 1.26E+00 8.0E-02 4.2E-01 7.6E-02 1.73E-01 1.24E+00 2.20E-01 6.25E-01 7.05E-01

8 8 8

10 8 10

6.9E-02 1.7E-01 1.6E-01

Thallium Tl I 2104.6 2118.9 2129.3 2151.9 2168.6 2237.8 2316.0 2379.7 2507.9 2538.2 2580.1 2609.0 2609.8 2665.6 2709.2 2710.7 2767.9 2826.2 2918.3 2921.5 3229.8 3519.2 3529.4 3775.7 5350.5 Thulium Tm I 2513.8 2527.0 2596.5

Weights

λ Å

–1

2601.1 2622.5 2841.1 2854.2 2914.8 2933.0 2973.2 3046.9 3081.1 3122.5 3142.4 3172.7 3233.7 3247.0 3251.8 3380.7 3406.0 3410.1 3416.6 3418.6 3563.9 3567.4 3744.1 3751.8 3798.5 3807.7 3883.1 3887.4 3916.5 3949.3 4022.6 4044.5 4094.2 4105.8 4138.3 4158.6 4187.6 4203.7 4222.7 4271.7 4359.9 4386.4 4394.4 4643.1 4681.9 4691.1 5307.1 5658.3 5675.8 5760.2

8 8 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 6 8 6

gi

6 10 6 6 8 6 8 8 8 6 6 8 10 8 4 8 8 10 8 6 6 10 8 10 4 6 6 8 8 6 8 4 6 10 4 8 8 10 8 6 6 8 4 6 8 6 10 8 10 6

gk

A 108 s–1 1.7E-01 6.1E-02 2.0E-01 2.7E-01 7.7E-02 1.0E-01 2.3E-01 1.8E-01 1.9E-01 5.2E-01 8.8E-02 1.8E-01 5.1E-02 3.0E-01 5.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.0E-01 5.7E-02 1.1E-01 9.8E-02 4.2E-02 9.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.2E+00 3.9E-01 1.0E+00 3.8E-01 1.5E+00 1.0E+00 4.0E-02 2.9E-01 9.0E-01 6.0E-01 7.0E-01 5.5E-02 6.1E-01 2.5E-01 1.5E-01 1.1E-01 1.3E-01 4.2E-02 1.1E-01 3.4E-02 3.9E-02 3.9E-02 2.3E-02 1.0E-02 1.3E-02 1.3E-02

Tin Sn I 2073.1 2199.3 2209.7 2246.1 2268.9 2286.7 2317.2

1 3 5 1 5 5 5

3 5 5 3 7 5 7

3.6E-02 2.9E-01 5.6E-01 1.6E+00 1.2E+00 3.1E-01 2.0E+00

5/4/05 8:13:50 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 2334.8 2354.8 2380.7 2408.2 2421.7 2429.5 2433.5 2455.2 2476.4 2483.4 2491.8 2495.7 2523.9 2546.6 2558.0 2571.6 2594.4 2636.9 2661.2 2706.5 2761.8 2779.8 2785.0 2788.0 2812.6 2813.6 2840.0 2850.6 2863.3 2913.5 3009.1 3032.8 3034.1 3141.8 3175.1 3218.7 3223.6 3262.3 3330.6 3655.8 3801.0 4524.7 5631.7 5970.3 6037.7 6069.0 6073.5 6171.5

3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 1 3 1 3 1 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 5 1 3 3

Sn II 2368.3 2449.0 2487.0 3283.2 3352.0 3472.5 3575.5 5332.4 5562.0 5588.9

4 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 4 4

Section 10.indb 147

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 5 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 3 2 6 8 6 8 4 6 4 6 6

8

10-147 λ

–1

6.6E-01 1.7E+00 3.1E-02 1.8E-01 2.5E+00 1.5E+00 8.0E-03 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 2.1E-01 1.7E-01 6.2E-01 7.4E-02 2.1E-01 3.4E-01 4.5E-01 3.0E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 6.6E-01 3.7E-03 1.8E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 1.2E-01 1.7E+00 3.3E-01 5.4E-01 8.3E-01 3.8E-01 6.2E-01 2.0E+00 1.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.7E-02 1.2E-03 2.7E+00 2.0E-01 4.1E-02 2.8E-01 2.6E-01 2.4E-02 9.6E-02 5.0E-02 4.6E-02 6.3E-02 4.9E-02 4.4E-03 3.7E-01 5.5E-01 1.0E+00 1.0E+00 1.6E-01 1.3E-01 8.6E-01 1.2E+00 8.5E-01

Å 5596.2 5797.2 5799.2 6453.5 6761.5 6844.1

4 6 6 2 2 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 6 8 4 2 2

8

1.5E-01 2.8E-01 8.1E-01 1.2E+00 3.2E-01 6.6E-01

Titanium Ti I 2276.75 2280.00 2299.86 2302.75 2305.69 2424.26 2520.54 2529.87 2541.92 2599.91 2605.16 2611.29 2611.47 2619.94 2631.55 2632.42 2641.12 2644.28 2646.65 2733.27 2735.30 2912.07 2942.00 2948.26 2956.13 2956.80 3186.45 3191.99 3199.92 3341.88 3354.63 3370.44 3371.45 3377.58 3385.94 3635.46 3642.68 3653.50 3724.57 3725.16 3729.81 3741.06 3752.86 3786.04 3948.67 3956.34 3958.21 3981.76 3989.76 3998.64 4013.24

7 9 5 7 9 9 5 7 9 5 7 9 7 9 7 5 5 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 9 7 5 7 9 5 7 5 9 7 9 5 7 9 9 5 5 7 9 5 5 7 9 5 7 9 7

5 7 5 7 9 9 3 5 7 5 7 9 5 7 7 5 3 5 7 5 1 7 5 7 9 5 7 9 11 7 9 3 11 5 7 7 9 11 9 3 5 7 9 3 3 5 7 5 7 9 5

Weights

λ –1

1.3E+00 9.4E-01 6.9E-01 5.7E-01 5.2E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 3.8E-01 4.3E-01 6.7E-01 6.4E-01 6.4E-01 3.3E-01 2.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.7E-01 1.8E+00 1.4E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 4.1E+00 1.3E+00 1.0E+00 9.3E-01 9.7E-01 1.8E-01 8.0E-01 8.5E-01 9.4E-01 6.5E-01 6.9E-01 7.6E-01 7.2E-01 6.9E-01 5.0E-01 8.04E-01 7.74E-01 7.54E-01 9.1E-01 7.3E-01 4.27E-01 4.17E-01 5.04E-01 1.4E+00 4.85E-01 3.00E-01 4.05E-01 3.76E-01 3.79E-01 4.08E-01 2.0E-01

Å 4055.01 4060.26 4064.20 4065.09 4186.12 4266.23 4284.99 4289.07 4290.93 4295.75 4393.93 4417.27 4449.14 4450.90 4453.31 4453.71 4455.32 4457.43 4465.81 4481.26 4496.15 4518.02 4522.80 4527.31 4533.24 4534.78 4544.69 4548.76 4552.45 4563.43 4617.27 4623.10 4639.94 4640.43 4645.19 4650.02 4742.79 4758.12 4759.27 4778.26 4805.42 4840.87 4856.01 4885.08 4913.62 4928.34 4981.73 4989.14 4991.07 4999.50 5000.99 5007.21 5014.28 5036.47 5038.40 5062.11 5210.39 5222.69 5224.30 5259.98

gi

1 3 3 3 9 5 5 5 3 3 9 11 11 9 5 7 7 9 5 7 7 7 5 3 11 9 5 7 9 9 7 5 3 3 3 5 9 11 13 9 5 5 13 11 7 3 11 7 9 7 9 5 3 7 5 5 9 3 11 5

3 5 3 1 9 5 5 5 3 1 11 9 11 9 5 7 7 9 7 7 5 9 7 5 11 9 3 5 7 11 9 7 3 1 1 3 9 11 13 9 7 5 15 13 9 5 13 5 11 9 7 7 5 9 7 3 9 3 11 7

gk

A 108 s–1 2.8E-01 2.4E-01 2.4E-01 7.0E-01 2.10E-01 3.1E-01 3.2E-01 3.0E-01 4.5E-01 1.3E+00 3.3E-01 3.6E-01 9.7E-01 9.6E-01 5.98E-01 4.7E-01 4.8E-01 5.6E-01 3.28E-01 5.7E-01 4.4E-01 1.72E-01 1.9E-01 2.2E-01 8.83E-01 6.87E-01 3.3E-01 2.85E-01 2.1E-01 2.1E-01 8.51E-01 5.74E-01 6.64E-01 5.0E-01 8.57E-01 2.6E-01 5.3E-01 7.13E-01 7.40E-01 2.0E-01 5.8E-01 1.76E-01 5.2E-01 4.90E-01 4.44E-01 6.2E-01 6.60E-01 3.25E-01 5.84E-01 5.27E-01 3.52E-01 4.92E-01 6.8E-01 3.94E-01 3.87E-01 2.98E-01 3.57E-02 1.95E-01 3.6E-01 2.3E-01

5/4/05 8:13:53 AM


10-148 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5351.07 5503.90 5774.04 5785.98 5804.27 6098.66 6220.46

7 11 9 11 13 9 9

7 9 11 13 15 7 7

Ti II 2440.91 2451.18 2525.59 2531.28 2534.63 2535.89 2555.99 2635.44 2638.56 2642.02 2645.86 2746.54 2751.59 2752.68 2757.62 2758.35 2758.79 2764.28 2804.82 2810.30 2817.83 2819.87 2821.26 2827.12 2828.06 2828.64 2828.83 2834.02 2836.47 2839.64 2845.93 2851.11 2856.10 2862.33 2877.47 2884.13 2910.65 2926.64 2931.10 2936.02 2938.57 2941.90 2942.97 2945.30 2952.00 2954.59 2958.80 2979.06 2990.06 3017.17 3022.64

4 6 10 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 6 8 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 10 8 6 8 12 6 10 10 8 12 10 2 12 4 8 10 8 10 6 4 6 8 8 10 8 10 8 4 6 12 10

4 6 8 6 4 2 8 4 6 8 10 8 10 10 8 6 4 4 8 10 12 8 8 10 14 6 10 12 8 12 10 4 12 6 8 10 8 8 6 6 8 10 8 12 8 12 10 6 8 12 10

Section 10.indb 148

8

λ –1

3.4E-01 2.6E-01 5.5E-01 6.1E-01 6.8E-01 2.5E-01 1.8E-01 5.1E-01 4.5E-01 5.6E-01 4.9E-01 5.4E-01 6.8E-01 3.2E-01 1.9E+00 1.7E+00 1.9E+00 2.7E+00 2.6E+00 3.7E+00 1.1E+00 7.2E-01 9.9E-01 4.4E-01 7.4E-01 4.6E+00 5.1E+00 3.8E+00 6.5E-01 7.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.4E+00 1.2E+00 9.1E-01 7.9E-01 1.2E+00 8.3E-01 1.2E+00 4.1E-01 1.5E+00 4.0E-01 5.7E-01 5.2E-01 4.6E-01 8.9E-01 3.2E+00 2.7E+00 2.4E+00 1.8E+00 1.1E+00 2.7E+00 3.0E-01 4.0E+00 4.0E+00 1.2E+00 5.6E-01 3.6E-01 1.2E+00

Å 3023.67 3029.76 3056.75 3058.08 3066.34 3071.25 3072.99 3075.23 3078.65 3081.52 3088.04 3089.44 3097.20 3103.81 3105.10 3106.26 3117.67 3119.83 3127.86 3128.50 3161.23 3161.80 3162.59 3168.55 3181.73 3182.54 3189.49 3190.91 3202.56 3224.25 3228.62 3232.29 3234.51 3236.13 3236.58 3239.04 3239.66 3241.99 3251.91 3252.92 3272.07 3278.28 3278.91 3282.32 3287.66 3315.32 3321.70 3322.94 3329.46 3332.11 3340.34 3361.23 3372.80 3383.77 3452.49 3456.40 3465.56 3483.63 3492.37 3504.90

gi

8 10 2 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 10 8 4 10 2 6 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 10 6 4 4 6 4 12 4 8 10 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 2 4 6 2 8 2 4 10 8 6 4 8 6 4 2 4 4 10 8 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 10 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 8 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 8 6 4 8 6 10 2 6 10 4 8 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 4 2 10 4 4 10 8 4 4 10 8 6 2 4 2 8 6 10

8

Weights

λ –1

1.0E+00 3.5E-01 3.2E-01 5.0E-01 3.3E-01 3.6E-01 1.6E+00 1.13E+00 1.09E+00 1.1E+00 1.25E+00 1.3E+00 4.4E-01 1.1E+00 6.3E-01 7.8E-01 1.1E+00 5.9E-01 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 5.9E-01 4.6E-01 3.9E-01 4.1E-01 4.6E-01 4.3E-01 9.2E-01 1.3E+00 1.1E+00 7.0E-01 2.0E+00 6.0E-01 1.38E+00 7.0E-01 1.11E+00 9.87E-01 9.4E-01 1.16E+00 3.38E-01 3.9E-01 3.2E-01 9.6E-01 1.0E+00 1.6E+00 1.4E+00 3.8E-01 7.2E-01 3.96E-01 3.25E-01 1.1E+00 3.6E-01 1.1E+00 1.11E+00 1.09E+00 7.7E-01 8.2E-01 4.1E-01 9.7E-01 9.8E-01 8.2E-01

Å

gi

3510.86 3520.27 3535.41 3641.33 3706.23 3741.64 3757.70 3759.30 3761.33 4911.18

8 2 4 4 4 6 4 8 6 6

Ti III 865.79 1002.37 1004.67 1005.80 1007.16 1008.12 1286.37 1289.30 1291.62 1293.23 1298.97 1327.59 1420.44 1421.63 1422.41 1424.14 1455.19 1498.70 2007.36 2007.60 2010.80 2097.30 2099.86 2104.86 2105.09 2199.22 2237.77 2331.35 2331.66 2339.00 2346.79 2374.99 2413.99 2516.05 2567.56 2984.75 3066.51 3228.89 3278.31 3320.94 3340.20 3346.18 3354.71 3397.24 3404.46 3417.62 3915.47 4119.14

5 5 7 3 5 3 9 7 5 9 7 5 1 3 5 5 9 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 3 7 3 3 5 7 5 5 7 3 5 3 3 7 3 7 9 11 3 3 3 9 5

8 4 6 2 4 6 4 8 6 4 3 5 5 3 3 1 9 7 5 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 7 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 7 1 3 3 5 3 7 9 3 5 3 3 9 5 9 11 13 1 3 5 11 5

gk

A 108 s–1 9.3E-01 4.8E-01 5.5E-01 4.9E-01 3.1E-01 6.2E-01 4.1E-01 9.4E-01 9.9E-01 3.2E-01 6.6E+01 7.6E+00 4.3E+01 1.3E+01 3.8E+01 5.1E+01 2.0E+00 2.2E+00 2.4E+00 1.0E+00 4.9E+00 3.2E+00 1.2E+00 4.0E+00 3.0E+00 1.6E+00 6.4E+00 2.8E+00 3.4E+00 1.2E+00 5.4E+00 3.3E+00 2.5E+00 1.1E+00 1.7E+00 5.7E+00 2.4E+00 4.3E+00 1.2E+00 3.0E+00 3.3E+00 4.0E+00 3.8E+00 3.4E+00 2.3E+00 1.9E+00 2.5E+00 1.5E+00 3.4E+00 2.8E+00 3.7E+00 3.7E+00 4.4E+00 1.8E+00 1.8E+00 1.9E+00 2.1E+00 9.9E-01

5/4/05 8:13:56 AM


gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

λ –1

4213.26 4215.53 4247.62 4248.54 4250.09 4259.01 4269.84 4285.61 4288.66 4296.70 4319.56 4343.25 4378.94 4433.91 4440.66 4533.26 4576.53 4628.07 4652.86 4874.00 4914.32 4971.19 5083.80 5278.33 7506.87

9 9 11 5 3 11 9 13 11 11 9 3 3 11 1 3 9 3 7 5 3 9 5 3 11

11 11 13 7 5 13 11 15 13 13 11 1 5 13 3 5 7 1 9 7 3 11 3 3 13

Ti IV 423.49 424.16 433.63 433.76 729.36 1183.64 1195.21 1451.74 1467.34 2067.56 2103.16 2541.79 2546.88 2862.60 3576.44

4 6 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 4

6 8 2 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 2 6 8 2 6


Ti VIII 249 258.610 269.533 272.037 272.843 276.701 277.813 289.375 478.971 480.376

6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 6

4 8 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 6

1.0E+01 7.5E+02 6.0E+02 4.3E+02 6.2E+01 9.3E+01 3.8E+02 3.6E+01 1.7E+01 1.5E+01

Ti IX 267.941 278.713 281.446 285.128 433.567

5 5 3 1 1

7 7 1 3 3

5.1E+02 4.7E+02 3.2E+02 4.1E+02 6.9E+00

Section 10.indb 149

10-149

2.2E+00 2.2E+00 1.1E+00 2.3E+00 9.5E-01 9.4E-01 1.7E+00 3.0E+00 1.1E+00 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 1.0E+00 1.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.2E+00 1.5E+00 1.3E+00 1.5E+00 2.6E+00 1.5E+00 1.1E+00 2.1E+00 9.7E-01 9.4E-01 1.1E+00

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 1 5 3 5 7

8

Weights

λ –1

439.513 439.745 447.484 447.701 507.174 516.215

3 3 5 5 3 5

7.5E+00 2.1E+01 1.6E+01 6.5E+00 6.5E+00 6.9E+00

Ti X 253 254 281 289.579 290.294 291 291 292 293.684 293.798 295.584 296 297 298 302 305 317 355.815 360.133 363 363 365.628 382 385 389.99

4 6 2 2 4 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 6 6

6 8 2 4 6 2 2 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 2 4 2 2 4 2 6 2 6 8 4

2.1E+02 2.3E+02 1.1E+02 2.5E+02 1.1E+02 1.8E+02 2.3E+02 1.1E+02 2.97E+02 1.7E+02 2.9E+02 1.4E+02 9.9E+01 4.3E+02 1.6E+02 2.5E+02 1.5E+02 1.3E+02 2.19E+02 2.1E+02 1.3E+02 1.2E+02 1.8E+02 1.8E+02 1.1E+02

Ti XI 65.403 87.725 266 308.250 313.229 318 322.75 323 327.192 332 386.140 408 425.74 446.69 453

1 1 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 3 3 5

3 3 7 5 7 1 7 3 5 1 3 9 1 1 7


Ti XII 52.896 53.140 53.433 53.457 55.181 55.443 59.133 59.435 60.701

2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 2

4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 4

1.61E+02 1.9E+02 2.1E+02 2.1E+02 2.4E+02 2.81E+02 3.72E+02 4.41E+02 3.4E+02

Å

gi

2 2 6 8 6 8 4 6 6 8 2 2 4 6 2 8 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 8 4 6 6 8 2

gk

A 108 s–1

60.762 61.286 62.433 62.470 65.540 65.577 67.171 67.555 70.986 71.031 71.545 71.987 82.121 82.307 82.344 82.368 89.844 90.512 90.547 116.497 116.597 116.62 139.884 140.361 141.6 141.7 169.7 169.8 207.2 208.5 252.8 253.1 257.5

2 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 4

3.5E+02 1.8E+02 2.08E+02 2.22E+02 3.2E+02 3.5E+02 6.2E+02 7.2E+02 5.7E+02 6.1E+02 1.8E+02 3.48E+02 5.9E+02 1.13E+03 5.8E+02 1.2E+03 9.9E+02 1.16E+03 1.9E+02 3.0E+03 3.2E+03 2.1E+02 2.6E+02 2.9E+02 1.7E+02 1.7E+02 2.8E+02 2.9E+02 1.5E+02 1.8E+02 4.8E+02 5.2E+02 2.4E+02

Ti XIII 23.356 23.698 23.991 26.641 26.960 117.1 117.3 120.2 120.2 128.7

1 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 7 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 3

1.02E+05 1.2E+04 3.4E+02 4.06E+03 3.06E+03 1.3E+02 2.8E+02 5.4E+02 4.4E+02 1.2E+02

Ti XIV 21.341 21.522 21.657 21.733 21.82 21.883 21.958 22.05 24.592 24.891

4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 2

6 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2

9.8E+03 4.5E+04 1.3E+04 8.8E+04 6.4E+04 7.0E+04 1.2E+04 1.4E+04 6.1E+03 7.5E+03

Ti XV 20.19 20.234

5 5

7 7

6.9E+03 1.9E+04

5/4/05 8:13:58 AM


10-150 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

20.234 20.246 20.250 20.29 20.30 20.30 20.313 20.418 20.538 20.54 20.551 20.689 20.698 20.771 20.897 20.928 21.065 21.079 21.102 22.482 22.936 22.966 23.034

3 1 5 3 1 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 1 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 5 5 1

Ti XVI 110.561 116.198 118.215 121.382 124.805 129.075 134.724 138.800 143.459 145.665 157.812 161.168 163.610 169.740 176.267 178.240

4 4 6 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 2 4

2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 2 4


Ti XVII 18.05 18.13 18.13 18.176 123.654 124.553 127.782 135.202 136.160 136.393 141.948 142.589 144.405 146.067 154.133 156.54 158.469 159.62

3 5 1 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 7 3 3 5 5

3 3 3 7 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 5 1 1 5 3

4.5E+04 2.4E+04 8.1E+04 9.2E+04 2.3E+02 5.2E+02 4.6E+02 2.93E+02 1.95E+02 1.14E+02 3.87E+02 1.35E+02 9.4E+01 2.6E+02 1.63E+02 1.44E+02 1.4E+02 1.03E+02

Section 10.indb 150

3 3 3 3 3 1 3 7 3 1 3 7 3 3 7 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 3

8


Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

1 5 1

8

Weights

λ –1

163.049 186.863 207.73

3 5 3

6.2E+02 2.66E+02 1.07E+02

Ti XVIII 17.22 17.365 17.39 133.852 144.759 150.15 153.15 153.23 159.00 166.225 179.902 189.663 191.23 197.838 208.07

2 4 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 6 4 4 4

4 6 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4


Ti XIX 15.67 15.68 15.74 15.75 15.83 15.86 16.02 16.18 16.41 16.43 16.46 16.51 16.55 16.61 16.64 16.69 16.71 16.72 16.72 16.74 16.77 16.80 16.85 17.08 17.36

3 5 5 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 1

1 5 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 7 5 1 3 3 5 3 5 7 3 7 5 5 3

3.3E+04 2.7E+04 2.7E+04 2.4E+04 3.2E+04 2.9E+04 3.1E+04 3.8E+04 6.1E+04 8.2E+04 4.4E+04 1.0E+05 2.7E+04 8.0E+04 5.3E+04 1.02E+05 7.3E+04 3.3E+04 7.3E+04 1.2E+05 2.6E+04 1.81E+05 4.4E+04 8.3E+04 9.5E+04

Ti XX 2.629 2.6295 2.631 2.6319 2.632 2.6355 8.621 9.788 10.046 10.109 *10.278 10.620

2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 2

4 4 2 4 2 6 2 6 4 6 6 4

4.9E+04 3.2E+06 6.1E+05 1.5E+06 2.7E+06 1.2E+06 1.1E+06 5.26E+03 7.29E+03 8.6E+03 8.4E+03 1.34E+04

Å

gi

6 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 6

gk

A 108 s–1

10.690 *11.452 11.872 11.958 11.958 15.211 15.253 15.907 16.049 16.067 31.586 45.650 45.996

4 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4

1.58E+04 1.7E+04 2.8E+04 3.4E+04 5.6E+03 3.50E+04 3.58E+04 8.84E+04 1.05E+05 1.8E+04 5.49E+03 9.6E+03 1.1E+04

Ti XXI 2.0633 2.1108 2.2211 2.497 2.505 2.505 2.507 2.508 2.510 2.510 2.511 2.512 2.512 2.513 2.513 2.514 2.520 2.527 2.539 2.6102 2.6227

1 1 1 3 5 1 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 1 1

3 3 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 1 5 3 5 1 1 3 3

1.32E+05 2.60E+05 6.35E+05 2.4E+06 3.5E+05 1.4E+06 1.4E+06 7.9E+05 6.9E+05 9.6E+05 1.4E+06 1.8E+06 1.4E+06 2.7E+06 2.4E+06 1.2E+06 2.6E+05 1.2E+05 4.1E+05 2.40E+06 1.12E+05

1 1 7 3 7 9 7 3 3 7 5 5 7 5 7 9 7 3 7 5 1

3 3 9 5 9 11 9 3 5 5 7 5 9 7 9 9 5 5 7 3 3

2.4E-01 7.7E-02 1.54E-02 1.5E-01 6.4E-02 9.27E-02 1.21E-01 1.4E-01 5.8E-02 1.7E-01 1.1E-02 1.3E-02 4.4E-02 2.33E-02 1.58E-02 4.8E-03 6.0E-03 2.12E-02 2.64E-03 2.3E-02 3.2E-02

Tungsten WI 2879.4 2911.0 2923.5 2935.0 3013.8 3016.5 3017.4 3024.9 3046.4 3049.7 3064.9 3084.9 3093.5 3107.2 3108.0 3145.5 3170.2 3176.6 3183.5 3184.4 3191.6

5/4/05 8:14:02 AM


Section 10.indb 151

gi

7 7 5 9 5 5 9 7 7 7 7 9 7 3 7 7 9 7 1 5 3 7 3 9 9 7 7 5 3 7 7 7 3 5 3 1 5 7 7 1 9 9 7 5 1 7 7 7 3 7 5 9 11 5 7 9 9 9 7 9

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 9 5 11 7 3 9 5 7 9 5 7 5 3 7 9 9 9 3 3 5 7 5 11 11 7 9 7 3 5 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 9 7 3 11 9 9 3 3 5 9 5 5 7 3 7 11 7 9 7 7 11 5 7

8

10-151 λ

–1


Å 4294.6 4302.1 4355.2 4361.8 4378.5 4458.1 4466.3 4472.5 4484.2 4492.3 4495.3 4504.8 4552.5 4586.8 4592.6 4609.9 4613.3 4634.8 4659.9 4680.5 4720.4 4729.6 4752.6 4757.5 4757.8 4788.4 4843.8 4886.9 4924.6 4931.6 4948.6 4972.6 4982.6 4986.9 5006.2 5015.3 5040.4 5053.3 5071.5 5117.6 5124.2 5141.2 5224.7 5243.0 5254.5 5268.6 5500.5 5514.7 5537.7 5617.1 5631.9 5660.7 5675.4 5796.5 5891.6 5947.6 5965.9 6021.5 6081.4 6203.5

gi

7 7 9 9 7 3 7 13 3 9 11 9 9 1 7 7 9 9 1 7 3 7 3 7 11 9 5 9 13 7 9 9 1 11 9 7 3 3 13 11 5 7 7 9 7 9 11 5 9 7 9 13 5 9 7 5 7 5 5 7

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 7 9 7 5 5 5 11 5 11 11 7 9 3 9 9 9 9 3 7 5 5 3 5 9 11 5 11 11 5 11 11 3 9 7 9 5 3 11 11 5 9 5 7 5 9 9 3 11 7 7 11 5 7 7 7 5 3 3 7

8

Weights

λ –1


Å 6285.9 6292.0 6303.2 6404.2 6439.7 6445.1 6532.4 6538.1 6563.2 6814.9 7285.8 7569.9 7664.9 8017.2 8358.7 9381.4

gi

7 3 9 5 9 7 3 11 5 9 13 5 5 5 5 9

5 5 9 7 9 5 5 9 5 9 11 3 3 7 7 7

13 9 15 11 15 13 13 13 13 11 9 7 9 15 9 13 13 7 13 13 11 13 17 9 13 11 13 15 11 17 13 13 13 13 17 15 11 13 13 9 11

13 7 13 9 17 15 11 11 13 13 7 9 7 13 9 11 13 7 11 15 11 13 15 9 11 9 15 15 11 15 15 11 15 15 15 13 11 13 11 9 9

gk

A 108 s–1 6.6E-03 2.26E-03 1.84E-03 1.50E-03 1.29E-03 6.4E-03 4.6E-03 2.7E-03 2.04E-03 1.46E-03 1.47E-03 3.73E-03 3.80E-03 1.6E-03 1.89E-03 1.53E-03

Uranium UI 3553.0 3553.0 3553.4 3554.5 3554.9 3555.3 3555.8 3556.9 3557.8 3558.0 3558.6 3559.4 3560.3 3561.4 3561.5 3561.8 3563.7 3563.8 3565.0 3566.0 3566.6 3568.8 3569.1 3569.4 3570.1 3570.2 3570.6 3570.7 3571.2 3571.6 3572.9 3573.9 3574.1 3574.8 3577.1 3577.5 3577.8 3577.9 3578.3 3580.0 3580.2

2.0E-02 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 8.4E-03 7.9E-03 2.7E-02 4.1E-03 7.5E-03 2.9E-02 1.6E-02 3.9E-02 1.5E-02 6.4E-02 5.5E-02 2.5E-02 5.7E-02 2.9E-02 1.1E-02 2.9E-02 1.7E-02 2.4E-01 3.8E-02 1.1E-01 1.5E-02 1.3E-02 5.3E-03 2.7E-02 1.2E-02 6.3E-03 1.3E-01 1.5E-02 4.0E-02 3.5E-02 1.9E-02 4.3E-02 7.8E-03 8.3E-03 2.3E-02 2.0E-02 1.2E-02 2.9E-02

5/4/05 8:14:04 AM


10-152 λ Å 3580.4 3580.9 3582.6 3584.6 3584.9 3585.4 3585.8 3587.8 3588.3 3589.7 3589.8 3590.7 3591.7 3593.0 3593.2 3593.7

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 13 13 7 13 11 11 9 7 11 15 9 11 11 13 11

13 13 13 5 15 11 9 11 9 13 13 7 9 11 15 11

6 10 4 6 8 10 6 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 10 6 8 8 10 10 8 10 8 10 4 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 8 4 6 2

8 8 4 6 8 10 4 6 4 8 2 6 4 6 4 2 8 10 6 12 6 8 10 10 12 6 8 8 10 4 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 6 8 4

8

λ –1

7.5E-03 2.1E-02 2.9E-02 2.4E-02 1.8E-01 1.9E-02 2.8E-02 1.3E-02 1.8E-02 2.1E-02 5.9E-02 2.2E-02 5.3E-02 1.4E-02 4.2E-02 7.2E-02

Vanadium VI 3043.12 3050.39 3053.65 3056.33 3060.46 3066.37 3066.53 3075.93 3080.33 3083.54 3087.06 3088.11 3089.13 3093.79 3094.69 3112.92 3183.41 3183.96 3183.98 3185.38 3198.01 3202.39 3205.58 3207.41 3212.43 3218.87 3233.19 3273.03 3284.36 3309.18 3329.85 3356.35 3365.55 3376.05 3377.39 3377.62 3397.58 3400.39 3529.73 3533.68 3533.76

Section 10.indb 152

2.3E-01 5.3E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 1.4E+00 2.1E+00 3.2E-01 2.8E-01 2.7E-01 2.5E-01 9.2E-01 4.9E-01 5.3E-01 4.1E-01 4.3E-01 5.0E-01 2.4E+00 2.5E+00 2.4E+00 2.7E+00 3.9E-01 4.0E-01 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 1.4E+00 3.5E-01 3.2E-01 2.7E-01 2.8E-01 3.2E-01 7.7E-01 3.1E-01 4.8E-01 3.2E-01 9.0E-01 6.0E-01 2.3E-01 2.5E-01 4.1E-01 5.2E-01 3.7E-01

Å 3543.49 3545.33 3553.27 3555.14 3663.60 3667.74 3672.41 3673.41 3676.70 3680.12 3686.26 3687.50 3688.07 3690.28 3692.22 3695.34 3695.86 3703.57 3704.70 3705.04 3706.03 3708.71 3790.46 3794.96 3806.79 3818.24 3828.56 3840.75 3855.36 3855.85 3863.86 3864.86 3871.07 3875.07 3902.26 3921.86 3922.43 3930.02 3934.01 3992.80 3998.73 4050.96 4051.35 4090.57 4092.68 4095.48 4099.78 4102.15 4104.77 4105.16 4109.78 4111.78 4115.18 4116.47 4116.59 4123.50 4128.06 4131.99 4134.49 4232.46

gi

2 4 6 4 4 6 12 8 14 10 10 12 8 2 6 14 4 10 8 6 10 12 10 10 10 4 6 8 4 10 8 6 10 8 10 4 6 10 8 12 14 10 12 8 8 6 6 4 10 4 2 10 8 6 2 4 6 8 10 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 4 6 2 6 8 12 10 14 12 12 14 8 4 6 16 4 8 6 4 10 12 8 10 10 2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 8 10 2 6 10 8 10 12 10 12 10 10 8 8 6 8 6 4 10 8 6 2 2 4 6 8 10

8

Weights

λ –1

6.7E-01 3.7E-01 2.2E-01 2.6E-01 3.1E+00 2.7E+00 9.2E-01 2.7E+00 1.3E+00 2.2E+00 2.3E-01 2.9E+00 3.5E-01 4.5E-01 5.4E-01 2.8E+00 6.6E-01 9.2E-01 6.6E-01 3.6E-01 5.2E-01 4.4E-01 2.3E-01 2.3E-01 2.5E-01 6.73E-01 5.33E-01 5.48E-01 3.30E-01 5.78E-01 3.1E-01 2.70E-01 2.8E-01 2.36E-01 2.68E-01 2.7E-01 2.6E-01 3.3E-01 6.2E-01 1.2E+00 1.0E+00 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 8.5E-01 2.30E-01 7.2E-01 4.10E-01 7.1E-01 2.1E+00 4.9E-01 5.00E-01 1.01E+00 5.80E-01 3.2E-01 2.90E-01 1.00E+00 7.70E-01 5.5E-01 2.90E-01 9.8E-01

Å

gi

4232.95 4268.64 4271.55 4276.95 4284.05 4291.82 4296.10 4297.67 4298.03 4379.23 4384.71 4389.98 4395.22 4400.57 4406.64 4407.63 4408.20 4416.47 4452.01 4457.75 4460.33 4462.36 4468.00 4469.71 4474.04 4496.06 4514.18 4524.21 4525.17 4529.58 4545.40 4560.72 4571.79 4578.73 4706.16 4757.47 4766.62 4776.36 4786.50 4796.92 4807.52 5193.00 5195.39 5234.08 5240.87 5415.25 5487.91 5507.75 6090.21

8 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 10 8 6 4 2 10 8 6 4 14 10 10 12 8 10 10 8 6 12 4 10 10 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 12 14 12 8 10 12 12 12 10 8

8 14 12 10 8 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 4 10 8 6 2 16 12 8 14 10 12 8 6 4 10 2 8 12 10 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 10 12 12 8 10 12 14 10 8 6

V II 2527.90 2528.47 2528.83 2554.04 2589.10 2640.86 2677.80 2679.33 2683.09

13 9 11 9 9 5 3 7 1

13 9 11 9 9 7 5 7 3

gk

A 108 s–1 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 9.6E-01 9.4E-01 1.2E+00 8.8E-01 7.7E-01 7.0E-01 7.8E-01 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 6.9E-01 5.5E-01 3.4E-01 2.2E-01 4.4E-01 6.0E-01 2.6E-01 9.2E-01 2.7E-01 3.0E-01 7.6E-01 2.3E-01 6.2E-01 4.7E-01 4.0E-01 3.3E-01 3.0E-01 4.1E-01 2.4E-01 7.6E-01 7.0E-01 6.0E-01 6.8E-01 2.4E-01 7.6E-01 5.6E-01 5.1E-01 4.7E-01 4.8E-01 5.8E-01 4.0E-01 2.3E-01 4.9E-01 4.3E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 3.5E-01 2.60E-01 6.1E-01 5.2E-01 5.3E-01 5.4E-01 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 3.4E-01 3.4E-01 3.4E-01

5/4/05 8:14:07 AM


Section 10.indb 153

gi

9 3 7 5 9 7 9 13 9 7 9 7 9 11 11 5 13 5 3 3 5 9 7 9 3 7 11 5 3 7 11 9 11 9 7 11 9 9 7 7 7 5 9 7 7 5 7 9 11 9 7 11 11 13 11 9 3 9 11 5

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 1 5 3 11 9 7 11 9 9 7 5 7 9 11 3 11 5 3 1 3 9 5 7 5 7 9 5 3 9 9 7 11 9 7 9 7 11 5 9 9 7 11 9 7 3 5 7 13 11 7 11 13 13 11 9 5 9 9 7

8

10-153 λ

–1

7.6E-01 9.2E-01 3.4E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01 3.4E-01 6.2E-01 4.2E-01 1.3E+00 5.0E-01 1.2E+00 9.9E-01 4.6E-01 5.0E-01 3.6E-01 2.1E+00 4.8E-01 4.2E-01 5.6E-01 1.9E+00 1.4E+00 3.6E-01 1.3E+00 1.2E+00 3.4E-01 7.8E-01 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 1.2E+00 3.7E-01 5.0E-01 4.9E-01 1.7E+00 1.2E+00 5.8E-01 3.5E-01 7.6E-01 4.0E-01 7.2E-01 3.3E-01 7.0E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01 4.4E-01 7.5E-01 8.9E-01 5.0E-01 5.0E-01 7.0E-01 1.0E+00 5.8E-01 5.0E-01 7.6E-01 5.9E-01 5.3E-01 5.2E-01 4.4E-01 3.3E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 11 11 7 7 7 3 5 7 5 5

8

Weights

λ –1

3271.12 3276.12 3279.84 3287.71 3337.85 3517.30 3530.77 3545.19 3556.80 3592.01 3618.92

7 9 9 5 5 9 5 7 9 7 3

6.9E-01 5.2E-01 5.8E-01 7.5E-01 5.3E-01 3.8E-01 4.5E-01 4.3E-01 5.1E-01 4.4E-01 3.3E-01

V III 2318.06 2323.82 2330.42 2331.75 2334.21 2337.13 2343.10 2358.73 2366.31 2371.06 2373.06 2382.46 2393.58 2404.18 2516.14 2521.55 2548.21 2554.22 2593.05 2595.10

8 6 10 8 6 4 6 6 8 10 4 8 6 4 10 8 6 8 6 8

10 8 10 8 6 4 8 8 10 12 6 10 8 6 10 8 4 6 6 8


V IV 677.345 680.632 681.145 682.455 682.923 684.450 691.530 723.537 724.068 724.809 737.854 750.110 884.146 1071.05 1110.72 1112.20 1112.44 1127.84 1131.26 1194.46 1226.52 1243.72 1247.07 1272.97 1304.17 1305.42

9 9 7 7 5 7 5 3 5 5 9 5 1 5 3 7 5 7 9 7 5 3 5 3 3 5

9 7 5 7 5 5 3 1 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 7 5 5 1 3 1 5 7

6.7E+00 1.2E+01 1.1E+01 6.5E+00 6.9E+00 7.7E+00 1.1E+01 1.5E+01 1.1E+01 5.6E+00 2.4E+01 1.0E+01 4.7E+00 6.1E+00 5.0E+00 6.3E+00 5.0E+00 8.9E+00 9.4E+00 1.0E+01 1.5E+01 9.4E+00 4.7E+00 2.7E+01 1.5E+01 7.0E+00

Å 1308.06 1309.50 1312.72 1317.57 1321.92 1326.81 1329.29 1329.97 1330.36 1331.67 1332.46 1334.49 1355.13 1356.53 1395.00 1400.42 1403.62 1412.69 1414.41 1414.84 1418.53 1419.58 1423.72 1426.65 1429.11 1434.84 1451.04 1454.00 1520.14 1522.49 1601.92 1611.88 1806.18 1809.85 1817.68 1825.84 1861.56 1939.07 1951.43 1963.10 1997.72 2084.43 2120.05 2141.20 2146.83 2149.85 2151.09 2155.34 2446.80 2570.72 3284.56 3496.42 3514.25

gi

7 5 7 5 7 3 5 3 1 3 5 9 7 5 5 5 7 3 5 5 7 7 3 9 5 7 3 5 5 3 3 7 5 3 5 7 5 7 5 3 7 5 7 3 7 5 7 11 9 9 7 7 9

9 5 7 7 9 5 5 3 3 1 3 9 9 3 7 7 9 3 7 5 7 9 5 11 5 7 3 3 7 5 3 7 3 1 3 5 7 9 7 5 7 5 9 5 9 7 9 13 11 11 9 9 11

1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3

gk

A 108 s–1 7.9E+00 8.7E+00 8.6E+00 8.7E+00 9.9E+00 4.0E+00 1.5E+01 4.8E+00 6.0E+00 1.7E+01 7.5E+00 8.3E+00 2.5E+01 4.9E+00 1.4E+01 7.5E+00 8.4E+00 1.1E+01 1.2E+01 4.6E+00 5.2E+00 1.3E+01 7.1E+00 2.2E+01 5.0E+00 5.4E+00 7.0E+00 1.1E+01 7.2E+00 5.5E+00 1.2E+01 5.2E+00 7.3E+00 7.2E+00 4.8E+00 5.3E+00 6.6E+00 5.8E+00 5.0E+00 4.8E+00 4.7E+00 4.0E+00 8.1E+00 7.0E+00 6.6E+00 5.1E+00 4.3E+00 1.2E+01 5.3E+00 7.6E+00 5.3E+00 4.4E+00 4.7E+00

Xenon Xe I 1043.8 1047.1 1050.1 1056.1

5.9E-01 1.3E+00 8.5E-02 2.45E+00

5/4/05 8:14:10 AM


10-154 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 1 9 3 3

8

λ –1

1061.2 1068.2 1085.4 1099.7 1110.7 1129.3 1170.4 1192.0 1250.2 1295.6 1469.6 4501.0 4524.7 4624.3 4671.2 4807.0 7119.6 7967.3 8409.2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 3 7 1 5

1.9E-01 3.99E+00 4.10E-01 4.34E-01 1.5E+00 4.4E-02 1.6E+00 6.2E+00 1.4E-01 2.46E+00 2.81E+00 6.2E-03 2.1E-03 7.2E-03 1.0E-02 2.4E-02 6.6E-02 3.0E-03 1.0E-02

Xe II 4180.1 4330.5 4414.8 4603.0 4844.3 4876.5 5260.4 5262.0 5292.2 5372.4 5419.2 5439.0 5472.6 5531.1 5719.6 5976.5 6036.2 6051.2 6097.6 6270.8 6277.5 6805.7 6990.9

4 6 6 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 8 8 4 4 6 8 6 4 4 8 10

4 8 6 4 8 8 4 4 6 2 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 8

2.2E+00 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 8.2E-01 1.1E+00 6.3E-01 2.2E-01 8.5E-01 8.9E-01 7.1E-01 6.2E-01 7.4E-01 9.9E-02 8.8E-02 6.1E-02 2.8E-01 7.5E-02 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 1.8E-01 3.6E-02 6.1E-02 2.7E-01

Yb I 2464.5 2672.0 3464.4 3988.0 5556.5

1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3

9.1E-01 1.18E-01 6.2E-01 1.76E+00 1.14E-02

Yb II 3289.4 3694.2

2 2

4 2

1.8E+00 1.4E+00

4 4

4 6

3.5E-01 3.5E-01

Ytterbium

Yttrium YI 2948.41 2974.59

Section 10.indb 154

Å 2984.25 2995.26 2996.94 3005.26 3022.28 3045.36 3053.95 3155.65 3172.84 3185.96 3209.38 3227.16 3484.05 3549.66 3552.69 4077.36 4083.71 4102.36 4128.30 4142.84 4167.51 4235.93 4352.40 4379.33 4385.47 4394.01 4409.70 4417.43 4437.34 4443.65 4459.01 4476.95 4491.74 4514.01 4527.78 4534.09 4544.31 4559.36 4581.33 4613.00 4643.70 4653.78 4674.85 4725.84 4762.96 4780.16 4781.03 4799.30 4804.31 4804.80 4821.63 4845.67 4852.68 4856.71 4859.84 4893.44 4900.08 4906.11 4950.01 4963.49

gi

6 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 4 10 6 10 4 8 10 4 8 6 6 2 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 8 6 6 4 6 8 10 8 4

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 8 6 8 6 8 6 6 10 6 6 8 6 4 4 4 6 6 8 4 4 4 10 8 4 4 6 8 6 6 4 4 6 8 6 4

8

Weights

λ –1

4.8E-01 5.1E-02 8.4E-02 4.8E-02 6.6E-02 1.07E-01 1.9E-03 2.7E-03 9.9E-03 1.2E-03 3.0E-03 1.10E-03 1.2E-02 1.0E-03 2.3E-01 1.1E+00 2.5E-01 1.3E+00 1.6E+00 1.6E+00 2.38E-01 3.0E-01 6.7E-03 7.83E-01 6.9E-02 1.9E-02 2.7E-03 3.2E-02 8.64E-02 1.1E-01 1.8E-02 2.8E-01 2.3E-02 3.34E-01 8.33E-01 4.4E-02 4.10E-01 4.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.8E-01 1.8E-01 1.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 4.2E-02 8.9E-02 1.0E-01 1.6E-01 2.6E-01 3.84E-01 1.0E-01 6.8E-01 6.2E-01 2.0E-01 7.26E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.2E-01 2.0E-02 1.4E-02

Å

gi

4981.97 5004.44 5205.01 5258.47 5271.82 5380.63 5381.24 5388.39 5390.81 5401.88 5424.36 5466.24 5466.47 5469.10 5513.65 5519.88 5526.43 5527.56 5541.63 5551.00 5573.03 5594.12 5606.34 5619.96 5630.14 5641.78 5675.27 5675.64 5693.63 5714.94 5729.25 5732.09 5740.22 5757.59 5788.36 5844.13 5879.93 5902.91 6087.94 6191.72 6222.58 6402.01 6435.02 6437.17 6538.57 6622.48 6815.15 7009.89 7035.15

4 6 4 6 8 6 4 6 8 6 6 4 10 4 6 4 6 8 8 4 6 6 10 6 4 2 6 4 4 8 6 6 8 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 10 10 8 2 2 4

6 4 4 6 6 4 4 8 6 8 4 4 12 6 6 6 4 10 8 4 4 8 10 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 2 8 4 4 6 4 6 8 10 6 4 4 4

Y II 3112.03 3179.42 3195.62 3200.27 3203.32 3216.69 3242.28 3448.81 3467.88

1 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 5

3 5 3 5 1 3 5 5 3

gk

A 108 s–1 4.7E-03 1.2E-02 8.4E-03 2.9E-03 1.1E-02 3.2E-01 9.9E-03 1.1E-02 2.9E-02 6.0E-03 3.47E-01 1.0E-01 6.3E-01 3.6E-03 2.39E-01 1.2E-02 3.9E-03 5.4E-01 5.2E-02 6.9E-02 1.8E-02 5.0E-02 5.84E-02 2.0E-02 4.9E-01 1.9E-02 9.3E-02 4.3E-02 1.1E-01 2.0E-02 2.2E-03 7.5E-02 4.0E-02 7.6E-03 9.4E-03 5.6E-03 8.5E-02 4.0E-02 1.1E-01 4.7E-02 5.9E-03 2.7E-03 4.0E-02 4.8E-02 1.5E-01 4.5E-03 7.18E-02 4.4E-02 6.3E-02 1.3E-02 3.8E-02 8.23E-01 4.8E-01 2.77E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 4.1E-02 2.7E-02

5/4/05 8:14:13 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 3496.08 3549.01 3584.51 3600.74 3601.91 3611.04 3628.70 3664.62 3710.29 3747.55 3774.34 3776.56 3788.70 3818.34 3832.90 3878.29 3930.66 3950.36 3951.59 3982.60 4124.91 4177.54 4199.27 4204.69 4235.73 4309.62 4358.73

Section 10.indb 155

1 5 3 7 3 5 5 7 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 7 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 1 5 7 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 7 5 7 3 5 3 5 9 3 7 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 5 3

8

10-155 λ

–1

3.49E-01 3.97E-01 4.02E-01 1.4E+00 1.13E+00 1.04E+00 3.3E-01 3.7E-01 1.5E+00 1.9E-01 1.1E+00 2.42E-01 8.1E-01 9.70E-02 3.0E-01 2.9E-02 2.1E-02 2.80E-01 1.5E-02 2.7E-01 1.8E-02 5.27E-01 5.36E-03 2.20E-02 2.3E-02 1.29E-01 5.55E-02

Å 4374.95 4398.01 4422.59 4682.33 4786.58 4823.31 4854.87 4881.44 4883.69 4900.11 4982.13 5087.42 5119.11 5200.41 5205.73 5289.82 5320.78 5473.39 5480.73 5497.41 5509.90 5544.61 5546.01 5728.89 6613.74 6832.48 7264.16

5 5 3 5 7 5 5 5 9 7 7 9 5 5 7 7 9 3 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 3 1 5 7 5 3 3 7 5 9 9 7 5 7 5 7 5 3 5 5 1 3 5 7 5 3

8

λ –1

9.97E-01 1.16E-01 1.83E-01 1.9E-02 2.1E-02 4.3E-02 3.9E-01 1.5E-03 4.7E-01 4.51E-01 1.5E-02 2.0E-01 1.6E-02 1.3E-01 1.6E-01 6.7E-03 3.9E-03 4.3E-02 7.62E-02 1.2E-01 4.24E-02 1.8E-01 5.8E-02 3.0E-02 1.7E-02 3.3E-03 1.3E-02

Weights

Å

gk

gi

A 108 s–1

Zinc Zn I 748.29 765.60 792.05 793.85 809.92 1109.1 2138.6 3075.9 3282.3 3302.6 3302.9 3345.0 3345.6 3345.9 6362.3 11054

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 1

6.0E-02 7.6E-02 5.7E-02 1.8E-01 2.6E-01 3.05E-01 7.09E+00 3.29E-04 9.0E-01 1.2E+00 6.7E-01 1.7E+00 4.0E-01 4.5E-02 4.74E-01 2.43E-01

Zn II 2025.5 2064.2 2099.9 2102.2 4911.6

2 2 4 4 4

4 4 6 4 6

3.3E+00 4.6E+00 5.6E+00 9.3E-01 1.6E+00

5/4/05 8:14:15 AM

Electron Affinities Thomas M. Miller Electron affinity is defined as the energy difference between the lowest (ground) state of the neutral and the lowest state of the corresponding negative ion. The accuracy of electron affinity measurements has been greatly improved since the advent of laser photodetachment experiments with negative ions. Electron affinities can be determined with optical precision, though a detailed understanding of atomic and molecular states and splittings is required to specify the photodetachment threshold corresponding to the electron affinity. Atomic and molecular electron affinities are discussed in two excellent articles reviewing photodetachment studies which appear in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, Vol. 3, Bowers, M. T., Ed., Academic Press, Orlando, 1984: Chapter 21 by Drzaic, P. S., Marks, J., and Brauman, J. I., “Electron Photodetachment from Gas Phase Negative Ions,” p. 167, and Chapter 22 by Mead, R. D., Stevens, A. E., and Lineberger, W. C., “Photodetachment in Negative Ion Beams,” p. 213. Persons interested in photodetachment details should consult these articles and the critical reviews of Andersen, T., Haugen, H. K., and Hotop, H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 28, 1511, 1999; Hotop, H. and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 731, 1985; and Andersen, T., Haugen, H. K., and Hotop, H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 1511, 1999. For simplicity in the tables below, any electron affinity that was discussed in the articles by Drzaic et al. or Hotop and Lineberger is referenced to these sources, where original references are given. The development of cluster-ion pho-

todetachment apparatuses has brought an explosion of electron affinity estimates for atomic and molecular clusters. The policy in this tabulation is to list the electron affinities for the atoms, diatoms, and triatoms, if adiabatic electron affinities have been determined, but to refer the reader to original sources for higherorder clusters. Additional data on molecular electron affinities may be found in Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., Gas Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, (Supplement No. 1), 1988 and on the NIST WebBook at the Internet address http:// webbook.nist.gov/. For the present tabulation the 2002 CODATA value e/hc = 8065.54445 ± 0.00069 cm-1 eV-1 (http://physics.nist.gov) has been used to convert electron affinities from the units used in spectroscopic work, cm-1, into eV for these tables. The 86 ppb uncertainty in e/hc is insignificant compared to uncertainties in the electron affinity measurements. Abbreviations used in the tables: calc = calculated value; PT = photodetachment threshold using a lamp as a light source; LPT = laser photodetachment threshold; LPES = laser photoelectron spectroscopy; DA = dissociative attachment; attach = electron attachment/detachment equilibrium; e-scat = electron scattering; kinetic = dissociation kinetics; Knud=Knudsen cell; CT = charge transfer; CD = collisional detachment; and ZEKE = zero electron kinetic energy spectroscopy.

TABLE 1. Atomic Electron Affinities Atomic number Atom 1 H

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

10-156

D D T He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn

Electron affinity in eV 0.754195 0.75420812 0.754593 0.75465624 0.75480540 not stable 0.618049 not stable 0.279723 1.262119 not stable 1.4611096 3.4011895 not stable 0.547926 not stable 0.43283 1.3895220 0.7465 2.077103 3.612724 not stable 0.50147 0.02455 0.188 0.079 0.525 0.666 not stable

Uncertainty in eV 0.000019 — 0.000074 — — — 0.000020 — 0.000025 0.000020 — 0.0000007 0.0000025 — 0.000025 — 0.00005 0.0000024 0.0003 0.000001 0.000027 — 0.00010 0.00010 0.020 0.014 0.012 0.012 —

Method LPT calc LPT calc calc calc LPT calc LPES LPT DA LPT LPT calc LPT e-scat LPES LPES LPT LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc

Ref. 89 205 89 deuterium 205 deuterium 205 tritium 1 185 1 191 28 1 4 227 1 1 1 208 227 1 1 52 1 1 44 1 1 1 1 1

Electron Affinities

10-157 Atomic number 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 63 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 118 121

Electron affinity in eV Fe 0.151 Co 0.662 Ni 1.156 Cu 1.235 Zn not stable Ga 0.43 Ge 1.232712 As 0.814 Se 2.020670 Br 3.363588 Kr not stable Rb 0.48592 Sr 0.048 Y 0.307 Zr 0.426 Nb 0.893 Mo 0.748 Tc 0.55 Ru 1.05 Rh 1.137 Pd 0.562 Ag 1.302 Cd not stable In 0.3 Sn 1.112067 Sb 1.046 Te 1.970876 I 3.059037 Xe not stable Cs 0.471626 Ba 0.14462 La 0.47 Ce 0.955 Pr 0.962 Eu 0.864 Tm 1.029 Yb -0.020 Lu 0.34 Hf »0 Ta 0.322 W 0.815 Re 0.15 Os 1.1 Ir 1.5638 Pt 2.128 Au 2.30863 Hg not stable Tl 0.2 Pb 0.364 Bi 0.942362 Po 1.9 At 2.8 Rn not stable Fr 0.46 Ra 0.10 Ac 0.35 ekaradon 0.056 ekaactinium 0.57 Atom

Uncertainty in eV 0.003 0.003 0.010 0.005 — 0.03 0.000015 0.008 0.000025 0.000002 — 0.00002 0.006 0.012 0.014 0.025 0.002 0.20 0.15 0.008 0.005 0.007 — 0.2 0.000015 0.005 0.000007 0.000010 — 0.000025 0.00006 0.02 0.026 0.024 0.024 0.022 — 0.01 — 0.012 0.002 0.15 0.2 0.0005 0.002 0.00003 — 0.2 0.008 0.000013 0.3 0.2 — — — — 0.01 —

Method LPES LPES LPES LPES e-scat LPES LPES LPES LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc calc LPES LPES LPES e-scat PT LPES LPES LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc LPT calc LPES LPES calc calc LPT LPT LPT e-scat PT LPES LPT calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc

Ref. 27 27 1 37 1 183 28 200 1 74 1 1 122 1 1 1 127 1 1 1 116 1 1 1 28 108 261 92 1 1 195 184 269 225 268 264 196 223 1 1 37 1 1 141 1 1 1 1 1 262 1 1 1 82 273 207 140 207

Electron Affinities

10-158 TABLE 2. Electron Affinities for Diatomic Molecules Molecule

Ag2 AgO Al2 AlO AlP AlS As2 AsH AsO Au2 AuO AuPd AuS BN BO BeH Bi2 Br2 BrO C2 CH CN CRh CS CaH Cl2 ClO Co2 CoD CoH Cr2 CrD CrH CrO Cs2 CsCl CsO Cu2 CuO F2 FO Fe2 FeD FeH FeO GaAs GaO GaP Ge2 I2 IBr IO InP K2 KBr KCl KCs KI KRb LiCl LiD LiH MgCl MgH MgI MgO MnD

Electron affinity in eV

1.023 1.654 1.10 2.60 2.043 2.60 0.739 1.0 1.286 1.938 2.374 1.88 2.469 3.160 2.508 0.7 1.271 2.55 2.353 3.269 1.238 3.862 1.46 0.205 0.93 2.38 2.275 1.110 0.680 0.671 0.505 0.568 0.563 1.221 0.469 0.455 0.273 0.836 1.777 3.08 2.272 0.902 0.932 0.934 1.493 1.949 2.612 1.988 2.035 2.524 2.55 2.378 1.845 0.497 0.642 0.582 0.471 0.728 0.486 0.593 0.337 0.342 1.589 1.05 1.899 1.630 0.866

Uncertainty in eV

0.007 0.002 0.15 0.02 0.020 0.03 0.008 0.1 0.008 0.007 0.007 — 0.006 0.005 0.008 0.1 0.008 0.10 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.004 0.02 0.021 0.05 0.10 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.005 0.010 0.010 0.006 0.015 0.010 0.012 0.006 0.006 0.10 0.006 0.008 0.015 0.011 0.005 0.020 0.008 0.020 0.001 0.015 0.10 0.006 0.020 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.06 0.018 0.025 0.010

Method

LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES

Ref.

37 233 68 143 218 129 200 2 198 37 282 220 282 189 6 2 119 2 88 87 2 111 206 2 2 2 88 27 29 29 114 29 29 5 104 30 133 37 118 2 88 27 9 9 45 218 279 218 123 305 2 88 218 104 30 30 104 30 104 30 102 102 31 2 31 178 9

Molecule

MnH MnO MoO NH NO NRh NS Na2 NaBr NaCl NaF NaI NaK NbO Ni2 NiCu NiAg NiD NiH NiO O2 OD OH ORh P2 PH PO Pb2 PbO PbS Pd2 PdCO PdO Pt2 PtN Rb2 RbCl RbCs Re2 S2 SD SF SH SO Sb2 ScO Se2 SeH SeO Si2 SiF SiH SiN Sn2 SnO SnPb Te2 TeH TeO TiO VO YO ZnF ZnH ZnO ZrO

Electron affinity in eV

0.869 1.375 1.290 0.370 0.026 1.51 1.194 0.430 0.788 0.727 0.520 0.865 0.465 1.29 0.926 0.889 0.979 0.477 0.481 1.470 0.450 1.825533 1.8276487 1.58 0.589 1.027 1.092 1.366 0.722 1.049 1.685 0.604 1.570 1.898 1.240 0.498 0.544 0.478 1.571 1.670 2.315 2.285 2.314343 1.125 1.282 1.35 1.94 2.212519 1.456 2.201 0.81 1.277 2.949 1.962 0.598 1.569 1.92 2.102 1.697 1.30 1.229 1.35 1.974 2.5 1.464 1.474 0.9 2.413 1.5 0.864 2.11 1.466 4.35 4.35 0.301 0.330 1.077 1.912 1.43 1.9782 1.157 1.038 1.049 2.358 0.564 1.60 1.894 1.666 2.428 2.506

Uncertainty in eV Method 0.05 LPES 0.010 LPES 0.15 LPES 0.02 0.007 0.008 0.020 0.12 0.03 0.03 0.3 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.03 — 0.2 0.005 0.02 0.03 0.020 0.07 0.07 0.006 0.005 0.020 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.17 0.07 1.617 0.006 0.025 0.018 — 0.05 0.020 0.013 0.014 — 0.005 0.005 0.1 0.008 0.06 0.030 0.05 0.010 0.05 0.05 0.005 0.015 0.005 0.015 0.06 0.0006 0.005 0.013 0.014 0.030 0.019 0.02 0.033 0.041 0.020 0.008

LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES 0.015 LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES

Ref. 37 163 68 143 217 297 217 129 200 2 37 294 294 294 276 220 98 193 221 119 11 235 235 12 95 235 12 95 95 95 95 235 271 87 243 180 272 278 147 34 34 34 107 107 306 144 OCrO 241 Cr(O2) 18 37 163 177 177 35 14 15 53 149 254 103 34 34 130 254 152 192 192 192 302

Molecule Ga2P Ge3 GeH2 HCO HCl2 HNO HO2 HS2 I3 InP2 In2P K3 MnD2 MnH2 MnO2 N3 N3 NCN NCO NCS NH2 N2O NO2 (NO)R Na3 NaCS2 Na2CS2 Nb3 Ni3 NiCN NiCO NiD2 NiH2 NiO2 NiO2 O3 O2Ar OClO OIO PH2 P2H PO2 Pd3 PdCN PdCO Pt3 PtCN PtCO Rb3 ReO2 S3 SO2 S2O Sb3 SeO2 SiF2 Si2F SiH2 Si2H Si3 Sn3 SnCN Ta3 TiO2 V3 VO2 WO2

Electron affinity in eV 2.481 2.23 1.097 0.313 4.896 0.338 1.078 1.907 4.226 1.61 2.36 0.956 0.465 0.444 2.06 2.70 2.68 2.484 3.609 3.537 0.771 -0.03 2.273 R=Ar,Kr,Xe 1.019 0.80 0.25 1.032 1.41 1.771 0.804 1.926 1.934 3.05 0.82 2.1028 0.52 2.140 2.577 1.263 1.514 3.42 720 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp direct search) Mass m > 619 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit)

Z �SM with standard couplings Mass m > 825 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp direct search) Mass m > 1500 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) ZLR of SU(2) L ×SU(2) R×U(1) (with g L = g R) Mass m > 630 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp direct search) Mass m > 860 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) Zχ of SO(10) SU(5)× U(1) χ (with gχ = e cos θW ) Mass m > 690 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp direct search) Mass m > 781 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) Zψ of E6 → SO(10)×U(1)ψ (with gψ = e cos θW ) Mass m > 675 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp direct search) Mass m > 366 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit)

The best limit for the half-life of neutrinoless double beta decay with Majoron emission is > 7.2 × 1024 years (CL = 90%).

In this Summary Table:

NOTES

When a quantity has “(S = . . . )” to its right, the error on � the quantity has been enlarged by the “scale factor” S, defined as S = χ 2 /(N − 1), where N is the number of measurements used in calculating the quantity. We do this when S > 1, which often indicates that the measurements are inconsistent. When S > 1.25, we also show in the Particle Listings an ideogram of the measurements. For more about S, see the Introduction. A decay momentum p is given for each decay mode. For a 2-body decay, p is the momentum of each decay product in the rest frame of the decaying particle. For a 3-or-more-body decay, p is the largest momentum any of the products can have in this frame. [a] Theoretical value. A mass as large as a few MeV may not be precluded. [b] � indicates each type of lepton (e, μ, and τ ), not sum over them. [c] This represents the width for the decay of the W boson into a charged particle with momentum below detectability, p < 200 MeV. [d] The Z-boson mass listed here corresponds to a Breit–Wigner resonance parameter. It lies approximately 34 MeV above the real part of the position of the pole (in the energy-squared plane) in the Z-boson propagator. [e] This partial width takes into account Z decays into νν and any other possible undetected modes. [f] This ratio has not been corrected for the τ mass. [g] Here A ≡ 2gV g A/(g 2V + g 2A). [h] The value is for the sum of the charge states or particle/ antiparticle states indicated. [i] See the Z Particle Listings for the γ energy range used in this measurement. [j] For mγ γ = (60 ± 5) GeV. [k] The limits assume no invisible decays.

LEPTON SUMMARY TABLE

Weak anomalous magnetic dipole moment Re(ατw ) < 1.1 × 10−3 , CL = 95% Im(ατw ) < 2.7 × 10−3 , CL = 95%

Decay parameters

LEPTONS

e

J =

1 2

Mass m = (548.57990945 ± 0.00000024)×10−6 u Mass m = 0.51099892 ± 0.00000004 MeV |m e + − m e − |/m < 8 × 10−9 , CL = 90% |qe + + qe − |/e < 4 × 10−8 Magnetic moment μ = 1.0011596521859±0.0000000000038 μB (g e + − g e − ) / gaverage = (−0.5 ± 2.1)×10−12 Electric dipole moment d = (0.07 ± 0.07)×10−26 e cm Mean life τ > 4.6 × 1026 yr, CL = 90%[a]

μ

J =

τ + modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. “h± ” stands for π ± or K ± . “�” stands for e or μ. “Neutrals” stands for γ ’s and/or π 0 ’s.

1 2

Mass m = 0.1134289264 ± 0.0000000030 u Mass m = 105.658369 ± 0.000009 MeV Mean life τ = (2.19703 ± 0.00004)×10−6 s τ μ+ /τ μ− = 1.00002 ± 0.00008 cτ = 658.654 m Magnetic moment μ = 1.0011659208 ± 0.0000000006 e¯h/2m μ (g μ+ − g μ− ) / g average = (−2.6 ± 1.6)×10−8 Electric dipole moment d = (3.7 ± 3.4)×10−19 e cm Decay parameters[b] ρ = 0.7509 ± 0.0010 η = 0.001 ± 0.024 (S = 2.0) δ = 0.7495 ± 0.0012 ξ Pμ = 1.003 ± 0.008[c] ξ Pμ δ/ρ > 0.99682, CL = 90%[c] ξ � = 1.00 ± 0.04 ξ �� = 0.7 ± 0.4 α/A = (0 ± 4)×10−3 α � /A = (0 ± 4)×10−3 β/A = (4 ± 6)×10−3 β � /A = (1 ± 5)×10−3 η = 0.02 ± 0.08 μ+ modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. μ− DECAY MODES e − ν e νμ e − ν e νμ γ e − ν e νμ e + e − e− ve v¯ μ e− γ e− e + e − e− 2γ

τ

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (�i /�)

≈ 100% [d] (1.4 ± 0.4) % [e] (3.4 ± 0.4) × 10−5 Lepton Family number (LF) violating modes LF [f] < 1.2 % 90% LF < 1.2 ×10−11 90% LF < 1.0 ×10−12 90% LF < 7.2 ×10−11 90%

J =

See the τ Particle Listings for a note concerning τ -decay parameters. ρ τ (e or μ) = 0.745 ± 0.008 ρ τ (e) = 0.747 ± 0.010 ρ τ (μ) = 0.763 ± 0.020 ξ τ (e or μ) = 0.985 ± 0.030 ξ τ (e) = 0.994 ± 0.040 ξ τ (μ) = 1.030 ± 0.059 ητ (e or μ) = 0.013 ± 0.020 ητ (μ) = 0.094 ± 0.073 (δξ )τ (e or μ) = 0.746 ± 0.021 (δξ )τ (e) = 0.734 ± 0.028 (δξ )τ (μ) = 0.778 ± 0.037 ξ τ (π ) = 0.993 ± 0.022 ξ τ (ρ) = 0.994 ± 0.008 ξ τ (a1 ) = 1.001 ± 0.027 ξ τ (all hadronic modes) = 0.995 ± 0.007

1 2

Mass m = 1776.99+0.29 −0.26 MeV (mτ + − mτ − )/maverage < 3.0 × 10−3 , CL = 90% Mean life τ = (290.6 ± 1.0)×10−15 s cτ = 87.11 μm Magnetic moment anomaly > −0.052 and < 0.013, CL = 95% Re(dτ ) = −0.22 to 0.45 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% Im(dτ ) = −0.25 to 0.008 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% Weak dipole moment −17 e cm, CL = 95% Re(dw τ ) < 0.50 × 10 w −17 Im(dτ ) < 1.1 × 10 e cm, CL = 95%

53 53 53 53 53 53 53

τ − DECAY MODES

Scale factor/ Confidence level

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

Modes with one charged particle particle− ≥ 0 neutrals ≥ 0K 0 ντ (“1-prong”) particle− ≥ 0 neutrals ≥ 0K 0L ντ μ − ν μ ντ μ − ν μ ντ γ e− ν e ντ e− ν e ντ γ h− ≥ 0K 0L ντ h− ντ π − ντ K − ντ h− ≥1 neutrals ντ h− ≥1π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− π 0 ντ π − π 0 ντ π − π 0 non-ρ(770)ντ K − π 0 ντ h− ≥ 2π 0 ντ h− 2π 0 ντ h− 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) π − 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) π − 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ), scalar π − 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ), vector K − 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− ≥3π 0 ντ h− ≥3π 0 ντ (ex. K 0 ) h− 3π 0 ντ π − 3π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) K − 3π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 , η) h− 4π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− 4π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ,η) K − ≥ 0π 0 ≥0K 0 ≥0γ ντ K − ≥1 (π 0 or K 0 or γ ) ντ

(85.33 ± 0.08) (84.69 ± 0.09) [g] (17.36 ± 0.05) [e] (3.6 ± 0.4) [g] (17.84 ± 0.05) [e] (1.75 ± 0.18) (12.14 ± 0.07) (11.59 ± 0.06) [g] (10.90 ± 0.07) [g] (6.91 ± 0.23) (37.05 ± 0.12) (36.51 ± 0.12) (25.95 ± 0.10) [g] (25.50 ± 0.10) (3.0 ± 3.2) [g] (4.52 ± 0.27) (10.81 ± 0.14) (9.47 ± 0.12) (9.31 ± 0.12) [g] (9.25 ± 0.12) 300 s/eV, CL = 90% (reactor) Mean life/mass, τ/m > 7 × 109 s/eV (solar) Mean life/mass, τ/m > 15.4 s/eV, CL = 90% (accelerator) Magnetic moment μ < 0.9×10−10 μ B , CL = 90% (reactor) Number of Neutrino Types Number N = 2.994 ± 0.012 (Standard Model fits to LEP data) Number N = 2.92 ± 0.06 (Direct measurement of invisible Z width) Neutrino Mixing The following values are obtained through data analyses based on the 3-neutrino mixing scheme described in the review “Neutrino mass, mixing, and flavor change” by B. Kayser in this Review. sin2 (2θ12 )

=

0.86+0.03 −0.04

�m221

=

2 −5 (8.0+0.4 −0.3 ) × 10 eV

The ranges below for sin2 (2θ23 ) and �m 232 correspond to the projections onto the appropriate axes of the 90% CL contours

In this Summary Table:

NOTES

When a quantity has “(S = . . . )” to its right, the error on � the quantity has been enlarged by the “scale factor” S, defined as S = χ 2 /(N − 1), where N is the number of measurements used in calculating the quantity. We do this when S > 1, which often indicates that the measurements are inconsistent. When S > 1.25, we also show in the Particle Listings an ideogram of the measurements. For more about S, see the Introduction. A decay momentum p is given for each decay mode. For a 2-body decay, p is the momentum of each decay product in the rest frame of the decaying particle. For a 3-or-more-body decay, p is the largest momentum any of the products can have in this frame. [a] This is the best limit for the mode e− → νγ . The best limit for “electron disappearance” is 6.4 × 1024 yr. [b] See the “Note on Muon Decay Parameters” in the μ Particle Listings for definitions and details. [c] Pμ is the longitudinal polarization of the muon from pion decay. In standard V −A theory, Pμ = 1 and ρ = δ = 3/4. [d] This only includes events with the γ energy > 10 MeV. Since the e− ν e νμ and e− ν e νμ γ modes cannot be clearly separated, we regard the latter mode as a subset of the former. [e] See the relevant Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement. [f] A test of additive vs. multiplicative lepton family number conservation. [g] Basis mode for the τ . [h] L± mass limit depends on decay assumptions; see the Full Listings. [i] The sign of �m232 is not known at this time. The range quoted is for the absolute value.

QUARK SUMMARY TABLE

b� (4th Generation) Quark, Searches for Mass m > 190 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp, quasi-stable b� ) Mass m > 199 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp, neutral-current decays) Mass m > 128 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp, charged-current decays) Mass m > 46.0 GeV, CL = 95% (e+ e− , all decays)

QUARKS The u-, d -, and s-quark masses are estimates of so-called “current-quark masses,” in a mass-independent subtraction scheme such as MS at a scale μ ≈ 2 GeV. The cand b-quark masses are the “running” masses in the MS scheme. For the b-quark we also quote the 1S mass. These can be different from the heavy quark masses obtained in potential models.

u

I( J P) =

1 2

d

I( J P) =

1 2

2

Iz = + 12

� 1 +� 2

Mass m = 3 to 7 MeV Charge = − 13 e ms /md = 17 to 22 m = (mu + md )/2 = 2.5 to 5.5 MeV [a]

All searches since 1977 have had negative results. NOTES

� 1 +�

Charge = 23 e

Mass m = 1.5 to 3.0 MeV[a] mu /md = 0.3 to 0.6

Free Quark Searches

Iz = − 12

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

s

Mass m = 95±25 MeV[a] Charge = − 13 e Strangeness = −1 (ms (mu + md )/2)/(md − mu ) = 30 to 50 � +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

c

Mass m = 1.25±0.09 GeV

Charge = 23 e

Charm = +1

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

b

Charge = 13 e

Mass m = 4.20 ± 0.07 GeV Mass m = 4.70 ± 0.07 GeV

Bottom = −1 (MS mass) (1S mass)

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

t

Charge = 23 e

Top = +1

Mass m = 174.2±3.3 GeV[b] (direct observation of top events) Mass m = 172.3+10.2 −7.6 GeV (Standard Model electroweak fit)

t DECAY MODES Wq(q = b, s, d) Wb �ν� anything τ ντ b γ q(q = u, c)

p Fraction (�i / �) Confidence level (MeV/c)

[c,d] (9.4 ± 2.4) [e] < 5.9×10−3

% 95%

ΔT = 1 weak neutral current (T1) modes Zq(q = u, c) T1 [ f ] < 13.7% 95%

11-6

– – – – – –

[a] The ratios mu /md and ms /md are extracted from pion and kaon masses using chiral symmetry. The estimates of u and d masses are not without controversy and remain under active investigation. Within the literature there are even suggestions that the u quark could be essentially massless. The s-quark mass is estimated from SU(3) splittings in hadron masses. [b] Based on published top mass measurements using data from Tevatron Run-I and Run-II. Including also the most recent unpublished results from Run-II, the Tevatron Electroweak Working Group reports a top mass of 172.5 ± 1.3 ± 1.9 GeV. See the note “The Top Quark” in the Quark Particle Listings of this Review. [c] � means e or μ decay mode, not the sum over them. [d] Assumes lepton universality and W -decay acceptance. [e] This limit is for �(t → γ q)/ �(t → Wb). [f] This limit is for �(t → Zq)/ �(t → Wb).

MESON SUMMARY TABLE

Mass m = 547.51 ± 0.18 MeV [ f ] (S = 5.8) Full width � = 1.30 ± 0.07 keV [g]

LIGHT UNFLAVORED MESONS (S = C = B = 0) √ For I = 1(π, b, ρ, a) : ud, (uu − dd)/ 2, du; for I = 0(η, η� , h, h� , ω, φ, f, f � ):c1 (uu + dd) + c2 (ss) π±

C-nonconserving decay parameters π + π − π 0 Left–right asymmetry = (0.09 ± 0.17) × 10−2 π + π − π 0 Sextant asymmetry = (0.18 ± 0.16) × 10−2 π + π − π 0 Quadrant asymmetry = (−0.17 ± 0.17) × 10−2 π +π −γ Left–right asymmetry = (0.9 ± 0.4) × 10−2 + − π π γ β (D-wave) = −0.02 ± 0.07 (S = 1.3)

I G( J P ) = 1− (0− )

Dalitz plot parameter π 0 π 0 π 0 α = −0.031 ± 0.004

Mass m = 139.57018 ± 0.00035 MeV (S = 1.2) Mean life τ = (2.6033 ± 0.0005) × 10−8 s (S = 1.2) cτ = 7.8045 m π ± → �± νγ form factors [a] FV = 0.017 ± 0.008 F A = 0.0115 ± 0.0005 (S = 1.2) R = 0.059+0.009 −0.008 π − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. For decay limits to particles which are not established, see the appropriate Search sections (Massive Neutrino Peak Search Test, A0 (axion), and Other Light Boson (X 0 ) Searches, etc.). π + DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i / �)

ρ Confidence level (MeV/c)

μ+ νμ μ + νμ γ e+ ve e + νe γ e+ νe π 0 e+ νe e+ e− e+ νe νν

[b] (99.98770 ± 0.00004) [c] (2.00 ± 0.25) [b] (1.230 ± 0.004) [c] (1.61 ± 0.23) (1.036 ± 0.006) (3.2 ± 0.5) 0.1 ms

β- /7.31 β- /5.96 I.T.

62

64 65

Co Co 67 Co 68 Co 69 Co 70 Co

65.9398 66.9409 67.9449 68.9463 69.951

1.2 μs 0.25 s 0.43 s 0.19 s 0.20 s 0.12 s

I.T. β- /10.0 β- /8.4 β- /11.7 β- /9.3 β- 13.

Co

70.953

97. ms

Co

71.958

60. ms

ββ-,n ββ-,n

Co

72.960

41. ms

Co

73.965

30. ms

Co

74.968

> 0.3 μs

28

Ni

58.6934(2)

Ni Ni 50 Ni 51 Ni

48.020 49.0097 49.9959 50.9877

66m1 66

71

72

73

74

75

48 49

487_S11.indb 67

7/22+

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +4.822 ann.rad./ 0.9312/75. 0.4772/20. (0.092–3.11) 3.85 +0.25 ann.rad./ 0.8468/99.9 1.2383/68. (0.26–3.61) +4.72 +0.5 0.12206/86 (0.014–0.706) 0.02489/0.035 +4.04 +0.22 ann.rad./ 0.81076/99 +4.63 +0.41 +4.40 +0.3 0.0586/2.0

~ 2.1 ms 12. ms 12. ms > 0.2 μs

ββ-,n ββ-,n

7.0/

7/2-

1+ (7/2)(8-)

(5+)

+0.44

1.1732/100 1.3325/100 0.0674/86. 0.842–0.909 1.1635(3)/70. 1.1730(3)/98. 2.0039(3)/19. 1.1292(3)/13. 1.1730(3)/83. 1.9851(1)/3. 2.3020(1)/19. 0.08713(1)/49. 0.9817(3)/2.6 0.156–2.17

0.252/IT 0.214 0.175 0.175/IT (1.245–1.425) 0.694

1.26/102 0.97/100 (0.45 – 0.92) 0.566/100 (0.25 – 0.77) 1.096/100 0.845 (0.455 – 1.197) 0.524/100 (0.24 – 0.76) 0.739 1.024

// > 3 // > 6

// > 9 // > 26

2p

p// ~ 25

0+

β+, p β+ /16.0

p//70.

0+

4/17/06 10:58:25 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-68 Elem. or Isot.

51.9757 52.9685 53.95791 54.95133 55.94213

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 38. ms 0.05 s 0.10 s 0.20 s 6.08 d

56.939794

35.6 h

β+ /3.264 EC/

57.935343 58.934347 59.930786 60.931056 61.928345 62.929669 63.927966 64.930084

>4 × 1019 y ~ 7.6 × 104 y

EC-EC EC/

Ni Ni Ni

Ni Ni 54 Ni 55 Ni 56 Ni 52

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

53

Ni

57

Ni Ni 60 Ni 61 Ni 62 Ni 63 Ni 64 Ni 65 Ni 58 59

66

67m

67

68.0769(89) 26.2231(77) 1.1399(6) 3.6345(17) 0.9256(9)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Ni Ni

65.929139

54.6 h 13.3 μs

β- /0.23 I.T.

0.65/30. 1.020/11. 2.140/58.

66.931569

21. s

β- /3.56

0.34 μs 0.86 ms

I.T.

(5-)

29. s 0.44 μs

β- /2.06 I.T.

0+ (17/2)

3.5 s 11. s

β- /5.4

0.21 μs

I.T.

(8+)

6.0 s 2.56 s 1.6 s 0.84 s 0.9 s 0.34 s 0.24 s 0.13 s ~ 0.11 s

β- /3.5 β- /6.9 β- /5.2 β- /9. β- /7.

0+

67.931869

68.935610

Ni

Ni Ni 72 Ni 73 Ni 74 Ni 75 Ni 76 Ni 77 Ni 78 Ni 71

Cu

69.9365 70.9407 71.9421 72.9465 73.9481 74.9529 75.955 76.961 77.963

Cu Cu 54 Cu 55 Cu 56 Cu

51.9972 52.9856 53.9767 54.9661 55.9586

< 0.3 μs < 0.075 μs > 0.2 μs 93. ms

β+ /13.2 β+ /15.3

Cu

56.94921

196. ms

β+ /8.77

57

487_S11.indb 68

0.69

0+ 9/2+ ½-

ann.rad./ 0.937 ann.rad./ 0.15838/99 0.81185(3)/87. 0.2695–0.7500 ann.rad./ 1.3776/78. (0.127–3.177)

-0.798

-0.75002

+0.601

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

+0.16

0.36627(3)/5. 1.11553(4)/16. 1.48184(5)/23. 0.313/IT 0.694 1.0722/100. 1.6539/100. (0.10–1.98) 0.511 0.814/IT 2.033 0.148/IT 0.593 1.959 0.6807(3)/100. (0.207–1.213) 0.183/IT 0.448 0.970 1.259

0+ 0+

0+

63.546(3)

53

3.8/

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

29 52

0+ 3/20+ 3/20+ ½0+ 5/2-

β- /2.137

70m

70

3/2-

2.517 h

69m1 69

0.712/10. 0.849/76.

0+ 7/20+ 7/20+

0.065/

Ni Ni

Ni Ni

7.66/

Spin (h/2 π)

β- /0.066945

68m1

69m2

β+ /11.7 β+, p/13.3 β+ /8.80 β+ /8.70 EC/2.14 β+ / 0.3 μs

β- /9.9 β- /7.9

30

Zn

69.409(4)

Zn Zn 56 Zn 57 Zn 58 Zn 59 Zn

53.9930 54.9840 55.9724 56.9648 57.95459 58.94926

~ 3.2 ms > 1.6 μs 0.04 s 0.04 s 0.09 s 183. ms

2p

Zn

59.94183

2.40 m

β+ /97/4.16 EC/3/

Zn

60.93951

1.485 m

β+ /5.64

4.38/68.

3/2-

Zn

61.93433

9.22 h

β+ /3/1.63 EC/93/

0.66/7.

0+

Zn

62.933212

38.5 m

β+ /93/3.367 EC/7/

3/2-

-0.28164

+0.29

> 4.3 × 1018 y 244.0 d

EC-β+ β+ /98/1.3514 EC/1.5/

1.02/ 1.40/ 1.71/ 2.36/84.

0+ 5/2-

+0.7690

-0.023

+0.8755

+0.15

72 73

74 75

75.94528 76.9479 77.9520 78.9546 79.961

54 55

60

61

62

63

β+, p/14.6 β+ β+, p/9.09

48.268(321)

63.929142 64.929241

Zn Zn 68 Zn 69m Zn 69 Zn 70 Zn 71m Zn

27.975(77) 4.102(21) 19.024(123)

65.926033 66.927127 67.924844

0.631(9)

68.926550 69.925319

13.76 h 56. m > 1.3 × 1016 y 3.97 h

I.T./99+/0.439 β- /0.906 β-ββ- /

Zn

70.92772

2.4 m

β- /2.81

Zn

71.92686

46.5 h

β- /0.46

Zn Zn

72.92978

6. s 24. s

Zn

73.92946

1.60 m

65

66 67

71

72

73m 73

74

487_S11.indb 70

(1+)

β- /11. β- / ~ 10. β- /12. β- /11.

Zn Zn

64

5.8/43 6.25/42

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.082 0.138 0.652/ 0.450/100 0.307–1.559

p//87

0+

8.1/

0+ (7/2-) 0+ 3/2-

ann.rad./

0+

0.325/

0.905/99.9 1.45/

0+ 5/20+ 9/2+ ½0+ 9/2+

½-

0.25/14. 0.30/86.

0+

β- /4.29

I.T./0.196 4.7/

(7/2+) (1/2-)

β- /2.3

2.1/

0+

ann.rad./ (0.491–0.914) ann.rad./ 0.669/47. (0.062–0.947) ann.rad./ 0.4748/17. (0.15–3.52) ann.rad./ 0.0408/25 0.5967/26. (0.20–1.526)/ ann.rad./ 0.66962(5)/8.4 0.96206(5)/6.6 (0.24–3.1) ann.rad./ 1.1155/49.8

0.4390(2)/95. 0.318/ 0.3864/93. 0.4874/62. 0.6203/57. (0.099–2.489) 0.5116(1)/30. 0.9103(1)/7.5 (0.12–2.29) 0.0164(3)/8. 0.1447(1)/83. 0.1915(2)/9.4 0.042 0.216(1)/100. 0.496–0.911 0.0565/

4/17/06 10:58:30 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.


11-71 Atomic Mass or Weight

Zn Zn 77m Zn 77 Zn 78m Zn 78 Zn 79 Zn 80 Zn

74.9329 75.9333

Zn Zn 83 Zn

75 76

82

Ga

β- /6.0 β- /4.2 β- / β- /7.3

77.9384 78.9427 79.9443 80.9505 81.9544 82.9610

0.29 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /11.9

31

69.723(1)

Ga Ga 58 Ga 59 Ga 60 Ga

55.9949 56.9829 57.9743 58.9634 59.9571

< 0.043 μs 0.07 s

Ga Ga

60.9495 61.94418

0.17 s 116.0 ms

Ga

62.939294

32. s

Ga Ga

63.936839

0.022 ms 2.63 m

Ga

64.932735

Ga

56 57

61 62

63

64m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

3.6/ 4.8/

β- /6.4 β- /8.6 β- /7.3

β+ β+, p β+, α β+ /9.0 β+ /9.17 EC/ β+ /5.5 EC/

Spin (h/2 π)

0+ 0+

// ~ 1.6 // ~ 0.02 8.3/

3/20+

4.5/

0+

15.2 m

β+ /86/3.255 EC/

0.82/10. 1.39/19. 2.113/56. 2.237/15.

3/2-

65.931589

9.5 h

β+ /56/5.175 EC/43/

0.74/1. 1.84/54. 4.153/51.

0+

Ga

66.928202

3.261 d

EC/1.001

Ga

67.927980

1.130 h

β+ /90/2.921 EC/10/

68.925574 69.926022

21.1 m

70.924701 71.926366

> 2.4 × 1026 y 14.10 h

EC/0.2/0.655 β- /99.8/1.656 ββ- /4.001

66

67

68

Ga Ga

60.108(9)

Ga Ga

39.892(9)

69 70

71 72

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1401/ (0.05–0.35) 0.229/ 0.119/ 0.772 0.189/ 1.070 0.225/ 0.702/ 0.713/ 0.2248/

0+

2.79/ 6.05/

65


0+ (1/2-)

β+ /7.165

64

487_S11.indb 71

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

10.2 s 5.7 s 1.0 s 2.1 s > 0.03 ms 1.5 s 1.0 s 0.54 s

76.9370

81

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

1.83/

1.65/99. 0.64/40. 1.51/9. 2.52/8.

3/2-

+1.8507

0.20

1+

0.01175

0.028

3/21+

+2.01659

+0.17

3/23-

+2.56227 -0.13224

+0.11 +0.5

1.004 3.848 1.555–2.559 0.088–1.362 ann.rad./ 0.954/0.0012 ann.rad./ 0.6271(2)/10. 0.6370(2)/11. 1.0652(4)/45. 0.0429 ann.rad./ 0.80785(1)/14. 0.99152(1)/43. 1.38727(1)/12. 3.3659(1)/13. ann.rad./ 0.1151(2)/55. 0.1530(2)/96. 0.2069(2)/39. (0.06–2.4) ann.rad./ 1.03935(8)/38. 2.7523(1)/23. (0.28–5.01) 0.09332/37. 0.18459/20. 0.30024/17. (0.091–0.89) ann.rad./ 1.0774(1)/3. (0.57–2.33)/ 0.1755(5)/0.15 1.042(5)/0.48 0.8340/95.53 2.202/26.9 0.630/26.2

4/17/06 10:58:32 AM







Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 3.15/11.

Spin (h/2 π)

Ga

72.925175

74.87 h

β- /1.59

Ga Ga

73.926946

10. s 8.1 m

I.T./ β- /5.4

2.6/

1+ 3-

Ga

74.926500

2.10 m

β- /3.39

3.3/

3/2-

Ga

75.928828

29. s

β- /7.0

Ga

76.929154

13.0 s

β- /5.3

78

Ga

77.931608

5.09 s

β- /8.2

Ga Ga 81 Ga 82 Ga 83 Ga 84 Ga 85 Ga 86 Ga

78.9329 79.9365 80.9378 81.9430 82.9470 83.9527 84.9570 85.963

2.85 s 1.68 s 1.22 s 0.599 s 0.308 s ~ 0.085 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /7.0 β- /10.4 β- /8.3 β- /12.6 β- /~ 11.5 β- /14

73

74m 74

75

76

77

79 80

32

Ge

72.64(1)

Ge Ge 60 Ge 61 Ge 62 Ge 63 Ge 64 Ge

57.9910 58.9818 59.9702 60.9638 61.9547 62.9496 63.94165

> 0.11 μs 0.04 s 0.13 s 0.15 s 1.06 m

Ge

64.9394

31. s

Ge

65.93384

2.26 h

Ge

66.932734

19.0 m

β+ /96/4.225 EC/4/

Ge Ge

67.92809 68.927965

270.8 d 1.63 d

EC/0.11 β+ /36/2.2273 EC/64/

58 59

65

66

67

68 69

Ge Ge 71 Ge 72 Ge 70

71m

487_S11.indb 72

20.38(18)

69.924247

27.31(26)

70.924951 71.922076


3/2-

3-

5.2/ 3+ 4.6/ 10./ 5.1/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.113–3.678) 0.05344(5)/10. 0.29732(5)/47. (0.01–1.00)/ 0.0565(1)/75. 0.5959/92. 2.354/45. (0.23–3.99) 0.2529/ 0.5746/ (0.12–2.10) 0.5629/66. 0.5455/26. (0.34–4.25) 0.469/ 0.459/ 0.619/77. 1.187/20. 0.465/ 0.659/ 0.217/ 1.348/

0+

20.4 ms 11.2 d

0+

β+ /13.6 β- /9.8 β+ /4.4 EC/ β+, p β+ /6.2 EC/ EC, p β+, p β+ /27/2.10 EC/73/

EC/0.229

0+ 3.0/

0.82/10. 1.39/19. 2.113/56. 2.237/15. //0.011

1.6/ 2.3/ 3.15/ 0.70/ 1.2/

I.T./0.0234

0+

0+

½-

0+ 5/2-

0+ 9/2+ ½0+

0.735

+0.547

0.02

ann.rad./ 0.1282(2)/11. 0.4270(3)/37. 0.6671(3)/17. ann.rad./ 0.0620/27. 0.6497/33. 0.8091/21. (0.19–3.28) ann.rad./ 0.0438/29. 0.3819/28. (0.022–1.77) ann.rad./ 0.1670/84. (0.25–3.73) Ga k x-ray/39. ann.rad./ 0.574/13. 1.1068/36. (0.2–2.04) 0.1749

4/17/06 10:58:33 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Ge Ge 75m Ge 75 Ge 73 74

Ge Ge

76

77m

Natural Abundance (Atom %) 7.76(8) 36.72(15)


72.923459 73.921178 74.922859

7.83(7)

75.921403

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) > 1.8 × 1023 y β48. s 1.380 h

I.T./ β- /1.177

1.6 × 1021 y 53. s

β-βI.T./20/ β- /80/2.861


1.19/

2.9/

Spin (h/2 π) 9/2+ 0+ 7/2+ ½-

76.923549

11.25 h

β- /2.702

0.71/23. 1.38/35. 2.19/42.

7/2+

Ge

77.922853

1.45 h

β- /0.95

0.70/

0+

Ge Ge

78.9254

39. s 19.1 s

β- /IT β- /4.2

Ge

79.92537

29.5 s

β- /2.67

2.4/

0+

~ 7.6 s

β- /

3.75/

½+

78

79m 79

80

Ge

81m

4.0/20. 4.3/80.

Ge

80.9288

~ 7.6 s

β- /6.2

3.44/

9/2+

Ge Ge 84 Ge 85 Ge 86 Ge 87 Ge 88 Ge 89 Ge

81.9296 82.9346 83.9375 84.9430 85.9465 86.9525 87.957 88.964

4.6 s 1.9 s 0.98 s 0.54 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /4.7 β- /8.9 β- /7.7 β- /10.

1.093/80

0+

82 83

As

33

1.605/0.22 1.676/0.16 0.195–1.482 0.2110/29. 0.2155/27. 0.2644/51. (0.15–2.35) 0.2773(5)/96. 0.2939(5)/4.

7/2+ ½-

81

0.1096/21. (0.10–2.59) 0.5427(4)/15. 0.1104(4)/6. 0.2656(4)/25. 0.3362(4)/ 0.7935(4)/ 0.1976(4)/21. 0.3362(4)/100. 1.093/

0+ 0+ 0+

74.92160(2)

As As 62 As 63 As 64 As 65 As 66m2 As 66m1 As 66 As 67 As

59.993 60.981 61.9732 62.9637 63.9576 64.9496

65.945 66.9392

< 0.043 μs 0.02 s 0.13 s 8. μs 1.1 μs 95.8 ms 42. s

As

67.93677

2.53 m

β+ /8.1

As

68.93227

15.2 m

β+ /98/4.01 EC/2/

2.95/

5/2-

+ 1.623

As

69.93092

52.6 m

1.44/

4+

+2.1061

+0.09

As

70.927112

2.72 d

β+ /84/6.22 EC/16/2.14 /2.89 β+ /32/2.013

5/2-

+1.6735

-0.02

60 61

68

69

70

71

487_S11.indb 73


0.13968(3)/39. 0.26461(5)/11. 0.41931(5)/0.2

+0.510

0+ ½-

Ge

77

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) -0.879467 -0.17

β+ /9.4

β+ /9.55 β+ /6.0 EC/

5.0/

5/2-

3+

0.121/ 0.123/ 0.244/ ann.rad./ 0.652/32. 0.762/33. 1.016/77. (0.61–3.55) ann.rad./ 0.0868(5)/1.5 0.1458(3)/2.4 ann.rad./ 1.0395(7)/82. (0.17–4.4)/ ann.rad./

4/17/06 10:58:35 AM






Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) EC/68/

As

71.926752

26.0 h

β+ /77/4.356

As

72.923825

80.3 d

EC/0.341

As

73.923829

17.78 d

72

73

74

As As 76 As 75m 75

100.

74.921597 75.922394

β+ /31/2.562 EC/37/ β- /1.353

0.94/26. 1.53/3. 0.71/16. 1.35/16.

2-

-1.597

26.3 h

β- /2.962

0.54/3. 1.785/8. 2.410/36. 2.97/51. 0.70/98.

3/22-

+1.43947 -0.903

3/2-

+1.295

0.017 s

38.8 h

β- /0.683

As

77.92183

1.512 h

β- /4.21

1.21 μs

I.T.

As

79m

3.00/12. 3.70/17. 4.42/37.

-2.1566

-0.08

3/2-

2-

9/2+

+0.31

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1749(2)/84. 1.0957(2)/4.2 ann.rad./ 0.83395(5)/80. 1.0507(1)/9.6 (0.1–4.0) 0.0133/0.1 0.0534/10.5 Se k x-ray/90. ann.rad./ 0.59588(1)/60. 0.6084(1)/0.6 0.6348(1)/15.

0.5591(1)/45. 0.65703(5)/6.2 1.21602(1)/3.4 (0.3–2.67) 0.2391(2)/1.6 0.2500(3)/0.4 0.5208/0.43 0.6136(3)/54. 0.6954(3)/18. 1.3088(3)/10. 0.542/IT 0.231 0.0955(5)/16. 0.3645(5)/1.9 0.6662(2)/42. (2.5–3.0) 0.4676(2)/20. 0.4911(2)/8. 0.6544(1)/77. 0.344/65. (0.561 – 1.894)

As

78.92095

9.0 m

β- /2.28

1.80/95.

3/2-

As

79.92253

16. s

β- /5.64

3.38/

1+

As

80.92213

33. s

β- /3.856

13.7 s

β- /

3.6/

5-

7.2/80.

(2-)

0.6544(1)/54. (0.755 – 3.667) 0.7345/100. 1.1131/34. 2.0767/28. 0.6671(2)/21. 1.4439(5)/49. (0.325–5.150) 0.667(1)/42. 1.4551(2)/100. 0.704/ 0.704/

79

80

81

As

82m

3/2-

As

81.9245

19. s

β- /7.4

As

82.9250

13.4 s

β- /5.5

As As

83.9291

0.6 s 4. s

ββ-, n/7.2

1-

85

As

84.9320

2.03 s

β-, n/8.9

3/2-

As As 88 As 89 As 90 As 91 As 92 As

85.9365 86.9399 87.9449 88.9494 89.956 90.960 91.967

0.95 s 0.49 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β-, n/11.4 β-, n/10.

82

83

84m 84

86 87

Se

78.96(3)

Se Se

64.965

34 64 65

487_S11.indb 74


2-

76.920647

78

Spin (h/2 π)

0.669/5. 1.884/12. 2.498/62. 3.339/19.

As

77


> 0.18 μs 0.011 s

β+ /60/14.

0+

4/17/06 10:58:36 AM





Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β+, p

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 3.55/

Spin (h/2 π)

Se 67 Se

65.9552 66.9501

0.03 s 0.13 s

Se

67.94180

36. s

Se

68.93956

27.4 s

Se

69.9334

41.1 m

Se

70.93224

4.7 m

β+ /4.4 EC/

Se Se

71.92711

8.5 d 40. m

EC/0.34 I.T./73/0.0257 β+ /27/2.77

Se

72.92677

7.1 h

β+ /65/2.74 EC/35/

119.78 d

EC/0.864

17.4 s

I.T./

3.92 m 2.9 × 105 y

I.T./ β- /0.151

57.3 m

I.T./99/0.1031

80.917993

18.5 m

β- /1.585

81.916699

~ 1 × 1020 y 1.17 m

β-ββ- /3.96

Se

82.919118

22.3 m

β- /3.668

0.93/ 1.51/

9/2+

Se Se

83.91846 84.92225

3.3 m 32. s

β- /1.83 β- /6.18

1.41/100. 5.9/

0+ 5/2+

Se

85.92427

15. s

β- /5.10

0+

Se

86.92852

5.4 s

5/2+

Se

87.93142

1.5 s

β- /7.28 n/ β-, n/6.85

66

68

69

70

71

72

73m

73

Se Se

0.89(4)

73.922476 74.922523

Se Se 77 Se 78 Se 79m Se 79 Se 80 Se 81m Se

9.37(29)

75.919214

7.63(16) 23.77(28)

76.919914 77.917309

49.61(41)

78.918499 79.916521

74 75

76

77m

Se

81

Se Se

82

83m

83

84 85

86

87

88

487_S11.indb 75

8.73(22)

β+ /10.2 β+, (p)/ β+ /4.7 β+ /6.78 EC/ β+, p β+ /2.4


0+

ann.rad./ 0.352 ann.rad./ (0.050–0.426) ann.rad./ 0.0664(4)/27. 0.0982(4)/63. ann.rad 0.04951(5)/35. 0.4262(2)/29. ann.rad 0.1472(3)/47. 0.8309(3)/13. 1.0960(3)/10. 0.0460(2)/57. ann.rad. 0.0257(2)/27. 0.2538(1)/2.5 ann.rad 0.0670(1)/72. 0.3609(1)/97. (0.6–1.5)

0+ 5.006/ // ~ 0.045

3.4/36.

0.85 1.45/ 1.70/ 0.80/ 1.32/95. 1.68/1.

0+

5/2-

0+ 3/2-

9/2+

0.86

0+ 5/2+

0.67

0+ 7/2+ ½0+ 7/2+ 0+ 7/2+

1.6/98.

2.88/ 3.92/

½-

0+ ½-

0+

1.0

0.13600/55 0.26465/58 (0.024–0.821) 0.1619(2)/52.

+0.53506

-1.018


+0.8

0.09573(3)/9.5

0.1031(3)/9.7 0.2602(2)/0.06 0.2760/0.06 0.2759/0.85 0.2901/0.75 0.8283/0.32 0.35666(6)/17. 0.9879(1)/15. 1.0305(1)/21. 2.0514(2)/11. (0.19–3.1) 0.22516(6)/33. 0.35666(6)/69. 0.51004(8)/45. (0.21–2.42) 0.4088(5)/100. 0.3450(1)/22. 0.6094(1)/41. 2.0124(1)/24. 2.4433(8)/100. 2.6619(1)/49. 0.468(1)/100. 1.4979(1)/23. 0.5346/

4/17/06 10:58:38 AM


11-76 Elem. or Isot. Se Se 91 Se 92 Se 93 Se 94 Se 89


90

Br

Atomic Mass or Weight 88.9365 89.9400 90.9460 91.950 92.956 93.960


Spin (h/2 π)

Br Br 69 Br 70m Br 70 Br 71 Br 72 Br 73 Br

66.9648 67.9585 68.9501

67 68

69.9446 70.939 71.9366 72.93169

Br

74m

0+ 0+

< 1.5 μs < 0.024 μs 2.2 s ~ 0.08 s 21. s 1.31 m 3.4 m

β+ /10.0 β+ /6.9 β+ /8.7 β+ /4.7

/0.75

3.7/

3 3/2-

~ 0.55

46. m

β+ /

4.5/

4-

1.82

+0.75

β+ /9.6

9+

73.92989

25.4 m

β+ /6.91

Br

74.92578

1.62 h

β+ /76/3.03

3/2-

1.4 s

I.T./5.05

4+

75

Br

76m

Br

75.92454

16.0 h

β+ /57/4.96

Br Br

76.921379

4.3 m 2.376 d

I.T./0.1059 EC/99/1.365

Br

77.921146

6.45 m

β+ /92/3.574 EC/8/

4.86 s

I.T./0.207

4.42 h

I.T./0.04885

17.66 m

β- /92/2.004 EC/5.7/1.8706 β+ /2.6/

6.1 m

76

77m 77

78

Br Br 80m Br 79m

50.69(7)

Br

Br Br

78.918337

79.918529

80

81

49.31(7)

80.916291

Br

81.916804

1.471 d

I.T./98/0.046 β- /2 /3.139 β- /3.093

Br

82.915180

2.40 h

β- /0.972

82m

82

83


0+

Br

74

79


79.904(1)

35

487_S11.indb 76

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 0.41 s β-, n/9.0 > 0.3 μs 0.27 s β-, n/8. > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

1.9/ 3.68/

1-

0.54821

0.270

9/2+ 3/2-

0.973

+0.53

1+

0.13

9/2+ 3/25-

+2.106400 +1.3177

+0.331 +0.75

1+

0.5140

0.196

3/22-

+2.270562

+0.276

0.444/

5-

+1.6270

0.751

0.395/1 0.925/99

3/2-

1.2/ 2.5/

1.38 β-/7.6 1.99 β-/82 0.85 β+ /2.8

0.4547–1.3167 ann.rad 0.065–0.700 ann.rad 0.6348 0.7285 (0.2–4.38) ann.rad 0.6341 0.6348 (0.2–4.7) ann.rad 0.28650 (0.1–1.56) 0.104548 0.05711 ann.rad 0.55911 1.85368 (0.4–4.6) 0.1059 ann.rad. 0.23898 0.52069 (0.08–1.2) ann.rad. 0.61363 (0.7–3.0) 0.2072 Br k x-ray 0.03705/39.1 0.04885/0.3 ann.rad. 0.6169/6.7 (0.64–1.45) 0.046/0.24 (0.62–2.66) 0.5544/71 0.61905/43 0.77649/84 (0.013–1.96) 0.52964 (0.12–0.68)

4/17/06 10:58:39 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Br

84m



Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 6.0 m β- /4.97

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 2.2/100 (6-)


2.70/11 3.81/20 4.63/34 2.57

2.

Br

83.91648

31.8 m

β- /4.65

Br

84.91561

2.87 m

β- /2.87

Br

85.91880

55.5 s

β- /7.63

3.3 7.4

(2-)

Br

86.92071

55.6 s

β- /6.85 n/

6.1/

3/2-

Br Br

87.92407

5.1 μs 16.3 s

Br

88.92640

4.35 s

Br

89.9306

1.91 s

Br

90.9340

0.54 s

Br

91.93926

0.31 s

Br

92.9431

0.10 s

Br Br 96 Br 97 Br

93.9487 94.9529 95.959 96.963

0.07 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

84

85

86

87

88m 88

89

90

91

92

93

94 95

Kr

1-

β- /8.16 n/ β- /10.4 n/

3/2-

β- /90 /9.80 β- n/10 / β- /12.20 β- n/ β- /11 β- n β- n/

83.798(2)

Kr Kr 71 Kr 72 Kr

68.9652 69.9553 70.950 71.94209

0.03 s 0.06 s 100. ms 17.1 s

Kr

72.93929

28. s

Kr

73.933084

11.5 m

Kr

74.93095

4.3 m

β+ /4.90 EC/

Kr

75.925910

14.8 h

EC/1.31

70

73

74

75

76

487_S11.indb 77

3/2-

β- /8.96 n/

36 69

2-

β+, (p)

8.3/ 9.8/

β+, EC/10.1 β+ /5.0 EC/

β+ /6.7 EC/ β+, p/ β+ /3.1 EC/

0.7649 0.7753 0.8021 (0.1–6.99) 0.7753 1.0978 0.6555 0.7071 1.3626 0.263 0.803 0.740

2-

0.117 (0.237–3.606)

//11

4.07/

0+ 0+

5/2/0.25

3.2/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4240/100 0.8817/98 1.4637/101 0.8816/41 1.8976/13 (0.23–4.12) 0.80241/2.56 0.92463/1.6 (0.09–2.4) 1.56460/64 2.75106/21 (0.5–6.8) 1.41983 1.4762 (0.2–6.1)

0+

5/2+

0+

-0.531

+1.1

(0.198–0.207) ann.rad 0.3099/15.3 0.4150/12.8 (0.305 – 3.305) ann.rad. 0.1781/66 (0.06–0.86) ann.rad. 0.08970/31 0.2030/20 (0.010–1.06) ann.rad. 0.1325/68 0.1547/21 (0.02–1.7) Br k x-ray 0.270/21 0.3158/39 (0.03–1.07)

4/17/06 10:58:40 AM


11-78 Elem. or Isot. Kr

77


Atomic Mass or Weight 76.924670

Kr Kr 79 Kr

0.355(3)

Kr Kr 81 Kr

2.286(10)

Kr Kr

11.593(31)

81.913484

Kr Kr 85m Kr

11.500(19) 56.987(15)

82.914136 83.911507

17.279(41)

84.912527 85.9106107 86.9133549

Kr

78

79m

80

81m

82

83m

83 84

77.920365 78.920082

79.916379 80.916592

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 1.24 h β+ /80/3.06 EC/20/

> 2.3 × 1020 y 53. s 1.455 d

EC-EC I.T./0.1299 β+ /7 /1.626 EC/93 /

13.1 s 2.1 × 105 y

1.86 h

1.55/ 1.70/ 1.87/

Spin (h/2 π) 5/2+

-0.786 +0.536

I.T./0.1904 EC/0.2807

0+ ½7/2+

+0.586 -0.908

I.T./0.0416

0+ ½-

+0.591

9/2+ 0+ ½-

0.83/79

10.73 y 1.27 h

β- /3.887

87.91445

2.84 h

β- /2.91

1.33/8 3.49/43 3.89/30

Kr

88.9176

3.15 m

β- /4.99

3.8/ 4.6/ 4.9/

5/2+

Kr

89.91952

32.3 s

β- /4.39

2.6/77 2.8/6

0+

Kr

90.9235

8.6 s

β- /6.4

4.33/ 4.59/

5/2+

Kr

91.92616

1.84 s

Kr

92.9313

1.29 s

β- /5.99 n/ β- /8.6 n/

Kr

93.9344

0.21 s

β- /7.3 n

n//1.0

Kr Kr 97 Kr 98 Kr 99 Kr 100 Kr

94.9398 95.9431 96.9486 97.952 98.958 99.9611

0.10 s ~ 80 ms 0.06 s 0.05 s 0.04 s > 0.34 μs

β- /9.7 β- ,n β- ,n β- ,n β- ,n

n//2.9 n//3.7 n//7. n//7. n// ~ 11.

Kr Kr 87 Kr 86

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95 96

487_S11.indb 78

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -0.583 +0.9 ann.rad. 0.1297/80 0.1465/38 (0.02–2.3)

0+ 7/2+ ½-

β- /79 / I.T./21 /0.305 β- /0.687

85

4.48 h


0.15/0.4

9/2+ 0+ 5/2+

-0.970699

+0.63

+0.259

+ 0.633 1.005

+0.43

-1.023

-0.30

-0.330

+0.16

-0.583

+0.30

0+

0+ 7.1/

+0.40

½+

-0.413

0+

0+

- 0.410

Kr x-ray ann.rad. 0.2613/13 0.39756/19 0.6061/8 (0.04–1.3) 0.1904 Br k x-ray 0.2760 Kr k x-ray 0.00940 0.03216

0.30487 0.15118 0.51399 0.40258/49.6 2.5548/9.2 (0.13–3.31) 0.19632/26. 2.392/34.6 (0.03–2.8) 0.19746 0.2209/19.9 0.5858/16.4 1.4728/6.8 (0.2–4.7) 0.12182/32.9 0.5395/28.6 1.1187/36.2 (0.1–4.2) 0.10878/43.5 0.50658/19. (0.2–4.4) 0.1424/66. (0.14–3.7) 0.1820 0.2534/42. 0.32309/24.6 (0.057–4.03) 0.2196/67 0.6293/100. (0.098–0.985)

0+ 0+

4/17/06 10:58:42 AM



Rb





Spin (h/2 π)


37

85.4678(3)

Rb Rb 73 Rb 74 Rb

70.9653 71.9591 72.9506 73.944265

< 1.5 μs < 0.03 μs 64.8 ms

β+ /10.4

Rb

74.93857

19. s

β+ /7.02

2.31/

Rb

75.935072

39. s

β+ /8.50

4.7/

1-

-0.372623

+0.4

Rb

76.93041

3.8 m

β+ /5.34

3.86/

3/2-

+0.654468

+0.70

5.7 m

I.T./0.1034 β+ / EC/ β+ /7.22 EC/

4-

+2.549

+0.81

5/2+

+0.3358

-0.10

4.1/22 4.7/74 1.4

1+

-0.0836

+0.35

9/2+

+5.598

-0.74

1.05/

3/2-

+2.060

+0.40

71 72

75

76

77

Rb

78m

Rb

77.92814

17.7 m

Rb

78.92399

23. m

β+ /84/3.65 EC/16 /

Rb

79.92252

34. s

β+ /5.72

30.5 m

I.T./0.85 β+, EC/ β+ /27/2.24 EC/73

78

79

80

Rb

81m

Rb

80.91900

81

Rb

82m

0+

6.47 h

β+/26/ EC/74/

0.80/

5-

+1.5100

+1.0

3.3/

1+

+0.554508

+0.19

Rb

81.918209

1.258 m

β+/96/4.40 EC/4/

Rb

82.91511

86.2 d

EC/0.91

5/2-

+1.425

+0.20

20.3 m

I.T./0.216

6-

+0.2129

+0.6

32.9 d

β+/22/2.681 EC/75 / β-/3/0.894

0.780/11 1.658/11 0.893/

2-

-1.32412

-0.015

I.T./0.5560 β-/1.775 β-/0.283 β-/5.316

1.774/8.8 0.273/100 5.31

5/2623/22-

+1.353 +1.815 -1.6920 +2.7512 0.508

+0.23 +0.37 +0.19 +0.13

β-/4.50

3/2-

+2.304

+0.14

82

83

Rb

84m

Rb

83.914385

84

Rb Rb 86 Rb 87 Rb 88 Rb 85

86m

Rb

89

487_S11.indb 79

4.57 h

3.4

72.17(2)

84.91178974

27.83(2)

85.9111674 86.90918053 87.9113156

1.018 m 18.65 d 4.88 × 1010 y 17.7 m

88.91228

15.4 m

1.26/38 1.9/5 2.2/34 4.49/18


0.456/0.0025 (0.053 – 4.244) ann.rad 0.179 ann.rad 0.4240/92. (0.064–1.68) ann.rad 0.0665/59 (0.04–2.82) ann.rad 0.4553/81. (0.103–4.01) ann.rad 0.4553/63. (0.42–5.57) ann.rad. 0.68812/23. (0.017–3.02) ann.rad. 0.6167/25. ann.rad. (0.085–1.9) ann.rad./ 0.19030/64. (0.05–1.9) ann.rad./ 0.5544/63. 0.7765/85. (0.092–2.3) ann.rad./ 0.7665/13. (0.47–3.96) Kr x-ray 0.5205/46. (0.03–0.80) 0.2163/34. 0.2482/63. 0.4645/32. ann.rad./ 0.8817/68. (1.02–1.9) 0.556/98. 1.0768/8.8 0.8980/14.4 1.8360/22.8 (0.34–4.85) 1.032/58. 1.248/42. 2.1960/13 (0.12–4.09)

4/17/06 10:58:43 AM


11-80 Elem. or Isot. Rb

90m



Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 4.3 m β-/4.50

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 1.7/ 46.5/

Rb

89.91480

2.6 m

β-/6.59

6.6

1-

Rb

90.91654

58.0 s

β-/5.861

5.9

3/2-

Rb

91.91073

4.48 s

β-/8.11

8.1/94

1-

Rb

92.92204

5.85 s

β-/7.46 n/1

7.4/

5/2-

Rb

93.92641

2.71 s

β-/10.31 n/10

9.5/

3

Rb

94.92930

0.377 s

β-/9.30 n/8

8.6/

5/2-

β-/11.76 n/13/ β-/10.42 n/27/

10.8/

2+

10.0

3/2+

0.144/

90

91

92

93

94

95

Rb

1.7 μs

96m

Rb

95.93427

0.199 s

Rb

96.93735

0.169 s

98

Rb

97.94179

0.107 s

Rb 100 Rb

98.9454 99.9499

59. ms 53. ms

β-/12.34 n/13 β-/11.3 β- /13.5

Rb Rb

100.9532 101.9589

0.03 s 0.09 s

β- /11.8 β-

38

Sr

87.62(1)

Sr Sr 75 Sr 76 Sr 77 Sr

72.966 73.9563 74.9499 75.94177 76.93795

> 25 ms > 1.5 μs 88. ms 7.9 s 9.0 s

Sr Sr

77.93218 78.92971

2.7 m 2.1 m

β+ ,p β+ /6.1 β+ /6.9 β+, p β+ /3.76 β+ /5.32

Sr

79.92452

1.77 h

β+ /1.87

Sr

80.92321

22.3 m

β+ /87/3.93 EC/13/

Sr

81.91840

25.36 d

EC/0.18

96

97

99

101 102

73 74

78 79

80

81

82

487_S11.indb 80

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +1.616 +0.20 0.1069(IT) 0.8317/94 (0.20–5.00) 0.8317/28. (0.31–5.60) +2.182 +0.15 0.0936/34. (0.35–4.70) 0.8148/8. (0.1–6.1) +1.410 +0.18 0.2134/4.8 0.4326/12.5 0.9861/4.9 (0.16–5.41) +1.498 +0.16 0.8369/87. 1.5775/32. (0.12–6.35) +1.334 +0.21 0.352/65. 0.680/22. (0.20–2.27) 0.2999 0.4612 0.2400 0.093–0.369 +1.466 +0.25 0.815/76. (0.20–5.42) +1.841 +0.58 0.167/100. 0.585/79. 0.599/56. 1.258/52. (0.14–2.08) (0.07–3.68) 0.129 (0.058–4.483)

p//5. 5.6 //0.08 4.1

0+ 0+

0+ 3/2-

0.144/4.5 -0.35

+1.4

-0.474

+0.74

0+

2.43/ 2.68/

1/2-

0+

+0.544

0.147 (0.047–0.793) ann.rad./ 0.039/28. 0.105/22. (0.135–0.612) ann.rad./ 0.174/10. 0.589/39. (0.24–0.55) ann.rad./ 0.148/31. 0.1534/35 (0.06–1.7) Rb x-ray

4/17/06 10:58:45 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Sr Sr

83m


Sr Sr

85m

Sr Sr 87m Sr 87 Sr 88 Sr 89 Sr 90 Sr 91 Sr

0.56(1)

83.913425

9.86(1)

84.912933 85.909260

85 86


83

84

11-81

7.00(1) 82.58(1)

86.908877 87.905612 88.907451 89.907738 90.910203

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 5.0 s I.T./0.2591 1.350 d β+/24/2.28 EC/76/

1.127 h 64.85 d

I.T./87/0.2387 EC/13 EC/1.065

2.81 h

I.T./0.3884

50.52 d 29.1 y 9.5 h

β-/1.497 β-/0.546 β-/2.70

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.465/ 0.803/ 1.227/

Spin (h/2 π) ½7/2+

0+ ½-

1.492/100 0.546/100 0.61/7 1.09/33 1.36/29 2.66/26 0.55/96 1.5/3 2.2/10 2.6/25 3.2/65

9/2+ 0+ ½9/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+

Sr

91.911038

2.71 h

β-/1.91

Sr

92.91403

7.4 m

β-/4.08

Sr

93.91536

1.25 m

β-/3.511

Sr

94.91936

25.1 s

β-/6.08

Sr

95.92170

1.06 s

β-/5.37

4.2/

0+

Sr

96.92615

0.42 s

β-/7.47

5.3

(1/2+)

98

Sr

97.92845

0.65 s

β-/5.83

5.1

0+

Sr Sr 101 Sr 102 Sr 103 Sr 104 Sr 105 Sr

98.9332 99.9354 100.9405 101.9430 102.9490 103.952 104.959

0.27 s 0.201 s 0.115 s 68. ms > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β-/8.0 β-/7.1 β-/9.5 β-/8.8

92

93

94

95

96

97

99

100

487_S11.indb 81

2.1/ 3.3/

6.1/50

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +0.582 0.2591/87.5 -0.898 +0.79 ann.rad./ 0.3816/12. 0.3816 0.7627/30. (0.094–2.15) +0.601 -1.001

+0.30

+0.63 -1.093

+0.34

-1.149

-0.3

0.9092

-0.887

+0.044

-0.794

+0.26

0.5556/61. 0.7498/24. 1.0243/33. (0.12–2.4) 1.3831/90. (0.24–1.1) 0.5903/ 0.7104 0.87573 0.8883/ (0.17–3.97) 0.6219 0.7043 0.7241 0.8064 1.4283 0.6859 0.8269 2.7173 2.9332 0.1222 0.5305 0.8094 0.9318 0.2164 0.3071 0.6522 0.9538 1.2580 1.9050 0.0365 0.1190 0.4286 0.4447 0.5636

0+ 5/2+

0+

½+

0+

0.2318/84. (0.15–0.24) 0.51399/99.3

-0.5379

-0.500

-0.26

0.8

0.3884(IT)

0+ 0+

4/17/06 10:58:46 AM



39

Y



75.9585 76.9497

Y Y 80 Y

78.9374

81

82

77

77.9436

5.5 5.0/

Y

80.9291

1.21 m

β+/5.5

3.7/ 4.2/

Y

81.9268

9.5 s

β+/7.8

6.3/

1+

2.85 m

β+/95/4.6 EC/5 /

2.9

1/2-

7.1 m

β+/4.47 EC/

3.3

9/2+

4.6 s

β+/ EC/ β+/6.4 EC/

Y

82.92235

Y

84m

Y

83.9204

Y

85m

Y

84.91643

Y

86m

487_S11.indb 82

Y


(5+)

β+/10.5

β+/7.0

Y

86

> 0.2 μs ~ 57. ms 5.8 s 53 ms

79.9343

83m

85

Spin (h/2 π)

β+/7.1

80m

84


15. s 4.8 s 30. s

79

83



88.90585(2)

Y Y 78m Y 78 Y 76


85.91489

40. m

(4-)

1+ 1.64/47 2.24/25 2.64/21 3.15/7

5-

4.9 h

β+/70/ EC/30/

9/2+

2.6 h

β+/55/3.26 EC/45/

48. m

I.T./99/ β+/ EC/

8+

4.8

14.74 h

β+/5.24 EC/

4-

0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

40

Zr

91.224(2)

Zr Zr 80 Zr

77.9552 78.9492 79.940

> 0.2 μs 0.06 s ~ 4.5 s

Zr Zr 83m Zr 83 Zr

80.9372 81.9311 82.9287

5.3 s 32. s 7. s 44. s

β+ /7.2 β+ /4.0 β+ /7.0 β+ /5.9 EC

Zr

83.9233

26. m

β+ /2.7 EC/

0+

10.9 s

I.T./0.2922 β+, EC/

½-

99m 99

100m 100

78 79

81 82

84

Zr

85m

/2.5/

β-, n / β-, n/9.3 β-, n/8.6 β-, n/9.9 β-, n

n/1.8/ n/1.5/ n/4.0/ n/8.3/

1/2-

3+ 1+ (5/2+)

0+ β+ /8.0

0+ 6.1 3. 4.8

(3/2-) 0+ (7/2+) (1/2-)

7.9 m

β+ /4.7 EC/

Zr

85.91647

16.5 h

EC/1.47

0+

14.0 s

I.T./0.3362

½-

+ 0.64

β+ /3.67 EC/

9/2+

- 0.895

(8+) 0+ ½-

+ 0.80

Zr

87m

87

Zr

86.91482

1.73 h

Zr Zr 89m Zr

87.91023

1.4 μs 83.4 d 4.18 m

88m 88

EC/0.67 I.T./94/0.5877 β+ /1.5/ EC/4.7/

3.1

0.290 0.538

84.9215

86

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 1.2228 1.5907 2.9413 4.4501 0.1218/43.8 0.5362 0.7242 1.0130

Zr

85

487_S11.indb 84

β- /7.57 n


2.26

7/2+

+ 0.42

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0556 0.1050 0.2560 0.474 1.525 ann.rad./ 0.0449 0.1125 0.3729 0.667 ann.rad./ 0.2922(IT) 0.4165 ann.rad./ 0.2663 0.4163 0.4543 0.0280 0.243 0.612 0.1352(IT) 0.2010 ann.rad./ 0.3811 1.228 0.077 0.3929 ann.rad./ 0.5877(IT) 1.507

4/17/06 10:58:51 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Zr

89



Zr

90m

Zr Zr 92 Zr 93 Zr 94 Zr 95 Zr 90 91

Zr

96

Zr Zr 99 Zr 97 98

51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 17.38(28)

2.80(9)

89.904704 90.905646 91.905041 92.906476 93.906315 94.908043

11-85 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 3.27 d β+ /23/2.832 EC/77/ 0.809 s I.T./

1.5 × 106 y >1017 y 64.02 d

β- /0.091 β-ββ- /1.125

96.910953 97.91274 98.91651

3 × 1019 y >1.7 × 1018 y 16.75 h 30.7 s 2.2 s

β-βββ- /2.658 β- /2.26 β- /4.56

95.908273

100

Zr

99.91776

7.1 s

β- /3.34

101

Zr

100.92114

2.1 s

β- /5.49

Zr Zr 104 Zr 105 Zr 106 Zr 107 Zr 108 Zr 109 Zr 110 Zr

101.92298 102.9266 103.9288 104.9331 105.9359 106.9408 107.944 108.9492 109.953

2.9 s 1.3 s 1.2 s ~ 1. s > 0.24 μs > 0.24 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /4.61 β- /7.0 β- /5.9 β- /8.5

102 103

41

Nb

92.90638(2)

Nb Nb 83 Nb 84 Nb

80.949 81.9431 82.9367 83.9336

81 82

Nb Nb 86m Nb 86 Nb 85m 85

84.9279 85.9250

Nb

87m

Nb

87

Nb

88m

487_S11.indb 85

86.92036

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 0.9/ 9/2+ 5-

0.366/55 0.400/44

1.91/ 2.2/100 3.9/ 3.5/

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -1.05 + 0.28 ann.rad./ 0.9092 6.3 0.1326 2.1862 2.3189(IT) -1.30362

-0.18 0.0304

1.13

+0.29

0+ ½0+ ½+

- 0.937

0.7434

- 0.930

0.4692/55.2 0.5459/48 0.028–1.321 0.4006 0.5043 0.1194 0.2057 0.2089

0+ 6.2/

3/2-

0+

0.7242 0.7567

- 0.27

+ 0.81

0+ 0+ 0+ 0+

0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

~ 6. ms ~ 3.7 s 3.2 s 19. s 14. s 8.0 m

β+ /5.58 EC/

9/2+

1.2 μs 5.7 h

15.5 m

β+ /94/4.43 EC/6/

14.77(31)

91.906811

> 3 × 1017 y 6.9 h

β+-EC I.T./99+ /2.425

0+ 21/2+

Mo Mo 95 Mo 96 Mo 97 Mo 98 Mo 99 Mo

9.23(10) 15.90(9) 16.68(1) 9.56(5) 24.19(26)

92.906813 93.905088 94.905842 95.904680 96.906022 97.905408 98.907712

3.5 × 103 y

EC/0.405

5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ ½+

93 94

2.7476 d

β- /1.357

2.5/ 2.8/ 4.0/ 3.44/94

0.45/14

0.2960–2.184

(0.752–1.004) ann.rad./ 0.0800 0.1399 0.1707 0.118(IT) 0.268 ann.rad./ 0.659 0.803 1.155 1.272 0.063 ann.rad./ 0.04274 0.12237 0.25734 ann.rad./ 0.6529 1.2081 1.5080 2.2407 ann.rad./ 1.6373 2.6321 3.0286 (0.1–4.2)

+0.5

0+

90.91175

Mo

Mo Mo

1.085/

I.T./50/0.653 β+, EC/50 /

91

93m

0+

1.08 m

91m

92

β+ /25/2.489 EC/75 /

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1105–0.810

(0.193–0.590)

½-

89.91394


5/2+

I.T./0.118

Mo Mo

Mo

7.2/ 5.3/ n/0.06 n/0.05 n/1.7 n/4.5 n/6.0 n/6.2 n/31 n/40

Spin (h/2 π)

0.19 s 2.2 m

90


0+ ½+ 0+

88.91948

90m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β- /4.57 β- / β- /7.21 β- /5.53 β-, n/ β-, n/8.1 β-, n/6.5 β-, n/9.3 β-, n/7.9 β, n/ β, n/ β, n/

β+ /6. β+/8.1 β+ /4.8 EC, β+/6.5 β+ /3.4 EC

Mo

89

487_S11.indb 87

11-87

½-

9/2-

+9.21

0.26306(IT) 0.68461 1.47711 0.0304

-0.9142

-0.02

-0.9335

+0.26

0.375

0.144048

4/17/06 10:58:56 AM



100 101

Mo Mo


9.67(20)




99.90748 100.91035

~1 × 1019 y 14.6 m

β-ββ- /2.82

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.84/2 1.21/84

2.23/ 0.7/

0+ 1/2+

102

Mo

101.91030

11.3 m

β- /1.01

103

Mo

102.9132

1.13 m

β- /3.8

3/2+

104

Mo

103.9138

1.00 m

β- /2.16

0+

105

Mo

104.9170

36. s

β- /4.95

3/2+

106

Mo

105.91814

8.4 s

β- /3.52

0+

Mo Mo 109 Mo 110 Mo

106.9217 107.9235 108.9278 109.9297

3.5 s 1.1 s 0.5 s 0.27 s

β- /6.2 β- /5.1 β- /7.2 β- /5.7

Mo Mo 113 Mo 114 Mo 115 Mo 116 Mo 117 Mo

110.9344 111.937 112.942 113.945 114.950

> 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

Tc Tc 87 Tc 88 Tc 89m Tc 89 Tc 90m Tc

84.9488 85.9429 86.9365 87.9327

< 0.1 ms 0.05 s 2.4 s 5.8 s 13. s 13. s 49.2 s

Tc

89.9236

107 108

111 112

1.2/

Spin (h/2 π)

0+


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.18109 0.36644 0.73947 0.0063 0.19193 0.5909 (0.0809–2.405) 0.1493/89. 0.2116/100. 0.2243/32. 0.1028(2)/ 0.1440(2) 0.2511(2) 0.0686(1)/100. 0.4239(4)/21. 0.0642/ 0.0856/ 0.2495/ 0.1894(2)/22. 0.3644(2)/6. 0.3723(2)/12.

0+

(0.028–0.636)

0+

Tc k x-ray 0.142 (0.039–0.599)

0+ 0+ 0+

Tc

43 85 86

90

88.9272

Tc

91m

Tc Tc

91 92

487_S11.indb 88

90.9184 91.91526

β+ /11.9 β+ /8.6 β+ /10.1 β+ /7.5 β+

8.3 s

β+ /8.9

3.3 m

β+ EC

3.14 m 4.4 m

β+ /6.2 β+ /7.87 EC

5.3/

6+

7.0/15 7.9/95.

1+

5.2 4.1

9/2+ 8+

½+

ann.rad./ 0.9479/ 1.0542/ ann.rad./ 0.9479/ ann.rad./170. 0.8110(5)/5. 1.6052(1)/7.8 1.6339(1)/9.1 1.9023(1)/6. 2.4509(1)/13.5 ann.rad./200. ann.rad./200. 0.0850/ 0.1475 0.3293

4/17/06 10:58:58 AM




Tc

93m

Tc

93

92.910249

Tc

94m

Tc

94

93.909657

Tc

95m

Tc

95

94.90766

Tc

96m

Tc

96

95.90787

Tc

97m

Tc Tc

97 98

96.906365 97.907216

Tc

99m




I.T./13 EC/20

2.73 h

β+ /13/3.201 EC/87/

52. m

β+ /72/4.33 EC/28/

2+

4.88 h

β+ /11/4.256 EC/89/

7+

61. d

I.T./4/ β+ /0.3 EC/96

20.0 h

EC/100/1.691

9/2+

52. m

I.T./90/ β+, EC/2/

4+

4.3 d

EC/2.973

7+

91. d 4.2 × 106 y ~ 6.6 × 106 y

I.T./0.0965 EC EC/100/0.320 β- /1.80

6.01 h

I.T./100/0.142

0.81

0.5/ 0.7/

/3.9 0.40/100

β- /0.294 β- /3.202 EC /1.8(10)-3/

Tc

100.90732

14.2 m

β- /1.61

4.4 m

I.T./2/4.8 β- /98/

1.8/

5.3 s

β- /4.53

3.4/

Tc

102m

102

Tc

101.90922

9/2+

6.26

5.08

1/2-

5.89

+5.04

1/29/2+ 6+ 1/2-

2.13 × 105 y 15.8 s

101


½-

98.906255 99.907658

100

Spin (h/2 π)

43. m

Tc Tc

99

487_S11.indb 89

11-89

0.293/100 2.2/ 2.9/ 3.3 1.32/

9/2+ 1+

9/2+

1+

+5.6847

-0.129

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7731 1.5096 0.3924(IT) 0.9437 2.6445 ann.rad./ 1.3629 1.4771 1.5203 (0.1–3.0) ann.rad./ 0.8710 1.8686 ann.rad./ 0.4491 0.7026 0.8496 0.8710 ann.rad./ 0.0389(IT) 0.2041 0.5821 0.5821 0.8351 0.7657 1.0738 0.0342(IT) 0.7782 1.2002 Mo k x-ray 0.7782 0.8125 0.8498 1.12168 Tc k x-ray 0.0965 Mo k x-ray 0.65241 0.74535 Tc k x-ray 0.14049 0.14261 0.5396 0.5908 (0.3 79–2.30) 0.1272 0.1841 0.3068 0.5451 (0.073–0.969) 0.4184 0.4752 0.6281 0.6302 1.0464 1.1033 1.6163 2.2447 0.4686

4/17/06 10:58:59 AM







Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 4.2 2.2/ 2.0/ 5/2+ 2.2/

Tc

102.90918

54. s

β- /2.66

Tc Tc

103.91145

0.005 ms 18.2 m

β- /5.60

5.3/

(3+)

105

Tc

104.9117

7.6 m

β- /3.6

3.4/

5/2+

106

Tc

105.91436

36. s

β- /6.55

107

Tc

106.9151

21.2 s

β- /4.8

108

Tc

107.9185

5.1 s

β- /7.72

Tc Tc 111 Tc

108.9200 109.9238 110.9257

1.4 s 0.83 s 0.30 s

β- /6.3 β- /8.8 β- .n/7.0

p/0.08 p/0.04 n/0.85

Tc Tc

111.9292 112.9316

0.26 s 0.15 s

β, n β-, n/8.

n/2.6 /2.1

113.936 114.939 115.943 116.946 117.951

0.15 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β-, n

/1.3

103

104m 104

109 110

112 113

Tc Tc 116 Tc 117 Tc 118 Tc 114 115

Ru

2+

(3)

Ru Ru 89 Ru 90 Ru

86.949 87.9403 88.9361 89.9299

> 1.5 μs 1.2 s 1.4 s 12. s

β+ .p/8. β+ /5.9

0+

Ru

90.9263

7.9 s

β+, EC/7.4

9/2+

Ru

91.9201

3.7 m

β+ /53/4.5 EC/47/

0+

91

92

487_S11.indb 90

0.3483 0.3580 0.5305 0.5351 0.8844 0.8931 1.6768 (0.3–3.7) 0.1079 0.1432 0.3215 0.2703 0.5222 1.9694 2.2393 2.7893 0.1027 0.1063 0.1770 0.4587 0.2422 0.4656 0.7078 0.7326 1.5835

0.0985/100 0.0658–1.520

101.07(2)

88

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4751 1.1055 0.1361 0.1743 0.2104 0.3464 0.5629 (0.13–1.0)

0.2407 0.150/92.7 0.063–1.435

44 87


0+ ann.rad./ 0.155–1.551 ann.rad./ (0.205-1.998) ann.rad./ 0.1346 0.2138 0.2593

4/17/06 10:59:01 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Ru

93m



11-91 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 10.8 s I.T./21/ β+, EC/79/


Spin (h/2 π) 1/2-

Ru

92.9171

1.0 m

β+ /6.3 EC/

9/2+

Ru

93.91136

52. m

EC/100/1.59

0+

Ru

94.91041

1.64 h

EC/85/2.57 β+ /15/

> 3.1 × 1016 y 2.89 d

93

94

95

1.20/ 0.91/

5/2+

0.86

β+β+ EC/1.12

0+ 5/2+

-0.78

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 3/2+

0+ 3/2+

-0.3

Ru Ru

5.54(14)

95.90760 96.90756

Ru Ru 100 Ru 101 Ru 102 Ru 103 Ru

1.87(3) 12.76(14) 12.60(7) 17.06(2) 31.55(14)

97.90529 98.905939 99.904220 100.905582 101.904349 102.906324

39.27 d

β- /0.763

0.223

Ru Ru

18.62(27)

103.905433 104.907753

4.44 h

β- /1.917

1.11/22 1.134/13 1.187/49

Ru Ru

105.90733 106.9099

1.020 y 3.8 m

β- /0.0394 β- /2.9

0.0394/100 2.1/ 3.2/

0+

108

Ru

107.9102

4.5 m

β- /1.4

1.2/

0+

109

Ru

108.9132

34.5 s

β- /4.2

110

Ru

109.9141

15. s

β- /2.81

0+

111

Ru Ru

110.9177 111.9190

1.5 s 4.5 s

β- /5.5 β- /4.5

0+

96 97

98 99

104 105

106 107

112

487_S11.indb 91


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.7344 1.1112 1.3962 2.0931 ann.rad./ 0.6807 1.4349 (0.5–4.2)weak 0.3672 0.5247 0.8922 ann.rad./ 0.3364 0.6268 0.036–2.424 Tc k x-ray 0.2157 0.3245 0.4606

-0.6413

+0.079

-0.7188

+0.46

0.206

+0.62

0.05329 0.29498 0.4438 0.49708 0.55704 0.61033 (0.04–1.6) 0.12968 0.1491 0.2629 0.31664 0.46943 0.67634 0.72420 (0.1–1.8) 0.1939 0.3741 0.4625 0.8488 0.0923 0.1651 0.4339 0.4975 0.6189 0.1164 0.3584 0.1121 0.3737 0.4397 0.7967

4/17/06 10:59:02 AM



112.9225

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 0.6 s 0.80 s β- /7.

Ru

113.9243

0.57 s

β- /6.1

Ru Ru 117 Ru 118 Ru 119 Ru 120 Ru

114.9287 115.931 116.936 117.938 118.943 119.945

~ 0.74 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /8.

Ru Ru

113m 113

114

115 116

Rh

45



88.9488

Rh

93.9217

90m

94

89.9429 90.9366 91.9320 92.9257

Rh

95m

Rh

95

94.9159

Rh

96m

Rh

96

Rh

97m

487_S11.indb 92

Spin (h/2 π)

0+


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2632 0.048–2.418 0.127/24 (0.053–0.180)

0+ 0+ 0+

102.90550(2)

Rh Rh 90 Rh 91m Rh 91 Rh 92m Rh 92 Rh 93 Rh 94m Rh 89


95.91446

> 0.15 μs ~ 12. ms 1.0 s 1.5 s 1.5 s 0.5 s 4.7 s 12. s 25.8 s

β+ /11.1 β+ /8.1 β+ /

1.18 m

β+ /9.6

1.96 m

I.T./88/ β+, EC/12/

5.0 m

β+ /5.1

3.2

1.51 m

I.T./60/0.052 β+, EC/40/

4.70/

9.6 m

β+/6.45 EC/

3.3/

5+

46. m

I.T./5 / β+, EC/95/

2.6/

1/2-

IT

8+

6.4/

3+

½+

9/2+

2+

0.387 (0.438-0.973) 0.866 (0.163-0.991) (0.138–1.493) ann.rad./ 0.1264 0.3117 0.7562 1.0752 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.1461 0.3117 0.7562 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.5433(IT) 0.7837 ann.rad./ 0.2293 0.4103 0.6610 0.9416 1.3520 (0.2–3.8) ann.rad./ Tc,Ru x-rays 0.8326 1.0985 1.6921 (0.4–3.3) ann.rad./ 0.4299 0.6315 0.6853 0.7418 0.8326 (0.2–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.1886 0.4215 2.2452

4/17/06 10:59:03 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Rh

97



Rh

98m

Rh

97.91071

98

Rh

99m

Rh

98.90813

99

Rh

100m

100

Rh

99.90812

Rh

101m

101

Rh

100.90616

Rh

102m

11-93 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 31.0 m β+ /3.52

3.5 m

β+ /

8.7 m

β+ /90/5.06

3.4/

2+

4.7 h

β+ /8/ EC/92/

.74/

9/2+

16. d

β+/4/2.10 EC/97/

0.54/ 0.68/

1/2-

4.7 m

I.T./99/ β+ /0.4/

20.8 h

β+ /3.63 EC/

4.35 d

EC/92/ I.T./8/0.1573

9/2+

3.3 y

EC/0.54

1/2-

3.74 y

EC/2.323 IT/0.0419 β+

6+

> 1.2 × 106 y

102

Rh

Rh Rh 104m Rh

101.906843

103m 103

487_S11.indb 93

100.

102.905504

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 2.1/ 9/2+

207. d

EC/62 β- /19/ β+ /14/

56.12 m

IT

4.36 m

I.T./99+ / β-


5+

5.67

5+

2.62/ 2.07/

1-

+5.51

4.04

/ 0.15 μs


Spin (h/2 π)

46

106.42(1)

Pd Pd 93 Pd

90.949 91.9404 92.9359

> 1.5 μs 1.0 s 1.2 s

β+, p

0+ 9/2+

94

Pd

93.9288

9. s

EC, β+ /~ 6.6

0+

Pd Pd 96 Pd

94.92684 94.9247 95.9182

13.4 s

EC, β+ /10.2

21/2+

2.03 m

EC, β+ /3.5

1.15/

0+

Pd

96.9165

3.1 m

β+, EC/4.8

3.5/

5/2+

Pd

97.91272

17.7 m

β+ /1.87 EC/

Pd

98.91177

21.4 m

β+ /49/3.37 EC/51/

100

Pd

99.90851

3.7 d

EC/0.36

101

Pd

100.90829

8.4 h

β+ /5/1.980 EC/95/

102

Pd Pd

1.02(1)

101.905609 102.906087

16.99 d

EC/0.543

0+ 5/2+

Pd Pd 106 Pd 107m Pd

11.14(8) 22.33(8) 27.33(3)

103.904036 104.905085 105.903486

20.9 s

I.T./0.2149

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 11/2-

26.46(9)

106.905133 107.903893

6.5 × 106 y

β- /0.033

4.75 m

I.T./0.1889

13.5 h

β- /1.116

91 92

95m 95

97

98

99

103

104 105

Pd Pd 109m Pd 107 108

109

487_S11.indb 95

Pd

108.905950


0.240/81 0.382–0.864 0.5582 (0.0546–0.798)

0.1248 0.4995 ann.rad./ 0.2653 0.4752 0.7927 (0.2–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.0677 0.1125 0.6630 0.8379 ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.2636 0.6734 (0.2–2.85) 0.03271 0.0748 0.0840 ann.rad./ 0.0244 0.2963 0.5904

0+

2.18/

5/2+

0+

0.776/

0.03/

1.028

5/2+

5/2+ 0+ 11/25/2+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0346 0.1317 0.379 0.575 0.370–1.037

-0.66

Rh k x-ray 0.03975 0.3575 0.4971 -0.642

+0.66 Pd k x-ray 0.2149(IT)

Pd x-ray 0.1889(IT) 0.0880 (0.08–1.0)

4/17/06 10:59:08 AM


11-96 Elem. or Isot. 110

Pd Pd

111m

Natural Abundance (Atom %) 11.72(9)




5.5 h

I.T./73/0.172 β- /27/


0.35 0.77

Spin (h/2 π) 0+ 11/2-

Pd

110.90767

23.4 m

β- /2.19

2.2/95

5/2+

Pd Pd 113 Pd

111.90731

β- /0.29 β- / β- /3.34

0.28/

112.91015

21.04 h 1.48 m 1.64 m

0+ 5/2+

Pd

113.91036

2.48 m

β- /1.45

0+

Pd Pd

114.9137

50. s 25. s

β- /4.58

(9/2-) (3/2+)

Pd

115.9142

12.7 s

β- /2.61

0+

Pd Pd

116.9178

19. ms 4.4 s

β- /5.7

(9/2-) (3/2+)

118

Pd

117.9190

2.4 s

β- /4.1

0+

119

Pd

118.9231

0.9 s

β- /6.5

120

Pd

119.9247

0.5 s

β- /5.0

Pd Pd 123 Pd 124 Pd

120.9289 121.9306 122.935 123.9369

> 0.24 μs > 0.24 μs > 0.15 μs

111

112

113m

114

115m 115

116

117m 117

121 122

Ag

107.8682(2)

Ag Ag

92.950

Ag

93.9428

0.60 s

Ag Ag

94.9355

2.0 s 4.4 s

Ag

95.9307

7. s

47 93

94m

94

95

96m

96

Ag

97

487_S11.indb 96

96.9240

0.41 s

19. s

0+


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0704 0.1722 0.3912 (0.1–1.97) 0.0598 0.2454 0.5800 0.6504 1.3885 1.4590 0.018 0.0959 0.0958 0.4824 0.6436 0.7394 0.1266 0.2320 0.5582 0.5760 0.089 0.1255 0.2554 0.3428 0.1015 0.1147 0.1778 0.203 0.2473 0.077–0.403 0.1254 0.028–0.596 0.2566 0.070–0.326 0.1581 0.053–0.595

0+ 0+

β+ β+,p/27. β+ β+,p/20. β+, p/ β+ β+, p β+ /11.6 EC/ β+, p β+ /7.0 EC/

p/0.79/1.9 p/1.01/2.2

/8.

/18.

(0.096-1.092) (0.659-0.905)

8+ 2+

(0.089–2.940)

ann.rad./ 0.1248 0.4995 (0.1066–1.416) ann.rad./ 0.6862 1.2941 (0.352–3.294)

4/17/06 10:59:09 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Ag

98



Ag

99m

Ag

99

98.9176

Ag

100m

100

Ag

99.9161

Ag

101m

101

Ag

100.9128

Ag

102m

102

Ag

101.91169

Ag

103m

103

Ag

102.90897

Ag

104m

104

Ag

Ag

105m

487_S11.indb 97

103.90863

11-97 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 47.6 s β+ /8.4 EC/ β+, p

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) /36. /0.11

Spin (h/2 π) 5+


11. s

I.T./100/

½-

2.07 m

β+ /87 5.4 EC/13/

9/2+

2.3 m

β+ / EC/

2+

2.0 m

β+/7.1 EC/

3.1 s

I.T./0.23

11.1 m

β+ /69/4.2 EC/31/

2.7/

7.8 m

β+ /38/ EC/13/ I.T./49/

13.0 m

β+ /78/5.92 EC/22/

5.7 s

I.T./0.134

1.10 h

β+ /28/2.69 EC/72/

1.7 1.3

7/2+

+4.47

33. m

β+ /64/ EC/36/ I.T./0.07/

2.71/

2+

+3.7

69. m

β+ /16/4.28 EC/84/

0.99/

5+

3.92

7.2 m

I.T./98/0.0255

7/2+

+4.41

4.7/

5+

½-

9/2+

5.7

3.4

2+

+4.14

2.26/

5+

4.6

2.18/ 2.73/ 3.38/

1/2-

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.5711 0.6786 0.8631 (0.153–1.185) Ag k x-ray 0.1636(IT) 0.3426 ann.rad./ 0.2199 0.2645 0.8056 0.8323 (0.2–3.5) ann.rad./ 0.6657 1.6941 ann.rad./ 0.2807 0.4503 0.6657 0.7508 0.7732 Ag k x-ray 0.0981 0.176(IT) ann.rad./ 0.2610 0.2747 0.3269 0.4392 0.6673 1.1739 (0.2–3.1) ann.rad./ 0.5567 0.9777 1.8347 2.0545 2.1594 3.2386 ann.rad./ 0.5564 0.7193 0.163–2.242 Ag k x-ray 0.1344 ann.rad./ 0.1187 0.1482 ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.7657 (0.5–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.9259 0.9416 (0.18–2.27) Ag x-ray

4/17/06 10:59:10 AM



105


Ag


104.90653

Ag

106m

106

Ag

105.90667

Ag

Ag Ag

108m

108

51.839(8)

Ag

106.905097

107.905956

Ag

109m

109

Ag Ag

110m

110

Ag

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) EC/2 /

41.3 d

EC/1.35

1/2-

0.1014

8.4 d

EC/

6+

3.71

24.0 m

β+ /59/2.965 EC/41 / I.T./0.093

1+

+2.85

7/2+

+4.40

1.0

1/26+

-0.11357 3.580

+1.3

1+

+2.6884

7/2+

+4.40

+1.0

1/26+

-0.13069 +3.60

+1.4

1+

+2.7271

0.2

44.2 s

107m

107


48.161(8)

108.904752

109.906107

Ag

111m


/1.96

418. y

EC/92/ I.T./8 /0.079

2.39 m

β- /97/1.65 EC/2/ β- /1/1.92

39.8 s

I.T./0.088

249.8 d

β- /99/ I.T./1 /0.1164

0.087 0.530

24.6 s

β- /2.892

2.22/5 2.89/95

1.08 m

IT/99/0.0598 β- /1/

1.02/1.7 1.65/96 0.88/0.3

Spin (h/2 π)


7/2+

111

Ag

110.905294

7.47 d

β- /1.037

1.035/

1/2-

-0.146

112

Ag

111.90701

3.13 h

β- /3.96

3.94/ 3.4

2-

0.0547

1.14 m

I.T./80 /0.043 β- /20 /

1.5

Ag

113m

7/2+

113

Ag

112.90657

5.3 h

β- /2.02

2.01/

1/2-

114

Ag

113.90880

4.6 s

β- /5.08

4.9/

1+

18.7 s

β- /

Ag

115m

487_S11.indb 98

7/2+

0.159

+1.1

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3063 0.3192 (0.1–1.0) 0.0640 0.2804 0.3445 0.4434 Pd k x-ray 0.4510 0.5118 0.7173 1.0458 ann.rad./ 0.5119 Ag x-ray 0.0931 Ag k x-ray Pd k x-ray 0.43392 0.61427 0.72290 ann.rad./ 0.43392 0.61885 0.63298 Ag k x-ray 0.0880 0.65774 0.76393 0.88467 0.93748 1.38427 (0.447–1.56) 0.65774 0.8154 1.1257 Ag k x-ray 0.0598 0.2454 0.2454 0.3421 0.6067 0.6174 1.3877 (0.4–2.9) 0.1422 0.2983 0.3161 0.3923 0.2588 0.2986 0.5582 0.5760 1.9946 0.1134 0.1315 0.2288 0.3887

4/17/06 10:59:12 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 115

Ag



Ag Ag

116m2 116m

116

Ag

115.91136

Ag

117m

117

Ag

116.91168

Ag

118m

11-99 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 20. m β- /3.10


20. s 9.8 s

β-,IT/7 β-/92 /

2.68 m

I.T./8 β- /6.16

IT/0.0479 3.2/ 2.9 IT/.0809 5.3

5.3 s

β- /

3.2/

7/2+

1.22 m

β- /4.18

2.3

1/2-

2.8 s

β- /59/ I.T./41 /0.1277

118

Ag

117.9146

4.0 s

β- /7.1

119

Ag

118.9157

2.1 s

β- /5.35

0.40 s

β- /63. I.T./37.

Ag

120m

120

121

Ag

119.9188

1.23 s

β- /8.2 β-,n

Ag

120.9199

0.78 s

β- /6.4

1. s 0.44 s 0.31 s 0.22 s 0.17 s 0.11 s 0.11 s 58 ms 0.16 s ~ 46. ms ~ 35 ms

β- / β- /9.2 β- /7.4 β- /10.1 ββββ-

Ag Ag 123 Ag 124 Ag 125 Ag 126 Ag 127 Ag 128 Ag 129m Ag 129 Ag 130 Ag 122m 122

Cd

48

487_S11.indb 99

121.9235 122.9249 123.9286 124.9304 125.9345 126.9368 127.9412 128.9437 129.9505

Spin (h/2 π) 1/2-

5+

2-

7/2+

n// 5.8 × 1017 y 6.52 h

Cd Cd

0.89(3)

107.90418 108.904982

Cd Cd

12.49(18)

109.903002

Cd Cd 113m Cd 113 Cd 114 Cd 115m Cd

12.80(12) 24.13(21)

110.904178 111.902758

12.22(12) 28.73(42)

112.904402 113.903359

95 96

99

100

107

108 109

110

111m

111 112

115

Cd

116

Cd Cd

117m

487_S11.indb 100

7.49(18)

β+, (p) β+ /5.4 (p) β+, EC/6.9 β+, EC/3.9



0+

/0.025

0+

0+ 4.5

5/2+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.090–1.043) In k x-ray 0.0985 1.7225 0.31–2.84) ann.rad./ 0.0974 0.4810 1.0366 1.3598 ann.rad./ Ag k x-ray 1.0799 1.4487 1.4618 (0.1–2.8) Ag k x-ray 0.0835 0.7093 Ag k x-ray 0.3469 0.6072 0.9618 1.3025 (0.25–2.4)

-0.81

-0.8

5/2+

-0.7393

+0.43

EC, EC EC/99+/1.417 β+ /

0+ 5/2+

-0.615055

+0.68

>4.1 × 1017 y 462.0 d

EC EC EC/0.214

0+ 5/2+

Ag k x-ray 0.0931 0.8289

-0.827846

+0.69

48.5 m

I.T./

0+ 11/2-

Ag k x-ray 0.08804

-0.594886

14.1 y 8.2 × 1015 y >6.0 × 1017 y 44.6 d

β- /99.9/0.59 ββ-ββ- /1.629

1/2+ 0+ 11/21/2+ 0+ 11/2-

114.905431

2.228 d

β- /1.446

1/2+

-0.648426

115.904756

3.8 × 1019 y 3.4 h

β-ββ- /2.66

1.69/

0.59/99.9

0.68/1.6 1.62/97 0.593/42 1.11/58

0.72/

0+ 11/2-

Cd k x-ray 0.1508(IT) 0.2454

-1.087 -0.622301

-0.71

0.2637

-1.042

-0.54

0.48450 0.93381 1.29064 0.23141 0.26085 0.33624 0.49227 0.52780 0.1586 0.5529 0.37–2.42

4/17/06 10:59:14 AM




Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 2.49 h β- /2.52

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 0.67/51 1/2+ 2.2/10

117

Cd

118

Cd Cd

117.90692

50.3 m 2.20 m

β- /0.52 β- /

119

Cd

118.9099

2.69 m

β- /3.8

~ 3.5/

1/2+

120

Cd Cd

119.90985

50.8 s 8. s

β- /1.76 β- /

1.5/

0+ 11/2-

Cd

120.9130

13.5 s

β- /4.9

(3/2+)

Cd Cd 123 Cd 124 Cd

121.91333

β- /3.0 β- / β- /6.12 β- /4.17

0+

122.91700 123.9177

5.3 s 1.9 s 2.09 s 1.24 s

124.9213 125.9224 126.9264 127.9278 128.9322 129.9339

0.66 s 0.68 s 0.52 s 0.4 s 0.28 s 0.24 s 0.162 s

β- / β- /7.16 β- /5.49 β- /8.5 β- /7.1 β- /5.9 β- / β-, n

/~ 3.5

β-, n/

/60

119m

121m

121

122

123m

Cd Cd 126 Cd 127 Cd 128 Cd 129 Cd 130 Cd

116.907219

11-101

125m 125

Cd Cd 133 Cd 131 132

In

49

In In 98 In 99 In 100 In 101 In 102 In 97

130.9407 131.9456

96.950

~ 0.03 s 1. s ~ 3.8 s 5.9 s 15. s 23. s

In In

102.91991

34. s 1.1 m

In In

103.9183

16. s 1.84 m

103m

104m 104

487_S11.indb 101

0+ 11/2-

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2209 0.2733 0.3445 1.3033 0.1056 0.7208 1.0250 2.0213 0.1340 0.2929 0.3429 0.1008 0.9878 1.0209 1.1815 2.0594 0.2102 0.3242 0.3492 1.0403

3+ 0+

0.0365 0.0628 0.1799

3/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+

0.2601 0.247 0.281

0+

0+

114.818(3)

97.9421 98.9342 99.9311 100.9263 101.9241

98m

103

68 ms 0.10 s 0.06 s


β+ /8.9 β+, (p)/10.5 β+ /7.3 EC/8.9

(0.297-1.365) (5)

0.1566 0.7767 (0.397–0.923) ann.rad./ 0.1879 (0.157–3.98)

β+, EC/6.05 EC

4.2 /45

9/2+

IT/0.0935 β+, EC/7.9

4.8

5+

+4.44

+0.7

ann.rad./ 0.6580 0.8341 0.8781

4/17/06 10:59:16 AM


11-102 Elem. or Isot. In

105m

105

In



104.91467

In

106m

106

In

105.91347

In

107m

107

In

106.91030

In

108m

108

In

107.90970

In

109m

109

In

108.90715

In

110m

110

In

109.90717

In

111m

111

In

110.905103

In

112m

112

In

In

113m

487_S11.indb 102

111.90553

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 43. s I.T.


Spin (h/2 π)

5.1 m

β+, EC/4.85

3.7

9/2+

5.3 m

β+ /85/ EC/15/

4.90

3+

6.2 m

β+ /65/6.52 EC/35/

2.6

7+

51. s

I.T./0.6786

32.4 m

β+ /35/3.43 E.C/65/

2.20/

57. m

β+ /53/ EC/47/

40. m

β+ /33/5.15 EC/67/

1.3 m

I.T./0.650

4.17 h

β+ /8/2.02 EC/92/

4.9 h

EC/

1.15 h

β+ /62/3.88 EC/38/

7.7 m

½-


+5.675

+0.83

+4.92

+0.97

9/2+

+5.59

+0.81

1.3

6+

+4.94

+0.47

3.49/

3+

+4.56

+1.01

9/2+

+5.54

+0.84

7+

+4.72

+1.00

2+

+4.37

+0.35

I.T./0.537

½-

+5.53

2.8049 d

EC/0.866

9/2+

+5.50

+0.80

20.8 m

I.T./0.155

4+

14.4 m

β+ /22/2.586 EC/34/ β- /0.663 I.T./0.3917

1+

+2.82

+0.09

½-

-0.210

1.658 h

½-

½0.79/

2.22/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) In k x-ray 0.6740 0.1310 0.2600 0.6038 ann.rad./ 0.6326 0.8611 1.7164 ann.rad./ 0.2259 0.6327 0.8611 0.9978 1.0091 In k x-ray 0.6785 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2050 0.3209 0.5055 (0.2–2.99) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6329 1.9863 3.4522 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2429 0.6331 0.8756 In k x-ray 0.6498 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2035 0.6235 Cd k x-ray 0.6577 0.8847 0.9375 (0.1–1.98) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6577 (0.6–3.6) In k x-ray 0.537 Cd k x-ray 0.1712 0.2453 In k x-ray 0.1555 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6171 In k x-ray 0.3917

4/17/06 10:59:18 AM


In In

114m

114


In


113.904914

In

54.1 m

/0.023 1.0

14.1 s

β- /3.274

3.3/99

1+

1.94 h

β- /53/1.769 I.T./47 /

1.77/

½-

44. m

β- /1.455

0.74/

9/2+

In

8.5 s

In

4.40 m

I.T./98/ β- /2/ β- /

5.0 s

17.9 m

In

115.905260

In

116.90451

118m2

(8-) 5+

β- /4.42

4.2/

1+

2.7/

½-

2.3 m

β- /97/ I.T./3/0.311 β- /2.36

1.6/

9/2+

In

47 s

β- /6.1

In

46. s

β- /5.8

2.2/

5+

3.1 s

β- /5.37

5.6/ 3.1/

(1+)

3.8 m

β- /99/ I.T./1/0.313

3.7/

1/2-

23. s

β- /3.36

2.5

9/2+

In

117.90635

In

119m

In

118.90585

120m2

120m1

In

119.90796

In

121m

487_S11.indb 103

5+

1.3 2.0

118m1

121

1+

9/2+ 8-

114.903878

In

120

9/2+ 5+

β- /0.495 I.T./0.162 EC β- /

95.71(5)

117m

119

1.984/

Spin (h/2 π)

4.4 × 1014 y 2.16 s

In In In

118

1.198 m

I.T./97/0.190 EC/3 / β- /97/1.989 EC/3/1.453


½-

116m1

117

49.51 d


I.T./95/0.336 β- /5 /0.83

116m2

116


4.486 h

115m

115

11-103

In

120.90785

8-

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +5.529 +0.80 +4.65 +0.74 In k x-ray 0.19027 +2.82 Cd k x-ray 0.5584 0.5727 1.2998 -0.255 In k x-ray 0.3362 0.4974 +5.541 +0.81 +3.22 +0.31 In k x-ray 0.1624 +4.43 +0.80 0.13792 0.41688/27 1.09723/58.5 1.29349/85 2.788 0.11 0.46313 1.2526 1.29349 -0.2517 In k x-ray 0.15855 0.31531 0.55294 +5.52 +0.83 0.15855 0.3966 0.55294 +3.32 +0.44 In k x-ray 0.1382 +4.23 +0.80 0.2086 0.6833 1.2295 0.5282 1.1734 1.2295 2.0432 -0.32 0.3114 0.7631 +5.52 +0.85 0.0239 0.6495 0.7631 1.2149 +3.692 +0.53 1.171 1.023 +4.30 +0.81 1.171 1.023 0.4146 0.5924 0.8637 1.0232 1.1714 (0.4–2.7) -0.36 0.0601 0.3136 0.9256 1.0412 1.1022 1.1204 +5.50 +0.81 0.2620 0.6573

4/17/06 10:59:19 AM





In

122m

122

In

121.91028

In

123m

123

In

122.91044

In

124m

124

β- /

4.4/

8-

+3.78

+0.59

1.5 s

β- /6.37

5.3/

(1+)

47. s

β- /

4.6/

(1/2-)

-0.40

6.0 s

β- /4.39

3.3/

(9/2+)

+5.49

+0.76

3.4 s

β-

8-

+3.89

+0.66

3+

+4.04

+0.61

In In

124.91360

12.2 s 2.33 s

β- / β- /5.42

5.5/ 4.1/

1/29/2+

-0.43 +5.50

+0.71

4.9/

3+

+4.03

+0.49

+4.06

1.53 s

In

125.91646

1.63 s

β- /8.21

4.2/

8-

3.73 s

β- /

6.4/

(1/2-)

1.14 s

β- /6.51

4.9/

(9/2+)

0.7 s

β- /

5.4/

(8-)

0.80 s

β- /8.98

5.0/

3+

1.23 s

β- /98/ n/2/

~ 7.5/

1/2-

0.63 s

β- /7.66

5.5/

9/2+

In

0.53 s

β- /

8.8/

5+

In

0.51 s

β- /

6.1/

10-

In

126.91735

In

128m

In

127.92017

In

129m

In

130m2

130m1

487_S11.indb 104

10. s

5/

In

129


β- /7.36

127m

128

Spin (h/2 π)

3.18 s

In

127


123.91318

126m

126


In

125m 125


128.9217

+5.52

+0.59

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.9256 1.0014 1.1403 0.2391 1.0014 1.1403 1.164 1.1903 0.1258 1.170 3.234 0.6188 1.0197 1.1305 0.1029 0.9699 1.0729 1.1316 0.7070 0.9978 1.1316 3.2142 (0.3–4.6) 0.1876 0.4260 1.0318 1.3350 0.9086 0.9696 1.1411 0.1118 0.9086 1.1411 0.2523 3.074 0.4680 0.6461 0.8051 1.5977 1.8670 1.9739 (0.1205–2.12) 0.9352 1.1688 3.5198 4.2970 0.3153 0.9067 1.2220 0.2853 0.7693 1.8650 2.1180 0.0892 0.7744 1.2212 0.0892 0.1298 0.7744 1.2212

4/17/06 10:59:21 AM




In In 131m1 In 131 In

129.92497

11-105 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)


130.92685

0.29 s 0.3 s 0.35 s 0.28 s

β- /10.25 β- / β- / β- /9.18

In

131.9330

~ 0.206 s

β- /13.6

In In 135 In

132.9378 133.9442 134.9493

0.165 s 0.14 s 0.09 s

β-, (n)

β+ /7.3 β+ /9. β+ /5.8 β+ /7.7 β+,p EC β+, EC/4.5 β+ /6.3

130

131m2

132

133 134

Sn


6.4/ 6.0/ 8.8/

Spin (h/2 π) 1(21/2+) (1/2-) (9/2+)

(0.354–2.005)

118.710(7)

Sn Sn 101 Sn 102 Sn 103 Sn

98.949 99.939 100.9361 101.9303 102.9281

1.0 s 3. s 3.8 s 7. s

Sn Sn

103.9231 104.9214

21. s 28. s

106

Sn

105.91688

2.0 m

β+ /20/3.18 EC/80/

107

Sn

106.9156

2.92 m

EC/5.0 β+ /

1.2/

108

Sn

107.91193

10.3 m

β+ /1/2.09 EC/99/

0.36/

0+

109

Sn

108.91128

18.0 m

β+ /9/3.85 EC/91/

1.52/

7/2+

110

Sn

109.90784

4.17 h

EC/0.64

111

Sn

110.90773

35. m

β+ /31/2.45 EC/69/

112

Sn Sn

21.4 m

I.T./92/0.077 EC/8/

115.1 d

EC/1.036

100

104 105

113m

113

Sn

Sn Sn 116 Sn 114 115

487_S11.indb 105

0.97(1)

111.904818

112.905171

0.66(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9)

113.902779 114.903342 115.901741

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 1.9052

0.3328 2.433 0.1320 0.2992 0.3747 4.0406

(7-)

50 99


3.4/

0+ 0+

p//1.2 / 20.

1.3558 (0.351-2.813)

0+

0+

-1.08

+0.3

+0.61

+0.2

0+ 1.5/

7/2+

0+ 7/2+

½+

-0.879

0+ ½+ 0+

-0.9188

In-x-ray (0.2879–3.819) ann.rad./ In k x-ray 0.3865 0.4772 0.4218 0.6105 0.6785 1.0013 1.1290 1.542 In k x-ray 0.2724 0.3965 (0.105–1.68) ann.rad./ In k x-ray 0.6498 1.0992 In k x-ray 0.283 In k x-ray 0.7620 1.1530 1.9147 Sn k x-ray In x-ray 0.0774 In k x-ray 0.25511 0.39169

4/17/06 10:59:22 AM


11-106 Elem. or Isot. Sn

117m



Sn Sn 119m Sn

7.68(7) 24.22(9)

116.902952 117.901603

Sn Sn 121m Sn

8.59(4) 32.58(9)

118.903308 119.902195

117 118

119 120

Sn Sn 123m Sn 121 122

123

Sn

124

Sn Sn

125m

4.63(3)

5.79(5)

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 14.0 d I.T./0.3146

293. d

Spin (h/2 π) 11/2½+ 0+ 11/2-

I.T./0.0896

½+ 0+ 11/2-

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -1.396 -0.4 Sn k x-ray 0.15856 -1.0010 -1.4

0.21

Sn k x-ray 0.02387

-1.388

-0.14

0.698

-0.02

Sn k x-ray 0.03715

-1.0473

1.128 d

I.T./78/0.006 β- /22/ β- /0.388

0.354/ 0.383/100

40.1 m

β- /1.428

1.26/99

3/2+ 0+ 3/2+

122.905721

129.2 d

β- /1.404

1.42/99.4

11/2-

-1.370

+0.03

123.905274

> 2.2 × 1018 y 9.51 m

β-ββ- /2.387

2.03/98

0+ 3/2+

+0.764

+0.8

-1.35

+0.1

120.904236 121.903439

44. y


125

Sn

124.907784

9.63 d

β- /2.364

2.35/82

11/2-

126

Sn

125.90765

2.34 × 105 y

β- /0.38

0.25/100

0+

4.15 m

β- /3.21

2.72/

3/2+

+0.757

+0.60

2.42/ 3.2/

11/2-

-1.33

+0.3

Sn

127m

127

Sn

126.91036

2.12 h

β- /3.20

Sn Sn

127.91054

6.5 s 59.1 m

IT/0.091 β- /1.27

128m 128

0.48/ 0.63/

(7-) 0+

Sn Sn 130m Sn

128.91348

6.9 m 2.4 m 1.7 m

β- / β- /4.0 β- /

Sn

129.91397

3.7 m

β- /2.15

1.10/

0+

1.02 m

β- /

3.4/

129m 129

130

Sn

131m

11/23/2+ (7-)

-1.30 +0.754 -0.381

-0.2 +0.05 -0.4

11/2-

-1.28

+0.02

+0.747

-0.04

Sn Sn

130.91700 131.91782

39. s 40. s

β- /4.69 β- /3.12

3.8/ 1.8/

3/2+ 0+

134

Sn Sn 135 Sn

132.92383 133.9283 134.9347

1.44 s 1.04 s 0.53 s

7.5/

7/20+

Sn 137 Sn

135.9393 136.946

0.25 s 0.19 s

β- /7.8 β- /6.8 ββ-,n β-, n β-, n

131 132

133

136

487_S11.indb 106

/21. /30. /~ 58

0+

0.1603 0.3814 0.1603 1.0302 1.0886 0.3321 1.4040 1.0671 (0.2–2.3) 0.0643 0.0876 0.4148 0.6663 0.6950 0.4909 1.3480 1.5640 0.8231 1.0956 (0.120–2.84) 0.4823 0.5573 0.6805 1.1611 0.6456 0.1449 0.8992 0.0700 0.1925 0.7798 0.3043 0.4500 0.7985 1.2260 (0.08–3.21) see 131mSn 0.0855 0.2467 0.3402 0.8985 (0.053-2.417) (0.053-0.830) 0.733–1.855

4/17/06 10:59:24 AM


Sn

Sb



11-107 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 0.15 s


51

121.760(1)

Sb Sb 105 Sb 106 Sb 107 Sb

102.9397 103.9365 104.9315 105.9288 106.9242

> 1.5 μs 0.5 s 1.1 s 0.6 s 4.0 s

Sb Sb

107.9222 108.91813

7.0 s 17.3 s

β+ /9.5 β+ /6.38 EC/

110

Sb

109.9168

24. s

β+ /9.0 EC/

111

Sb

110.91316

1.25 m

112

Sb

111.91240

113

Sb

112.90937

103 104

108 109

β+,p β+ /10.5 β+ /7.9


Spin (h/2 π) 0+


p// 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /9.3

52

Te

127.60(3)

Te Te 107 Te

104.9436 105.9375 106.9350

0.07 ms 3.1 ms

Te

107.9294

2.1 s

α/4.3 α/ 70/ β+, EC/10.1 α /68 /

134m 134

135

136 137

105 106

108

487_S11.indb 109

8-

7/2+

/100 3.86(1)/

0+

3.314(4)/

0+

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) 1.3 0.2148 0.3141 0.5265 0.7433 0.7540 0.4338 0.6578 0.7598 2.82 0.0278 0.1808 0.3594 0.4596 0.5447 0.8128 0.9146 1.0301 0.1023 0.7934 0.8394 0.1823 0.3309 0.4680 0.7394 0.8394 0.6423 0.6579 0.9331 0.9434 0.1034 0.3538 0.6968 0.9739 0.9896 0.1034 0.1506 0.6968 0.9739 3.00 0.4235 0.6318 0.8165 1.0764 0.1152 0.2970 0.7063 1.2791 1.127 1.279

(0.090-0.721)

4/17/06 10:59:28 AM


11-110 Elem. or Isot. Te

108.9274

4.6 s

110

Te

109.9224

19. s

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β+, EC/32 /6.8 β+ EC/96 /8.7 α/4 / β+, EC/4.5

111

Te

110.9211

19.3 s

β+, EC/8.0

(7/2+)

112

Te

111.9170

2.0 m

β+, EC/4.3

0+

113

Te

112.9159

1.7 s

β+ /85/5.7 EC/15/

114

Te

113.91209

15. m

β+ /40/3.2 EC/60/

0+

6.7 m

β+ /45/ EC/55/

(1/2+)

109



Te

115m


115

Te

114.91190

5.8 m

β+ /45/4.6 EC/55/

116

Te

115.90846

2.49 h

EC/1.5

117

Te

116.90865

1.03 h

EC/75/3.54 β+ /25/

118

Te Te

117.90583

6.00 d 4.69 d

EC/0.28 EC/

119

Te

118.90640

16.0 h

β+ /2/2.293 EC/98/

120

Te Te

~ 154. d 16.8 d

I.T. (89%) EC (11%) EC/1.04

119.7 d

I.T./0.247

> 9.2 × 1016 y

EC/0.051

119m

121m

0.09(1)

119.90402

121

Te

122

Te Te

2.55(12)

121.903044

Te Te

0.89(3) 4.74(14)

122.904270 123.902818

123m

123 124

487_S11.indb 110

120.90494


3.107(4)/

4.5/

2.7/

Spin (h/2 π)


0+

(7/2+)

7/2+

0+ 1.78/

0.627/

½+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7523 0.287–2.045 ann.rad./ 0.2191 0.6059 ann.rad./ 0.267 0.322 0.341 ann.rad./ 0.2962 0.3727 0.4187 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.8144 1.0181 1.1812 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.0838 0.0903 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.7236 0.7704 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.7236 1.3268 1.3806 (0.22–2.7) Sb k x-ray 0.0937 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.9197 1.7164 2.3000 Sb k x-ray Sb k x-ray 0.15360 0.2705 1.21271 ann.rad. Sb k x-ray 0.6440 0.6998

0+ 11/2-

0.89

½+

0.25

0+ 11/2-

0.90

Te k x-ray 0.2122 Sb k x-ray 0.5076 0.5731

-0.93

Te k x-ray 0.1590/84.1

½+

0+ 11/2½+ 0+

-0.73695

4/17/06 10:59:29 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Te

125m

Te Te 127m Te 125 126

Te Te 129m Te


7.07(15) 18.84(25)

124.904431 125.903312

31.74(8)

126.905226 127.904463

127 128

129

Te

130

Te Te

131m


34.08(62)

11-111 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 58. d I.T./0.145

109. d 9.4 h 2.2 × 1024 y 33.6 d

I.T./98/0.088 β- /2/0.77 β- /0.698 β-βI.T./63/0.105 β- /37/

128.906598

1.16 h

β- /1.498

129.906224

8 × 1020 y 1.35 d

β-ββ- /78/2.4 I.T./22/0.18

131

Te

130.908524

25.0 m

β- /2.233

132

Te

131.90855

3.26 d

β- /0.51

55.4 m

Te

133m


Spin (h/2 π) 11/2½+ 0+ 11/2-

0.696/

1.60/ 0.99/9 1.45/89

0.42/

0.64

3/2+

0.70

0+ 11/2-

-1.04

3/2+

0.70

1.35/12 1.69/22 2.14/60 0.215

0+

β- /82/ I.T./18/0.334

2.4/30

11/2-

Te

132.91096

12.4 m

β- /2.94

2.25/25 2.65

3/2+

134

Te

133.91137

42. m

β- /1.51

0+

135

Te

134.9165

19.0 s

β- /6.0

0.6/ 0.7/ 5.4/ 6.0

136

Te

135.92010

17.5 s

β- /5.1

2.5/

0+

137

Te

136.9253

2.5 s

6.8

7/2-

Te Te 140 Te 141 Te 142 Te

137.9292 138.9347 139.9389 140.9447 141.949

1.4 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /98 /6.9 n/2 / β- /6.4

139

53

I I

107.9435 108.9382

0.04 s 0.11 ms

α/91/4. p

I

109.9352

0.65 s

I

110.9303

2.5 s

β+, EC/83/11.4 α/17/~ 3.6 p/11/ β+, E.C./8.5

110

111

487_S11.indb 111

-1.09

0.06

Te k x-ray 0.45984 0.6959 0.0278 0.45984 0.48728 0.0811 0.1021 0.14973 0.77369 0.79375 0.85225 0.14973 0.45327 0.49269 0.049725 0.11198 0.22830 Te k x-ray 0.0949 0.1689 0.3121 0.3341 0.3121 0.4079 1.3334 0.7672/29 0.0794–0.9255 0.267 0.603 0.870 2.0779/25 0.0873–3.235 0.2436

0+

0+

126.90447(3)

109

Te k x-ray 0.0883 0.3603

0+

I

108

-1.04

3/2+ 0+ 11/2-

133

138

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -0.99 -0.06 Te k x-ray 0.0355 -0.8885

3.95

3.457(10)/

0.593/100 0.717/63 0.496–1.057 ann.rad./

ann.rad./

4/17/06 10:59:31 AM








Spin (h/2 π)


112

I

111.9280

3.4 s

β+, EC/10.2

113

I

112.9236

5.9 s

β+, EC/7.6

114

I

113.9219

2.1 s

β+, EC/8.7

115

I

114.9181

1.3 m

β+, EC/6.7

116

I

115.9168

2.9 s

β+ /97/7.8 EC/3/

6.7/

1+

117

I

116.91365

2.22 m

β+, EC/4.7

3.2/

(5/2+)

3.1

8.5 m

β+, EC/ I.T.

4.9/

7-

4.2

2-

2.0

(5/2+)

+2.9

118m

I

5/2+

118

I

117.91307

14. m

β+, EC/7.0

119

I

118.91007

19. m

β+ /54/3.5 EC/46/

2.4/

53. m

β+ /80/ EC/20/

3.8

120m

I

4.2

120

I

119.91005

1.35 h

β+ /56/5.62 EC/

4.03 4.60

2-

1.23

121

I

120.90737

2.12 h

β+ /13/2.27 EC/87/

1.2/

5/2+

2.3

122

I

121.90759

3.6 m

β+ /4.234 EC/

3.1/

1+

+0.94

123

I

122.905589

13.2 h

EC/1.242

5/2+

2.82

124

I

123.906210

4.18 d

β+ /23/3.160 EC/77/

2-

1.44

487_S11.indb 112

1.54/ 2.14/ 0.75/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2665 0.3215 0.3412 ann.rad./ 0.6889 0.7869 ann.rad./ 0.4625/100 0.6224/74 0.0550–1.422 ann.rad./ 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ 0.275 0.284 0.460 0.709 ann.rad./ 0.5402 0.6789 ann.rad./ 0.2744 0.3259 ann.rad./ 0.104 0.5998 0.6052 0.6138 ann.rad./ 0.5448 0.6052 1.3384 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.2575 ann.rad. Te k x-ray 0.4257 0.5604 0.6147 1.3459 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.5604 0.6411 1.5230 (0.111–3.1) ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.2122 (0.14–1.1) ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.5641 Te k x-ray 0.1590 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.6027/62.9

4/17/06 10:59:32 AM






125

I

124.904630

59.4 d

EC/0.1861

126

I

125.905624

13.0 d

EC/ β+ /2.155 β- /1.258/47

126.904473 127.905809

25.00 m

β- /2.118 EC/1.251

128.904988

1.7 × 107 y

β- /0.194

9.0 m

127 128

129

I I

100.

I

130

I

129.906674

12.36 h

I.T./83/0.048 β- /17/ β- /2.949

131

I

130.906125

8.021 d

β- /0.971

131.90800

1.39 h 2.28 h

IT β- /14/3.58 I.T./86/

9. s

I.T./1.63

20.8 h

β- /1.77

3.7 m

I.T./98/0.316 β- /2/

130m

132m 132

I

133m

133

I

I

I

I

134m

132.907797

I


Spin (h/2 π)

5/2+

2.82

2-

1.44

2.13/

5/2+ 1+

+2.8133

-0.79

0.15/

7/2+

+2.621

-0.55

1.13/ 0.87/ 1.25/

1.04/ 0.62

5+

3.35

0.606/

7/2+

+2.742

-0.40

84+

3.09

0.09

+2.86

-0.27

0.80/ 1.03/ 1.2/ 1.6/ 2.16/

19/2-

1.24/85

7/2+

8-

I

133.90974

52.6 m

β- /4.05

1.2/

4+

135

I

134.91005

6.57 h

β- /2.63

0.9/ 1.3/

7/2+

47. s

β- /

4.7/ 5.2/

6-

1.39 m

β- /6.93

4.3/

2-

136

487_S11.indb 113

I

I

135.91465

-0.89

2+

134

136m


2.94

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7228/10.3 1.6910/11.2 (0.31–1.73) Te k x-ray 0.0355 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.3887 0.6622 Te k x-ray 0.44287 0.52658 Xe k x-ray 0.0396 I k x-ray 0.5361 0.4180 0.5361 0.6685 0.7395 0.08017 0.28431 0.36446 0.63699 I k x-ray 0.0980 0.5059 0.52264 0.63019 0.6506 0.66768 0.77260 0.95457 I kx-ray 0.0730 0.6474 0.9126 0.51056 0.52989 0.87537 I k x-ray 0.0444 0.2719 0.1354 0.84702 0.88409 0.2884 0.41768 0.52658 1.13156 1.26046 0.1973 0.3468 0.3701 0.3814 1.3130 (0.16–2.36) 0.3447

4/17/06 10:59:34 AM








Spin (h/2 π)

137

I

136.91787

24.5 s

β- /5.88

5.0/

(7/2+)

138

I

137.9224

6.5 s

β- /7.8

6.9/ 7.4/

2-

139

I

138.92610

2.30 s

β- /6.81 n/

140

I

139.9310

0.86 s

β- /8.8 n/

I I 143 I 144 I

140.9350 141.9402 142.9446 143.9500

0.45 s ~ 0.2 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /7.8 β-

141 142

Xe

131.293(6)

Xe

109.9443

0.11 s

Xe Xe

110.9416

0.9 s 0.7 s

Xe 113 Xe 114 Xe

111.9356 112.9333 113.92798

3. s 2.8 s 10.0 s

β+ /9.2 α EC, β+ EC, β+ /10.6 α/ EC, β+ /7.2 EC, β+ /9.1 β+, EC/5.9

Xe Xe

114.92629 115.92158

18. s 56. s

β+, EC/7.6 β+, EC/4.3

117

Xe

116.92036

1.02 m

β+, EC/6.5

118

Xe

117.91618

~ 4. m

β+, EC/3.

54

110

111m 111

112

115 116

487_S11.indb 114


(3)

/~ 64

3.58(1)/ α/0.8/

0+

0+ 0+

3.3/

(5/2+) 0+

(5/2+)

2.7/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 1.3130 1.3211 2.2896 (0.3–6.1) 0.6010 1.2180 1.2201 1.3026 1.5343 (0.25–4.4) 0.4836 0.5888 0.8752 (0.4–5.3) 0.192 0.198 0.273 0.382 0.386 0.468 0.683 1.313 0.372 0.377 0.457

0+

-0.594

+1.16

ann.rad./ 0.1031 0.1616 0.3085 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1042 0.1916 0.2477 0.3107 0.4127 ann.rad./ 0.2214 0.5190 0.6389 0.6613 ann.rad./ 0.0535 0.0600

4/17/06 10:59:35 AM






119

Xe

118.91541

5.8 m

β+, EC/5.0

120

Xe

119.91178

40. m

β+, EC/97/1.96 β+ /3/

121

Xe

120.91146

39. m

β+ /44/3.73 EC/56/

122

Xe

121.90837

20.1 h

EC/0.9

123

Xe

122.90848

2.00 h

β+ /23/2.68 EC/77/

124

Xe Xe

123.905893

> 1017 y 57. s

β-βI.T./0.252

124.906395

17.1 h

EC/1.653

1.15 m

125m

125

Xe

126

Xe Xe

127m

127

Xe

128

Xe Xe

0.0952(3)

0.0890(2)

Xe Xe

135m

135

Xe

136

Xe Xe

137

487_S11.indb 115

8.8573(44)

0+

-0.884

36.34 d

EC/0.662

½+

-0.504

8.89 d

I.T./0.236

0+ 11/2-

-0.891

I.T./0.164

½+ 0+ 11/2-

2.19 d

I.T./0.233

132.905911

5.243 d

β- /0.427

133.905394

> 1.1 × 1016 y 15.3 m

β- βI.T./

134.907227

9.10 h

β-/1.15

135.90722 136.91156

> 2.4 × 1021 y 3.82 m

β-ββ- /4.17

126.905184

10.4357(21)

+1.33

0+ (9/2-)

130.905082 131.904153

134

5/2+

I.T./0.297

125.90427

21.2324(30) 26.9086(33)

Xe

2.8/

-0.269

Xe Xe 133m Xe 133

-0.701

0+

½+

128.904779 129.903508

132

+1.31

-0.745

26.4006(82) 4.0710(13)

131

-0.654

0+ (9/2-)

Xe Xe 131m Xe 130

7/2+


-0.150

127.903531

129

3.5/

Spin (h/2 π)

½+

1.9102(8)

129m


11.9 d

1.51/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1199 0.0873 0.1000 0.2318 0.4615 I k x-ray 0.0251 0.0726 0.1781 (0.1–1.03) ann.rad./ I k x-ray 0.1328 0.2527 0.4452 (0.1–3.1) I k x-ray 0.3501 ann.rad./ I k x-ray 0.1489 0.1781 (0.1–2.1)

+0.42

Xe k x-ray 0.1111 0.141 I k x-ray 0.1884 0.2434

+0.69

Xe k x-ray 0.1246 0.1725 I k x-ray 0.1721 0.2029 0.3750

+0.64

Xe k x-ray 0.0396 0.1966

-0.9940

+0.73

3/2+ 0+ 11/2-

+0.69186

-0.12

Xe k x-ray 0.16398

-1.082

+0.77

3/2+

+0.813

+0.14

0+ 11/2-

1.103

+0.62

0.91/

3/2+

0.903

+0.21

4.1/

0+ 7/2-

-0.970

-0.49

0.47/

0.346/99

-0.7780

Xe k x-ray 0.23325 Cs k x-ray 0.080998 0.1606 Xe k x-ray 0.52658 0.24975 0.60807 0.45549

4/17/06 10:59:37 AM








Spin (h/2 π)

138

Xe

137.91395

14.1 m

β- /2.77

0.8/ 2.4/

139

Xe

138.91879

39.7 s

β- /5.06

4.5/ 5.0/

140

Xe

139.9216

13.6 s

β- /4.1

2.6

0+

141

Xe

140.9266

1.72 s

β- /6.2

6.2/

5/2+

142

Xe

141.9297

1.22 s

β- /5.0

3.7/ 4.2/

0+

Xe Xe 144 Xe 145 Xe 146 Xe 147 Xe

142.9351 143.9385 144.9441 145.9478 146.9536

0.96 s 0.30 s 1.2 s 0.9 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

ββ- /7.3 β- /6.1 β-, (n)

143m 143

55

Cs

132.9054519(2)

Cs Cs 114 Cs

111.9503 112.9445 113.9414

0.5 ms 17. μs 0.58 s

p p β+, EC/11.8

Cs Cs

114.9359

~ 1.4 s 0.7 s

β+, EC/8.4 β, EC/

Cs

115.9334

3.8 s

β+, EC/10.8

6.5 s ~ 8.4 s 17. s 14. s

β+, EC/ β+, EC/7.5 β+, EC/ β+, EC/9.

112 113

115

116m

116

Cs Cs 118m Cs 118 Cs 117m 117

487_S11.indb 116

116.9287 117.92656


0+

0+

-0.304

+0.40

+0.010

-0.58

-0.460

+0.93

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8489 0.9822 1.2732 1.7834 2.8498 0.1538 0.2426 0.2583 0.4345 1.76826 2.0158 0.1750 0.2186 0.2965 (0.1–3.37) 0.0801 0.6220 0.8055 1.4137 (0.04–2.3) 0.1187 0.9095 (0.05–2.55) 0.0338 0.0729 0.2038 0.3091 0.4145 0.5382 0.5718 0.6181 0.6448

0+

0.81 0.96

1+

2

ann.rad./ 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.3935 ann.rad./ 0.3935 0.5243 0.6151 0.6223

5. +3.88

ann.rad./ +1.4

ann.rad./ 0.3372 0.4727

4/17/06 10:59:38 AM




+0.84 +5.5

+0.9 +2.8

Cs Cs

119.92068

60. s 64. s

β+, EC/ β+, EC/7.92

2+

+3.87

+1.45

2.0 m

I.T./60/ β+ /40/

4.4

(9/2+)

+5.41

+2.7

2.3 m

β+, EC/5.40

4.38/

3/2+

+0.77

+0.84

4.4 m 0.36 s

β+, EC IT

8-

+4.77

+3.3

21. s

β+, EC/7.1

(1+)

-0.133

-0.19

1.6 s

I.T./

Cs

120.91723

Cs Cs

122m1

Cs

121.91611

Cs

123m

Cs

122.91300

5.87 m

β+ /75/4.20 EC/25/

Cs Cs

123.91226

6.3 s 30. s

IT β+ /9 /5.92 EC/8 /

125

Cs

124.90973

45. m

126

Cs

125.90945

127

Cs

128

129

11/21/2+

+1.38

~ 5.

7+ 1+

+0.673

β+ /40/3.09 EC/60/

2.06/

1/2+

+1.41

1.64 m.

β+ /81/4.83 EC/19/

3.4 3.7/

1+

+0.78

126.90742

6.2 h

β+ /96/2.08 EC/4/

0.65/ 1.06

1/2+

+1.46

Cs

127.90775

3.62 m

β+ /68/3.930 EC/32 /

2.44/ 2.88/

1+

+0.97

Cs

128.90606

1.336 d

EC/1.195

1/2+

+1.49

3.5 m

IT, β+, EC

5-

+0.629

Cs

130m

487_S11.indb 117

5.8/

3.0/

124m 124


3/2 9/2+

122m2

123

Spin (h/2 π)

β+, EC/6.3

Cs

122


29. s 43. s

121m

121


118.92238

120m 120


Cs Cs

119m 119

11-117

-0.74

-0.68

-0.57

+1.45

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5865 0.5906 ann.rad./ 0.169 0.176 0.224 0.257 ann.rad./ 0.3224 0.4735 0.5534 (0.3–3.28) ann.rad./ 0.1794 0.1961 ann.rad./ 0.1537 (0.08–0.56) ann.rad./ 0.3311 0.4971 0.6385 (0.27–2.22) ann.rad./ 0.3311 0.5120 0.8179 Cs k x-ray 0.0946 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.0974 0.5964 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.3539 0.4925 0.9418 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.112 0.526 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.3886 0.4912 0.9252 Xe k x-ray 0.1247 0.4119 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.4429 Xe k x-ray 0.3719 0.4115

4/17/06 10:59:39 AM



Cs


Cs 132 Cs

Cs Cs

134m

134

Cs

129.90671

130.90546 131.906434

131

133


100.

132.90545193

133.90671848

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 29.21 m β+ /55/2.98 EC/43/ β- /1.6/0.37 9.69 d EC/0.352 6.48 d EC/98/ β+ /0.3/2.120 β- / /1.280

2.91 h

I.T./0.139

2.065 y

β- /2.059 EC/1.22

Cs

135m

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 1.98/ 1+ 0.44/1.6

5/2+ 2-

7/2+ 80.089/27 0.658/70

4+

53. m

I.T./1.627

19/2-

β- /0.269 I.T./ β- /2.548

0.205/100 0.341/

7/2+ 85+

Cs Cs 136 Cs

134.905977 135.907312

2.3 × 106 y 19. s 13.16 d

Cs

136.907089

30.2 y

β- /1.176

0.514/95

7/2+

2.9 m

I.T./75 β- /25 /

/0.080 3.3

6-

135

136m

137

Cs

138m

138

Cs

137.91102

32.2 m

β- /5.37

2.9/

3-

139

Cs

138.913364

9.3 m

β- /4.213

4.21

7/2+

140

Cs

139.91728

1.06 m

β- /6.22

5.7/ 6.21/

1-

141

Cs

140.92005

24.9 s

β- /5.26

5.20/

7/2+

142

Cs

141.92430

1.8 s

β- /7.31

6.9/ 7.28

143

Cs

142.92735

1.78 s

β- /6.24

6.1

(3/2+)

144

Cs

143.93208

1.01 s

β- /8.47

8.46/ 7.9/

1

487_S11.indb 118

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +1.46 -0.06 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.5361 +3.54 -0.58 Xe k x-ray +2.22 +0.51 Xe k x-ray 0.4646 0.6302 0.66769 +2.582 -0.00355 +1.098 +1.0 Cs k x-ray 0.12749 +2.994 +0.39 0.56327 0.56935 0.60473 0.79584 +2.18 +0.9 0.7869 0.8402 +2.732 +0.05 +1.32 +0.7 +3.71 +0.2 0.06691 0.34057 0.81850 1.04807 +2.84 +0.05 Ba k x-ray 0.66164 +1.71 -0.40 Cs k x-ray 0.0799 0.1917 0.4628 1.43579 +0.700 +0.12 0.1381 0.46269 1.00969 1.43579 2.21788 +2.70 -0.07 0.6272 1.2832 (0.4–3.66) +0.13390 -0.11 0.5283 0.6023 0.9084 (0.41–3.94) +2.44 -0.4 Ba k x-ray 0.0485 0.5616 0.5887 1.1940 (0.05–3.33) 0.3596 0.9668 1.1759 1.3265 +0.87 +0.47 0.1955 0.2324 0.3064 (0.17–1.98) -0.546 +0.30 0.1993 0.5598 0.6392 0.7587

4/17/06 10:59:41 AM


Cs

Cs Cs 148 Cs 149 Cs 150 Cs 151 Cs 146 147



11-119

144.93553

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 0.59 s β- /7.89

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 7.4/ 3/2+ 7.9/

145.9403 146.9442 147.9492 148.9529 149.9582 150.9622

0.322 s 0.227 s 0.15 s > 50 ms > 50 ms > 50 ms

β-, (n)/9.38 β-, (n)/9.3 β-, (n)/10.5

~ 9.0

2-

p/20 /0.9 p/ 0.15 μs


23 ms

p

0.806/

EC, β+ /11. EC, β+/~ 9.7 EC/7. EC/ ~ 8.8

(7+)

124.92082

2.8 s 5.3 s 9. s 17. s 30. s 0.39 s 1.2 m

β+, EC/5.6

11/2-

La La

125.9195

< 50. s 54. s

β+, EC/7.6

127

La

126.91638

3.8 m

β+, EC/4.7

3/2+

128

La

127.9156

5.0 m

β+ /80/6.7 EC/20/

(5-)

La La

128.91269

0.56 s 11.6 m

IT β+ /58/3.72 EC/42/

130

La

129.91237

8.7 m

β+ /78/5.6 EC/22/

131

La

130.91007

59. m

β+ /76/3.0 EC/24/

24. m

I.T./76/ β+, EC/24/

Ba Ba 149 Ba 150 Ba 151 Ba 152 Ba 153 Ba 147 148

La

57

La La 119 La 120 La 121 La 122 La 123 La 124 La 125m La 125 La 117 118



11-121

146.9349 147.9377 148.9426 149.9457 150.9508 151.9543 151.960

116.9501 117.9467 118.9410 119.9381 120.9330 121.9307 122.9262 123.9246

129m 129

La

132m


0+ 0+ 0+

2.42/

3/2+

(11/2-) 3/2+

3+

1.42/ 1.94/

3/2+

6-

132

La

131.91010

4.8 h

β+ /40/4.71 EC/60/

2.6/ 3.2 3.7/

2-

133

La

132.90822

3.91 h

β+ /4/2.2 EC/96/

1.2/

5/2+

487_S11.indb 121


138.90547(7)

126m 126

Spin (h/2 π)

ann.rad./ 0.0436 0.0676 ann.rad./ 0.256 0.455 0.117–3.853 ann.rad./ 0.025 0.0562 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.2841/87 0.4793/54 (0.315–2.212) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.1105 0.2786 (0.1–1.8) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.3573/81 0.5506/27 (0.1965–1.989) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.1085 0.3658 0.5263 La k x-ray 0.1352 0.4645 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.4645 0.5671 Ba k x-ray 0.2788

4/17/06 10:59:45 AM







134

La

133.90851

6.5 m

β+ /63/3.71 EC/37/

135

La

134.90698

19.5 h

EC/1.20

136

La

135.9076

9.87 m

β+ /36/2.9 EC/64/

137

La La

136.90649 137.907112

6 × 104 y 1.06 × 1011 y

EC/0.60

138.906353 139.909478

1.678 d

β- /3.762

La La

140.910962 141.91408

3.90 h 1.54 h

β- /2.502 β- /4.505

La La 145 La 146m La 146 La 147 La 148 La 149 La

142.91606 143.91960 144.9216 145.9258 146.9282 147.9322 148.9347

14.1 m 40.7 s 24. s 10.0 s 6.3 s 4.02 s 1.1 s 1.10 s

β- /3.43 β- /5.5 β- /4.1 β- /6.7 β- /6.6 β- /5.0 β- /7.26 β- /5.5

La

149.9388

0.51 s

La La 153 La 154 La 155 La

150.9417 151.9462 152.950 153.955 154.958

> 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

138

139 140

141 142

La La

143 144

150

151 152

Ce

0.0888(6) 99.9112(6)


2.67/

Spin (h/2 π)

1+

5/2+ 1.8/

1.35 1.24/ 1.67/ 2.43/ 2.11/ 2.98/ 4.52/ 3.3/ 4.1/ 4.1/ 5.5/ 6.2/ 4.6/

1+

7/2+ 5+

+2.70 +3.7136

+0.2 +0.4

7/2+ 3-

+2.7830 +0.73

+0.20 +0.09

7/23/2+ (6) (2-) 2-

140.116(1)

Ce Ce 121 Ce 122 Ce 123 Ce 124 Ce 125 Ce

118.953 119.947 120.943 121.9379 122.9354 123.9304 124.9284

1.1 s

β+, p

3.8 s 6. s 9.6 s

β+, EC/~ 8.6 EC/~ 5.6 β+, EC/7.

Ce Ce

125.92397 126.9227

50. s 29. s

EC/4. β+, EC/6.1

0+

128

Ce

127.91891

4.1 m

β+, EC/3.2

0+

129

Ce

128.91810

3.5 m

β+, EC/5.6

130

Ce

129.91474

26. m

β+, EC/2.2

120

126 127

487_S11.indb 122

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2901 0.3024 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.6047 (0.5–1.9) Ba k x-ray 0.4805 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.8185 0.2836 1.4358/65 0.7887/35

7/2+ 2-

58

119


0.1335 0.009–1.709 x-ray (0.097–0.209)

0+ 0+ 0+ 7/2-

0+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1346 0.1666 0.056–1.329 ann.rad./ (0.058–1.961) ann.rad./ (0.023–0.880) ann.rad./ (0.0675–1.015) ann.rad./ La k x-ray

4/17/06 10:59:47 AM




Ce

131m

131

Ce

130.91442

Ce

132m

132

Ce

131.91146

Ce

133m




Spin (h/2 π)

5. m

β+ EC

10. m

β+, EC/4.0

9.4 ms

IT/2.340

3.5 h

EC/1.3

0+

1.6 h

β+, EC/

½+


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.047–1.431 ann.rad./ 0.2304 0.3955 0.4213 ann.rad. 0.119 0.169 0.414 0.3255 0.10–0.955 La k x-ray 0.1554 0.1821 ann.rad. 0.0769 0.0973 0.5577 ann.rad. 0.0584 0.1308 0.4722 0.5104 La k x-ray 0.1304 0.1623 0.6047 Ce k x-ray 0.0826 0.1497 0.2134 La k x-ray 0.0345 0.2656 0.3001 0.6068 Ce k x-ray 0.1693 0.2543 La k x-ray 0.4472

2.8/

133

Ce

132.91152

5.4 h

β+/8/2.9 EC/92/

134

Ce

133.90892

3.16 d

EC/0.5

0+

20. s

I.T./0.446

11/2-

134.90915

17.7 h

β+/1 /2.026 EC/99 /

135.90717

> 0.7 × 1014 y 1.43 d

EC EC I.T./99 /0.254 EC/0.8 /

0+ 11/2-

1.0

136.90781

9.0 h

β+/1.222

3/2+

0.96

0.251(2)

137.90599

> 0.9 × 1014 y 56.4 s

EC EC I.T./0.7542

0+ 11/2-

88.450(51)

138.90665 139.905439 140.908276

137.6 d

EC/0.28

32.50 d

β-/0.581

3/2+ 0+ 7/2-

141.909244 142.912386

> 1.6 × 1017 y 1.38 d

β- ββ-/1.462

Ce

135m

135

Ce

136

Ce Ce

137m

137

Ce

138

Ce Ce

139m

Ce Ce 141 Ce

0.185(2)

139 140

142 143

Ce Ce

11.114(51)

1.3/

0.8/

0.436/69 0.581/31 1.404/ 1.110/47

9/2-

1/2+

0+ 3/2-

144

Ce

143.913647

284.6 d

β-/0.319

0.185/20 0.318/

0+

145

Ce

144.91723

3.00 m

β-/2.54

1.7/24 1.3

3/2-

146

Ce

145.9188

13.5 m

β-/1.04

0.7/90

0+

487_S11.indb 123

1.06 1.1

0.43

Ce k x-ray 0.7542 La k x-ray 0.16585 Pr k x-ray 0.14544/48.0 Pr k x-ray 0.0574 0.2933 Pr k x-ray 0.0801 0.1335 Pr k x-ray 0.0627 0.7245 Pr k x-ray

4/17/06 10:59:48 AM







Ce Ce

146.92267 147.92443

56. s 56. s

β-/3.29 β-/2.1

Ce

148.9284

5.2 s

β-/4.2

Ce Ce 152 Ce

149.93041 150.9340 151.9365

4.4 s 1.0 s 1.4 s

β-/3.0 β-/5.3 β-/4.4

Ce Ce 155 Ce 156 Ce 157 Ce

152.9406 153.9434 154.948 155.951 156.956

> 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

147 148

149

150 151

153 154

Pr

Pr Pr 123 Pr 124 Pr 125 Pr

120.955 121.9518 122.946 123.943 124.9378

0.01 s

p

1.2 s ~ 3.3 s

β+, EC/12. β+

126

Pr

125.9353

3.1 s

β+, EC/~ 10.4

127

Pr

126.9308

4.2 s

β+ /~ 7.5

128

Pr

127.92879

3.0 s

β+, EC/~ 9.3

129

Pr

128.92510

32 s

β+, EC/5.8

Pr Pr 131 Pr

129.9236

β+, EC/8.1

130.9203

40. s 5.7 s 1.7 m

Pr

131.9193

1.6 m

β+, EC/7.1

1.1 s

IT/0.192

6.5 m

β+, EC/4.3

~ 11. m

β+, EC/

130

131m

132

Pr

133m

133

Pr

Pr

134m

487_S11.indb 124

132.91633


0+

0+ 0+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0986 0.2182 0.3167 0.0930 0.2687 0.0904 0.0985 0.1212 0.2918 0.0577 0.0864 0.3800 0.1099 0.0526 Pr k x-ray 0.098 0.115

0+

140.90765(2)

122

3.3/ 1.66/

Spin (h/2 π)

0+

59

121


p/0.882

β+, EC/5.3

~ 5.5

5/2+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1358 ann.rad./ (0.170–0.985) ann.rad./ (0.028–0.8949) ann.rad./ 0.207/100 0.400–1.373 ann.rad./ (0.0395–1.865) ann.rad./ (0.06–0.16) ann.rad./ (0.059–0.980) ann.rad./ 0.325 0.496 0.533 0.1305 0.0617 ann.rad./ 0.074 0.1343 0.2419 0.3156 0.3308 0.4650 ann.rad./ 0.294 0.460

4/17/06 10:59:50 AM







Spin (h/2 π)

134

Pr

133.91571

17. m

β+, EC/6.2

135

Pr

134.91311

24. m

β+, EC/3.7

2.5/

3/2+

136

Pr

135.91269

13.1 m

β+ /57 /5.13 EC/43

2.98/

2+

137

Pr

136.91071

1.28 h

β+ /26 /2.70 EC/74 /

1.68/

5/2+

2.1 h

β+ /24 / EC/76 /

1.65/

7-

Pr

138m

2+

138

Pr

137.91075

1.45 m

β+ /75 /4.44 EC/25 /

3.42/

1+

139

Pr

138.90894

4.41 h

β+ /8 /2.129 EC/92 /

1.09/

5/2+

140

Pr

139.90908

3.39 m

β+ /51 /3.39 EC/49 /

2.37/

1+

14.6 m 19.12 h

I.T./0.004 β- /2.162 EC/0.744 β- /0.934 IT/99+/0.059 β- /

c.e. 0.58/4 2.16/96 0.933/

0.807/1 2.30/ 2.996/98 1.80/97

Pr Pr 142 Pr 141

142m

100.

140.907653 141.910045

Pr Pr

142.910817

13.57 d 7.2 m

144

Pr

143.913305

17.28 m

β- /2.998

145

Pr

144.91451

5.98 h

β- /1.81

146

Pr

145.9176

24.2 m

β- /4.2

147

Pr

146.91900

13.4 m

β- /2.69

2.0 m

β- /

143

144m

Pr

148m

487_S11.indb 125


5/2+ 52-

+4.275 2.2 +0.234

+0.030

7/2+ 3-

+2.70

+0.8

0-

7/2+

2.2/30 3.7/10 4.2/40 1.5/ 2.1/

2-

4.0/

(4)

3/2+

-0.08

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.495 0.632 ann.rad./ 0.294 0.495 ann.rad./ 0.0826 0.2135 0.2961 0.5832 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.5398 0.5522 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.4339 0.5140 0.8367 (0.16–1.8) ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.3027 0.7887 1.0378 (0.07–2.0) ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.7887 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.2551 1.3473 1.6307 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.3069 1.5965

0.5088 1.57580 0.7420 Pr k x-ray 0.0590 0.6965 0.8142 0.69649 1.48912 2.18562 0.0725 0.6758 0.7483 0.4539/48 1.5247 0.3146/24. 0.5779/16 0.6413/19. 0.3016

4/17/06 10:59:51 AM







148

Pr

147.92213

2.27 m

β- /4.9

149

Pr

148.9237

2.3 m

β- /3.40

150

Pr

149.92667

6.2 s

β- /5.7

Pr Pr

150.92832 151.9315

22.4 s 3.2 s

β- /4.2 β- /6.7

152.9338 153.9375 154.9401 155.9443 156.9474 157.952 158.956

4.3 s 2.3 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /5.5 β- /7.9

0.6 s

β+, p

1.8 s 4. s 4.9 s

β+, EC/9. β+, EC/6. β+, EC/8.

151 152

Pr Pr 155 Pr 156 Pr 157 Pr 158 Pr 159 Pr 153 154

60

Nd

144.242(3)

Nd Nd 126 Nd 127 Nd 128 Nd 129 Nd

123.952 124.9489 125.9432 126.9405 127.9354 128.9332

124 125

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 3.8/ 4.8/ 4.5/ 3.0

~ 5.5

Spin (h/2 π)

1(5/2+)

4+

0+ (5/2)

β+, EC/5. β+, EC/6.6

0+

132

Nd

131.92332

1.5 m

β+, EC/3.7

0+

133

Nd

132.92235

1.2 m

β+, EC/5.6

134

Nd

133.91879

~ 8.5 m

β+ /17 /2.8 EC/83 /

Nd Nd

134.91818

5.5 m 12. m

β+ / β+ /65 /4.8 EC/35 /

Nd

135.91498

50.6 m

EC/94 /2.21 β+ /6 /

1.6 s

I.T./0.5196

38. m

β+ /40 /3.69 EC/60 /

135

136

Nd

137m

137

487_S11.indb 126

Nd

136.91457

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.091–0.875) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.09–0.36) ann.rad./ (0.099–0.567) ann.rad./ (0.06–0.37) ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.1631/58 (0.09–1.00)

5/2(-)

28. s 0.5 m

135m

0.0726 0.164 0.285

0+

129.92851 130.92725

131

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4506 0.6975 0.3017 0.1085 0.1385 0.1651 0.1302 0.8044 0.8527

1-

Nd Nd

130


0+

9/2-

1.04/

-0.78

0+

11/2-

1.7/20 2.40/20

1/2+

-0.63

+2.0

ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.0415/23. 0.204/51. (0.11–1.8) Pr kx-ray 0.0401/21. 0.1091/35. (0.10–0.97) Nd k x-ray 0.1084 0.1775 0.2337 ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.0755 0.5806

4/17/06 10:59:53 AM


Nd



Nd

139m

11-127 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 5.1 h EC/1.1


5.5 h

I.T./12 /0.231 β+ /88 /

1.17/

11/2-

1.77/

3/2+

139

Nd

138.91198

30. m

β+ /25 /2.79 EC/75 /

140

Nd Nd

139.90955

3.37 d 1.04 m

EC /0.22 IT/99+/0.756

Nd

140.909610

2.49 h

EC/98 /1.823 β+ /2 /

0.802/

2.1 × 1015 y

α

1.83

10.98 d

β- /0.896

0.805/

1.03/25 1.13/26 1.42/

141m

141

Nd Nd 144 Nd 145 Nd 146 Nd 147 Nd

27.153(39) 12.173(27) 23.798(18) 8.293(12) 17.189(33)

141.907723 142.909814 143.910087 144.912574 145.913117 146.916100

Nd Nd

5.756(21)

147.916893 148.920149

1.73 h

β- /1.691

Nd Nd

5.638(29)

149.920891 150.923829

1.4 × 1020 y 12.4 m

β-ββ- /2.442

142 143

148 149

150 151

Spin (h/2 π) 0+


0.91

+0.3

1.01

+0.3

-1.07

-0.60

0+ 11/2-

1.2/

3/2+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) Pr k x-ray 0.1995 0.3258 Nd k x-ray Pr k x-ray 0.1139/34. 0.7382/30. ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.4050 Pr k x-ray Nd k x-ray 0.7565 Pr k x-ray (0.15–1.7)

0+ 7/20+ 7/20+ 5/2-

-0.66

-0.31

0.58

0.9

0+ 5/2-

Pr k x-ray 0.53102 0.09111–0.686

0.35

1.3

Pr k x-ray 0.1143/19. 0.2113/27. (0.026–1.6)

0+ (3/2+)

Pm k x-ray 0.1168 0.2557 1.1806 (0.10–1.9)m 0.2785/29. 0.2501/18. (0.016–0.66) 0.418 0.1519 0.7998 0.1807 0.0848

152

Nd

151.92468

11.4 m

β- /1.1

0+

153

Nd Nd

152.92770 153.9295

28.9 s 25.9 s

β- /3.6 β- /2.8

0+

154.9329 155.9350 156.9390 157.9416 158.946 159.949 160.954

8.9 s 5.5 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /5.0 β- /4.1

0+

Pm Pm 130 Pm

127.9484 128.9432 129.9405

1.0 s ~ 2.4 s 2.5 s

β+, p

ann.rad.

β+, EC/11.

Pm

130.9359

~ 6.3 s

β+

131.9338 132.92978 133.9284

6. s 12. s 24. s

β+, EC/10. β+, EC/~ 7.0 β+, EC/~ 8.9

0.1589 0.326–1.062 0.185 0.220 0.146 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./

154

Nd Nd 157 Nd 158 Nd 159 Nd 160 Nd 161 Nd 155 156

0+ 0+

Pm

61

128 129

131

Pm Pm 134 Pm 132 133

487_S11.indb 127

(5+)

4/17/06 10:59:54 AM



135 136

137






Spin (h/2 π)

Pm Pm

134.9249 135.9236

0.8 m 1.8 m

β+, EC/6.0 β+ /89 /7.9 EC/11 /

11/2(3+)

Pm

136.92048

2.4 m

β+, EC/5.6

(11/2-)

3.2 m

β+ /50 /~ 7.0 EC/50 /

3.9/

3+

10. s 0.18 s 4.14 m

β+ /6.9 IT/ β+ /68 /4.52 EC/32 /

6.1/ 3.52/

1+ (11/2-) (5/2+)

5.87 m

β+ /70 / EC/30 /

3.2

7/2-

Pm

138m

Pm Pm 139 Pm 138

139m

137.91955 138.91680

Pm

140m

140

Pm

139.91604

9.2 s

β+ /89 /6.09 EC/11 /

5.07/74

1+

141

Pm

140.91356

20.9 m

β+ /52 /3.72 EC/48 /

2.71

5/2+

Pm Pm

141.91287

67 μs 40.5 s

β+ /86 /4.87 EC/20 /

3.8/

1+

143

Pm

142.910933

265. d

144

Pm

143.912591

360. d

145

Pm

144.912749

146

Pm

Pm

142m 142

147

3.

EC/1.041 β+ /< 6 × 10-6/ EC/2.332 β+ /7 × 10-6/

5/2+

3.8

5-

1.7

17.7 y

EC/0.163

5/2+

+3.8

+0.2

145.914696

5.53 y

EC/63 /1.472 β- /37 /1.542

0.795/

146.915139

2.623 y

β- /0.224

0.224/

7/2+

+2.6

+0.7

41.3 d

β- /95 /2.6 I.T./5 /0.137

0.4/60 0.5/17 0.7/21 1.02/ 2.47/

6-

1.8

1-

+2.0

0.78/9 1.072/90

7/2+

3.3

Pm

148m

148

Pm

147.91748

5.37 d

β- /2.47

149

Pm

148.918334

2.212 d

β- /1.071

487_S11.indb 128


3-

+0.2

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.294 0.495 (0.13–0.47) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.3735 0.6027 ann.rad./ 0.1086 0.1775 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.5209 0.7290 ann.rad./ 0.1887 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.4028 (0.27–2.4) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.4199 0.7738 1.0283 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.7738 1.4898 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.8862 1.2233 (0.208-0.882) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.6414 1.5758 Nd k x-ray 0.7420 Nd k x-ray 0.6180 0.6965 Nd k x-ray 0.0723 Nd k x-ray 0.4538 0.7362 0.7474 0.1213 0.1974 0.5503/94. 0.6300/89. 0.7257/33 0.5503 0.9149 1.4651 0.2859 0.5909 0.8594

4/17/06 10:59:56 AM


Pm

151

Pm



11-129

149.92098

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 2.68 h β- /3.45

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 1.6/ (1-) 2.3/ 1.8/


150.92121

1.183 d

β- /1.187

0.84/

+1.8

15. m 7.5 m

β-, I.T./ β- /

Pm Pm

152m2 152m1

(>6) (4-)

152

Pm

151.92350

4.1 m

β- /3.5

153

Pm

152.92412

5.4 m

β- /1.90

3.5/20 3.50/60 1.7/

2.7 m

β- /

2.0/

1.9/

Pm

154m

Pm

153.92646

1.7 m

β- /4.1

Pm Pm 157 Pm 158 Pm 159 Pm 160 Pm 161 Pm 162 Pm 163 Pm

154.92810 155.93106 156.9330 157.9366 158.9390 159.9430 160.9459 161.950 162.954

48. s 26.7 s 10.9 s 5. s 1.5 s

β- /3.2 β- /5.16 β- /4.6 β- /6.3

62

Sm

150.36(2)

Sm Sm 131 Sm 132 Sm 133 Sm

128.954 129.9489 130.9461 131.9407 132.9387

~ 0.55 s

β+, p

1.2 s 4.0 s 2.9 s

β+, EC/ β+ β+, EC/~ 8.4

Sm Sm 136 Sm 137 Sm 138 Sm

133.9340 134.9325 135.92828 136.92697 137.92324

11. s 10. s 42. s 45. s 3.0 m

β+, EC/5. β+, EC/7. β+, EC/4.5 β+, EC/6.1 β+, EC/3.9

10. s

I.T./94 /0.457 β+ /6 /

2.6 m

β+ /75 /5.5 EC/25 /

154

155 156

129 130

134 135

Sm

139m

139

487_S11.indb 129

Sm

138.92230

5/2+

1+ (5/2-)

(5/2-)

1.9

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3339/69. 1.1658/16. 1.3245/17. (0.25–2.9) 0.1677/8 0.2751/7 0.3401/22 (0.14–1.4) 0.1218 0.2447 0.3404 1.0971 1.4375 0.1218 (0.12–2.1) 0.0910 0.1198 0.1273 0.0820 0.1848 1.4403 0.0820 0.8396 1.3940 2.0589 (0.08–2.8) (0.05–0.78)

(0.072-0.261)

0+

ann.rad./

0+ 5/2+

0+ 7/2+ 0+ 0+

4.7

4.1/

(11/2-)

1.1

½+

-0.53

ann.rad./ 0.3696 0.0845 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0536 0.0747 Sm k x-ray 0.1118 0.1553 0.1901 0.2673 Pm k x-ray 0.3678 0.4028

4/17/06 10:59:57 AM




Sm


Sm

141m




Spin (h/2 π)

14.8 m

β+, EC/3.4

1.9/

0+

22.6 m

β+ /32 / EC/68 / I.T./0.3 /0.1758

1.6/ 2.19/

11/2-

-0.83

-0.74

141

Sm

140.91848

10.2 m

β+ /52 /4.54 EC/48 /

3.2/

½+

142

Sm

141.91520

1.208 h

β+ /6 /2.10 EC/94 / IT/99/0.7540

1.0/

0+

2.47/

Sm

1.10 m

143m

143

Sm

144

Sm Sm

145

Sm Sm 148 Sm 149 Sm 150 Sm 151 Sm 152 Sm 153 Sm

3.083(20)

146 147

154 155

Sm Sm

15.017(75) 11.254(51) 13.830(56) 7.351(36) 26.735(48)

22.730(78)

8.83 m

β+ /46 /3.443 EC/54 /

143.911999 144.913410

340. d

EC/0.617

1.03 × 108 y 1.06 × 1011 y 7 × 1015 y 1016 y

α/ α/ α/ α/

2.50/ 2.23/ 1.96/

90. y

β- /0.0768

0.076/

1.929 d

β- /0.808

0.64/ 0.69/

153.922209 154.924640

22.2 m

β- /1.627

1.52

+1.01

+0.4

0+ 7/2-

-1.12

-0.60

-0.815

-0.26

-0.672

+0.075

-0.363

+0.7

0.02154

-0.0216

+1.3

Eu k x-ray 0.0697/4.7 0.10318/29 0.075–0.714

1.1

Eu k x-ray 0.1043/75. 0.0872 0.1657 0.2038 Eu k x-ray 0.1964 0.1978 0.3942 0.1894/100. 0.3636/82. 0.1898 0.110 0.264 (0.036-0.741)

0+ 7/20+ 7/20+ 5/20+ 3/2+

0+ 3/2-

Sm

155.92553

9.4 h

β- /0.72

0.43/ 0.71/

0+

157

Sm

156.92836

8.0 m

β- /2.7

2.4/

3/2-

158

Sm

157.9300

5.5 m

β- /2.0

0+

Sm Sm 161 Sm 162 Sm 163 Sm 164 Sm 165 Sm

158.9332 159.9351 160.9388 161.941 162.945 163.948 164.953

11.3 s 9.6 s ~ 4.8 s 2.4 s

β- /3.8 β- /3.6

0+

160

Eu

151.964(1)

Eu Eu

129.964 130.9578

63

130 131

487_S11.indb 130

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.27–2.4) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.1396 0.2255 (0.07–1.7) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.1966 0.4318 0.7774 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.4382 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray Sm k x-ray 0.7540 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 1.0565

3/2+

156

159

+1.6

11/2-

142.914628

145.913041 146.914898 147.914823 148.917185 149.917276 150.919932 151.919732 152.922097


0+

Pm k x-ray 0.0613 0.4924

0+

0.9 ms ~ 26. ms

p β+, p

1.027/ p/0.95

4/17/06 10:59:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Eu Eu 134 Eu 135 Eu 136m Eu 136 Eu 137 Eu 138 Eu 139 Eu 140m Eu 140 Eu 141m Eu 132 133

141

Eu


Atomic Mass or Weight 131.9544 132.9492 133.9465 134.9418 135.9396 136.9356 137.93371 138.92979 139.9281

140.92493

Eu

142m


0.5 s 1.5 s ~ 3.2 s ~ 3.9 s 11. s 12. s 18. s 0.125 s 1.51 s 3.0 s

40. s



EC, β+ EC, β+ /~ 8.7

Spin (h/2 π)

7+ 1+ 11/27+

EC, β+ /10. EC/~ 7.5 EC, β+ /~ 9.2 EC, β+ /6.7 EC, β+ EC, β+ /8.4 β+ /58 / EC/9 / I.T./33 /0.0964 β+ /81 /5.6 EC/15 /


5 6

111/2-

5/2+

+3.49

+0.85

1.22 m

β+ /83 / EC/17 /

4.8/

8-

+2.98

+1.4

β- /94/7.4 EC/6 / β+ /72/5.17 EC/28/

7.0/

1+

+1.54

+0.12

4.1/ 5.1/

5/2+

+3.67

+0.51

142

Eu

141.92343

2.4 s

143

Eu

142.92030

2.62 m

144

Eu

143.91882

10.2 s

β+ /86 /6.33 EC/13 /

5.31/

1+

+1.89

+0.10

145

Eu

144.916265

5.93 d

β+ /2 /2.660 EC/98 /1.71

0.79/

5/2+

+4.00

+0.29

146

Eu

145.91721

4.57 d

β+ /5 /3.88 EC/95 /

1.47/

4-

+1.42

-0.18

147

Eu

146.916746

24.4 d

EC/99. /1.722 β+ /0.4 /

5/2+

+3.72

+0.53

148

Eu

147.91809

54.5 d

EC/3.11

5-

+2.34

+0.35

149

Eu

148.917931

93.1 d

EC/0.692

5/2+

+3.57

+0.75

150

Eu

149.91970

36. y

EC/2.26

5-

+2.71

+1.13

487_S11.indb 131

0.92


ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.255 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray (0.09–1.6) ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.3845 0.3940 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.5566 0.7680 1.0233 ann.rad./ 0.7680 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.1107/7 1.5368/3. 1.9127/2. ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 1.6601 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.6535 0.8937 1.6587 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.6336 0.6341 0.7470 (0.27–2.64) Sm k x-ray 0.12113/20.6 0.19725/24.0 (0.601-1.077) Sm k x-ray 0.5503/99. 0.6299/71. (0.067–2.17) Sm k x-ray 0.2770/4.1 0.3275/4.8 Sm k x-ray 0.3340 0.4394 0.5843 (0.25–1.8)

4/17/06 11:00:01 AM


11-132 Elem. or Isot. Eu

150m

151

Eu Eu

152m2


47.81(6)


150.919850

Eu

152m1

152

Eu

153

Eu Eu

154m

151.921745

52.19(6)

152.921230

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 12.8 h β- /92 / β+ /0.4 / EC/8 /

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 1.013/ 01.24/ 5/2+ 8-


+3.472

+0.90

3-

-1.941

+2.71

5/2+ 8-

+1.533

+2.41

3-

-2.01

+2.8

5/2+

+1.52

+2.4

0.30/11 0.49/30 1.2/12 2.45/31 0.98/ 1.30/41

1+

≈1.1

(5/2+)

+1.50

+2.6

1.60 h

I.T./0.1478

9.30 h

β- /72 / EC/28 /

1.85/ 0.89/

0-

13.5 y

EC/72 /1.874 β- /28 /1.818

0.69/ 1.47/

46.1 m

I.T./~ 0.16

154

Eu

153.922979

8.59 y

β- /99.9/1.969 EC/0.02/0.717

155

Eu

154.922893

4.76 y

β- /0.252

156

Eu

155.92475

15.2 d

β- /2.451

157

Eu

156.92542

15.13 h

β- /1.36

158

Eu

157.9279

45.9 m

β- /3.5

2.5/

(1-)

+1.44

+0.7

159

Eu

158.92909

18.1 m

β- /2.51

2.4/ 2.57/

(5/2+)

+1.38

+2.7

160

Eu

159.9320

38. s

β- /4.1

2.7/ 4.1/

(0-)

Eu Eu 163 Eu 164 Eu 165 Eu 166 Eu 167 Eu

160.9337 161.9370 162.9392 163.943 164.946 165.950 166.953

27. s 11. s

β- /3.7 β- /5.6

161 162

Gd

64

487_S11.indb 132

0.27/29 0.58/38 0.84/17 0.98/4 1.87/11 0.15/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) Sm k x-ray 0.3339 0.4065 Eu k x-ray 0.0898 Sm k x-ray 0.12178 0.84153 0.96334 Sm k x-ray Gd k x-ray 0.12178 0.34427 1.40802 (0.252–1.528) Eu k x-ray 0.0682 0.1009 Gd k x-ray 0.12299/40. 0.72331/20. 1.2745/36 (0.059-1.90) Gd k x-ray 0.0865/30 0.1053/20 0.08899/9. 0.64623/7. 0.723441/6. 0.8118/10. Gd k x-ray 0.0639/100. 0.3705/48. 0.4107/76. 0.0795 0.8976 0.9442 0.9771 0.0678 0.0786 0.0957 0.0753 0.1735 0.4131 0.5155 0.8217 0.9110 0.9246 0.0719

157.25(3)

4/17/06 11:00:03 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Gd Gd 137 Gd 138 Gd 139m Gd 139 Gd 140 Gd 141m Gd 141 Gd 142 Gd 143m Gd 135


136

Atomic Mass or Weight 134.953 135.9473 136.9450 137.9401 138.9382 139.93367 140.93213 141.92812

11-133 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 1.1 s β+ 7. s ~ 4.7 s ~ 4.8 s 5. s 16. s 25. s 21. s 1.17 m 1.84 m

142.9268

39. s

β+ /82 /6.0 EC/18 /

144

Gd

143.92296

4.5 m

β+ /45 /4.3 EC/55 /

1.44 m

I.T./95 /0.749 β+ /4 /5.7

Gd


0+ 11/2½+ 0+ 11/2-

1/2+

3.3/

0+

11/2-

-1.0

-0.74

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.163–0.360) ann.rad./ 0.0647 0.1216 0.104–0.323 0.1748 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.1176 0.2719 0.5880 0.6681 0.7999 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.2048 0.2588 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.3332 0.0273 0.3295 0.3866 0.7214 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 1.7579 1.8806 (0.32–3.69) Eu k x-ray 0.1147 0.1155 0.1546 Eu k x-ray 0.2293 0.3699 0.3960 0.9289 (0.1–1.8)

0+

EC, β+ /~ 7.7 EC/4.8 EC, β+ / β+ /7.3 EC, β+ /4.2 β+ /67 / EC/33 / I.T./

Gd

Spin (h/2 π) 0+

EC, β+ /~ 8.8 EC, β+

143

145m


145

Gd

144.92171

23.4 m

β+ /33 /5.05 EC/67 /

2.5/

1/2+

146

Gd

145.918311

48.3 d

EC/99.9 /1.03 β+ /0.2

0.35/

0+

147

Gd

146.919094

1.588 d

EC/99.8 /2.188 EC/0.2 /

0.93/

7/2-

1.0

148

Gd Gd

147.918115 148.919341

71. y 9.3 d

α/3.27 EC/1.32

3.1828/

0+ 7/2-

0.9

Gd Gd

149.91866 150.920348

1.8 × 106 y 124. d

α/2.80 EC/0.464

2.73/

0+ 7/2-

Eu k x-ray 0.1496 0.2985 0.3465

0.8

0.20(1)

151.919791 152.921750

240. d

EC/0.485

0+ 3/2-

Eu k x-ray 0.1536 0.2432

0.4

2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2)

153.920867 154.922622 155.922123 156.923960

Eu k x-ray 0.09743 0.10318

149

150 151

152 153

Gd Gd

Gd Gd 156 Gd 157 Gd 154 155

487_S11.indb 133

0+ 3/20+ 3/2-

-0.259

+1.30

-0.340

+1.36

4/17/06 11:00:04 AM


11-134 Elem. or Isot. 158 159

160 161

Gd Gd

Gd Gd


21.86(19)




157.924104 158.926389

18.6 h

β- 0.971

159.927054 160.929669

> 1.9 × 1019 y 3.66 m

β- ββ- /1.956

162

Gd

161.930985

8.4 m

β- /1.39

163

Gd

162.9340

1.13 m

β- /3.1

Gd Gd 166 Gd 167 Gd 168 Gd 169 Gd

163.9359 164.9394 165.942 166.946 167.948 168.953

45. s 10 s ~ 4.8 s

β- /2.3 β-

164 165

65

Tb

158.92535(2)

Tb Tb 139 Tb

137.9532 138.9483

135 138

0.9 ms

p

2.4 s

β+, EC/11

Tb Tb 142m Tb 142 Tb 143 Tb 144m Tb 144 Tb 145m Tb

140.9415

3.5 s 25 μs 0.30 s 0.60 s 12. s 4.1 s < 1.5 s 30. s

β+, EC/~ 8.3

Tb Tb

144.9293

Tb Tb

145.92725

Tb

146.92405

142m2

145

146m

146

147m

147

Tb

148m

487_S11.indb 134

141.9387 142.9351 143.93305

0+ 3/2-

1.56/85

0+ 5/2-

1.0/

0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) -0.44

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) Tb k x-ray 0.36351 0.058-0.855 Tb k x-ray 0.1023 0.3149 0.3609 0.4030 0.4421 0.2868 0.214 1.685

0+ 0+

(0.040-1.015)

p/1.179

1.6 s

139.946

141

0.971/58 0.913/29 0.607/12

Spin (h/2 π)

0+

Tb

140


0.109 0.120 0.329 0.355–0.740

β+, EC/ β+, EC/10. β+, EC/7.4 IT β+, EC/8.4 β+, EC/~ 6.6

40+ 11/251+ 11/2-

β+, EC/6.5 β+ /76 / EC/24 /

½+ (5-)

~ 8. s 1.8 m

β+ /8.1 β+ /35 / EC/65 /

1+ 11/2-

1.6 h

β+ /42 /4.61 EC/58 /

5/2+

2.3 m

β+ /25 / EC/75 /

9+

23. s

ann.rad./ 0.2577 0.5370 0.9876 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 1.0789 1.5795

+1.70

ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 1.3977 1.7978 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.6944 1.1522 (0.120–3.318) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.3945 0.6319 0.7845

4/17/06 11:00:06 AM


Tb



Tb

149m

149

Tb

148.923246

Tb

150m

150

Tb

149.92366

Tb

151m

151

Tb

150.923103

Tb

152m


Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β+, EC/5.69

2-

4.16 m

EC/88 / β+ /12 /

11/2-

4.13 h

β+ /4 /3.636 α/16/

6.0 m

β+ /17 / EC/83 /

3.3 h

β+, EC/4.66

2-

-0.90

25. s

I.T./95 / β+, EC/7 /

11/2-

17.61 h

β+/1 /2.565 EC/99 /

4.3 m

I.T./79 /0.5018 EC/21 /4.35

17.5 h

β+ /20 /3.99 EC/80 /

153

Tb

152.923435

2.34 d

Tb

Tb

154

487_S11.indb 135

Tb

153.92468

-1.75

+1.35

151.92407

1.8/ 3.97/


½+

Tb

154m1

Spin (h/2 π)

1.00 h

152

154m2


0.70/

1/2+

-0.3

+0.92

(8+)

2.5/ 2.8/

2-

-0.58

+0.3

EC/1.570

5/2+

+3.44

+1.1

23.1 h

EC/98 / I.T./2 /

(7-)

0.9

9. h

β+ /78 / I.T./22 /

(3-)

1.7

21.5 h

EC/99 /3.56 β+ /1 /

1.86/ 2.45

0-

+3.

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8824 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.4888 0.7845 (0.14–3.8) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.1650 0.7960 Gd k x-ray 0.1650 0.3522 0.3886 (0.1–3.2) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.4384 0.6380 0.6504 0.8275 ann.rad./ 0.4963 0.6380 (0.3–4.29) 0.0229 0.0495 0.3797 0.8305 Gd k x-ray 0.1083 0.2517 0.2870 (0.1–1.8) Tb k x-ray Gd k x-ray 0.2833 0.3443 0.4111 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.3443 (0.2–2.88) Gd k x-ray 0.2119 (0.05–1.1) Gd k x-ray 0.1231 0.2479 0.3467 1.4199 Gd k x-ray 0.1231 0.2479 0.5401 (0.12–2.57) Gd k x-ray 0.1231 1.2744 2.1872

4/17/06 11:00:07 AM




Tb





Spin (h/2 π)

5.3 d

EC/0.82

3/2+

Tb

1.02 d

I.T./

(7-)

Tb

5.3 h

I.T./0.0884

(0+)

156m2

156m1

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) +2.01

+1.41

156

Tb

155.924747

5.3 d

EC/2.444

3-

~ 1.7

+2.

157

Tb

156.924025

1.1 × 102 y

EC/0.0601

3/2+

+2.01

+1.4

10.5 s

I.T./0.11

0-

157.925413

1.8 × 102 y

EC/80 /1.220 β- /20 /0.937

3-

+1.76

+2.7

158.925347 159.927168

72.3 d

β- /1.835

0.57/47 0.86/27

3/2+ 3-

+2.014 +1.79

+1.43 3.8

2.2

+1.2

Tb

158m

158

Tb

159

Tb Tb

160

100.

161

Tb

160.927570

6.91 d

β- /0.593

0.46/23 0.52/66 0.6/10

3/2+

162

Tb

161.92949

7.6 m

β- /2.51

1.4

(1/2-)

163

Tb

162.930648

19.5 m

β- /1.785

0.80/

3/2+

164

Tb

163.9334

3.0 m

β- /3.9

1.7/

(5+)

165

Tb

164.9349

2.1 m

β- /3.0

166

Tb Tb

165.9380 166.9401

26 s 19 s

β-/

167.944 168.946 169.950 170.953

8s

167

Tb Tb 170 Tb 171 Tb 168 169

Dy

162.500(1)

Dy

138.960

66

139

487_S11.indb 136

0.6 s

3/2+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.12–3.14) Gd k x-ray 0.08654 0.10530 Tb k x-ray 0.0496 Tb k x-ray 0.0884 Gd k x-ray 0.08896 0.19921 0.53435 1.22245 Gd k x-ray 0.0545 Gd k x-ray 0.0110 Gd k x-ray 0.0795 0.9442 0.9621 Dy k x-ray 0.08678 0.29857 0.87936 0.96615 Dy k x-ray 0.02565 0.04892 0.07458 Dy k x-ray 0.2600 0.8075 0.8882 Dy k x-ray 0.3511 0.3897 0.4945 Dy k x-ray 0.1689 0.2157 0.6110 0.6885 0.7548 0.5389 1.1785 1.2920 1.6648 0.057 0.070 0.075–0.227

β+, p

4/17/06 11:00:09 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Dy Dy 142 Dy 143 Dy 144 Dy 145m Dy 146m Dy 146 Dy 147m Dy 140


141

Atomic Mass or Weight 139.954 140.9514 141.9464 142.9438 143.93925 144.9365 145.93285



0.9 s 2.3 s 3.9 s 9.1 s 14. s 0.15 s 30. s 56. s

EC, β+ /9. EC, β+ /7.1 EC, β+ /~ 8.8 EC, β+ /~ 6.2 EC, β+ I.T. EC, β+ /5.2 I.T./40 / β+, EC/60 /

147

Dy

146.93109

75. s

EC, β+ /6.37

148

Dy

147.92715

3.1 m

β+ /4 /2.68 EC/96 /

149

Dy

148.92731

4.2 m

β+, EC/3.81

150

Dy

149.925585

7.18 m

Dy

150.926185

17. m

β+, EC/67 /1.79 α/33 / β+ /5 /2.871 EC/89 / α /6 /

151

152

153

154 155

156 157

158 159

Dy

151.92472

2.37 h

Dy

152.925765

6.3 h

Dy Dy

3. × 106 y 9.9 h

α/2.95 β+ /2 /2.095 EC/98 /

0+



0+

1.2/

0+ 11/210+ 0+ (11/2-)

-0.66

½+

-0.92

0+

(7/2-)

4.233/

+0.7

-0.12

-0.62

-0.95

-0.30

(7/2-)

-0.78

~-0.15

0+ 3/2-

-0.385

+1.04

Tb k x-ray 0.0655 0.2269

0+ 7/2-

4.067/

3.63/ 0.89/

0+

3.46/

2.87/ 0.845/

Dy k x-ray 0.072 0.6787 ann.rad./ 0.1007 0.2534 0.3653 ann.rad./ Tb k x-ray 0.6202 ann.rad./ 0.1008 0.1063 0.2534 0.6536 0.7894 1.7765 1.8062 Tb k x-ray 0.3967 Tb k x-ray 0.1764 0.3030 0.3861 0.5463 (0.16–2.09) Tb k x-ray 0.2569 Tb k x-ray 0.0807 0.0997 0.2137 (0.08–1.66)

0.056(3)

155.92428 156.92547

8.1 h

EC/1.34

0+ 3/2-

-0.301

+1.30

Dy Dy

0.095(3)

157.924409 158.925739

144. d

EC/0.366

0+ 3/2-

Tb k x-ray (0.0609–1.319)

-0.354

+1.37

2.329(18) 18.889(42) 25.475(36) 24.896(42) 28.260(54)

159.925198 160.926933 161.926798 162.928731 163.929175

Tb k x-ray 0.3262

-0.480

+2.51

+0.673

+2.65

Dy Dy 162 Dy 163 Dy 164 Dy 165m Dy 161

487_S11.indb 137

153.92442 154.92575

Spin (h/2 π)

Dy Dy

160

165

EC/0.60 α/ β+ /1 /2.171 EC/99 / α /0.01 /


Dy

164.931703

1.26 m

I.T./98 /0.108 β- /2 /

2.33 h

β- /1.286

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/20+ 1/2-

1.29/

7/2+

-0.52

+3.5

Dy k x-ray 0.1082 0.5155 Ho k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:10 AM








Spin (h/2 π)

166

Dy

165.932807

3.400 d

β- /0.486

0.40/

0+

167

Dy

166.9357

6.2 m

β- /~ 2.35

1.78

(1/2-)

168

Dy

167.9371

8.5 m

β- /1.6

Dy Dy 171 Dy 172 Dy 173 Dy

168.9403 169.9424 170.9462 171.9488 172.953

~ 39. s

β- /3.2

169 170

Ho

67

Ho Ho 141 Ho 142 Ho 143 Ho 144 Ho 145 Ho 146 Ho 147 Ho 148m Ho 148 Ho 140

141m

139.969 140.963 141.960 142.9546 143.9515 144.9472 145.9446 146.94006 147.9377

Ho

6 ms 8 μs 4.2 ms 0.4 s > 0.2 μs 0.7 s 2.4 s 3.3 s 5.8 s 9. s 2. s

p/ p/ β+, p EC/β+, p

p/1.09 p/1.23 p/1.71

β+, EC/12 β+ β+, EC/10.7 β+, EC/8.2 β+, EC/ β+, EC/9.4

(10+) 11/241+

21. s

β+, EC/

11/2-

1/2+ (9+)

> 30. s 25. s

β+, EC/6.01 β+, EC/

Ho

149.93350

1.3 m

β+, EC/6.6

47. s

β+, EC/87 / α/13

4.605/

35.2 s

β+, EC/80/5.13 α/20 /

4.519/

50. s

β+, EC/90/ α/10/

4.453/

Ho

Ho

Ho

152m

487_S11.indb 138

0+

148.93378

151m

151

0+

Ho Ho

150m

150

0+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.09468/3.8 Ho k x-ray 0.0282 0.0825 Ho k x-ray 0.2593 0.3103 0.5697 (0.06–1.4) Ho k x-ray 0.1925 0.4867

164.93032(2)

149m

149


150.93169

0.307

(9+)

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.6615 1.6883 ann.rad./ 1.0733 1.0911

+5.9

-1.

ann.rad./ 0.3939 0.5511 0.6534 0.8034 ann.rad./ 0.5913 0.6534 0.8034 ann.rad./ 0.2102 0.4889 0.6948 0.7762 ann.rad./ 0.3522 0.5274 0.9676 1.0471 ann.rad./ 0.4929 0.6138 0.6474

4/17/06 11:00:11 AM


Ho



Ho

153m

153

Ho

152.93020

Ho

154m



2.4 m

β+, EC/88/6.47 α/12/

9.3 m


Spin (h/2 π)


(3+)

-1.02

β+, EC/99+/4.12 α/ 4.01/

5/2

+1.19

2.0 m

β+, EC/99+/4.13 α/ 3.91/

11/2-

+6.8

-1.1

3.3 m

β+, EC/

(8+)

5.7

-1.0

4.387/

+0.1

154

Ho

153.93060

12. m

β+, EC/5.75

1-

-0.64

+0.2

155

Ho

154.92910

48. m

β+/6/3.10 EC/94 /

(5/2+)

+3.51

+1.5

5.8 m

I.T./0.0352 β+ /25 / EC/75 /

+2.99

+2.3

7/2-

+4.35

+3.0

+2.44

+1.6

+3.77

+4.1

Ho

156m

1.8/ 2.9/

156

Ho

155.92984

56. m

β+, EC/4.4

157

Ho

156.92826

12.6 m

β+/5/2.54 EC/95/

Ho

28. m

I.T./44/ EC/56/

2-

Ho

21. m

β+, EC/

(9+)

11.3 m

β+/8/4.24 EC/92/

158m2

158m1

158

487_S11.indb 139

Ho

157.92894

(5+)

1.18/

1.30/

5+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6835 ann.rad./ 0.6140 0.6476 ann.rad./ 0.0905 0.1089 0.1618 0.2302 0.2707 0.3659 0.4565 ann.rad./ 0.2958 0.3346 0.4381 0.6383 ann.rad./ 0.3346 0.4124 0.4771 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.3346 0.5700 0.8734 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0474 0.1363 0.3254 (0.06–2.24) ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.1378 0.2666 (0.28–2.9) ann.rad./ 0.1378 0.2665 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.2800 0.3411 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0989 0.2182 ann.rad./ 0.0981 0.1664 0.2182 0.3205 0.4062 0.9774 1.0532 0.4846 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0989

4/17/06 11:00:13 AM





Ho

159m

159

Ho

158.927712

Ho Ho

160m

Ho

159.92873

Ho

161m

161

Ho

160.927855

Ho

162m

162

Ho

161.929096

Ho

163m



Spin (h/2 π)

IT/0.206

1/2+

33.0 m

EC/1.838

7/2-

+4.28

+3.2

1+ 2-

+2.52

+1.8

5+

+3.71

+4.0

IT/67/0.060 EC/33/3.35

25.6 m

β+, EC/3.29

0.57/

6.8 s

IT/0.211

2.48 h

EC/0.859

7/2-

+4.25

+3.2

1.12 h

IT/61/ EC/39/

6-

+3.60

+4.

15. m

EC/96 /0.295 β+ /4 /

1+

1.09 s

I.T./0.298

(1/2+) +4.23

+3.6

+4.17 3.6

+3.49 -3.

Ho Ho

162.928734

4.57 × 103 y 38. m

EC/0.00258 I.T./0.140

7/2(6-)

164

Ho

163.930234

29. m

EC/58 /0.987 β- /42 /0.963

1+

165

Ho Ho

1.2 × 103 y

β- /

163

164m

166m

100.

164.930322

7/27-

166

Ho

165.932284

1.117 d

β- /1.855

1.776/48 1.855/51

0-

167

Ho

166.93313

3.1 h

β- /1.007

0.31/43 0.61/21

(7/2-)

487_S11.indb 140


8.3 s

3. s 5.0 h

160m2

160


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2182 0.9488 Ho k x-ray 0.1660 0.2059 Dy k x-ray 0.1210 0.1320 0.2529 0.3096 (0.06–1.2) 0.0868 0.1970 0.6464 0.7281 0.8791 0.9619 0.9658 See Ho[166m] 0.7282 0.8794 Ho k x-ray 0.2112 Dy k x-ray 0.0256 0.0592 0.0774 0.1031 Dy k x-ray Ho k x-ray 0.0807 0.1850 0.2828 0.9372 1.2200 Dy k x-ray 0.0807 1.3196 1.3728 Ho k x-ray 0.2798 Dy M x-rays Ho k x-ray 0.0373 0.0566 0.0940 Dy k x-ray 0.0734 0.0914 Er k x-ray 0.18407 0.71169 0.81031 Er k x-ray 0.08057 1.37943 Er k x-ray 0.0793

4/17/06 11:00:14 AM




169



2.2 m 3.0 m

I.T./ β- /2.91

Ho

168.93687

4.7 m

β- /2.12

43. s

β- /

1+

6+

Ho

170

Ho

169.93962

2.8 m

β- /3.87

171

Ho Ho

170.941 171.9448

53 s 25. s

β- / β- /

Ho Ho 175 Ho

172.9473 173.951 174.954

173 174

Er

68

143.9604 144.9574 145.9520 146.9495 147.9446 148.94231 149.93791

> 0.2 μs 0.9 s ~ 1.7 s 2.5 s 4.5 s 10. s 10.7 s 18. s

Er Er

150.93745 151.93505

23. s 10.2 s

153

Er

152.935063

37.1 s

154

Er

153.93278

3.7 m

155

Er

154.93321

5.3 m

156

Er

155.93107

20. m

145

152

487_S11.indb 141

2.0/

3+

1.2/ 2.0/

(7/2-)


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0835 0.2379 0.3213 0.3465 Er k x-ray 0.7413 0.8159 0.8211 (0.08–2.34) 0.1496 0.7610 0.7784 0.7884 0.8529 0.0787 0.8123 1.8940 1.9726 Er k x-ray 0.1816 0.2582 0.8902 0.9321 0.9414 1.1387 Er k x-ray (0.077–1.186)

167.259(3)

Er Er 146 Er 147 Er 148 Er 149m Er 149 Er 150 Er 144

151

Spin (h/2 π)

167.93552

170m

172

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.96/15 0.97/15

Ho Ho

168m 168

11-141

0+

β+ β+ E.C, β+ /~ 9.1 β+, EC/6.8 IT ECβ+ /8.1 β+ /36 /4.11 EC/64 / β+, EC/5.2 β+, EC/10/3.11 α/90/ α/ β+, EC/47/4.56 β+, EC/99+/2.03 α/0.5/ β+, EC/47/3.84 EC/53 /

β+, EC/1.7

0+ 0+ 11/2½+ 0+

4.804/ 4.674 4.35/ 4.166/

ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.4758 ann.rad./ ann.rad./

7/20+ -0.934

-0.42

0.351 (0.0945–1.700) ann.rad./

-0.669

-0.27

ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.1101 0.2415 ann.rad./ 0.0298 0.0352 0.0522 0.1336

0+ (7/2-)

0+

4/17/06 11:00:16 AM



156.93192

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 25. m β+, EC/3.5

Er

157.92989

2.2 h

EC/99.5 /1.78 β+ /0.5 /

Er

158.930684

36. m

β+ /7 /2.769 EC/93 /

3/2-

Er

159.92908

1.191 d

EC/0.33

0+

Er

160.93000

3.21 h

EC/2.00

3/2-

1.25 h

EC/1.210

0+ 5/2-

10.36 h

EC/0.376

2.27 s

I.T./0.208

0+ 5/20+ ½7/2+ 0+ ½-

+0.485

0+ 5/2-

0.66

Er

157


158

159

160

161



0.74/

Spin (h/2 π) 3/2-

0+

Er Er

0.139(5)

161.928778 162.93003

Er Er 166 Er 167m Er

1.601(3)

163.929200 164.930726 165.930293

Er Er 169 Er

22.869(9) 26.978(18)

166.932048 167.932370 168.934590

9.40 d

β- /0.351

Er Er

14.910(36)

169.935464 170.938030

7.52 h

β- /1.491

Er

171.939356

2.05 d

β-/0.891

Er

172.9424

1.4 m

β- /2.6

(7/2-)

174

Er

173.9442

3.1 m

β- /1.8

0+

Er Er 177 Er

174.9478 175.9501 176.954

1.2 m

β-

~ 1.9 μs 3.1 μs

p p// ~ 10

162 163

164 165

167 168

170 171

172

173

175 176

33.503(36)

Tm

168.93421(2)

Tm Tm

144.9701

69

144 145

487_S11.indb 142

0.35/~ 100

0.28/48 0.36/46

0+

0+

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -0.412 +0.92 ann.rad./ 0.117 0.385 1.320 1.660 1.820 2.000 Ho k x-ray 0.0719 0.2486 0.3868 -0.304 +1.17 ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.6245 0.6493 (0.07–2.5) Ho k x-ray (0.05–0.96) -0.37 +1.36 Ho k x-ray 0.8265 (0.07–1.74) +0.557

+2.55

Ho k x-ray 0.4361 0.4399 1.1135

+0.643

+2.71

Ho k x-ray

-0.5639

+3.57

Er k x-ray 0.2078

Tm k x-ray 0.1098 0.1182 2.9

Tm k x-ray 0.11160 0.29591 0.30832 (0.08–1.4) Tm k x-ray 0.0597 0.4073 0.6101 Tm k x-ray 0.1928 0.1992 0.8952 Tm k x-ray (0.100–0.152) (0.0765–1.168)

1.70, 1.43 1.73/91

4/17/06 11:00:19 AM




Tm

146m



0.198 s

β+, p

Tm

145.9664

0.08 s

β+/14. p

147

Tm Tm

146.9610

0.4 ms 0.56 s

Tm Tm 149 Tm 150 Tm 151 Tm 152m Tm 152 Tm 153 Tm

147.9578

0.7 s

β+, p EC, β+/85 p/15/ β+, EC/12.

148.9527 149.9500 150.94548

0.9 s 2.3 s 4. s 8. s 5. s 1.6 s

146

147m

148m 148

151.9444 152.94201

Tm

3.3 s

154m

Tm

154.93920

30. s

Tm Tm

155.93898

19. s 1.40 m

α/ β+, EC/7.6 α/

4.23/

Tm

156.93697

3.6 m

β+, EC/4.5 α/

2.6 3.97/

Tm

157.93698

4.0 m

Tm

158.93498

Tm Tm

159.93526

156

157

158

159

160m 160

(0.1007–2.177) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.4605–0.7960 ann.rad./ 0.0315 0.0638 0.0881 0.2268 0.5320 0.6067

4.46/

4.46/


ann.rad./

5.109/ α/5.031/100 4.84/0.24 α/4.956/100 4.83/0.45

8.1 s

156m


9+

153.94157

155

Spin (h/2 π)

11/26-

Tm

154

487_S11.indb 143

β+, EC/~ 9.2 β+, EC/~ 11.5 β+, EC/7.5 β+, EC/ β+, EC/8.8 β+, EC/10 /6.46 α/90 / β+, EC/15 / α/ β+, EC/56 /7.4 α/44 / β+, EC/5.58 α/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.4/9 p/1.118/100 1.01/ 0.89/8 p/1.19/100 1.01/28 0.94/22 p/1.115 ~ 10.7 1.052/

2-

+0.40

-0.5

½

+0.48

β+, EC/74 /6.5 EC/26 /

(2-)

+0.04

+0.7

9.1 m

β+/23 /3.9 EC/77 /

5/2+

+3.42

+1.9

1.24 m 9.4 m

IT β+/15 /5.9 EC/85 /

(5) 1-

+0.16

+0.58

ann.rad./ 0.3446 0.4529 0.5860 ann.rad./ 0.1104 0.3484 0.3855 0.4550 (0.1–1.58) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1921 0.3351 0.6280 1.1498 (0.18–2.81) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0591 0.0848 0.2713 (0.05–1.27) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1264 0.2642 0.7285 0.8544

4/17/06 11:00:20 AM




Tm


160.93355

161

Tm

162m



Spin (h/2 π)

31. m

β+, EC/3.2

7/2+

24. s

I.T./90 / β+, EC/10 /

5+


+2.40

+2.9

+0.69

Tm

161.93400

21.7 m

β+ /8 /4.81 EC/92 /

1-

+0.07

Tm

162.93265

1.81 h

EC/98 /2.439 β+ /1 /

½+

-0.082

5.1 m

I.T./80 / β+, EC/20 /

6-

162

163

Tm

164m

Tm

163.93356

2.0 m

β+ /36 /3.96 EC/64 /

1+

+2.38

Tm

164.932435

1.253 d

EC/1.593

½+

-0.139

Tm

165.93355

7.70 h

EC/98 /3.04 β+ /2 /

2+

+0.092

Tm

166.932852

9.24 d

EC/0.748

½+

-0.197

Tm

167.934173

93.1 d

EC/1.679

3+

+0.23

+3.2

168.934213 169.935801

128.6 d

½+ 1-

-0.232 +0.247

-1.2 +0.74

Tm

170.936429

1.92 y

β- /99.8/0.968 EC/0.2 /0.314 β- /0.096

½+

-0.230

Tm

171.93840

2.65 d

β- /1.88

Tm

172.939604

8.2 h

β- /1.298

164

165

166

167

168

Tm Tm

169 170

171

172

173

487_S11.indb 144


100

2.94/

0.883/24 0.968/76 0.03/2 0.096/98 1.79/36 1.88/29

0.80/21

2-

½+

+0.71

+2.14

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8614 1.3685 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0595 0.0844 1.6481 (0.04–2.15) Tm k x-ray Er k x-ray 0.0669 0.8115 0.9003 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1020 0.7987 (0.1–3.75) Er k x-ray 0.0692 0.1043 0.2414 0.0914 0.1394 0.2081 0.2405 0.3149 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0914 Er k x-ray 0.0472 0.0544 0.29728 0.80636 Er k x-ray 0.0806 0.1844 0.7789 1.2734 2.0524 Er k x-ray 0.0571 0.20778 Er k x-ray 0.19825 0.4475 0.81595 Yb k x-ray 0.08425 0.06674 Yb k x-ray 0.07879 1.38722 1.46601 1.52982 1.60861 Yb k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:21 AM






Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.86/71

Spin (h/2 π)

Tm Tm

173.94217

2.29 s 5.4 m

β- /3.08

0.70/14 1.20/83

(4-)

Tm

174.94384

15.2 m

β- /2.39

0.9/36 1.9/23

(1/2+)

176

Tm

175.9470

1.9 m

β-/4.2

2.0/ 1.2/

(4+)

Tm Tm 179 Tm

176.9490 177.9526 178.955

1.4 m

β-

70

Yb

173.04(3)

Yb Yb 150 Yb 151 Yb 152 Yb 153 Yb 154 Yb

147.967 148.964 149.9584 150.9554 151.9503 152.9495 153.94639

0.7 s > 0.2 μs 1.6 s 3.2 s 4. s 0.40 s

β+, p

Yb

154.9458

1.7 s

Yb

155.94282

26. s

Yb

156.94263

39. s

Yb

157.93987

1.5 m

β+, EC/1.9

Yb

158.94005

1.4 m

EC, β+/5.1

Yb

159.93755

4.8 m

β+, EC/2.0

0+

Yb

160.93790

4.2 m

β+, EC/3.9

3/2-

Yb

161.93577

18.9 m

β+, EC/1.7

0+

174m 174

175

177 178

148 149

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

487_S11.indb 145

β+ /8.5 β+ EC/5.5 β+ EC/6.7 β+ EC/7 /4.49 α/93 / β+, EC/16 /6.0 α/84 / β+, EC/21/3.57 α/79 / β+, EC/99+/5.5 α/0.5/

p/2.5–6.4/


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3988 0.4613 Yb k x-ray 0.07664 0.17669 0.27332 0.3666 0.99205 (0.08–1.6) Yb k x-ray 0.36396 0.51487 0.94125 0.98247 Yb k x-ray 0.1898 0.3819 1.0691

0+

0.647

0+ 0+

5.32/ 5.19/ 4.69/

0+

ann.rad./ -0.8

-1.

0+

ann.rad./ -0.64

4.69/

ann.rad./

0+

-0.37

-.022

-0.33

+1.03

ann.rad./ 0.231 (0.035–0.670) ann.rad./ 0.0741 0.2526 Tm k x-ray 0.1661 0.1772 0.3297 0.3903 ann.rad./ 0.1404 0.1737 0.2158 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0782 0.5999 0.6315 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.1188

4/17/06 11:00:23 AM








Yb

162.93633

11.1 m

β+ /26 /3.4

Yb

163.93449

1.26 h

EC/1.0

Yb

164.93528

9.9 m

β+ /10 /2.76 EC/90 /

Yb

165.93388

2.363 d

EC/0.30

Yb

166.934950

17.5 m

β+ /0.5 /1.954 EC/99.5 /

46. s

I.T./0.0242

0+ 1/2-

32.02 d

EC/0.909

7/2+

4.19 d

β- /0.470

0+ 1/20+ 5/20+ 7/2-

11.4 s

I.T./1.051

175.942572

1026 y 6.41 s

β-βI.T./0.3315

Yb

176.945261

1.9 h

β- /1.399

1.40

9/2+

178

Yb

177.94665

1.23 h

β- /0.65

0.25/

0+

Yb Yb 181 Yb

178.9502 179.9523 180.9562

8. m 2. m

β- /2.4 β-

163

164

165

166

167

Yb Yb

168

169m

0.13(1)

Yb

168.935190

169

Yb Yb 172 Yb 173 Yb 174 Yb 175 Yb 170 171

167.933897

3.04(15) 14.28(57) 21.83(67) 16.13(27) 31.83(92)

169.934762 170.936326 171.936382 172.938211 173.938862 174.941277

Yb

176m

Yb Yb

176

177m

177

179 180

Lu

71

487_S11.indb 146

12.76(41)

1.4/

Spin (h/2 π) 3/2-

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) -0.37

+1.24

+0.48

+2.48

+0.62

+2.70

0+

1.58/

(5/2-)

0+

0.639/

0.466/73 0.071/21 0.353/6.2

5/2-

(8-)

0+ 1/2-

0+

-0.63

+3.5

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1635 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0636 0.8603 (0.06 –1.9) Tm k x-ray 0.0914 0.6752 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0801 1.0903 Tm k x-ray 0.0828 0.1844 0.7789 1.2734 2.0524 Tm k x-ray 0.06296 0.10616 0.11337 0.17633 Yb L x-ray 0.0242 0.1979/35.9 0.3078/10.05 0.0207–0.2611

+0.49367 -0.67989 0.77

+2.80 Lu k x-ray 0.3963/13 (0.114–0.28) Yb k x-ray 0.0961 0.1901 0.2929 0.3897 Yb k x-ray 0.1131 0.2084 Lu k x-ray 0.1504 0.1415 0.3246 0.3516 0.3815 0.6125 0.1028–0.4423

174.967(1)

4/17/06 11:00:25 AM


154.95432

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 0.045 ms 43. ms 16 μs 0.08 s 0.7 s 0.9 s 1.0 s 2.6 ms 0.07 s

155.9530

0.20 s ~ 0.5 s

Lu Lu

156.95010

~ 9.6 s 4.8 s

Lu

157.94931

10.4 s

Lu

158.94663

12.3 s

β+, EC/6.0

Lu

159.9460

36.1 s

β+, EC/7.3

Lu

160.94357

1.2 m

β+, EC/5.3

Lu Lu

161.9433

~ 1.5 m 1.37 m

EC/ β+, EC/6.9

Lu

162.94118

4.1 m

β+, EC/4.6

Lu

163.94134

3.14 m

β+, EC/6.3

1.6/ 3.8/

Lu

164.93941

10.7 m

β+, EC/3.9

2.06/

2.1 m

β+ /35 / EC/65 /

Lu Lu 151m Lu 151 Lu 152 Lu 153 Lu 154 Lu 155m Lu 155 Lu 150m 150

Lu 156 Lu



149.973 150.9676 151.9641 152.9588 153.9575

156m

157m 157

158

159

160

161

162m 162

163

164

165

Lu

166m2

487_S11.indb 147

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) p/1.29 p p/1.31 p/1.231

β+, EC/10.8 α/7.41 EC/8.0 α/ α/ β+, EC/9.5 α/ α β+, EC/94 /6.93 α/ β+, EC/99 /8.0 α/


Spin (h/2 π)

5.66/90 5.57/



ann.rad./

5.45/ 4.925/

ann.rad./

5.00/ 4.67/

41-

1/2+

(0-)

ann.rad./ 0.3682 0.4770 ann.rad./ 0.1505 0.1875 0.3693 ann.rad./ 0.2434 0.3957 0.5773 ann.rad./ 0.0437 0.0671 0.1003 0.1108 0.1562 0.2562 ann.rad./ 0.1666 0.6314 ann.rad./ 0.0539 0.0581 0.1504 0.1631 0.3717 0.1238 0.2621 0.7404 0.8639 0.8804 ann.rad./ 0.1206 0.1324 0.1742 0.2036 (0.04–2.0) ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 1.0673 1.2566 2.0986

4/17/06 11:00:26 AM


11-148 Elem. or Isot. Lu

166m1




Spin (h/2 π) (3-)

Lu

165.93986

2.8 m

β+ /25 /5.5 EC/75 /

Lu

166.93827

52. m

β+ /2 /3.1 EC/98 /

6.7 m

β+ /12 / EC/88 / IT/ 0.2 μs 2. s 0.9 s 25. ms 0.11 s 2.9 s

0+

Hf

158.95400

5.6 s

Hf

159.95068

~ 12. s

Hf Hf

160.95028 161.94721

17. s 38. s

EC, β+/~ 6.7 EC, β+/8. α/ α/ EC/54 /5.1 α/46 / β+, EC/88 /6.9 α/12 / β+, EC/97 /4.9 α/4.78 α/ β+, EC/3.7

Hf

162.94709

40. s

β+, EC/5.5

178

179

180

181

182

183 184

153 154

159

160

161 162

163

487_S11.indb 149

(7/2+)

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) 1.9 Yb k x-ray 0.07664 1.2419 +2.2327 +3.49 +0.318 -1.47 Hf k x-ray 0.088372 +3.169 +4.92 Hf k x-ray 0.20187 0.30691 0.089 2.33 5.4 Lu k x-ray Hf k x-ray 0.11295 0.20836 0.37850 0.41853 +2.239 +3.39 0.11295 0.20836 0.2166 0.3317 Hf k x-ray 0.0932 1.3099 1.3408 (0.09–1.7) 0.2143 0.3377 0.40795/50. (0.07–1.9) 0.0458 0.2059 0.5749 0.0978 0.7208 0.8182

0+

5.27/ 5.09/

4.60/

0+ ann.rad./ 0+

ann.rad./

0+

ann.rad./ 0.1739 0.1963 0.4101 ann.rad./ 0.0454 0.0621 0.0710

4/17/06 11:00:29 AM








Spin (h/2 π)

Hf Hf 166 Hf

163.94438 164.94457 165.94218

2.8 m 1.32 m 6.8 m

EC, β+/3.0 EC/4.6 EC/93 /2.3 β+ /7 /

0+ 11/20+

Hf

166.94260

2.0 m

β+ /40 /4.0 EC/60 /

(5/2-)

Hf

167.94057

25.9 m

β+, EC/1.8

0+

Hf

168.94126

3.25 m

EC/85 /3.3 β+ /15 /

(5/2-)

Hf

169.93961

16.0 h

EC/1.1

0+

Hf Hf

170.94049

30. s 12.2 h

EC, β+ /2.4

(1/2-) 7/2+

Hf

171.93945

1.87 y

EC/0.35

0+

Hf

172.94051

23.6 h

EC/1.6

½-

2.0 × 1015 y 71. d

EC/0.686

0+ 5/2-

51.4 m

I.T./2.740

0+ 37/2-

1.1 s

I.T./

23/2+

31. y

I.T./

7/216+

4.0 s

I.T./

8-

164 165

167

168

169

170

171m 171

172

173

Hf Hf

0.16(1)

173.940046 174.941509

Hf Hf

5.26(7)

175.941409

174 175

176

177m2

Hf

177m1

Hf Hf

177

178m2

Hf

178m1

487_S11.indb 150

18.60(9)

176.943221



ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.0788 ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.1754 0.3152 ann.rad./ (0.0144–1.311) ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.3695 0.4929 Lu k x-ray 0.0985 0.1202 0.1647 0.5729 0.6207

+0.53 -0.67

+3.46

ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.1221 0.6620 1.0714 Lu k x-ray 0.02399 0.12582 (0.0818–0.123) Lu k x-ray 0.12367 0.13963 0.29697 0.31124 (0.1–2.1)

-0.60

+2.7

Lu k x-ray 0.08936 0.34340

+0.7935 +8.16

+0.337 +6.00

Hf k x-ray 0.2140 0.2951 0.3115 0.3267 Hf k x-ray 0.20836 0.22847 0.37851 Hf k x-ray 0.32555 0.42635 0.089–0.574 Hf k x-ray 0.21342 0.32555

4/17/06 11:00:30 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Hf Hf

178

179m2



177.943699

Hf

179m1

Hf Hf

179

180m

Hf Hf 181 Hf 180

181m

13.62(2)

178.945816

35.08(16)

179.946550 180.949101

Hf

182m




Spin (h/2 π)

25.1 d

I.T./1.1057

0+ 25/2-

18.7 s

I.T./0.375

½-

5.52 h

I.T./1.1416

9/2+ 8-

1.5 ms 42.4 d

/1.738 β- /1.027

0.408/

0+ 25/21/2-

62. m

β- /54 /1.60 IT/46 /1.173

0.49/43 0.95/10

8-

Hf

181.95055

8.9 × 106 y

β- /0.37

Hf

182.95353

1.07 h

β- /2.01

1.18/68 1.54/25

3/2-

184

Hf

183.95545

4.1 h

β- /1.34

0.74/38 0.85/16 1.10/46

0+

Hf Hf 187 Hf 188 Hf

184.9588 185.9609 186.9646 187.967

~ 3.5 m ~ 2.6 m > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /

p/1.77 β+ /~ 11.6 p/ α/ p/ α/

182

183

185 186

Ta

180.94788(2)

Ta Ta

154.975 155.9723

12 μs 0.11 s

Ta

156.9682

10 ms

Ta

157.9667

37. ms

Ta

158.96302

0.6 s

Ta

159.9615

1.4 s

Ta

160.9584

3.16 s

Ta

161.9573

4. s

73

155 156

157

158

159

160

161

162

487_S11.indb 151

0+

0+



7.4

Hf k x-ray 0.1227 0.1461 0.3626 0.4537 Hf k x-ray 0.1607 0.2141

-0.641 +9.

+3.79 +4.6

Hf k x-ray 0.2152 0.3323 0.4432

Ta k x-ray 0.13294/54 0.48200/100 0.3459/20 Hf k x-ray 0.0509 0.2244 0.3441 0.4558 0.5066 0.9428 Ta k x-ray 0.2704/79 (0.098-0.270) Ta k x-ray 0.0732 0.4591 0.7837 Ta k x-ray 0.0414 0.1391 0.3449 0.165 0.738

0+

β+, EC/20 /8.5 α/80 / β+, EC/10.1 α β+, EC/7.5 α/ EC/8.6

1.02/~ 100 6.117 0.927/3.4 6.05/100 5.97/100 α/5.52/34 5.60/55 5.41/ 5.15

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./

4/17/06 11:00:32 AM


11-152 Elem. or Isot. Ta Ta

163 164


Atomic Mass or Weight 162.95433 163.95353


4.62/

Spin (h/2 π)

164.95077 165.95051

31. s 34. s

ECβ+/5.9 β+ /82 /7.7 EC/18 /

Ta Ta

166.94809 167.94805

1.4 m 2.4 m

β+, EC/5.6 β+ /77 /6.7 EC/23 /

Ta

168.94601

4.9 m

β+, EC/4.4

Ta

169.94618

6.8 m

β +/70 /6.0 EC/35 /

(3+)

Ta

170.94448

23.3 m

β+, EC/3.7

(5/2-)

Ta

171.94490

36.8 m

β+ /25 /4.9 EC/75 /

(3-)

Ta

172.94375

3.6 h

β+ /24 /3.7 EC/76 /

(5/2-)

Ta

173.94445

1.12 h

β+ /27 /3.8 EC/73 /

(3+)

Ta

174.94374

10.5 h

EC/2.0

7/2+

Ta

175.94486

8.1 h

EC/3.1

1-

Ta

176.944472

2.356 d

EC/1.166

7/2+

2.4 h

EC/

(7-)

9.29 m

EC/99 /1.9 β+ /1 /

1+

166

167 168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

Ta

178m

Ta

178

177.94578


3+

Ta Ta

165

487_S11.indb 152

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 10.6 s EC/6.8 14.2 s β+ /8.5 α/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.2110 0.3768

3+

1.70

-1.9

2.27

+3.7

2.25

+2.74

+0.65

ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1587 0.3117 0.8101 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1239 0.2615 0.7502 ann.rad./ 0.0288 0.1535 0.1924 ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1008 0.2212 0.0496 0.5018 0.5064 (0.05–1.02) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.21396 1.10923 (0.09 –3.8) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.06972 0.17219 (0.06 –2.7) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.09089 0.20638 (0.09–3.64) Hf k x-ray 0.2077 0.2671 0.3487 Hf k x-ray 0.08837 1.15735 Hf k x-ray 0.11295 (0.07–1.06) Hf k x-ray 0.08886 0.21342 0.32555 0.42635 ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:33 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Ta Ta 180 Ta


179

180m

Ta Ta

181

182m

0.0120(2)

99.9880(2)


178.945930 179.947465

180.947996

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 1.8 y >1.2 × 1015 y 8.15 h



EC/0.110 EC/87 /0.854 β- /13 /0.708

15.8 m

I.T./0.5198

0.61/3 0.71/10

Spin (h/2 π)


7/2+ (9-) 1+

2.29 4.82

3.37

7/2+ 10-

+2.370

+3.3

+2.6

Ta

181.950152

114.43 d

β- /1.814

0.25/30 0.44/20 0.52/40

3-

+3.02

Ta

182.951373

5.1 d

β- /1.070

0.45/5 0.62/91

7/2+

+2.36

Ta

183.95401

8.7 h

β- /2.87

1.11/15 1.17/81

(5-)

Ta

184.95556

49. m

β- /1.99

1.21/5 1.77/81

(7/2+)

186

Ta

185.9586

10.5 m

β- /3.9

2.2/

(3-)

Ta Ta 189 Ta

186.9605 187.9637 188.9658

> 0.3 μs 5 μs > 0.3 μs

W

183.84(1)

W W 159 W 160 W 161 W

157.975 158.9729 159.9685 160.9674

0.14 ms 1.3 ms 7. ms 0.08 s 0.41 s

W

161.9635

1.39 s

163

W

162.9625

2.8 s

164

W

163.95895

6. s

W

164.95828

5.1 s

W

165.95503

16. s

W W

166.95482 167.95181

20. s 53. s

182

183

184

185

187 188

74

158m 158

162

165

166

167 168

487_S11.indb 153

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.09316 Hf k x-ray Hf k x-ray W k x-ray 0.09333 0.10340 Ta k x-ray 0.14678 0.17157 W k x-ray 1.12127/100 1.22138/79 0.085–1.289 W k x-ray 0.0847 0.0991 0.1079 0.2461 0.3540 W k x-ray 0.2528/44. 0.4140/74. (0.09–1.4) W k x-ray 0.0697 0.1739 0.1776 W k x-ray 0.1979 0.2149 0.5106 (0.09–1.5) 0.292

α α/ α/ α/ β+, EC/18 /8.1 α/82 / β+, EC/54 /5.8 α/46 / β+, EC/59 /7.5 α/41 / β+, EC/97 /5.0 α/3 / β+, EC/99 /7.0 α/1 / β+, EC/99 /4.2 α/1 / EC/5.6 EC/3.8 α/10-5/

8.28(3)/ 6.433/96

0+

5.92/

0+

5.78/ 5.54/ 5.38/ 5.15/ 4.91/ 4.74/

4.40(1)

0+

0+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./

0+

ann.rad./

0+

ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.1755

4/17/06 11:00:35 AM








Spin (h/2 π)

169

W

168.95178

1.3 m

EC/5.4

170

W

169.94923

2.4 m

EC/2.2

171

W

170.94945

2.4 m

EC/4.6

172

W

171.94729

6.6 m

β+, EC/2.5

173

W

172.94769

6.3 m

EC/4.0

174

W

173.94608

35. m

EC/1.9

0+

175

W W

174.94672 175.94563

35. m 2.5 h

EC/2.9 β+, EC/0.8

½0+

177

W

176.94664

2.21 h

EC/2.0

(1/2-)

178

W W

177.94588

21.6 d 6.4 m

0+ (1/2-)

179

W

178.94707

38. m

EC/0.091 IT/99.7/0.222 EC/0.3/ EC/1.06

180

W W

0.12(1)

179.946704 180.948197

1.8 × 1018 y 121.1 d

α/ EC/0.188

0+ 9/2+

W W

26.50(16)

181.948204

> 7.7 × 1021 y 5.15 s

α/ I.T./

0+ (11/2+)

14.31(4) 30.64(2)

182.950223 183.950931

> 4.1 × 1021 y > 8.9 × 1021 y 1.6 m

α/ α/ I.T./0.1974

½0+ 11/2+

28.43(19)

184.953419 185.954364

74.8 d > 8.2 × 1021 y 1.6 μs 23.9 h

β- /0.433 α/ IT β- /1.311

176

179m

181

182

183m

W W 185m W 183 184

W W 187m W 187 W 185 186

487_S11.indb 154

186.957161


0+

0+

(7/2-)

0.433/99.9 0.411 0.624/66

3/20+ 11/2+ 3/2-

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.037–0.573) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.123 (0.097–0.699) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.3162 (0.060–0.144) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.1842 (0.052–0.479) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.0389 (0.034–0.674) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.4576 (0.035–0.623) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.3287 0.4288 (0.056–0.429) (0.015–0.27) 0.03358 0.06129 0.09487 0.10020 Ta k x-ray 0.15505 0.18569 0.42694 Ta k x-ray W k x-ray 0.2220 Ta k x-ray 0.0307 Ta k x-ray 0.13617 0.15221

+0.1177848

W k x-ray 0.0465 0.0526 0.0991 0.1605

W k x-ray 0.0659 0.1315 0.1737 0.12536

0.62

(0.014-0.287) Re k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:36 AM






Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.315/16 0.081–1.18 0.349/99

Spin (h/2 π)

188

W

187.958489

69.78 d

β- /0.349

189

W

188.9619

9.7 m

β- /2.5

(3/2-)

W W

189.9632

~ 0.06 ms 30. m

1.4/ 2.5/

β- /1.3

0.95/

0+

W W

190.9666 191.968

> 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

Re

186.207(1)

Re

159.9821

0.7 ms

Re

160.9776

14 ms

Re

161.9760

0.10 s

Re

162.97208

0.26 s

Re

163.9703

0.9 s

Re 165 Re

164.96709

~ 2.37 s 2.6 s

Re

165.9658

2.5 s

Re 167 Re

166.9626

6.2 s 3.4 s

Re

167.96157

4.4 s

190m 190

191 192

75

160

161

162

163

164

165m

166

167m

168

Re

169m

8.1 s

β+, EC/9.0 α/ β+, EC/10.7 α/ α/ β+, EC/87 /8.1 α/ β+, EC/9.4 α/ α, EC/ β+, EC/7.4 α/ β+, EC/9.1 α/ α

16. s 9.2 s

β+, EC/9.0

Re Re

170.95572

15.2 s 55. s

EC/~ 5.7 β+, EC/

Re

171.9554

15. s

β+, EC/7.3

Re Re

172.95324 173.95312

2.0 m 2.4 m

EC/~ 3.9 β+, EC/5.6

Re Re

174.95138 175.95162

5.8 m 5.3 m

β+, EC/4.3 β+, EC/5.6

Re

176.95033

14. m

EC/78 /3.4 β+ /22 /

171

172m

172

173 174

175 176

177

487_S11.indb 155

p/ α/ α/ p α/

168.95879 169.95822

170

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.68572/33 0.134–0.773 0.0636 0.2271 0.2907 0.2604 (0.1262-1.466) (0.0585-0.694) Re k x-ray 0.1576 0.1621

0+

Re Re

169

0+


1.261(6)/91 6.54/ 6.24 1.35 6.12/94 6.09/94 α/5.87/32 5.92/66 5.78/ 5.502/ 5.49/ < 5. 5.50/

5.015/ 0.1117

4.833/ 4.70/ 4.87/

0.1560 0.3055 0.4125 (2)

(3+)

(5/2-)

ann.rad./ 0.1234 0.2537 0.3504 ann.rad./ 0.1234 0.2537 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1119 0.2430 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1089 0.2406 ann.rad./ W k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:38 AM





Re

177.95099

13.2 m

Re Re

178.94999

0.47 ms 19.7 m

Re

179.95079

Re

180.95007

178

179m 179

180

181

Re

182m



Spin (h/2 π)


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0797 0.0843 0.1968 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.1059 0.2373 0.9391 W k x-ray 0.1199 0.2900 0.4154 0.4302 1.6803 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.1036 0.9028 (0.07–2.2) W k x-ray 0.3607 0.3655 0.6390 W k x-ray 0.0677 1.1214 1.2215 (0.06–2.2) W k x-ray 0.0678 0.2293 1.1213 1.2214 W k x-ray 0.16232 Re k x-ray 0.1047 0.2165 0.92093 (0.10–1.1) W k x-ray 0.79207 0.90328 (0.1–1.4)

β+ /11 /4.7 EC/89 /

3.3/

(3+)

EC/99 /2.71 β+ /1 /

0.95/

(5/2+)

2.8

2.45 m

EC/92 /3.80 β+ /8 /

1.76/

1-

1.6

20. h

EC /1.74

5/2+

3.19

12.7 h

EC/

2+

3.3

+1.8

0.55/ 1.74/

Re

181.9512

2.67 d

EC/2.8

(7+)

2.8

+4.1

Re

182.95082

70. d

EC/0.56

(5/2+)

+3.17

+2.3

165. d

I.T./75 /0.188 EC/25 /

8+

+2.9

38. d

EC/1.48

3-

+2.53

+2.8

2.0 × 105 y

I.T./0.150

5/2+ 8+

+3.1871

+2.18

185.954986

3.718 d

β- /92 /1.070 EC/8 /0.582

0.973/21 1.07/71

1-

+1.739

+0.62

186.955753

4.2 × 1010 y 18.6 m

β- /0.00266 I.T./0.172

0.0025/

5/2+ (6-)

+3.2197

+2.07

Re

187.958114

17.00 h

β- /2.120

1.962/20 2.118/79

1-

+1.788

+0.57

Re

188.95923

24. h

β- /1.01

1.01/

(5/2+)

182

183

Re

184m

Re

183.952521

184

Re Re

185

186m

37.40(2)

Re

186

Re Re

187

188m

188

189

487_S11.indb 156


62.60(2)

184.952955

Re k x-ray 0.0590 W k x-ray 0.1227/0.6 0.1372/9.5 (0.63–0.77) Re k x-ray 0.0925 0.1059 Os k x-ray 0.15502 0.309–2.022 0.1471

4/17/06 11:00:43 AM




Re

190m



3.0 h

β- /51 / I.T./49 /


Spin (h/2 π)

(6-)

190

Re

189.9618

3.0 m

β- /3.2

1.8/

Re Re 192 Re 193m Re 193 Re 194 Re

190.96313

9.7 m ~ 0.12 ms 16. s ~ 0.08 ms > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /2.05

1.8/

β- /4.2

~ 2.5/

76

Os

190.23(3)

Os Os 164 Os 165 Os 166 Os

161.984 162.9827 163.9780 164.9768 165.97269

1.8 ms 5.5 ms 0.04 s 0.07 s 0.18 s

6.60 6.51

Os

166.9716

0.7 s

Os

167.96780

2.2 s

Os

168.96702

3.3 s

α/ α/ α α β+, EC/28 /6.3 α/72 / β+, EC/76 /8.2 α/24 / β+, EC/51 /5.7 α/49 / β+, EC/89 /7.7 α/13 /

Os

169.96358

7.1 s

Os

170.96319

8.4 s

Os

171.96002

19. s

Os

172.95981

16. s

Os

173.95706

44. s

Os

174.95695

1.4 m

β+, EC/5.3

Os

175.95481

3.6 m

β+, EC/3.2

0+

Os

176.95497

2.8 m

β+, EC/4.5

(1/2-)

Os

177.95325

5.0 m

β+, EC/2.3

0+

191

192m

162 163

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

487_S11.indb 157

191.9660 192.9675 193.9704

β+, EC/5.0 α/ β+, EC/98 /7.1 α/19 / β+, EC/99 /4.5 α/1.1/ β+, EC/6.3 α/0.4 / β+, EC/3.9 α/0.02 /

6.27/ 5.98/ 5.84/

5.57/80 5.51/12 5.54/8 5.40/ α/5.24/93.5 5.17/6.5 5.10/ 4.94/ 4.76/

(2-)


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2167 0.2194 0.2451 Re k x-ray 0.1191 0.2238 0.6731 (0.1–1.79) Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.5580 0.6051 (0.0606-0.146) (0.2–0.75) (0.061-0.146)

0+ 0+ 0+

ann. rad./ ann.rad./

0+

ann. rad./ ann.rad./

0+

0+

0+

ann.rad./ (0.162–0.216) ann.rad./ 0.190–0.705 ann.rad./ (0.063–1.120) ann.rad./ 0.142–0.299 0.118 0.138 / 0.001 0.158 0.325 0.125 0.181 0.248 0.8155 0.7758 0.8573 1.2093 1.2909 0.0848 0.1958 0.3002 1.2686 ann.rad./ 0.5946

4/17/06 11:00:45 AM







Spin (h/2 π)

Os

178.95382

7. m

β+, EC/3.7

Os

179.95238

21.5 m

β+, EC/1.5

0+

1.75 h

EC/

(1/2-)

179

180

Os

181m

Os

180.95324

2.7 m

EC/2.9

(7/2-)

Os

181.95211

21.5 h

EC/0.9

0+

9.9 h

EC/84 / I.T./16 /

½-

182.95313

13. h

EC/2.1

9/2+

93.6 d

EC/1.013

0+ ½-

2. × 1015 y

α/

5.8 h

I.T./0.0308

0+ ½0+ 9/2-

9.9 m

I.T./1.705

3/2+ 10-

13.1 h

I.T./0.0744

0+ 3/2-

15.4 d

β- /0.314

6.0 s

I.T./2.0154

191.961481 192.964152

30.5 h

β- /1.141

1.04/20

Os

193.965182

6.0 y

β- /0.097

Os Os

194.968 195.96964

6.5 m 34.9 m

β- /2.0 β- /1.16

0.054/33 0.096/67 2.0/ 0.84/

181

182

Os

183m

Os

183

Os Os

0.02(1)

183.952489 184.954042

Os Os 188 Os 189m Os

1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8)

185.953838 186.955750 187.955838

Os Os

16.15(5)

188.958148

Os Os

26.26(2)

189.958447

184 185

186 187

189

190m

190

191m

Os

190.960930

191

Os

192m

Os Os

192 193

194

195 196

487_S11.indb 158


40.78(19)

~ 2.75/

0.140/100


-0.79

+3.1

Re k x-ray 0.6461 0.8748 0.8805 +0.0646519

+0.65993 -0.6

9/2-

+0.86

+2.5

(10-)

0+ 3/2-

0+

0+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6850 0.9687 1.3311 ann.rad./ 0.0654 0.2186 0.5938 Re k x-ray 0.0202–0.7174 ann.rad./ 0.0489 ann.rad./ 0.11794 0.23868 0.8267 (0.07–2.64) Re k x-ray 0.1802 0.5100 Os k x-ray Re k x-ray 1.1020 1.1080 Re k x-ray 0.1144 0.3818

+0.730

+0.47

Os L x-ray 0.0308 Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.3611 0.5026 0.6161 Os k x-ray 0.0744 Ir k x-ray 0.1294 Os k x-ray 0.2058/65.9 0.5692/70 (0.201–1.000) Ir k x-ray 0.1389 0.4605 Ir L x-ray 0.0429 0.1262/5 0.4079/5.9

4/17/06 11:00:47 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Os

197



Ir

192.217(3)

Ir Ir

163.9922 164.9875

77

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 2.8 m β-

167

Ir

166.98167

32. ms

Ir Ir 169 Ir 170 Ir 171 Ir 172 Ir

167.9799 168.97630 169.9750 170.97163 171.9705

0.16 s 280. ms 353. ms 0.43 s 1.3 s 2.1 s

p p/87 α/13 α/98.2 p/1.8 α/93 p/6.9 α/48, β+ p/32 α/80, β+ p/0.4 α/82 α/ α/ α/ α/ α/

Ir

172.96750

3.0 s

α/

5.665/

Ir

173.96686

4. s

α/

5.478/

Ir Ir

174.96411 175.96365

~ 4.5 s 8. s

5.393/

Ir

176.96130

30. s

Ir

177.96108

12. s

α/ EC, β+/80 α/3.2/ EC, β+/5.7 α/0.06/ β+, EC/6.3

Ir

178.95912

4. m

EC/4.9

Ir

179.95923

1.5 m

EC/6.4

Ir

180.95763

4.9 m

β+, EC/4.1

Ir

181.95808

15. m

β+ /44 /5.6 EC/56 /

Ir

182.95685

57. m

β+, EC/3.5

Ir

183.95748

3.0 h

β+ /12 /4.6 EC/88 /

Ir

184.95670

14. h

β+ /3 /2.4 EC/97 /

164 165

Ir

14.3 ms

166m

Ir

166

165.9858

Ir

169m

173

174

175 176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

487_S11.indb 159

0.010 s 26. ms

167m

168

0.06 ms 0.3 ms


Spin (h/2 π)


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2239 (0.0412-0.406)

1.78 1.71 6.72 6.545 1.32 6.56 1.15 6.39/90 1.25/0.42 6.35/48 1.06/39.3 6.12/59 5.99/42 6.03/ 5.91/ 5.811/

0.228 (0.379–0.475) 0.0493 (0.092–0.296) 0.1587 (0.276–1.33) 0.1056 0.260 (0.135–0.415) 0.184 (0.062–0.194)

5.118/ 5.011/

(7/2+)

2.3/ 2.9/

5-

0.70

+2.41

(5/2-)

2.60

-2.1

0.1320 0.2667 0.3633 0.0975 (0.045–0.220) 0.2765 ((0.132–1.106) ann.rad./ 0.1076 (0.0196–1.715) ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.1273 0.2370 ann.rad./ 0.0877 0.2285 0.2824 ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.11968 0.2640 0.3904 ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.2543 1.8288

4/17/06 11:00:48 AM



Ir

185.95795

15.7 h

EC/98 /3.83 β+ /2 /

(5+)

Ir

186.95736

10.5 h

EC/1.50

3/2+

Ir

187.95885

1.72 d

β+ /2.81 EC/99+ /

Ir

188.95872

13.2 d

EC/0.53

3/2+

3.09 h

(11-)

1.12 h 11.8 d

β+, EC/95 / I.T./5 / I.T. /0.0263 EC/2.0

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) 0.64 +1.46 Os k x-ray 0.1371 0.7675 3.9 -2.55 Os k x-ray 0.1372 0.2968 0.4348 (0.13–3.0) +0.94 Os k x-ray 0.0743 0.4009 0.4271 0.6109 0.9128 0.30 +0.48 Os k x-ray 0.1550 0.4780 0.6330 2.2146 0.13 +0.88 Os k x-ray 0.2449 0.376

7+ (4+)

0.04

4.93 s

I.T./0.1714

11/2-

+0.603

241. y 1.44 m

I.T./0.161 I.T./0.0580

3/2+ (9+) (1+)

+0.151

+0.82

73.83 d

β- /1.460

(4-)

+1.92

+2.15

10.53 d

I.T./0.0802

11/2-

170. d

β- /

3/2+ 11

+0.164

+0.75

19.3 h

β-/2.247

1.92/9 2.25/86

1-

+0.39

+0.34

3.9 h

β- /

0.41/ 0.97/

(11/2-)

2.8 h

β- /1.120

(3/2+)

1.40 h

β-/

1.0/80 1.11/13 1.16/

Ir

186m


186

187

188

189


Ir

190m2

Ir

190m1

Ir

190

189.960546

Ir

191m

Ir

191

Ir 192m1 Ir 192m2

37.3(2)

Ir

190.960594

191.962605

192

Ir

193m

Ir Ir

193

194m

Ir

194

62.7(2)

192.962926

193.965078

Ir

195m

Ir

195

Ir

196m

487_S11.indb 160

194.965980

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 1.7 h EC /


1.13/ 1.64/

Spin (h/2 π) (2-)

(2-)

+2.8

Ir L x-ray Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.4072 0.5186 0.5580 0.6051 (0.2–1.4) Ir k x-ray 0.1294 Ir k x-ray Ir L x-ray 0.0580 0.3165 Pt k x-ray 0.31649/83. 0.46806/48. Ir L x-ray 0.0803 Pt k x-ray 0.3284 0.4829 0.5624 0.2935 0.3284 0.6451 (0.1–2.2) Pt k x-ray 0.3199/9.6 0.3649/9.5 0.4329/9.6 0.6849/9.6 Pt k x-ray 0.0989/9.7 Pt k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:50 AM


Ir

196



195.96840

Ir



52. s

β- /3.21

8.9 m

Ir

196.96965

5.8 m

β- / I.T./ β- /2.16

Ir

197.9723

8. s

β- /4.1

Ir

198.97380

78

Pt

195.084(9)

Pt Pt 168 Pt

165.995 166.930 167.9882

0.3 ms 0.9 ms 2.1 ms

Pt Pt

168.9867 169.98250

Pt

197m

2.1/15 3.2/80

Spin (h/2 π)

(11/2-) (3/2+)

α/ α/ α

7.11/ 6.98/ 6.82

0+

7.0 ms 14.0 ms

α α

6.69 6.55

170.9812

0.05 s

α

6.45

Pt Pt

171.97735 172.9764

0.10 s 0.36 s

Pt

173.97282

0.89 s

6.31/94 6.23 6.20/

Pt

174.97242

2.5 s

α/ β+, EC/8.2 α/ β+, EC/17 /5.6 α/83 / β+, EC/65 /7.6 α/35 /

Pt

175.96895

6.3 s

β+, EC/60 /5.1 α/40 /

Pt

176.96847

11. s

EC/91 /6.8 α/9 /

Pt

177.96565

21. s

EC/93 /4.5 α/7 /

Pt

178.96536

33. s

Pt

179.96303

52. s

Pt Pt

180.96310 181.96117

51. s 2.7 m

β+, EC/5.7 α/ 5.16/ β+, EC/99.7 /3.7 0+ 5.140/ α/0.3 / β+, EC/5.2 β+, EC/2.9

198

199

166 167

169 170

171

172 173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181 182

Pt

183m

43. s

β+, EC/ I.T./


0-

1.5/ 2.0/

197

487_S11.indb 161


6.040/ 5.831/5 5.96/54 6.038/ 5.528/0.6 5.750/41 5.53/ 5.485/3 5.525/6 5.286/0.2 5.442/7

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3557 0.3935 0.4471 0.5214 0.6473 0.3329 0.3557 0.7796 0.3465 see Ir[197] 0.0531 0.1351 0.4306 0.4697 0.4074 0.5070

0+

0.582/69 0.594/69 0.725/62

0+

0.509/100 0.662/86 0.214–0.726 0.4450 (0.1564-1.208)

0+

0+ 0.0774 0.1354 0.2128 0+

ann.rad./ 0.2277 0.0908

0+

+0.43

0+

(7/2-)

+0.48

+0.78

+3.4

ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.1460 0.2100 ann.rad./ 0.3132/26

4/17/06 11:00:51 AM







Spin (h/2 π)

Pt

182.96160

7. m

β+, EC/4.6

Pt

183.95992

17.3 m

β+, EC/2.3

0+

Pt Pt

184.96062

33. m 1.18 h

β+, EC/ β+, EC/3.8

½(9/2+)

Pt

185.95935

2.0 h

β+, EC/1.38

0+

Pt

186.96059

2.35 h

β+, EC/3.1

3/2-

Pt

187.95940

10.2 d

EC/0.51

0+

Pt

188.96083

10.9 h

β+, EC/1.97

4.5 × 1011 y 2.86 d

183

184

185m 185

186

187

188

189

Pt Pt

0.014(1)

189.95993 190.961677

Pt Pt

0.782(7)

191.961038

32.967(99)

192.962988 193.962680

33.832(10) 25.242(41)

194.964791 195.964952

190 191

192

193m

Pt Pt 195m Pt 193 194

Pt Pt 197m Pt 195 196

Pt

196.967340

197

Pt Pt

198

199m

Pt

199

487_S11.indb 162


7.163(55)

197.967893

198.970593


+0.50

+0.5 -0.75

+3.7

-0.41

-1.1

3/2-

-0.43

-1.2

EC/1.02

0+ (3/2-)

-0.50

-0.9

4.33 d

I.T./0.1498

0+ 13/2+

-0.75

60. y

EC/0.0566

4.01 d

I.T./0.2952

(1/2-) 0+ 13/2+

+0.60

1/20+ 13/2+

+0.6095

0.51

1.590 h

I.T./97 / β- /3 /

19.9 h

β- /0.719

1/2-

13.6 s

I.T./0.424

0+ 13/2+

30.8 m

β- /1.70

0.90/18

(5/2-)

-0.61

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3164/59 0.6296/100 0.058–1.75 ann.rad./ 0.119/100 0.307/93 0.260/90 0.058–1.377 ann.rad./ 0.1549 0.1919 0.5484 ann.rad./ 0.1353 0.1974 0.2296 0.2551 ann.rad./ 0.6115 0.6892 ann.rad./ Ir k x-ray 0.1064 0.1100 0.2015 0.2849 0.7092 Ir k x-ray 0.1876 0.1951 Ir k x-ray 0.0943 0.6076 0.7214 (0.09–1.47) Ir k x-ray 0.3599 0.4094 0.5389 Pt k x-ray 0.1355 Ir k x-rays

+1.4

Pt k x-ray 0.0989

Pt k x-ray 0.0530 0.3465 Au k x-ray 0.1914 0.2688 Pt k x-ray 0.3919 0.3170/3.88

4/17/06 11:00:53 AM






Spin (h/2 π)

Pt

199.971441

12.5 h

β- /~ 0.66

0+

Pt

200.97451

2.5 m

β- /2.66

(5/2-)

Pt Pt

201.9757

0.3 ms 1.8 d

Au

196.966569(4)

200

201

202m 202

79

Au

0.62 ms

170m

Au

170

169.9961

Au

0.30 ms 1.09 ms

171m

p/58 α/42 p/89 α/11 α/66 p/34 p/100

1.74/ 7.11/ 1.46/ 7.00/ 6.995 1.694 1.437 6.86 6.732 6.672 6.54

Au

170.99188

0.022 ms

Au Au 173 Au 174 Au 175 Au 176 Au

171.9900 172.98624 173.9848 174.98127 175.9801

4 ms 15 ms 0.02 s 0.14 s 0.15 s 0.9 s

α/7.02 α/92 α/94 α α β+, EC/10.5 α/

177

Au

176.97687

1.2 s

α/

Au Au 180 Au

177.9760 178.97321 179.97252

2.6 s 7.5 s 8.1 s

α/ α/ EC/8.6 α/

Au

180.97008

11.4 s

Au

181.96962

21. s

EC/97.5/6.3 α/2.7/ β+, EC/6.9 α/0.13/

Au

182.96759

42. s

EC/5.5 α/0.8/

Au Au

183.96745

48 s 21. s

I.T. EC, β+/7.1 α/0.013/ β+, EC/ I.T./0.145 β+, EC/4.71 α/0.26/ β+, EC/ β+, EC/6.0

172

173m

178 179

181

182

183

184m 184

Au

6.8 m

185m

Au

184.96579

4.3 m

Au Au

185.96595

< 2. m 10.7 m

185

186m 186


0+

171

487_S11.indb 163

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.14/14

6.260/80 6.290/20 6.115/ 6.150/ 5.920/ 5.85/ 5.65 5.61 5.50

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.49375/4.47 0.5430/11.7 (0.055–1.293) Au k x-ray 0.13590 0.22747 0.24371 0.070 0.152 0.222 1.760 (0.535-0.719) 0.440

0.1522 0.2564 0.5242 0.6765 0.8084 0.8597

5.482/

+1.97

ann.rad./ 0.1549 0.2649 (0.13–1.4) 0.1630 0.2730 0.3625 0.069(IT)

(2+) (5+)

+1.44 +2.07

+1.9 +4.7

(5/2-)

+2.17

-1.1

ann.rad./

3-

-1.26

+3.1

0.1915 ann.rad./

4/17/06 11:00:55 AM





Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) α/8(10)-4/


Spin (h/2 π)


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1915 0.2988 ann.rad./ 0.9152 1.2668 1.3321 1.4081 ann.rad./ 0.2660 0.3404 0.6061 0.1667 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.4478 0.7133 0.8128 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2958 0.3018 0.5977 Au k x-ray 0.2414 0.2526 Pt k x-ray 0.5864/16 (0.088–1.30) ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2959 0.3165 Au k x-ray 0.2580 Pt k x-ray 0.1862 0.2556 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2935 0.3284/61 Au k x-ray 0.2617 Pt k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.1478 0.1883 0.0847 Pt k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.1302 0.2790

Au Au

186.96457

2.3 s 8.3 m

IT β+, EC/3.60

9/21/2+

+0.54

Au

187.96532

8.8 m

β+, EC/5.3

(1-)

-0.07

Au Au

188.96395

4.6 m 28.7 m

β+, EC/ EC/96 /3.2 β+ /4 /

11/21/2+

+6.19 +0.49

Au

189.96470

43. m

β+ /2 /4.44 EC/98 /

1-

-0.07

0.9 s

I.T./0.2663

(11/2-)

6.6

3/2+

+0.137

+0.72

1-

-0.011

-0.23

187m 187

188

189m 189

190

Au

191m

Au

190.96370

3.2 h

EC/1.83

Au

191.96481

4.9 h

β+ /5 /3.52 EC/95 /

3.9 s

I.T./0.2901

11/2-

6.2

+1.98

3/2+

+0.140

+0.66

1-

+0.076

-0.24

191

192

Au

193m

2.19/ 2.49/

Au

192.96415

17.6 h

EC/1.07

Au

193.96537

1.64 d

β+ /3 /2.49 EC/97 /

30.5 s

I.T./0.3186

11/2-

6.2

+1.9

186.10 d 9.7 h

EC/0.227 I.T./0.5954

3/2+ 12-

+0.149 5.7

+0.61

8.1 s 6.17 d 7.8 s

I.T./0.0846 EC/92 /1.506 I.T./0.4094 β- /8 /0.686

8+ 211/2-

+0.591 +6.0

0.81 +1.7

2.30 d

I.T./0.812

3/2+ (12-)

+0.14575

+0.55

2.695 d

β- /1.372

2-

+0.5934

+0.64

193

194

Au

195m

Au Au

194.965035

195

196m2

Au Au 197m Au 196m1

195.966570

196

Au Au

197

198m

Au

198

487_S11.indb 164


100.

196.966569

197.968242

1.49/

0.290/1 0.961/99

Au k x-ray 0.0972 0.1803 0.2419 Hg k x-ray 0.411794

4/17/06 11:00:57 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Au

199



198.968765

Au

200m

Au

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 3.14 d β- /0.453

18.7 h

β- /84 /1.0 I.T./16 /

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.25/22 0.292/72 0.462/6 0.56/

Spin (h/2 π) 3/2+

12-

200

199.97073

48.4 m

β- /2.24

0.7/15 2.2/77

1-

Au Au 203 Au 204 Au

200.971657 201.9738 202.975155 203.9777

26. m 29. s 1.0 m 40. s

β- /1.28 β- /3.0 β- /2.14 β- /4.5

1.27/82

3/2+ (1-) 3/2+ (2-)

Au

204.9799

31. s

β- /

Hg

200.59(2)

Hg Hg 173 Hg 174 Hg 175 Hg 176 Hg 177m Hg 177 Hg 178 Hg

171.0038 171.9988 172.9972 173.99286 174.9914 175.98736 176.9863 177.98248

0.06 ms 0.3 ms 0.8 ms 1.9 ms 0.02 s 21 ms 1.5 μs 0.13 s 0.26 s

Hg

178.98183

1.05 s

Hg

179.97827

2.6 s

α α α α α α IT α EC/50 /6.1 α/50 / EC/8.0 α/ EC/5.5 α/

Hg

180.97782

3.6 s

β+ EC/76 /~ 7.3 α/24 /

Hg

181.97469

10.8 s

β+, EC/85/5.0 α/15/

Hg

182.97445

9. s

β+, EC/77/6.3 α/

Hg

183.97171

30.9 s

β+, EC/99/4.1 α/1/

21. s

β+, EC, IT, α/

184.97190 185.96936

51. s 1.4 m

186.96981

1.7 m 2.4 m

β+, EC/95/5.8 β+, EC/3.3 α β+, EC/ β+, EC/4.9

201 202

205

80

171 172

179

180

181

182

183

184

Hg

185m

Hg Hg

185 186

Hg 187 Hg 187m

487_S11.indb 165

~ 1.9/

7.49 7.36 7.20 7.07 6.74/94 6.58 6.43/ 6.29/ 6.12/33 5.69/.03

5.87/8.6 5.45/0.03 5.83/ 5.91/ 5.54/1.3 5.07/0.002 5.37/

5.09/0.02

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +0.2715 +0.51 Hg k x-ray 0.15837 0.20820 5.9 Au k x-ray 0.2559/71 0.3680/77 0.4978/73 0.5793/72 0.084–0.904) 0.3679/19 1.2254/10.6 (0.077–1.570) (0.027–0.732) 0.4396 (0.04–0.37) 0.4366 1.5113 (0.38–1.33)

0+ 0+ 0+

0.246

0+

0+

(1/2-)

+0.507

0+

½-

+0.524

0+

13/2+

-1.02

½0+

+0.509

13/2+ 3/2-

-1.04 -0.594

+0.2

+0.5 -0.8

0.1250 0.3005 0.3812 0.0663 0.0811 0.0924 0.1474 0.1587 0.2142 0.2398 0.129/122 0.2176/66 0.0256–0.543 0.0714 0.0874 0.1538 0.1565/102 0.2367/100 0.2384/18 (0.018-0.4227) 0.211 0.292 0.02–0.55 0.1119 0.2518 see Hg187 0.1034/32

4/17/06 11:00:59 AM




Hg


187.96758

188

Hg

189m



Spin (h/2 π)


3.2 m

β+, EC/2.3 α

8.6 m

EC/

13/2+

-1.06

+0.7

-0.6086

-0.8

4.61

0+

Hg

188.96819

7.6 m

EC/4.2

3/2-

Hg

189.96632

20.0 m

EC/1.5

0+

51. m

β+ /6 / EC/94 /

13/2+

-1.07

+0.6

-0.62

-0.8

189

190

Hg

191m

Hg

190.96716

50. m

β+, EC/3.2

(3/2-)

Hg

191.96563

5.0 h

EC/~ 0.5

0+

11.8 h

β+, EC/91 / I.T./9 /0.2901

13/2+

-1.05843

+0.92

191

192

Hg

193m

Hg

192.96667

3.8 h

EC, B+/2.34

3/2-

-0.6276

-0.7

Hg Hg

193.96544

520. y 1.67 d

EC/0.04 I.T./(54)/0.3186 EC/(46)/

0+ 13/2+

-1.04465

+1.1

Hg

194.96672

10.5 h

EC/1.51

1/2-

+0.541475

195.965833

>2.5 × 1018 y 23.8 h

I.T./(93)/0.2989

0+ 13/2+

-1.02768

196.967213

2.69 d

EC/0.600

1/2-

+0.527374

193

194

195m

195

Hg Hg

196

197m

0.15(1)

Hg

197

Hg

198

487_S11.indb 166


9.97(20)

197.9667690

0+

+1.2

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2334/100 0.2403/33 0.27151/31 0.3763/38 0.5254/30 0.10–2.18 0.0988 0.1148 0.1424 0.1900 0.0780 0.3210 0.4345 0.5655 (0.08–2.170) 0.2005 0.2038 0.2386 0.2485 0.1296 0.1426 ann.rad./ Au k x-ray 0.2741 0.4203 0.5787 (0.07–1.9) 0.1963 0.2247 0.2524 Au k x-ray 0.1572 0.2748 0.3065 Hg k x-ray 0.1866 0.2580 0.4076 0.5733 0.9324 (0.1–1.96) 0.1866 0.2580 0.8611 Au L x-rays Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.2617 0.5603 0.7798 Au k x-ray 0.0614 0.7798 Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.13398 Au k x-ray 0.07735

4/17/06 11:01:00 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Hg

199m

Hg Hg 201 Hg 202 Hg 203 Hg



Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 42.7 m I.T./0.532


Spin (h/2 π) 13/2+

16.87(22) 23.10(19) 13.18(9) 29.86(26)

198.9682799 199.9683260 200.970302 201.970643 202.972873

46.61 d

β- /0.492

0.213/100

1/20+ 3/20+ 5/2-

6.87(15)

203.9734939 204.976073

5.2 m

β- /1.531

1.33/4

0+ 1/2-

206

205.97751

8.2 m

β- /1.31

0.935/34 1.3/63

Hg Hg 209 Hg 210 Hg

206.9826 207.9859 208.9910 209.9945

2.9 m 41. m 36 s > 0.3 μs

β- /4.8 βββ-

p p/51 α/49 α/73 p/27 α/

199 200

Hg Hg

204 205

Hg

207 208

Tl

204.3833(2)

Tl Tl

176.0006

5 ms 0.23 ms

Tl

176.99643

0.017 s

Tl

177.9949

0.25 s

81

176

177m

177

178

Tl

1.7 ms

Tl Tl

178.99109 179.9899

0.3 s 1.5 s

α α α α//8

Tl Tl 182 Tl

180.98626 181.9857

1.4 ms 3.2 ms 3. s

α α/ < 10 β+, EC/10.9

53. ms

α

5. s 11. s

β+, EC/7.7 β+, EC/(98)/9.2 α/(2)/

1.8 s 20. s 4. s 28. s

I.T./0.453 α/5.97 EC/β+/6.6 I.T./0.374 β+, EC/7.5

15.6 s 50. s 1.18 m

I.T./~ 0.33 β+, EC/6.0 β+, EC/

179m

179 180

181m 181

Tl

183m

Tl Tl

183 184

182.98219 183.98187

Tl

185m

Tl Tl 186 Tl 185

186m

Tl Tl 188m Tl

184.9788 185.9783

187m 187

487_S11.indb 167

186.97591

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -1.014703 +1.2 Hg k x-ray 0.15841 +0.505885 -0.560226

+0.39

+0.8489

+0.34

+0.6010

Tl k x-ray 0.279188 0.20378 (0.2–1.4) Tl k x-ray 0.3052 0.6502

0+

(9/2+) 0+

0.474 0.324

0+

1.26/~ 100 1.95 7.48

6.704 6.785 6.62 6.859 /7.21/80 /7.10/20 6.57/ 6.28/30 6.36/30 6.21/18 6.56/15 6.47/7 6.58/100 6.19/100

6.33/80 6.38/16 6.46/4

0.351 (0.26–0.41) 0.0618 (0.046-0.0894)

9/2-

½+

0.208 0.2868 0.3399 0.3667 0.1688 0.2840

6.16/

6.01

(9/2-)

(9/2+) ½+ (7+)

+3.8 1.6

-2.4

0.3738 0.3567 0.4026 0.4053 0.2995 Hg k x-ray 0.4129

4/17/06 11:01:02 AM



Tl

188



187.97601

Tl

189m

Tl

189

188.97359

Tl

190m

Tl

190

189.97388

Tl

191m



Spin (h/2 π)


1.2 m

β+, EC/7.8

(2-)

+0.48

+0.13

1.4 m

β+, EC/

(9/2-)

+3.878

-2.29

2.3 m

β+, EC/5.2

(1/2+)

3.7 m

β+, EC/

4.2/

(7+)

+0.495

+0.29

2.6 m

β+, EC/7.0

5.7/

(2-)

+0.25

-0.33

5.2 m

β+, EC/(98)/

(9/2+)

+3.903

-2.3

10.8 m

β+, EC/

(1/2) (7+)

1.59 +0.518

0.46

Tl Tl

190.97179

Tl

191.97223

9.6 m

β+, EC/6.4

(2-)

+0.20

-0.33

Tl Tl

192.9707

2.1 m 22. m

I.T./(75)/ β+, EC/3.6

(9/2-) (1/2+)

+3.948 +1.591

-2.2

32.8 m

β+ /(20)/~ 0.30 EC/(80)/

(7+)

+0.540

+0.61

33.0 m

β+, EC/5.3

2-

0.140

-0.28

3.6 s

I.T./0.483

9/2-

1.16 h

EC/97/2.8 β+ /(3)/

1/2+

+1.58

1.41 h

β+, EC/95/4.9

(7+)

0.55

191

192m

192

193m 193

Tl

194m

Tl

194

193.9712

Tl

195m

Tl

195

Tl

196m

487_S11.indb 168


194.96977

+0.76

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5043 0.5921 see Tl[188m] 0.4129 0.2156 0.2284 0.3175 0.4452 0.3337 0.4510 0.5223 0.9422 0.1968 0.4164 0.7311 0.4164 0.6254 0.6838 1.0999 0.2157 0.2647 0.3256 0.3359 0.1740 0.4228 0.6348 0.7863 0.7455 0.3975 0.4228 0.6908 0.3650 0.2077 0.3244 0.3440 0.6761 1.0447 1.5793 ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.4282 0.6363 0.7490 0.4279/75.2 0.6452/10.8 (0.395-1.623) Tl k x-ray 0.0990 0.3836 ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.2422 0.5635 0.8845 1.3639 (0.13–2.5) 0.0840 0.4261 0.6353

4/17/06 11:01:03 AM



Tl


195.97048

196

Tl

197m

Tl

196.96958

197

Tl

198m


0.54 s

IT/53/0.608 β+, EC/47/

9/2-

2.83 h

β+ /(1)/2.18 EC/(99)/

1/2+

+1.58

1.87 h

β+, EC/(53)/ IT/47/0.5347

7+

+0.64

EC, β+ /(1)/3.5

Tl

198.96988

7.4 h

EC/1.4

Tl

199.97096

1.087 d

EC/2.46

Tl

200.97082

3.038 d

Tl

201.97211

201

202

Tl Tl

29.524(14)

202.972344 203.973864

Tl Tl

70.476(14)

204.974428

203 204

205

206m

Tl

206

205.976110

Tl

207m

1.4/ 2.1/ 2.4/

1/2-

+1.60

2-

0.04

EC/0.48

1/2+

+1.605

12.47 d

EC/1.36

2-

0.06

3.78 y

β- /97/0.7637 EC/(3)/0.347

1/2+ 2-

+1.622258 0.09

3.76 m

I.T./2.644

1/2+ 12-

+1.638215

4.20 m

β- /1.533

1.3 s

I.T./1.350

1.07/ 1.44/

0.763/97

1.53/99.9

011/2-

206.97742 207.982019

4.77 m 3.053 m

β- /1.423 β- /5.001

1.43/99.8 1.28/23 1.52/22 1.796/51

1/2+ (5+)

Tl

208.98536

2.16 m

β-/3.98

1.8 /100

(1/2+)

208

209

+0.072

2-

Tl Tl

207


2-

5.3 h

200

Spin (h/2 π)

β+ /(15)/4.4 EC/(85)/

197.9405

199


1.84 h

Tl

198

487_S11.indb 169


+1.88 +0.29

-0.18

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6954 (0.08–1.0) ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.4257 0.6105 (0.03–2.4) Tl k x-ray 0.2262 0.4118 0.5872 0.6367 Hg k x-ray 0.1522/8.2 0.4258 Hg k x-ray Tl k x-ray 0.4118 0.5872 0.6367 Hg k x-ray 0.4118 0.6367 0.6759 (0.23–2.8) Hg k x-ray 0.2082 0.2473 0.4555 Hg k x-ray 0.36799 1.2057 (0.11–2.3) Hg k x-ray 0.13528 0.16740/10.0 Hg k x-ray 0.43957 Hg k x-ray

Tl k x-ray 0.2166 0.2661 0.4534 0.6866 1.0219 Pb k x-ray 0.80313 Tl k x-ray 0.3501 1.0000 0.89723 Pb k x-ray 0.27728 0.51061 0.58302 2.61448 Pb k x-ray

4/17/06 11:01:05 AM







Tl

209.99007

1.30 m

β- /5.48

Tl Tl

210.9935 211.9982

> 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

ββ-

Pb

207.2(1)

210

211 212

82

Pb Pb 180 Pb 181 Pb 182 Pb 183m Pb

178.00383 179.0022 179.99792 180.9966 181.99267

183

Pb

178 179


1.3/25 1.9/56

~ 0.2 ms α/ α/ α α

182.99187

0.54 s

α/

Pb Pb 185 Pb

183.98814 184.98761

0.48 s 4.3 s 6.3 s

α/~ 80 α α/

Pb

185.98424

5. s

β+, EC/95/5.5 α/(5)/

15.2 s

β+, EC/ α/12

6.32/ 6.34/ 2 × 1017 y

sf/< 1.6 × 10-15

217

219 220

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

487_S11.indb 187

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 10.16/72 8.306/11 9.55/6 9.69/2 8.337/99 7.873/0.4 7.728/0.3 7.710/0.3 9.54/31 9.61/69

9.08(3) 8.180/50 8.330/20 8.540/30 8.006(10)/55 8.196(10)/45 7.555(10)/75(3) 7.46(1)/25(3) 7.195(10)/30 7.245(10)/70 6.728(10)/0.7 6.823(10)/35 6.863(10)/39 6.357(4)/7 6.376(10)/2.2 6.401(4)/8 6.416(4)/13 6.423(10)/10 6.465(4)/43 5.779/0.23 5.805/0.15 6.078/0.4 6.105/0.25 6.118/0.22

5.536(2)/0.02 5.579(2)/0.09 5.668(2)/0.05 0.51/

4.6781(5)/1.5 4.7102(5)/1.0 4.7343(5)/8.4 4.8513(5)/1.4 4.9339(5)/3 4.9505(5)/22.8 4.9858(5)/1.4 5.0131(5)/25.4 5.0292(5)/20 5.0318(5)/2.5

Spin (h/2 π)


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4504–0.8208

0.0466–0.634

0.092

0.1945 (0.028–0.412)

(5/2-)

(3+)

0.0649 0.0669 0.1100

+3.5

Th k x-ray 0.409/100 0.4631/222 0.91116/242 0.96464/120 0.96897/149 0.058–1.96 0.04244 (0.024–0.18)

(2-)

2.0

3/2-

2.01

Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.4437 0.45477 0.89876 0.91856 0.95199 (0.053–1.07) Ac L x-ray Ac k x-ray 0.01899 0.027396 0.03823 0.04639 0.25586 0.26029 0.28367 0.30007

(5/2+)

-1.7

4/17/06 11:01:32 AM





232.03859

1.31 d

β- /1.34

Pa

233.040247

27.0 d

β-/0.571

1.17 m

β- /99.9/2.29 IT/0.13/

233

Pa

234m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 5.0587(5)/11

Spin (h/2 π)

0.15/40 0.256/60

3/2-

(0-)

234.043308

6.69 h

β- /2.197

0.51/

(4+)

Pa Pa

235.04544 236.0487

24.4 m 9.1 m

β- /1.41 β- /2.9

1.4/97 1.1/40 2.0/50 3.1/10

(3/2-) (1-)

Pa

237.0512

8.7 m

β- /2.3

1.1/60 1.6/30 2.3/10

(1/2+)

Pa

238.0545

2.3 m

β- /3.5

1.2/ 1.7/

(3-)

Pa

239.0573

1.8 h

U

238.02891(3) α α α α α α/ α/ α/

8.02 10.68 8.61 9.68(4)/

α/7.560

235 236

237

238

239

U U 218 U 219 U 222 U 223 U 224 U 225 U

217.0244 218.02354 219.0249 222.0261 223.0277 224.02761 225.02939

~ 0.2 ms ~ 0.56 ms 0.5 ms ~ 0.08 ms ~ 1.μs 0.02 s ~ 1. ms 84. ms

U

226.02934

0.26 s

217

218m

226


(2-)

Pa

234

487_S11.indb 188


Pa

232

92


8.78(4)/ 8.46/100 7.87/83 7.82/15 7.63/2 7.56/86 7.38/14

+4.0

-3.0

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.30264 0.33007 (0.02–0.61) U k x-ray 0.10900 0.15009 0.89439 0.96934 (0.10–1.17) U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.30017 0.31201/38.4 (0.0286-0.456) U k x-ray 0.25818/0.07 0.76641/0.32 1.0009/0.86 (0.06–1.96) U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.1312/0.03 0.5695/0.02 0.9256/0.02 (0.02–1.99) 0.0308–0.65893 U k x-ray 0.64235 0.68759 1.7630 (0.04–2.18) 0.4986 0.5293 0.5407 0.8536 0.8650 (0.04–1.4) 0.10350 0.1785 0.4484 0.6350 0.6800 1.01446 (0.04–2.5)

0+ 0+ 0+

0+

4/17/06 11:01:34 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 227 228

U U



227.03116 228.03137

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 1.1 m α/7.200 9.1 m α/6.803

229

U

229.03351

58. m

EC/(80)/1.31 α/(20)/6.473

230

U

230.033940

20.8 d > 4 × 1010 y

α/5.992 sf/< 10-10

231

U

231.036294

4.2 d

EC/0.36 α/(10-3)

232

U

232.037156

70. y 2.6 × 1015 y

α/5.414 sf/2.7 × 10-12

233

U

233.039635

1.592 × 105 y > 2.7 × 1017 y

α/4.909 sf/6 × 10-11

234

U

0.0054(5)

234.040952

2.455 × 105 y 1.5 × 1016 y

α/4.856 sf/1.6 × 10-9

U U

0.7204(6)

235.043930

26. m 7.04 × 108 y 1.0 × 1019 y

IT/0.0007 α/4.6793 sf/7 × 10-9

235m 235

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 6.870/ 6.404(6)/0.6 6.440(5)/0.7 6.589(5)/29 6.681(6)/70 6.223/3 6.297(3)/11 6.332(3)/20 6.360(3)/64 5.5866(3)/0.01 5.6624(3)/0.26 5.6663(3)/0.38 5.8178(3)/32 5.8887(3)/67 5.46/1.6 × 10-3 5.47/1.4 × 10-3 5.40/1. × 10-3 4.9979(1)/0.003 5.1367(1)/0.3 5.2635(1)/31 5.3203(1)/69 4.7830(8)/13.2 4.8247(8)/84.4 4.510–4.804 4.604(1)/0.24 4.7231(1)/27.5 4.776(1)/72.5 4.1525(9)/0.9 4.2157(9)/6. 4.3237(9)/4.6 4.3641(9)/19. 4.370(4)/6 4.3952(9)/57. 4.4144(9)/2.1 4.5025(9)/1.7 4.5558(9)/4.2 4.5970(9)/4.8 4.332(8)/0.26 4.445(5)/26 4.494(3)/74

Spin (h/2 π) 0+

0+

0+

+0.59

3.66

Th L x-ray 0.04244 0.09714 (0.0252–1.119) 0.05323/0.156 0.12091

-0.38

4.9

Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.10917 0.14378 0.16338 0.18574 0.20213 0.20533 0.22140 (0.03–0.79) Th L x-ray 0.04946/100 0.11279/24.1 0.17115/0.080 Np L x-ray Np k x-ray 0.05953 0.20801 Th L x-ray 0.04955/.06 0.1135/.01 (0.522–0.681)

0+

1/2+ 7/2-

U

236.045568

2.342 × 107 y 2.5 × 1016 y

α/4.569 sf/9 × 10-8

237

U

237.048730

6.75 d

β- /0.519

0.24/ 0.25/

1/2+

238

U

238.050788

4.47 × 109 y 8.2 × 1015y

α sf/5 × 10-5

0+

239

U

239.054293

23.5 m

β- /1.265

240

U

240.05659

14.1 h

β- /0.39

4.0395/0.23 4.147(5)/23 4.196(5)/77 1.2/ 1.3/ 0.36/

242

U

242.0629

16.8 m

β- /~ 1.2

487_S11.indb 189

Th L x-ray 0.07218 0.15421 0.23034 (0.081–0.8565) Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.02564 0.08420

(5/2-)

5/2+

0+

5/2+ 0+

0+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.095 0.152 0.187 0.246

(3/2+)

236

99.2742(10)


Np L x-ray 0.04410 0.05558 0.06760

4/17/06 11:01:35 AM








Spin (h/2 π)



Np

93

Np Np 227 Np

225.0339 226.0352 227.0350

> 2 μs 0.03 s 0.51 s

Np

228.0362

61. s

Np Np

229.0363 230.0378

4.0 m 4.6 m

Np

231.03825

48.8 m

Np

232.0401

14.7 m

EC/99 /2.7

(4-)

Np

233.04074

36.2 m

EC/1.2

(5/2+)

Np

234.04290

4.4 d

β+, EC/1.81

Np

235.044063

1.085 y

EC/99.9 /0.124 α/0.001/5.191 EC/52 / β- /48 /

5/2+

(6-)

225 226

228

229 230

231

232

233

234

235

Np

22.5 h

236m

EC/60(7)/ α/40(7)/, sf α/7.010 EC/97 /3.6 α/3 EC/98 /1.8 α/2 /6.368

8.04(2)/ 7.65(2)/ 7.68(1)/

6.890(20) 6.660(20) 6.280/2

0.79/

5/2

(1-)

236.04657

1.55 × 105 y

EC/91 /0.94 β- /9 /0.49

Np

237.048173

2.14 × 106 y 1 × 1018 y

α/4.957 sf/2.1 × 10-10

Np

238.050946

2.117 d

β- /1.292

Np

239.052939

2.355 d

β- /0.722

0.341/30 0.438/48

5/2+

7.22 m

β- /99.9 / IT/0.1 /

2.18/

(1+)

237

238

239

Np

240m

0.2629 0.3475 0.3703 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.3268 0.81925 0.86683 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.29887 0.31201 U L x-ray U k x-ray 1.5272 1.5587 1.6022 U k x-ray

(0+)

Np

236

487_S11.indb 190

α/ α/

4.6395(5)/6.5 4.766(5)/9.7 4.7715(5)/22.7 4.7884(5)/47.8 4.558–4.873 1.2/

5/2+

2+

+3.14

+3.89

U L x-ray Pu L x-ray U k x-ray 0.64235 0.68759 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.10423 0.16031 Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.029378/15 0.08653/12 (0.03–0.28) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.98447/25.2 1.02855/18.3 (.044–1.026) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.10613 0.228186/11 0.27760/15 (0.04–0.50) 0.25143 0.26333 0.55454 0.59735

4/17/06 11:01:37 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Np

240

Np

241



240.05616

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 1.032 h β- /2.20


5+

241.0583

13.9 m

β- /1.3

1.3/

5/2+

2.2 m

β- /

β- /2.7

2.7/

6+

7.81(2)/ 7.46/ 7.06/81 7.00/19

0+

Np

242m

Np

242.0616

5.5 m

Np Np

243.06428 244.0679

1.9 m 2.3 m

Pu Pu 230 Pu

228.03874 229.0402 230.03965

~ 1.1 s ~ 1.5 m 1.7 m

α/ α/ α/

Pu

231.04110

8.6 m

Pu

232.04119

34. m

EC/90 α/10 EC/>80/1.1 α/ 2.4 × 10-14 α/4.983 sf/5.5 × 10-4

Pu

243.062003

4.956 h

β- /0.582

Pu

244.064204 245.06775

α/99.9/4.665 sf/0.12 β- /1.21

4.546(1)/19.4 4.589(1)/80.5 0.93/57 1.21/11

0+

Pu

8.00 × 107 y 6.6 × 1010 y 10.5 h

Pu

246.07021

10.85 d

β- /0.40

0.150/85 0.35/10

0+

Pu

247.0741

2.3 d

Am Am 234 Am 235 Am

232.0466 233.0464 234.0478 235.0480

0.9 m ~ 3.2 m 2.3 m 10.3 m

Am Am 237 Am

236.0496 237.0500

2.9 m 3.6 m 1.22 h

Am

238.05198

Am

241

242

243

244

245

246

247


-0.683

+6.

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) U L x-ray 0.04524 0.10423 (0.04–0.97) 0.14854 0.1600 U L x-ray 0.04491 0.10350 Am L x-ray 0.0417 0.0839 U L x-ray 0.0439 Am L x-ray Am k x-ray 0.2804 / 0.30832 0.32752 0.56014 (0.03–1.2) Am L x-ray Am k x-ray 0.04379 0.22371

7/2+

(9/2-)

Am

95

232 233

236m

6.78

6.46/0.4

EC EC/99.98 /1.7 α/0.02 /6.20

6.042(5)/0.02

1.63 h

EC/2.26 α/0.0001 /6.04

5.940/0.0001

239.053025

11.9 h

EC/99.99/0.803 α/0.01/5.924

Am

240.05530

2.12 d

EC/1.38 α/5.592

Am

241.056829

432.7 y 1.2 × 1014 y

α/5.637 sf/3.6 × 10-10

236

238

239

240

241

487_S11.indb 192

EC/~ 5.0 α EC/4.2 EC α

5.734(2)/0.001 5.776(2)/0.008

5.378(1)/16 × 10-4

5.2443(1)/0.002 5.3221(1)/0.015 5.3884(1)/1.4 5.4431(1)/12.8

(1-) (5-) (5/2-)

1+

5/2-

(3-)

5/2-

+1.58

+3.1

Pu K x-ray 0.291/100 (0.170-0.828) (0.583-0.713) (0.158-1.038) Pu k x-ray 0.14559 0.28026 0.43845 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.91870 0.96278 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.18172 0.22818 0.27760 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.88878 0.98764 (0.1–1.3) Np L x-ray 0.02634 /.024 0.03319/.00126 0.05954/0.359

4/17/06 11:01:40 AM




Am


141. y

242m

> 3 × 1012 y


IT/99.5/0.048 α/0.5/5.62 sf/< 4.7 × 10-9

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 5.4857(1)/85.2 5.5116(1)/0.20 5.5442(1)/0.34 5.141(4)/0.026 5.2070(2)/0.4

Spin (h/2 π)


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.03–1.128)

5-

+1.0

+6.5

Am L x-ray 0.04863 0.08648 0.10944 0.16304 Pu L x-ray Cm L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.0422 0.04453 0.04354 0.07467 0.08657 0.11770 0.14197 0.0429 Am L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.7460 0.9000 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.25299 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.27002 0.79881 1.06201 1.07885 (0.04–2.29) Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.1529 0.2046 0.6786 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.2267 / 0.2853 /

Am

242.059549

16.02 h

β- /83 /0.665 EC/17 /0.750

0.63/46 0.67/37

1-

+0.388

-2.4

Am

243.061381

7.37 × 103 y 2. × 1014 y

α/5.438 sf/3.7 × 10-9

5/2-

+1.5

+2.9

Am Am

244.064285

~ 26. m 10.1 h

β- /1.498 β- /1.428

5.1798(5)/1.1 5.2343(5)/11 5.2766(5)/88 5.394(5)/0.12 5.3500(5)/0.16

Am

245.066452

2.05 h

β- /0.894

0.65/19 0.90/77

(5/2+)

25.0 m

β- /

1.3/79. 1.60/14 2.1/7

2-

1.2/

(7-)

7.34/ 7.24/

0+

242

243

244m 244

245

Am

246m

Am

246.06978

39. m

β- /2.38

Am

247.0721

22. m

β- /1.7

~ 51. s

α/ α

246

247

(1-)

Cm

96

Cm Cm 235 Cm 236 Cm 237 Cm 238 Cm 233 234

Cm

239.0550

~ 3. h

EC/1.7 EC/2.5 EC/>90 /0.97 α/94 /3.1 α/50 /3.9 α/98.7 α/5000 300 None 700 None None 1500 1400 None 900 >1200 None

Element Li Mg Mo Na Nb Ni Pb Pd Pt Rb Sb Si Sn Ta Th Ti Tl W Zr Compound BeO CaO Cu2O MgO (crystal) MgO (layer) MoO2 SiO2 (quartz) SnO2 Sulfides MoS2 PbS WS2 ZnS Others BaF2 (layer) CaF2 (layer) BiCs3 BiCs GeCs Rb3Sb SbCs3 Mica Glasses

δmax 0.5 0.95 1.25 0.82 1.2 1.3 1.1 >1.3 1.8 0.9 1.3 1.1 1.35 1.3 1.1 0.9 1.7 1.4 1.1

Epmax (eV) 85 300 375 300 375 550 500 >250 700 350 600 250 500 600 800 280 650 650 350 δmax 3.4 2.2 1.2 20–25 3–15 1.2 2.1–4 3.2 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.8 4.5 3.2 6 1.9 7 7.1 6 2.4 2–3

EI (eV) None None 150 None 150 150 250 120 350 None 250 125 None 250 None None 70 250 None

EII (eV) None None 1200 None 1050 >1500 1000 None 3000 None 2000 500 None >2000 None None >1500 >1500 None

Epmax(eV) 2000 500 400 1500 400–1500 400 640 500 350

1000 1000 700 450 700 350 300–450

12-115

Section 12.indb 115

4/28/05 1:58:02 PM

Optical Properties of Selected Elements J. H. Weaver and H. P. R. Frederikse These tables list the index of refraction n, the extinction coefficient k, and the normal incidence reflection R (φ = 0) as a function of photon energy E, which is expressed in electron volts (eV). To convert the energy in eV to the wavelength in µm, use λ = 1.2398/ E. To compute the dielectric function ˜ε = ε1 + iε2 from the complex ˜ = n + ik, use ε1 = n2 – k2 and ε2 = 2nk. index of refraction N The optical constants in these tables are abridged from three more extensive tabulations: •

• •

Optical Properties of Metals (OPM), Volumes I and II, Physics Data, Nr. 18-1 and 18-2, J. H. Weaver, C. Krafka, D. W. Lynch, and E. E. Koch, Fachinformationzentrum, Karlsruhe, Germany. Handbook of Optical Constants (HOC), Vol. I, 1985, and Vol. II, 1991. E. D. Palik, Ed., Academic Press, Inc., London. American Institute of Physics Handbook (AIPH), 3rd Edition, D. E. Gray, Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.

tors are listed at the end of the tables. Generally, tabulated values for the optical properties are accurate to better than 10%. Data in parentheses are extrapolated or interpolated values. For most elements the spectral range covered is from the far infrared (0.010 or 0.10 eV) to the far ultraviolet (10, 30 or 300 eV). The intervals between successive energies in the tables are chosen in such a way that the major spectral features are preserved. Very small values of k are expressed in exponential notation, e.g., 1.23E-5 means 1.23 × 10-5. The following table is convenient for associating the energy entries in these tables with the corresponding wavelengths: λ 1 mm 500 µm 100 µm 50 µm 10 µm 5 µm 1 µm

The first two of these major sources provide detailed comparisons of all optical data available in the literature at the time of the compilation. For critical applications the reader should refer to the original work. References for individual metals and semiconducEnergy (eV)

n

Aluminum1 0.040 98.595 0.050 74.997 0.060 62.852 0.070 53.790 0.080 45.784 0.090 39.651 0.100 34.464 0.125 24.965 0.150 18.572 0.175 14.274 0.200 11.733 0.250 8.586 0.300 6.759 0.350 5.438 0.400 4.454 0.500 3.072 0.600 2.273 0.700 1.770 0.800 1.444 0.900 1.264 1.000 1.212 1.100 1.201 1.200 1.260 1.300 1.468 1.400 2.237 1.500 2.745 1.600 2.625 1.700 2.143 1.800 1.741 1.900 1.488 2.000 1.304

k 203.701 172.199 150.799 135.500 123.734 114.102 105.600 89.250 76.960 66.930 59.370 48.235 40.960 35.599 31.485 25.581 21.403 18.328 15.955 14.021 12.464 11.181 10.010 8.949 8.212 8.309 8.597 8.573 8.205 7.821 7.479

R(φ = 0) 0.9923 0.9915 0.9906 0.9899 0.9895 0.9892 0.9889 0.9884 0.9882 0.9879 0.9873 0.9858 0.9844 0.9834 0.9826 0.9817 0.9806 0.9794 0.9778 0.9749 0.9697 0.9630 0.9521 0.9318 0.8852 0.8678 0.8794 0.8972 0.9069 0.9116 0.9148

Energy (eV) 2.200 2.400 2.600 2.800 3.000 3.200 3.400 3.600 3.800 4.000 4.200 4.400 4.600 4.800 5.000 6.000 6.500 7.000 7.500 8.000 8.500 9.000 9.500 10.000 10.500 11.000 11.500 12.000 12.500 13.000 13.500 14.000 14.200

n 1.018 0.826 0.695 0.598 0.523 0.460 0.407 0.363 0.326 0.294 0.267 0.244 0.223 0.205 0.190 0.130 0.110 0.095 0.082 0.072 0.063 0.056 0.049 0.044 0.040 0.036 0.033 0.033 0.034 0.038 0.041 0.048 0.053

k 6.846 6.283 5.800 5.385 5.024 4.708 4.426 4.174 3.946 3.740 3.552 3.380 3.222 3.076 2.942 2.391 2.173 1.983 1.814 1.663 1.527 1.402 1.286 1.178 1.076 0.979 0.883 0.791 0.700 0.609 0.517 0.417 0.373

R(φ = 0) 0.9200 0.9228 0.9238 0.9242 0.9241 0.9243 0.9245 0.9246 0.9247 0.9248 0.9248 0.9249 0.9249 0.9249 0.9244 0.9257 0.9260 0.9262 0.9265 0.9269 0.9272 0.9277 0.9282 0.9286 0.9293 0.9298 0.9283 0.9224 0.9118 0.8960 0.8789 0.8486 0.8312

E/eV 0.00124 0.00248 0.01240 0.02480 0.12398 0.24797 1.240

Energy (eV) 14.400 14.600 14.800 15.000 15.200 15.400 15.600 15.800 16.000 16.200 16.400 16.750 17.000 17.250 17.500 17.750 18.000 18.500 19.000 19.500 20.000 20.500 21.000 21.500 22.000 22.500 23.000 23.500 24.000 24.500 25.000 25.500 26.000

λ 6000 Å 5000 Å 4000 Å 3000 Å 2000 Å 1000 Å 400 Å

n 0.058 0.067 0.086 0.125 0.178 0.234 0.280 0.318 0.351 0.380 0.407 0.448 0.474 0.498 0.520 0.540 0.558 0.591 0.620 0.646 0.668 0.689 0.707 0.724 0.739 0.753 0.766 0.778 0.789 0.799 0.809 0.817 0.826

E/eV 2.066 2.480 3.100 4.133 6.199 12.398 30.996

k 0.327 0.273 0.211 0.153 0.108 0.184 0.073 0.065 0.060 0.055 0.050 0.045 0.042 0.040 0.038 0.036 0.035 0.032 0.030 0.028 0.027 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.021 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.016

R(φ = 0) 0.8102 0.7802 0.7202 0.6119 0.4903 0.3881 0.3182 0.2694 0.2326 0.2031 0.1789 0.1460 0.1278 0.1129 0.1005 0.0899 0.0809 0.0664 0.0554 0.0467 0.0398 0.0342 0.0296 0.0258 0.0226 0.0199 0.0177 0.0157 0.0140 0.0126 0.0113 0.0102 0.0092

12-123

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-124 Energy (eV) 27.000 28.000 29.000 30.000 35.000 40.000 45.000 50.000 55.000 60.000 65.000 70.000 72.500 75.000 77.500 80.000 85.000 90.000 95.000 100.000 110.000 120.000 130.000 140.000 150.000 160.000 170.000 180.000 190.000 200.000 220.000 240.000 260.000 280.000 300.000

n 0.840 0.854 0.865 0.876 0.915 0.940 0.957 0.969 0.979 0.987 0.995 1.006 1.025 1.011 1.008 1.007 1.007 1.005 0.999 0.991 0.994 0.991 0.987 0.989 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.990 0.990 0.991 0.992 0.993 0.993 0.994 0.995

Carbon (diamond) 2 0.06199 2.3741 0.06888 2.3741 0.07749 2.3745 0.08856 2.3750 0.1033 2.3757 0.1240 2.3765 0.1550 2.3772 0.1907 0.2066 2.3779 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31 2.3787 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35

k 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.010 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.024 0.025 0.024 0.028 0.031 0.036 0.030 0.025 0.024 0.021 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002

3.1 E-05 5.7 E-05 1.21E-04 2.36E-04 3.82E-04 5.21E-04 2.96E-04 4.39E-04 2.75E-04 7.82E-05 1.32E-04 1.30E-04 1.11E-04 2.99E-05 1.89E-05 2.11E-05

R(φ = 0) 0.0076 0.0063 0.0053 0.0044 0.0020 0.0010 0.0005 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166

0.167

Energy (eV) 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.4133 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.4959 0.6199 0.8266 1.240 1.378 1.459 1.550 1.653 1.771 1.889 1.926 2.066 2.105 2.271 2.480 2.650 2.845 3.100 3.434 3.576 3.961 4.160 4.511 4.8187 5.00 5.30 5.35 5.40 5.50 5.55 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.10 6.20 6.30 6.40 6.50 6.60 6.70 6.80 6.90 7.00 7.10 7.15 7.20

n

2.3795

2.3801 2.3813 2.3837 2.3905 2.3934 2.3953 2.3975 2.4003 2.4036 2.4073 2.4084 2.4133 2.4147 2.4210 2.4299 2.4380 2.4627 2.4849 2.4955 2.5465 2.6205 2.6383

2.740 2.780 2.826 2.852 2.879 2.910 2.944 2.985 3.031 3.085 3.146 3.220 3.322 3.444 3.464 3.437

k 2.47E-05 2.80E-05 3.11E-05 3.67E-05 3.58E-05 3.25E-05 2.94E-05 2.87E-05 3.14E-05 3.62E-05 3.22E-05 1.57E-05 6.17E-06

3.82E-07

8.97E-07 1.29E-06 1.47E-06 2.98E-06 6.45E-06 1.04E-05 3.41E-05 5.48E-04 1.48E-03 5.02E-03 7.99E-03 8.62E-03 9.30E-03 9.74E-03 9.87E-03 1.10E-02 1.47E-02 2.20E-02 3.44E-02 5.24E-02 9.35E-02 0.210 0.307 0.388

R(φ = 0)

0.167

0.167 0.167 0.167 0.168 0.169 0.169 0.169 0.170 0.170 0.171 0.171 0.171 0.172 0.173 0.174 0.175 0.178 0.182 0.183 0.190 0.200 0.203

0.216 0.222 0.228 0.231 0.235 0.239 0.243 0.248 0.254 0.261 0.268 0.277 0.289 0.304 0.308 0.307

Energy (eV) 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.25 8.50 8.75 9.00 9.25 9.50 9.75 10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.20 12.40 12.60 12.80 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00

n 3.376 3.335 3.321 3.306 3.276 3.251 3.232 3.228 3.247 3.272 3.308 3.348 3.398 3.453 3.514 3.565 3.600 3.582 3.507 3.346 3.090 2.736 2.383 1.983 1.532 1.312 1.223 1.129 1.070 1.018 0.972 0.917 0.861 0.805 0.753 0.707 0.665 0.626 0.589 0.557 0.527 0.487 0.518 0.597 0.586 0.562 0.538 0.516 0.501 0.494 0.493

Cesium (evaporated) 3 2.145 0.264 2.271 0.278 2.845 0.425 3.064 0.540 3.397 0.671 3.966 0.827 4.889 0.916

k 0.473 0.515 0.533 0.592 0.659 0.712 0.765 0.806 0.855 0.910 0.978 1.055 1.147 1.258 1.403 1.581 1.813 2.078 2.380 2.693 2.986 3.228 3.354 3.382 3.265 2.953 2.722 2.379 2.178 2.034 1.929 1.845 1.767 1.692 1.619 1.546 1.476 1.408 1.341 1.273 1.203 1.052 0.888 0.850 0.829 0.787 0.736 0.679 0.616 0.552 0.490

R(φ = 0) 0.303 0.300 0.299 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.301 0.303 0.308 0.314 0.322 0.331 0.342 0.355 0.371 0.389 0.411 0.434 0.460 0.488 0.518 0.551 0.580 0.610 0.641 0.627 0.604 0.557 0.526 0.504 0.489 0.482 0.477 0.474 0.471 0.467 0.463 0.459 0.455 0.449 0.442 0.413 0.330 0.270 0.268 0.265 0.260 0.252 0.239 0.221 0.201

1.123 0.950 0.438 0.320 0.233 0.174 0.143

0.631 0.561 0.235 0.127 0.057 0.018 0.007

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV)

n

k

Chromium4 0.06 21.19 0.10 11.81 0.14 15.31 0.18 8.73 0.22 5.30 0.26 3.91 0.30 3.15 0.42 3.47 0.54 3.92 0.66 3.96 0.78 4.13 0.90 4.43 1.00 4.47 1.12 4.53 1.24 4.50 1.36 4.42 1.46 4.31 1.77 3.84 2.00 3.48 2.20 3.18 2.40 2.75 2.60 2.22 2.80 1.80 3.00 1.54 3.20 1.44 3.40 1.39 3.60 1.26 3.80 1.12 4.00 1.02 4.20 0.94 4.40 0.90 4.50 0.89 4.60 0.88 4.70 0.86 4.80 0.86 4.90 0.86 5.00 0.85 5.10 0.86 5.20 0.87 5.40 0.93 5.60 0.95 5.80 0.97 6.00 0.94 6.20 0.89 6.40 0.85 6.60 0.80 6.80 0.75 7.00 0.74 7.20 0.71 7.40 0.69 7.60 0.66 7.80 0.67 8.00 0.68 8.20 0.71 8.50 0.74 9.0 0.83 9.50 0.92 10.00 0.98 10.50 1.01

42.00 29.76 26.36 25.37 20.62 17.12 14.28 8.97 7.06 5.95 5.03 4.60 4.43 4.31 4.28 4.30 4.32 4.37 4.36 4.41 4.46 4.36 4.06 3.71 3.40 3.24 3.12 2.95 2.76 2.58 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.21 2.13 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.87 1.80 1.74 1.74 1.73 1.69 1.66 1.59 1.51 1.45 1.39 1.33 1.23 1.15 1.07 1.00 0.92 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.72

R(φ = 0) 0.962 0.955 0.936 0.53 0.954 0.951 0.943 0.862 0.788 0.736 0.680 0.650 0.639 0.631 0.629 0.631 0.632 0.639 0.644 0.656 0.677 0.698 0.703 0.695 0.670 0.657 0.661 0.660 0.651 0.639 0.620 0.607 0.598 0.586 0.572 0.557 0.542 0.523 0.503 0.466 0.443 0.437 0.444 0.446 0.447 0.444 0.439 0.425 0.414 0.404 0.378 0.347 0.315 0.278 0.235 0.170 0.132 0.120 0.112

Energy (eV) 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 20.00 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 29.0 30.0

12-125 n 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.12 1.09 1.03 1.00 0.96 0.92 0.31 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.78

Cobalt, single crystal, 0.10 6.71 0.15 4.66 0.20 3.55 0.25 3.98 0.30 4.04 0.40 4.24 0.50 4.41 0.60 4.91 0.70 5.24 0.80 5.17 0.90 4.94 1.00 4.46 1.10 4.07 1.20 3.81 1.30 3.60 1.40 3.37 1.50 3.10 1.60 2.84 1.70 2.66 1.80 2.45 1.90 2.31 2.00 2.21 2.10 2.13

0.69 0.69 0.70 0.73 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.64 0.63 0.58 0.55 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.21

k

R(φ = 0) 0.103 0.100 0.101 0.108 0.119 0.128 0.135 0.142 0.143 0.141 0.139 0.134 0.132 0.130 0.129 0.130 0.131 0.130 0.129 0.121 0.116 0.112 0.109 0.105 0.101 0.096 0.089 0.080 0.072 0.063 0.055 0.048 0.043 0.037 0.032 0.030

→

∥ ĉ5 37.87 25.47 18.78 14.59 12.16 9.13 7.19 6.13 5.85 5.89 5.95 5.86 5.61 5.36 5.20 5.09 4.96 4.77 4.57 4.41 4.18 4.00 3.85

E

0.982 0.973 0.962 0.933 0.907 0.847 0.782 0.729 0.713 0.716 0.720 0.722 0.715 0.706 0.701 0.701 0.701 0.697 0.690 0.687 0.675 0.664 0.654

Energy (eV) 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.00 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00

n 2.07 2.01 1.95 1.88 1.81 1.73 1.66 1.61 1.55 1.46 1.38 1.31 1.28 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.19 1.16 1.10 1.03 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95

Cobalt, single crystal, 0.10 5.83 0.15 4.24 0.20 3.87 0.30 4.34 0.40 4.66 0.50 5.17 0.60 5.77 0.70 6.15 0.80 6.08 0.90 5.57 1.00 4.83 1.10 4.31 1.20 4.02 1.30 3.78 1.40 3.55 1.50 3.26 1.60 3.03 1.70 2.83 1.80 2.61 1.90 2.41 2.00 2.25 2.10 2.13 2.20 2.04 2.30 1.99 2.40 1.95

3.70 3.59 3.49 3.40 3.32 3.24 3.13 3.05 2.96 2.80 2.64 2.48 2.33 2.20 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.73 1.68 1.62 1.53 1.46 1.38 1.32 1.26 1.21 1.17 1.13 1.09

k

R(φ = 0) 0.642 0.634 0.627 0.622 0.618 0.615 0.607 0.600 0.594 0.579 0.563 0.544 0.519 0.495 0.471 0.452 0.435 0.423 0.411 0.403 0.399 0.400 0.406 0.407 0.401 0.386 0.368 0.345 0.326 0.305 0.286 0.269 0.253 0.239

→

⊥ ĉ5 32.36 21.37 15.53 10.01 7.39 5.75 5.17 5.20 5.61 5.93 5.94 5.60 5.34 5.16 5.05 4.93 4.74 4.60 4.45 4.27 4.09 3.89 3.72 3.56 3.44

E

0.979 0.965 0.042 0.865 0.785 0.709 0.682 0.685 0.702 0.715 0.721 0.711 0.701 0.694 0.692 0.692 0.687 0.684 0.683 0.677 0.670 0.659 0.646 0.632 0.620


12-126 Energy (eV) 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80

n 1.90 1.86 1.79 1.72 1.66 1.60 1.50 1.42 1.36 1.33 1.31 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.17 1.11 1.04 0.98 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94

3.34 3.26 3.19 3.11 3.03 2.94 2.78 2.62 2.47 2.33 2.21 2.12 2.03 1.95 1.90 1.84 1.80 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.69 1.62 1.54 1.46 1.38 1.32 1.26 1.21 1.17 1.13

Copper 6 0.10 0.50 1.00 1.50 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40

29.69 1.71 0.44 0.26 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.27 0.47 0.83 1.04 1.12 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.34 1.34 1.42 1.49 1.52 1.53 1.47 1.38 1.28

71.57 17.63 8.48 5.26 4.43 4.25 4.04 3.85 3.67 3.24 2.81 2.60 2.59 2.60 2.50 2.36 2.21 2.07 1.95 1.87 1.81 1.72 1.64 1.64 1.67 1.71 1.78 1.80 1.78

k

R(φ = 0) 0.611 0.605 0.602 0.596 0.591 0.586 0.571 0.553 0.533 0.511 0.488 0.471 0.452 0.435 0.423 0.411 0.403 0.399 0.400 0.406 0.407 0.401 0.386 0.368 0.345 0.326 0.305 0.285 0.269 0.253 0.980 0.979 0.976 0.965 0.958 0.956 0.952 0.947 0.943 0.910 0.814 0.673 0.618 0.602 0.577 0.545 0.509 0.468 0.434 0.407 0.387 0.364 0.336 0.329 0.334 0.345 0.366 0.380 0.389

Energy (eV) 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 41.00 42.00 43.00 44.00 45.00 46.00 47.00 48.00 49.00 50.00 51.00 52.00 53.00 54.00 55.00 56.00 57.00

n 1.18 1.10 1.04 0.96 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.08 1.06 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.96 0.92 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96

1.74 1.67 1.59 1.37 1.20 1.09 1.03 0.98 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.62 0.56 0.51 0.45 0.41 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.40 0.40 0.38 0.35 0.30 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11

k

R(φ = 0) 0.391 0.389 0.380 0.329 0.271 0.230 0.206 0.189 0.171 0.154 0.139 0.118 0.111 0.109 0.111 0.111 0.111 0.109 0.106 0.097 0.084 0.071 0.059 0.048 0.040 0.035 0.035 0.040 0.044 0.043 0.039 0.032 0.025 0.020 0.017 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004

Energy (eV) 58.00 59.00 60.00 61.00 62.00 63.00 64.00 65.00 66.00 67.00 68.00 69.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00

n 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.96

0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08

Gallium (liquid) 7 1.425 2.40 1.550 2.09 1.771 1.65 2.066 1.25 2.480 0.89 3.100 0.59

9.20 8.50 7.60 6.60 5.60 4.50

k

Germanium, single crystal8 0.01240 (4.0065) 3.00E-03 0.01364 4.0063 2.40E-03 0.01488 (4.0060) 1.70E-03 0.01612 (4.0060) 1.55E-03 0.01736 (4.0060) 1.50E-03 0.01860 1.50E-03 0.01984 1.60E-03 0.02108 1.60E-03 0.02232 1.55E-03 0.02356 1.53E-03 0.02480 1.50E-03 0.02604 1.25E-03 0.02728 8.50E-04 0.02852 6.50E-04 0.02976 7.00E-04 0.03100 3.9827 8.50E-04 0.03224 1.55E-03 0.03348 2.75E-03 0.03472 3.55E-03 0.03596 (3.9900) 3.05E-03 0.03720 2.75E-03 0.03844 2.70E-03 0.03968 (3.9930) 2.90E-03 0.04092 2.95E-03 0.04215 3.20E-03 0.04339 6.30E-03 0.04463 3.40E-03 0.04587 (3.9955) 2.50E-03 0.04711 2.10E-03 0.04835 2.00E-03 0.04959 8.00E-04 0.05083 1.40E-03 0.05207 1.35E-03 0.05331 1.10E-03 0.05455 8.00E-04

R(φ = 0) 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.900 0.898 0.898 0.897 0.898 0.896 0.361 0.361 0.361 0.361 0.361

0.358

0.359

0.359

0.360

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 0.05579 0.05703 0.05827 0.05951 0.06075 0.06199 0.06323 0.06447 0.06571 0.06695 0.06819 0.06943 0.07067 0.07191 0.07315 0.07439 0.07514 0.07749 0.07999 0.08266 0.08551 0.08920 0.09460 0.09840 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6

n

3.9992

(4.0000)

4.0009 4.0011 4.0013 4.0015

4.0063 4.0108 4.0246 4.0429 (4.074) (4.104) 4.180 4.275 4.285 4.325 4.385 4.420 4.495 4.560 4.635 4.763 4.897 5.067 5.380 5.588 5.748 5.283 5.062 4.610 4.340 4.180 4.082 4.035 4.037 4.082 4.141 4.157 4.128 4.070 4.020 3.985

k 6.00E-04 9.0 E-04 6.5 E-04 4.6 E-04 4.0 E-04 3.98E-04 4.0 E-04 4.3 E-04 4.4 E-04 4.3 E-04 3.1 E-04 3.3 E-04 3.8 E-04 3.3 E-04 2.5 E-04 1.9 E-04 1.58E-04 9.55E-05 1.71E-04 9.78E-05 5.77E-05 3.98E-05 4.59E-05 3.51E-05 3.70E-05

6.58E-07 1.27E-04 5.67E-03 7.45E-02 8.09E-02 0.103 0.123 0.167 0.190 0.298 0.345 0.401 0.500 0.540 0.933 1.634 2.049 2.318 2.455 2.384 2.309 2.240 2.181 2.140 2.145 2.215 2.340 2.469 2.579 2.667 2.759

R(φ = 0)

0.360

0.360

0.360 0.360 0.360 0.360

0.361 0.361 0.362 0.364 0.367 0.370 0.377 0.385 0.386 0.390 0.395 0.398 0.405 0.411 0.418 0.428 0.439 0.453 0.475 0.495 0.523 0.516 0.519 0.508 0.492 0.480 0.471 0.464 0.461 0.463 0.471 0.482 0.490 0.497 0.502 0.509

Energy (eV) 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

12-127 n 3.958 3.936 3.920 3.905 3.869 3.745 3.338 2.516 1.953 1.720 1.586 1.498 1.435 1.394 1.370 1.364 1.371 1.383 1.380 1.360 1.293 1.209 1.108 1.30 1.10 1.00 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93

k 2.863 2.986 3.137 3.336 3.614 4.009 4.507 4.669 4.297 3.960 3.709 3.509 3.342 3.197 3.073 2.973 2.897 2.854 2.842 2.846 2.163 2.873 2.813 2.34 2.05 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.14 1.00 0.86 0.237 0.179 0.144 0.110 0.0747 0.1020 0.0999 0.0856 0.0740 0.0651 0.0604

Gold, electropolished, Au (110) 9 0.10 8.17 82.83 0.20 2.13 41.73 0.30 0.99 27.82 0.40 0.59 20.83 0.50 0.39 16.61 0.60 0.28 13.78 0.70 0.22 11.75 0.80 0.18 10.21 0.90 0.15 9.01 1.00 0.13 8.03 6.54 1.20 0.10 1.40 0.08 5.44 1.60 0.08 4.56 1.80 0.09 3.82 2.00 0.13 3.16 2.10 0.18 2.84

R(φ = 0) 0.517 0.527 0.539 0.556 0.579 0.612 0.659 0.705 0.713 0.702 0.690 0.677 0.664 0.650 0.636 0.622 0.609 0.600 0.598 0.602 0.479 0.632 0.641 0.517 0.489 0.448 0.348 0.282 0.262 0.167

0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.993 0.993 0.992 0.991 0.989 0.986 0.979 0.953 0.925

Energy (eV) 2.20 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40

n 0.24 0.50 0.82 1.24 1.43 1.46 1.50 1.54 1.54 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.58 1.62 1.64 1.63 1.59 1.55 1.51 1.48 1.45 1.41 1.35 1.30 1.27 1.25 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.24 1.25 1.27 1.30 1.34 1.36 1.38 1.38 1.35 1.31 1.30 1.30 1.31 1.31 1.30 1.31 1.33 1.36 1.37 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.35

2.54 1.86 1.59 1.54 1.72 1.77 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.80 1.78 1.76 1.73 1.73 1.75 1.79 1.81 1.81 1.79 1.78 1.77 1.76 1.74 1.69 1.64 1.59 1.54 1.49 1.40 1.33 1.27 1.20 1.14 1.09 1.05 1.01 0.97 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.98 0.99 0.96 0.92 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.73

k

R(φ = 0) 0.880 0.647 0.438 0.331 0.356 0.368 0.368 0.369 0.371 0.368 0.362 0.356 0.349 0.346 0.351 0.360 0.366 0.369 0.368 0.367 0.368 0.370 0.370 0.364 0.354 0.344 0.332 0.319 0.295 0.275 0.256 0.236 0.218 0.203 0.190 0.177 0.167 0.162 0.161 0.164 0.169 0.171 0.165 0.155 0.147 0.144 0.140 0.133 0.126 0.122 0.121 0.124 0.126 0.127 0.125 0.123 0.120 0.116 0.113 0.111


12-128 Energy (eV) 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 28.40 28.80 29.20 29.60 30.00

n 1.36 1.38 1.39 1.44 1.45 1.42 1.37 1.33 1.29 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.18 1.14 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.94 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.86

0.72 0.71 0.71 0.73 0.79 0.84 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.74 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.79 0.75 0.70 0.66 0.62 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48

k

R(φ = 0) 0.109 0.108 0.109 0.115 0.127 0.137 0.140 0.140 0.139 0.135 0.132 0.127 0.123 0.119 0.116 0.114 0.111 0.109 0.109 0.110 0.116 0.125 0.133 0.141 0.149 0.156 0.162 0.164 0.163 0.157 0.149 0.138 0.125 0.113 0.101 0.090 0.084 0.079 0.074 0.071 0.068 0.065 0.063 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.064 0.064

→

Hafnium, single crystal, E ∥ ĉ10 0.52 1.48 4.11 0.56 1.84 3.29 0.60 2.34 2.62 0.66 3.21 2.13 0.70 3.70 2.03 0.76 4.31 2.10 0.80 4.61 2.31 0.86 4.71 2.70 0.90 4.64 2.85 0.95 4.54 2.96 1.00 4.45 3.00

0.747 0.615 0.486 0.428 0.441 0.476 0.504 0.533 0.541 0.545 0.545

Energy (eV) 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00

n 4.28 4.08 3.87 3.72 3.60 3.52 3.52 3.57 3.63 3.65 3.64 3.53 3.34 3.15 2.99 2.83 2.68 2.54 2.40 2.27 2.14 2.00 1.87 1.78 1.71 1.66 1.63 1.60 1.56 1.52 1.48 1.45 1.43 1.41 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.38 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.32 1.28 1.26 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.31 1.33 1.34 1.36 1.37 1.40 1.43 1.45 1.47 1.48 1.49

3.08 3.10 3.04 2.95 2.85 2.73 2.61 2.56 2.59 2.67 2.81 2.99 3.09 3.11 3.13 3.12 3.10 3.08 3.04 3.00 2.95 2.89 2.79 2.68 2.58 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.14 2.07 2.01 1.95 1.89 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.71 1.68 1.61 1.55 1.51 1.48 1.41 1.35 1.28 1.22 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.07 1.05 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.07

k

R(φ = 0) 0.547 0.544 0.536 0.525 0.514 0.500 0.488 0.485 0.489 0.498 0.511 0.526 0.534 0.537 0.540 0.542 0.542 0.543 0.544 0.544 0.544 0.544 0.538 0.528 0.517 0.503 0.491 0.481 0.473 0.466 0.455 0.442 0.431 0.420 0.407 0.394 0.382 0.373 0.364 0.356 0.341 0.324 0.314 0.308 0.295 0.278 0.258 0.240 0.224 0.212 0.204 0.197 0.191 0.183 0.179 0.178 0.180 0.183 0.186 0.193

Energy (eV) 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60

n 1.50 1.48 1.46 1.41 1.36 1.32 1.28 1.24 1.20 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.07 1.04 1.02 0.96 0.92 0.88 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.93 0.94 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.10

1.10 1.14 1.18 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.06 1.01 0.96 0.90 0.83 0.80 0.76 0.70 0.64 0.60 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.46 0.42 0.38 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31

k

R(φ = 0) 0.201 0.211 0.222 0.230 0.235 0.238 0.240 0.241 0.242 0.242 0.241 0.241 0.239 0.238 0.236 0.232 0.225 0.218 0.205 0.186 0.172 0.167 0.153 0.132 0.111 0.114 0.105 0.089 0.077 0.064 0.051 0.040 0.036 0.030 0.027 0.023 0.022 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.024

→

Hafnium, single crystal, E ⊥ ĉ10 0.52 2.25 4.65 0.56 2.34 3.66 0.60 2.84 2.89 0.66 3.71 2.35 0.70 4.26 2.21 0.76 4.97 2.33 0.80 5.41 2.62 0.86 5.46 3.36 0.90 5.22 3.62 0.95 4.95 3.72 1.00 4.76 3.76 1.10 4.43 3.80 1.20 4.07 3.74 1.30 3.79 3.55 1.40 3.61 3.36

0.723 0.623 0.512 0.469 0.482 0.521 0.554 0.593 0.601 0.602 0.602 0.601 0.594 0.578 0.561


n 3.55 3.58 3.63 3.66 3.63 3.51 3.35 3.18 2.99 2.78 2.65 2.54 2.42 2.31 2.20 2.08 1.94 1.83 1.74 1.68 1.62 1.57 1.53 1.49 1.45 1.41 1.38 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.26 1.24 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.19 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.33 1.35 1.38 1.40 1.42 1.43 1.45 1.43 1.40 1.37

3.13 3.01 2.98 3.02 3.14 3.26 3.33 3.36 3.39 3.35 3.26 3.22 3.17 3.13 3.08 3.05 2.98 2.88 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.52 2.45 2.38 2.32 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.05 1.99 1.93 1.88 1.82 1.77 1.73 1.69 1.62 1.57 1.52 1.48 1.42 1.36 1.29 1.22 1.18 1.14 1.10 1.06 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.19

k

R(φ = 0) 0.540 0.529 0.526 0.530 0.541 0.551 0.558 0.563 0.568 0.569 0.562 0.560 0.559 0.558 0.558 0.561 0.560 0.555 0.547 0.538 0.529 0.519 0.510 0.501 0.493 0.484 0.474 0.462 0.451 0.438 0.427 0.415 0.402 0.389 0.379 0.367 0.349 0.335 0.322 0.313 0.302 0.285 0.265 0.244 0.230 0.217 0.206 0.194 0.187 0.180 0.174 0.173 0.173 0.174 0.178 0.184 0.193 0.204 0.214 0.223

12-129

Energy (eV) 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60

n 1.32 1.27 1.23 1.19 1.15 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.03 1.00 0.97 0.92 0.88 0.83 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.81 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.96 0.97 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.09

1.21 1.21 1.20 1.20 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.04 0.99 0.94 0.88 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.68 0.61 0.58 0.57 0.53 0.48 0.44 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.30

Iridium11 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50

28.49 15.32 9.69 6.86 5.16 4.11 3.42 3.05 2.98 2.79 2.93 3.14 3.19 3.15 3.04 2.96 2.85 2.72 2.65

60.62 45.15 35.34 28.84 24.25 20.79 18.06 15.82 14.06 11.58 9.78 8.61 7.88 7.31 6.84 6.41 6.07 5.74 5.39

k

R(φ = 0) 0.230 0.234 0.235 0.237 0.237 0.237 0.237 0.236 0.235 0.233 0.231 0.226 0.219 0.211 0.196 0.177 0.160 0.154 0.140 0.119 0.099 0.102 0.092 0.077 0.065 0.053 0.041 0.032 0.030 0.025 0.023 0.021 0.020 0.019 0.019 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.975 0.973 0.972 0.969 0.967 0.964 0.960 0.954 0.944 0.925 0.895 0.862 0.840 0.822 0.808 0.791 0.779 0.767 0.750

Energy (eV) 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00

n 2.68 2.69 2.64 2.57 2.50 2.40 2.29 2.18 2.07 1.98 1.91 1.85 1.81 1.77 1.73 1.62 1.53 1.52 1.61 1.64 1.58 1.45 1.31 1.18 1.10 1.04 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.08 1.13 1.18 1.22 1.26 1.29 1.33 1.36 1.39 1.42 1.44 1.45 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.41 1.38 1.34 1.31 1.28 1.25 1.24

5.08 4.92 4.81 4.68 4.57 4.48 4.38 4.26 4.14 4.00 3.86 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.43 3.26 3.05 2.81 2.69 2.68 2.71 2.68 2.60 2.49 2.35 2.22 2.09 1.98 1.86 1.78 1.68 1.59 1.50 1.42 1.34 1.27 1.20 1.14 1.06 1.03 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.10 1.08

k

R(φ = 0) 0.728 0.716 0.710 0.704 0.699 0.697 0.695 0.692 0.689 0.682 0.673 0.665 0.655 0.646 0.640 0.629 0.610 0.573 0.541 0.535 0.549 0.561 0.567 0.570 0.559 0.543 0.522 0.499 0.474 0.454 0.427 0.401 0.375 0.345 0.318 0.290 0.262 0.241 0.208 0.191 0.179 0.171 0.164 0.160 0.157 0.159 0.161 0.163 0.169 0.175 0.182 0.187 0.193 0.200 0.206 0.208 0.208 0.206 0.203 0.199


12-130 Energy (eV) 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00

n 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.23 1.25 1.28 1.30 1.30 1.27 1.24 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.04 0.99 0.94 0.89 0.84 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.62 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.76

1.05 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.87 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.87 0.93 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.96 0.92 0.87 0.83 0.79 0.76 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.44 0.35 0.27 0.24 0.22

Iron 5 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10

6.41 6.26 3.68 4.98 4.87 4.68 4.42 4.14 3.93 3.78 3.65 3.52 3.43 3.33

33.07 22.82 18.23 13.68 12.05 10.44 9.75 8.02 6.95 6.17 5.60 5.16 4.79 4.52

k

R(φ = 0) 0.191 0.181 0.173 0.165 0.155 0.147 0.142 0.136 0.133 0.131 0.129 0.127 0.131 0.140 0.154 0.166 0.176 0.187 0.197 0.205 0.210 0.215 0.220 0.222 0.228 0.232 0.228 0.223 0.218 0.209 0.200 0.192 0.181 0.174 0.166 0.158 0.151 0.148 0.145 0.140 0.119 0.091 0.059 0.044 0.034 0.978 0.956 0.958 0.911 0.892 0.867 0.858 0.817 0.783 0.752 0.725 0.700 0.678 0.660

Energy (eV) 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.83 4.00 4.17 4.33 4.50 4.67 4.83 5.00 5.17 5.33 5.50 5.67 5.83 6.00 6.17 6.33 6.50 6.67 6.83 7.00 7.17 7.33 7.50 7.67 7.83 8.00 8.17 8.33 8.50 8.67 8.83 9.00 9.17 9.33

n 3.24 3.16 3.12 3.05 3.00 2.98 2.92 2.89 2.85 2.80 2.74 2.65 2.56 2.46 2.34 2.23 2.12 2.01 1.88 1.78 1.70 1.62 1.55 1.50 1.47 1.43 1.38 1.30 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.14 1.14 1.12 1.11 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.92 0.91

4.26 4.07 3.87 3.77 3.60 3.52 3.46 3.37 3.36 3.34 3.33 3.34 3.31 3.31 3.30 3.25 3.23 3.17 3.12 3.04 2.96 2.87 2.79 2.70 2.63 2.56 2.49 2.39 2.27 2.18 2.10 2.02 1.93 1.87 1.81 1.75 1.17 1.65 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.55 1.51 1.47 1.43 1.39 1.35 1.30 1.26 1.23 1.21 1.18 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.04

k

R(φ = 0) 0.641 0.626 0.609 0.601 0.585 0.577 0.573 0.563 0.563 0.562 0.563 0.567 0.567 0.570 0.576 0.575 0.580 0.580 0.583 0.580 0.576 0.572 0.565 0.556 0.548 0.542 0.534 0.527 0.510 0.494 0.482 0.470 0.451 0.435 0.425 0.408 0.401 0.383 0.373 0.366 0.365 0.365 0.358 0.351 0.346 0.333 0.327 0.311 0.298 0.288 0.279 0.272 0.265 0.258 0.251 0.246 0.240 0.236 0.233 0.231

Energy (eV) 9.50 9.67 9.83 10.00 10.17 10.33 10.50 10.67 10.83 11.00 11.17 11.33 11.50 11.67 11.83 12.00 12.17 12.33 12.50 12.67 12.83 13.00 13.17 13.33 13.50 13.67 13.83 14.00 14.17 14.33 14.50 14.67 14.83 15.00 15.17 15.33 15.50 15.67 15.83 16.00 16.17 16.33 16.50 16.67 16.83 17.00 17.17 17.33 17.50 17.67 17.83 18.00 18.17 18.33 18.50 18.67 18.83 19.00 19.17 19.33

n 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.98 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.76 0.76

1.02 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.79 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.48

k

R(φ = 0) 0.226 0.221 0.218 0.213 0.203 0.196 0.189 0.179 0.170 0.162 0.159 0.159 0.160 0.162 0.163 0.163 0.165 0.164 0.165 0.166 0.166 0.162 0.161 0.160 0.159 0.157 0.154 0.151 0.149 0.146 0.144 0.141 0.138 0.135 0.131 0.238 0.126 0.123 0.119 0.116 0.112 0.110 0.107 0.106 0.103 0.102 0.100 0.098 0.097 0.095 0.092 0.091 0.090 0.089 0.089 0.088 0.087 0.087 0.088 0.087

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 19.50 19.67 19.83 20.00 20.17 20.33 20.50 20.67 20.83 21.00 21.17 21.33 21.50 21.67 21.83 22.00 22.17 22.33 22.50 22.67 22.83 23.00 23.17 23.33 23.50 23.67 23.83 24.00 24.17 24.33 24.50 24.67 24.83 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00

n 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.82

0.47 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.42 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.13

Lithium 12 0.14 0.54 0.75 1.05 1.35 1.65 1.95 2.25 2.55 2.85 3.15 3.45 3.75 4.05 4.35 4.65 4.95 5.25 5.55 5.85

0.659 0.661 0.561 0.448 0.338 0.265 0.221 0.206 0.217 0.247 0.304 0.334 0.345 0.346 0.333 0.317 0.302 0.299 0.310 0.342

38.0 12.6 7.68 5.58 4.36 3.55 2.94 2.48 2.11 1.82 1.60 1.45 1.32 1.21 1.11 1.01 0.906 0.795 0.688 0.594

k

R(φ = 0) 0.086 0.085 0.084 0.083 0.081 0.081 0.080 0.079 0.078 0.077 0.076 0.074 0.073 0.071 0.070 0.068 0.067 0.064 0.063 0.062 0.059 0.058 0.056 0.054 0.050 0.049 0.047 0.045 0.044 0.043 0.042 0.040 0.039 0.038 0.031 0.026 0.021 0.017 0.014 0.998 0.984 0.963 0.946 0.935 0.925 0.913 0.892 0.854 0.797 0.715 0.656 0.611 0.578 0.557 0.540 0.520 0.484 0.434 0.365

Energy (eV) 6.15 6.45 6.75 7.05 7.35 7.65 7.95 8.25 8.55 8.85 9.15 9.45 9.75 10.1 10.4 10.6

12-131 n 0.376 0.408 0.440 0.466 0.492 0.517 0.545 0.572 0.601 0.624 0.657 0.680 0.708 0.726 0.743 0.753

k 0.522 0.460 0.407 0.364 0.320 0.282 0.246 0.214 0.189 0.163 0.144 0.130 0.119 0.108 0.102 0.080

R(φ = 0) 0.306 0.256 0.214 0.183 0.155 0.131 0.109 0.091 0.075 0.063 0.050 0.042 0.034 0.029 0.025 0.022

Magnesium (evaporated) 13 2.145 0.48 3.71 2.270 0.57 3.47 2.522 0.53 2.92 2.845 0.52 2.65 3.064 0.52 2.05 5.167 0.10 1.60 5.636 0.15 1.50 6.200 0.20 1.40 6.889 0.25 1.30 7.750 0.20 1.20 8.857 0.15 0.95 10.335 0.25 0.40

0.880 0.843 0.805 0.777 0.681 0.894 0.832 0.765 0.693 0.722 0.730 0.419

Manganese14 0.64 3.89 0.77 3.78 0.89 3.65 1.02 3.48 1.14 3.30 1.26 3.10 1.39 2.97 1.51 2.83 1.64 2.70 1.76 2.62 1.88 2.56 2.01 2.51 2.13 2.47 2.26 2.39 2.38 2.32 2.50 2.25 2.63 2.19 2.75 2.11 2.88 2.06 3.00 2.00 3.12 1.96 3.25 1.92 3.37 1.89 3.50 1.89 3.62 1.87 3.74 1.86 3.87 1.86 3.99 1.86 4.12 1.86

0.738 0.710 0.688 0.673 0.662 0.653 0.643 0.634 0.627 0.617 0.606 0.596 0.585 0.577 0.567 0.559 0.552 0.545 0.536 0.528 0.518 0.509 0.498 0.484 0.475 0.463 0.451 0.438 0.427

5.95 5.41 5.02 4.74 4.53 4.35 4.18 4.03 3.91 3.78 3.65 3.54 3.43 3.33 3.23 3.14 3.06 2.98 2.90 2.82 2.74 2.67 2.59 2.51 2.45 2.38 2.32 2.25 2.19

Energy (eV) 4.24 4.36 4.49 4.61 4.74 4.86 4.98 5.11 5.23 5.36 5.48 5.60 5.73 5.85 5.98 6.10 6.22 6.35 6.47 6.60

n 1.85 1.85 1.86 1.85 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.82 1.81 1.78 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.70 1.67 1.63 1.62 1.59 1.55 1.48

Mercury (liquid) 15 0.2 13.99 0.3 11.37 0.4 9.741 0.5 8.528 0.6 7.574 0.8 6.086 1.0 4.962 1.2 4.050 1.4 3.324 1.6 2.746 1.8 2.284 2.0 1.910 2.2 1.620 2.4 1.384 2.6 1.186 2.8 1.027 3.0 0.898 3.2 0.798 3.4 0.713 3.6 0.644 3.8 0.589 4.0 0.542 4.2 0.507 4.4 0.477 4.6 0.452 4.8 0.431 5.0 0.414 5.2 0.401 5.4 0.394 5.6 0.386 5.7 0.386 5.8 0.386 5.9 0.385 6.0 0.386 6.1 0.388 6.2 0.390 6.3 0.399 6.4 0.412 6.5 0.428

2.14 2.08 2.03 1.99 1.94 1.91 1.86 1.82 1.79 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.58 1.55 1.52 1.50 1.47

k

14.27 11.95 10.65 9.805 9.195 8.312 7.643 7.082 6.558 6.054 5.582 5.150 4.751 4.407 4.090 3.802 3.538 3.294 3.074 2.860 2.665 2.502 2.341 2.195 2.058 1.929 1.806 1.687 1.569 1.454 1.396 1.341 1.287 1.232 1.176 1.118 1.058 1.002 0.949

R(φ = 0) 0.417 0.406 0.395 0.388 0.378 0.372 0.362 0.354 0.348 0.342 0.337 0.331 0.325 0.319 0.313 0.307 0.301 0.295 0.292 0.288 0.869 0.846 0.830 0.818 0.808 0.796 0.789 0.786 0.785 0.783 0.782 0.782 0.780 0.779 0.779 0.779 0.777 0.773 0.770 0.763 0.755 0.749 0.738 0.727 0.715 0.701 0.685 0.666 0.642 0.617 0.601 0.585 0.569 0.551 0.531 0.510 0.481 0.450 0.418


12-132 Energy (eV) 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5

n 0.436 0.438 0.459 0.510 0.585 0.663 0.717 0.769 0.817 0.860 0.893 0.929 0.946 0.952 0.953 0.956 0.965 0.975 0.988 1.009 1.044 1.061 1.062 1.054 1.045 1.041 1.039 1.039 1.050 1.064 1.078 1.092 1.104 1.115 1.125 1.135 1.146 1.159 1.170 1.177 1.184 1.191 1.195 1.200 1.208

k 0.898 0.836 0.756 0.676 0.617 0.589 0.584 0.575 0.574 0.580 0.597 0.623 0.639 0.645 0.638 0.624 0.607 0.588 0.568 0.548 0.541 0.557 0.567 0.569 0.561 0.550 0.537 0.523 0.491 0.467 0.445 0.430 0.416 0.404 0.394 0.383 0.374 0.368 0.367 0.367 0.366 0.367 0.367 0.366 0.364

R(φ = 0) 0.392 0.367 0.320 0.255 0.191 0.148 0.128 0.111 0.100 0.094 0.093 0.096 0.098 0.099 0.097 0.093 0.087 0.082 0.076 0.069 0.066 0.069 0.071 0.072 0.070 0.068 0.065 0.062 0.055 0.050 0.045 0.042 0.040 0.038 0.037 0.035 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

Molybdenum 16 0.10 18.53 0.15 8.78 0.20 5.10 0.25 3.36 0.30 2.44 0.34 2.00 0.38 1.70 0.42 1.57 0.46 1.46 0.50 1.37 0.54 1.35 0.58 1.34 0.62 1.38 0.66 1.43

68.51 47.54 35.99 28.75 23.80 20.84 18.44 16.50 14.91 13.55 12.36 11.34 10.44 9.67

0.985 0.985 0.985 0.984 0.983 0.982 0.980 0.978 0.975 0.971 0.966 0.960 0.952 0.942

Energy (eV) 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.82 0.86 9.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60

n 1.48 1.51 1.60 1.64 1.70 1.74 1.94 2.15 2.44 2.77 3.15 3.53 3.77 3.84 3.81 3.74 3.68 3.68 3.76 3.79 3.59 3.36 3.22 3.13 3.08 3.05 3.04 3.03 3.05 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.05 3.04 3.04 3.04 3.01 2.77 2.39 2.06 1.75 1.46 1.22 1.07 0.96 0.89 0.85 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.81 0.81 0.75 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65

8.99 8.38 7.83 7.35 6.89 6.48 5.58 4.85 4.22 3.74 3.40 3.30 3.41 3.51 3.58 3.58 3.52 3.45 3.41 3.61 3.78 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.42 3.33 3.27 3.21 3.18 3.18 3.19 3.21 3.23 3.27 3.31 3.40 3.51 3.77 3.88 3.84 3.76 3.62 3.42 3.20 2.99 2.80 2.64 2.50 2.36 2.24 2.13 2.04 1.98 1.95 1.90 1.81 1.73 1.65 1.57 1.49

k

R(φ = 0) 0.932 0.921 0.906 0.892 0.876 0.859 0.805 0.743 0.671 0.608 0.562 0.550 0.562 0.570 0.576 0.576 0.571 0.565 0.562 0.578 0.594 0.591 0.582 0.573 0.565 0.566 0.550 0.544 0.540 0.540 0.541 0.543 0.546 0.550 0.554 0.564 0.576 0.610 0.640 0.658 0.678 0.695 0.706 0.706 0.700 0.688 0.674 0.660 0.641 0.619 0.592 0.568 0.548 0.542 0.552 0.542 0.530 0.512 0.495 0.475

Energy (eV) 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.60 17.00 17.60 18.00 18.60 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00

n 0.65 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.81 0.86 0.91 0.98 1.05 1.12 1.18 1.23 1.25 1.26 1.25 1.23 1.20 1.17 1.15 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.14 1.10 1.04 0.94 0.87 0.77 0.71 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.66 0.68 0.71 0.73 0.76 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.91 0.87

1.41 1.33 1.25 1.19 1.12 1.05 0.99 0.93 0.88 0.83 0.79 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.85 0.89 0.92 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.12 1.08 1.02 0.94 0.89 0.81 0.77 0.71 0.69 0.63 0.60 0.53 0.49 0.43 0.39 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.37

k

R(φ = 0) 0.450 0.420 0.385 0.355 0.320 0.285 0.250 0.217 0.188 0.162 0.138 0.125 0.123 0.125 0.135 0.145 0.154 0.168 0.178 0.185 0.187 0.185 0.182 0.179 0.179 0.184 0.194 0.216 0.233 0.257 0.270 0.283 0.284 0.275 0.264 0.245 0.234 0.215 0.207 0.195 0.185 0.166 0.151 0.124 0.106 0.085 0.072 0.060 0.050 0.041 0.036 0.031 0.028 0.025 0.023 0.024 0.030 0.032 0.034 0.043

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.83

0.34 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.23

Nickel17 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.20 6.40

9.54 5.45 4.12 4.25 4.19 4.03 3.84 4.03 3.84 3.59 3.38 3.18 3.06 2.97 2.85 2.74 2.65 2.53 2.43 2.28 2.14 2.02 1.92 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.71 1.67 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.66 1.69 1.72 1.73 1.74 1.71 1.63 1.53 1.40 1.27 1.16 1.09 1.04 1.00 1.01

45.82 30.56 22.48 17.68 15.05 13.05 11.43 9.64 8.35 7.48 6.82 6.23 5.74 5.38 5.10 4.85 4.63 4.47 4.31 4.18 4.01 3.82 3.65 3.48 3.33 3.19 3.06 2.93 2.81 2.71 2.61 2.52 2.44 2.36 2.30 2.23 2.17 2.11 2.07 2.02 1.99 1.98 1.98 2.01 2.06 2.09 2.11 2.10 2.04 1.94 1.83 1.73 1.54 1.46

k

R(φ = 0) 0.043 0.038 0.033 0.029 0.025 0.983 0.978 0.969 0.950 0.934 0.918 0.900 0.864 0.835 0.813 0.794 0.774 0.753 0.734 0.721 0.708 0.695 0.688 0.679 0.677 0.670 0.659 0.649 0.634 0.620 0.605 0.590 0.575 0.557 0.542 0.525 0.509 0.495 0.480 0.467 0.454 0.441 0.428 0.416 0.405 0.397 0.393 0.392 0.396 0.409 0.421 0.435 0.449 0.454 0.449 0.435 0.417 0.371 0.345

Energy (eV) 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50

12-133 n 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90

1.40 1.35 1.30 1.27 1.24 1.22 1.18 1.15 1.13 1.11 1.08 1.05 1.01 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.89 0.87 0.83 0.80 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.43

k

R(φ = 0) 0.325 0.308 0.291 0.282 0.273 0.265 0.256 0.248 0.242 0.235 0.228 0.220 0.211 0.203 0.194 0.185 0.175 0.166 0.155 0.145 0.129 0.123 0.115 0.111 0.109 0.108 0.108 0.107 0.106 0.106 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.107 0.107 0.106 0.105 0.104 0.103 0.101 0.098 0.096 0.092 0.087 0.082 0.077 0.071 0.066 0.061 0.057 0.055 0.053 0.051 0.052 0.051 0.051

Energy (eV) 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 60.00 65.00 68.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 90.00

n 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.92 0.96 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94

0.42 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.24 0.18 0.13 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.06

Niobium 18 0.12 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.35 1.45 1.55 1.65 1.75 1.85 1.95 2.05 2.15 2.25 2.35 2.45 2.55 2.65 2.75 2.85 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20

15.99 7.25 5.47 4.26 3.11 2.28 1.83 1.57 1.41 1.35 1.35 1.44 1.55 1.65 1.76 1.95 2.15 2.36 2.54 2.69 2.82 2.89 2.92 2.93 2.92 2.89 2.83 2.74 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.48 2.45 2.44 2.46 2.48 2.52 2.56 2.59 2.62 2.64 2.64

53.20 34.14 28.88 24.95 20.03 15.58 12.67 10.59 9.00 7.74 6.70 5.86 5.18 4.63 4.13 3.68 3.37 3.13 2.99 2.89 2.86 2.87 2.87 2.87 2.88 2.90 2.92 2.90 2.86 2.80 2.68 2.60 2.53 2.45 2.38 2.33 2.29 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.33 2.42

k

R(φ = 0) 0.050 0.046 0.042 0.040 0.037 0.034 0.022 0.014 0.008 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.979 0.976 0.975 0.974 0.970 0.964 0.956 0.947 0.935 0.918 0.893 0.857 0.814 0.768 0.715 0.650 0.595 0.552 0.527 0.510 0.505 0.505 0.505 0.505 0.506 0.509 0.512 0.511 0.507 0.500 0.485 0.475 0.465 0.453 0.442 0.435 0.428 0.426 0.427 0.429 0.434 0.447


12-134 Energy (eV) 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.70 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.60 17.00 17.20 17.40 17.80 18.00 18.60 19.00 19.60 20.00

n 2.53 2.39 2.32 2.26 2.16 2.00 1.81 1.63 1.49 1.38 1.31 1.26 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.14 1.07 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.13 1.18 1.23 1.27 1.30 1.32 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.28 1.27 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.11 1.08 0.99 0.92 0.85 0.80 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72

2.56 2.56 2.52 2.57 2.62 2.68 2.67 2.60 2.49 2.38 2.25 2.14 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.88 1.85 1.78 1.69 1.60 1.51 1.43 1.39 1.36 1.29 1.22 1.18 1.13 1.09 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.12 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.14 1.11 1.04 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.87 0.85 0.77 0.72 0.66 0.62

k

R(φ = 0) 0.467 0.470 0.465 0.475 0.487 0.505 0.518 0.522 0.520 0.512 0.496 0.480 0.460 0.441 0.430 0.427 0.430 0.428 0.412 0.390 0.365 0.340 0.328 0.315 0.290 0.265 0.245 0.227 0.209 0.194 0.187 0.185 0.190 0.195 0.200 0.204 0.207 0.209 0.210 0.209 0.204 0.200 0.201 0.208 0.216 0.225 0.234 0.238 0.247 0.250 0.245 0.240 0.236 0.230 0.217 0.209 0.185 0.170 0.150 0.137

Energy (eV) 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.60 27.00 27.60 28.00 28.60 29.00 29.60 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.20 36.00 37.50 39.50 40.50

n 0.71 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.99 1.00 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.17 1.15 1.07 0.95 0.92

0.55 0.50 0.43 0.40 0.35 0.33 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.47 0.50 0.53 0.50 0.47

k

Osmium (Polycrystalline) 9 0.10 4.08 50.23 0.15 2.90 33.60 0.20 2.44 25.11 0.25 2.35 19.99 0.30 2.23 16.54 0.35 2.33 14.06 0.40 2.45 12.32 0.45 2.43 11.02 0.50 2.41 9.97 0.55 2.33 9.12 0.60 2.21 8.37 0.65 2.11 7.68 0.70 2.02 7.04 0.75 2.00 6.46 0.80 2.00 5.95 0.85 2.01 5.51 0.90 2.03 5.10 0.95 2.05 4.74 1.00 2.09 4.41 1.10 2.15 3.84 1.20 2.16 3.35 1.30 2.25 2.77 1.40 2.49 2.23 1.50 2.84 1.80 1.60 3.36 1.62 1.70 3.70 1.75 1.80 3.78 1.83 1.90 3.81 1.75 2.00 3.98 1.60 2.10 4.26 1.54

R(φ = 0) 0.119 0.100 0.075 0.063 0.045 0.038 0.029 0.025 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.020 0.023 0.026 0.031 0.038 0.044 0.051 0.056 0.064 0.063 0.059 0.994 0.990 0.985 0.977 0.969 0.955 0.940 0.927 0.913 0.901 0.890 0.877 0.862 0.842 0.820 0.796 0.769 0.742 0.712 0.651 0.592 0.506 0.419 0.369 0.379 0.411 0.423 0.418 0.418 0.432

Energy (eV) 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.30 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60

n 4.58 4.84 5.10 5.28 5.36 5.30 5.07 4.65 4.05 3.29 2.93 2.75 2.73 2.71 2.53 2.24 2.01 1.88 1.74 1.58 1.46 1.36 1.27 1.20 1.13 1.06 1.01 0.97 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.01 1.04 1.08 1.10 1.13 1.16 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17

1.62 1.76 2.01 2.38 2.82 3.29 3.78 4.18 4.40 3.96 3.79 3.45 3.32 3.34 3.44 3.44 3.31 3.19 3.12 3.00 2.88 2.77 2.65 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.21 2.11 2.00 1.91 1.81 1.72 1.63 1.55 1.48 1.40 1.34 1.29 1.24 1.19 1.16 1.14 1.11 1.10 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.97

k

R(φ = 0) 0.457 0.479 0.506 0.532 0.557 0.580 0.603 0.624 0.639 0.614 0.607 0.577 0.562 0.565 0.584 0.599 0.598 0.592 0.596 0.597 0.593 0.589 0.582 0.575 0.571 0.562 0.548 0.532 0.514 0.497 0.476 0.451 0.426 0.400 0.375 0.344 0.319 0.296 0.274 0.255 0.238 0.229 0.217 0.209 0.203 0.201 0.200 0.201 0.203 0.206 0.213 0.217 0.223 0.216 0.211 0.205 0.191 0.183 0.174 0.170

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 28.00 28.40 28.80 29.20 29.60 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 1.17 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.20 1.25 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.23 1.19 1.14 1.10 1.05 0.96 0.93 0.89 0.86 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.75 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.63 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.84

Palladium 19 0.10 4.13 0.15 3.13 0.20 3.07 0.26 3.11 0.30 3.56 0.36 3.98 0.40 4.27 0.46 4.27 0.50 4.10

0.96 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.87 0.90 0.94 0.97 1.01 1.04 1.08 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.10 1.09 1.05 1.02 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.45 0.41 0.37 0.34 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26

k

54.15 35.82 26.59 20.15 17.27 14.41 13.27 12.11 11.44

R(φ = 0) 0.169 0.165 0.156 0.148 0.140 0.140 0.147 0.157 0.167 0.178 0.189 0.200 0.210 0.219 0.227 0.239 0.240 0.240 0.237 0.235 0.230 0.226 0.220 0.217 0.211 0.209 0.207 0.205 0.202 0.199 0.195 0.189 0.183 0.165 0.156 0.148 0.140 0.134 0.128 0.121 0.111 0.095 0.079 0.068 0.057 0.048 0.040 0.035 0.031 0.026 0.994 0.990 0.983 0.971 0.955 0.932 0.916 0.902 0.896

Energy (eV) 0.56 0.60 0.72 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00

12-135 n 3.92 3.80 3.51 3.35 2.99 2.81 2.65 2.50 2.34 2.17 2.08 2.00 1.92 1.82 1.75 1.67 1.60 1.53 1.47 1.41 1.37 1.32 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.17 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.01 0.96 0.90 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.83 0.88 0.94 0.96 1.00 1.04 1.07

k 10.49 9.96 8.70 8.06 6.89 6.46 6.10 5.78 5.50 5.22 4.95 4.72 4.54 4.35 4.18 4.03 3.88 3.75 3.61 3.48 3.36 3.25 3.13 3.03 2.94 2.85 2.77 2.68 2.60 2.52 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.25 2.19 2.09 2.01 1.94 1.90 1.86 1.79 1.70 1.62 1.54 1.45 1.37 1.29 1.21 1.13 1.05 0.98 0.91 0.85 0.78 0.73 0.70 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.64

R(φ = 0) 0.883 0.876 0.854 0.840 0.811 0.800 0.790 0.781 0.774 0.767 0.755 0.745 0.737 0.729 0.721 0.714 0.707 0.700 0.693 0.685 0.676 0.668 0.658 0.648 0.639 0.630 0.622 0.613 0.602 0.591 0.581 0.570 0.558 0.547 0.537 0.510 0.493 0.476 0.470 0.472 0.474 0.463 0.449 0.437 0.418 0.397 0.375 0.350 0.316 0.287 0.255 0.223 0.195 0.163 0.133 0.117 0.114 0.097 0.094 0.090

Energy (eV) 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 25.00 26.40 27.80 29.20

n 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.15 1.13 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.03 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.81 0.80 0.81 0.82

0.65 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.68 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.61 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.61 0.65 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.43 0.38 0.35

Platinum 20 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60

13.21 8.18 5.90 4.70 3.92 3.28 2.81 3.03 3.91 4.58 5.13 5.52 5.71 5.57 5.31 5.05 4.77 4.50 4.25 3.86 3.55 3.29 3.10 2.92 2.76

44.72 31.16 23.95 19.40 16.16 13.66 11.38 9.31 7.71 7.14 6.75 6.66 6.83 7.02 7.04 6.98 6.91 6.77 6.62 6.24 5.92 5.61 5.32 5.07 4.84

k

R(φ = 0) 0.089 0.088 0.087 0.086 0.087 0.089 0.091 0.091 0.092 0.093 0.095 0.098 0.096 0.092 0.086 0.081 0.080 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.080 0.090 0.098 0.103 0.103 0.103 0.101 0.097 0.091 0.086 0.084 0.066 0.052 0.046 0.976 0.969 0.962 0.954 0.945 0.936 0.922 0.882 0.813 0.777 0.753 0.746 0.751 0.759 0.762 0.763 0.765 0.763 0.762 0.753 0.746 0.736 0.725 0.716 0.706


12-136 Energy (eV) 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40

n 2.63 2.51 2.38 2.30 2.23 2.17 2.10 2.03 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.68 1.63 1.58 1.53 1.49 1.45 1.43 1.39 1.38 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.38 1.39 1.42 1.45 1.48 1.50 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.48 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.48 1.46 1.43 1.40 1.37 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29

4.64 4.43 4.26 4.07 3.92 3.77 3.67 3.54 3.42 3.30 3.20 3.10 3.01 2.92 2.76 2.62 2.48 2.37 2.25 2.14 2.04 1.95 1.85 1.76 1.67 1.61 1.54 1.47 1.40 1.35 1.29 1.26 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.18 1.17 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.01 1.00 0.97

k

R(φ = 0) 0.697 0.686 0.678 0.664 0.654 0.642 0.636 0.626 0.616 0.605 0.595 0.585 0.575 0.565 0.546 0.527 0.507 0.491 0.472 0.452 0.432 0.415 0.392 0.372 0.350 0.332 0.315 0.295 0.276 0.261 0.246 0.236 0.231 0.230 0.231 0.228 0.225 0.221 0.216 0.212 0.209 0.205 0.202 0.200 0.198 0.200 0.203 0.207 0.209 0.211 0.210 0.207 0.203 0.199 0.194 0.188 0.183 0.177 0.173 0.165

Energy (eV) 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00

n 1.29 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.30 1.27 1.27 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.27 1.31 1.30 1.28 1.23 1.18 1.11 1.03 0.94 0.87 0.81 0.77 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.73

Potassium21 0.55 0.139 0.58 0.119 0.63 0.106 0.67 0.091 0.73 0.079 0.81 0.066 0.92 0.056 1.05 0.044 1.23 0.040 1.44 0.040 1.65 0.044 1.87 0.050 2.07 0.053 2.27 0.049 2.45 0.046 2.64 0.043 2.82 0.043 2.95 0.041 3.06 0.041 3.40 0.052 3.71 0.089 3.97 0.287

0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.88 0.94 0.99 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.10 1.08 1.04 0.98 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.58

k

7.10 6.72 6.32 5.79 5.30 4.75 4.19 3.58 3.04 2.56 2.19 1.84 1.62 1.43 1.28 1.14 1.02 0.898 0.799 0.549 0.288 0.091

R(φ = 0) 0.158 0.155 0.155 0.155 0.156 0.157 0.155 0.151 0.146 0.142 0.138 0.135 0.142 0.157 0.171 0.184 0.197 0.212 0.226 0.238 0.240 0.235 0.226 0.213 0.201 0.187 0.174 0.162 0.150 0.142 0.136 0.130 0.125 0.121 0.118 0.120 0.124 0.989 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.988 0.987 0.985 0.979 0.970 0.955 0.943 0.938 0.933 0.928 0.919 0.913 0.905 0.852 0.719 0.310

Energy (eV) 4.00 4.065 4.133 4.203 4.275 4.350 4.428 4.509 4.592 4.679 4.769 4.862 4.959 5.061 5.166 5.276 5.391 5.510 5.637 5.767 6.048 6.199 6.358 6.526 6.702 6.888 7.085 7.293 7.514 7.749 7.999 8.260 8.551 8.856 9.184 9.537 9.919 10.33 11.0 12.0

n 0.34 0.38 0.41 0.45 0.48 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94

k 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.028

R(φ = 0) 0.245 0.204 0.177 0.145 0.125 0.101 0.085 0.072 0.060 0.049 0.043 0.037 0.032 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.016 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001

→

Rhenium, single crystal, E ∥ ĉ9 0.10 6.06 51.03 0.15 4.66 33.96 0.20 4.16 25.36 0.25 4.03 20.10 0.30 4.37 16.69 0.35 4.50 14.53 0.40 4.53 12.96 0.45 4.53 11.78 0.50 4.53 10.88 0.55 4.50 10.26 0.60 4.29 9.75 0.65 4.07 9.35 0.70 3.80 8.94 0.75 3.48 8.55 0.80 3.21 8.10 0.85 2.96 7.68 0.90 2.73 7.24 0.95 2.56 6.79 1.00 2.45 6.36

0.991 0.984 0.975 0.962 0.943 0.925 0.909 0.893 0.878 0.867 0.861 0.856 0.853 0.850 0.846 0.841 0.835 0.826 0.813


n 2.38 2.35 2.39 2.44 2.50 2.59 2.70 2.82 2.90 2.97 3.03 3.06 3.07 3.06 3.02 2.96 2.89 2.89 2.99 3.11 2.90 2.83 2.93 2.86 2.81 2.86 2.81 2.56 2.41 2.39 2.34 2.20 2.02 1.83 1.65 1.54 1.45 1.32 1.26 1.20 1.16 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.23 1.25 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.29

5.61 5.02 4.54 4.13 3.79 3.49 3.27 3.10 3.00 2.91 2.86 2.84 2.82 2.81 2.80 2.77 2.68 2.57 2.47 2.57 2.68 2.50 2.48 2.56 2.51 2.55 2.74 2.83 2.71 2.68 2.75 2.81 2.84 2.80 2.71 2.59 2.50 2.31 2.23 2.15 2.06 1.99 1.89 1.80 1.71 1.62 1.55 1.48 1.43 1.39 1.34 1.32 1.29 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28

k

R(φ = 0) 0.778 0.742 0.702 0.662 0.624 0.587 0.557 0.535 0.520 0.510 0.504 0.501 0.499 0.498 0.497 0.493 0.482 0.468 0.457 0.470 0.482 0.459 0.457 0.467 0.460 0.466 0.489 0.504 0.493 0.488 0.500 0.515 0.530 0.538 0.541 0.532 0.526 0.508 0.500 0.493 0.480 0.470 0.454 0.435 0.411 0.386 0.360 0.336 0.317 0.301 0.281 0.274 0.264 0.252 0.246 0.242 0.242 0.244 0.247 0.249

Energy (eV) 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.00 17.40 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00

12-137 n 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.19 1.14 1.12 1.07 0.99 0.93 0.87 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.54 0.57 0.62 0.66 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.85 0.82

1.28 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.21 1.18 1.16 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.15 1.19 1.22 1.25 1.27 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.25 1.21 1.18 1.14 1.11 1.08 1.04 1.01 0.97 0.93 0.89 0.85 0.80 0.76 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.61 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.45 0.39 0.33 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.26 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.30

k

R(φ = 0) 0.252 0.252 0.249 0.244 0.237 0.230 0.222 0.215 0.209 0.204 0.213 0.225 0.236 0.248 0.259 0.269 0.275 0.286 0.300 0.311 0.321 0.330 0.332 0.333 0.332 0.332 0.334 0.335 0.340 0.341 0.338 0.334 0.329 0.319 0.207 0.296 0.282 0.270 0.255 0.240 0.225 0.208 0.193 0.176 0.145 0.114 0.086 0.065 0.054 0.041 0.031 0.025 0.021 0.018 0.016 0.022 0.022 0.026 0.035 0.036

Energy (eV) 50.00 52.00 54.00 56.00 58.00

n 0.80 0.78 0.72 0.66 0.65

0.30 0.30 0.30 0.24 0.16

k

R(φ = 0) 0.038 0.044 0.055 0.061 0.055

→

Rhenium, single crystal, E ⊥ ĉ9 0.10 4.25 42.83 0.15 3.28 28.08 0.20 3.28 20.66 0.25 3.47 16.27 0.30 3.73 13.44 0.35 3.93 11.54 0.40 3.99 10.15 0.45 4.17 9.03 0.50 4.34 8.26 0.55 4.45 7.73 0.60 4.53 7.40 0.65 4.44 7.26 0.70 4.13 7.09 0.75 3.77 6.75 0.80 3.55 6.32 0.85 3.39 5.95 0.90 3.26 5.61 0.95 3.17 5.27 1.00 3.09 4.96 1.10 3.05 4.39 1.20 3.08 3.89 1.30 3.20 3.56 1.40 3.23 3.38 1.50 3.23 3.12 1.60 3.29 2.88 1.70 3.38 2.72 1.80 3.47 2.59 1.90 3.54 2.50 2.00 3.63 2.43 2.10 3.74 2.40 2.20 3.83 2.38 2.30 3.93 2.44 2.40 4.00 2.55 2.50 4.01 2.70 2.60 3.90 2.84 2.70 3.74 2.92 2.80 3.57 2.88 2.90 3.49 2.75 3.00 3.53 2.71 3.20 3.55 2.84 3.40 3.34 2.88 3.60 3.25 2.83 3.80 3.24 2.84 4.00 3.19 2.94 4.20 3.05 3.06 4.40 2.88 3.15 4.60 2.67 3.18 4.80 2.44 3.17 5.00 2.25 3.12 5.20 2.10 3.04 5.40 1.96 2.96 5.60 1.84 2.88 5.80 1.73 2.81 6.00 1.61 2.74

0.991 0.984 0.971 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.875 0.846 0.821 0.801 0.788 0.784 0.784 0.779 0.766 0.752 0.737 0.719 0.701 0.658 0.613 0.578 0.559 0.532 0.507 0.491 0.480 0.473 0.469 0.470 0.472 0.481 0.492 0.505 0.514 0.517 0.511 0.497 0.493 0.506 0.508 0.501 0.502 0.513 0.526 0.539 0.548 0.554 0.556 0.555 0.553 0.551 0.549 0.549


12-138 Energy (eV) 6.20 6.40 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.00 17.40 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40

n 1.51 1.42 1.28 1.22 1.16 1.12 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.24 1.29 1.33 1.36 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.33 1.31 1.28 1.26 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.27 1.31 1.31 1.28 1.24 1.17 1.14 1.06 0.95 0.88 0.82 0.76 0.72 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.52 0.50 0.49

2.64 2.56 2.37 2.28 2.19 2.08 1.98 1.93 1.83 1.74 1.66 1.58 1.52 1.46 1.41 1.36 1.31 1.27 1.24 1.22 1.23 1.25 1.28 1.31 1.33 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.13 1.12 1.17 1.23 1.28 1.33 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.38 1.36 1.33 1.29 1.25 1.21 1.15 1.10 1.06 1.02 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.79

k

R(φ = 0) 0.545 0.541 0.526 0.517 0.508 0.493 0.468 0.463 0.443 0.418 0.397 0.372 0.351 0.327 0.309 0.290 0.273 0.258 0.244 0.234 0.233 0.238 0.245 0.253 0.259 0.264 0.266 0.266 0.264 0.257 0.251 0.245 0.236 0.225 0.214 0.207 0.218 0.234 0.251 0.270 0.288 0.297 0.314 0.334 0.346 0.355 0.360 0.363 0.369 0.364 0.357 0.349 0.342 0.336 0.328 0.325 0.322 0.317 0.314 0.309

Energy (eV) 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00 50.00 52.00 54.00 56.00 58.00

n 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.71 0.66 0.64

0.75 0.72 0.68 0.64 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.50 0.47 0.41 0.34 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.25 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.23 0.16

Rhodium 11 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.90 3.00

18.48 8.66 5.85 4.74 4.20 3.87 3.67 3.63 3.62 3.71 3.67 3.51 3.26 3.01 2.78 2.60 2.42 2.30 2.20 2.12 2.05 2.00 1.94 1.90 1.88 1.85 1.80 1.63 1.53

69.43 37.46 25.94 19.80 16.07 13.51 11.72 10.34 9.36 8.67 8.26 7.94 7.63 7.31 6.97 6.64 6.33 6.02 5.76 5.51 5.30 5.11 4.94 4.78 4.65 4.55 4.49 4.36 4.29

k

R(φ = 0) 0.303 0.295 0.286 0.276 0.263 0.249 0.231 0.216 0.198 0.164 0.129 0.097 0.072 0.060 0.047 0.036 0.029 0.023 0.018 0.016 0.023 0.023 0.026 0.035 0.036 0.039 0.044 0.055 0.061 0.055 0.986 0.977 0.967 0.955 0.941 0.925 0.908 0.887 0.867 0.848 0.837 0.832 0.829 0.827 0.823 0.818 0.813 0.805 0.798 0.789 0.780 0.772 0.765 0.756 0.748 0.743 0.742 0.748 0.753

Energy (eV) 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.60 11.00 11.60 12.00 12.60 13.00 13.60 14.00 14.60 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00

n 1.41 1.30 1.20 1.11 1.04 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.78 0.83 0.88 0.95 1.01 1.07 1.12 1.17 1.26 1.29 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.30 1.28 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.22 1.23 1.25 1.24 1.18 1.10

4.20 4.09 3.97 3.84 3.71 3.58 3.45 3.34 3.23 3.12 2.94 2.76 2.60 2.46 2.34 2.23 2.14 2.06 2.00 1.93 1.85 1.77 1.69 1.60 1.52 1.43 1.35 1.27 1.20 1.12 1.04 0.97 0.89 0.83 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.92 0.98 1.05 1.09

k

R(φ = 0) 0.760 0.764 0.767 0.769 0.768 0.764 0.759 0.753 0.747 0.739 0.722 0.706 0.684 0.659 0.635 0.613 0.591 0.573 0.561 0.556 0.544 0.534 0.518 0.498 0.476 0.452 0.423 0.394 0.363 0.329 0.288 0.252 0.212 0.179 0.148 0.125 0.110 0.102 0.098 0.098 0.106 0.113 0.124 0.127 0.129 0.131 0.134 0.138 0.144 0.147 0.147 0.147 0.145 0.144 0.143 0.145 0.155 0.172 0.193 0.213

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00

n 1.00 0.91 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.75 0.73 0.70 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.65 0.69 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.75

1.09 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.87 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.70 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.59 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.44 0.37 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.25

k

R(φ = 0) 0.230 0.234 0.228 0.219 0.214 0.213 0.214 0.210 0.208 0.202 0.195 0.188 0.176 0.168 0.159 0.152 0.137 0.127 0.127 0.126 0.110 0.074 0.058 0.049 0.047 0.045 0.041

→

Ruthenium, single crystal, E ∥ ĉ9 0.10 11.50 51.38 0.20 5.93 27.14 0.30 4.33 18.50 0.40 3.60 13.97 0.50 3.18 11.04 0.60 3.28 8.89 0.70 3.62 7.73 0.80 3.42 7.02 0.90 3.25 6.12 1.00 3.39 5.33 1.10 3.66 4.83 1.20 3.84 4.57 1.30 3.94 4.38 1.40 4.02 4.19 1.50 4.16 4.07 1.60 4.33 4.08 1.70 4.42 4.21 1.80 4.40 4.38 1.90 4.29 4.61 2.00 4.04 4.81 2.10 3.69 4.90 2.20 3.35 4.82 2.30 3.09 4.70 2.40 2.89 4.55 2.50 2.74 4.40 2.60 2.64 4.25 2.70 2.58 4.14 2.80 2.54 4.05 2.90 2.48 4.03 3.00 2.38 4.03 3.10 2.26 4.00 3.20 2.13 3.96

0.984 0.970 0.953 0.933 0.909 0.865 0.822 0.801 0.766 0.715 0.675 0.654 0.638 0.624 0.614 0.615 0.624 0.636 0.651 0.667 0.679 0.683 0.681 0.677 0.671 0.663 0.656 0.650 0.650 0.656 0.661 0.666

Energy (eV) 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00

12-139 n 2.00 1.87 1.76 1.66 1.57 1.49 1.42 1.37 1.29 1.22 1.16 1.11 1.06 1.01 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.79 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.18 1.21 1.23 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.34

3.91 3.83 3.74 3.65 3.55 3.45 3.35 3.24 3.08 2.93 2.79 2.67 2.56 2.46 2.35 2.23 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.91 1.84 1.77 1.69 1.61 1.54 1.46 1.39 1.33 1.26 1.20 1.14 1.08 1.02 0.97 0.91 0.86 0.81 0.76 0.72 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.69 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.85

k

R(φ = 0) 0.671 0.673 0.674 0.675 0.673 0.672 0.668 0.661 0.649 0.639 0.628 0.617 0.607 0.600 0.593 0.576 0.559 0.545 0.531 0.521 0.510 0.500 0.489 0.472 0.455 0.433 0.411 0.391 0.366 0.342 0.318 0.295 0.267 0.243 0.217 0.190 0.167 0.144 0.125 0.110 0.100 0.094 0.090 0.088 0.087 0.088 0.090 0.092 0.098 0.104 0.108 0.111 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.115 0.118 0.123 0.136

Energy (eV) 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 1.32 1.26 1.18 1.11 1.05 0.99 0.92 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.83

0.93 0.99 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 0.99 0.94 0.90 0.86 0.79 0.74 0.69 0.63 0.57 0.51 0.46 0.43 0.37 0.33 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22

k

R(φ = 0) 0.155 0.173 0.185 0.192 0.199 0.208 0.212 0.209 0.203 0.193 0.182 0.171 0.163 0.154 0.140 0.124 0.107 0.097 0.084 0.070 0.058 0.048 0.039 0.035 0.039 0.027 0.024 0.022

→

Ruthenium, single crystal, E ⊥ ĉ5 0.10 11.85 50.81 0.20 6.68 27.18 0.30 4.94 18.92 0.40 3.90 14.51 0.50 3.27 11.63 0.60 2.98 9.54 0.70 2.82 7.99 0.80 2.73 6.71 0.90 2.82 5.54 1.00 3.17 4.59 1.10 3.69 3.91 1.20 4.28 3.66 1.30 4.66 3.72 1.40 4.86 3.79 1.50 4.99 3.89 1.60 5.08 4.03 1.70 5.12 4.22 1.80 5.10 4.45 1.90 4.96 4.78 2.00 4.61 5.06 2.10 4.21 5.09 2.20 3.94 5.00 2.30 3.69 4.97 2.40 3.44 4.88 2.50 3.27 4.77 2.60 3.14 4.66 2.70 3.06 4.59 2.80 2.99 4.59 2.90 2.87 4.64 3.00 2.64 4.69 3.10 2.40 4.64

0.983 0.966 0.950 0.933 0.915 0.888 0.856 0.815 0.751 0.670 0.604 0.585 0.593 0.601 0.609 0.618 0.629 0.642 0.660 0.677 0.682 0.681 0.684 0.684 0.681 0.677 0.674 0.676 0.686 0.701 0.710


12-140 Energy (eV) 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.50

n 2.18 2.00 1.84 1.71 1.60 1.50 1.41 1.35 1.29 1.21 1.16 1.13 1.09 1.03 0.97 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.81 0.78 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.73 0.77 0.82 0.86 0.90 0.94 0.99 1.04 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.27 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.27 1.28

4.55 4.43 4.30 4.16 4.03 3.90 3.77 3.64 3.53 3.31 3.13 2.97 2.86 2.75 2.64 2.52 2.40 2.29 2.20 2.11 2.04 1.97 1.89 1.82 1.75 1.67 1.59 1.51 1.44 1.36 1.29 1.22 1.15 1.09 1.02 0.95 0.89 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.76 0.78 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.89

k

R(φ = 0) 0.717 0.721 0.723 0.723 0.722 0.721 0.718 0.713 0.707 0.694 0.679 0.662 0.652 0.648 0.643 0.635 0.622 0.605 0.591 0.576 0.564 0.556 0.545 0.538 0.527 0.513 0.496 0.476 0.454 0.430 0.403 0.378 0.346 0.317 0.286 0.251 0.216 0.185 0.163 0.143 0.127 0.115 0.108 0.104 0.102 0.101 0.102 0.104 0.107 0.113 0.118 0.124 0.129 0.132 0.132 0.133 0.133 0.134 0.134 0.145

Energy (eV) 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 1.28 1.25 1.19 1.12 1.07 1.02 0.97 0.91 0.85 0.80 0.77 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.61 0.63 0.65 0.67 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79

0.94 1.00 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.01 0.97 0.94 0.87 0.79 0.73 0.66 0.59 0.53 0.48 0.45 0.40 0.34 0.31 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22

k

R(φ = 0) 0.158 0.175 0.190 0.200 0.205 0.212 0.219 0.228 0.234 0.234 0.233 0.229 0.218 0.205 0.194 0.177 0.155 0.134 0.123 0.114 0.093 0.077 0.065 0.054 0.047 0.041 0.035 0.031 0.028

→

Selenium, single crystal, E || ĉ22 0.01364 2.914 0.248 0.01488 3.175 9.95E-02 0.01612 3.263 2.13E-03 0.01736 3.306 3.81E-02 0.01860 3.330 7.04E-03 0.01984 3.346 4.23E-02 0.02108 3.358 3.40E-03 0.02232 3.366 5.31E-02 0.02356 3.372 1.96E-03 0.02480 3.377 2.39E-02 0.02604 3.380 0.02728 1.16E-02 0.02976 7.96E-03 0.03224 8.57E-03 0.03472 2.70E-02 0.03720 3.397 1.72E-02 0.04463 1.13E-02 0.04959 3.403 2.79E-03 0.05703 1.56E-03 0.06199 3.405 1.35E-03 0.06819 5.79E-04 0.07439 3.407 4.44E-04 0.08059 4.41E-04 0.08679 3.408 4.32E-04 0.09299 2.44E-04 0.09919 3.409 3.23E-04 0.1116 3.409 2.87E-04 0.1240 3.410 2.71E-04 0.2480 3.417 2.67E-04 0.3720 3.427 1.90E-04

0.242 0.272 0.282 0.287 0.290 0.291 0.293 0.294 0.294 0.295 0.295

0.297 0.298 0.298 0.298 0.298 0.299 0.299 0.299 0.299 0.301

Energy (eV) 0.4959 0.6199 0.7439 0.8679 0.9919 1.116 1.240 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

n 3.442 3.462 3.486 3.516 3.551 3.592 3.640

4.46 4.79 4.49 4.28 4.40 4.59 4.44 3.92 3.69 3.39 (3.00) (2.65) (2.30) 1.92 1.50 1.57 1.84 1.35 1.35 0.92 1.00 0.81 0.65 0.65 0.69 0.81 0.91 0.86 0.85 0.87

k 1.41E-04 1.12E-04 9.42E-05 8.07E-05 7.11E-05 6.37E-05 5.81E-05 1.33E-04 1.59E-04 6.27E-04 2.20E-02 0.76 1.19 1.21 1.32 1.70 2.29 2.59 2.76 3.01

0.402 0.438 0.431 0.417 0.430 0.462 0.490 0.493 0.502 0.521

2.78 2.31 1.49 1.45 1.68 1.64 1.07 1.10 0.91 0.61 0.48 0.36 0.25 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11

0.528 0.482 0.288 0.276 0.353 0.342 0.238 0.232 0.211 0.160 0.120 0.076 0.030 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.008

Selenium, single crystal, E ⊥ ĉ22 0.01364 2.854 0.0239 0.01488 2.932 0.0325 0.01612 3.140 0.1750 0.01736 2.959 1.3300 0.01860 2.111 0.2550 0.01984 2.356 0.0746 0.02108 2.462 0.0276 0.02232 2.502 0.0442 0.02356 2.543 0.0097 0.02480 2.550 0.0239 0.02604 2.582 0.02728 2.600 0.0101 0.02976 2.576 9.95E-03 0.03224 2.598 1.16E-02 0.03472 2.607 1.68E-02 0.03720 2.613 1.54E-02 0.04463 1.17E-02 0.04959 2.627 3.58E-03 0.05703 8.65E-04

R(φ = 0) 0.302 0.304 0.307 0.310 0.314 0.319 0.324

→

0.231 0.241 0.269 0.321 0.133 0.164 0.178 0.184 0.190 0.191 0.195 0.198 0.194 0.197 0.199 0.199 0.201

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 0.06199 0.06819 0.07439 0.08059 0.08679 0.09299 0.09919 0.1116 0.1240 0.2480 0.3720 0.4959 0.6199 0.7439 0.8679 0.9919 1.116 1.240 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.50 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00

n 2.632 2.635 2.636 2.637 2.638 2.639 2.645 2.652 2.654 2.675 2.692 2.713 2.739 2.772 2.816

3.32 3.38 3.07 2.93 3.00 3.12 3.30 3.35 3.22 3.06 2.84 2.51 2.18 1.75 1.25 1.32 1.62 1.81 1.66 1.72 1.25 0.98 0.68 0.61 0.73 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.79

k 2.07E-03 2.89E-04 1.59E-04 1.35E-04 1.42E-04 1.04E-04 8.95E-05 8.84E-05 8.51E-05 5.97E-05 5.44E-05 4.58E-05 3.82E-05 3.32E-05 2.96E-05 2.69E-05 2.48E-05 2.31E-05 7.37E-05 8.63E-05 3.60E-04 0.11 0.65 0.73 0.61 0.53 0.58 0.70 1.01 1.24 1.47 1.66 1.81 1.83 1.94 1.50 0.73 0.61 0.69 1.02 0.95 1.02 0.92 0.96 0.65 0.48 0.39 0.32 0.26 0.19 0.14

Silicon, single crystal 23 0.01240 3.4185 2.90E-04 0.01488 3.4190 2.30E-04 0.01736 3.4192 1.90E-04 0.01984 3.4195 1.70E-04 0.02480 3.4197 0.03100 3.4199 0.04092 3.4200 0.04463 1.08E-04

R(φ = 0) 0.202 0.202 0.202 0.203 0.203 0.203 0.204 0.205 0.205 0.208 0.210 0.213 0.216 0.221 0.226

0.289 0.310 0.282 0.259 0.263 0.279 0.305 0.328 0.334 0.344 0.351 0.356 0.352 0.382 0.316 0.107 0.105 0.135 0.182 0.171 0.181 0.178 0.274 0.191 0.094 0.060 0.046 0.036 0.023 0.020 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300

Energy (eV) 0.04959 0.05703 0.06199 0.06943 0.07439 0.08059 0.08679 0.09299 0.09919 0.1054 0.1116 0.1178 0.1240 0.1364 0.1488 0.1612 0.1736 0.1798 0.1860 0.1922 0.1984 0.2046 0.2108 0.2170 0.2232 0.2294 0.2356 0.2418 0.2480 0.3100 0.3626 0.4568 0.6199 0.8093 1.033 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

12-141 n 3.4201 3.4204

(3.4207)

3.4215

(3.4230)

(3.4244)

3.4261 3.4294 3.4327 3.4393 3.4490 3.4784 3.5193 (3.5341)

3.673 3.714 3.752 3.796 3.847 3.906 3.969 4.042 4.123 4.215 4.320 4.442 4.583 4.753 4.961 5.222 5.570 6.062 6.709 6.522 5.610

k 9.15E-05 1.56E-04 2.86E-04 3.84E-04 7.16E-04 1.52E-04 1.02E-04 2.59E-04 1.77E-04 1.53E-04 2.02E-04 1.22E-04 6.76E-05 5.49E-05 2.41E-05 2.49E-05 1.68E-05 2.45E-05 2.66E-06 1.74E-06 8.46E-07 5.64E-07 4.17E-07 4.05E-07 3.94E-07 3.26E-07 2.97E-07 2.82E-07 1.99E-07

2.50E-09

1.30E-05 1.80E-04 2.26E-03 7.75E-03 5.00E-03 8.00E-03 1.00E-02 0.013 0.016 0.022 0.030 0.032 0.048 0.060 0.073 0.090 0.130 0.163 0.203 0.269 0.387 0.630 1.321 2.705 3.014

R(φ = 0) 0.300 0.300

0.300

0.300

0.300

0.300

0.300 0.301 0.301 0.302 0.303 0.306 0.311 0.312

0.327 0.331 0.335 0.340 0.345 0.351 0.357 0.364 0.372 0.380 0.390 0.400 0.412 0.426 0.442 0.461 0.486 0.518 0.561 0.592 0.575

Energy (eV) 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.14 24.31 26.38 28.18 30.24 31.79 34.44 36.47 38.75 40.00

n 5.296 5.156 5.065 5.016 5.010 5.020 4.888 4.086 3.120 2.451 1.988 1.764 1.658 1.597 1.570 1.571 1.589 1.579 1.471 1.340 1.247 1.180 1.133 1.083 1.010 0.847 0.682 0.563 0.478 0.414 0.367 0.332 0.306 0.257 0.275 0.345 0.455 0.567 0.675 0.752 0.803 0.834 0.860 0.877 0.899 0.913 0.925 0.930

k 2.987 3.058 3.182 3.346 3.587 3.979 4.639 5.395 5.344 5.082 4.678 4.278 3.979 3.749 3.565 3.429 3.354 3.353 3.366 3.302 3.206 3.112 3.045 2.982 2.909 2.73 2.45 2.21 2.00 1.82 1.66 1.51 1.38 0.963 0.641 0.394 0.219 0.0835 0.0405 0.0243 0.0178 0.0152 0.0138 0.0132 0.0121 0.0113 0.0104 0.0100

R(φ = 0) 0.564 0.563 0.568 0.577 0.591 0.614 0.652 0.703 0.726 0.740 0.742 0.728 0.710 0.693 0.675 0.658 0.646 0.647 0.663 0.673 0.675 0.673 0.672 0.673 0.677 0.688 0.691 0.693 0.691 0.688 0.683 0.672 0.661 0.590 0.460 0.297 0.159 0.079 0.038 0.020 0.012 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001

Silver 6 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.25

9.91 2.84 1.41 0.91 0.67 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.24 0.23 0.23

90.27 45.70 30.51 22.89 18.32 9.03 5.79 4.18 3.09 2.27 1.86

0.995 0.995 0.994 0.993 0.992 0.987 0.969 0.944 0.914 0.864 0.816


12-142 Energy (eV) 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.77 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 14.50 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 38.00 40.00 42.00 44.00

n 0.21 0.23 0.30 0.53 0.73 1.30 1.61 1.73 1.75 1.73 1.69 1.61 1.55 1.45 1.34 1.25 1.18 1.14 1.16 1.33 1.46 1.52 1.61 1.66 1.72 1.64 1.56 1.42 1.33 1.28 1.27 1.29 1.35 1.37 1.34 1.26 1.17 1.10 1.04 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.90

1.42 1.13 0.77 0.40 0.30 0.36 0.60 0.85 1.06 1.13 1.28 1.34 1.36 1.34 1.28 1.18 1.06 0.91 0.75 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.59 0.64 0.78 0.88 0.92 0.91 0.86 0.80 0.75 0.71 0.75 0.80 0.87 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.83 0.78 0.74 0.69 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.45 0.44 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33

k

R(φ = 0) 0.756 0.671 0.475 0.154 0.053 0.040 0.103 0.153 0.194 0.208 0.238 0.252 0.257 0.257 0.246 0.225 0.196 0.157 0.114 0.074 0.082 0.088 0.100 0.112 0.141 0.152 0.156 0.151 0.139 0.124 0.111 0.103 0.112 0.124 0.141 0.157 0.163 0.165 0.165 0.160 0.154 0.144 0.133 0.121 0.109 0.099 0.090 0.084 0.079 0.074 0.072 0.072 0.071 0.067 0.061 0.055 0.043 0.039 0.036 0.033

Energy (eV) 46.00 48.00 50.00 52.00 54.00 56.00 58.00 60.00 62.00 64.00 66.00 68.00 70.00 72.00 74.00 76.00 78.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00

n 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.83 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.87

Sodium 24 0.55 0.58 0.63 0.67 0.73 0.81 0.92 1.05 1.23 1.44 1.65 1.87 2.07 2.27 2.45 2.64 2.82 2.95 3.06 3.20 3.40 3.71 3.97 6.199 6.358 6.526 6.702 6.888 7.130 7.328 7.583 7.847 8.015 8.634 9.143 9.709 10.20

0.262 0.241 0.207 0.175 0.147 0.123 0.099 0.078 0.064 0.053 0.050 0.049 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.066 0.068 0.068 0.069 0.065 0.061 0.055 0.049 0.390 0.454 0.485 0.533 0.574 0.616 0.641 0.674 0.700 0.710 0.762 0.800 0.819 0.843

0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.17 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.04 9.97 9.45 8.80 8.09 7.42 6.67 5.82 5.11 4.35 3.72 3.22 2.76 2.48 2.23 2.07 1.88 1.76 1.63 1.54 1.47 1.33 1.13 1.01

k

R(φ = 0) 0.031 0.030 0.027 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.021 0.018 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.021 0.016 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.990 0.989 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.989 0.987 0.986 0.983 0.978 0.971 0.961 0.953 0.943 0.936 0.928 0.921 0.921 0.916 0.908 0.908 0.193 0.141 0.120 0.093 0.073 0.056 0.048 0.038 0.031 0.029 0.018 0.012 0.010 0.007

Energy (eV) 11.08 11.83 12.73 13.05 13.42 13.73 14.07 14.83 15.05 15.46 16.21 18.10 21.12 25.51 26.95 27.68 28.37 29.52

n 0.870 0.887 0.907 0.913 0.914 0.917 0.922 0.934 0.936 0.942 0.948 0.964 0.979 0.993 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02

Tantalum 16 0.10 10.14 0.15 9.45 0.20 5.77 0.26 3.67 0.30 2.87 0.38 2.03 0.50 1.37 0.58 1.15 0.70 0.96 0.78 0.89 0.90 0.84 1.00 0.89 1.10 0.93 1.20 0.98 1.30 1.00 1.40 1.04 1.50 1.09 1.60 1.15 1.70 1.24 1.80 1.35 1.90 1.57 2.00 1.83 2.10 2.10 2.20 2.36 2.30 2.56 2.40 2.68 2.50 2.75 2.60 2.80 2.70 2.84 2.80 2.85 2.90 2.84 3.00 2.81 3.20 2.73 3.40 2.61 3.60 2.49 3.80 2.40 4.00 2.36 4.20 2.35 4.40 2.39 4.60 2.45 4.80 2.53

k

66.39 46.41 35.46 27.53 23.90 18.87 14.26 12.19 9.92 8.77 7.38 6.47 5.75 5.14 4.62 4.15 3.73 3.33 2.95 2.60 2.24 1.99 1.84 1.81 1.86 1.92 1.98 2.02 2.08 2.14 2.20 2.24 2.31 2.33 2.30 2.22 2.14 2.06 2.01 2.00 2.06

R(φ = 0) 0.005 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.984 0.9834 0.982 0.981 0.980 0.978 0.974 0.970 0.962 0.956 0.942 0.992 0.899 0.872 0.842 0.805 0.762 0.707 0.640 0.560 0.460 0.388 0.354 0.351 0.365 0.378 0.388 0.395 0.405 0.412 0.420 0.425 0.432 0.435 0.430 0.418 0.406 0.392 0.384 0.384 0.394


n 2.58 2.52 2.31 2.06 1.83 1.63 1.48 1.37 1.29 1.23 1.18 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.16 1.15 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.07 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.72 0.68 0.63 0.60 0.60 0.55 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.57 0.64 0.64 0.69

2.20 2.44 2.61 2.67 2.63 2.56 2.45 2.33 2.22 2.11 2.01 1.91 1.82 1.75 1.68 1.61 1.55 1.50 1.45 1.41 1.40 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.36 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.29 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.13 1.08 1.04 0.97 0.92 0.92 0.79 0.71 0.65 0.57 0.52 0.44 0.39 0.34 0.32 0.27

k

R(φ = 0) 0.416 0.450 0.480 0.501 0.510 0.515 0.512 0.504 0.492 0.478 0.462 0.445 0.425 0.406 0.390 0.370 0.350 0.332 0.317 0.301 0.294 0.289 0.287 0.285 0.285 0.286 0.286 0.287 0.288 0.289 0.290 0.292 0.293 0.294 0.295 0.296 0.295 0.294 0.292 0.289 0.286 0.272 0.272 0.285 0.293 0.301 0.304 0.301 0.296 0.296 0.274 0.254 0.236 0.207 0.185 0.153 0.127 0.089 0.081 0.058

Energy (eV) 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.60 27.00 27.60 28.00 28.60 29.00 29.60 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 Tellurium, 0.01364 0.01488 0.01612 0.01736 0.01860 0.01984 0.02108 0.02232 0.02356 0.02480 0.02604 0.02728 0.02976 0.03224 0.03472 0.03720 0.03968 0.04339 0.04711 0.05083 0.05579 0.06199 0.07439 0.08679 0.09919 0.12400 0.15500 0.20660 0.24800 0.31 0.35 0.41 0.5 0.6

12-143 n 0.73 0.80 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.95

0.24 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29

k

R(φ = 0) 0.043 0.033 0.034 0.029 0.026 0.022 0.022 0.023 0.022 0.019 0.017 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.021 0.022 0.023

→

∥ ĉ25 4.82 5.26 5.47 5.59

E

5.94 5.96

5.98

6.246 6.253 6.286 6.316 6.372

6.53 6.71

0.118 0.0505 0.0278 0.0174 0.0796 0.0696 0.0749 0.1900 0.2220 0.0716 0.0682 0.0832 0.0149 2.14E-03 1.71E-02 3.71E-03 2.44E-03 1.59E-03 7.85E-04 7.38E-04 3.89E-04 3.09E-04 2.52E-04 2.96E-04 3.68E-04 3.34E-04

7.48E-05 1.18E-05 4.93E-04 6.74E-03 2.30E-02 7.50E-02

0.431 0.463 0.477 0.485

0.507 0.508

0.509

0.524 0.525 0.526 0.528 0.531

0.539 0.549

Energy (eV) 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 Tellurium, 0.01364 0.01488 0.01612 0.01736 0.01860 0.01984 0.02108 0.02232 0.02356 0.02480 0.02604 0.02728 0.02976 0.03224 0.03472 0.03720 0.03968 0.04339 0.04711 0.05083

n 7.00 7.23 7.48 7.70 6.99 7.11 6.75 6.89 4.67 4.94 3.94 3.25 2.73 2.30 1.69 1.33 1.32 1.63 1.72 1.73 1.78 1.83 1.72 1.54 1.55 0.99 1.47 0.86 0.80 0.79 0.67 0.59 0.48 0.74 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.90

k 0.24 0.48 0.94 1.56 2.22 2.46 2.91 3.70 4.67 5.16 5.08 4.77 4.42 4.16 3.44 2.64 1.96 1.60 1.57 1.45 1.36 1.36 1.51 1.37 1.23 0.93 1.25 0.86 0.77 0.76 0.59 0.49 0.31 0.20 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.090 0.045

R(φ = 0) 0.563 0.574 0.589 0.606 0.593 0.604 0.606 0.637 0.654 0.681 0.686 0.681 0.674 0.674 0.646 0.571 0.428 0.312 0.302 0.276 0.257 0.257 0.289 0.260 0.226 0.179 0.233 0.181 0.165 0.164 0.146 0.147 0.160 0.035 0.018 0.013 0.009 0.006 0.003

0.2980 0.0894 0.0535 0.4990 0.1170 0.0343 0.0421 0.1060 0.0880 0.0458 0.0928 0.0886 0.0232 3.06E-03 1.25E-02 2.65E-03 1.89E-03 1.41E-03 8.38E-04 6.79E-04

0.204 0.325 0.370 0.420

→

⊥ ĉ25 2.61 3.65 4.10 4.63

E

(4.42)

4.71 4.74

0.398

0.422 0.425


12-144 Energy (eV) 0.05579 0.06199 0.07439 0.08679 0.09919 0.1240 0.1550 0.2066 0.2480 0.31 0.35 0.41 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

n 4.77

4.796 4.809 4.838 4.864 4.929

4.90 4.93 4.95 5.10 5.22 5.35 5.17 5.56 5.88 6.10 5.94 5.10 4.24 3.57 3.03 2.51 1.72 1.32 1.28 1.47 1.74 1.94 2.19 2.48 2.60 2.59 2.39 1.11 2.08 0.99 0.84 0.87 0.59 0.64 0.52 0.50 0.56 0.54 0.50 0.48 0.46

k 1.59E-04 1.16E-04 7.23E-05 5.34E-05 4.28E-05 3.18E-05

2.19E-05 3.18E-05 7.89E-02 0.149

R(φ = 0) 0.427

0.429 0.430 0.432 0.434 0.439

0.11 0.13 0.22 0.45 0.63 0.63 1.15 1.80 2.69 3.61 3.77 3.75 3.63 3.39 2.70 2.01 1.28 0.82 0.51 0.39 0.32 0.40 0.69 0.91 1.00 1.24 1.11 1.04 1.01 0.87 0.87 0.55 0.41 0.38 0.29 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.088

0.437 0.439 0.441 0.452 0.461 0.472 0.462 0.488 0.517 0.545 0.571 0.594 0.593 0.591 0.588 0.578 0.532 0.440 0.251 0.132 0.104 0.118 0.148 0.192 0.226 0.245 0.235 0.259 0.224 0.215 0.237 0.182 0.282 0.144 0.161 0.165 0.110 0.113 0.127 0.135 0.140

Titanium (Polycrystalline) 14 0.10 5.03 23.38 0.15 3.00 15.72 0.20 2.12 11.34 0.25 2.05 8.10 0.30 6.39 9.94 0.35 2.74 6.21

0.965 0.954 0.939 0.890 0.833 0.792

Energy (eV) 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.85 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20

n 2.49 3.35 4.43 4.71 4.38 4.04 3.80 3.62 3.47 3.35 3.28 3.17 2.98 2.74 2.54 2.36 2.22 2.11 2.01 1.92 1.86 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.71 1.68 1.63 1.59 1.55 1.50 1.44 1.37 1.30 1.24 1.17 1.11 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.05 1.13 1.17 1.21 1.24 1.27 1.17 1.24 1.21 1.15 1.11 1.08 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.11 1.09 1.11 1.10 1.10

4.68 3.25 3.22 3.77 3.89 3.82 3.65 3.52 3.40 3.30 3.25 3.28 3.32 3.30 3.23 3.11 2.99 2.88 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.47 2.39 2.34 2.29 2.25 2.21 2.17 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.01 1.96 1.90 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.62 1.45 1.33 1.29 1.23 1.21 1.20 1.16 1.21 1.22 1.21 1.18 1.14 1.06 1.02 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95

k

R(φ = 0) 0.708 0.545 0.555 0.597 0.603 0.596 0.582 0.570 0.560 0.550 0.546 0.549 0.557 0.559 0.557 0.550 0.540 0.530 0.520 0.509 0.495 0.483 0.471 0.462 0.456 0.451 0.447 0.444 0.442 0.442 0.442 0.443 0.443 0.441 0.436 0.430 0.423 0.413 0.389 0.333 0.284 0.265 0.244 0.236 0.228 0.228 0.234 0.241 0.244 0.240 0.232 0.212 0.198 0.182 0.175 0.167 0.165 0.165 0.169 0.171

Energy (eV) 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.60 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 30.0

n 1.08 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.85 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.81 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.83 0.84 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.98 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.82 0.83 0.84

0.95 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.79 0.76 0.72 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.65 0.55 0.52 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.38 0.36 0.32 0.31 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.26 0.25 0.22

k

R(φ = 0) 0.175 0.181 0.181 0.182 0.182 0.181 0.179 0.179 0.180 0.178 0.175 0.167 0.162 0.152 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.137 0.132 0.106 0.097 0.087 0.077 0.069 0.058 0.052 0.045 0.037 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.017 0.165 0.017 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.027 0.028 0.030 0.031 0.033 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.033 0.033 0.029 0.027 0.022

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) Tungsten27 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.82 0.86 0.90 0.94 0.98 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20

n

k

14.06 3.87 2.56 1.83 1.71 1.86 1.92 1.69 1.40 1.23 1.17 1.28 1.45 1.59 1.83 2.12 2.36 2.92 3.11 3.15 3.15 3.14 3.05 3.00 3.12 3.29 3.48 3.67 3.84 3.82 3.70 3.60 3.54 3.49 3.49 3.45 3.38 3.34 3.31 3.31 3.32 3.35 3.39 3.43 3.45 3.39 3.24 3.13 3.05 2.99 2.96 2.95 3.02 3.13 3.24 3.33 3.40 3.27

54.71 28.30 22.44 18.32 15.71 13.88 12.63 11.59 10.52 9.45 8.44 7.52 6.78 6.13 5.52 5.00 4.61 4.37 4.44 4.43 4.36 4.32 4.04 3.64 3.24 2.96 2.79 2.68 2.79 2.91 2.94 2.89 2.84 2.76 2.72 2.72 2.68 2.62 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.41 2.45 2.55 2.66 2.70 2.67 2.62 2.56 2.50 2.43 2.33 2.32 2.41 2.57 2.85 3.27

R(φ = 0)

0.983 0.981 0.980 0.979 0.973 0.963 0.954 0.952 0.952 0.948 0.938 0.917 0.888 0.856 0.810 0.759 0.710 0.661 0.660 0.658 0.653 0.649 0.627 0.590 0.545 0.515 0.500 0.494 0.507 0.518 0.518 0.512 0.506 0.497 0.494 0.493 0.487 0.480 0.472 0.466 0.461 0.459 0.460 0.465 0.476 0.485 0.488 0.482 0.476 0.468 0.460 0.451 0.440 0.442 0.455 0.475 0.505 0.548

Energy (eV) 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40

12-145 n 2.92 2.43 2.00 1.70 1.47 1.32 1.21 1.12 1.06 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.96 0.99 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.19 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.25 1.22 1.20 1.16 1.10 1.04 0.98 0.94 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.93 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.94 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.74 0.69 0.64 0.60 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49

3.58 3.70 3.61 3.42 3.24 3.04 2.87 2.70 2.56 2.43 2.30 2.18 2.06 1.95 1.86 1.76 1.70 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.50 1.44 1.38 1.34 1.33 1.34 1.36 1.39 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.47 1.44 1.40 1.35 1.28 1.23 1.17 1.13 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.18 1.15 1.11 1.07 1.02 0.97 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.77 0.73

k

R(φ = 0) 0.586 0.618 0.637 0.643 0.646 0.640 0.631 0.619 0.607 0.593 0.573 0.556 0.533 0.505 0.481 0.449 0.422 0.401 0.388 0.369 0.352 0.329 0.307 0.287 0.274 0.270 0.274 0.282 0.290 0.297 0.305 0.313 0.318 0.323 0.329 0.333 0.332 0.325 0.312 0.296 0.276 0.255 0.246 0.249 0.260 0.273 0.289 0.304 0.317 0.330 0.340 0.347 0.353 0.354 0.350 0.342 0.331 0.318 0.303 0.287

Energy (eV) 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.81 0.80

Vanadium 9 0.10 12.83 0.20 3.90 0.28 2.13 0.36 1.54 0.44 1.28 0.52 1.16 0.60 1.10 0.68 1.07 0.76 1.08 0.80 1.10 0.90 1.18 1.00 1.34 1.10 1.60 1.20 1.93 1.30 2.25 1.40 2.48 1.50 2.57 1.60 2.57 1.70 2.52 1.80 2.45 1.90 2.36 2.00 2.34 2.10 2.31 2.20 2.28 2.30 2.23 2.40 2.15 2.50 2.02 2.60 1.89 2.70 1.74 2.80 1.61 2.90 1.48

0.69 0.66 0.62 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.46 0.43 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33

k

45.89 24.30 17.35 13.32 10.74 8.93 7.59 6.54 5.67 5.30 4.50 3.80 3.26 2.88 2.71 2.72 2.79 2.84 2.88 2.88 2.85 2.81 2.78 2.80 2.83 2.88 2.91 2.92 2.89 2.85 2.80

R(φ = 0) 0.272 0.263 0.252 0.234 0.213 0.191 0.171 0.150 0.132 0.117 0.105 0.099 0.085 0.073 0.065 0.057 0.052 0.047 0.042 0.040 0.033 0.032 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.040 0.042 0.045 0.978 0.975 0.973 0.966 0.957 0.945 0.929 0.909 0.882 0.864 0.811 0.730 0.632 0.543 0.498 0.491 0.499 0.507 0.512 0.515 0.514 0.509 0.506 0.510 0.516 0.528 0.540 0.552 0.561 0.569 0.577


12-146 Energy (eV) 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 7.33 7.66 8.00 8.33 8.66 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50

n 1.36 1.16 0.99 0.87 0.80 0.78 0.80 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.84

2.73 2.55 2.37 2.17 1.96 1.76 1.60 1.47 1.38 1.31 1.26 1.18 1.14 1.09 1.06 1.02 0.98 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.81 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.65 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17

k

R(φ = 0) 0.582 0.585 0.586 0.575 0.547 0.503 0.449 0.400 0.355 0.326 0.304 0.271 0.258 0.235 0.223 0.212 0.199 0.185 0.175 0.170 0.162 0.155 0.146 0.145 0.142 0.136 0.133 0.126 0.112 0.091 0.089 0.086 0.082 0.079 0.075 0.070 0.065 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.056 0.054 0.051 0.048 0.045 0.043 0.041 0.038 0.036 0.033 0.032 0.029 0.027 0.025 0.024 0.022 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.016

Energy (eV) 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95

0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13

k

R(φ = 0) 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005

→

Zinc, E ∥ ĉ28 0.7514 1.9241 0.827 1.7921 0.866 1.5571 0.952 1.4824 0.992 1.5762 1.033 1.5407 1.078 1.5853 1.127 1.7768 1.181 1.9808 1.240 2.8821 1.305 3.2039 1.377 2.9459 1.459 3.2523 1.550 3.8086 1.653 3.7577 1.722 3.5908 1.823 3.4234 1.937 3.0132 1.984 1.8562 2.066 1.4856 2.094 1.2525 2.119 1.0017 2.275 0.7737 2.445 0.6395 2.666 0.4430 2.917 0.3589 3.220 0.3069 3.594 0.2737 4.065 0.2510 4.678 0.2354

7.5619 6.9973 6.7753 6.2296 5.8843 5.3192 4.9013 4.5307 4.2004 3.4766 3.0042 3.5761 4.2447 4.6212 4.6239 4.4614 4.3232 3.9974 3.9706 4.0555 3.9961 3.8683 3.9129 3.4013 3.1379 2.8140 2.5088 2.1737 1.8528 1.6357

0.883 0.874 0.881 0.868 0.847 0.823 0.793 0.748 0.701 0.575 0.520 0.584 0.640 0.657 0.659 0.650 0.642 0.624 0.690 0.737 0.762 0.789 0.832 0.821 0.851 0.853 0.847 0.828 0.799 0.776

7.4158 6.9688 6.6886 6.2212 5.8910 5.4001 4.9025 4.4062 4.0176 3.2873

0.905 0.892 0.892 0.881 0.863 0.850 0.822 0.746 0.684 0.555

→

Zinc, E ⊥ ĉ28 0.751 1.4469 0.827 1.4744 0.866 1.3628 0.952 1.3165 0.992 1.3835 1.033 1.2889 1.078 1.3095 1.127 1.6897 1.181 1.9701 1.240 2.8717

Energy (eV) 1.305 1.377 1.459 1.550 1.653 1.722 1.823 1.937 1.984 2.066 2.094 2.119 2.275 2.455 2.666 2.917 3.220 3.594 4.065 4.678

n 3.3991 3.1807 3.5064 4.1241 4.0269 3.9369 3.7549 3.4512 3.2515 2.0802 1.7084 1.3329 0.9725 0.7568 0.5470 0.4774 0.3911 0.3147 0.3013 0.2806

k 2.7684 3.4709 4.1994 4.7768 4.8027 4.6356 4.3042 4.1942 4.2980 4.7231 4.7923 4.4751 4.2879 3.7627 3.4277 3.0476 2.7463 2.3041 2.0077 1.7997

Zirconium (Polycrystalline)28 0.10 6.18 1.76 0.15 3.37 1.30 0.20 2.34 1.08 0.26 2.24 1.06 0.30 2.59 1.14 0.36 3.17 1.26 0.40 3.09 1.24 0.46 3.36 1.30 0.50 4.13 1.44 0.56 5.01 1.58 0.60 5.18 1.61 0.70 4.54 1.51 0.80 4.03 1.42 0.90 3.74 1.37 0.96 3.69 1.36 1.00 3.66 1.35 1.10 3.65 1.35 1.20 3.53 1.33 1.30 3.25 1.27 1.40 3.10 1.25 1.50 3.02 1.23 1.60 2.88 1.20 1.70 2.68 1.16 1.80 2.49 1.12 2.00 2.14 1.03 2.10 1.99 1.00 2.20 1.87 0.97 2.30 1.78 0.94 2.40 1.71 0.92 2.50 1.62 0.90 2.60 1.54 0.88 2.70 1.46 0.86 2.80 1.40 0.84 2.90 1.34 0.82 3.00 1.30 0.81 3.10 1.26 0.80 3.30 1.19 0.77 3.40 1.16 0.76 3.50 1.13 0.75

R(φ = 0) 0.497 0.569 0.630 0.664 0.667 0.657 0.635 0.631 0.644 0.738 0.774 0.791 0.825 0.824 0.845 0.834 0.835 0.821 0.789 0.770 0.300 0.123 0.058 0.052 0.073 0.110 0.105 0.123 0.175 0.231 0.242 0.202 0.168 0.149 0.145 0.143 0.142 0.134 0.116 0.106 0.100 0.091 0.078 0.067 0.047 0.040 0.034 0.030 0.027 0.024 0.022 0.019 0.018 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.013

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80

n 1.10 1.07 1.04 1.01 0.98 0.94 0.89 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.80 0.87 1.00 1.11 1.23 1.33 1.42 1.49 1.54 1.58 1.61 1.63 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.68 1.66

0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.66 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.81 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.91

k

R(φ = 0) 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.020 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026

Energy (eV) 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80

12-147 n 1.65 1.63 1.60 1.57 1.52 1.47 1.42 1.35 1.32 1.28 1.23 1.19 1.16 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.08 1.05 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.95 0.98 1.01 1.04

References 1. Shiles, E., Sasaki, T., Inokuti, M., and Smith, D. Y., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 22, 1612, 1980. 2. Edwards, D. F., and Philipp, H. R., in HOC-I, p. 665. 3. Ives, H. E., and Briggs, N. B., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 27, 395, 1937. 4. Bos, L. W., and Lynch, D. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 2, 4567, 1970. 5. Weaver, J. H., Colavita, E., Lynch, D. W., and Rosei, R., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 19, 3850, 1979. 6. Hagemann, H. J., Gudat, W., and Kunz, C., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 65, 742, 1975. 7. Schulz, L. G., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 47, 64, 1957. 8. Potter, R. F., in HOC-I, p. 465. 9. Olson, C. G., Lynch, D. W., and Weaver, J. H., unpublished. 10. Lynch, D. W., Olson, C. G., and Weaver, J. H., unpublished. 11. Weaver, J. H., Olson, C. G., and Lynch, D. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 15, 4115, 1977. 12. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II, p. 345. 13. Priol, M. A., Daudé, A., and Robin, S., Compt. Rend., 264, 935, 1967. 14. Johnson, P. B., and Christy, R. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 9, 5056, 1974.

0.91 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.72

k

R(φ = 0) 0.025 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.021 0.020 0.018 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012

Energy (eV) 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.60 27.00 27.60 28.00 28.60 29.00 29.60 30.00

n 1.09 1.13 1.17 1.21 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.30 1.29 1.27 1.23 1.20 1.15 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.82 0.82

0.74 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.71 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64

k

R(φ = 0) 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014

15. Arakawn, E. T., and Inagaki, T., in HOC-II, p. 461. 16. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, D. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 10, 501, 1973. 17. Lynch, D. W., Rosei, R., and Weaver, J. H., Solid State Commun., 9, 2195, 1971. 18. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, C. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 7, 4311, 1973. 19. Weaver, J. H., and Benbow, R. L., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 12, 3509, 1975. 20. Weaver, J. H., Phys. Rev., Sect. B, 11, 1416, 1975. 21. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II, p. 364. 22. Palik, E. D., in HOC-II, p. 691. 23. Edwards, D. F., in HOC-I, p. 547. 24. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II, p. 354. 25. Palik, E. D., in HOC-II, p. 709. 26. Lynch, D. W., Olson, C. G., and Weaver, J. H., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 11, 3671, 1975. 27. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, C. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 12, 1293, 1975. 28. Lanham, A. P., and Terherne, D. M., Proc. Phys. Soc., 83, 1059, 1964.

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS L. I. Berger Optical properties of materials are closely related to their dielectric properties. The complex dielectric function (relative permittivity) of a material is equal to ε ( ω ) = ε′ ( ω ) – jε″ ( ω ),

where ε′(ω) and ε″(ω) are its real and imaginary parts, respectively, and ω is the angular frequency of the applied electric field. For a non-absorbing medium, the index of refraction is n = (εµ)1/2, where µ is the relative magnetic permeability of the medium (material); in the majority of dielectrics, µ ≅ 1. For many applications, the most important optical properties of materials are the index of refraction, the extinction coefficient, k , and the reflectivity, R. The common index of refraction of a material is equal to the ratio of the phase velocity of propagation of an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency in vacuum to that in the material. Hence, n 1. The optical properties of highly conductive materials like metals and semiconductors (at photon energy range above the energy gap) differ from those of optically transparent media. Free electrons absorb the incident electromagnetic wave in a thin surface layer (a few hundred nanometers thick) and then release the absorbed energy in the form of secondary waves reflected from the surface. Thus, the light reflection becomes very strong; for example, highly conductive sodium reflects 99.8% of the incident wave (at 589 nm). Introduction of the effective index of refraction, neff = (ε′)1/2 = n – jk , where ε′ = ε – jδ/ω εo, δ is the electrical conductivity of the material in S/m, and εo = 8.8542·10-12 F/m is the permittivity of vacuum, allows one to apply the expressions of the optics of transparent media to the conductive materials. It is clear that the effective index of refraction may be smaller than 1. For example, n = 0.05 for pure sodium and n = 0.18 for pure silver (at 589.3 nm). At very high photon energies, the quantum effects, such as the internal photoeffect, start playing a greater role, and the optical properties of these materials become similar to those of insulators (low reflectance, existence of Brewster’s angle, etc.). The extinction coefficient characterizes absorption of the electromagnetic wave energy in the process of propagation of a wave through a material. The wave intensity, I, after it passes a distance x in an isotropic medium is equal to I = I 0 exp ( – αx ),

where I0 is the intensity at x = 0 and α is called the absorption coefficient. For many applications, the extinction coefficient, k , which is equal to

12-141

λ k = α ------, 4π

where λ is the wavelength of the wave in the medium, is more commonly used for characterization of the electromagnetic losses in materials. Reflection of an electromagnetic wave from the interface between two media depends on the media indices of refraction and on the angle of incidence. It is characterized by the reflectivity, which is equal to the ratio of the intensity of the wave reflected back into the first medium to the intensity of the wave approaching the interface. For polarized light and two non-absorbing media, ( N1 – N2 ) -2 , R = ------------------------( N1 + N2 ) 2

where N1 = n1/cosθ1 and N2 = n2/cosθ2 for the wave polarized in the plane of incidence, and N1 = n1cosθ1 and N2 = n2cosθ2 for the wave polarized normal to the plane of incidence; θ1 and θ2 are the angles between the normal to the interface in the point of incidence and the directions of the beams in the first and second medium, respectively. The reflectivity at normal incidence in this case is R = [ ( n1 – n2 ) ⁄ ( n1 + n2 ) ]

2

For any two opaque (absorbing) media, the normal incidence reflectivity is ( n1 – n2 ) + k2 -. R = --------------------------------2 2 ( n1 + n2 ) + k2 2

2

In the majority of experiments, the first medium is air (n ≈ 1) , and hence, ( 1 – n ) + k. R = ----------------------------2 2 (1 + n) + k 2

2

The data on n and k in the following table are abridged from the sources listed in the references. The reflectivity at normal incidence, R, has been calculated from the last equation. For convenience, the energy E, wavenumber ν , and wavelength λ are given for the incidence radiation.

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

12-142 E/eV 2.194 2.168 2.141 2.123 2.098 2.094 2.091 2.073 2.060 2.049 2.036 2.023 2.013 2.009 2.000 1.987 1.977 1.974 1.962 1.953 1.949 1.937 1.925 1.922 1.905 1.893 1.881 1.859 1.848 1.845 1.842 1.831 1.826 1.821 1.818 1.815 1.807 1.802 0.06199 0.05904 0.05636 0.05391 0.04592 0.04428 0.04275 0.04133 0.03542 0.03100 0.03061 0.03024 0.02883 0.02850 0.02818 0.02755 0.02480 0.02254 0.02066 0.01907 0.01771

ν /cm–1

λ/µm

17700 17480 17270 17120 16920 16890 16860 16720 16610 16530 16420 16310 16230 16210 16130 16030 15940 15920 15820 15750 15720 15630 15530 15500 15360 15270 15170 14990 14900 14880 14860 14770 14730 14680 14660 14640 14580 14530 500.0 476.2 454.5 434.8 370.4 357.1 344.8 333.3 285.7 250.0 247.0 244.0 232.6 229.9 227.3 222.2 200.0 181.8 166.7 153.8 142.9

0.565 0.572 0.579 0.584 0.591 0.592 0.593 0.598 0.602 0.605 0.609 0.613 0.616 0.617 0.620 0.624 0.627 0.628 0.632 0.635 0.636 0.640 0.644 0.645 0.651 0.655 0.659 0.667 0.671 0.672 0.673 0.677 0.679 0.681 0.682 0.683 0.686 0.688 20.0 21.0 22.0 23.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 40.5 41.0 43.0 43.5 44.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0

n

na

nc

k

ka

kc

Crystalline Arsenic Selenide (As2Se3) [Ref. 1]* 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.13

0.10 0.079

0.050

0.031

0.020

0.012 8.6·10–3 6.4 5.2 3.1 2.0 1.3·10

–3

8.6·10–4

3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.7 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.2 1.6 2.3 4.2 6.5 4.5 4.0 3.8 3.6

2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 1.7 2.6 2.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 2.0 4.0 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.0

5.5 4.1 1.7·10–3 2.1·10–3 2.5·10–3 3.0·10–3 6.3·10–3 7.6·10–3 0.0092 0.011

3.3 2.5 3.6 0.17 0.089 0.097 0.19

R

Ra

Rc

0.27 0.26 0.26

0.24 0.24 0.24

0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.12 0.088 0.50 0.56 0.58 0.50 0.62 0.40 0.36 0.34 0.32

0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.18 0.18 0.25 0.18 0.16 0.29 0.48 0.60 0.36 0.31 0.27 0.26 0.25

0.26 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.15 0.12 0.097 0.082 0.063 0.051 0.038 0.030 0.022 0.017

1.7·10–3 1.2·10–3 9.0·10–4 6.4 4.7 3.4

1.8·10–3 2.2·10–3 2.6·10–3 3.1·10–3 6.4·10–3 7.7·10–3 0.0093 0.011 0.037 0.38 0.33 0.41 2.2 2.8 2.0 3.3 0.26 0.10 0.10 0.16 0.30

0.034 1.0 0.95 0.46 0.94 1.4

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids µm E/eV ν /cm–1 λ/µ n na nc k ka kc 0.01653 133.3 75.0 3.7 3.0 0.41 0.44 0.01550 125.0 80.0 3.8 3.1 0.29 0.40 0.01459 117.6 85.0 3.6 2.9 0.20 0.34 0.01378 111.1 90.0 3.2 2.6 0.43 0.49 0.01305 105.3 95.0 4.7 3.0 1.5 1.5 0.01240 100.0 100.0 4.4 2.7 0.22 0.81 0.01181 95.24 105.0 4.2 3.0 0.094 3.9 0.01127 90.91 110.0 4.1 5.3 0.059 0.70 0.01033 83.33 120.0 3.9 4.2 0.034 0.13 0.009537 76.92 130.0 3.9 4.0 0.024 0.069 0.008856 71.43 140.0 3.9 3.8 0.019 0.048 0.007749 63.50 160.0 3.8 3.7 0.014 0.032 0.006888 55.55 180.0 3.8 3.7 0.011 0.024 0.006199 50.0 200.0 3.8 3.6 0.0091 0.019 *Indices a and c relate to the radiation electric field parallel to the a and c axes of the crystal, respectively. 2.056 2.026 2.006 1.990 1.925 1.826 1.810 1.794 1.771 1.715 1.701 1.647 1.629 1.596 1.579 1.562 1.544 1.529 1.512 1.494 1.476 1.378 1.240 1.127 1.051 1.033 0.2555 0.2380 0.2344 0.1345 0.1339 0.1333 0.1308 0.1215 0.1203 0.1196 0.1178 0.1116 0.1004 0.09919 0.09795 0.09671 0.09299 0.08555

16580 16340 16180 16050 15530 14730 14600 14470 14290 13830 13720 13280 13140 12870 12740 12590 12450 12330 12200 12050 11910 11110 10000 9091 8475 8333 1980 1919 1890 1085 1080 1075 1055 980 970 965 950 900 810 800 790 780 750 690

0.603 0.612 0.618 0.623 0.644 0.679 0.685 0.691 0.700 0.723 0.729 0.753 0.761 0.777 0.785 0.794 0.803 0.811 0.820 0.830 0.840 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.18 1.20 5.05 5.21 5.29 9.22 9.26 9.30 9.48 10.20 10.31 10.36 10.53 11.11 12.35 12.50 12.66 12.82 13.33 14.49

Vitreous Arsenic Selenide (As2Se3) [Ref. 1] 0.12 0.11 0.099 9.0 5.6 1.4 0.012 0.0089 6.2 2.6 0.0022 0.00046 3.07 4.0 3.06 2.7 3.05 1.9 3.05 0.00013 3.04 0.000094 3.03 6.3 3.03 4.2 3.02 2.8 3.01 1.8 2.98 2.93 2.90 2.89 2.88 1.6·10–7 9.9·10–8 1.1·10–7 4.4 3.7 4.4 4.5 8.9 9.9·10–7 1.0·10–6 1.1 1.8 4.9 7.0·10–6 1.0·10–5 1.5 3.7 6.9

12-143 R

0.62 0.49 0.39 0.26 0.25 0.78 0.64 0.50 0.38

Ra 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.28 0.46 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.34

Rc 0.26 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.34 0.25 0.62 0.47 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.32


12-144 E/eV 0.08431 0.08059 0.07811 0.07687 0.07563 0.07439 0.07315 0.07191 0.07067 0.06943 0.06633 0.06571 0.06509 0.06447 0.06075 0.06024 0.05331 0.05269 0.05207 0.05145 0.05083 0.05021 0.04959 0.04862 0.04679 0.04592 0.04509 0.04428 0.03875 0.03815 0.03757 0.02988 0.02952 0.02725 0.02362 0.01937 0.01922 0.01907 0.01734 0.01653 0.01642 0.01494 0.01246 0.007606 0.006199 0.004592 0.002799 0.001826 0.001273 0.0006491 0.0004376 0.0002903 0.0001716 0.00009047 0.00005621 0.00002774 0.00001439

ν /cm–1 680 650 630 620 610 600 590 580 570 560 535 530 525 520 490 485.9 430 425 420 415 410 405 400 392.2 377.4 370.4 363.6 357.1 312.5 307.7 303.0 241.0 238.1 219.8 190.5 156.2 155.0 153.8 139.9 133.3 132.5 120.5 100.5 61.35 50.00 37.04 22.57 14.73 10.27 5.236 3.530 2.341 1.384 0.7297 0.4534 0.2237 0.1161

λ/µ µm 14.71 15.38 15.87 16.13 16.39 16.67 16.95 17.24 17.54 17.86 18.69 18.87 19.05 19.23 20.41 20.58 23.26 23.53 23.81 24.10 24.39 24.69 25.0 25.5 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 32.0 32.5 33.0 41.5 42.0 45.5 52.5 64.0 64.5 65.0 71.5 75.0 75.5 83.0 99.5 163.0 200.0 270.0 443.0 679.0 974.0 1910.0 2833.0 4271.0 7224.0 13704 22056 44699 86153

2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.2 3.2 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

4.959 3.100

40000 25000

0.2500 0.40

Vitreous Arsenic Sulfide (As2S3) - [Ref. 2] 2.48 1.21 3.09 0.34

n

na

nc

k 5.9 6.1 6.3 7.7 7.8 9.3·10–5 1.2·10–4 1.4 1.8 2.8 5.2 7.2·10–4 1.2·10–3 1.7 4.9 5.2 1.4 1.1·10–3 8.5·10–4 7.3 8.3 9.4·10–4 1.2·10–3 1.6 5.0 8.0·10–3 1.2·10–2 1.7 8.2 9.3·10–3 0.11 0.89 1.0 1.8 0.30 0.10 9.6·10–2 9.4 8.7 9.4 0.096 0.15 0.60 0.12

ka

0.072 4.5 2.8 2.1 1.1·10–2 7.5·10–3 5.0 3.1 1.6·10–3 9.9·10–4 5.2 2.6

kc

R

0.22 0.32 0.37 0.50 0.73 0.22 0.22 0.35 0.71 0.73 0.31 0.21 0.21 0.84 0.87 0.21 0.21 0.33 0.73 0.20 0.20 0.34 0.87 0.18 0.17 0.20 0.22 0.39 0.32 0.27 0.27 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.29 0.26 0.67 0.50 0.41 0.25 0.25 0.71 0.53 0.25 0.25 0.72 0.47 0.27 0.27

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids E/eV 2.48 1.879 1.240 0.6199 0.3100 0.2480 0.1736 0.1240 0.09299 0.07439 0.04959 0.03757 0.03100 0.02480 0.02066 0.01771 0.01550 0.01378 0.01240 0.008183 0.004029 0.002418 0.001984 0.001048 0.0001033 4.129·10–12 4.9 4.1 3.9 3.5 3.1 3.0 2.755 2.75 2.610 2.5 2.25 1.771 1.512 1.50 1.475 1.47 1.465 1.46 1.459 1.455 1.45 1.445 1.442 1.44 1.43 1.30 1.24 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70

ν /cm–1 20000 15150 10000 5000 2500 2000 1400 1000 750 600 400.0 303.0 250.0 200.0 166.7 142.9 125.0 111.1 100 66 32.5 19.5 16 8.45 0.833 3.33·10–8

λ/µ µm 0.4999 0.66 1.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 7.143 10.00 13.33 16.67 25.0 33.0 40.0 50 60 70 80 90 100 152 308 513 625 1180 12000 3·1011

39520 33070 31460 28230 25000 24200 22220 22180 21050 20160 18150 14290 12200 12100 11900 11860 11820 11780 11760 11740 11690 11650 11630 11610 11530 10490 10000 9679 8872 8065 7259 6452 5646

0.2530 0.3024 0.3179 0.3542 0.4000 0.4133 0.45 0.4509 0.475 0.4959 0.5510 0.70 0.82 0.8266 0.840 0.8434 0.8463 0.8492 0.850 0.8521 0.8551 0.8580 0.860 0.8610 0.8670 0.9537 1.0 1.033 1.127 1.240 1.378 1.550 1.771

n 2.83 2.59 2.48 2.43 2.41 2.41 2.40 2.38 2.35 2.31 1.79 3.59 2.98 2.66 2.64 2.99 2.89 2.84 2.81 2.76 2.74 2.74 2.74 2.73 2.73 2.73

na

nc

12-145 k 0.013 1.7·10–6 2.4·10–7

7.4·10–7 1.3·10–4 3.0·10–3 4.6·10–4 0.2 1.4 0.15 0.11 0.57 0.17 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.072 0.044 0.031 0.025 8.8·10–3 1.3·10–3

Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) - [Ref. 3] 2.48 2.04 2.33 1.59 2.57 1.90 2.89 1.52 3.43 1.02 3.37 0.861 3.080 0.485 3.23 0.636 3.045 3.14 0.525 3.05 0.411 2.861 0.210 2.880 0.040 2.98 0.319 2.905 0.00134 0.000671 3.37 1.89 2.948 1.08·10–4 2.9565 5.10·10–5 2.73 2.952 2.9479 1.37 2.9402 2.8720 2.840 2.8353 2.8050 2.7793 2.7537 2.7384 2.7223

ka

kc

R 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.085 0.38 0.25 0.21 0.22 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.39 0.32 0.37 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.27 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.24

0.24 0.24 0.24 0.32 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21

Ra

Rc


12-146

E/eV 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.09 0.06819 0.0573 0.05 0.0469 0.04592 0.04133 0.04092 0.03720 0.03647 0.03596 0.03493 0.03472 0.03100 0.02917 0.02852 0.02728 0.02604 0.02480 0.02384 0.01798 0.01736 0.01550 0.01364 0.01240 0.009919 0.008679 0.007439 0.006199 0.004959 0.003720 0.023015 0.001550 155 145 130 110 90 70 40 23 7.0 6.0 5.00 4.00 3.00

ν /cm–1 4839 4033 3226 2420 1613 806.5 725.9 550 462 403.3 378 370.3 333.3 330 300 294.1 290 281.7 280 250 235.3 230 220 210 200 192.3 145 140 125 110 100 80 70 60 50 40 30 18.563 12.50

48390 40330 32260 24200

λ/µ µm 2.066 2.480 3.100 4.133 6.199 12.40 13.78 18.18 21.6 24.80 26.5 27 30 30.30 33.33 34.00 34.48 35.5 35.71 40 42.5 43.48 45.45 47.62 50.00 52.0 68.97 71.43 80.0 90.91 100 125 142.9 166.7 200 250 333.3 800 0.007999 0.008551 0.009537 0.01127 0.01378 0.01771 0.03100 0.05391 0.1771 0.2066 0.2480 0.3100 0.4133

n 2.7086 2.6972 2.6878 2.6800 2.6722 2.6535 2.6482 2.623 2.5801

2.55916 2.531 2.494 2.478 2.459 2.378 2.289 2.224 2.137 2.013 1.8 6.778 4.598 3.868 3.649 3.415 3.348 3.299 3.263 3.236 3.217 538.71

na

nc

k

3.8·10–6 8.0·10–5 9.88·10–5 2.86·10–4 3.34 4.97 8.93 5.77·10–3 7.91 6.76 1.18·10–2 6.93 1.87 2.47·10–2 3.4·10–2 4.97·10–2 6.21 5.2 4.50 0.294 9.47·10–2 5.68·10–2 0.0262 0.0189 1.39 1.03 7.52·10–3 3.2096 6.18

Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) - [Ref. 4] 0.0181 0.0203 0.0224 0.0278 0.0323 0.0376 0.0426 1.037 0.228 1.063 1.838 1.264 2.472 2.273 4.084 3.601 1.920 4.509 1.948

ka

kc

R 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19

0.19 0.57 0.73 0.18 0.83 0.17 0.36 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.79 0.66 0.41 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.28 0.28

0.61 0.67 0.42 0.47

Ra

Rc


E/eV 2.50 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.50 0.25 0.15 0.100 0.090 0.070 0.060 0.0495 0.03968 0.03496 0.02976 0.02066 0.01550 0.008266 0.002480 0.001240 154.0 110.0 100.0 80.0 50.0 27.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 5.5 4.68 3.50 3.00 2.78 2.621 2.480 2.18 2.000 1.6 1.240 0.6888 0.4769 0.1907 0.1550 0.1240 0.06199 0.03100

ν /cm–1 20160 16130 14520 12900 12100 11290 9679 8065 6452 4033 2016 1210 806.5 725.9 564.6 483.9 399.2 320 282 240 166.7 125 66.67 20 10

λ/µ µm 0.4959 0.6199 0.8888 0.7749 0.8266 0.8856 1.033 1.240 1.550 2.480 4.959 8.266 12.40 13.78 17.71 20.66 25.05 31.25 35.46 41.67 60 80 150 500 1000

n 4.333 3.878 3.785 3.700 3.666 3.6140 3.4920 3.4232 3.3737 3.3240 3.2978 3.2831 3.2597 3.2493 3.2081 3.1609 3.058 2.495 0.307 4.57 3.77 3.681 3.62 3.607 3.606

44360 37750 28230 24200 22420 21140 20000 17580 16130 12900 10000 5556 3846 1538 1250 1000 500 250

0.00805 0.0113 0.0124 0.0155 0.0248 0.0459 0.0496 0.0620 0.0826 0.2254 0.2649 0.3542 0.4133 0.4460 0.473 0.500 0.5687 0.62 0.7749 1.0 1.8 2.6 6.5 8.0 10 20 40

Gallium Phosphide (GaP) - [Ref. 5] 1.7·10–2 2.15·10–2 215·10–2 3.0·10–2 4.7·10–2 9.3·10–2 0.122 0.180 0.748 0.628 1.543 3.556 4.181 2.634 5.050 0.819 4.081 0.224 3.904 0.103 3.73 6.37·10–3 3.590 2.47·10–3 3.411 2.8·10–7 3.3254 3.209 3.1192 3.0439 3.0271 2.995 4.29·10–4 2.984 2.964 2.615 7.16·10–3 3.594 1.81·10–2

na

nc

k 0.441 0.211 0.151 0.091 0.080 1.69·10–3

4.93·10–6 1.64·10–5 2.32·10–4 3.45·10–3 2.07·10–3 2.43·10–2 294·10–2 4.26·10–2 3.89·10–3 1.84·10–3 2.14·10–3 1.3·10–3

12-147

ka

kc

R 0.39 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.18 0.41 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.32

0.68 0.50 0.46 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.32

Ra

Rc


12-148 E/eV 0.02480 0.01727 0.01168 0.006199 0.004133 0.001240 155 60 25 24 15 10 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.34 2.84 1.80 1.50 0.6 0.2480 0.1907 0.1653 0.06199 0.03100 0.02480 0.02244 0.02207 0.02033 0.01054 0.005579 0.001860 0.001240 25 20 15 10 6 5.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.44 1.86 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.35 0.32 0.20 0.1240 0.06199 0.04959

ν /cm–1 200 139.27 94.21 50.00 33.33 10.00

λ/µ µm 50 71.80 106.1 200 300 1000

40330 36290 32260 26940 22910 14520 12100 4839 2000 1538 1333 500 250 200 181 178 164 85 45 15 10

0.007999 0.02066 0.04959 0.05166 0.08266 0.1240 0.2480 0.2755 0.3100 0.3712 0.4366 0.6888 0.8266 2.066 5.0 6.5 7.5 20.00 40.00 50.00 55.25 56.18 60.98 117.6 222.2 666.7 1000

Indium Antimonide (InSb) - [Ref. 6] 4.77·10–3 7.30·10–2 1.15 .015 1.15 0.18 0.97 0.230 0.74 0.88 1.307 2.441 1.443 2.894 2.632 3.694 3.528 2.280 3.340 2.021 4.909 1.396 4.418 0.643 4.03 4.14 9.1·10–2 4.30 6.3·10–2 4.18 2.7·10–2 3.869 2.0·10–3 2.98 2.6·10–3 2.22 0.165 3.05 7.59 9.61 4.20 4.94 0.140 2.12 0.423 1.02 5.59 6.03 17.9 10.7 24.0

48390 40330 32260 28230 24200 20160 19680 15000 14520 13710 12900 12100 9679 8065 4839 2823 2581 1613 1000 500 400

0.04959 0.06199 0.08266 0.1240 0.2066 0.2480 0.3100 0.3542 0.4133 0.4959 0.5081 0.6666 0.6888 0.7293 0.7749 0.8266 1.033 1.240 2.066 3.542 3.875 6.199 10.00 20.00 25.00

Indium Arsenide (InAs) - [Ref. 7] 1.139 1.125 0.894 0.835 1.434 2.112 1.524 2.871 3.313 1.799 3.008 1.754 3.197 2.034 4.364 1.786 4.489 1.446 3.889 0.554 3.851 0.530 3.798 0.493 3.755 0.463 3.714 0.432 3.613 3.548 0.161 3.608 9.58·10–3 3.512 1.23·10–4 3.427 3.402 3.334 3.264

n 3.461 3.3922 3.3621 3.3447 3.3413 3.3319

na

nc

k 5.77·10–3 4.34·10–3 4.26·10–3 1.3·10–4

ka

kc

R 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29

0.53 0.60 0.61 0.45 0.45 0.47 0.41 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.38 0.35 0.25 0.14 0.84 0.70 0.44 0.14 0.88 0.93 0.94 0.168 0.225 0.336 1.071 0.45 0.58 0.39 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.44 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.28

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids E/eV 0.04339 0.03720 0.03100 0.02765 0.02480 0.01984 0.01860 0.01736 0.01488 0.01240 0.009919 0.007439 0.004959 0.002480 0.001240 20 15 10 5.5 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.25 1.00 0.50 0.30 0.10 0.075 0.060 0.050 0.03992 0.03496 0.03100 0.02728 0.02480 0.02418 0.02232 0.01860 0.01240 0.009919 0.007439 0.004959 0.002480 0.001240 14.5 10 5 2.0 1.65 1.5 1.0 0.75 0.62 0.48 0.40 0.32

ν /cm–1 350 300 250 222 200 160 150 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 10

λ/µ µm 28.57 33.33 40.00 44.84 50.00 62.50 66.67 71.43 83.33 100.0 125.0 166.7 250.0 500 1000

n 3.182 2.988 1.970 5.90 6.91 5.27 5.27 3.99 3.91 3.85 3.817 3.793 3.778 3.769 3.766

44360 40330 32260 24200 16130 12100 10085 8068 4034 2420 806.8 605.1 484.1 403.4 322 282 250 220 200 195 180 150 100 80 60 40 20 10

0.06199 0.08266 0.1240 0.2254 0.2480 0.3100 0.4133 0.6199 0.8266 0.9915 1.239 2.479 4.131 12.39 16.53 20.66 24.79 31.06 35.46 40.00 45.45 50.0 51.28 55.56 66.67 100 125.0 166.7 250.0 500 1000.0

0.793 0.695 0.806 1.426 2.131 3.141 4.395 3.549 3.456 3.324 3.220 3.114 3.089 3.012 2.932 2.780 2.429 0.307 3.89 4.27 3.93 3.81 3.19 3.19 3.65 3.57 3.551 3.538 3.529 3.523 3.522

40330 16130 13310 12100 8065 6049 5001 3871 3226 2581

0.08551 0.1240 0.2480 0.6199 0.7514 0.8266 1.240 1.653 2.000 2.583 3.100 3.875

0.72 0.68 0.54 3.65 4.51 4.64 4.65 4.59 4.90 4.91 4.98

na

nc

12-149

k 5.46·10–3 6.37·10–2 6.53 0.30 0.41 0.51 1.1·10–2 6.6·10–3 4.3·10–3

Indium Phosphide (InP) - [Ref. 8] 0.494 0.574 1.154 2.562 3.495 1.730 1.247 0.317 0.203

1.46·10–2 3.35·10–2 3.57 0.282 3.0·10–2 1.3·10–2 8.7·10–3

Lead Selenide (PbSe) - [Ref. 9] 0.20 0.50 1.2 2.9 1.73 2.64 1.1 0.269 0.770

0.173

ka

kc

R 0.27 0.25 0.11 0.74 0.56 0.47 0.47 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.37 0.34

0.79 0.61 0.38 0.43 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.22 0.17 0.35 0.39 0.35 0.34 0.27 0.27 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31

0.51 0.46 0.52 0.44 0.42 0.44 0.44 0.44

Ra

Rc


12-150 E/eV 0.20 0.1190 0.09919 0.07935 0.05951 0.04959 0.03968 0.02976 0.01984 0.009919 0.007935 0.004959 0.002480 0.001736 0.001240 150 125 100 80 60 25 18.0 14.0 10.0 4.95 4.0 3.00 2.90 2.75 2.55 2.00 1.60 1.24 1.03 0.650 0.496 0.400 0.3100 0.2480 0.1240 0.1033 0.08059 0.06819 0.04959 0.03720 0.02480 0.01378 0.01240 0.008856 0.006199 0.003100 0.001653 0.001240 0.0006199 150 125 100 75

ν /cm–1 1613 960 800 640 480 400 320 240 160 80 64 40 20 14 10

λ/µ µm 6.199 10.42 12.50 15.63 20.83 25.00 31.25 41.67 62.50 125.0 156.3 250.0 500.0 714.3 1000

39920 32260 24200 23390 22180 20570 16130 12910 10000 8333 5263 4000 3226 2500 2000 1000 833.3 650 550 400 300 200.0 111.1 100.0 71.43 50.0 25.00 13.33 10.00 5.000

0.008266 0.009919 0.01240 0.01550 0.02066 0.04959 0.06888 0.08856 0.1240 0.2505 0.3100 0.4133 0.4275 0.4509 0.4862 0.6199 0.7749 1.00 1.2 1.9 2.5 3.1 4.0 5 10 12 15.38 18.18 25.00 33.33 50 90 100 140 200 400 750 1000 2000 0.008266 0.009919 0.01240 0.01653

n 4.82 4.74 4.72 4.68 4.59 4.49 4.31 3.89 2.34 1.73 2.91 11.2 12.6 14.1 17.4

0.845 0.846 0.651 0.879 1.52 1.73 3.88 4.12 4.25 4.35 4.29 4.62 4.43 4.30 4.24 4.30 4.30 4.16 4.115 4.01 3.90 3.90 3.81 3.53 2.99 0.514 1.175 1.79 17.41 16.27 12.96 12.44 12.35 12.27

na

nc

k 1.20·10–3 2.09·10–3 4.12·10–3 1.00·10–2 1.77·10–2 3.62·10–2 9.61·10–2 0.56 7.38 10.1 14.6 12.2 16.6 21.1

Lead Sulfide (PbS) - [Ref. 10] 3.86·10–3 5.59·10–3 1.54·10–2 2.88·10–2 6.17·10–2 0.171 0.294 0.665 1.050 2.10 2.83 3.00 2.70 2.33 2.00 1.48 0.94 0.597 0.458 0.318 0.235 2.27·10–2 6.38·10–4 9.25·10–4 6.32·10–3 1.14·10–2

1.59 8.48 10.51 17.94 2.20 0.495 0.228 0.167 0.0815 Lead Telluride (PbTe) - [Ref. 11] 2.37·10–3 9.71·10–3 4.39·10–2 6.43·10–2

ka

kc

R 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.24 0.18 0.88 0.90 0.88

0.43 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.47 0.43 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.31 0.25 0.94 0.94 0.89 0.79 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids E/eV 50 30 15 10 7.5 5.0 3.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.1017 0.08927 0.06943 0.04959 0.03968 0.02976 0.009919 0.007439 0.006199 0.004959 0.003720 0.002480 0.001240 2000 1496 1016 725 504 303 250 200 150 100 75 50 25 20 15.1 13 12.0 11.0 10.00 9 7 4.959 4.000 2.952 2.000 0.9919 0.7999 0.4959 0.4000 0.3100

ν /cm–1

40330 24200 20160 12100 8065 6452 4839 3226 2420 1613 1210 820 720 560 400 320 240 80 60 50 40 30 20 10

λ/µ µm 0.02480 0.04133 0.08266 0.1240 0.1653 0.2480 0.4133 0.4959 0.8266 1.240 1.550 2.066 3.100 4.133 6.199 8.266 12.20 13.89 17.86 25.00 31.25 41.67 125.0 166.7 200.0 250.0 333.3 500.0 1000

40000 32260 23810 16130 8000 6452 4000 3226 2500

6.199·10–4 8.287·10–4 1.220·10–3 1.710·10–3 2.460·10–3 4.092·10–3 4.959·10–3 6.199·10–3 8.265·10–3 1.240·10–2 1.653·10–2 2.480·10–2 4.959·10–2 6.199·10–2 8.211·10–2 9.537·10–2 0.1033 0.1127 0.12398 0.1375 0.1771 0.250 0.31 0.42 0.62 1.25 1.55 2.5 3.1 4.0

n

0.72 0.66 0.8 0.72 1.0 1.35 3.8 4.55 6.25 6.10 6.075 5.95 5.77 5.76 5.47 5.38 5.13 4.50 3.58 1.01 2.95 4.9 6.9 11.6 27.7 27.6 45.1

na

nc

k 6.87·10–2 7.77·10–2 0.17 0.60 0.92 1.0 2.2 2.86 3.1 2.2 0.71 0.521 0.331 3.55·10–2

9.16·10–3 1.37·10–2 3.06·10–2 9.6·10–2 0.23 1.9 16.6 22.5 27.2 34.8 35.7 39.1 57.8

Lithium Fluoride (LiF) - [Ref. 12] 0.9999347 4.33·10–6 0.999883 1.28·10–5 0.999757 5.18·10–5 0.999643 1.62·10–4 0.999162 4.96·10–5 0.99752 3.12·10–4 0.99632 6.17·10–5 2.12·10–3 0.9899 3.54·10–3 0.9801 1.32·10–2 2.63·10–2 7.89·10–2 0.558 0.521 1.20 0.58 1.08 0.68 1.04 1.64 2.28 0.11 1.77 8.07·10–7 1.606 7.70·10–7 1.53 1.46 1.4189 1.4073 1.3978 1.3915 1.3851 1.3858 1.3731 1.3650 1.3493

12-151 ka

kc

R

0.61 0.53 0.49 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.40 0.32 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.95 0.95 0.97

0.10 0.10 0.15 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02

Ra

Rc


12-152 E/eV 0.2480 0.2000 0.1698 0.1494 0.1240 0.1127 0.1033 0.09537 0.08679 0.07439 0.06199 0.05579 0.04959 0.03720 0.03100 0.02480 0.01240 0.06199 0.04959 0.02480 0.01378 4.798·10–4 1.464·10–4 4.053·10–5 1.861·10–7 3.718·10–8 2860.3 2855.3 2849.3 2835.8 2832.3 2829.8 2828.3 219 215 212.5 211 185.1 109.7 43 40 29.9 20.1 15.1 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.199 4.959 3.999 2.952 2.695 2.616 2.384 2.066 1.550 1.033 0.5166

ν /cm–1 2000 1613 1370 1205 1000 909.1 833.3 769.2 700 600 500 450 400 300 250 200 100.0 50.0 40.00 20.00 11.11 3.870 1.181 0.3269 1.501·10–3 2.999·10–4

λ/µ µm 5.0 6.2 7.3 8.3 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.29 16.67 20.00 22.22 25.00 33.33 40.00 50.00 100 200 250 500 900 2584 8469 30590 6.662·106 3.335·107

50000 40000 32260 23810 21740 21100 19230 16670 12500 8333 4167

4.3347·10–4 4.3423·10–4 4.3514·10–4 4.3721·10–4 4.3775·10–4 4.3814·10–4 4.3837·10–4 5.661·10–3 5.767·10–3 5.834·10–3 5.876·10–3 6.7·10–3 1.13·10–2 0.02883 0.03179 0.04147 0.06168 0.08211 0.1240 0.1378 0.1550 0.1771 0.20 0.25 0.31 0.42 0.46 0.474 0.52 0.60 0.80 1.2 2.4

n 1.3266 1.2912 1.2499 1.2036 1.1005 1.0208

0.508 0.124 0.306 0.191 0.208 8.76 4.64 3.69 3.067 3.067 3.067 3.067 3.023 3.023 3.023 3.018 3.018

na

nc

k 1.8·10–6

2.6·10–3 8.0·10–3 1.9·10–2 3.7·10–2 7.74·10–2 0.804 1.47 1.88 2.71 3.91 0.287 0.102 0.106 4.0·10–2 2.2·10–2 6.3·10–3 3.1·10–3 1.19·10–3 6.20·10–4 2.63·10–4 1.6·10–5 1.6·10–5

Potassium Chloride (KCl) - [Ref. 13] 3.93·10–6 3.39·10–6 4.61·10–6 5.85·10–6 5.85·10–6 1.57·10–6 4.19·10–7 1.82·10–3 1.84·10–3 2.19·10–3 1.82·10–3 0.99874 0.99578 0.96 3.0·10–2 0.925 1.8·10–2 0.756 0.145 0.910 0.495 0.965 0.344 1.16 0.38 1.99 0.50 1.15 0.46 2.0 8.46·10–7 1.71739 1.58972 1.54005 1.50701 1.50115 7.6·10–11 1.49501 1.48969 1.48291 1.47813 1.47464

ka

kc

R 0.02

0.68 0.85 0.91 0.68 0.42 0.33 0.26 0.26 0.26

0.25 0.25 0.25

1.01·10–3 4.22·10–3

0.035 0.13 0.048 0.11 0.070

0.040

0.039 0.038 0.037 0.037

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids E/eV 0.2480 0.2000 0.1512 0.09999 0.07560 0.04959 0.03999 0.02976 0.02728 0.02232 0.01860 0.01612 0.01240 0.008679 0.006199 0.001240 0.0006199 0.0004133 2000 1860 1609 1496 1204 1093 1016 798 597 396 303 201 151.2 99.99 49.59 40.00 31.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 13.00 11.00 10.00 9.00 7.00 6.00 4.9939 4.1034 3.0640 2.5504 2.4379 2.2705 2.1489 2.1411 2.1102 2.1041 1.9257 1.8892 1.8566 1.7549 1.4550

ν /cm–1 2000 1.613 1220 806.5 609.8 400.0 322.6 240 220 180 150 130 100 70 50 10.00 5.000 3.333

λ/µ µm 5.0 6.2 8.2 12.4 16.4 25.0 31.0 41.67 45.45 55.56 66.67 76.92 100.0 142.9 200.0 1000 2000 3000

48390 40278.4 33096.1 24712.3 20570.5 19662.5 18312.5 17332.3 17269.2 17019.5 16970.4 15531.6 15237.6 14974.2 14153.9 11735.6

6.199·10–4 6.665·10–4 7.705·10–4 8.287·10–4 1.030·10–3 1.134·10–3 1.220·10–3 1.554·10–3 2.077·10–3 3.131·10–3 4.092·10–3 6.168·10–3 8.2·10–3 1.24·10–2 2.50·10–2 3.10·10–2 4.00·10–2 0.04959 0.06199 0.08266 0.09537 0.1127 0.1240 0.1378 0.1771 0.2066 0.248272 0.302150 0.404656 0.486133 0.508582 0.546074 0.576959 0.579065 0.587561 0.589262 0.643847 0.656272 0.667815 0.706519 0.852111

n 1.47048 1.46796 1.46260 1.44611 1.42295 1.34059 1.2431 0.85 0.53 0.31 0.44 4.1 2.7 2.4 2.2

na

nc

12-153 k

6.57·10–4 0.16 0.35 1.05 4.0 0.32 0.11 9.2·10–2 9.0·10–3 3.7·10–3 2.0·10–3

Silicon Dioxide (Glass) - [Ref. 14] 0.99993 1.503·10–5 0.99991 1.936·10–5 0.99989 9.941·10–6 0.99987 1.308·10–5 0.99980 2.916·10–5 0.99975 4.155·10–5 0.99971 5.423·10–5 0.99954 1.289·10–4 0.99917 3.560·10–4 0.99812 4.04·10–4 0.99678 9.91·10–4 0.99269 3.63·10–3 0.9871 7.3·10–3 0.9813 7.0·10–3 0.9164 6.5·10–2 0.907 9.2·10–2 0.851 0.156 0.733 0.325 0.859 0.585 1.168 0.711 1.368 0.747 1.739 0.569 2.330 0.323 1.904 1.89·10–2 1.600 1.543 1.50841 1.48719 1.46961 1.46313 1.46187 1.46008 1.45885 1.45877 1.45847 1.45841 1.45671 1.45637 1.45608 1.45515 1.45248

ka

kc

R 0.036 0.036 0.035 0.033 0.030 0.021 0.012

0.37 0.21 0.17 0.14

0.10 0.11 0.11 0.17 0.097 0.053 0.046 0.041 0.038 0.036 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.034 0.034 0.034

Ra

Rc


12-154 E/eV 1.0985 0.60243 0.35354 0.2976 0.2728 0.2480 0.2232 0.1984 0.1736 0.1674 0.1612 0.1500 0.1401 0.1302 0.1209 0.1091 0.09919 0.08989 0.06943 0.06199 0.04959 0.03720 0.01240 0.007439 0.002480 25 20 17.5 15 12.5 10 7.5 5 4 3 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.240 0.6199 0.3100 0.2480 0.2066 0.1771 0.1653 0.1459 0.1305 0.1240 0.1181 0.1153 0.1127 0.1078 0.1033 0.09537 0.08856

ν /cm–1 8860.06 4858.9 2851.4 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1350 1300 1210 1130 1050 975 880 800 725 560 500 400 300 100 60 20

λ/µ µm 1.12866 2.0581 3.5070 4.176 4.545 5.000 5.556 6.250 7.143 7.407 7.692 8.265 8.850 9.524 10.26 11.36 12.50 13.79 17.86 20.00 25.0 33.33 100.0 166.7 500.0

n 1.44888 1.43722 1.40568 1.383 1.365 1.342 1.306 1.239 1.053 0.9488 0.7719 0.4530 0.3563 2.760 2.448 1.784 1.753 1.698 1.337 0.6616 2.739 2.210 1.967 1.959 1.955

40330 32260 24200 22580 20970 19360 17740 16130 14520 12900 10000 5000 2500 2000 1667 1492 1333 1176 1053 1000 952.4 930.2 909.1 869.6 833.3 769.2 714.3

0.04959 0.06199 0.07085 0.08266 0.09919 0.1240 0.1653 0.2480 0.3100 0.4133 0.4428 0.4769 0.5166 0.5636 0.6199 0.6888 0.7749 1.000 2.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 7.500 8.500 9.500 10.00 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.50 12.00 13.00 14.00

Silicon Monoxide (Noncrystalline) - [Ref. 15] 0.8690 0.2717 0.8853 0.4919 0.9825 0.5961 1.132 0.6651 1.283 0.6523 1.378 0.6843 1.593 0.7473 2.001 0.6052 2.141 0.4006 2.116 0.1211 2.085 0.08374 2.053 0.05544 2.021 0.03533 1.994 0.02153 1.969 0.01175 1.948 0.00523 1.929 0.00151 1.87 1.84 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.60 1.42 0.90 0.18 1.20 1.20 2.00 1.38 2.85 0.90 2.86 0.58 2.82 0.40 2.50 0.20 2.13 0.14 2.04 0.20 2.01 0.30

na

nc

k

ka

1.07·10–4 2.56·10–4 3.98·10–3 5.63·10–3 6.52·10–3 1.06·10–2 1.48·10–2 3.72·10–2 0.704 1.53 1.65 0.231 7.75·10–2 0.343 0.175 0.298 0.397 6.7·10–2 1.59·10–2 8.62·10–3 7.96·10–3

kc

R 0.034 0.032 0.028 0.026 0.024 0.021

0.30 0.66 0.35 0.18 0.079 0.089 0.071 0.036 0.882 0.23 0.14 0.11 0.11 0.10

0.092 0.090 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.092 0.087 0.082 0.074 0.067 0.053

0.024 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.19 0.13 0.12 0.12

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids E/eV 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10.5 10 9.5 9 8 7 6 5 4.75 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 209.5 206 203 200 26.0 25.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.1 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.00 6.00 5.00 2.952 2.480 2.214 2.000 1.771 1.675 1.550 1.240 1.033 0.6888 0.4959

ν /cm–1

λ/µ µm

96790 88720 84690 80650 76620 72590 64520 56460 48390 40330 38310 36290 32260 28230 24200 20160 16130 12100 8065

0.05166 0.05391 0.05636 0.05904 0.06199 0.06526 0.06888 0.07293 0.07749 0.08266 0.08856 0.09537 0.1033 0.1127 0.1181 0.1240 0.1305 0.1378 0.1550 0.1771 0.2066 0.2480 0.2610 0.2755 0.3100 0.3542 0.4133 0.4959 0.6199 0.8266 1.240

48390 40330 23810 20000 17860 16130 14290 13510 12500 10000 8333 5556 4000

5.918·10–3 6.019·10–3 6.107·10–3 6.199·10–3 0.04769 0.04959 0.05636 0.06199 0.06888 0.07700 0.08856 0.1033 0.1240 0.1550 0.2066 0.2480 0.42 0.50 0.56 0.62 0.70 0.74 0.80 1.00 1.2 1.8 2.5

n na nc k ka Noncrystalline Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) - [Ref. 16] 0.655 0.420 0.625 0.481 0.611 0.560 0.617 0.647 0.635 0.743 0.676 0.841 0.735 0.936 0.810 1.03 0.902 1.11 1.001 1.18 1.111 1.26 1.247 1.35 1.417 1.43 1.657 1.52 1.827 1.53 2.000 1.49 2.162 1.44 2.326 1.32 2.651 0.962 2.752 0.493 2.541 0.102 2.278 4.9·10–3 2.234 1.2·10–3 2.198 2.2·10–4 2.141 2.099 2.066 2.041 2.022 2.008 1.998 Sodium Chloride (NaCl) - [Ref. 17] 2.54·10–3 2.62·10–3 2.08·10–3 1.92·10–3 0.83 0.15 0.83 0.18 0.83 0.31 0.88 0.34 0.89 0.33 0.74 0.45 0.98 0.89 1.22 0.79 1.55 0.71 1.38 1.10 1.75 1.65 1.56324 1.55157 1.54613 1.54228 1.53865 1.53728 1.53560 1.53200 1.53000 1.52712 1.52531

12-155 kc

R 0.28 0.22 0.16 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.23 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11

0.015 0.018 0.057 0.036 0.033 0.084 0.17 0.12 0.12 0.20 0.074 0.060 0.048 0.047 0.046 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.044 0.044 0.043 0.043

Ra

Rc


12-156 E/eV 0.4000 0.3263

ν /cm–1 3226 2632

λ/µ µm 3.1 3.8

n 1.52395 1.52226

0.2952 0.2755 0.2480 0.1240 0.1033 0.08856 0.07749 0.06888 0.06199 0.04959 0.04215 0.03720 0.03410 0.03286 0.03224 0.02480 0.02108 0.01984 0.01922 0.01860 0.01736 0.01612 0.01488 0.01240 0.009919 0.07439 0.04959 0.002480 0.001240 0.001033 0.0006888 0.0006199 0.0004959 0.0004797 0.0003875 0.0001464 0.00004053

2381 2222 2000 1000 833.3 714.3 625.0 555.5 500.0 400 340 300 275 265 260 200 170 160 155 150 140 130 120 100 80 60 40 20 10 8.333 5.556 5.000 4.000 3.869 3.125 1.181 0.3269

4.2 4.5 5.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 25.0 29.41 33.33 36.36 37.74 38.46 50.00 58.82 62.50 64.52 66.67 71.43 76.92 83.33 100.0 125.0 166.7 250.00 500.0 1000 1200 1800 2000 2500 2584 3200 8469 30590

1.52121 1.52036 1.51883 1.49473 1.48000 1.46188 1.4399 1.41364 1.3822 1.27 1.12 0.85 0.59 0.42 0.45 0.14 1.35 6.92 5.50 4.52 3.72 3.31 3.02 2.74 2.57 2.48 2.44 2.43 2.43

2000 1204 1016 901 798 707 597 377 201 100 61.99 41.33 31.00 24.80 17.71 13.78 12.40 9.919 8.266

6.199·10–4 1.030·10–3 1.220·10–3 1.376·10–3 1.554·10–3 1.754·10–3 2.077·10–3 9.50·10–3 6.168·10–3 1.240·10–2 2.000·10–2 3.000·10–2 4.000·10–2 5.000·10–2 7.000·10–2 9.000·10–2 0.1000 0.125 0.150

2.43 2.43 2.43 2.43

na

nc

k (1.8±0.2) ·10–9

3.5·10–3 1.7·10–2 0.85 0.22 0.50 0.45 1.99 6.03 2.14 0.87 0.380 0.219 0.135 0.110 0.087 0.077 0.055 0.041 0.024 0.006 8.8·10–3 5.4·10–3 4.4·10–3 2.1·10–3 3.3·10–3 5.8·10–4 2.5·10–4

Cubic Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) - [Ref. 18] 0.999904 1.76·10–5 0.999777 1.00·10–4 0.999838 3.61·10–5 0.999647 5.42·10–5 0.999520 8.28·10–5 0.999372 1.25·10–4 0.999160 2.19·10–4 0.99789 9.50·10–4 0.99553 4.82·10–3 0.99061 1.17·10–2 0.964 3.32·10–2 0.941 5.10·10–2 0.847 9.95·10–2 0.796 0.171 0.747 0.431 0.758 0.824 0.862 0.876 1.02 1.36 1.41 1.47

ka

kc

R 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.042 0.039 0.037 0.035 0.033 0.029 0.026 0.014 0.0032 0.18 0.084 0.26 0.22 0.89 0.87 0.59 0.49 0.41 0.33 0.29 0.25 0.22 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17

0.17 0.17 0.17

6.2·10–4

2.2·10–2 7.7·10–2 0.20 0.19 0.31 0.29

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids E/eV 6.199 6.00 4.00 3.00 2.50 2.30 2.00 1.75 1.55 1.40 1.240 1.00 0.80 0.6199 0.45 0.30 0.20 0.1550 0.1240 0.100 0.09 0.07999 0.07 0.06075 0.05 0.03546 0.03472 0.02480 0.01240 0.004955 0.004339 0.003720 0.003100 0.002480 0.001860

ν /cm–1 48390 32260 24200 20160 18550 16130 14110 12500 11290 10000 8065 6452 5000 3629 2420 1613 1250 1000 806.5 725.9 645.2 564.6 490 403.3 286 280 200 100 40 35 30 25 20 15

λ/µ µm 0.200 0.2066 0.3100 0.4133 0.4959 0.5391 0.6199 0.7085 0.7999 0.8856 1.000 1.240 1.550 2.000 2.755 4.133 6.199 8.0 10.00 12.4 13.78 15.5 17.71 20.41 24.80 34.97 35.71 50.00 100.0 250.0 285.7 333.3 400.0 500.0 666.7

4.960 4.769 4.593 4.426 4.276 4.133 4.000 3.875 3.758 3.647 3.543 3.444 3.351 2.255 2.067 1.378 1.305 1.078 1.033 0.9920 0.9538 0.9185 0.8857 0.8552

40000 38462 37037 35714 34483 33333 32258 31250 30303 29412 28571 27778 27027 18182 16667 11111 10526 8696 8333 8000 7692 7407 7143 6897

0.250 0.260 0.270 0.280 0.290 0.300 0.310 0.320 0.330 0.340 0.350 0.360 0.370 0.550 0.600 0.900 0.950 1.150 1.200 1.250 1.300 1.350 1.400 1.450

n 2.32 2.24 2.70 2.54 2.42 2.3950 2.3576 2.3319 2.3146 2.3033 2.2907 2.2795 2.2706 2.2631 2.2587 2.2529 2.2443 2.2213 2.1986 2.1969 2.1793 2.1518 2.1040 2.03 1.6866 3.29 9.54 3.48 3.06 2.903 2.899 2.896 2.894 2.892 2.890

na

nc

12-157 k 1.62 1.65 0.44 4·10–2 3·10–2

ka

3.50·10–6 3.02·10–6

6.2·10–6

4.5·10–6 8.8·10–6

3.82·10–3 8.0·10–3 8.3·10–2 5.2·10–2 3.1·10–2 5.8·10–3 6.2·10–3 7.0·10–3

kc

R 0.32 0.59 0.22 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.065 0.28 0.66 0.31 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24

Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) - [Ref. 19] 0.970 0.972 0.975 0.978 0.980 0.983 0.986 0.988 0.990 0.991 0.992 0.992 0.993 0.993 0.992 0.992 0.991 0.991 0.990 0.990 0.989 0.988 0.988 0.989

Ra

Rc


12-158 E/eV 0.8267 0.8000 0.7750 0.7515 0.7294 0.7086 0.6889 0.6703 0.6526 0.6359 0.6200 0.6049 0.5905 0.5767 0.5636 0.5511 0.5487 0.5439 0.5415 0.5368 0.5345 0.5322 0.5299 0.5277 0.5232 0.5188 0.5167 0.5061 0.4960

ν /cm–1 6667 6452 6250 6061 5882 5714 5556 5405 5263 51282 5000 4878 4762 4651 4545 44444 44247 4386 4367 4329 4310 4292 4274 4255 4219 4184 4167 4082 4000

λ/µ µm 1.500 1.550 1.600 1.650 1.700 1.750 1.800 1.850 1.900 1.950 2.000 2.050 2.100 2.150 2.200 2.250 2.260 2.280 2.290 2.310 2.320 2.330 2.340 2.350 2.370 2.390 2.400 2.450 2.500

n

na

nc

References 1. Arsenic Selenide D. J. Treacy in Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, E. D. Palik, Editor, Academic Press, 1985, p. 623. (Hereafter abbreviated as HOCS.) R. Zallen, R. E. Drews, R. L. Emerald, and M. L. Slade, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 1564 (1971) R. Zallen, M. L. Slade, and A. T. Ward, Phys. Rev. B 3, 4257 (1971). U. Strom and P. C. Taylor, Phys. Rev. B 16, 5512 (1977). G. Lucovsky, Phys. Rev. B 6, 1480 (1972). C. T. Moynihan, P. B. Macedo, M. S. Maklad, R. K. Mohr, and R. E. Howard, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 17, 369 (1975). Y. Ohmachi, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 63, 630 (1973). 2. Arsenic Sulfide D. J. Treacy in HOCS, 1985, p. 641. P. A. Young, J. Phys. C 4, 93 (1971). W. S. Rodny, I. H. Malitson, and T. A. King, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 48, 633 (1958). R. Zallen, R.E. Drew, R. L. Emerald, and M.L. Slade, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 1564 (1971). M. S. Maklad, R. K. Mohr, R. E. Howard, P. B. Macedo, and C. T. Moynihan, Solid State Commun. 15, 855 (1974). P. B. Klein, P. C. Taylor, and D. J. Treacy, Phys. Rev. B16, 4511 (1977). G. Lucovsky, Phys. Rev. B 6, 1480 (1972). 3. Cadmium Telluride E. D. Palik in HOCS, 1985, p. 409. D. T. F. Marple and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Lett. 8, 87 (1962). T. H. Myers, S. W. Edwards, and J. F. Schetzina, J. Appl. Phys. 52, 4231 (1981). D. T. F. Marple, Phys. Rev. 150, 728 (1966). A. N. Pikhtin and A. D. Yas’kov, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 12, 622 (1978). L. S. Ladd, Infrared Phys. 6, 145 (1966). J. E. Harvey and W. L. Wolfe, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65, 1267 (1975).

k

ka

kc

R 0.989 0.988 0.988 0.987 0.986 0.986 0.985 0.980 0.978 0.978 0.970 0.959 0.951 0.946 0.966 0.965 0.964 0.963 0.961 0.959 0.957 0.956 0.954 0.951 0.950 0.949 0.947 0.946 0.945

Ra

Rc

A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, and H. Yoshinaga, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 6, 593 (1967). A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, H. Oshinaga, Y. Ueda, and H. Sei, Technol. Rep. Osaka Univ. Jpn. 17, 263 (1967). J. R. Birch and D. K. Murrey, Infrared Phys. 18, 283 (1978). 4. Gallium Arsenide E. D. Palik in HOCS, 1985, p. 429. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, B. Sonntag, and P. Y. Yu, in Proc. Intl. Conf. Phys. Semicond., 10th. Cambridge, 1970, p. 208. US Atom. Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, TN, 1970. H. R. Philipp and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Rev. 129, 1550 (1963). J. B. Theeten, D. E. Aspnes, and R. P. H. Chang, J. Appl. Phys. 49, 6097 (1978). H. C. Casey, D. D. Sell, and K. W. Wecht, J. Appl. Phys. 46, 250 (1975). A. H. Kachare, W. G. Spitzer, F. K. Euler, and A. Kahan, J. Appl. Phys. 45, 2938 (1974). R. T. Holm, J. W. Gibson, and E. D. Palik, J. Appl. Phys. 48, 212 (1977). W. Cochran, S. J. Fray, F. A. Johnson, J. E. Quarrington, and N. Williams, J. Appl. Phys. Suppl. 32, 2102 (1961). C. P. Christensen, R. Joiner, S. K. T. Nieh, and W. H. Steier, J. Appl. Phys. 45, 4957 (1974). R. H. Stolen, Phys. Rev. B 11, 767 (1975); Appl. Phys. Lett. 15, 74 (1969). 5. Gallium Phosphide A. Borghesi and G. Guizzetti in HOCS, 1985, p. 445. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, B. Sonntag, and P. Y. Yu, Proc. Intl. Conf. Phys. Semicond. Cambridge, 1970, p. 208. US Atom. Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, TN, 1970. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, E. E. Koch, M. Skibowski, B. Sonntag, and P. Yu. Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 659 (1970). S. E. Stokowski and D. D. Sell, Phys. Rev. B 5, 1636 (1972). S. A. Abagyan, G. A. Ivanov, Y. E. Shanurin, and V. I. Amosov, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 5, 889 (1971). P. G. Dean, G. Kaminsky, and R. B. Zetterstorm, J. Appl. Phys. 38, 3551 (1967).

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). 6. Indium Antimonide R. T. Holm in HOCS, 1985, p. 491. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, B. Sonntag, and P. Y. Yu, Proc. Int. Conf. Phys. Semicond., 10th. Cambridge, 1970, p. 208. US Atom. Comm., Oak Ridge, TN, 1970. H. R. Philipp and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Rev. 129, 1550 (1963). D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). T. S. Moss, S. D. Smith, and T. D. F. Hawkins, Proc. Phys. Soc. London 70B, 776 (1957). H. Yoshinaga and R. A. Oetjen, Phys. Rev. 101, 526 (1956). R. B. Sanderson, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 26, 803 (1965). 7. Indium Arsenide E. D. Palick and R. T. Holm in HOCS, 1985, p. 479. H. R. Philipp and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Rev. 129, 1550 (1963). B. O. Seraphin and H. E. Bennett in Semiconductors and Semimetals (R. K. Willardson and A. C. Beer, Eds.), vol. 3, Academic, 1967, p. 499. D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). J. R. Dixon and J. M. Ellis, Phys. Rev. 123, 1560 (1961). A. Memon, T. J. Parker, and J. R. Birch, Proc. SPIE, 289, 20 (1981). 8. Indium Phosphide O. J. Glembocki and H. Piller in HOCS, 1985, p. 503. M. Cardona, J. Appl. Phys. 32, 958 (1961); 36, 2181 (1965). D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). G. D. Pettit and W. J. Turner, J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2081 (1965). R. Newman, Phys. Rev. 111, 1518 (1958). W. N. Reynolds, M. T. Lilburne, and R. M. Dell, Proc. Phys. Soc. London 71, 416 (1958). H. Jamshidi and T. J. Parker, Int. Meet. Infrared Mm. Waves, 7th., Marseilles, 1983. 9. Lead Selenide G. Bauer and H. Krenn in HOCS, 1985, p. 517. M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. A 133, 1685 (1964). T. S. Moss, Optical Properties of Semiconductors, Butterworth, 1959, p. 189. J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. A 140, 330 (1965). W. W. Scanlon, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 8, 423 (1959). K. V. Vyatkin and A. P. Shotov, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 14, 785 (1980); Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 14, 1331 (1980). 10. Lead Sulfide G. Guizzetti and A. Borghesi in HOCS, 1985, p. 525. M. Cardona and R. Haensel, Phys. Rev. B 1, 2605 (1970). M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. A 133, 1685 (1964). M. Cardona, C. M. Penchina, E. E. Koch, and P. Y. Yu, Phys. Status Solidi B 53, 327 (1972). P. R. Wessel, Phys. Rev. 153, 836 (1967). C. E. Rossi and W. Paul, J. Appl. Phys. 38, 1803 (1967). J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. A 140, 330 (1965). 11. Lead Telluride G. Bauer and H. Krenn in HOCS, 1985, p. 535. M. Cardona and R. Haensel, Phys. Rev. B 1, 2605 (1970). M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. 133, A1685 (1964). D. M. Korn and R. Braunstein, Phys. Rev. B 5, 4837 (1972). W. W. Scanlon, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 8, 423 (1959). J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. 140, A330 (1965). 12. Lithium Fluoride E. D. Palik and W. R. Hunter in HOCS, 1985, p. 675. B. L. Henke, P. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. K. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. A. P. Lukirskii, E. P. Savinov, O. A. Ershov, and Y. F. Shepelev, Opt. Spektrosk. 16, 168 (1964); 16, 310 (1964). F. C. Brown, C. Gahwiller, A. B. Kunz, and N. O. Lipari, Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 927 (1970). A. Milgram and M. P. Givens, Phys. Rev. 125, 1506 (1962). T. Tomiki and T. Miyata, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 27, 658 (1969).

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

12-159 A. Kachare, G. Andermann, and L. R. Brantley, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 33, 467 (1972). Potassium Chloride E. D. Palik in HOCS, 1985, p. 703. O. Aita, I. Nagakura, and T. Sagawa, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 30, 1414 (1971). A. P. Lukirskii, E. P. Savinov, O. A. Ershov, and Y. F. Shepelev, Opt. Spectrosc. 16, 168 (1964); Opt. Spektrosk. 16, 310 (1964). T. Tomika, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 22, 463 (1967). M. Antinori, A. Balzarotti, and M. Piacentini, Phys. Rev. B 7, 1541 (1973). H. H. Li, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 5, 329 (1976). S. D. Allen and J. A. Harrington, Appl. Opt. 17, 1679 (1978). K. W. Johnson and E. E. Bell, Phys. Rev. 139A, 1295 (1965). Silicon Dioxide H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 749. J. Rife and J. Osantowski, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70, 1513 (1980). B. L. Henke, P. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. K. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. H. R. Philipp, Solid State Commun. 4, 73 (1966); J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 32, 1935 (1971). P. L. Lamy, Appl. Opt. 16, 2212 (1977). H. R. Philipp, J. Appl. Phys. 50 1053 (1979). D. G. Drummond, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 153, 328 (1935). Silicon Monoxide H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 765. H. R. Philipp, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 32, 1935 (1971). G. Hass and C. D. Salzberg, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44, 181 (1954). E. Cremer, T. Kraus, and E. Ritter, Zs. Electrochem. 62, 939 (1958). A. P. Bradford, G. Hass, M. McFarland, and E. Ritter, Appl. Opt. 4, 971 (1965). Silicon Nitride H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 771. H. R. Philipp, J. Electrochem. Soc. 120, 295 (1973). J. B. Theeten, D. E. Aspnes, F. Simondet, M. Errman, and P. C. Mürau, J. Appl. Phys. 52, 6788 (1981). J. Bauer, Phys. Status Solidi, A 39, 411 (1977). Sodium Chloride J. E. Eldridge and E. D. Palik in HOCS, p. 775. J. A. Harrington, C. J. Duthler, F. W. Patten, and M. Hass, Solid State Commun. 18, 1043 (1976). T. Miyata and T. Tomiki, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 24, 1286 (1968); ibid., 22, 209 (1967). D. M. Roessler and W. C. Walker, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58, 279 (1968). D. M. Roessler and W. C. Walker, Phys. Rev. 166, 599 (1968). S. Allen and J. A. Harrington, Appl. Opt. 17, 1679 (1978). O. Aita, I. Nagakura, and T. Sagawa, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 30, 1414 (1971). Zinc Sulfide E. D. Palik and A. Addamiano in HOCS, 1985, p. 597. B. L. Henke, P. L. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. F. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. M. Cardona and G. Harbeke, Phys. Rev. 137, A1467 (1965). Eastman Kodak, Publ. No. U-72, Rochester, New York (1981). C. A. Klein and R. N. Donadio, J. Appl. Phys. 51, 797 (1980). T. Deutsch, Proc. Int. Conf. Phys. Semicond., 6th Exeter 1962, p. 505. The Inst. of Physics and the Physical Soc., London, 1962. A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, and H. Yoshinaga, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 6, 593 (1967). W. W. Piper, D. T. F. Marple, and P. D. Johnson, Phys. Rev. 110, 323 (1958). Polytetrafluoroethylene J. W. L. Thomas (NIST), Private communication. NIST Certificate, STM 2044. P. Y. Barnes, E. A. Early, and A. C. Parr, NIST Special Publ. 250-48, NIST Measurement Services: Spectral Reflectance. Diffuse Reflectance Coatings and Materials Sections, Labsphere Catalog, 1996. A. Arecchi and C. Ryder (Labsphere, North Sutten, NJ), private communication.

Elasto-optic, Electro-optic, and Magneto-optic Constants When a crystal is subjected to a stress field, an electric field, or a magnetic field, the resulting optical effects are in general dependent on the orientation of these fields with respect to the crystal axes. It is useful, therefore, to express the optical properties in terms of the refractive index ellipsoid (or indicatrix): x2 y2 z 2 + + =1 nx2 n 2y nz2

or

∑B x y

ij

ij

i

j

= 1 (i, j = 1, 2, 3)

where

1 1 Bij =   =  2   ε  ij  n  ij

ε is the dielectric constant or permeability; the quantity Bij is called impermeability. A crystal exposed to a stress S will show a change of its impermeability. The photo-elastic (or elasto-optic) constants, Pijkl, are defined by

1 1 ∆   = ∆  2  = ∑ Pijkl Skl  n  ij  ε  ij kl

where n is the refractive index and Skl are the strain tensor elements; the Pijkl are the elements of a 4th rank tensor. When a crystal is subjected to an electric field E, two possible changes of the refractive index may occur depending on the symmetry of the crystal. 1. All materials, including isotropic solids and polar liquids, show an electro-optic birefringence (Kerr effect) which is proportional to the square of the electric field, E:

1 ∆  2  = ∑ K ijkl Ek El = ∑ g ijkl pk pl  n  ij k k ,l =1, 2 ,3

where Ek and El are the components of the electric field and Pk and Pl the electric polarizations. The coefficients, Kijkl, are the quadratic electro-optic coefficients, while the constants gijkl are known as the Kerr constants. 2. The other electro-optic effect only occurs in the 20 piezoelectric crystal classes (no center of symmetry). This effect is known as the Pockels effect. The optical impermeability changes linearly with the static field

The coefficients rij,k have the name (linear) electro-optic coefficients. The values of the electro-optic coefficients depend on the boundary conditions. If the superscripts T and S denote, respectively, the conditions of zero stress (free) and zero strain (clamped) one finds: rijT = rijS + qikE e jk = rijS + PikE d jk

where ejk = (∂Tk/∂Ej)S and djk = (∂Sk/∂Ej)T are the appropriate piezoelectric coefficients. The interaction between a magnetic field and a light wave propagating in a solid or in a liquid gives rise to a rotation of the plane of polarization. This effect is known as Faraday rotation. It results from a difference in propagation velocity for left and right circular polarized light. The Faraday rotation, θF , is linearly proportional to the magnetic field H: θ F =VlH

where l is the light path length and V is the Verdet constant (minutes/oersted·cm). For ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, and antiferromagnetic materials the magnetic field in the above expression is replaced by the magnetization M and the magneto-optic coefficient in this case is known as the Kund constant K: Specific Faraday rotation F =KM

In the tables below the Faraday rotation is listed at the saturation magnetization per unit length, together with the absorption coefficient α, the temperature T, the critical temperature TC (or TN), and the wavelength of the measurement. In the tables that follow, the properties are presented in groups:

• Elasto-optic coefficients (photoelastic constants) • Linear electro-optic coefficients (Pockels constants) • Quadratic electro-optic coefficients (Kerr constants) • Magneto-optic coefficients: • Verdet constants • Faraday rotation parameters

Within each group, materials are classified by crystal system or physical state. References are given at the end of each group of tables.

1 ∆  2  = ∑ rij ,k Ek  n  ij k

12-167

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-168

ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) Name Cubic (43m, 432, m3m) Sodium fluoride Sodium chloride Sodium bromide Sodium iodide Potassium fluoride Potassium chloride Potassium bromide Potassium iodide Rubidium chloride Rubidium bromide Rubidium iodide Lithium fluoride Lithium chloride Ammonium chloride Cadmium telluride Calcium fluoride Copper chloride Copper bromide Copper iodide Diamond Germanium Gallium arsenide Gallium phosphide Strontium fluoride Strontium titanate KRS-5 KRS-6 Zinc sulfide

Formula NaF NaCl NaBr NaI KF KCl KBr KI RbCl RbBr RbI LiF LiCl NH4Cl CdTe CaF2 CuCl CuBr CuI C Ge GaAs GaP SrF2 SrTiO3 Tl(Br,I) Tl(Br,Cl) ZnS

Rare Gases

λ/µm 0.633 0.589 0.589 0.589 0.546 0.633 0.589 0.590 0.589 0.589 0.589 0.589 0.589 0.589 1.06 0.55–0.65 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.540–0.589 3.39 1.15 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633

Formula

Neon (T = 24.3 K) Argon (T = 82.3 K) Krypton (T = 115.6 K) Xenon (T = 160.5 K)

p12 0.20 0.159 0.184 – 0.20 0.16 0.165 0.171 0.172 0.185 0.167 0.13 – 0.245 –0.017 0.226 0.250 0.195 0.151 0.123 –0.128 –0.140 –0.082 0.269 0.095 0.149 –0.337 –0.01

p44 –0.03 –0.011 –0.0036 0.0048 –0.029 –0.025 –0.022 – –0.041 –0.034 –0.023 –0.045 –0.0177 0.042 –0.057 0.0254 –0.082 –0.083 –0.068 –0.161 –0.072 –0.072 –0.074 0.0185 0.072 –0.0725 –0.164 0.075

p11

p12

p44

p11-p12 –0.12 –0.042 –0.035 –0.0141 0.06 0.06 0.047 0.041 0.116 0.108 0.095 –0.11 –0.0407 –0.103 –0.135 –0.183 –0.130 –0.123 –0.119 –0.385 –0.023 –0.025 –0.069 –0.189 – –0.289 –0.114 0.101

Ref. 1 2 1 3 1 4 5 6 7,8 7,8 7,8 5 3 9 10 11 12 12 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 18,20 19,20 15

p11-p12

Ref.

0.488 0.488 0.488 0.488

0.157 0.256 0.34 0.284

0.168 0.302 0.34 0.370

0.004 0.015 0.037 0.029

Formula Gd3Ga5O12 Y3Fe5O12 Y3Ga5O12 Y3Al5O12

λ/µm 0.514 1.15 0.633 0.633

p11 –0.086 0.025 0.091 –0.029

p12 –0.027 0.073 0.019 0.0091

p44 –0.078 0.041 0.079 –0.0615

p11-p12 –0.059 – – –0.038

Ref. 23 15 17 15

Cubic (23, m3) Barium nitrate

Formula Ba(NO3)2

λ/µm 0.589

p11

p44 –0.0205

Pb(NO3)2 NaBrO3 NaClO3 Sr(NO3)2

p13 p11–p13 = 0.713 0.20 0.213 0.20 0.316

Ref. 13

Lead nitrate Sodium bromate Sodium chlorate Strontium nitrate

p12 p11–p22 = 0.992 0.24 0.218 0.24 0.362

GGG YIG YGG YAG

Ne Ar Kr Xe

λ/µm

p11 0.08 0.115 0.148 – 0.26 0.22 0.212 0.212 0.288 0.293 0.262 0.02 – 0.142 –0.152 0.038 0.120 0.072 0.032 –0.278 –0.151 –0.165 –0.151 0.080 0.15 –0.140 –0.451 0.091

Garnets

Hexagonal (mmc, 6mm) Beryl Cadmium sulfide Zinc oxide Zinc sulfide

Formula Be3Al2Si6O18 CdS ZnO ZnS

λ/µm 0.589 0.633 0.633 0.633

0.589 0.589 0.589 0.41

–

0.162 0.185 0.162 0.178

–0.0198 –0.0139 –0.0198 –0.014

p11

p12

p13

p31

p33

0.0099 –0.142 ±0.222 –0.115

0.175 –0.066 ±0.099 0.017

0.191 –0.057 –0.111 0.025

0.313 –0.041 ±0.088 0.0271

0.023 –0.20 –0.235 –0.13

–0.011 –0.046 0 –0.086

p44 –0.152 –0.099 0.0585 –0.0627

21 22 21 22

24,25 26 26 27 Ref. 28 15,2 30 31

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants Trigonal (3m, 32, 3m) Sapphire Calcite Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Cinnabar Quartz Proustite Sodium nitrite Tellurium

Formula Al2O3 CaCO3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3 HgS SiO2 Ag3AsS3 NaNO2 Te

Tetragonal (4/mmm, 42m, 422) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Barium titanate Cesium dihydrogen arsenate Magnesium fluoride Calomel Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Rubidium dihydrogen arsenate Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate Strontium barium niobate Strontium barium niobate Tellurium oxide Rutile Tetragonal (4, ¯4, 4/m) Cadmium molybdate Lead molybdate Sodium bismuth molybdate

Orthorhombic (222, m22, mmm) Ammonium chlorate Ammonium sulfate Rochelle salt Iodic acid (α) Sulfur (α) Barite Topaz

λ/µm 0.644 0.514 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.589 0.633 0.633 10.6

p11 –0.23 0.062 ±0.034 –0.081

p12 –0.03 0.147 ±0.072 0.081

0.16 ±0.10

0.27 ±0.19 ±0.21 0.130

0.155

Formula ADP BaTiO3 CDA MgF2 Hg2Cl2 KDP RDA RDP Sr0.75Ba0.25Nb2O6 Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6 TeO2 TiO2

Formula λ/µm p11 0.633 0.12 CdMoO4 0.633 0.24 PbMoO4 NaBi(MoO4)2 0.633 0.243

p13 0.02 0.186 ±0.139 0.093 ±0.445 0.27 ±0.22 ±0.215 –

p12 0.10 0.24 0.205

p13 0.13 0.255 0.25

p12 0.24

p13 0.18

p21 0.23

(NH4)2SO4

0.633

0.26

0.19

±0.260

±0.230 ±0.27

NaKC4H4O6 HIO3 S BaSO4 Al2SiO4(OH,F)2

0.589 0.633 0.633 0.589 –

0.35 0.302 0.324 0.21 –0.085

0.41 0.496 0.307 0.25 0.069

0.42 0.339 0.268 0.16 0.052

0.37 0.263 0.272 0.34 0.095

λ/µm 0.589

p11 = 0.313 p12 = 0.251 p13 = 0.270 p15 = –0.10 p21 = 0.281 p22 = 0.252 p23 = 0.272

–0.030

0.29 ±0.24 ±0.25 –

–

p13 0.169 – 0.200 – ±0.256 0.174 0.200 0.218 0.08 0.17 0.340 –0.139

p16 – 0.017 –

λ/µm p11 0.633 –

Formula C2H7NO3S

p31 –0.04 0.241 ±0.178 0.089

±0.027 –

Formula NH4ClO3

Monoclinic (2, m, 2/m) Taurine

p14 0.00 –0.011 ±0.066 –0.026

p12 0.277 – 0.225 – ±0.440 0.282 0.239 0.240 0.10 0.08 0.187 0.143

p11 0.319 0.425 0.267 – ±0.551 0.287 0.227 0.273 0.16 0.06 0.0074 0.017

λ/µm 0.589 0.633 0.633 0.546 0.633 0.589 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633

12-169

p22

0.28 0.412 0.301 0.24 –0.120

p23 0.20

p31 0.11 0.175 0.21

p31 0.197 – 0.195 – ±0.137 0.241 0.205 0.210 0.11 0.09 0.090 –0.080

p33 0.18 0.300 0.29

p41 0.01 –0.036 ±0.154 –0.085 – –0.047 – 0.055 –

p33 0.167 – 0.227 – ±0.010 0.122 0.182 0.208 0.47 0.23 0.240 –0.057

p44 – 0.067 –

p44 –0.10 –0.058 ±0.300 0.028 – –0.079 – –0.06 –

p44 –0.058 – – ±0.0776 – –0.019 – – – – –0.17 –0.009

p45 – –0.01 –

p61 – 0.013 –

p66 –0.091 – – ±0.0488 ±0.047 –0.064 – – – – –0.046 –0.060

p66 – 0.05 –

Ref. 15,32 33 15,34 15,35 36 37 38 39 15

Ref. 40 41 42 43 44 45 41 41 46 46 47 48

Ref. 49 52 –

p32 0.18

p33 ±0.02

p44 p55 >1000

96.3%

3.25%

0.45%

Uranus

76

>>1000

82.5%

15.2%

2.3%

Neptune

56

80%

19%

1%

Pluto

50

3∙10

-6

4 ppm

9.074

Satellites of the Planets This table gives characteristics of the known satellites of the planets. The parameters covered are: • • • • • • •

Orbital period in units of earth days. An R following the value indicates a retrograde motion. Distance from the planet, as measured by the semi-major axis of the orbit Eccentricity of the orbit Inclination of the satellite orbit with respect to the equator of the planet Mass of the satellite in kilograms Radius of the satellite in kilometers Geometric albedo, which is a measure of the fraction of incident sunlight reflected by the satellite.

Since this is a very active field of research, the Internet sites listed below should be consulted for the most recent data.

Planet Earth Mars Jupiter

14-4

I II I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XVII XXVIII XXIX XXX XXXI XXXII XXXIII XXXIV XXXV XXXVI

Satellite Moon Phobos Deimos Io Europa Ganymede Callisto Amalthea Himalia Elara Pasiphae Sinope Lysithea Carme Ananke Leda Thebe Adrastea Metis Callirrhoe Themisto Megaclite Taygete Chaldene Harpalyke Kalyke Iocaste Erinome Isonoe Praxidike Autonoe Thyone Hermippe Aitne Eurydome Euanthe Euporie Orthosie Sponde

Orb. period Earth days 27.321661 0.31891023 1.2624407 1.769137786 3.551181041 7.15455296 16.6890184 0.49817905 250.5662 259.6528 743.63 R 758.90 R 259.20 734.17 R 629.77 R 240.92 0.6745 0.29826 0.29478 758.77 130.02 752.86 732.41 723.72 623.32 742.06 631.60 728.46 726.63 625.39 760.95 627.21 633.90 730.18 717.33 620.49 550.74 622.56 748.34

Distance 103 km 384.400 9.378 23.460 421.8 671.1 1070.4 1882.7 181.4 11460 11737 23620 23940 11720 23400 21280 11170 221.9 129 128 24100 7507 23810 23360 23180 21110 23580 21270 23280 23220 21150 23039 20940 21131 23231 22685 20721 19302 20721 23487

References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Solar System Dynamics, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, <ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?phys_data>, June 2008. The Planetary Society, <www.planetary.org/explore/topics/groups/ our_solar_system/>. Arnet, B., The Nine Planets, <www.nineplanets.org>. Onasch, B., Our Solar System, <www.onasch.de/astro/>. Sheppard, S. S., The Giant Satellite and Moon Page, <www.dtm.ciw. edu/sheppard/satellites/>. Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, U. S. Geological Survey, . Seidelmann, P. K., Editor, Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1992. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. Allen, C. W., Astrophysical Quantities, Second Edition, Athlone Press, London, 1955.

Eccentricity 0.054900489 0.0151 0.0005 0.0041 0.0101 0.0015 0.007 0.003 0.162 0.217 0.409 0.250 0.112 0.253 0.244 0.164 0.018 0.0015 0.0002 0.283 0.242 0.425 0.251 0.238 0.227 0.243 0.218 0.270 0.261 0.220 0.334 0.229 0.210 0.264 0.276 0.232 0.144 0.281 0.312

Inclination 18.28–28.58° 1.0° 0.9–2.7° 0.04° 0.47° 0.21° 0.51° 0.40° 27.63° 24.77° 145° 153° 29.02° 164° 147° 26.07° 0.8°

Mass kg 7.3483∙1022 1.06∙1016 2.4∙1015 8.932∙1022 4.8∙1022 1.4819∙1023 1.0759∙1023 7.17∙1018 9.56∙1018 7.77∙1017 1.91∙1017 7.77∙1016 7.77∙1016 9.56∙1016 3.82∙1016 5.68∙1015 7.77∙1017 1.91∙1016 9.56∙1016 8.7∙1014 6.9∙1014 2.1∙1014 1.6∙1014 7.5∙1013 1.2∙1014 1.9∙1014 1.9∙1014 4.5∙1013 7.5∙1013 4.3∙1014 9.0∙1013 9.0∙1013 9.0∙1013 4.5∙1013 4.5∙1013 4.5∙1013 1.5∙1013 1.5∙1013 1.5∙1013

Radius km 1737.5 13.5×10.8×9.4 7.5×6.1×5.5 1821.6 1560.8 2631.2 2410.3 131×73×67 85 40 18 14 12 15 10 5 55×45 13×10×8 20 4 4 2.7 2.5 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.6 1.6 1.9 3.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1 1 1

Albedo 0.12 0.07 0.07 0.63 0.67 0.43 0.17 0.09 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.10 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

Satellites of the Planets Planet

Saturn

XXXVII XXXVIII XXXIX XL XLI XLII XLIII XLIV XLV XLVI XLVII XLVIII XLIX I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII XXVIII XXIX XXX XXXI XXXII XXXIII XXXIV XXXV XXXVI XXXVII XXXVIII XXXIX XL XLI XLII XLIII XLIV XLV XLVI XLVII

Satellite Kale Pasithee Hegemone Mneme Aoede Thelxinoe Arche Kallichore Helike Carpo Eukelade Cyllene Kore Mimas Enceladus Tethys Dione Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Phoebe Janus Epimetheus Helene Telesto Calypso Atlas Prometheus Pandora Pan Ymir Paaliaq Tarvos Ijiraq Suttungr Kiviuq Mundilfari Albiorix Skathi Erriapus Siarnaq Thrymr Narvi Methone Pallene Polydeuces Daphnis Aegir Bebhionn Bergelmir Bestla Farbauti Fenrir Fornjot Hati Hyrrokkin Kari Loge Skoll

14-5 Orb. period Earth days 729.47 719.44 739.6 620.0 761.5 628.1 723.9 764.7 634.8 456.1 746.4 737.8 779.2 0.942421813 1.370217855 1.887802160 2.736914742 4.517500436 15.94542068 21.2766088 79.3301825 550.31 R 0.6945 0.6942 2.7369 1.8878 1.8878 0.6019 0.6130 0.6285 0.5750 1315.14 686.95 926.23 451.42 1016.67 449.22 952.77 783.45 728.20 871.19 895.53 1094.11 1003.86 1.010 1.154 2.737 0.594 1117.52 834.84 1005.74 1088.72 1085.55 1260.35 1494.20 1038.61 931.86 1230.97 1311.36 878.29

Distance 103 km 23217 23096 23947 21069 23981 21162 22931 24043 21263 16989 23661 24349 24543 185.52 238.02 294.66 377.40 527.04 1221.83 1481.1 3561.3 12952 151.472 151.422 377.40 294.66 294.66 137.670 139.353 141.70 133.583 23096 15199 18247 11440 19463 11365 18709 16404 15647 17616 18160 20382 19007 194 211 377.4 136.5 20735 17119 19338 20129 20390 22453 25108 19856 18437 22118 23065 17665

Eccentricity 0.260 0.267 0.328 0.227 0.432 0.221 0.259 0.264 0.156 0.430 0.272 0.319 0.325 0.0202 0.00452 0.00000 0.002230 0.00100 0.029192 0.104 0.02828 0.16326 0.007 0.009 0.005

1.53° 1.86° 1.86° 0.02° 0.35° 0.33° 0.43° 14.72° 177° 0.14° 0.34° 0.0°

0.0024 0.0042

0.3° 0.0° 0.0°

0.470 0.364 0.536 0.322 0.114 0.334 0.208 0.478 0.270 0.474 0.295 0.470 0.431

Inclination

Mass kg 1.5∙1013 1.5∙1013 4.5∙1013 1.5∙1013 9.0∙1013 1.5∙1013 4.5∙1013 1.5∙1013 9.0∙1013 4.5∙1013 9.0∙1013 1.5∙1013 3.75∙1019 6.50∙1019 6.27∙1020 1.10∙1021 2.31∙1021 1.3455∙1023 1.59∙1019 1.59∙1021 7.2∙1018 1.92∙1018 5.4∙1017 2.5∙1016 7.2∙1015 3.6∙1015 1.1∙1016 3.3∙1017 1.9∙1017 2.7∙1015 4.9∙1015 8.2∙1015 2.7∙1015 1.2∙1015 2.1∙1014 3.3∙1015 2.1∙1014 2.1∙1016 3.1∙1014 7.6∙1014 3.9∙1016 2.1∙1014 4.9∙1015 1.65∙1013 3.92∙1013

Radius km

1 1 1.5 1 2.0 1 1.5 1 2.0 1.5 2.0 1 1 196 250 530 560 765 2575 205×130×110 730 110 110×100×80 70×60×50 18×16×15 17×14×13 17×11×11 20×10 70×50×40 55×45×35 10 8 9.5 6.5 5 2.8 7 2.8 13 3.2 4.3 16 2.8 3.3 1.5 2 4 3.5 3.5 3 3 3.5 2.5 2 3 3 4 3.5 3 3

Albedo 0.04 0.04

0.5 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.21 0.3 0.6 0.08 0.6 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.04

Satellites of the Planets

14-6 Planet

Uranus

Neptune

Plutoids* Pluto

Eris

XLVIII XLIX L LI LII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII

Satellite Surtur Anthe Jarnsaxa Greip Tarqeq Ariel Umbriel Titania Oberon Miranda Cordelia Ophelia Bianca Cressida Desdemona Juliet Portia Rosalind Belinda Puck Caliban Sycorax Prospero Setebos Stephano Trinculo Francisco Margaret Ferdinand Perdita Mab Cupid Triton Nereid Naiad Thalassa Despina Galatea Larissa Proteus Halimede Psamathe Sao Laomedeia Neso

I II III I

Charon Nix Hydra Dysnomia

Orb. period Earth days 1297.36

2.52037935 4.1441772 8.7058717 13.4632389 1.41347925 0.335033 0.376409 0.434577 0.463570 0.473651 0.493066 0.513196 0.558459 0.623525 0.761832 579.73 1288.30 1978.29 2225.21 677.36 749.24 266.56 1687.01 2887.21 0.638 0.923 0.613 5.8768541 R 360.13619 0.294396 0.311485 0.334655 0.428745 0.554654 1.122315 1879.08 9074.30 2912.72 3171.33 9740.73 6.387 24.86 38.20

Distance 103 km 22707 197.7 18600 18105 19720 191.02 266.30 435.91 583.52 129.39 49.77 53.79 59.17 61.78 62.68 64.35 66.09 69.94 75.26 86.01 7231 12179 16256 17418 8004 8504 4276 14345 20901 76.42 97.73 74.8 354.76 5513.4 48.227 50.075 52.526 61.953 73.548 117.647 16611 48096 22228 23567 49285 17.536 48.708 64.749 30

Eccentricity

Inclination

0.0034 0.0050 0.0022 0.0008 0.0027 0.0003 0.0099 0.0009 0.0004 0.0001 0.0007 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.1587 0.5224 0.4448 0.5914 0.2292 0.2200 0.146 0.661 0.368 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000016 0.7512 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0014 0.0004 0.2646 0.3809 0.1365 0.3969 0.5714

0.3° 0.36° 0.14° 0.10° 4.2° 0.1° 0.1° 0.2° 0.0° 0.2° 0.1° 0.1° 0.3° 0.0° 0.31°

0.0022 0.0030 0.0051

99°

157.345° 27.6° 4.74° 0.21° 0.07° 0.05° 0.20° 0.55°

Mass kg

Radius km

1.35∙1021 1.17∙1021 3.52∙1021 3.01∙1021 6.59∙1019 5.4∙1016 5.4∙1016 9.3∙1016 3.4∙1017 1.8∙1017 5.6∙1017 1.7∙1018 2.6∙1017 3.6∙1017 2.9∙1018 7.4∙1017 5.4∙1018 2.1∙1016 2.1∙1016 6.0∙1015 7.5∙1014 1.3∙1015 1.0∙1015 1.3∙1015 4.0∙1017 4.0∙1015 1.2∙1015 2.147∙1022 3.1∙1019 1.3∙1017 3.5∙1017 2.3∙1018 2.7∙1018 4.8∙1018 4.9∙1019

3 1 3 3 3.5 579 584.7 788.9 761.4 236 20.1 21.4 25.7 39.8 32.0 46.8 67.6 36.0 40.3 81.0 49 95 15 15 10 5 11 5.5 6 40 8 6 1353.4 170 33 41 75 88 104×89 218×208×201

1.5∙1016

14

1.6∙1021 5∙1016 5∙1016

593 22–65 22–65 100–200

Albedo

0.39 0.21 0.27 0.23 0.32 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.04

0.76 0.15 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.10

0.37

* In June 2008 the International Astronomical Union decided on the name plutoid for the category of transneptunian dwarf planets. Plutoids are celestial bodies in orbit around the sun at a semimajor axis greater than that of Neptune and sufficiently massive to adopt a near-spherical shape. See <www.iau.org/public_press/news/ release/iau0804/>.

Interstellar Molecules Frank J. Lovas and Lewis E. Snyder A number of molecules have been detected in the interstellar medium, in circumstellar envelopes around evolved stars, and comae and tails of comets through observation of their microwave, infrared, or optical spectra. The following list gives the molecules and the particular isotopic species that have been reported so far. Molecules are listed by molecular formula in the Hill order. All species not footnoted otherwise are observed in interstellar clouds, while some are also found in comets and circumstellar clouds. The list was last updated in October 2008 and lists 162 molecules (298 isotopic forms).

Molecular formula AlCl

Name Aluminum monochloride

AlF CAlN CF+ CH CH+ CHN

Aluminum monofluoride Aluminum isocyanide Fluoromethylidynium ion Methylidyne Methyliumylidene Hydrogen cyanide

CHN

Hydrogen isocyanide

CHNO

Isocyanic acid

CHNO CHNS CHO CHO+

Hydroxyl cyanide Isothiocyanic acid Oxomethyl Oxomethylium

CHO+ CHO2+ CHP CHS+ CH2 CH2N+ CH2N CH2N2 CH2O

Hydroxymethylidyne Hydroxyoxomethylium Phosphaethyne Thiooxomethylium Methylene Iminomethylium Methylene amidogen Cyanamide Formaldehyde

CH2O2

Formic acid

Isotopic species Al35Cla Al37Cla AlFa AlNCa CF+ CH CH+ HCN H13CN HC15N DCN HNC H15NC HN13C DNC D15NC HNCO DNCO HOCN HNCS HCO HCO+ H13CO+ HC17O+ HC18O+ DCO+ D13CO+ HOC+ HOCO+ HCPa HCS+ CH2 HCNH+ CH2N NH2CN H2CO H213CO H2C18O HDCO D2CO HCOOH H13COOH

References 1. Lovas, F. J., Recommended Rest Frequencies for Observed Interstellar Molecule Microwave Transitions — 2002 Revision, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 33, 177–355 (2004); and update appearing at http://physics.nist. gov/PhysRefData/micro/html/contents.html 2. Snyder, L. E., Cometary Molecules, Internat. Astron. Union Symposium No. 150, Astrochemistry of Cosmic Phenomena, ed. P. D. Singh, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 427–434 (1992).

Molecular formula

Name

CH2S

Thioformaldehyde

CH3 CH3N

Methyl Methanimine

CH3NO

Formamide

CH3O+ CH4 CH4O

Hydroxymethylium ion Methane Methanol

CH4S CH5N CMgN CMgN

Methanethiol Methylamine Magnesium cyanide Magnesium isocyanide

CN

Cyanide radical

CN+ CNNa CNSi CNSi CN2 CO

Cyanide radical ion Sodium cyanide Silicon cyanide Silicon isocyanide Cyanoimidogen Carbon monoxide

Isotopic species HCOOD DCOOH H2CS H213CS H2C34S HDCS D2CS CH3 a CH2NH 13 CH2NH NH2CHO NH213CHO H2COH+ CH4 CH3OH 13 CH3OH CH318OH CH2DOH CH3OD CHD2OH CD3OH CH3SH CH3NH2 MgCNa 24 MgNCa 25 MgNCa 26 MgNCa CN 13 CN C15N CN+ b NaCNa SiCNa SiNCa NCNb CO 13 CO C17O C18O 13 17 C O 13 18 C O 14 CO

14-7

Interstellar Molecules

14-8 Molecular formula CO+ COS

CO2 CO2+ CP CS

Name Carbon monoxide ion Carbon oxysulfide

Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide ion Carbon phosphide Carbon monosulfide

CSi C2 C2H

Silicon carbide Dicarbon Ethynyl

C2HN C2HNO C2H2 C2H2N C2H2O C2H3N

Cyanomethylene Cyanoformaldehyde Acetylene Cyanomethyl Ketene Acetonitrile

C2H3N C2H3N C2H4 C2H4N2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5NO C2H6 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O2 C2O C2P C2S

Isocyanomethane Keteneimine Ethylene Aminoacetonitrile Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide anti-Ethenol syn-Ethenol Methyl formate Acetic acid Glycolaldehyde Acetamide Ethane trans-Ethanol gauche-Ethanol Dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol Oxoethenylidene Phosphaethenylidene Thioxoethenylidene

C2Si

Silicon dicarbide

Isotopic species CO+ OCS OC34S O13CS 18 OCS CO2 CO2+ b CPa CS C33S C34S C36S 13 CS 13 34 C S SiCa C2 C2H 13 CCH C13CH C2D HCCN CNCHO HCCH CH2CN H2CCO CH3CN 13 CH3CN CH313CN CH3C15N CH2DCN CH3NC CH2CNH H2CCH2 NH2CH2CN CH3CHO c-C2H4O a-CH2CHOH s-CH2CHOH CH3OCHO CH3COOH CH2OHCHO CH3CONH2 CH3CH3b t-CH3CH2OH g-CH3CH2OH CH3OCH3 HOCH2CH2OH CCO CCPa CCS CC34S 13 CCS C13CS c-SiC2 c-29SiC2 c-30SiC2 c-Si13CC

Molecular formula C3 C3H

Name Tricarbon Cyclopropenylidyne

C3H C3HN

Propenylidyne Cyanoacetylene

C3HN C3HN C3H2

Isocyanoacetylene 3-Imino-1,2-propadienylidene Cyclopropenylidene

C3H2 C3H2N+ C3H2O C3H2O C3H3N

Propadienylidene Protonated cyanoacetylene 2-Propynal Cyclopropenone Acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide)

C3H4

Propyne

C3H4O C3H5N

Propenal Propanenitrile (ethyl cyanide)

C3H6 C3H6O C3H6O C3N

Propylene Acetone Propanal Cyanoethynyl

C3NC3O C3S

Cyanoethynyl anion 1,2-Propadienylidene, 3-oxo 1,2-Propadienylidene, 3-thioxo

C3Si C4H

Silicon tricarbon 1,3-Butadiynyl radical

C4HC4HN C4H2 C4H2 C4H3N

1,3-Butadiynyl anion 3-Cyano-1,2-propadienylidene Butatrienylidene 1,3-Butadiyne 2-Butynenitrile

Isotopic species C3 c-C3H c-CC13CH l-C3H HCCCN H13CCCN HC13CCN HCC13CN HCCC15N DCCCN HCCNC HNCCC c-C3H2 c-H13CCCH c-HC13CCH c-C3HD l-H2CCC HCCCNH+ HCCCHO c-C3H2O CH2CHCN 13 CH2CHCN CH213CHCN CH3CCH CH3C13CH 13 CH3CCH CH2DCCH CH3CCD CH2CHCHO CH3CH2CN 13 CH3CH2CN CH313CH2CN CH3CH213CN CH2CHCH3 (CH3)2CO CH3CH2CHO CCCN 13 CCCN C13CCN CC13CN CCCNCCCO CCCS CCC34S C13CCS SiC3 HCCCC H13CCCC HC13CCC HCC13CC HCCC13C DCCCC HCCCCHCCCCN H2CCCC HCCCCHa CH3CCCN

Interstellar Molecules

14-9

Molecular formula C4H3N C4Si

Cyanoallene Silicon tetracarbide

C5 C5H C5HN

Pentacarbon 2,4-Pentadiynylidyne 2,4-Pentadiynenitrile

Name

C5H4 C5N C6H C6HC6H2 C6H2 C6H3N C6H6 C7H C7HN C7H4 C8H C8HC9HN C11HN ClH

1,3-Pentadiyne 1,3-Butadiynylium, 4-cyano 1,3,5-Hexatriynyl 1,3,5-Hexatriynyl anion 1,3,5-Hexatriyne 1,2,3,4,5-Hexapentaenylidene Methylcyanodiacetylene Benzene 2,4,6-Heptatriynylidyne 2,4,6-Heptatriynenitrile Methyltriacetylene 1,3,5,7-Octatetraynyl 1,3,5,7-Octatetraynyl anion 2,4,6,8-Nonatetraynenitrile 2,4,6,8,10-Undecapentaynenitrile Hydrogen chloride

ClK

Potassium chloride

ClNa

Sodium chloride

FH FeO HLi HN HNO HN2+

Hydrogen fluoride Iron monoxide Lithium hydride Imidogen Nitrosyl hydride Hydrodinitrogen(1+)

HO

Hydroxyl

HO+ HS H2 H2N

Oxoniumylidene Mercapto Hydrogen Amidogen

Isotopic species CH2CCHCN SiC4a SiCCC13C C5a HCCCCC HCCCCCN H13CCCCCN HC13CCCCN HCC13CCCN HCCC13CCN HCCCC13CN DCCCCCN CH3C4H C5N HCCCCCC HCCCCCCHCCCCCCHa H2CCCCCC CH3C4CN C6H6 HCCCCCCC HC7N CH3C6H HC8 HC8HC9N HC11N H35Cl H37Cl K35Cla K37Cla Na35Cla Na37Cla HF FeO 7 LiH HN HNO N2H+ 15 NNH+ N15NH+ N2D+ OH 17 OH 18 OH OH+ b SH H2 NH2

Molecular formula H2O

Water

H2O+ H2S

Oxoniumyl Hydrogen sulfide

H3+

Trihydrogen ion

H3N

Ammonia

H3O+ H4Si NO NP NS

Oxonium hydride Silane Nitric oxide Phosphorous nitride Nitrogen sulfide

NSi N2 N2+ N2O OP OS

Silicon nitride Nitrogen Nitrogen ion Nitrous oxide Phosphorus monoxide Sulfur monoxide

OS+ OSi

Sulfur monoxide ion Silicon monoxide

O2 O2S

Oxygen Sulfur dioxide

SSi

Silicon monosulfide

S2

Sulfur

l- before the isotopic species indicates a linear configuration, while c- indicates a cyclic molecule. Reported only in circumstellar clouds.

a

Reported only in comets.

b

Name

Isotopic species H2O H218O HDO D2O H2O+ b H2S H234S HDS D2S H3+ H2D+ D2H+ NH3 15 NH3 NH2D NHD2 ND3 H3O+ SiH4a NO PN NS N34S SiN N2 N2+ b N2O POa SO 34 SO 33 SO S18O SO+ SiO Si18O 29 SiO 30 SiO O2 SO2 33 SO2 34 SO2 OS17O OS18O SiS Si33S Si34S 29 SiS 29 34 Si S 30 SiS 30 34 Si S S2b

Mass, Dimensions, and Other Parameters of the Earth This table is a collection of data on various properties of the Earth. Most of the values are given in SI units. Note that 1 ua (astronomical unit) = 149,597,870 km.

Mass Major orbital semi-axis

Quantity

Distance from sun at perihelion Distance from sun at aphelion Moment of perihelion passage Moment of aphelion passage Siderial rotation period around sun Mean rotational velocity Mean equatorial radius Mean polar compression (flattening factor) Difference in equatorial and polar semi-axes Compression of meridian of major equatorial axis Compression of meridian of minor equatorial axis Equatorial compression Difference in equatorial semi-axes Difference in polar semi-axes Polar asymmetry Mean acceleration of gravity at equator Mean acceleration of gravity at poles Difference in acceleration of gravity at pole and at equator Mean acceleration of gravity for entire surface of terrestrial ellipsoid Mean radius Area of surface Volume Mean density Siderial rotational period Rotational angular velocity Mean equatorial rotational velocity Rotational angular momentum Rotational energy Ratio of centrifugal force to force of gravity at equator Moment of inertia Relative braking of earth’s rotation due to tidal friction Relative secular acceleration of earth’s rotation Not secular braking of earth’s rotation Probable value of total energy of tectonic deformation of earth Secular loss of heat of earth through radiation into space Portion of earth’s kinetic energy transformed into heat as a result of lunar and solar tides in the hydrosphere Differences in duration of days in March and August Corresponding relative annual variation in earth’s rotational velocity Presumed variation in earth’s radius between August and March Annual variation in level of world ocean Area of continents

487_S14.indb 9

References 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Ed., Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1992. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. Symbol M aorb

Uorb ā α a–c αa αb ε a–b cN – cS η ge gp gp – ge

Value 5.9723·1027 1.000000 1.4959787·108 0.9833 1.0167 Jan. 2, 4 h 52 min July 4, 5 h 05 min 31.5581·106 365.25636 29.78 6378.140 1/298.257 21.385 1/295.2 1/298.0 1/30 000 213 ~70 ~1.10–5 9.78036 9.83208 5.172

g R S V ρ P ω v L E qc I ∆ωe/ω ∆ωi/ω ∆ω/ω Et ∆′Ek

9.7978 6371.0 5.10·108 1.0832·1012 5.515 86,164.09 7.292116·10–5 0.46512 5.861·1033 2.137·1029 0.0034677 = 1/288 8.070·1037 –4.2·10–8 +1.4·10–8 –2.8·10–8 ~1·1023 1·1023

m/s2 km km2 km3 g/cm3 s rad/s km/s Js J

1.3·1023 0.0025 (March-August)

J/century s

2.9·10–8 (Aug.-March) –9.2 (Aug.-March) ∼10 (Sept.-March) 1.49·108 29.2

cm cm km2 % of surface

rπ rα Tπ Tα Porb

∆″Ek ∆P ∆*ω/ω ∆*R ∆ho SC

g ua km ua ua

Unit

s d km/s km km

m m m/s2 m/s2 cm/s2

kg m2 century–1 century–1 century–1 J/century J/century

14-9

4/10/06 12:02:10 PM

Mass, Dimensions, and Other Parameters of the Earth

14-10 Quantity

Symbol So

Mean height of continents above sea level Mean depth of world ocean Mean thickness of lithosphere within the limits of the continents Mean thickness of lithosphere within the limits of the ocean Mean rate of thickening of continental lithosphere Mean rate of horizontal extension of continental lithosphere Mass of crust Mass of mantle Amount of water released from the mantle and core in the course of geological time Total reserve of water in the mantle Present content of free and bound water in the earth’s lithosphere Mass of hydrosphere Amount of oxygen bound in the earth’s crust Amount of free oxygen Mass of atmosphere Mass of biosphere Mass of living matter in the biosphere Density of living matter on dry land Density of living matter in ocean Age of the earth Age of oldest rocks Age of most ancient fossils

hC ho hc.l. ho.l. ∆h/∆t ∆l/∆t ml

Area of world ocean

487_S14.indb 10

mh ma mb

3.61·108 70.8 875 3794 35 4.7 10 – 40 0.75 – 20 2.36·1022 4.05·1024 3.40·1021 2·1023 2.4·1021 1.664·1021 1.300·1021 1.5·1018 5.136·1018 1.148·1016 3.6·1014 0.1 15·10–8 4.55·109 4.0·109 3.4·109

Value

Unit km2 % of surface m m km km m/106 y km/106 y kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg g/cm2 g/cm3 y y y

4/10/06 12:02:11 PM

GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE Period or epoch

Beginning and end, in 106 years

Key events

0–10,000 y ± 2,000 y 10,000–1,000,000 y ± 50,000 y

Homo Erectus breakout

1.8–5.3 5–25 25–37 37–55 55–67

Ape man fossils Origin of grass Rise of cats, dogs, pigs Debut of hoofed mammals Earliest primates

Mesozoic era Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic

67–138 138–208 208–245

Demise of dinosaurs First birds Appearance of dinosaurs

Paleozoic era Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian

245–290 290–360 360–410 410–435 435–520 520–570

Flowers, insect pollination First conifers First vertebrates ashore Spore-bearing plants First animals ashore Vertebrates appear

Pre-Cambrian Pre-Cambrian III (Proterozoic) Pre-Cambrian II (Archean) Pre-Cambrian I (Hadean)

570–2500 2500–3800 3800–4450

First plants, jellyfish Photosynthetic bacteria Earth formed 4600 million years ago

Cenozoic era Quaternian Contemporary Pleistocene Tertiary Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene

Reference: Calder, N., Timescale - An Atlas of the Fourth Dimension, Viking Press, New York, 1983.

14-11

Section 14.indb 11

4/27/05 5:03:27 PM

ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY The acceleration due to gravity is tabulated here as a function of latitude and height above the earth’s surface. Values were calculated from the expression g/(m/s2) = 9.780356 (1 + 0.0052885 sin2 φ – 0.0000059 sin2 2 φ) – 0.003086 H

Reference Jursa, A. S., Ed., Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment, 4th ed., Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985, p. 14–17.

where φ is the latitude and H is the height in kilometers.

φ 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

H=0 9.78036 9.78075 9.78191 9.78381 9.78638 9.78956 9.79324 9.79732 9.80167 9.80616 9.81065 9.81501 9.81911 9.82281 9.82601 9.82860 9.83051 9.83168 9.83208

H = 1 km 9.77727 9.77766 9.77882 9.78072 9.78330 9.78647 9.79016 9.79424 9.79858 9.80307 9.80757 9.81193 9.81602 9.81972 9.82292 9.82551 9.82743 9.82860 9.82899

H = 5 km 9.76493 9.76532 9.76648 9.76838 9.77095 9.77413 9.77781 9.78189 9.78624 9.79073 9.79522 9.79958 9.80368 9.80738 9.81058 9.81317 9.81508 9.81625 9.81665

H = 10 km 9.74950 9.74989 9.75105 9.75295 9.75552 9.75870 9.76238 9.76646 9.77081 9.77530 9.77979 9.78415 9.78825 9.79195 9.79515 9.79774 9.79965 9.80082 9.80122

14-12

Section 14.indb 12

4/27/05 5:03:28 PM

DENSITY, PRESSURE, AND GRAVITY AS A FUNCTION OF DEPTH WITHIN THE EARTH This table gives the density ρ, pressure p, and acceleration due to gravity g as a function of depth below the earth’s surface, as calculated from the model of the structure of the earth in Reference 1. The model assumes a radius of 6371 km for the earth. The boundary between the crust and mantle (the Mohorovicic discontinuity) is taken as 21 km, while in reality it varies considerable with location.

Crust

Depth km

ρ g/cm3

0 3

1.02 1.02

0 3

981 982

3 21

2.80 2.80

3 5

982 983

3.49 3.51 3.52 3.48 3.44 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.37 3.47 3.59 3.95 4.54 4.67 4.81

5 12 19 26 33 39 56 73 89 106 124 199 328 466 607

983 983 984 984 984 985 987 989 991 993 994 999 997 992 991

Mantle (solid) 21 41 61 81 101 121 171 221 271 321 371 571 871 1171 1471

p kbar

g cm/s2

References 1. Anderson, D. L., and Hart, R. S., J. Geophys. Res., 81, 1461, 1976. 2. Carmichael, R. S., CRC Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, p. 467, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989.

Depth km 1771 2071 2371 2671 2886

ρ g/cm3 4.96 5.12 5.31 5.45 5.53

p kbar 752 903 1061 1227 1352

g cm/s2 994 1002 1017 1042 1069

Outer core (liquid) 2886 2971 3371 3671 4071 4471 4871 5156

9.96 10.09 10.63 11.00 11.36 11.69 11.99 12.12

1352 1442 1858 2154 2520 2844 3116 3281

1069 1050 953 874 760 641 517 427

Inner core (solid) 5156 5371 5771 6071 6371

12.30 12.48 12.52 12.53 12.58

3281 3385 3529 3592 3617

427 355 218 122 0

14-13

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OCEAN PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF DEPTH AND LATITUDE The following table is based upon an ocean model which takes into account the equation of state of standard seawater and the dependence on latitude of the acceleration of gravity. The tabulated pressure value is the excess pressure over the ambient atmospheric pressure at the surface.

Depth (meters) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000

References 1. International Oceanographic Tables, Volume 4, Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science No. 40, Unesco, Paris, 1987. 2. Saunders, P. M., and Fofonoff, N. P., Deep-Sea Res. 23, 109–111, 1976.

Pressure in MPa at the Specified Latitude 0° 0.0000 5.0338 10.0796 15.1376 20.2076 25.2895 30.3831 35.4886 40.6056 45.7342 50.8742 56.0255 61.1882 66.3619 71.5467 76.7426 81.9493 87.1669 92.3950 97.6346 102.8800

15° 0.0000 5.0355 10.0832 15.1431 20.2148 25.2985 30.3940 35.5012 40.6201 45.7505 50.8924 56.0456 61.2100 66.3857 71.5724 76.7701 81.9788 87.1983 92.4284 97.6698 102.9170

30° 0.0000 5.0404 10.0930 15.1577 20.2344 25.3231 30.4236 35.5358 40.6598 45.7952 50.9421 56.1004 61.2700 66.4508 71.6427 76.8456 82.0594 87.2841 92.5194 97.7661 103.0185

45° 0.0000 5.0471 10.1064 15.1778 20.2613 25.3568 30.4641 35.5832 40.7140 45.8564 51.0102 56.1755 61.3521 66.5399 71.7388 76.9488 82.1697 87.4016 92.6440 97.8978 103.1572

60° 0.0000 5.0537 10.1198 15.1980 20.2882 25.3905 30.5047 35.6307 40.7683 45.9176 51.0785 56.2508 61.4344 66.6292 71.8352 77.0523 82.2804 87.5193 92.7689 98.0300 103.2961

75° 0.0000 5.0586 10.1296 15.2127 20.3080 25.4153 30.5345 35.6654 40.8082 45.9626 51.1285 56.3059 61.4947 66.6947 71.9059 77.1282 82.3614 87.6057 92.8606 98.1269 103.3981

90° 0.0000 5.0605 10.1333 15.2182 20.3153 25.4244 30.5453 35.6782 40.8229 45.9791 51.1469 56.3262 61.5168 66.7187 71.9318 77.1560 82.3911 87.6373 92.8941 98.1624 103.4355

14-14

Section 14.indb 14

4/27/05 5:03:30 PM

PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER In addition to the dependence on temperature and pressure, the physical properties of seawater vary with the concentration of the dissolved constituents. A convenient parameter for describing the composition is the salinity, S, which is defined in terms of the electrical conductivity of the seawater sample. The defining equation for the practical salinity is: S = a0 + a1K1/2 + a2K + a3K3/2 + a4K2 + a5K5/2, where K is the ratio of the conductivity of the seawater sample at 15°C and atmospheric pressure to the conductivity of a potassium chloride solution in which the mass fraction of KCl is 0.0324356, at the same temperature and pressure. The values of the coefficients are: a0 = 0.0080 a3 = 14.0941 a1 = –0.1692 a4 = –7.0261 a2 = 25.3851 a5 = 2.7081 Σ ai = 35.0000 Thus when K = 1, S = 35 exactly (S is normally quoted in units of ‰, i.e., parts per thousand). The value of S can be roughly equated with the mass of dissolved material in grams per kilogram of seawater. Salinity values in the open oceans at mid latitudes typically fall between 34 and 36.

It is customary in oceanography to define the pressure at a given point as the pressure due to the column of water between that point and the surface. Thus by convention P = 0 at the sea surface. To a good approximation the pressure in decibars (dbar) can be equated to the depth in meters. Thus at 45° latitude the pressure is 5000 dbar at 4902 m, 10000 dbar at 9700 m. The first table below gives several properties of seawater as a function of temperature for a salinity of 35. The second and third give density and electrical conductivity as a function of salinity at several temperatures, and the fourth lists typical concentrations of the main constituents of seawater as a function of salinity. The final table gives the freezing point as a function of salinity and pressure.

References 1. The Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and the International Equation of State of Seawater 1980, Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science No. 36, Unesco, Paris, 1981; sections No. 37, 38, 39, and 40 in this series give background papers and detailed tables. 2. Kennish, M. J., CRC Practical Handbook of Marine Science, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 3. Poisson, A. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. OE-5, 50, 1981. 4. Webster, F., in AIP Physics Desk Reference, E. R. Cohen, D. R. Lide and G. L. Trigg, Eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, 2003.

Properties of Seawater as a Function of Temperature at Salinity S = 35 and Normal Atmospheric Pressure ρ = density in g/cm3 β = (1/ρ) (dρ/dS) = fractional change in density per unit change in salinity α = –(1/ρ) (dρ/dt) = fractional change in density per unit change in temperature (°C–1) t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

ρ/g cm–3 1.028106 1.027675 1.026952 1.025973 1.024763 1.023343 1.021729 1.019934

107β 7854 7717 7606 7516 7444 7385 7338 7300 7270

107 α/°C–1 526 1136 1668 2141 2572 2970 3341 3687 4004

κ = electrical conductivity in S/cm η = viscosity in mPa s (equal to cP) cp = specific heat in J/kg °C v = speed of sound in m/s

κ/S cm–1 0.029048 0.033468 0.038103 0.042933 0.047934 0.053088 0.058373

η/mPa s 1.892 1.610 1.388 1.221 1.085 0.966 0.871

cp/J kg–1 °C–1 v/m s–1 3986.5 1449.1 3986.3

1489.8

3993.9

1521.5

4000.7

1545.6

4003.5

1563.2

Density of Surface Seawater in g/cm3 as a Function of Temperature and Salinity t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

S=0 0.999843 0.999967 0.999702 0.999102 0.998206 0.997048 0.995651 0.994036 0.992220

S=5 1.003913 1.003949 1.003612 1.002952 1.002008 1.000809 0.999380 0.997740 0.995906

S = 10 1.007955 1.007907 1.007501 1.006784 1.005793 1.004556 1.003095 1.001429 0.999575

S = 15 1.011986 1.011858 1.011385 1.010613 1.009576 1.008301 1.006809 1.005118 1.003244

S = 20 1.016014 1.015807 1.015269 1.014443 1.013362 1.012050 1.010527 1.008810 1.006915

S = 25 1.020041 1.019758 1.019157 1.018279 1.017154 1.015806 1.014252 1.012509 1.010593

S = 30 1.024072 1.023714 1.023051 1.022122 1.020954 1.019569 1.017985 1.016217 1.014278

S = 35 1.028106 1.027675 1.026952 1.025973 1.024763 1.023343 1.021729 1.019934 1.017973

S = 40 1.032147 1.031645 1.030862 1.029834 1.028583 1.027128 1.025483 1.023662 1.021679

14-15

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Properties of Seawater

14-16 Electrical Conductivity of Seawater in S/cm as a Function of Temperature and Salinity t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

S=5 0.004808 0.005570 0.006370 0.007204 0.008068 0.008960 0.009877

S = 10 0.009171 0.010616 0.012131 0.013709 0.015346 0.017035 0.018771

S = 15 0.013357 0.015441 0.017627 0.019905 0.022267 0.024703 0.027204

S = 20 0.017421 0.020118 0.022947 0.025894 0.028948 0.032097 0.035330

S = 25 0.021385 0.024674 0.028123 0.031716 0.035438 0.039276 0.043213

S = 30 0.025257 0.029120 0.033171 0.037391 0.041762 0.046267 0.050888

S = 35 0.029048 0.033468 0.038103 0.042933 0.047934 0.053088 0.058373

S = 40 0.032775 0.037734 0.042935 0.048355 0.053968 0.059751 0.065683

Composition of Seawater and Ionic Strength at Various Salinities (Ref. 2) Constituent

Cl– Br– F– SO42– HCO3– NaSO4– KSO4– Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ MgHCO3+ MgSO4 CaSO4 NaHCO3 H3BO3 Ionic strength

S = 30 0.482 0.00074 0.0104 0.00131 0.0085 0.00010 0.405 0.00892 0.0413 0.00131 0.00008 0.00028 0.00498 0.00102 0.00015 0.00032 0.5736

Expressed as molality S = 35 0.562 0.00087 0.00007 0.0114 0.00143 0.0108 0.00012 0.472 0.01039 0.0483 0.00143 0.00009 0.00036 0.00561 0.00115 0.00020 0.00037 0.6675

S = 40 0.650 0.00100

S = 30 16.58 0.057

0.0122 0.00100 0.0139 0.00015 0.544 0.01200 0.0561 0.00154 0.00011 0.00045 0.00614 0.00126 0.00024 0.00042 0.7701

0.97 0.078 0.98 0.013 9.03 0.338 0.974 0.051 0.007 0.023 0.582 0.135 0.012 0.019

As grams per kilogram of seawater S = 35 S = 40 19.33 22.36 0.067 0.078 0.001 1.06 1.14 0.085 0.059 1.25 1.60 0.016 0.020 10.53 12.13 0.394 0.455 1.139 1.323 0.056 0.060 0.008 0.009 0.030 0.037 0.655 0.717 0.152 0.166 0.016 0.020 0.022 0.025

Freezing Point of Seawater in °C as a Function of Salinity and Pressure P/dbar 0 50 100 500

S14_09.indd 16

S=0 0.000 –0.038 –0.075 –0.377

5 –0.274 –0.311 –0.349 –0.650

10 –0.542 –0.580 –0.618 –0.919

15 –0.812 –0.849 –0.887 –1.188

20 –1.083 –1.121 –1.159 –1.460

25 –1.358 –1.396 –1.434 –1.735

30 –1.638 –1.676 –1.713 –2.014

35 –1.922 –1.960 –1.998 –2.299

40 –2.212 –2.250 –2.287 –2.589

5/2/05 1:48:27 PM

ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH’S CRUST AND IN THE SEA This table gives the estimated abundance of the elements in the continental crust (in mg/kg, equivalent to parts per million by mass) and in seawater near the surface (in mg/L). Values represent the median of reported measurements. The concentrations of the less abundant elements may vary with location by several orders of magnitude.

Element Ac Ag Al Ar As Au B Ba Be Bi Br C Ca Cd Ce Cl Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Eu F Fe Ga Gd Ge H He Hf Hg Ho I In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo

Abundance Crust mg/kg 5.5 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–2 8.23 × 104 3.5 1.8 4 × 10–3 1.0 × 101 4.25 × 102 2.8 8.5 × 10–3 2.4 2.00 × 102 4.15 × 104 1.5 × 10–1 6.65 × 101 1.45 × 102 2.5 × 101 1.02 × 102 3 6.0 × 101 5.2 3.5 2.0 5.85 × 102 5.63 × 104 1.9 × 101 6.2 1.5 1.40 × 103 8 × 10–3 3.0 8.5 × 10–2 1.3 4.5 × 10–1 2.5 × 10–1 1 × 10–3 2.09 × 104 1 × 10–4 3.9 × 101 2.0 × 101 8 × 10–1 2.33 × 104 9.50 × 102 1.2

Sea mg/L 4 × 10–5 2 × 10–3 4.5 × 10–1 3.7 × 10–3 4 × 10–6 4.44 1.3 × 10–2 5.6 × 10–6 2 × 10–5 6.73 × 101 2.8 × 101 4.12 × 102 1.1 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–6 1.94 × 104 2 × 10–5 3 × 10–4 3 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–4 9.1 × 10–7 8.7 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7 1.3 2 × 10–3 3 × 10–5 7 × 10–7 5 × 10–5 1.08 × 105 7 × 10–6 7 × 10–6 3 × 10–5 2.2 × 10–7 6 × 10–2 2 × 10–2 3.99 × 102 2.1 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–6 1.8 × 10–1 1.5 × 10–7 1.29 × 103 2 × 10–4 1 × 10–2

References 1. Carmichael, R. S., Ed., CRC Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 2. Bodek, I., et al., Environmental Inorganic Chemistry, Pergamon Press, New York, 1988. 3. Ronov, A. B., and Yaroshevsky, A. A., “Earth’s Crust Geochemistry” , in Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences, Fairbridge, R. W., Ed., Van Nostrand, New York, 1969.

Element N Na Nb Nd Ne Ni O Os P Pa Pb Pd Po Pr Pt Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Te Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr

Abundance Crust mg/kg 1.9 × 101 2.36 × 104 2.0 × 101 4.15 × 101 5 × 10–3 8.4 × 101 4.61 × 105 1.5 × 10–3 1.05 × 103 1.4 × 10–6 1.4 × 101 1.5 × 10–2 2 × 10–10 9.2 5 × 10–3 9 × 10–7 9.0 × 101 7 × 10–4 1 × 10–3 4 × 10–13 1 × 10–3 3.50 × 102 2 × 10–1 2.2 × 101 5 × 10–2 2.82 × 105 7.05 2.3 3.70 × 102 2.0 1.2 1 × 10–3 9.6 5.65 × 103 8.5 × 10–1 5.2 × 10–1 2.7 1.20 × 102 1.25 3 × 10–5 3.3 × 101 3.2 7.0 × 101 1.65 × 102

Sea mg/L 5 × 10–1 1.08 × 104 1 × 10–5 2.8 × 10–6 1.2 × 10–4 5.6 × 10–4 8.57 × 105 6 × 10–2 5 × 10–11 3 × 10–5 1.5 × 10–14 6.4 × 10–7 8.9 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–1 4 × 10–6 6 × 10–16 7 × 10–7 9.05 × 102 2.4 × 10–4 6 × 10–7 2 × 10–4 2.2 4.5 × 10–7 4 × 10–6 7.9 2 × 10–6 1.4 × 10–7 1 × 10–6 1 × 10–3 1.9 × 10–5 1.7 × 10–7 3.2 × 10–3 2.5 × 10–3 1 × 10–4 5 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–5 8.2 × 10–7 4.9 × 10–3 3 × 10–5

14-17

Section 14.indb 17

4/27/05 5:03:35 PM

SOLAR SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE The solar luminosity (total radiant power emitted) is 3.86⋅1026 W, of which 1373 W/m2 reaches the top of the earth’s atmosphere. To a zeroth approximation the sun can be considered a black body with an effective temperature of 5780 K, which implies a peak in the radiation at around 0.520 µm (5200 Å). The actual solar spectral emission is more complex, especially at ultraviolet and shorter wavelengths. The graph below, which was taken from Reference 1, summarizes the solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere in the range 0.3 to 10 µm.

References 1. Jursa, A. S., Ed., Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985. 2. Pierce, A. K., and Allen, R. G., “The Solar Spectrum between 0.3 and 10 µm” , in The Solar Output and Its Variation, White, O. R., Ed., Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder, CO, 1977. 3. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data. Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992.

2000 1800

Irradiance in W m -2 µm-1

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 X10

200 0

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.7

1.0

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Wavelength in µm

14-18

Section 14.indb 18

4/27/05 5:03:38 PM

U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976) A Standard Atmosphere is a hypothetical vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and density that is roughly representative of year-round, midlatitude conditions. Typical uses are to serve as a basis for pressure altimeter calibrations, aircraft performance calculations, aircraft and rocket design, ballistic tables, meteorological diagrams, and various types of atmospheric modeling. The air is assumed to be dry and to obey the perfect gas law and the hydrostatic equation which, taken together, relate temperature, pressure, and density with vertical position. The atmosphere is considered to rotate with the Earth and to be an average over the diurnal cycle, the semiannual variation, and the range from active to quiet geomagnetic and sunspot conditions. The U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976) is an idealized, steadystate representation of mean annual conditions of the Earth’s atmosphere from the surface to 1000 km at latitude 45° N, as it is assumed to exist during a period with moderate solar activity. The defining meteorological elements are sea-level temperature and pressure and a temperature-height profile to 1000 km. The 1976 Standard Atmosphere uses the following sea-level values that have been standard for many decades: Temperature — 288.15 K (15 °C) Pressure — 101325 Pa (1013.25 mbar, 760 mm of Hg, or 29.92 in. of Hg)

Density — 1225 g/m3 (1.225 g/L) Mean molar mass — 28.964 g/mol The parameters included in this condensed version of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere are: Z — Height (geometric) above mean sea level in meters T — Temperature in kelvins P — Pressure in pascals (1 Pa = 0.01 millibars) ρ — Density in kilograms per cubic meter (1 kg/m3 = 1 g/L) n — Number density in molecules per cubic meter ν — Mean collision frequency in collisions per second l — Mean free path in meters η — Absolute viscosity in pascal seconds (1 Pa s = 1000 cP) k — Thermal conductivity in joules per meter second kelvin (W/m K) vs — Speed of sound in meters per second g — Acceleration of gravity in meters per second square The sea-level composition (percent by volume) is taken to be: N2 — 78.084% O2 — 20.9476 Ar — 0.934 CO2 — 0.0314 Ne — 0.001818

He — 0.000524 Kr — 0.000114 Xe — 0.0000087 CH4 — 0.0002 H2 — 0.00005

The T and P columns for the troposphere and lower stratosphere were generated from the following formulas: H ≤ 11000 m 11000 m < H ≤ 20000 m 20000 m < H ≤ 32000 m

T/K 288.15 – 0.0065 H 216.65 216.65 + 0.0010(H–20000)

where H = rZ/(r + Z) is the geopotential height in meters and r is the mean Earth radius at 45° N latitude, taken as 6356766 m. For altitudes up to 32 km, ρ = 0.003483677(P/T) in the units used here. Formulas for the other quantities may be found in the references.

14-20

P/Pa 101325(288.15/T)–5.25577 22632 e–0.00015768832(H–11000) 5474.87(216.65/T)34.16319

References 1. COESA, U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1976. 2. Jursa, A. S., Ed., Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985.

U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976) Z/m –5000 –4500 –4000 –3500 –3000 –2500 –2000 –1500 –1000 –500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000 10500 11000 11500 12000 12500 13000 13500 14000 14500 15000 16000 17000 18000 19000 20000 21000 22000 23000 24000 25000 26000 27000 28000 29000 30000 31000 32000 33000 34000 35000

T/K 320.68 317.42 314.17 310.91 307.66 304.41 301.15 297.90 294.65 291.40 288.15 284.90 281.65 278.40 275.15 271.91 268.66 265.41 262.17 258.92 255.68 252.43 249.19 245.94 242.70 239.46 236.22 232.97 229.73 226.49 223.25 220.01 216.77 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 217.58 218.57 219.57 220.56 221.55 222.54 223.54 224.53 225.52 226.51 227.50 228.49 230.97 233.74 236.51

P/Pa 1.778E+05 1.685E+05 1.596E+05 1.511E+05 1.430E+05 1.352E+05 1.278E+05 1.207E+05 1.139E+05 1.075E+05 1.013E+05 9.546E+04 8.988E+04 8.456E+04 7.950E+04 7.469E+04 7.012E+04 6.579E+04 6.166E+04 5.775E+04 5.405E+04 5.054E+04 4.722E+04 4.408E+04 4.111E+04 3.830E+04 3.565E+04 3.315E+04 3.080E+04 2.858E+04 2.650E+04 2.454E+04 2.270E+04 2.098E+04 1.940E+04 1.793E+04 1.658E+04 1.533E+04 1.417E+04 1.310E+04 1.211E+04 1.035E+04 8.850E+03 7.565E+03 6.467E+03 5.529E+03 4.729E+03 4.048E+03 3.467E+03 2.972E+03 2.549E+03 2.188E+03 1.880E+03 1.610E+03 1.390E+03 1.197E+03 1.031E+03 8.891E+02 7.673E+02 6.634E+02 5.746E+02

ρ/kg m–3 1.931 1.849 1.770 1.693 1.619 1.547 1.478 1.411 1.347 1.285 1.225 1.167 1.112 1.058 1.007 0.957 0.909 0.863 0.819 0.777 0.736 0.697 0.660 0.664 0.590 0.557 0.526 0.496 0.467 0.440 0.414 0.389 0.365 0.337 0.312 0.288 0.267 0.246 0.228 0.211 0.195 0.166 0.142 0.122 0.104 8.891E–02 7.572E–02 6.451E–02 5.501E–02 4.694E–02 4.008E–02 3.426E–02 2.930E–02 2.508E–02 2.148E–02 1.841E–02 1.579E–02 1.356E–02 1.157E–02 9.887E–03 8.463E–03

14-21 n/m–3 4.015E+25 3.845E+25 3.680E+25 3.520E+25 3.366E+25 3.217E+25 3.102E+25 2.935E+25 2.801E+25 2.672E+25 2.547E+25 2.427E+25 2.311E+25 2.200E+25 2.093E+25 1.990E+25 1.891E+25 1.795E+25 1.704E+25 1.616E+25 1.531E+25 1.450E+25 1.373E+25 1.299E+25 1.227E+25 1.159E+25 1.093E+25 1.031E+25 9.711E+24 9.141E+24 8.598E+24 8.079E+24 7.585E+24 7.016E+24 6.486E+24 5.996E+24 5.543E+24 5.124E+24 4.738E+24 4.380E+24 4.049E+24 3.461E+24 2.959E+24 2.529E+24 2.162E+24 1.849E+24 1.574E+24 1.341E+24 1.144E+24 9.759E+23 8.334E+23 7.123E+23 6.092E+23 5.214E+23 4.466E+23 3.828E+23 3.283E+23 2.813E+23 2.406E+23 2.056E+23 1.760E+23

ν/s–1 1.151E+10 1.096E+10 1.044E+10 9.933E+09 9.448E+09 8.982E+09 8.623E+09 8.106E+09 7.693E+09 7.298E+09 6.919E+09 6.556E+09 6.208E+09 5.874E+09 5.555E+09 5.250E+09 4.959E+09 4.680E+09 4.414E+09 4.160E+09 3.918E+09 3.687E+09 3.467E+09 3.258E+09 3.058E+09 2.869E+09 2.689E+09 2.518E+09 2.356E+09 2.202E+09 2.056E+09 1.918E+09 1.787E+09 1.653E+09 1.528E+09 1.412E+09 1.306E+09 1.207E+09 1.116E+09 1.032E+09 9.538E+08 8.153E+08 6.969E+08 5.958E+08 5.093E+08 4.354E+08 3.716E+08 3.173E+08 2.712E+08 2.319E+08 1.985E+08 1.700E+08 1.458E+08 1.250E+08 1.073E+08 9.219E+07 7.925E+07 6.818E+07 5.852E+07 5.030E+07 4.331E+07

l/m 4.208E–08 4.395E–08 4.592E–08 4.800E–08 5.019E–08 5.252E–08 5.447E–08 5.757E–08 6.032E–08 6.324E–08 6.633E–08 6.961E–08 7.310E–08 7.680E–08 8.073E–08 8.491E–08 8.937E–08 9.411E–08 9.917E–08 1.046E–07 1.103E–07 1.165E–07 1.231E–07 1.302E–07 1.377E–07 1.458E–07 1.545E–07 1.639E–07 1.740E–07 1.848E–07 1.965E–07 2.091E–07 2.227E–07 2.408E–07 2.605E–07 2.818E–07 3.048E–07 3.297E–07 3.566E–07 3.857E–07 4.172E–07 4.881E–07 5.710E–07 6.680E–07 7.814E–07 9.139E–07 1.073E–06 1.260E–06 1.477E–06 1.731E–06 2.027E–06 2.372E–06 2.773E–06 3.240E–06 3.783E–06 4.414E–06 5.146E–06 5.995E–06 7.021E–06 8.218E–06 9.601E–06

η/Pa s 1.942E–05 1.927E–05 1.912E–05 1.897E–05 1.882E–05 1.867E–05 1.852E–05 1.836E–05 1.821E–05 1.805E–05 1.789E–05 1.774E–05 1.758E–05 1.742E–05 1.726E–05 1.710E–05 1.694E–05 1.678E–05 1.661E–05 1.645E–05 1.628E–05 1.612E–05 1.595E–05 1.578E–05 1.561E–05 1.544E–05 1.527E–05 1.510E–05 1.493E–05 1.475E–05 1.458E–05 1.440E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.427E–05 1.432E–05 1.438E–05 1.443E–05 1.448E–05 1.454E–05 1.459E–05 1.465E–05 1.470E–05 1.475E–05 1.481E–05 1.486E–05 1.499E–05 1.514E–05 1.529E–05

W m–1 K–1 0.02788 0.02763 0.02738 0.02713 0.02688 0.02663 0.02638 0.02613 0.02587 0.02562 0.02533 0.02511 0.02485 0.02459 0.02433 0.02407 0.02381 0.02355 0.02329 0.02303 0.02277 0.02250 0.02224 0.02197 0.02170 0.02144 0.02117 0.02090 0.02063 0.02036 0.02009 0.01982 0.01954 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01961 0.01970 0.01978 0.01986 0.01995 0.02003 0.02011 0.02020 0.02028 0.02036 0.02044 0.02053 0.02073 0.02096 0.02119

vs/m s–1 359.0 357.2 355.3 353.5 351.6 349.8 347.9 346.0 344.1 342.2 340.3 338.4 336.4 334.5 332.5 330.6 328.6 326.6 324.6 322.6 320.6 318.5 316.5 314.4 312.3 310.2 308.1 306.0 303.9 301.7 299.5 297.4 295.2 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 296.4 297.1 297.7 298.4 299.1 299.7 300.4 301.1 301.7 302.4 303.0 304.7 306.5 308.3

g/m s–2 9.822 9.830 9.819 9.818 9.816 9.814 9.813 9.811 9.810 9.808 9.807 9.805 9.804 9.802 9.801 9.799 9.797 9.796 9.794 9.793 9.791 9.790 9.788 9.787 9.785 9.784 9.782 9.781 9.779 9.777 9.776 9.774 9.773 9.771 9.770 9.768 9.767 9.765 9.764 9.762 9.761 9.758 9.754 9.751 9.748 9.745 9.742 9.739 9.736 9.733 9.730 9.727 9.724 9.721 9.718 9.715 9.712 9.709 9.706 9.703 9.700

U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976)

14-22 Z/m 36000 38000 40000 42000 44000 46000 48000 50000 52000 54000 56000 58000 60000 65000 70000 75000 80000 85000 90000 95000 100000 110000 120000 130000 140000 150000 160000 170000 180000 190000 200000 220000 240000 260000 280000 300000 320000 340000 360000 380000 400000 450000 500000 550000 600000 650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000

T/K 239.28 244.82 250.35 255.88 261.40 266.93 270.65 270.65 269.03 263.52 258.02 252.52 247.02 233.29 219.59 208.40 198.64 188.89 186.87 188.42 195.08 240.00 360.00 469.27 559.63 634.39 696.29 747.57 790.07 825.16 854.56 899.01 929.73 950.99 965.75 976.01 983.16 988.15 991.65 994.10 995.83 998.22 999.24 999.67 999.85 999.93 999.97 999.98 999.99 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00

P/Pa 4.985E+02 3.771E+02 2.871E+02 2.200E+02 1.695E+02 1.313E+02 1.023E+02 7.978E+01 6.221E+01 4.834E+01 3.736E+01 2.872E+01 2.196E+01 1.093E+01 5.221 2.388 1.052 4.457E–01 1.836E–01 7.597E–02 3.201E–02 7.104E–03 2.538E–03 1.251E–03 7.203E–04 4.542E–04 3.040E–04 2.121E–04 1.527E–04 1.127E–04 8.474E–05 5.015E–05 3.106E–05 1.989E–05 1.308E–05 8.770E–06 5.980E–06 4.132E–06 2.888E–06 2.038E–06 1.452E–06 6.447E–07 3.024E–07 1.514E–07 8.213E–08 4.887E–08 3.191E–08 2.260E–08 1.704E–08 1.342E–08 1.087E–08 8.982E–09 7.514E–09

ρ/kg m–3 7.258E–03 5.367E–03 3.996E–03 2.995E–03 2.259E–03 1.714E–03 1.317E–03 1.027E–03 8.056E–04 6.390E–04 5.045E–04 3.963E–04 3.097E–04 1.632E–04 8.283E–05 3.992E–05 1.846E–05 8.220E–06 3.416E–06 1.393E–06 5.604E–07 9.708E–08 2.222E–08 8.152E–09 3.831E–09 2.076E–09 1.233E–09 7.815E–10 5.194E–10 3.581E–10 2.541E–10 1.367E–10 7.858E–11 4.742E–11 2.971E–11 1.916E–11 1.264E–11 8.503E–12 5.805E–12 4.013E–12 2.803E–12 1.184E–12 5.215E–13 2.384E–13 1.137E–13 5.712E–14 3.070E–14 1.788E–14 1.136E–14 7.824E–15 5.759E–15 4.453E–15 3.561E–15

n/m–3 1.509E+23 1.116E+23 8.308E+22 6.227E+22 4.697E+22 3.564E+22 2.738E+22 2.135E+22 1.675E+22 1.329E+22 1.049E+22 8.239E+21 6.439E+21 3.393E+21 1.722E+21 8.300E+20 3.838E+20 1.709E+20 7.116E+19 2.920E+19 1.189E+19 2.144E+18 5.107E+17 1.930E+17 9.322E+16 5.186E+16 3.162E+16 2.055E+16 1.400E+16 9.887E+15 7.182E+15 4.040E+15 2.420E+15 1.515E+15 9.807E+14 6.509E+14 4.405E+14 3.029E+14 2.109E+14 1.485E+14 1.056E+14 4.678E+13 2.192E+13 1.097E+13 5.950E+12 3.540E+12 2.311E+12 1.637E+12 1.234E+12 9.717E+11 7.876E+11 6.505E+11 5.442E+11

ν/s–1 3.736E+07 2.794E+07 2.104E+07 1.594E+07 1.215E+07 9.318E+06 7.208E+06 5.620E+06 4.397E+06 3.452E+06 2.696E+06 2.095E+06 1.620E+06 8.294E+05 4.084E+05 1.918E+05 8.656E+04 3.766E+04 1.560E+04 6.440E+03 2.680E+03 5.480E+02 1.630E+02 7.100E+01 3.800E+01 2.300E+01 1.500E+01 1.000E+01 7.200 5.200 3.900 2.300 1.400 9.300E–01 6.100E–01 4.200E–01 2.900E–01 2.000E–01 1.400E–01 1.000E–01 7.200E–02 3.300E–02 1.600E–02 8.400E–03 4.800E–03 3.100E–03 2.200E–03 1.700E–03 1.400E–03 1.200E–03 1.000E–03 8.700E–04 7.500E–04

l/m 1.120E–05 1.514E–05 2.034E–05 2.713E–05 3.597E–05 4.740E–05 6.171E–05 7.913E–05 1.009E–04 1.272E–04 1.611E–04 2.051E–04 2.624E–04 4.979E–04 9.810E–04 2.035E–03 4.402E–03 9.886E–03 2.370E–02 5.790E–02 1.420E–01 7.880E–01 3.310 8.800 1.800E+01 3.300E+01 5.300E+01 8.200E+01 1.200E+02 1.700E+02 2.400E+02 4.200E+02 7.000E+02 1.100E+03 1.700E+03 2.600E+03 3.800E+03 5.600E+03 8.000E+03 1.100E+04 1.600E+04 3.600E+04 7.700E+04 1.500E+05 2.800E+05 4.800E+05 7.300E+05 1.000E+06 1.400E+06 1.700E+06 2.100E+06 2.600E+06 3.100E+06

η/Pa s 1.543E–05 1.572E–05 1.601E–05 1.629E–05 1.657E–05 1.685E–05 1.704E–05 1.703E–05 1.696E–05 1.660E–05 1.640E–05 1.612E–05 1.584E–05 1.512E–05 1.438E–05 1.376E–05 1.321E–05 1.265E–05

W m–1 K–1 0.02142 0.02188 0.02233 0.02278 0.02323 0.02376 0.02397 0.02397 0.02384 0.02340 0.02296 0.02251 0.02206 0.02093 0.01978 0.01883 0.01800 0.01716

vs/m s–1 310.1 313.7 317.2 320.7 324.1 327.5 329.8 329.8 328.8 325.4 322.0 318.6 315.1 306.2 297.1 289.4 282.5 275.5

g/m s–2 9.697 9.690 9.684 9.678 9.672 9.666 9.660 9.654 9.648 9.642 9.636 9.632 9.624 9.609 9.594 9.579 9.564 9.550 9.535 9.520 9.505 9.476 9.447 9.418 9.389 9.360 9.331 9.302 9.274 9.246 9.218 9.162 9.106 9.051 8.997 8.943 8.889 8.836 8.784 8.732 8.680 8.553 8.429 8.307 8.188 8.072 7.958 7.846 7.737 7.630 7.525 7.422 7.322


Figure 1. Temperature-height profile for U.S. Standard Atmosphere.

14-23

Figure 3. Mean molecular weight as a function of geometric altitude.

1000 900

GEOMETRIC ALTITUDE, km

800 700 600 500 400 300

O1 O2 N2 Ar H1 He TOTAL

200 100 0 8 10 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024 1026 NUMBER DENSITY, m-3

Figure 2. Total pressure and mass density as a function of geometric altitude.

Figure 4. Number density of individual species and total number density as a function of geometric altitude.

14-24


Figure 5. Collision frequency as a function of geometric altitude.

Figure 7. Mean air-particle speed as a function of geometric altitude.

Figure 6. Mean free path as a function of geometric altitude.

Figure 8. Dynamic viscosity as a function of geometric altitude.


14-25

90 80

GEOMETRIC ALTITUDE, km

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 .017 .018 .019 .020 .021 .022 .023 .024 .025 .026 COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, W/(m ⋅ K) Figure 9. Coefficient of thermal conductivity as a function of geometric altitude.

Figure 11. Molecular-diffusion and eddy-diffusion coefficients as a function of geometric altitude.

Figure 10. Speed of sound as a function of geometric altitude.

Figure 12. Acceleration of gravity as a function of geometric altitude.

GEOGRAPHICAL AND SEASONAL VARIATION IN SOLAR RADIATION This table gives the amount of solar radiation reaching a unit area at the top of the earth’s atmosphere per day as a function of latitude and approximate date. It is based upon a solar constant (total energy per unit area at the earth’s average orbital distance) of 1373 W/m2. Absorption of radiation by the atmosphere is not taken into consideration.

Reference List, R. J., Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, Seventh Edition, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1962.

Daily Solar Radiation in MJ/m2 May 6 May 29 Jun. 2 32.8 42.4 45.7 32.3 41.8 45.0 31.8 39.9 43.0 34.4 39.7 41.6 36.8 40.7 42.0 38.6 41.3 42.1 39.4 41.1 41.4 39.2 39.7 39.7 37.9 37.4 37.1 35.5 34.1 33.5 32.3 30.0 29.2 28.0 25.2 24.1 23.1 19.7 18.5 17.5 14.0 12.6 11.7 8.2 7.0 5.9 2.9 2.0 1.0

Jul. 15 42.2 41.6 39.7 39.4 40.5 41.1 40.8 39.5 37.2 34.0 29.9 25.1 19.7 13.9 8.2 2.9

Aug. 8 32.5 32.0 31.5 34.0 36.5 38.3 39.1 38.9 37.6 35.2 32.0 27.8 22.8 17.4 11.6 5.9 1.0

Aug. 31 17.7 17.7 22.0 26.7 30.8 33.9 36.3 37.5 37.7 36.6 34.6 31.5 27.4 22.6 17.2 11.3 5.3 0.3

Jan. 13

Feb. 4

Feb. 26

3.1 8.7 14.9 21.0 26.7 31.9 36.3 39.7 42.2 43.5 43.8 43.2 42.1 42.4 44.4 45.1

1.0 6.2 12.3 18.4 24.1 29.3 33.8 37.3 39.7 41.1 41.3 40.5 38.6 36.0 33.3 33.8 34.4

0.3 5.6 11.7 17.8 23.5 28.4 32.7 35.9 38.0 39.1 39.0 37.7 35.2 31.9 27.7 22.9 18.4 18.4

Lat. 90° 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 –10 –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –70 –80 –90

Mar. 21 6.6 13.0 19.0 24.4 29.1 32.9 35.7 37.4 38.0 37.4 35.7 32.9 29.1 24.4 19.0 13.0 6.6

Apr. 13 18.0 18.0 22.3 27.0 31.1 34.3 36.7 38.0 38.1 37.1 35.0 31.8 27.8 22.8 17.3 11.4 5.4 0.3

Lat. 90° 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 –10 –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –70 –80 –90

Sep. 23

Oct. 16

Nov. 8

6.5 12.9 18.8 24.1 28.7 32.5 35.3 37.0 37.6 37.0 35.3 32.5 28.7 24.1 18.8 12.9 6.5

0.3 5.5 11.6 17.6 23.1 28.2 32.3 35.5 37.6 38.6 38.5 37.2 34.8 31.5 27.3 22.6 18.2 18.2

1.0 6.2 12.1 18.2 23.9 29.1 33.5 36.9 39.4 40.7 40.9 40.1 38.3 35.7 33.0 33.5 34.0

Nov. 30

3.1 8.7 14.8 20.9 26.6 31.8 36.1 39.5 42.0 43.3 43.6 43.1 41.9 42.2 44.2 44.8

Dec. 22

2.1 7.5 13.5 19.8 25.7 31.1 35.8 39.6 42.4 44.2 45.0 44.8 44.4 45.9 48.1 48.8

14-25

Section 14.indb 25

4/27/05 5:03:57 PM

Major World Earthquakes The United States Geological Survey maintains a database of historic earthquakes throughout the world (Reference 1). The table below is extracted from that database; it includes about 300 major earthquakes, based upon the magnitude and the degree of destruction. All recorded earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 or greater are listed, even if the fatalities are unknown or small. The death toll is often a rough estimate; in many cases the true toll could be much greater. More details on the exact location and degree of destruction can be found in References 2 and 3. The magnitude is given on the Richter scale, which was developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter of the California Institute of Technology as a mathematical device to compare the size of earthquakes. The magnitude of an earthquake is measured by the logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded by seismographs. Adjustments are included for the variation in the distance between the various seismographs and the epicenter of the earthquake. On Date

Location

Magnitude

Fatalities

the Richter Scale, magnitude is expressed in whole numbers and decimal fractions, e.g. 6.3. Because of the logarithmic basis of the scale, each whole number increase in magnitude represents a tenfold increase in measured amplitude; as an estimate of energy, each whole number step in the magnitude scale corresponds to the release of about 31 times more energy than the amount associated with the preceding whole number value.

References 1. Historic Worldwide Earthquakes, http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/historical.php. 2. Most Destructive Known Earthquakes on Record in the World, http:// earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php. 3. Earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths since 1900, http://earthquake. usgs.gov/regional/world/world_deaths.php. Date

Location

Magnitude

Fatalities

856/12/22

Damghan, Iran

200,000

1868/08/13

Arica, Peru (now Chile)

9.0

893/03/23

Ardabil, Iran

150,000

1872/03/26

Owens Valley, California

7.4

27

1138/08/09

Aleppo, Syria

230,000

1877/05/10

Offshore Tarapaca, Chile

8.3

34

1268

Silicia, Asia Minor

60,000

1886/09/01

7.3

60

1290/09/27

Chihli, China

Charleston, South Carolina

1556/01/23

Shensi, China

8.0

51

7.7

100,000

1619/02/14

Trujillo, Peru

1667/11

Shemakha, Caucasia

1668/08/17

Anatolia, Turkey

8.0

1687/10/20

Lima, Peru

8.5

1693/01/11

Sicily, Italy

7.5

1700/01/26

Cascadia Subduction Zone (Oregon to British Columbia)

9.0

830,000 350 80,000

1727/11/18

Tabriz, Iran

1730/07/08

Valparasio, Chile

8.7

1755/11/01

Lisbon, Portugal

8.7

1783/02/04

Calabria, Italy

1787/05/02

Puerto Rico

8.0

1811/12/16

New Madrid Region, Missouri

8.1

1812/02/07

New Madrid Region, Missouri

1812/03/26

60,000

77,000 70,000

400

1887/05/03

Northern Sonora, Mexico

7.4

1891/10/27

Mino-Owari, Japan

8.0

1892/02/24

Imperial Valley, California

7.8

1896/06/15

Sanriku, Japan

8.5

28,000

1897/06/12

Assam, India

8.3

1,500

1899/09/04

Cape Yakataga, Alaska

7.9

1899/09/10

Yakutat Bay, Alaska

8.0

1900/10/09

Kodiak Island, Alaska

7.7

1902/04/19

Quezaltenango and San Marcos, Guatemala

7.5

2,000

1902/12/16

Eastern Uzbekistan (Turkestan)

6.4

4,700

1903/04/28

Malazgirt, Turkey

7.0

3,500

1903/05/28

Gole, Turkey (Ottoman Empire)

5.8

1,000

1903/08/11

Southern Greece

8.3

8.0

1905/04/04

Kangra, India

7.5

1905/07/09

Mongolia

8.4

Caracas, Venezuela

7.7

1905/09/08

Calabria, Italy

7.9

557

1812/12/08

Southwest of San Bernardino County, California

6.9

40

1906/01/31

Off the Coast of Esmeraldas, Ecuador

8.8

1,000

1812/12/21

West of Ventura, California

7.1

1

1906/03/16

Chia-i, Taiwan

6.8

1,250

1821/07/10

Camana, Peru

8.2

162

1835/02/20

Concepcion, Chile

8.2

500

1843/02/08

Leeward Islands

8.3

1855/01/23

Wellington, New Zealand

8.0

4

1857/01/09

Fort Tejon, California

7.9

1

1868/04/03

Ka’u District, Island of Hawaii

7.9

77

50,000

19,000

1906/04/18

San Francisco, California

7.8

3,000

1906/08/17

Valparaiso, Chile

8.2

20,000

1907/01/14

Kingston, Jamaica

6.5

800-1,000

1907/04/15

Guerrero, Mexico

7.7

1907/10/21

Qaratog, Tajikistan, Russia

8.0

1908/12/12

Off the Coast of Central Peru

8.2

1908/12/28

Messina, Italy

7.2

72,000

1909/01/23

Silakhor, Iran (Persia)

7.3

5,000-6,000

12,000

14-27

Major World Earthquakes

14-28 Date

Location

Magnitude

1910/04/12

Taiwan region

7.6

1911/01/03

Chong-Kemin, Kyrgyzstan

7.8

Fatalities 450

Date

Location

Magnitude

Fatalities

1940/05/24

Callao, Peru

8.2

249

1940/11/10

Vrancea, Romania

7.3

1,000

1911/02/18

Sarez, Tajikistan

7.4

90

1942/08/06

Guatemala

7.9

38

1911/06/07

Off Guerrero, Mexico

7.7

45

1942/08/24

8.2

30

1912/08/09

Murefte, Turkey (Ottoman Empire)

7.8

2,800

Off the coast of central Peru

1942/11/26

Turkey

7.6

1914/10/03

Burdur, Turkey (Ottoman Empire)

7.0

4,000

1915/01/13

Avezzano, Italy

7.0

32,610

1917/01/20

Bali, Indonesia

1,500

1943/09/10

Tottori, Japan

7.4

1,190

1917/07/30

Daguan, Yunnan, China

7.5

1,800

1943/11/26

Ladik, Turkey

7.6

4,000

1918/02/13

Nan’ao, Guangdong, (Kwangtung), China

7.3

1,000

Erbaa, Turkey

7.3

1,100

Illapel — Salamanca, Chile

8.2

25

1944/01/15

San Juan, Argentina

7.4

8,000

116

1944/02/01

Gerede, Turkey

7.4

2,790

1944/12/07

Tonankai, Japan

8.1

998

1945/01/12

Mikawa, Japan

7.1

1,961

1945/11/27

Makran Coast, Pakistan

8.0

4,000

1918/10/11

Mona Passage

7.5

1920/06/05

Taiwan region

8.0

1920/12/16

Haiyuan, Ningxia, China

7.8

200,000 100

1922/11/11

Chile-Argentina Border

8.5

1923/02/03

Kamchatka Peninsula

8.5

1923/03/24

Near Luhuo, Sichuan, China

7.3

3,500

1923/05/25

Torbat-e Heydariyeh, Iran

5.7

2,200

1923/09/01

Kanto (Kwanto), Japan

7.9

142,800

1925/03/16

Yunnan, China

7.1

5,800

1927/03/07

Tango, Japan

7.6

3,020

1927/05/22

Tsinghai (Kansu), China

7.6

40,900

1928/12/01

Talca, Chile

7.6

225

1929/03/07

Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska

7.8

1929/05/01

Koppeh Dagh, Iran (Persia)

7.4

3,800

1930/05/06

Salmas, Iran (Persia)

7.2

2,500

1930/07/23

Irpinia, Italy

6.5

1,400

1931/01/15

Oaxaca, Mexico

7.8

114

1931/02/02

Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand

7.9

256

1931/03/31

Managua, Nicaragua

6.0

2,500

1931/04/27

Zangezur Mountains, Armenia — Azerbaijan border

5.7

2,800

Xinjiang, China

8.0

10,000 45

1931/08/10

1942/12/20 1943/04/06

1932/06/03

Jalisco, Mexico

8.1

1932/06/18

Colima, Mexico

7.8

1932/12/25

Gansu, China

7.6

275

1933/03/02

Sanriku, Japan

8.4

3,000

1933/03/11

Long Beach, California

6.4

115

1933/08/25

Sichuan, China

7.4

9,300

1934/01/15

Bihar, India — Nepal

8.1

10,700

1935/04/20

Taiwan (Formosa)

7.1

3,270

1935/05/30

Quetta, Pakistan

7.5

30,000

1935/07/16

Taiwan (Formosa)

6.5

2,740

1938/02/01

Banda Sea, Indonesia

8.5

1938/11/10

Shumagin Islands, Alaska

8.2

1939/01/25

Chillan, Chile

7.8

28,000

1939/12/26

Erzincan, Turkey

7.8

32,700

1940/05/19

Imperial Valley, California

7.1

9

1946/04/01

Unimak Island, Alaska

8.1

165

1946/05/31

Ustukran, Turkey

5.9

840-1,300

1946/08/04

Samana, Dominican Republic

8.0

100

1946/11/10

Ancash, Peru

7.3

1,400

1946/12/20

Nankaido, Japan

8.1

1,362 233

1947/11/01

Satipo, Peru

7.3

1948/05/11

Moquegua, Peru

7.4

70

1948/05/25

Sichuan, China

7.3

800

1948/06/28

Fukui, Japan

7.3

3,769

1948/10/05

Ashgabat, Turkmenistan

7.3

110,000

1949/04/13

Puget Sound, Washington

7.1

8

1949/07/10

Khait, Tajikistan

7.5

12,000 5,050

1949/08/05

Ambato, Ecuador

6.8

1949/08/22

Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada

8.1

1950/08/15

Assam — Tibet

8.6

1,526

1951/08/02

Cosiguina, Nicaragua

5.8

1,000

1952/07/21

Kern County, California

7.3

12

1952/11/04

Kamchatka Peninsula

9.0

1953/02/12

Torud, Iran

6.5

970

1953/03/18

Yenice-Gonen, Turkey

7.3

1,070

1953/08/12

Kefallinia, Greece

7.1

455

1953/12/12

Tumbes, Peru

7.4

7

1954/03/29

Spain

7.9

1954/04/30

Greece

7.1

31 1,250

1954/09/09

Orleansville, Algeria

6.8

1957/03/09

Andreanof Islands, Alaska

8.6

1957/04/25

Fethiye, Turkey

7.1

15

1957/05/26

Bolu Province, Turkey

7.1

66

1957/06/27

Stanovoy Mountains, Russia (USSR)

7.6

1,200 1,200

1957/07/02

Mazandaran, Iran

7.1

1957/07/28

Guerrero, Mexico

7.9

68

1957/12/04

Gobi-Altay, Mongolia

8.1

30

1957/12/13

Sahneh, Iran

7.1

1,130

Major World Earthquakes Date

Location

14-29 Magnitude

Fatalities

Date

Location

Magnitude

Fatalities

1958/01/15

Arequipa, Peru

7.3

26

1974/10/08

Leeward Islands

7.5

1958/07/10

Lituya Bay, Alaska

7.7

5

1974/12/28

Northern Pakistan

6.2

1958/11/06

Kuril Islands

8.3

1975/02/02

Near Islands, Alaska

7.6

1959/04/26

Taiwan region

7.5

2

1975/02/04

Haicheng, China

7.0

2,000

1959/08/18

Hebgen Lake, Montana

7.3

28

1975/09/06

6.7

2,300

1960/01/13

Arequipa, Peru

7.5

57

Diyarbakir Province, Turkey

1960/02/29

Agadir, Morocco

5.7

12,00015,000

1975/11/29

Kalapana, Hawaii

7.2

2

1976/02/04

Guatemala

7.5

23,000

1960/05/21

Arauco Peninsula, Chile

7.9

1976/05/06

Northeastern Italy

6.5

1,000

1960/05/22

Chile (off coast)

9.5

1,655

1976/06/25

Papua, Indonesia

7.1

422 255,000

5,300

1962/05/11

Guerrero, Mexico

7.0

4

1976/07/27

Tangshan, China

7.5

1962/05/19

Guerrero, Mexico

7.1

3

1976/08/16

Mindanao, Philippines

7.9

8,000

1962/09/01

Qazvin, Iran

7.1

12,225

1976/11/24

Turkey-Iran border region

7.3

5,000

1,100

1963/07/26

Skopje, Macedonia

6.0

1963/10/13

Kuril Islands

8.5

1964/03/28

Prince William Sound, Alaska

9.2

Niigata, Japan

7.5

1964/06/16

128 26

1977/03/04

Romania

7.2

1,500

1978/09/16

Iran

7.8

15,000

1979/02/28

Mt. St. Elias, Alaska

7.5

1980/10/10

El Asnam (formerly Orleansville), Algeria

7.7

5,000

1964/10/06

Western Turkey

7.0

36

1981/02/24

Greece

6.8

3,000

1965/01/24

Sanana, Indonesia (Ceram Sea)

7.6

71

1981/06/11

Southern Iran

6.9

3,000

1965/02/04

Rat Islands, Alaska

8.7

1965/03/14

Hindu Kush, Afghanistan

7.8

1965/03/28

La Ligua, Chile

7.4

400

1965/03/31

Central Greece

7.1

6

1965/08/23

Oaxaca, Mexico

7.3

6

1966/03/07

Hebei, China

7.0

1,000

1966/03/22

Hebei, China

6.9

1,000

1966/08/19

Varto, Turkey

6.8

2,529

1966/10/17

Near the Coast of Peru

8.1

125

1967/07/22

Mudurnu Valley, Turkey

7.3

173

1968/05/23

Inangahua, New Zealand

7.1

2

1968/08/02

Oaxaca, Mexico

7.1

18

1968/08/31

Dasht-e Bayaz, Iran

7.3

12,000

1969/02/28

Portugal-Morocco area

7.8

13

1969/07/25

Guangdong, China

5.9

3,000

1970/01/04

Yunnan Province, China

7.5

10,000

1970/03/28

Gediz, Turkey

6.9

1,086

1970/05/31

Chimbote, Peru

7.9

70,000

1970/07/31

Colombia

8.0

1

1971/02/09

San Fernando, California

6.6

65

1981/07/28

Southern Iran

7.3

1,500

1982/12/13

Yemen

6.0

2,800

1983/10/30

Erzurum Province, Turkey

6.9

1,342

1985/03/03

Offshore Valparaiso, Chile

7.8

177

1985/09/19

Michoacan, Mexico

8.0

9,500

1986/05/07


7.9

1986/10/10

El Salvador

5.5

1,000

1987/03/06

Colombia-Ecuador

7.0

1,000

1987/11/30

Gulf of Alaska

7.8

1988/03/06

Gulf of Alaska

7.7

1988/08/20

Nepal-India border region

6.8

1,000

1988/12/07

Spitak, Armenia

6.8

25,000

1989/10/18

Loma Prieta, California

6.9

63

1990/06/20

Western Iran

7.4

50,000 1,621

1990/07/16

Luzon, Philippine Islands

7.7

1991/04/22

Costa Rica

7.6

47

1991/10/19

Northern India

6.8

2,000

1992/09/02

Nicaragua

7.6

116

1992/12/12

Flores Region, Indonesia

7.8

2,500

1993/08/08

South of the Mariana Islands

7.8

1971/05/22

Eastern Turkey

6.9

1,000

1993/09/29

Latur-Killari, India

6.2

1971/07/09

Valparaiso region, Chile

7.5

90

1994/01/17

Northridge, California

6.7

60

1972/01/25

Taiwan region

7.5

1994/06/09

Bolivia

8.2

10

1972/04/10

Southern Iran

7.1

5,054

1995/01/16

Kobe, Japan

6.9

5,502

4

1,989

1972/04/24

Taiwan region

7.2

1972/07/30

Sitka, Alaska

7.6

1995/05/27

Sakhalin Island

7.1

1996/06/10


7.9

1972/12/23

Nicaragua

6.2

5,000

1997/05/10

Northern Iran

7.3

1974/05/10

Near Zhaotong, China

6.8

20,000

1997/10/14

South of Fiji Islands

7.8

1974/07/13

Panama-Colombia border region

7.3

11

1997/12/05

Near East Coast of Kamchatka

7.8

1974/10/03

Near the Coast of Central Peru

8.1

78

1998/01/04

Loyalty Islands Region

7.5

9,748

1,567

Major World Earthquakes

14-30 Date

Location

Magnitude

Fatalities

1998/02/04

Afghanistan-Tajikistan Border Region

5.9

1998/03/25

Balleny Islands Region (off Antarctica)

8.1

1998/05/03

Southeast of Taiwan

7.5

1998/05/30

Afghanistan-Tajikistan Border Region

6.6

Near North Coast of New Guinea, Papua New Guinea

7.0

1999/01/25

Colombia

6.1

1,185

1999/08/17

Izmit, Turkey

7.6

17,118

1999/09/20

Taiwan

7.6

2,400

1999/09/30

Oaxaca, Mexico

7.5

1999/11/12

Duzce, Turkey

7.2

894

2000/06/04

Southern Sumatera, Indonesia

7.9

103

2000/06/18

South Indian Ocean

7.9

2000/11/16

New Ireland Region, Papua New Guinea

8.0

1998/07/17

2,323

4,000 2,183

2

2001/01/01


7.5

2001/01/13

El Salvador

7.7

852

2001/01/26

Gujarat, India

7.6

20,085

2001/02/13

El Salvador

6.6

315

2001/06/23

Near the Coast of Peru

8.4

138

2002/03/03

Hindu Kush Region, Afghanistan

7.4

166

2002/03/05


7.5

15

2002/03/25

Hindu Kush Region, Afghanistan

6.1

1,000

2002/03/31

Taiwan region

7.1

5

2002/08/19

Fiji Islands

7.7

2002/09/08

New Guinea, Papua New Guinea

7.6

2002/10/10

Irian Jaya, Indonesia

7.6

8

2002/11/02

Northern Sumatera, Indonesia

7.4

3

2002/11/03

Denali Fault, Alaska

7.9

2003/01/22

Offshore Colima, Mexico

7.6

29

2003/05/21

Northern Algeria

6.8

2,226

2003/05/26

Halmahera, Indonesia

7.0

1

2003/07/15

Carlsberg Ridge

7.6

2003/08/04

Scotia Sea

7.6

Date

Location

Magnitude

2003/09/25

Hokkaido, Japan Region

8.3

2003/09/27

Southwestern Siberia, Russia

7.3

2003/11/17

Rat Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska

7.8

Fatalities 3

2003/12/26

Southeastern Iran

6.6

2004/02/05

Irian Jaya, Indonesia

7.0

31,000 37

2004/11/11

Kepulauan Alor, Indonesia

7.5

34

2004/11/26

Papua, Indonesia

7.1

32

2004/12/23

North of Macquarie Island, New Zealand

8.1

2004/12/26

Sumatra-Andaman Islands

9.1

227,898

2005/03/28

Northern Sumatra, Indonesia

8.6

1,313

2005/06/13

Tarapaca, Chile

7.8

11

2005/09/09

New Ireland Region, Papua New Guinea

7.6

2005/09/26

Northern Peru

7.5

5

2005/10/08

Pakistan

7.6

86,000

2006/01/27

Banda Sea

7.6

2006/02/22

Mozambique

7.0

2006/04/20

Koryakia, Russia

7.6

2006/05/03

Tonga

8.0

4

2006/05/26

Java, Indonesia

6.3

5,749

2006/07/17

South of Java, Indonesia

7.7

730

2006/11/15

Kuril Islands

8.3

2006/12/26

Taiwan Region

7.1

2007/01/13

East of the Kuril Islands

8.1

2

2007/01/21

Molucca Sea

7.5

2007/04/01

Solomon Islands

8.1

2007/08/08

Java, Indonesia

7.5

2007/08/15

Near the Coast of Central Peru

8.0

514

2007/09/12

Southern Sumatra, Indonesia

8.5

25

2007/09/12

Kepulauan Mentawai region, Indonesia

7.9

2007/09/28

Mariana Islands region

7.5

2007/11/14

Antofagasta, Chile

7.7

2007/12/09

South of the Fiji Islands

7.8

2008/05/12

Eastern Sichuan, China

7.9

2008/07/05

Sea of Okhotsk

7.7

40

2 87,652

Weather-Related Scales Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale • •

•

•

•

Tropical Storm Winds 39–73 mph Category 1 Hurricane — winds 74–95 mph (64–82 knots); pressure greater than 980 mbar; storm surge 3–5 ft (1.0–1.7 m) No real damage to buildings. Damage to unanchored mobile homes. Some damage to poorly constructed signs. Also, some coastal flooding and minor pier damage. — Examples: Irene 1999 and Allison 1995 Category 2 Hurricane — winds 96–110 mph (83–95 knots); pressure 979–965 mbar; storm surge 6–8 ft (1.8–2.6 m) Some damage to building roofs, doors and windows. Considerable damage to mobile homes. Flooding damages piers and small craft in unprotected moorings may break their moorings. Some trees blown down. — Examples: Bonnie 1998, Georges (FL & LA) 1998 and Gloria 1985 Category 3 Hurricane — winds 111–130 mph (96–113 knots); pressure 964–945 mbar; storm surge 9–12 ft (2.7– 3.8 m) Some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings. Large trees blown down. Mobile homes and poorly built signs destroyed. Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structures with larger structures damaged by floating debris. Terrain may be flooded well inland. — Examples: Keith 2000, Fran 1996, Opal 1995, Alicia 1983 and Betsy 1965 EF 3 s Gusts Number (mph) 0

65–85

•

Category 4 Hurricane — winds 131–155 mph (114–135 knots); pressure 944–920 mbar; storm surge 13–18 ft (3.9– 5.6 m) More extensive curtainwall failures with some complete roof structure failure on small residences. Major erosion of beach areas. Terrain may be flooded well inland. — Examples: Hugo 1989 and Donna 1960 Category 5 Hurricane — winds 156 mph and up (135+ knots); pressure less than 920 mbar; storm surge 19+ ft (5.7+ m) Complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings. Some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. Flooding causes major damage to lower floors of all structures near the shoreline. Massive evacuation of residential areas may be required. — Examples: Andrew (FL) 1992, Camille 1969 and Labor Day 1935

Fujita Tornado Damage Scale

The original Fujita Scale was modified by NOAA in February 2007 and is now called the Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF). It is an operational scale based on the estimated speed of three-second wind gusts, as indicated by typical damage levels. The table below describes the damage levels according to the original scale. In the enhanced scale, the damage is measured by a more elaborate set of criteria (see http://www.spc.noaa.gov/efscale/ef-scale.html).

Typical damage (according to the original Fujita Scale)

Light damage. Some damage to chimneys; branches broken off trees; shallow-rooted trees pushed over; sign boards damaged.

1

86–110 Moderate damage. Peels surface off roofs; mobile homes pushed off foundations or overturned; moving autos blown off roads.

2

111–135 Considerable damage. Roofs torn off frame houses; mobile homes demolished; boxcars overturned; large trees snapped or uprooted; light-object missiles generated; cars lifted off ground.

3

136–165 Severe damage. Roofs and some walls torn off well-constructed houses; trains overturned; most trees in forest uprooted; heavy cars lifted off the ground and thrown.

4

166–200 Devastating damage. Well-constructed houses leveled; structures with weak foundations blown away some distance; cars thrown and large missiles generated.

5

Over 200 Incredible damage. Strong frame houses leveled off foundations and swept away; automobile-sized missiles fly through the air in excess of 100 meters (109 yd); trees debarked; incredible phenomena will occur.

Beaufort Wind Scale

The Beaufort Wind Scale was devised by British Rear-Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort in 1805 based on observations of the effects of the wind. Wind Force (knots)

WMO classification

On the water

Appearance of wind effects

On land

0

1,000 800

GWP for given time horizon Current estimate 1995 100 yr 20 yr 100 yr 500 yr 1300 3830 1430 435 3800 5890 4470 1590 140 437 124 38 2900 5310 3220 1040 6300 8100 9810 7660 3380 1030 314 2520 794 241 1300 4140 1640 500

0.52 23900 16300 22800 32600 0.21 12300 17200 20700 0.10 6500 5210 7390 11200 0.26 9200 8630 12200 18200 0.26 7000 6310 8830 12500 0.32 8700 7310 10300 14700 0.33 7000 6330 8860 12500 0.41 6510 9160 13300 0.49 7400 6600 9300 13300 0.56 >5500 >7500 >9500 0.57 13200 17700 21200

HFE-125 HFE-134 HFE-143a HCFE-235da2

CHF2OCF3 CHF2OCHF2 CH3OCF3 CHF2OCHClCF3

136 26 4.3 2.6

0.44 0.45 0.27 0.38

HFE-245cb2 HFE-245fa2 HFE-254cb2 HFE-347mcc3 HFE-347pcf2

CH3OCF2CHF2 CHF2OCH2CF3 CH3OCF2CHF2 CH3OCF2CF2CF3 CHF2CF2OCH2CF3

5.1 4.9 2.6 5.2 7.1

0.32 0.31 0.28 0.34 0.25

2440 2280 1260 1980 1900

708 659 359 575 580

215 200 109 175 175

CH3OCF2CF2CHF2 C4F9OCH3

0.33 3.8

0.93 0.31

386 1040

110 297

33 90

C4F9OC2H5

0.77

0.3

207

59

18

6.3

1.37

6320

1870

569

12.1

0.66

8000

2800

860

CHF2OCF2CF2OCHF2

6.2

0.87

5100

1500

460

CF3OCF(CF3)CF2OCF2OCF3

800

0.65

7620 10300 12400

0.015 0.38

0.02 0.03

1 31

1 8.7

10-6 m2V-1s1. The boundary between intermediate and slow ions is conventional. Cluster ions are fast ions. The masses of cluster ions may be measured with mass spectrometers, but the possible ion-molecule reactions during the passage of the air through nozzles to the vacuum chamber complicate the measurement. Mass and mobility of cluster ions are highly correlated. The experimental results5 can be expressed by the empirical formula

m≈

850 u −4

-1 −1

[ 0.3 + k / (10 m V s )] 2

3

where u is the unified atomic mass unit. The value of the transport cross-section of a cluster ion is needed to calculate its mobility according to the kinetic theory of Chapman and Enskog. The theoretical estimation of transport cross-sections is rough and cannot be used to identify the chemi-

4/27/05 5:04:17 PM

Atmospheric Electricity

14-34 cal structures of cluster ions. Mass spectrometry is the main technique of identification of cluster ions.2 Märk and Castleman4 presented an overview of over 1000 publications on the experimental studies of cluster ions. Most of them present information about ions of millisecond age range. The low concentration makes it difficult to get detailed information about masses and mobilities of the natural atmospheric ions at ground level. The results of a 1-year continuous measurement6 are as follows: Average mobility The corresponding mass The corresponding diameter The average concentration The corresponding conductivity

+ ions 1.36 190

– ions 1.56 130

unit 10-4m2V-1s1 u

0.69 400

0.61 360

nm 106m-3

8.7

9.0

fS

The distribution of tropospheric cluster ions according to the mobility and estimated mass is depicted in Figure 1. The problems and results of direct mass spectrometry of natural cluster ions are analyzed by Eisele2 for ground level and by Meyerott, Reagan and Joiner5 for stratospheric measurements. Air ions in the high atmosphere are a subject of ionospheric physics. During its lifetime (about 1 min), a cluster ion at ground level collides with nearly 1012 molecules. Thus the cluster ions are able to concentrate trace gases of very low concentration if they have an extra high electron or proton affinity. For example, Eisele2 demond P0 p-1+p1 p-2+p2 Pq>2 k1

3 98 2 0 0 15000

10 90 10 0 0 1900

30 70 30 0 0 250

100 42 48 10 0 28

FIGURE 1. Average mobility and mass spectra of natural tropospheric cluster ions. Concentrations of the mobility fractions were measured in a rural site every 5 min over 1 year.6 Ion mass is estimated according to the above empirical formula.

Section 14.indb 34

strated that a considerable fraction of positive atmospheric cluster ions in the unpolluted atmosphere at ground level probably consist of a molecule derived from pyridine. The concentration of these constituents is estimated to be about 10-12. Therefore, air- ion mass and mobility spectrometry is considered as a promising technique for trace analysis in the air. Mass and mobility spectrometry of millisecond-age air ions has been developed as a technique of chemical analysis known as “plasma chromatography”.1 The sensitivity of the detection grows with the age of the cluster ions measured. The mechanisms of annihilation of cluster ions are ion-ion recombination (on the average 3%) and sedimentation on aerosol particles (on the average 97% of cluster ions at ground level). The result of the combination of a cluster ion and neutral particle is a charged particle called an aerosol ion. In conditions of detailed thermodynamic equilibrium the probability that a spherical particle of diameter d carries q elementary charges is calculated from the Boltzmann distribution: pq (d ) = (2πd /d0 )1/2 exp(−q 2 d0 /2d ) where d0 = 115 nm (at 18°C). The supposition about the detailed equilibrium is an approximation and the formula is not valid for particles less than d0. On the basis of numerical calculations by Hoppel and Frick3 the following charge probabilities can be derived:

300 24 41 23 12 5.1

1000 14 25 21 40 1.11

3000 8 15 14 63 0.33

nm % % % % 10-9 m2V-1s-1

FIGURE 2. Mobility and size spectra of tropospheric aerosol ions.6 The wide bars mark the fraction concentrations theoretically estimated on the basis of the standard size distribution of tropospheric aerosol. The pin bars with head + and – mark average values of positive and negative aerosol ion fraction concentrations measured in a rural site every 5 min during 4 months.

4/27/05 5:04:22 PM

Atmospheric Electricity The last line of the table presents the mobility of a particle carrying one elementary charge. The distribution of the atmospheric aerosol ions over mobility is demonstrated in Figure 2. Although the concentration of aerosol in continental air at ground level is an order of magnitude higher than the concentration of cluster ions, the mobilities of aerosol ions are so small that their percentage in air conductivity is less than 1%. A specific class of aerosol ions are condensed aerosol ions produced as a result of the condensation of gaseous matter on the cluster ions. In aerosol physics the process is called ion-induced nucleation; it is considered as one among the processes of gas-toparticle conversion. The condensed aerosol ions have an inherent charge. Their sizes and mobilities are between the sizes and mobilities of cluster ions and of ordinary aerosol ions. Water and standard constituents of atmospheric air are not able to condense on the cluster ions in the real atmosphere. Thus the concentration of condensed aerosol ions depends on the trace constituents in the air and is very low in unpolluted air. Knowledge about condensed aerosol ions is poor because of measurement difficulties.

References 1. Carr, T. W., Ed., Plasma Chromatography, Plenum Press, New York and London, XII + 259 pp., 1984. 2. Eisele, F. L., Identification of Tropospheric Ions, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 91, no. D7, pp. 7897–7906, 1986. 3. Hoppel, W. A., and Frick, G. M., The Nonequilibrium Character of the Aerosol Charge Distributions Produced by Neutralizers, Aerosol Sci. Technol., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 471–496, 1990. 4. Mark, T. D., and Castleman, A. W., Experimental Studies on Cluster Ions, in Advances in Atomic and Molecular Physics, vol. 20, pp. 65– 172, Academic Press, 1985. 5. Meyerott, R. E., Reagan, J. B., and Joiner, R. G., The Mobility and Concentration of Ions and the Ionic Conductivity in the Lower Stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 85, no. A3, pp. 1273–1278, 1980. 6. Salm, J., Tammet, H., Iher, H., and Hörrak, U., Atmospheric Electrical Measurements in Tahkuse, Estonia (in Russian), in Voprosy Atmosfernogo Elektrichestva, pp. 168–175, Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1990.

III. THUNDERSTORM ELECTRICITY John Latham The development of improved radar techniques and instruments for in-cloud electrical and physical measurements, coupled with a much clearer recognition by the research community that establishment of the mechanism or mechanisms responsible for electric field development in thunderclouds, culminating in lightning, is inextricably linked to the concomitant dynamical and microphysical evolution of the clouds, has led to significant progress over the past decade. Field studies indicate that in most thunderclouds the electrical development is associated with the process of glaciation, which can occur in a variety of incompletely understood ways. In the absence of ice, field growth is slow, individual hydrometeor charges are low, and lightning is produced only rarely. Precipitation — in the solid form, as graupel — also appears to be a necessary ingredient for significant electrification, as does significant convective activity and mixing between the clouds and their environments, via entrainment. Increasingly, the view is being accepted that charge transfer leading to field-growth is largely a consequence of rebounding collisions between graupel pellets and smaller vapor-grown ice crystals, followed by the separation under gravity of these two types

Section 14.indb 35

14-35 of hydrometeor. These collisions occur predominantly within the temperature range –15 to –30°C, and for significant charge transfer need to occur in the presence of supercooled cloud droplets. The field evidence is inconsistent with an inductive mechanism, and extensive laboratory studies indicate that the principal charging mechanism is non-inductive and associated — in ways yet to be identified — with differences in surface characteristics of the interacting hydrometeors. Laboratory studies indicate that the two most favored sites for corona emission leading to the lightning discharge are the tips of ephemeral liquid filaments, produced during the glancing collisions of supercooled raindrops, and protuberances on large ice crystals or graupel pellets. The relative importance of these alternatives will depend on the hydrometeor characteristics and the temperature in the regions of strongest fields; these features are themselves dependent on air-mass characteristics and climatological considerations. A recently identified but unresolved question is why, in continental Northern Hemisphere thunderclouds at least, the sign of the charge brought to ground by lightning is predominantly negative in summer but more evenly balanced in winter.

IV. LIGHTNING Martin A. Uman From both ground-based weather-station data and satellite measurements, it has been estimated that there are about 100 lightning discharges, both cloud and ground flashes, over the whole earth each second; representing an average global lightning flash density of about 6 km-2yr-1. Most of this lightning occurs over the earth’s land masses. For example, in central Florida, where thunderstorms occur about 90 days/yr, the flash density for discharges to earth is about 15 km-2yr-1. Some tropical areas of the earth have thunderstorms up to 300 days/yr. Lightning can be defined as a transient, high-current electric discharge whose path length is measured in kilometers and whose most common source is the electric charge separated in the ordinary thunderstorm or cumulonimbus cloud. Well over half of all lightning discharges occur totally within individual thunderstorm clouds and are referred to as intracloud discharges. Cloudto-ground lightning, however, has been studied more extensively than any other lightning form because of its visibility and its more practical interest. Cloud-to-cloud and cloud-to-air discharges are less common than intracloud or cloud-to-ground lightning. Lightning between the cloud and earth can be categorized in terms of the direction of motion, upward or downward, and the sign of the charge, positive or negative, of the developing discharge (called a leader) which initiates the overall event. Over 90% of the worldwide cloud-to-ground discharges is initiated in the thundercloud by downward-moving negatively charged leaders and subsequently results in the lowering of negative charge to earth. Cloudto-ground lightning can also be initiated by downward-moving positive leaders, less than 10% of the worldwide cloud-to-ground lightning being of this type although the exact percentage is a function of season and latitude. Lightning between cloud and ground can also be initiated by leaders which develop upward from the earth. These upward-initiated discharges are relatively rare, may be of either polarity, and generally occur from mountaintops and tall man-made structures. We discuss next the most common type of cloud-to-ground lightning. A negative cloud-to-ground discharge or flash has an overall duration of some tenths of a second and is made up of vari-

4/27/05 5:04:23 PM

14-36 ous components, among which are typically three or four highcurrent pulses called strokes. Each stroke lasts about a millisecond, the separation time between strokes being typically several tens of milliseconds. Such lightning often appears to “flicker” because the human eye can just resolve the individual light pulse associated with each stroke. A drawing of the components of a negative cloud-to-ground flash is found in Figure 3. Some values for salient parameters are found in Table 1. The negatively charged stepped leader initiates the first stroke in a flash by propagating from cloud to ground through virgin air in a series of discrete steps. Photographically observed leader steps in clear air are typically 1 μs in duration and tens of meters in length, with a pause time between steps of about 50 μs. A fully developed stepped leader lowers up to 10 or more coulombs of negative cloud charge toward ground in tens of milliseconds with an average downward speed of about 2 × 105 m/s. The average leader current is in the 100 to 1000 A range. The steps have pulse currents of at least 1 kA. Associated with these currents are electric- and magnetic-field pulses with widths of about 1 μs or less and risetimes of about 0.1 μs or less. The stepped leader, during its trip toward ground, branches in a downward direction, resulting in the characteristic downwardbranched geometrical structure commonly observed. The electric potential of the bottom of the negatively charged leader channel with respect to ground has a magnitude in excess of 107 V. As the leader tip nears ground, the electric field at sharp objects on the ground or at irregularities of the ground itself exceeds the breakdown value of air, and one or more upward-moving discharges (often called upward leaders) are initiated from those points, thus beginning the attachment process. An understanding of the physics of the attachment process is central to an understanding of the operation of lightning protection of ground-based objects and the effects of lightning on humans and animals, since it is the attachment process that determines where the lightning connects to objects on the ground and the value of the early currents which flow. When one of the upward-moving discharges from the ground (or from a lightning rod or an individual) contacts the tip of the downward-moving stepped leader, typically some tens of meters above the ground, the leader tip is effectively connected to ground potential. The negatively charged leader channel is then discharged to earth when a ground potential wave, referred to as the first return stroke, propagates continuously up the leader path. The upward speed of a return stroke near the ground is typically near one third the speed of light, and the speed decreases with height. The first return stroke produces a peak current near ground of typically 30 kA, with a time from zero to peak of a few microseconds. Currents measured at the ground fall to half of the peak value in about 50 μs, and currents of the order of hundreds of amperes may flow for times of a few milliseconds up to several hundred milliseconds. The longer-lasting currents are known as continuing currents. The rapid release of return stroke energy heats the leader channel to a temperature near 30,000 K and creates a high-pressure channel which expands and generates the shock waves that eventually become thunder, as further discussed later. The return stroke effectively lowers to ground the charge originally deposited onto the stepped-leader channel and additionally initiates the lowering of other charges which may be available to the top of its channel. First return-stroke electric fields exhibit a microsecond scale rise to peak with a typical peak value of 5 V/m, normalized to a distance of 100 km by an inverse distance relationship. Roughly half of the field rise to peak, the so-called “fast transition”, takes place in tenths of a microsecond, an observation that can only be made if the field propagation is over a highly conducting surface such as salt water.

Section 14.indb 36

Atmospheric Electricity After the first return-stroke current has ceased to flow, the flash, including charge motion in the cloud, may end. The lightning is then called a single-stroke flash. On the other hand, if additional charge is made available to the top of the channel, a continuous or dart leader may propagate down the residual first-stroke channel at a typical speed of about 1 × 107 m/s. The dart leader lowers a charge of the order of 1 C by virtue of a current of about 1 kA. The dart leader then initiates the second (or any subsequent) return stroke. Subsequent return-stroke currents generally have faster zero-to-peak rise times than do first-stroke currents, but similar maximum rates of change, about 100 kA/μs. Some leaders begin as dart leaders, but toward the end of their trip toward ground become stepped leaders. These leaders are known as dartstepped leaders and may have different ground termination points (and separate upward leaders) from the first stroke. Most often the dart-stepped leaders are associated with the second stroke of the flash. Nearly half of all flashes exhibit more than one termination point on ground with the distance between separate terminations being up to several kilometers. Subsequent return-stroke radiated electric and magnetic fields are similar to, but usually a factor of two or so smaller, than first return-stroke fields. About one third of all multiple-stroke flashes has at least one subsequent stroke which is larger than the first stroke. Cloud-to-ground flashes that lower positive charge, though not common, are of considerable practical interest because their peak currents and total charge transfer can be much larger than for the more common negative ground flash. The largest recorded peak currents, those in the 200- to 300-kA range, are due to the return strokes of positive lightning. Such positive flashes to ground are initiated by downward-moving leaders which do not exhibit the distinct steps of their negative counterparts. Rather, they show a luminosity which is more or less continuous but modulated in intensity. Positive flashes are generally composed of a single stroke followed by a period of continuing current. Positive flashes are probably initiated from the upper positive charge in the thundercloud charge dipole when that cloud charge is horizontally separated from the negative charge beneath it, the source of the usual negative cloud-to-ground lightning. Positive flashes are relatively common in winter thunderstorms (snow storms), which produce few flashes overall, and are relatively uncommon in summer thunderstorms. The fraction of positive lightning in summer thunderstorms apparently increases with increasing latitude and with increasing height of the ground above sea level. Distant lightning return stroke fields are often referred to as sferics (called “atmospherics” in the older literature). The peak in the sferics frequency spectrum is near 5 kHz due to the bipolar or ringing nature of the distant return-stroke electromagnetic signal and to the effects of propagation. Thunder, the acoustic radiation associated with lightning, is sometimes divided into the categories “audible”, sounds that one can hear, and “infrasonic”, below a few tens of hertz, a frequency range that is inaudible. This division is made because it is thought that the mechanisms that produce audible and infrasonic thunder are different. Audible thunder is thought to be due to the expansion of a rapidly heated return stroke channel, as noted earlier, whereas infrasonic thunder is thought to be associated with the conversion to sound of the energy stored in the electrostatic field of the thundercloud when lightning rapidly reduces that cloud field. The technology of artificially initiating lightning by firing upward small rocket trailing grounded wire of a few hundred meters length has been well-developed during the past decade. Such “triggered” flashes are similar to natural upward-initiated discharges from tall structure. They often contain subsequent strokes which,

4/27/05 5:04:23 PM


14-37

FIGURE 3. Sequence of steps in cloud-to-ground lightning.

when they occur, are similar to the subsequent strokes in natural lightning. These triggered subsequent strokes have been the subject of considerable recent research. Also in the past 10 years or so sophisticated lightning locating equipment has been installed throughout the world. For example, all ground flashes in the U.S. are now centrally monitored for research, for better overall weather prediction, and for hazard warning for aviation, electric utilities and other lightning-sensitive facilities. Information on lightning physics can be found in M. A. Uman, The Lightning Discharge, Academic Press, San Diego, 1987; on lightning death and injury in Medical Aspects of Lightning Injury, C. Andrews, M. A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Eds.,

Section 14.indb 37

CRC Press, 1992. Ground flash location information for the U.S., in real time or archived, is available from Geomet Data Service of Tucson, AZ, which is also a source of the names of providers of those data in other countries. Table 2 has data for cloud-to-ground lightning discharges bringing negative charge to earth. The values listed are intended to convey a rough feeling for the various physical parameters of lightning. No great accuracy is claimed since the results of different investigators are often not in good agreement. These values may, in fact, depend on the particular environment in which the lightning discharge is generated. The choice of some of the entries in the table is arbitrary.

4/27/05 5:04:27 PM


14-38 TABLE 2. Data for Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Discharges Stepped leader Length of step, m Time interval between steps, µs Average speed of propagation of stepped leader, m/sb Charged deposited on stepped-leader channel, coulombs Dart leader Speed of propagation, m/sb Charged deposited on dart-leader channel, coulombs Return strokec Speed of propagation, m/sb Maximum current rate of increase, kA/µs Time to peak current, µs Peak current, kA Time to half of peak current, µs Charge transferred excluding continuing current, coulombs Channel length, km Lightning flash Number of strokes per flash Time interval between strokes in absence of continuing current, ms Time duration of flash, s Charge transferred including continuing current, coulombs a b

c

Minimuma

Representative values

Maximuma

3 30 1.0 × 105 3

50 50 2.0 × 105 5

200 125 3.0 × 106 20

1.0 × 106 0.2

1.0 × 107 1

2.4 × 107 6

2.0 × 107 1.1% >1.1%

599 558 558

5 5 5 0.3

1.8% 1-8% 1-9% 1-9% >1.2% 1-9%

245 300 420 310 293

-25 51 26

2%-

361

100 50 20 300 10 75 600

54

1-5%

255

51

0.8-5.4%

210

2-7%

288 235 643

82 0.5% >0.4%

402 365

0.4

66 72

2-9%

648

25

99 172 -21 27 -23 85 57 56 55 25 124 82

2.22 2.01 2.195 2.313

2.122 2.145 2.129

1.927

IT/°C TLV/ppm

0.055 0.003 1%

490

10

1.2-7% 1.2-7%

371 405 405

5 500 500

2-15% 1-7% 2-95% >0.9%

445 396 249 490

10 25 0.01 0.6

2.2-20% 3-42% 2-22%

188 206 215 180

0.1 10

2-14%

1000

24 58 49 -15 146 83 -37 95 12 2 57 17

170 299

20 20

Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents Name Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether Dipropyl ether Dodecane 1-Dodecanol 1-Dodecene Epichlorohydrin 1,2-Epoxybutane 1,2-Epoxy-4(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,2-Ethanediol 1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate 1,2-Ethanediol, dinitrate 1,2-Ethanedithiol Ethanethiol Ethanol Ethanolamine 4-Ethoxyaniline Ethoxybenzene 2-Ethoxyethanol 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetoacetate Ethyl acrylate Ethylamine N-Ethylaniline Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate Ethyl butanoate 2-Ethyl-1-butanol Ethyl chloroacetate Ethyl chloroformate Ethyl cyanoacetate Ethyleneimine Ethyl formate 2-Ethylhexanal 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Ethyl lactate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Ethyl nitrite Ethyl propanoate Ethyl silicate Eucalyptol Fluorobenzene Fluorosulfonic acid Formamide Formic acid Furan Furfural Furfuryl alcohol Germanium(IV) chloride Glycerol Glycerol triacetate Glycerol trioleate Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 1-Heptene Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene

Mol. form.

Mr

t m/°C

t b/°C

C7H16O3

148.200

-80

188.3

C6H14O C12H26 C12H26O C12H24 C3H5ClO C4H8O C8H12O2

102.174 170.334 186.333 168.319 92.524 72.106 140.180

-114.8 -9.57 23.9 -35.2 -26 -150 0, k > 0 √ = √bd tanh 144. du ⎪ uv ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ √ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ √1 (bυ+ bduv) 2 log , (bd > 0) υ ⎧ bd √ −1 −bduv √2 ⎪ tan ⎪ bv ⎪ ⎨ −bd dx or √ = 145. uv ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ − √ 1 sin−1 2bdx+ad+bc , (bd < 0) |k| −bd

Integrals

A-22 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155.

156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168.

√ dx k + 2bv √ k2 √ uv dx = uv − 4bd 8bd uv ⎧ √ √ d u− kd 1 ⎪ √ √ ⎪ ⎪ kd log d√u+ kd ⎨ dx √ = or v u ⎪ ⎪ √ √ ⎪ ⎩ √1 log (d u− kd)2 , (kd > 0) υ kd √ 2 dx −1 d u √ = √ tan √ , (kd < 0) v u −kd √−kd x dx uv dx ad + bc √ = √ − bd √ 2bd uv uv −2 uv dx √ = v uv √ kv k υ dx uυ dx √ √ = − b 2b uυ uυ v v dx v √ dx = u |v| uv m √ √ 1 v dx m m+1 √ v u dx = 2v u+k (2m + 3)d u

√

1 dx u dx 3 √ √ = − + m − b m−1 (m − 1)k 2 vm u vm−1 u √v ⎧ m−1 ⎪ 2 vm u − mk v√u dx vm dx ⎨ b(2m+1) √ = or ⎪ u ⎩ 2(m!)2 √u m 4k m−r (2r )! r v r =0 − b b(2m+1)! (r !) 2 √ FORMS CONTAINING x2 ± a 2 1 2 x2 ± a 2 dx = x x ± a 2 ± a 2 log (x + x2 ± a 2 ) 2 dx √ = log (x + x2 ± a 2 ) 2 2 x ±a 1 dx x √ = sec−1 |a| a x x2 − a 2 √ dx a + x2 + a 2 1 √ = − log a x x x2 + a 2 √ √ 2 2 x +a a + x2 + a 2 2 2 dx = x + a − a log x x √ x2 − a 2 x dx = x2 − a 2 − |a| sec−1 x a x dx 2 2 √ = x ±a x2 ± a 2 1 2 x x2 ± a 2 dx = (x ± a 2 ) 3 3

1 2 3a 2 x 2 3a 4 (x2 ± a 2 ) 3 dx = x (x ± a 2 ) 3 ± x ± a2 + log(x + x2 ± a 2 ) 4 2 2 ±x dx = √ a 2 x2 ± a 2 (x2 ± a 2 ) 3 −1 x dx = √ 2 2 3 x2 ± a 2 (x ± a ) 1 2 x (x2 ± a 2 ) 3 dx = (x ± a 2 ) 5 5 x 2 a2 a4 log (x + x2 ± a 2 ) x2 x2 ± a 2 dx = (x ± a 2 ) 3 ∓ x x2 ± a 2 − 4 8 8

Integrals

A-23

170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192.

1 2 2 2 a ) (a + x2 ) 3 x2 + a 2 dx = ( x2 − 5 15 1 2 a2 2 x3 x2 − a 2 dx = (x − a 2 ) 5 + (x − a 2 ) 3 5 3 x 2 a2 x2 dx √ = x ± a2 ∓ log (x + x2 ± a 2 ) 2 2 2 2 x ±a 1 2 x3 dx √ = (x ± a 2 ) 3 ∓ a 2 x2 ± a 2 3 x2 ± a 2 √ dx x2 ± a 2 √ =∓ 2 2 2 a2 x x x ±a √ √ 1 a + x2 + a 2 dx x2 + a 2 √ = + 3 log 2a 2 x2 2a x x3 x2 + a 2 √ 2 2 1 dx x −a x √ sec−1 = + 2a 2 x2 2|a 3 | a x3 x2 − a 2 x 2 a2 x 2 a4 x 2 a6 log (x + x2 ± a 2 ) x2 (x2 ± a 2 ) 3 dx = (x ± a 2 ) 5 ∓ (x ± a 2 ) 3 − x ± a2 ∓ 6 24 16 16 1 2 a2 2 x3 (x2 ± a 2 ) 3 dx = (x ± a 2 ) 7 ∓ (x ± a 2 ) 5 7 5 √ √ x2 ± a 2 dx x2 ± a 2 + log (x + = − x2 ± a 2 ) x2 x √ √ √ x2 + a 2 x2 + a 2 a + x2 + a 2 1 log dx = − − x3 2x2 2a x √ √ 2 2 1 x −a x2 − a 2 x dx = − + sec−1 x3 2x2 2|a| a √ 2 2 2 2 3 x ±a (x ± a ) dx = ∓ x4 3a 2 x3 2 x dx −x = √ + log (x + x2 ± a 2 ) x2 ± a 2 (x2 ± a 2 ) 3 3 x dx a2 = x2 ± a 2 ± √ x2 ± a 2 (x2 ± a 2 ) 3 √ 1 1 a + x2 + a 2 dx = √ − 3 log a x a 2 x2 + a 2 x (x2 + a 2 ) 3 x3

169.

1 1 dx x =− √ − 3 sec−1 2 2 2 2 2 3 |a | a a x −a x (x − a ) √ 2 2 dx x ±a x 1 +√ =− 4 a x x2 ± a 2 x2 (x2 ± a 2 ) 3 √ dx 1 3 3 a + x2 + a 2 √ √ =− − + 5 log 2a x 2a 2 x2 x2 + a 2 2a 4 x2 + a 2 x3 (x2 + a 2 ) 3 dx x 1 3 3 √ √ sec−1 = − − 2|a 5 | a 2a 2 x2 x2 − a 2 2a 4 x2 − a 2 x3 (x2 − a 2 ) 3 xm xm−2 1 m− 1 2 √ √ a dx = xm−1 x2 ± a 2 ∓ dx 2 2 m m x ±a x2 ± a 2 m (2m)! x2m r !(r − 1)! 2 m−r 2r −1 2 m 2 ± a2 2 ± a2) √ (∓a dx = 2m x ) (2x) +(∓a ) log (x + x 2 (m!) 2 (2r )! x2 ± a 2 r =1 m 2m+1 2 x (2r )!(m!) √ dx = x2 ± a 2 (∓4a 2 ) m−r x2r (2m + 1)!(r !) 2 x2 ± a 2 r =0 √ (m − 2) dx x2 ± a 2 dx √ √ =∓ ∓ (m − 1)a 2 xm−1 (m − 1)a 2 xm x2 ± a 2 xm−2 x2 ± a 2

Integrals

A-24 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199.

200. 201. 202. 203. 204.

205. 206.

207. 208. 209. 210.

211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216.

(m − 1)!m!(2r )!22m−2r −1 dx √ = x2 ± a 2 (r !) 2 (2m)!(∓a 2 ) m−r x2r +1 x2m x2 ± a 2 r =0

√ x2 +a 2 m r !(r −1)! dx m−r +1 √ = (2m)! r =1 (−1) (m!) 2 a2 2(2r )!(4a 2 ) m−r x2r x2m+1 x2 +a 2 √ m+1 x2 +a 2 +a + 2(−1) 2m a 2m+1 log x √ m dx x2 − a 2 r !(r − 1)! (2m)! 1 −1 x √ = + 2m 2m+1 sec (m!) 2 a2 2(2r )!(4a 2 ) m−r x2r 2 |a| a x2m+1 x2 − a 2 r =1 √ dx x2 − a 2 √ =− 2 2 a(x − a) (x − a) x − a √ dx x2 − a 2 √ = a(x + a) (x + a) x2 − a 2 x f (x, x2 + a 2 ) dx = a f (a tan u, a sec u) sec2 u du, u = tan−1 , a > 0 a x 2 2 f (x, x − a ) dx = a f (a sec u, a tan u) sec u tan u du, u = sec−1 , a > 0 a m−1

√ FORMS CONTAINING a 2 − x2

1 2 x a 2 − x2 dx = x a − x2 + a 2 sin−1 2 |a| ⎧ −1 x sin |a| ⎨ dx √ = or 2 ⎩ a − x2 x − cos−1 |a| √ 1 dx a + a 2 − x2 √ = − log a x x a 2 − x2 √ √ 2 2 2 − x2 a −x a + a dx = a 2 − x2 − a log x x x dx √ = − a 2 − x2 a 2 − x2 1 2 x a 2 − x2 dx = − (a − x2 ) 3 3

1 2 3a 2 x 2 3a 4 x sin−1 (a 2 − x2 ) 3 dx = x (a − x2 ) 3 + a − x2 + 4 2 2 |a| x dx = √ a 2 a 2 − x2 (a 2 − x2 ) 3 1 x dx = √ a 2 − x2 (a 2 − x2 ) 3 1 2 x (a 2 − x2 ) 3 dx = − (a − x2 ) 5 5

x 2 a2 x x2 a 2 − x2 dx = − (a − x2 ) 3 + x a 2 − x2 + a 2 sin−1 4 8 |a| 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 a ) (a − x ) x a − x dx = (− x − 5 15 1 a2 x 2 a4 x 2 a6 x sin−1 x2 (a 2 − x2 ) 3 dx = − x (a 2 − x2 ) 5 + (a − x2 ) 3 + a − x2 + 6 24 16 16 |a| 1 2 a2 2 x3 (a 2 − x2 ) 3 dx = (a − x2 ) 7 − (a − x2 ) 5 7 5 x 2 a2 x2 dx x √ sin−1 =− a − x2 + 2 √ 2 |a| a 2 − x2 dx a 2 − x2 √ =− 2 x2 a 2 − x2 √ √a x 2 2 2 a −x a − x2 x − sin−1 dx = − x2 x |a|

Integrals

217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236.

A-25 √ √ √ 2 1 a − x2 a 2 − x2 a + a 2 − x2 dx = − + log 2 x3 2a x 2x √ 2 2 2 a −x (a − x2 ) 3 dx = − x4 3a 2 x3 2 x dx x x = √ − sin−1 2 2 2 2 3 |a| a −x (a − x ) 2 2 1 2 x3 dx √ = − (a − x2 ) 3/2 − x2 (a 2 − x2 ) 1/2 = − a − x2 (x2 + 2a 2 ) 2 2 3 3 a − x x2 a2 x3 dx = 2(a 2 − x2 ) 1/2 + 2 = −√ + a 2 − x2 2 1/2 2 2 2 2 3 (a − x ) a −x (a − x ) √ √ 1 a + a 2 − x2 dx a 2 − x2 √ =− − 3 log 2a 2 x2 2a x x3 a 2 − x2 √ dx 1 1 a + a 2 − x2 = √ − 3 log a x a 2 a 2 − x2 x (a 2 − x2 ) 3 √ dx a 2 − x2 x 1 +√ = 4 − a x a 2 − x2 x2 (a 2 − x2 ) 3 √ 1 3 3 a + a 2 − x2 dx √ √ =− + − 5 log 2a x 2a 2 x2 a 2 − x2 2a 4 a 2 − x2 x3 (a 2 − x2 ) 3 √ m m−1 2 m−2 2 2 (m − 1)a x x a −x x √ √ + dx = − dx 2 − x2 m m a 2 − x2 a m (2m)! x2m r !(r − 1)! 2m−2r 2r −1 a 2m −1 x 2 2 √ a dx = − a −x x + 2m sin (m!) 2 22m−2r +1 (2r )! 2 |a| a 2 − x2 r =1 m 2m+1 2 (2r )!(m!) x √ dx = − a 2 − x2 (4a 2 ) m−r x2r 2 2 (2m + 1)!(r !) 2 a −x r =0 √ m− 2 dx a 2 − x2 dx √ √ =− + (m − 1)a 2 xm−1 (m − 1)a 2 xm a 2 − x2 xm−2 a 2 − x2 m−1 ax (m − 1)!m!(2r )!22m−2r −1 √ = − a 2 − x2 2m 2 2 (r !) 2 (2m)!a 2m−2r x2r +1 x a −x r =0 √ √ m dx a 2 − x2 r !(r − 1)! (2m)! 1 a − a 2 − x2 √ = − + log (m!) 2 a2 2(2r )!(4a 2 ) m−r x2r 22ma 2m+1 x x2m+1 a 2 − x2 r =1 √ √ 2 2 2 2 2 1 (b a − x + x a − b ) dx √ = √ log , (a 2 > b2 ) b2 − x2 (b2 − x2 ) a 2 − x2 2b a 2 − b2 √ 2 2 dx 1 −1 x b − a √ √ = √ tan , (b2 > a 2 ) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (b − x ) a − x b b −a b√a − x2 1 dx x a 2 + b2 √ = √ tan−1 √ 2 2 2 2 2 2 (b + x ) a − √ x b a +b √ b a 2 − x2 √ 2 2 2 2 2 a −x a +b x a + b2 x dx = − sin−1 sin−1 √ 2 2 2 + b2 b + x |b| |a| |a| x x f (x, a 2 − x2 ) dx = a f (a sin u, a cos u) cos u du, u = sin−1 , a > 0 a

FORMS CONTAINING Define X = a + bx + cx2 , q = 4ac − b2 , and k =

238.

If q = 0, then

⎧ √ 1 ⎪ ⎨√c log(2 cX + 2cx + b) dx or √ = x ⎪ ⎩ √1 sinh−1 2cx+b √ , (c > 0) q c 1 dx 2cx + b √ = −√ , (c < 0) sin−1 √ −q x −c

237.

4c . q

√

X=

√ a + bx + cx2 √ c x+

b . 2c

Integrals

A-26 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245.

246.

247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263.

2(2cx + b) dx √ = √ X x q x

2(2cx + b) 1 dx √ √ = + 2k X2 x ⎧ 3q x √ X dx 2(2cx+b) x √ ⎪ + 2k(n−1) ⎨ (2n−1)qXn 2n−1 Xn−1 x dx or √ = Xn x ⎪ n kn−1 n−1 ⎩ (2cx+b)(n!)(n−1)!4 (2r )! √ r =0 (4kX)r (r !) 2 q[(2n)!] x √ √ dx 1 (2cx + b) x √ + x dx = 4c 2k x √ √ (2cx + b) x 3 3 dx √ X x dx = X+ + 2 8c 2k 8k x √ √ dx 15 (2cx + b) x 5X 5 2 2 √ + 2 + X x dx = X + 3 12c 4k 8k 16k x ⎧ √ √ (2cx+b) Xn x ⎪ n−1 2n+1 ⎪ + 2(n+1)k X x dx ⎪ 4(n+1)c ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ or √ Xn x dx = (2n+2)! ⎪ n+1 ⎪

[(n+1)!]2 (4k) ⎪ √ ⎪ dx ⎪ k(2cx+b) x n r !(r +1)!(4kX)r ⎪ √ + ⎩ r =0 c (2r +2)! x √ x dx x dx b √ = √ − c 2c x x 2(bx + 2a) x dx √ =− √ X x q √x x dx x dx b √ √ = − − (2n − 1)cXn 2c Xn x Xn x

3b2 − 4ac x2 dx x dx 3b √ √ = √ x+ − 2 2c 4c 8c2 x x (2b2 − 4ac)x + 2ab 1 x2 dx dx √ √ = √ + c X x cq x x (2b2 − 4ac)x + 2ab 4ac + (2n − 3)b2 x2 dx dx √ √ √ = + (2n − 1)cq Xn x (2n − 1)cq Xn−1 x Xn−1 x

x3 dx x2 3ab dx 5bx 5b2 2a √ 5b3 √ = √ − + − x + − 2 3 2 2 3 3c 12c 8c 3c 4c 16c x x n−1 n−2 1 n−1 √ xn dx x dx (n − 1)a x dx (2n − 1)b √ = √ √ − x x− nc √ 2nc nc x x x √ X x b(2cx + b) √ b dx √ − x x dx = x− 3c 8c2 4ck x √ 2 √ √ b X x − xX x dx = X x dx 5c √ 2c n+1 √ √ x b X − xXn x dx = Xn x dx (2n + 3)c 2c

√ √ √ 5b X x 5b2 − 4ac + x2 x dx = x − x dx 6c 4c 16c2 √ 1 2 a X + bx + 2a dx √ = − √ log , (a > 0) x x x a

1 dx bx + 2a √ = √ sin−1 , (a < 0) √ |x| −q x x −a √ 2 x dx √ =− , (a = 0) bx x x √ dx x dx b √ √ = − − 2 x ax 2a x x x √ b x dx √ dx dx √ √ +a = x+ x x √ 2 x √x x dx x b dx dx √ √ +c + =− x2 x 2 x x x

Integrals

A-27

264. 265.

266. 267. 268.

269. 270. 271.

dx x−a = √ 2 2ax − x2 (2ax − x2 ) 3/2 a x x dx = √ (2ax − x2 ) 3/2 a 2ax − x2

272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281.

√ FORMS INVOLVING 2ax − x2

1 x−a 2ax − x2 dx = (x − a) 2ax − x2 + a 2 sin−1 2 |a| ⎧ −1 a−x ⎨ cos |a| dx or √ = ⎩ −1 x−a 2ax − x2 sin ⎧ |a|n−1 n−1 √ x (2ax−x2 ) 3/2 ⎪ + (2n+1)a x 2ax − x2 dx ⎪ n+2 n+2 ⎪− ⎪ ⎨ or n+1 √ xn 2ax − x2 dx = n (2n+1)!(r !) 2 a n−r +1 r 2 x 2ax − x − x ⎪ n−r r =0 2 n+2 (2r +1)!(n+2)!n! ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ + (2n+1)!a n+2 sin−1 x−a n 2 n!(n+2)! |a| √ √ 2ax − x2 2ax − x2 (2ax − x2 ) 1/2 n−3 dx = + dx n n x (3 − 2n)ax (2n − 3)a xn−1 ⎧ √ xn−1 −xn−1 2ax−x2 ⎪ √ ⎪ + a(2n−1) dx ⎨ n n n x dx 2ax−x2 √ = or ⎪ √ 2ax − x2 ⎪ ⎩− 2ax − x2 n (2n)!r !(r −1)!a n−r xr −1 + (2n)!a n sin−1 x−a r =1 2n−r (2r )!(n!) 2 |a| 2n (n!) 2 ⎧ √ 2 2ax − x ⎪ n−1 ⎪ √dx + (2n−1)a ⎨ a(1−2n)xn dx xn−1 2ax−x2 √ = or ⎪ xn 2ax − x2 ⎪ ⎩ √ 2n−r (n−1)!n!(2r )! − 2ax − x2 rn−1 =0 (2n)!(r !) 2 a n−r xr +1

MISCELLANEOUS ALGEBRAIC FORMS

dx √ = log(x + a + 2ax + x2 ) 2ax + x2 √ x 2 c ax2 + c dx = ax + c + √ log x a + ax2 + c , (a > 0) 2 2 a

x c a −1 2 2 ax + c dx = ax + c + √ x − , (a < 0) sin 2 c 2 −a 1+x dx = sin−1 x − 1 − x2 1−x √ ⎧ √ n +c− c 1 √ √ ⎪ log √ax n ⎨ n c ax +c+ c dx √ = or √ √ x axn + c ⎪ n +c− c ⎩ √2 log ax√ , (c > 0) n c xn n ax dx 2 √ , (c < 0) sec−1 − = √ c n −c x axn + c √ dx 1 √ = √ log(x a + ax2 + c), (a > 0) a ax2 + c

a 1 dx √ , (a < 0) = √ sin−1 x − c −a ax2 + c ⎧ x(ax2 +c) m+1/2 ⎪ + (2m+1)c (ax2 + c) m−1/2 dx ⎪ 2(m+1) 2(m+1) ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ or √ m (ax2 + c) m+1/2 dx = (2m+1)!(r !) 2 cm−r 2 r 2 +c x ax ⎪ r =0 22m−2r +1 m!(m+1)!(2r +1)! (ax + c) ⎪ ⎪ m+1 ⎪ (2m+1)!c dx ⎩ + 22m+1 m!(m+1)! √ ax2 +c

1

x(ax2 + c) m+ 2 dx =

m+ 32

(ax + c) (2m + 3)a 2

Integrals

A-28

282.

283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289.

290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298. 299. 300.

⎧ (ax2 + c) m−1/2 2 +c) m+1/2 ⎪ ⎪ (ax 2m+1 dx +c ⎪ ⎨ x (ax2 + c) m+1/2 dx = or ⎪ x ⎪ √ m cm−r (ax2 +c)r dx ⎪ m+1 ⎩ ax2 + c √ +c r =0 2r +1 2 +c x ax ⎧ dx ⎪ x 2m−2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ (2m−1)c(ax2 +c)m−1/2 + (2m−1)c (ax2 + c) m−1/2 dx = or ⎪ (ax2 + c) m+1/2 m−1 22m−2r −1 (m−1)!m!(2r )! ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ √x r =0 (2m)!(r !) 2 cm−r (ax2 +c)r ax2 +c √ dx ax2 + c dx (m − 2)a √ √ − =− m−1 m 2 m−2 (m − 1)cx (m − 1)c x ax + c x ax2 + c √ √ 2 4 x 2+ 1+x 1 1+x √ dx = √ log 1 − x2 (1 − x2 ) 1 + x4 2 √ 1 1 − x2 x 2 √ dx = √ tan−1 √ (1 + x2 ) 1 + x4 1 + x4 2 √ a + xn + a 2 2 dx √ √ log =− n 2 na xn x x +a dx a 2 √ sin−1 √ n =− na x x xn − a 2 3/2 2 x −1 x dx = sin a 3 − x3 3 a FORMS INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 1 (sin ax) dx = − cos ax a 1 (cos ax) dx = sin ax a 1 1 (tan ax) dx = − log cos ax = log sec ax a a 1 1 (cot ax) dx = log sin ax = − log csc ax a a π 1 ax 1 + (sec ax) dx = log(sec ax + tan ax) = log tan a a 4 2 1 ax 1 (csc ax) dx = log(csc ax − cot ax) = log tan a a 2 1 1 1 1 2 cos ax sin ax + x = x − sin 2ax (sin ax) dx = − 2a 2 2 4a 1 (sin3 ax) dx = − (cos ax)(sin2 ax + 2) 3a 3x sin 2ax sin 4ax − + (sin4 ax) dx = 8 4a 32a sinn−1 ax cos ax n − 1 n + (sin ax) dx = − (sinn−2 ax) dx na n m−1 cos ax (2m)! (2m)!(r !) 2 (sin2m ax) dx = − sin2r +1 ax + 2m x 2m−2r 2 a 2 (2r + 1)!(m!) 2 (m!) 2 r =0

302. 303. 304.

cos ax 22m−2r (m!) 2 (2r )! sin2r ax a (2m + 1)!(r !) 2 r =0 m

(sin2m+1 ax) dx = −

301.

1 1 1 1 sin ax cos ax + x = x + sin 2ax 2a 2 2 4a 1 (sin ax)(cos2 ax + 2) (cos3 ax) dx = 3a 3x sin 2ax sin 4ax (cos4 ax) dx = + + 8 4a 32a (cos2 ax) dx =

Integrals

A-29

305. 306. 307. 308. 309. 310. 311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 316. 317. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322.

323.

1 n−1 cosn−1 ax sin ax + (cosn−2 ax) dx na n m−1 sin ax (2m)! (2m)!(r !) 2 (cos2m ax) dx = cos2r +1 ax + 2m x 2m−2r a r =0 2 (2r + 1)!(m!) 2 2 (m!) 2 m sin ax 22m−2r (m!) 2 (2r )! (cos2m+1 ax) dx = cos2r ax a r =0 (2m + 1)!(r !) 2 dx 1 = (csc2 ax) dx = − cot ax 2 a sin ax cos ax 1 dx dx m− 2 m = · (csc ax) dx = − + sinm ax (m − 1)a sinm−1 ax m − 1 sinm−2 ax m−1 2m−2r −1 1 dx 2 (m − 1)!m!(2r )! 2m cos ax (csc ax) dx = − = a sin2m ax (2m)!(r !) 2 sin2r +1 ax r =0 m−1 dx (2m)!(r !) 2 (2m)! 1 ax 1 2m+1 cos ax (csc ax) dx = − log tan = + · 2m 2m+1 2r +2 2 2m−2r 2 a 2 sin ax 2 (m!) (2r + 1)! sin ax a 2 (m!) r =0 1 dx = (sec2 ax) dx = tan ax cos2 ax a 1 dx dx sin ax n−2 n (sec ax) dx = = · + cosn ax (n − 1)a cosn−1 ax n − 1 cosn−2 ax m−1 2m−2r −1 dx 2 (m − 1)!m!(2r )! 1 = (sec2m ax) dx = sin ax 2m cos ax a (2m)!(r !) 2 cos2r +1 ax r =0 m−1 1 (2m)! 1 dx (2m)!(r !) 2 2m+1 = sin ax + · 2m (sec ax) dx = log(sec ax + tan ax) 2m+1 2m−2r 2 (2r + 1)! cos2r +2 ax cos ax a 2 (m!) a 2 (m!) 2 r =0 sin(m − n)x sin(m + n)x − , (m2 = n2 ) (sin mx) (sin nx) dx = 2(m − n) 2(m + n) sin(m − n)x sin(m + n)x + , (m2 = n2 ) (cos mx) (cos nx) dx = 2(m − n) 2(m + n) 1 sin2 ax (sin ax) (cos ax) dx = 2a cos(m − n)x cos(m + n)x − , (m2 = n2 ) (sin mx) (cos nx) dx = − 2(m − n) 2(m + n) x 1 sin 4ax + (sin2 ax) (cos2 ax) dx = − 32a 8 cosm+1 ax (sin ax) (cosm ax) dx = − (m + 1)a sinm+1 ax (sinm ax) (cos ax) dx = (m + 1)a ⎧ cosm−1 ax sinn+1 ax m−1 ⎪ ⎪ + (cosm−2 ax) (sinn ax) dx ⎪ (m+n)a m+n ⎨ or (cosm ax) (sinn ax) dx = ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ − sinn−1 ax cosm+1 ax + n−1 ⎩ (cosm ax) (sinn−2 ax) dx (cosn ax) dx =

(m+n)a

324.

325.

326.

m+n

⎧ cosm ax cosm+1 ax m−n+2 ⎪ − − dx ⎪ n−1 ax n−1 ⎪ (n−1)a sin ⎨ sinn−2 ax cosm ax or dx = ⎪ sinn ax ⎪ cosm−2 ax ⎪ cosm−1 ax m−1 ⎩ dx + n−1 m−n a(m−n) sin ax sinn ax ⎧ m sin ax ⎪ sinm+1 ax ⎪ dx − m−n+2 ⎪ a(n−1) n−1 ⎪ cosn−1 ax n−2 ax m ⎨ cos sin ax or dx = ⎪ cosn ax ⎪ sinm−2 ax ⎪ sinm−1 ax m−1 ⎪ ⎩ − a(m−n) dx + n−1 m−n cos ax cosn ax 1 sec ax sin ax dx = = cos2 ax a cos ax a

Integrals

A-30 327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 332. 333.

334.

335. 336. 337. 338. 339. 340.

341. 342.

343. 344. 345. 346.

π sin2 ax 1 1 ax dx = − sin ax + log tan + cos ax a a 4 2 csc ax cos ax 1 =− dx = − a sin ax a sin2 ax 1 dx = log tan ax (sin ax) (cos ax) a dx 1 ax = sec ax + log tan (sin ax) (cos2 ax) a 2 dx dx 1 = + (sin ax) (cosn ax) a(n − 1) cosn−1 ax (sin ax) (cosn−2 ax) π 1 ax dx 1 + = − csc ax + log tan 2 a a 4 2 (sin ax) (cos ax) dx 2 = − cot 2ax a (sin2 ax) (cos2 ax) ⎧ 1 − ⎪ ⎪ a(m−1) (sinm−1 ax) (cosn−1 ax) ⎪ ⎪ dx ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ + m+n−2 m−1 dx m−2 (sin ax) (cosn ax) = sinm ax cosn ax ⎪ or ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ dx ⎪ 1 m+n−2 ⎪ ⎩ + m−1 m n−1 a(n−1) sin ax cosn−1 ax sin ax cosn−2 ax 1 sin(a + bx) dx = − cos(a + bx) b 1 cos(a + bx) dx = sin(a + bx) b π dx 1 ax = ∓ tan ∓ 1 ± sin ax a 4 2 dx 1 ax = tan 1 + cos ax a 2 1 ax dx = − cot 1 − cos ax a 2 ⎧ a tan x +b 2 ⎪ √ tan−1 √ 2 2 2 ⎪ 2 2 ⎪ a −b a −b ⎨ dx or = √ a + b sin x ⎪ ⎪ a tan 2x +b− b2 −a 2 ⎪ √ ⎩ √1 log b2 −a 2 a tan 2x +b+ b2 −a 2 √ ⎧ a 2 −b2 tan 2x ⎪ √2 tan−1 ⎪ ⎪ a+b 2 2 ⎨ a −b dx or =

√ a + b cos x ⎪ ⎪ b2 −a 2 tan 2x +a+b ⎪ ⎩ √1 log √ x b2 −a 2

b2 −a 2 tan 2 −a−b

dx a⎧+ b sin x + c cos x

√ b− b2 +c2 −a 2 +(a−c) tan 2x ⎪ ⎪√ 1 √ log (if a 2 < b2 + c2 , a = c), ⎪ ⎪ x 2 2 2 ⎪ b+ ⎨ b2 +c2 −a 2

b +c −a +(a−c) tan 2 b+(a−c) tan x = √ 2 tan−1 √ 2 2 22 (if a 2 > b2 + c2 ), ⎪ 2 −b2 −c2 ⎪ a a −b −c ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ 1 a−(b+c) cos x−(b−c) sin x (if a 2 = b2 + c2 , a = c). a a−(b−c) cos x+(b+c) sin x

x sin2 x dx a 1 a+b −1 − , (ab > 0, or |a| > |b|) = tan tan x a + b cos2 x b a a+b b

dx b tan x 1 −1 tan = ab a a 2 cos2 x + b2 sin2 x √ √ x cos2 cx a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2 tan cx −1 tan − 2 dx = 2 2c 2 2 ab a b a + b sin cx sin cx cos cx 1 log(a cos2 cx + b sin2 cx) dx = 2 2 2c(b − a) a cos cx + b sin cx

Integrals

A-31

347. 348.

349.

350. 351. 352. 353. 354. 355. 356. 357. 358.

359. 360. 361. 362. 363. 364. 365. 366. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 372.

cos cx dx a cos cx + b sin cx

dx a + b tan cx = c(a 21+b2 ) [acx + b log(a cos cx + b sin cx)] 1 sin cx dx dx = = [acx − b log (a sin cx + b cos cx)] a sin cx + b cos cx a + b cot cx c(a 2 + b2 ) √ ⎧ c tan x+b− b2 −ac ⎪ √1 √ log , (b2 > ac) ⎪ ⎪ 2 b2 −ac c tan x+b+ b2 −ac ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ or dx c tan x+b = √ 1 tan−1 √ , (b2 < ac) 2 2 ⎪ a cos x + 2b cos x sin x + c sin x ⎪ ac−b2 ac−b2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎪ ⎩ − c tan1x+b , (b2 = ac) π sin ax 1 ax dx = ±x + tan ∓ 1 ± sin ax a 4 2 π dx 1 ax 1 ax = tan ∓ + log tan (sin ax) (1 ± sin ax) a 4 2 a 2 π dx ax ax 1 1 3 π tan − tan − =− − 2 (1 + sin ax) 2a 4 2 6a 4 2 π dx ax ax 1 1 3 π cot − cot − = + (1 − sin ax) 2 2a 4 2 6a 4 2 sin ax π ax ax 1 1 3 π tan − tan − dx = − + 2 (1 + sin ax) 2a 4 2 6a 4 2 π sin ax ax ax 1 1 3 π cot − cot − dx = − + (1 − sin ax) 2 4 2 6a 4 2 2a sin x dx dx x a = − a + b sin x b b a + b sin x dx dx 1 x b = log tan − (sin x) (a + b sin x) a 2 a a + b sinx a b cos x dx dx + 2 = 2 (a + b sin x) 2 (a − b2 ) (a + b sin x) a − b2 a + b sin x h a cos x sin xdx dx + = 2 (a + b sin x) 2 (b − a 2 )(a + b sin x)√ b2 − a 2 a + b sin x dx a 2 + b2 tan cx 1 tan−1 = √ 2 2 2 2 2 a a + b sin cx ⎧ ac a + b √ a 2 −b2 tan cx −1 ⎪ √1 ⎪ tan , (a 2 > b2 ) ⎪ a ⎨ ac a 2 −b2 dx or = √ ⎪ a 2 − b2 sin2 cx ⎪ 2 2 ⎪ ⎩ √1 √b −a tan cx+a , (a 2 < b2 ) log 2 2 2 2 2ac

=

b −a

b −a tan cx−a

cos ax 1 ax dx = x − tan 1 + cos ax a 2 1 ax cos ax dx = −x − cot 1 − cos ax a 2 π 1 ax 1 ax dx = log tan + − tan (cos ax)(1 + cos ax) a 4 2 a 2 π 1 ax 1 ax dx = log tan + − cot (cos ax)(1 − cos ax) a 4 2 a 2 ax 1 1 dx ax 3 tan + tan = (1 + cos ax) 2 2a 2 6a 2 ax 1 1 dx 3 ax cot − cot = − (1 − cos ax) 2 2a 2 6a 2 ax 1 1 cos ax 3 ax tan − tan dx = (1 + cos ax) 2 2a 2 6a 2 ax 1 1 cos ax 3 ax cot − cot dx = (1 − cos ax) 2 2a 2 6a 2 cos x dx dx x a = − a + b cos x b b a + b cos x x π b dx dx 1 − = log tan + (cos x)(a + b cos x) a 2 4 a a + b cos x dx dx a b sin x − 2 = 2 (a + b cos x) 2 (b − a 2 )(a + b cos x) b − a2 a + b cos x

Integrals

A-32 373. 374. 375.

376.

377. 378. 379. 380. 381. 382. 383. 384. 385. 386. 387. 388. 389. 390. 391.

392.

393. 394. 395.

396.

b a sin x cos x dx − dx = 2 2 − b2 )(a + b cos x) 2 − b2 (a + b cos x) (a a a +

b cos x dx a+b 2 cx −1 = tan tan 2 2 c(a 2 − b2 ) a−b 2 a + b − 2ab cos cx dx 1 −1 a tan cx = √ tan √ a 2 + b2 cos2 cx ac a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2 ⎧ a tan cx 1 −1 √ √ tan , (a 2 > b2 ) ⎪ ⎪ ac a 2 −b2 a 2 −b2 ⎨ dx or = √ ⎪ a 2 − b2 cos2 cx ⎪ a tan cx− b2 −a 2 ⎩ √1 √ log , (b2 > a 2 ) 2ac b2 −a 2 a tan cx+ b2 −a 2 sin ax 1 dx = ∓ log(1 ± cos ax) a 1 ± cos ax cos ax 1 dx = ± log (1 ± sin ax) a 1 ± sin ax 1 1 ax dx =± + log tan (sin ax)(1 ± cos ax) 2a(1 ± cos ax) 2a 2 π 1 1 ax dx =∓ + log tan + 2a(1 ± sin ax) 2a 4 2 (cos ax)(1 ± sin ax) 1 sin ax dx = log(sec ax ± 1) a (cos ax)(1 ± cos ax) 1 cos ax dx = − log(csc ax ± 1) (sin ax)(1 ± sin ax) a π 1 1 ax sin ax dx = ± log tan + 2a(1 ± sin ax) 2a 4 2 (cos ax)(1 ± sin ax) cos ax 1 1 ax dx = − ± log tan 2a(1 ± cos ax) 2a 2 (sin ax)(1 ± cos ax) ax π dx 1 = √ log tan ± 2 8 a 2 sin ax ± cos ax 1 π dx = tan ax ∓ 2 2a 4 (sin ax ± cos ax) ax dx 1 = ± log 1 ± tan a 2 1 + cos ax ± sin ax b tan cx + a dx 1 log = 2 2 2 2 2abc b tan cx − a a cos cx − b sin cx 1 x x(sin ax) dx = 2 sin ax − cos ax a a 2x a 2 x2 − 2 2 x (sin ax) dx = 2 sin ax − cos ax a a3 3a 2 x2 − 6 a 2 x3 − 6x x3 (sin ax) dx = sin ax − cos ax 4 a3 ⎧ a1 m−1 m m − x cos ax + a x cos ax dx ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ a ⎪ or ⎨ [ m2 ] m−2r xm sin ax dx = m! r +1 · xa 2r +1 cos ax ⎪ r =0 (−1) (m−2r )! ⎪ ⎪ [ m−1 ] ⎪ m−2r −1 ⎩ m! + sin ax r =02 (−1)r (m−2r · x a 2r +2 −1)! Note: [s] means greatest integer ≤ s; Thus [3.5] means 3; [5] = 5, 12 = 0. 1 x x(cos ax) dx = 2 cos ax + sin ax a a 2x cos ax a 2 x2 − 2 2 x (cos ax) dx = + sin ax a2 a3 2 2 2 3 3a x − 6 a x − 6x x3 (cos ax) dx = cos ax + sin ax 4 3 a ⎧ xm sin ax m m−1 a − a x sin ax dx ⎪ a ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ or m |m/2| m−2r x (cos ax) dx = m! sin ax r =0 (−1)r (m−2r · xa 2r +1 ⎪ )! ⎪ ⎪ m−2r −1 |(m−1)/2| ⎩ m! + cos ax r =0 (−1)r (m−2r · x a 2r +2 −1)! Note: [s] means greatest integer ≤ s; Thus [3.5] means 3; [5] = 5, 12 = 0.

Integrals

A-33

397. 398. 399. 400. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405. 406. 407. 408. 409. 410. 411. 412. 413. 414.

415.

416.

417.

418.

419.

420. 421.

sin ax (ax) 2n+1 dx = (−1) n x (2n + 1)(2n + 1)! n=0 r cos ax (ax) 2n dx = log x + (−1) n x 2n(2n)! n=1 2 x sin 2ax cos 2ax x − − x(sin2 ax) dx = 2 4 4a

2 8a x 1 x3 x cos 2ax 2 2 − − 3 sin 2ax − x (sin ax) dx = 6 4a 8a 4a 2 x cos 3ax 3x cos ax sin 3ax 3 sin ax x(sin3 ax) dx = − − + 2 12a 36a 4a 4a 2 2 x sin 2ax cos 2ax x + x(cos2 ax) dx = + 2 4 4a

8a 3 2 x 1 x x cos 2ax − 3 sin 2ax + x2 (cos2 ax) dx = + 6 4a 8a 4a 2 x sin 3ax 3x sin ax cos 3ax 3 cos ax x(cos3 ax) dx = + + + 2 12a 36a 4a 4a 2 sin ax a sin ax cos ax dx = − + dx m (m − 1)xm−1 m − 1 xm−1 x cos ax a cos ax sin ax dx = − − dx m m−1 x (m − 1)x m − 1 xm−1 x x cos ax 1 dx = ∓ + 2 log(1 ± sin ax) 1 ± sin ax a(1 ± sin ax) a x ax 2 ax x dx = tan + 2 log cos a 2 a 2 1 + cos ax x ax 2 ax x dx = − cot + 2 log sin 1 − cosax a 2 a 2 x x + sin x dx = x tan 2 1 + cos x x − sin x x dx = −x cot 1 − cos x 2 √ √ 2 sin ax ax 2 2 1 − cos ax dx = − √ cos( ) =− 2 a 1 − cos ax √ a √ ax 2 sin ax 2 2 sin( ) 1 + cos ax dx = √ = a 2 a 1 + cos ax √ x x 1 + sin x dx = ±2 sin − cos , 2 2 π π < x ≤ (8k + 3) , otherwise − ; k an integer] [use + if (8k − 1) 2 2 √ x x 1 − sin x dx = ±2 sin + cos , 2 2 π π < x ≤ (8k + 1) , otherwise −; k an integer] [use + if (8k − 3) 2 2 √ x dx √ = ± 2 log tan , 4 1 − cos x [use + if 4kπ < x < (4k + 2)π,

otherwise −; k an integer] √ dx x+π √ , = ± 2 log tan 4 1 + cos x [use + if (4k − 1)π < x < (4k + 1)π, otherwise −; k an integer] x π √ dx √ , − = ± 2 log tan 4 8 1 − sin x r

[use + if (8k + 1) π2 < x < (8k + 5) π2 , otherwise −; k an integer] x π √ dx √ + , = ± 2 log tan 4 8 1 + sin x [use + if (8k − 1) π2 < x < (8k + 3) π2 , otherwise −; k an integer] 1 tan2 (ax) dx = tan ax − x a 1 1 tan2 ax + log cos ax tan3 (ax) dx = 2a a

Integrals

A-34 423. 424. 425. 426. 427. 428. 429. 430. 431. 432. 433. 434. 435. 436. 437. 438. 439. 440.

tan3 ax 1 − tan ax + x 3a a n−1 tan ax − (tann−2 ax) dx tann (ax) dx = a(n − 1) 1 cot2 (ax) dx = − cot ax − x a 1 1 cot2 ax − log sin ax cot3 (ax) dx = − 2a a 1 1 cot3 ax + cot ax + x cot4 (ax) dx = − 3a a n−1 cot ax − (cotn−2 ax) dx cotn (ax) dx = − a(n − 1) 1 x cot ax x + 2 log sin ax x(csc2 ax) dx = − dx = 2 a a sin ax x x x cos ax 1 (n − 2) n dx = x(csc ax) dx = − − + dx n n−1 n−2 n−2 2 sin ax a(n − 1) sin ax a (n − 1)(n − 2) sin ax (n − 1) sin ax x 1 1 dx = x(sec2 ax) dx = x tan ax + 2 log cos ax cos2 ax a a x x 1 n−2 x sin ax n dx = − + dx x(sec ax) dx = cosn (ax) a(n − 1) cosn−1 ax a 2 (n − 1)(n − 2) cosn−2 ax n − 1 cosn−2 ax 1 sin ax b cos ax dx = − sin−1 √ 2 ab 1 + b2 1 + b2 sin ax 1 sin ax dx = − log(b cos ax + 1 − b2 sin2 ax) ab 1 − b2 sin2 ax cos ax 1 + b2 b cos ax sin−1 √ sin(ax) 1 + b2 sin2 ax dx = − 1 + b2 sin2 ax − 2a 2ab 1 + b2 2 cos ax 1−b log(b cos ax + 1 − b2 sin2 ax) sin(ax) 1 − b2 sin2 ax dx = − 1 − b2 sin2 ax − 2a 2ab 1 cos ax dx = log(b sin ax + 1 + b2 sin2 ax) ab 1 + b2 sin2 ax tan4 (ax) dx =

422.

1 sin−1 (b sin ax) ab 1 − b2 sin ax sin ax cos(ax) 1 + b2 sin2 ax dx = 1 + b2 sin2 ax + 2a sin ax cos(ax) 1 − b2 sin2 ax dx = 1 − b2 sin2 ax + 2a ±1 dx a−b −1 √ = √ sin sin cx , a c a−b a + b tan2 cx cos ax

2

dx =

1 log(b sin ax + 2ab 1 sin−1 (b sin ax) 2ab

1 + b2 sin2 ax)

(a > |b|)

[use + if (2k − 1) π2 < x ≤ (2k + 1) π2 , otherwise −; k an integer] FORMS INVOLVING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS √ 1 − a 2 x2 sin (ax) dx = x sin ax + √ a 1 − a 2 x2 cos−1 (ax) dx = x cos−1 ax − a 1 −1 −1 log (1 + a 2 x2 ) tan (ax) dx = x tan ax − 2a 1 log (1 + a 2 x2 ) cot−1 (ax) dx = x cot−1 ax + 2a 441. 442. 443. 444.

−1

−1

Integrals

A-35

445. 446. 447. 448. 449. 450. 451. 452. 453. 454. 455. 456. 457. 458. 459. 460. 461. 462. 463. 464.

465.

466.

467. 468.

1 log (ax + a 2 x2 − 1) a 1 −1 −1 csc (ax) dx = x csc ax + log (ax + a 2 x2 − 1) a x x sin−1 dx = x sin−1 + a 2 − x2 , (a > 0) a a x x cos−1 dx = x cos−1 − a 2 − x2 , (a > 0) a a x x a tan−1 dx = x tan−1 − log(a 2 + x2 ) a a 2 a −1 x −1 x dx = x cot + log(a 2 + x2 ) cot a a 2 1 −1 2 2 x sin (ax) dx = [(2a x − 1) sin−1 (ax) + ax 1 − a 2 x2 ] 2 4a 1 x cos−1 (ax) dx = [(2a 2 x2 − 1) cos−1 (ax) − ax 1 − a 2 x2 ] 2 4a xn+1 a xn+1 dx −1 n √ sin−1 (ax) − x sin (ax) dx = , (n = −1) n+1 n+1 1 − a 2 x2 xn+1 a xn+1 dx √ cos−1 (ax) + xn cos−1 (ax) dx = , (n = −1) n+1 n+1 1 − a 2 x2 2 2 1+a x x x tan−1 (ax) dx = tan−1 ax − 2 2a 2a xn+1 a xn+1 tan−1 ax − xn tan−1 (ax) dx = dx n+1 n+1 1 + a 2 x2 1 + a 2 x2 x x(cot−1 ax) dx = cot−1 ax + 2 2a 2a xn+1 a xn+1 n −1 −1 x cot (ax) dx = dx cot ax + n +1 √ n+ 1 + a 2 x2 1 −1 −1 2 2 sin (ax) 1− 1−a x sin (ax) dx = a log − x2 x x √ −1 1 1 + 1 − a 2 x2 cos (ax) dx = − cos−1 (ax) + alog 2 x x x tan−1 (ax) dx 1 + a 2 x2 1 a −1 = − tan (ax) − log x2 x 2 x2 −1 2 x 1 a cot (ax) dx = − cot−1 ax − log 2 2 x2 x 2 a√x + 1 2 1 − a 2 x2 sin−1 (ax) 2 dx = x(sin−1 ax) 2 − 2x + sin−1 ax √ a 2 1 − a 2 x2 cos−1 ax cos−1 (ax) 2 dx = x(cos−1 ax) 2 − 2x − a ⎧ √ ⎪ n 1 − a 2 x2 −1 −1 ⎪ n n−1 ⎪ (sin x(sin ax) + ax) − n(n − 1) (sin−1 ax) n−2 dx ⎪ ⎪ a ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ or (sin−1 ax) n dx = ⎪ √ ⎪ [n/2] [n−1/2] ⎪ ⎪ n! 1 − a 2 x2 ⎪ −1 r n−2r r n! ⎪ x(sin (sin−1 ax) n−2r −1 (−1) ax) + (−1) ⎪ ⎩ (n − 2r )! (n − 2r − 1)!a r =0 r =0 Note: [s] means greatest [3.5] means 3; [5] = 5, 12 = 0. ⎧ integer ≤ s. Thus √ ⎪ n 1 − a 2 x2 ⎪ −1 n−1 ⎪ x(cos−1 ax) n − (cos ax) − n(n − 1) (cos−1 ax) n−2 dx ⎪ ⎪ a ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ or (cos−1 ax) n dx = ⎪ √ ⎪ [n/2] [n−1/2] ⎪ 2 2 ⎪ n! ⎪ r −1 n−2r r n! 1 − a x ⎪ x(cos ax) (cos−1 ax) n−2r −1 (−1) × (−1) ⎪ ⎩ (n − 2r )! (n − 2r − 1)!a r =0 r =0 1 1 √ (sin−1 ax) 2 (sin−1 ax) dx = 2a 1 − a 2 x2 n−1 xn−1 xn xn xn−2 −1 √ √ (sin ax) dx = − 2 1 − a 2 x2 sin−1 ax + 2 + sin−1 ax dx 2 2 2 na n a na 1−a x 1 − a 2 x2 sec−1 (ax) dx = x sec−1 ax −

Integrals

A-36 469. 470. 471. 472. 473.

474. 475. 476.

477. 478.

1 (cos−1 ax) 2 2a xn−2 n−1 xn−1 xn √ √ (cos−1 ax) dx = − 2 1 − a 2 x2 cos−1 ax − 2 + cos−1 ax dx 2 na n a na 1 − a 2 x2 1 − a 2 x2 tan−1 ax 1 dx = (tan−1 ax) 2 a 2 x2 + 1 2a 1 cot−1 ax dx = − (cot−1 ax) 2 a 2 x2 + 1 2a x2 1 sec−1 ax − 2 a 2 x2 − 1 x sec−1 ax dx = 2 2a xn+1 1 xn dx n −1 −1 √ sec ax − x sec ax dx = n+1 n+1 a 2 x2 − 1 √ sec−1 ax a 2 x2 − 1 sec−1 ax + dx = − x2 x x 2 x 1 2 2 −1 −1 csc ax + 2 a x − 1 x csc ax dx = 2 2a n+1 xn dx x 1 n −1 −1 √ csc ax + x csc ax dx = n+1 n+1 a 2 x2 − 1 √ csc−1 ax csc−1 ax a 2 x2 − 1 − dx = − x2 x x √

1

1 − a 2 x2 xn

(cos−1 ax) dx = −

FORMS INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS 479. 480. 481. 482.

483. 484.

x 2z dz , z = tan 2 2 1+z 1+z 2 1 − z2 dz x f (cos x) dx = 2 f , z = tan 1 + z2 1 + z2 2 du f (sin x) dx = f (u) √ , (u = sin x) 1 − u2 du f (cos x) dx = − f (u) √ , (u = cos x) 1 u2 − du f (sin x, cos x) dx = f u, 1 − u2 √ , (u = sin x) 2 1− u 2 2z dz 1−z x f (sin x, cos x) dx = 2 f , , z = tan 2 2 2 1+z 1+z 1+z 2

f (sin x) dx = 2

f

LOGARITHMIC FORMS 485. 486. 487. 488. 489.

490.

491. 492. 493.

(log x) dx = x log x − x

x2 x2 log x − 2 4 x3 x3 2 log x − x (log x) dx = 3 9 n+1 xn+1 x log ax − xn (log ax) dx = n+1 (n + 1) 2 (log x) 2 dx = x(log x) 2 − 2x log x + 2x ⎧ ⎪ n−1 ⎪ dx, (n = −1) ⎨ x(log x) n − n (log x) n (log x) dx = or ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ x)r (−1) n n!x rn=0 (− log r! (log x) n 1 dx = (log x) n+1 x n + 1 (log x) 2 (log x) 3 dx = log(log x) + log x + + + ··· 2 · 2! 3 · 3! log x dx = log(log x) x log x x(log x) dx =

Integrals

A-37

494. 495.

496.

497. 498. 499. 500. 501. 502. 503. 504.

505.

506.

507. 508. 509. 510. 511. 512. 513. 514. 515. 516.

1 dx =− x(log x) n (n − 1)(log x) n−1 xm+1 m+ 1 xm dx xm dx = − + n n−1 (log x) (n − n − 1 (log x) n−1 ⎧1)(log x) m+1 n ⎪ x (log x) − n ⎪ xm(log x) n−1 dx ⎨ m+1 m+1 m n x (log x) dx = or ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ (−1) n n! xm+1 n (− log x)r r =0 r !(m+1) n−r m+1 x p+1 x p cos(b ln x) dx = [b sin(b ln x) + ( p + 1) cos(b ln x)] + c ( p + 1) 2 + b2 x p+1 x p sin(b ln x) dx = [( p + 1) sin(b ln x) − b cos(b ln x)] + c ( p + 1) 2 + b2 ax + b log(ax + b) − x [log(ax + b)] dx = a log(ax + b) ax + b a log(ax + b) dx = log x − 2 x b bx

m+1 1 b m+1 1 b m+1 1 ax r m m+1 x [log(ax + b)] dx = x − − log(ax + b) − − − m+ 1 a m+ 1 a r b r =1

m−2 m−1 m−1 log(ax + b) 1 1 1 log(ax + b) 1 a ax + b a b r + dx = − + − log − − , (m > 2) xm m− 1 xm−1 m− 1 b x m− 1 b r ax r =1

x+a log dx = (x + a) log(x + a) − (x − a) log(x − a) x−a

[ m+1 2 ] x m−2r +2 xm+1 − a m+1 2a m+1 x+a xm+1 − (−a) m+1 1 m log(x + a) − log(x − a) + x log dx = x−a m+ 1 m+ 1 m + 1 r =1 m − 2r + 2 a Note: [s] means greatest integer ≤ s; Thus [3.5] means 3; [5] = 5, 12 = 0.

1 x−a 1 x2 − a 2 x+a 1 − log log dx = log 2 x x−a x x+a a √ x2 ⎧ 4ac−b2 b ⎪ ⎪ x + 2c log X − 2x + tan−1 √2cx+b 2 , (b2 − 4ac < 0) ⎪ c ⎪ 4ac−b ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎨ √ −1 b2 −4ac (log X) dx = b x + log X − 2x + tanh √2cx+b , (b2 − 4ac > 0) ⎪ 2c c ⎪ b2 −4ac ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ where ⎪ ⎩ X = a + bx + cx2 n+2 n+1 2c b xn+1 x x log X − dx − dx xn (log(a + bx + cx2 ) dx = n+1 n+1 X n+1 X x log(x2 + a 2 ) dx = x log(x2 + a 2 ) − 2x + 2a tan−1 a x+a log(x2 − a 2 ) dx = x log(x2 − a 2 ) − 2x + a log x−a 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 x log(x ± a ) dx = (x ± a ) log(x ± a ) − x2 2 2 log(x + x2 ± a 2 ) dx = x log(x + x2 ± a 2 ) − x2 ± a 2 √

2 x a2 x x2 ± a 2 ± x log(x + x2 ± a 2 ) dx = log(x + x2 ± a 2 ) − 2 4 4 xm+1 1 xm+1 m 2 2 2 2 √ log(x + x ± a ) − x log(x + x ± a ) dx = dx m+ 1 √ m√ +1 x2 ± a 2 √ log(x + x2 + a 2 ) 1 a + x2 + a 2 log(x + x2 + a 2 ) − log dx = − 2 x x a x √ √ log(x + x2 − a 2 ) 1 log(x + x2 − a 2 ) −1 x + dx = − sec |a| x2 x a

[n/2] 2r n−2r +1 a x 1 n 2 2 n+1 2 2 n+1 n+1 x log(x − a ) dx = x log(x − a ) − a log(x − a) −(−a) log(x + a) − 2 n+1 n − 2r + 1 r =0 Note: [s] means greatest integer ≤ s; Thus [3.5] means 3; [5] = 5, 12 = 0.

Integrals

A-38

EXPONENTIAL FORMS

517. 518. 519.

520. 521. 522. 523. 524. 525.

526. 527. 528. 529. 530. 531. 532. 533.

534.

535.

536. 537. 538. 539. 540. 541.

e x dx = e x e−x dx = −e−x eax a eax x eax dx = 2 (ax − 1) a⎧ ⎪ xmeax − m xm−1 eax dx ⎪ ⎨ a a xmeax dx = or ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ eax m (−1)r m!xm−r r =0 (m−r )!a r +1 eax dx ax a 2 x2 a 3 + x3 = log x + + + + ··· x 1! 2 · 2! 3 · 3! ax ax ax e 1 a e e dx = − + dx xm m − 1 xm−1 m− 1 xm−1 ax ax e log x 1 e − dx eax log x dx = a a x ex dx = x − log(1 + e x ) = log x 1+e 1 + ex 1 x dx log(a + be px ) = − a + be px a ap

1 dx a −1 √ = emx , (a > 0, b > 0) tan aemx + be−mx b m ab ⎧ √ mx √ ae − b 1 ⎪ ⎨ 2m√ab log √aemx +√b dx = or ⎪ aemx − be−mx −1 a mx ⎩ −1 √ tanh e , (a > 0, b > 0) b m ab a x + a −x x −x (a − a ) dx = log a eax 1 log(b + ceax ) dx = b + ceax ac x eax eax dx = 2 2 (1 + ax) a (1 + ax) 1 2 2 x e−x dx = − e−x 2 eax [a sin(bx) − b cos(bx)] ax e sin(bx) dx = a 2 + b2 eax [(b − c) sin(b − c)x + a cos(b − c)x] eax [(b + c) sin(b + c)x + a cos(b + c)x] ax − e sin(bx) sin(cx) dx = 2[a 2 + (b − c) 2 ] 2[a 2 + (b + c) 2 ] ⎧ eax [a sin(b−c)x−(b−c) cos(b−c)x] eax [a sin(b+c)x−(b+c) cos(b+c)x] ⎪ + ⎪ 2[a 2 +(b−c) 2 ] 2[a 2 +(b+c) 2 ] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ eax [(a sin bx − b cos bx)[cos(cx − α)] − c(sin bx) sin(cx − α)] ρ eax sin(bx) cos(cx) dx = ⎪ where ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ρ = (a 2 + b2 − c2 ) 2 + 4a 2 c2 , ⎪ ⎩ ρ cos α = a 2 + b2 − c2 , ρ sin α = 2ac ax eax [a cos(2bx + c) + 2b sin(2bx + c)] e cos c − eax sin(bx) sin(bx + c) dx = 2a 2(a 2 + 4b2 ) ax ax e e sin c [a sin(2bx + c) − 2b cos(2bx + c)] + eax sin(bx) cos(bx + c) dx = − 2a 2(a 2 + 4b2 ) eax eax cos(bx) dx = 2 [a cos(bx) + b sin(bx)] a + b2 eax [(b − c) sin(b − c)x + a cos(b − c)x] eax [(b + c) sin(b + c)x + a cos(b + c)x] + eax cos(bx) cos(cx) dx = 2[a 2 + (b − c) 2 ] 2[a 2 + (b + c) 2 ] ax ax cos c [a cos(2bx + c) + 2b sin(2bx + c)] e e + eax cos(bx) cos(bx + c) dx = 2a 2(a 2 + 4b2 ) ax eax [a sin(2bx + c) − 2b cos(2bx + c)] e sin c ax + e cos(bx) sin(bx + c) dx = 2a 2(a 2 + 4b2 ) eax dx =

Integrals

A-39

542. 543.

544. 545.

546. 547.

548.

549. 550.

551. 552.

1 n−1 n−2 ax 2 ax e sin (bx) dx = 2 (a sin bx − nb cos bx)e sin bx + n(n − 1)b e [sin bx] dx a + n2 b2

1 ax n−1 2 ax n−2 eax cosn (bx) dx = 2 (a cos bx + nb sin bx)e cos bx + n(n − 1)b e [cos bx] dx a + n2 b2 1 m m xme x sin x dx = xme x (sin x − cos x) − xm−1 e x sin x dx + xm−1 e x cos x dx 2 ⎧ 2 2 cos bx ⎪ xmeax a sin bx−b − a2 m xm−1 eax (a sin bx − b cos bx) dx ⎪ ⎪ a 2 +b2 +b2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ or r m!xm−r xmeax sin(bx) dx = sin[bx − (r + 1)α] eax rm=0 (−1) ⎪ ρ r +1 (m−r )! ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ where ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ρ = a 2 + b2 , ρ cos α = a, ρ sin α = b 1 m m xme x cos x dx = xme x (sin x + cos x) − xm−1 e x sin x dx − xm−1 e x cos x dx 2 ⎧ 2 2 sin bx ⎪ ⎪ xmeax a cos abx+b − a2 m xm−1 eax (a cos bx + b sin bx) dx 2 +b2 ⎪ +b2 ⎪ ⎨ or xmeax cos(bx) dx = ⎪ eax m (−1)r m!xm−r cos[bx − (r + 1)α] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ √r =0 ρr +1 (m−r )! ⎩ ρ = a 2 + b2 , ρ cos α = a, ρ sin α = b ⎧ ax m−1 n e cos x sin x[a cos x+(m+n) sin x] ⎪ ⎪ (m+n) 2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ na ⎪ − eax (cosm−1 x)(sinn−1 x) dx ⎪ (m+n) 2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ + (m−1)(m+n) eax (cosm−2 x)(sinn x) dx ⎪ ⎪ (m+n) 2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ eax cosm x sinn−1 x[a sin x−(m+n) cos x] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (m+n) ⎪ 2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ma ⎪ + (m+n)2 +a 2 eax (cosm−1 x)(sinn−1 x) dx ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ + (n−1)(m+n) eax (cosm x)(sinn−2 x) dx ⎪ (m+n) 2 +a 2 ⎨ or eax (cosm x)(sinn x) dx = ⎪ ⎪ eax (cosm−1 x)(sinn−1 x)(a sin x cos x+m sin2 x−n cos2 x) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (m+n)2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ m(m−1) ⎪ + (m+n)2 +a 2 eax (cosm−2 x)(sinn x) dx ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ n(n−1) ⎪ ⎪ + (m+n) eax (cosm x)(sinn−2 x) dx ⎪ 2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ eax (cosm−1 x)(sinn−1 x)(a cos x sin x+m sin2 x−n cos2 x) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (m+n)2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ m(m−1) ⎪ ⎪ + eax (cosm−2 x)(sinn−2 x) dx ⎪ (m+n) 2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ + (n−m)(n+m−1) eax (cosm x)(sinn−2 x) dx ax

553.

n

(m+n) 2 +a 2

xeax eax xeax sin(bx) dx = 2 (a sin bx − b cos bx) − 2 [(a 2 − b2 ) sin bx − 2ab cos bx] 2 a +b (a + b2 ) 2 ax ax xe e xeax cos(bx) dx = 2 (a cos bx − b sin bx) − 2 [(a 2 − b2 ) cos bx − 2ab sin bx] a + b2 (a + b2 ) 2 eax [a sin x + (n − 2) cos x] eax eax a 2 + (n − 2) 2 dx = − + dx n n−1 sin x (n − 1)(n − 2) (n − 1)(n − 2) sin x sinn−2 x eax [a cos x − (n − 2) sin x] a 2 + (n − 2) 2 eax eax dx = − + dx n n−1 cos x (n − 1)(n − 2) cos x (n − 1)(n − 2) cosn−2 x a tann−1 x − eax tann x dx = eax eax tann−1 x dx − eax tann−2 x dx n−1 n−1 HYPERBOLIC FORMS

554. 555. 556.

sinh x dx = cosh x cosh x dx = sinh x tanh x dx = log cosh x

Integrals

A-40 557. 558. 559. 560. 561. 562. 563. 564. 565. 566.

567.

568.

569. 570. 571. 572. 573. 574. 575. 576. 577. 578. 579. 580. 581.

582.

coth x dx = log sinh x

sech x dx = tan−1 (sinh x) x csch x dx = log tanh 2 x sinh x dx = x cosh x − sinh x xn sinh x dx = xn cosh x − n xn−1 (cosh x) dx x cosh x dx = x sinh x − cosh x xn cosh x dx − xn sinh x − n xn−1 (sinh x) dx sech x tanh x dx = − sech x csch x coth x dx = − csch x sinh 2x x 2 − sinh x dx = 4 2 ⎧ m+1 n−1 m n−2 1 n−1 ⎪ ⎪ (sinh x)(cosh x) + (sinh x)(cosh x) dx ⎪ m+n m+n ⎨ m n or (sinh x)(cosh x) dx = ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ 1 sinhm−1 x coshn+1 x − m−1 (sinhm−2 x)(coshn x) dx, (m + n = 0) m+n m+n ⎧ dx ⎪ 1 m+n−2 ⎪ − , (m = 1) − ⎪ m−1 n−1 m−1 m−2 n ⎪ (m−n)(sinh x)(cosh x) ⎨ (sinh x)(cosh x) dx or m n ⎪ (sinh x)(cosh x) ⎪ dx ⎪ 1 m+n−2 ⎪ , (n = 1) ⎩ (n−1) sinhm−1 x coshn−1 x + n−1 m n−2 (sinh x)(cosh x) 2 tanh x dx = x − tanh x n−1 x tanh n n−2 + (tanh tanh x dx = − x) dx, (n = 1) n−1 2 sech x dx = tanh x sinh 2x x 2 + cosh x dx = 4 2 2 coth x dx = x − coth x n−1 x coth n n−2 + coth coth x dx = − x dx, (n = 1) n−1 2 csch x dx = − ctnh x sinh(m + n)x sinh(m − n)x − , (m2 = n2 ) sinh(mx) sinh(nx) dx = 2(m + n) 2(m − n) sinh(m + n)x sinh(m − n)x + , (m2 = n2 ) cosh(mx) cosh(nx) dx = 2(m + n) 2(m − n) cosh(m + n)x cosh(m − n)x + , (m2 = n2 ) sinh(mx) cosh(nx) dx = 2(m + n) 2(m − n) −1 x −1 x dx = x sinh − x2 + a 2 , (a > 0) sinh a a

2 a2 x 2 x −1 x −1 x dx = + − x sinh sinh x + a 2 , (a > 0) a 4 a 4

2 n+1 x xn+1 1 −1 −1 xn sinh x dx = sinh x − dx, (n = −1) 1 n+1 n+1 (1 + x2 ) 2 ⎧ √ −1 x −1 x 2 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ x cosh a − x − a , cosh a > 0 x −1 or dx = cosh ⎪ a ⎪ ⎩ x cosh−1 x + x2 − a 2 , cosh−1 x < 0 , (a > 0) a a

Integrals

A-41

583.

584. 585. 586. 587. 588. 589. 590. 591. 592. 593. 594. 595. 596.

597.

598. 599. 600. 601. 602. 603. 604. 605. 606. 607. 608. 609. 610. 611.

x 2x2 − a 2 x 1 −1 x dx = cosh − (x2 − a 2 ) 2 a 4 a 4 xn+1 1 xn+1 −1 −1 cosh x − xn (cosh x) dx = dx, (n = −1) 1 n+1 n+1 (x2 −1) 2 x a −1 x −1 x dx = x tanh + log(a 2 − x2 ), tanh 1 a a 2 a x x2 − a 2 ax −1 x −1 x dx = tanh + , x tanh 1 x coth a 2 a 2 a xn+1 xn+1 1 −1 −1 coth x + dx, (n = −1) xn coth x dx = n+1 n+1 x2 − 1 −1

x cosh

sech

−1

−1

x dx = x sech

x + sin−1 x

x2 1 −1 sech x − 1 − x2 2 2 xn+1 1 xn −1 −1 √ xn sech x dx = dx, (n = −1) sech x + n+1 n+1 1 − x2 x −1 −1 −1 sinh x csch x dx = x csch x + |x| x2 1 x −1 −1 csch x + x csch x dx = 1 + x2 2 2 |x| xn+1 1 x xn −1 −1 √ xn csch x dx = dx, (n = −1) csch x + n+1 n + 1 |x| x2 + 1 −1

x sech

x dx =

DEFINITE INTEGRALS

1 n n−1 ∞ 1 1 + ∞ 1 1 m xn−1 e−x dx = log dx = = (n) x n m=1 1 + n 0 0 m for n = 0, −1, −2, −3, . . . (This is the Gamma function) ∞ n! t n p−t dt = , (n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . and p > 0) (log p) n+1 0 ∞ (n) t n−1 e−(a+1)t dt = , (n > 0, a > −1) (a + 1) n

n 0 1 1 (n + 1) xm log dx = , (m > −1, n > −1) x (m + 1) n+1 0 (n) is finite if n > 0; (n + 1) = n(n) (n) · (1 − n) = sinπnπ (n) = (n − 1)! if n = integer > 0

∞ √ 1 1 2 ( ) = 2 e−t dt = π = 1.7724538509 · · · = − ! 2 2 0 √ 1·3·5...(2n−1) (n + 12 ) = π n = 1, 2, 3, . . . 2n √ (−1) n 2n π 1 (−n + 2 ) = 1·3·5...(2n−1) n = 1, 2, 3, . . . 1 ∞ (m)(n) xm−1 = B(m, n) xm−1 (1 − x) n−1 dx = dx = m+n (1 + x) (m + n) 0 0 (This is the Beta function) B(m, n) = B(n, m) = (m)(n) , where m and n are any positive real numbers. (m+n) b (m + 1) · (n + 1) (x − a) m(b − x) n dx = (b − a) m+n+1 , (m > −1, n > −1, b > a) (m + n + 2) a ∞ dx 1 , [m > 1] = m x m −1 1 ∞ dx = π csc pπ, [0 < p < 1] (1 + x)x p 0

Integrals

A-42 612. 613. 614. 615. 616.

617.

618.

619.

620.

621. 622. 623. 624. 625. 626. 627. 628. 629. 630. 631. 632. 633. 634. 635.

∞

dx = −π cot pπ, [0 −1, b > 0, m > 0, c > a+1 b b c (m + x ) b (c) 0 ∞ dx √ =π (1 + x) x 0 ⎧ ⎪ π2 (if a > 0), ∞ ⎨ a dx = 0 (if a = 0), ⎪ a 2 + x2 0 ⎩ π − 2 (if a < 0) a π 1 a 2 1 · 3 · 5...n · · a n+1 (n odd, a > 0) (a 2 − x2 ) n/2 dx = (a − x2 ) n/2 dx = 2 2 · 4 · 6 . . . (n + 1) 2 0 −a m+1 n+2 ⎧ 1 m+n+1 a B , (a > 0, m > −1, n > −2) ⎪2 2 2 ⎪ a ⎨ or xm(a 2 − x2 ) n/2 dx = m+1 n+2 ⎪ 0 ⎪ 1 a m+n+1 2 2 (a > 0, m > −1, n > −2) ⎩ 2 m+n+3 2 ⎧ π/2 ⎪ (cosn x) dx ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ 1·3·5·7...(n−1) ⎪ π/2 (n an even integer, n = 0), ⎨ 2·4·6·8...(n) π2 , n sin x dx = 1·3·5·7...(n−1) , (n an odd integer, n = 0), ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ √2·4·6·8...(n) ⎪ n+1 ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ π n2 (n > −1) 2 ( 2 +1) ∞ sin mx dx π π = ; if m > 0; 0, if m = 0; − , if m < 0 x 2 2 0 ∞ cos x dx =∞ x 0 ∞ tan x dx π = x 2 0 π π sin ax · sin bx dx = cos ax · cos bx dx = 0, (a = b; a, b integers) 0 0 π/a π [sin(ax)][cos(ax)] dx = [sin(ax)][cos(ax)]dx = 0 0 0 π 2a [sin(ax)][cos(bx)] dx = 2 , if a − b is odd, or 0 if a − b is even a − b2 0 ∞ sin x cos mx dx π π = 0, if m < −1 or m > 1; , if m = ±1; , if m2 < 1 x 4 2 0 ∞ πa sin ax sin bx , (a ≤ b) dx = x2 0 π π 2 π (m is a non-zero integer) sin2 mx dx = cos2 mx dx = 2 0 0 ∞ 2 π| p| sin ( px) dx = 2 x 2 0 ∞ π sin x , 0 q > 0; , p = q > 0 x 2 4 0 ∞ cos(mx) π −|ma| e dx = x2 + a 2 2 |a| 0

Integrals

A-43 1 π 2 2 0 0 ∞ 1 π , if n > 1 sin axn dx = (1/n) sin na 1/n 2n 0 ∞ 1 π , if n > 1 cos axn dx = (1/n) cos na 1/n 2n 0 ∞ ∞ sin x cos x π √ dx = √ dx = 2 x x 0 0 ∞ sin3 x ∞ sin3 x π dx = 4 (b) 0 x2 dx = 34 log 3 (a) 0 x ∞ 3π sin3 x dx = x3 8 0 ∞ sin4 x π dx = x4 3 0 π/2 dx cos−1 a = √ , (|a| < 1) 1 + a cos x 1 − a2 0 π dx π = √ , (a > b ≥ 0) 2 a − b2 0 a + b cos x 2π dx 2π = √ , (a 2 < 1) 1 + a cos x 1 − a2 0 ∞ b cos ax − cos bx dx = log x a 0 π/2 dx π = 2|ab| a 2 sin2 x + b2 cos2 x 0 π/2 dx π(a 2 + b2 ) = , (a, b > 0) 2 2 2 2 2 4a 3 b3 (a sin x + b cos x) 0 π/2 1 n m , sinn−1 x cosm−1 x dx = B , (if m and n are positive integers) 2 2 2 0 π/2 2 · 4 · 6 . . . (2n) (sin2n+1 θ ) dθ = , (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) 1 · 3 · 5 . . . (2n + 1) 0 π/2 1 · 3 · 5 . . . (2n − 1) π (sin2n θ ) dθ = , (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) 2 · 4 . . . (2n) 2 0 " # π/2 x 1 1 1 1 dx = 2 − 2 + 2 − 2 + ··· sin x 12 3 5 7 0 π/2 dx π = 1 + tanm x 4 0 3 π/2 √ (2π) 2 cos θ dθ = 2 0 ( 14 ) π/2 π , (0 < h < 1) (tanh θ ) dθ = 2 cos hπ 0 2 ∞ tan−1 (ax) − tan−1 (bx) π a dx = log , (a, b > 0) x 2 b 0

636. 637. 638. 639. 640. 641. 642. 643. 644. 645. 646. 647. 648. 649. 650. 651. 652. 653. 654. 655. 656. 657.

658.

∞

cos(x2 ) dx =

∞

sin(x2 ) dx =

b

b

b

The area enclosed by a curve defined through the equation x c + y c = a c where a > 0, c a positive odd integer and b a 2 [( c )]2 positive even integer is given by b2c 2cab b I= xh−1 ym−1 zn−1 dv, where R denotes the region of space bounded by the co-ordinate planes and that portion of R p q k the surface ax + by + cz = 1, which lies in the first octant and where h, m, n, p, q, k, a, b, c, denote positive real numbers is given by h a h c x p 1e x p y q 1e h m n mq nk a b c p h−1 m n−1 x dx 1− y dy 1− − z dz = a a b pqk h + m + n + 1 0 0 0 p

q

k

Integrals

A-44 659. 660.

∞

0 ∞

662. 663. 664. 665. 666. 667. 668. 669. 670. 671. 672. 673. 674. 675. 676. 677. 678. 679. 680. 681. 682. 683. 684. 685. 686.

−ax

−e x

1 , a

−bx

(a > 0)

b dx = log , (a, b > 0) a ⎧ (n+1) ⎪ (if n > −1 and a > 0) ∞ ⎨ a n+1 xn e−ax dx = or ⎪ 0 ⎩ n! (if a > 0 and n is a positive integer) a n+1

∞ (k) n+1 xn exp(−ax p ) dx = , n > −1, p > 0, a > 0, k = pa k p 0 ∞ 1 1 √ 1 −a 2 x2 e dx = π= , (a > 0) 2a 2a 2 0 ∞ 1 2 xe−x dx = 2√ 0 ∞ π 2 −x2 x e dx = 4 0 ∞ 1 · 3 · 5 . . . (2n − 1) π 2 (a > 0, n > − 12 ) x2n e−ax dx = n+1 a n 2 a 0 ∞ n! 2 x2n+1 e−ax dx = , (a > 0, n > −1) n+1 2a 0 1 m ar m! m −ax −a x e dx = m+1 1 − e a r! 0 r =0 √ ∞ 2 a2 −2a −x − 2 π e x , (a ≥ 0) e dx = 0 2 ∞ √ π 1 (n > 0) e−nx x dx = 2n n 0 ∞ −nx e π √ dx = (n > 0) n x 0 ∞ a e−ax (cos mx) dx = 2 , (a > 0) a + m2 0 ∞ m e−ax (sin mx) dx = 2 , (a > 0) a + m2 0 ∞ 2ab xe−ax [sin(bx)] dx = 2 , (a > 0) (a + b2 ) 2 0 ∞ 2 2 a −b xe−ax [cos(bx)] dx = 2 , (a > 0) (a + b2 ) 2 0 ∞ n![(a + ib) n+1 − (a − ib) n+1 ] xn e−ax [sin(bx)] dx = , (i 2 = −1, a > 0) 2 + b2 ) n+1 2i(a 0 ∞ n![(a − ib) n+1 + (a + ib) n+1 ] xn e−ax [cos(bx)] dx = , (i 2 = −1, a > 0, n > −1) 2(a 2 + b2 ) n+1 0 ∞ −ax e sin x dx = cot−1 a, (a > 0) x 0 √

∞ b2 π 2 2 exp − 2 , (ab = 0) e−a x cos bx dx = 2|a| 4a 0 ∞ π π −t cos φ b−1 e t [sin(t sin φ)] dt − [(b)] sin(bφ), b > 0, − < φ < 2 2 0 ∞ π π −t cos φ b−1 e t [cos(t sin φ)] dt − [(b)] cos(bφ), b > 0, − < φ < 2 2

0 ∞ bπ b−1 t cos t dt = [(b)] cos , (0 −1) 0 √ 1 1 1 2 π log dx = x 2 0 1 1 √ 1 −2 log dx = π x 0 0

661.

e−ax dx = e

Integrals

A-45

1

687.

log 0 1

688. 0 1 689. 690.

691. 692. 693. 694. 695. 696. 697. 698. 699. 700. 701. 702. 703. 704. 705. 706. 707. 708. 709. 710. 711. 712. 713.

1 x

n dx = n!

x log(1 − x) dx = −

3 4

1 4 0 1 (−1) n n! xm(log x) n dx = , (m > −1, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .) (m + 1) n+1 0 If n = 0, 1, 2, . . . replace n! by (n + 1). 1 log x π2 dx = − 1+x 12 0 1 log x π2 dx = − 1−x 6 0 1 log(1 + x) π2 dx = x 12 0 1 log(1 − x) π2 dx = − x 6 0 1 π2 log(x) log(1 + x) dx = 2 − 2 log 2 − 12 0 1 π2 log(x) log(1 − x) dx = 2 − 6 0 1 π2 log x dx = − 1 − x2 8 0 1 π2 dx 1+x = log · 1−x x 4 0 1 log x dx π √ = − log 2 2 2 0 1 1 − x n (n + 1) 1 m x log dx = , (if m + 1 > 0 and n + 1 > 0) x (m + 1) n+1

0 1 p (x − xq ) dx p+1 = log , ( p + 1 > 0, q + 1 > 0) log x q+1 0 1 √ dx (same as integral 686) 1 = π, 0 log x

x ∞ e +1 π2 log dx = x e −1 4 0 π/2 π/2 π log(sin x) dx = log cos x dx = − log 2 2 0 0 π/2 π/2 π log(sec x) dx = log csc x dx = log 2 2 0 0 π 2 π x log(sin x) dx = − log 2 2 0 π/2 sin x log(sin x) dx = log 2 − 1 0 π/2 log tan x dx = 0 0 √ π a + a 2 − b2 log(a ± b cos x) dx = π log , (a ≥ b) 2 0 $ π 2π log a a ≥b>0 log(a 2 − 2ab cos x + b2 ) dx = 2π log b b≥a >0 0 ∞ π aπ sin ax dx = tanh 2|b| 2b 0 ∞ sinh bx cos ax π aπ dx = sech 2|b| 2b 0 ∞ cosh bx dx π = cosh ax 2|a| 0 x log(1 + x) dx =

714. 715. 716. 717. 718. 719. 720. 721. 722. 723. 724.

725. 726.

727. 728.

∞

0 ∞

x dx π2 = sinh ax 4a 2

(a > 0)

a , (0 ≤ |b| < a) a 2 − b2 ∞ b e−ax sinh bx dx = 2 , (0 ≤ |b| < a) a − b2 0 ∞ sinh ax π aπ 1 dx = csc − (b > 0) bx + 1 e 2b b 2a 0 ∞ 1 π aπ sinh ax dx = − cot (b > 0) bx − 1 e 2a 2b b

2

0 π/2 π dx 1 1·3 2 4 1·3·5 2 6 2 = 1+ k + k + k + ··· , if k2 < 1 2 2 2·4 2·4·6 0 1 − k2 sin2 x

2

6 π/2 1 1 · 3 2 k4 1·3·5 π k 2 2 2 − 1 − k sin x dx = 1− k − 2 − ··· , if k2 < 1 2 2 2·4 3 2·4·6 5 0 ∞ e−x log x dx = −γ = −0.5772157 . . . 0 √ ∞ π 2 (γ + 2 log 2) e−x log x dx = − 4 0 ∞ 1 1 − e−x dx = γ = 0.5772157 . . . [Euler’s Constant] −x 1 − e x 0 ∞ 1 1 − e−x dx = γ = 0.5772157 . . . x 1 + x 0 For n even :

n/2−1 n sin(n − 2k)x n 1 1 + n cosn x dx = n−1 x k 2 (n − 2k) 2 n/2 k=0

n/2−1 n 1 n sin[(n − 2k)( π2 −x)] 1 + n sinn x dx = n−1 x k 2 2k − n 2 n/2 k=0 For n odd: (n−1)/2 1 n sin(n − 2k)x cosn x dx = n−1 2 n − 2k k k=0 (n−1)/2 1 n sin (n − 2k) π2 −x n sin x dx = n−1 2 2k − n k k=0 0

e−ax cosh bx dx =

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Certain types of differential equations occur sufficiently often to justify the use of formulas for the corresponding particular solutions. The following set of Tables I to XIV covers all first, second, and nth order ordinary linear differential equations with constant coefficients for which the right members are of the form P(x)er x sin sx or P(x)er x cos sx, where r and s are constants and P(x) is a polynomial of degree n. When the right member of a reducible linear partial differential equation with constant coefficients is not zero, particular solutions for certain types of right members are contained in Tables XV to XXI. In these tables both F and P are used to denote polynomials, and it is assumed that no denominator is zero. In any formula the roles of x and y may be reversed throughout, changing a formula in which x dominates y dominates. Tables XIX, XX, XXI are applicable whether the equations are reducible or to one in which m! and is the (n + 1) st coefficient in the expansion of (a + b) m. Also 0! = 1 by definition. not. The symbol mn stands for (m−n)!n! The tables as herewith given are those contained in the text Differential Equations by Ginn and Company (1955) and are published with their kind permission and that of the author, Professor Frederick H. Steen.

SOLUTION OF LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS Any linear differential equation with constant coefficients may be written in the form p( D) y = R(x)

A-46

1

(n−1)/2

�

n sin(n − 2k)x k n − 2k k=0 � � �� (n−1)/2 � � 1 � n sin (n − 2k) π2 −x n 728. sin x dx = n−1 2 2k − n k k=0 � ∞ π2 x dx = 714. (a > 0) 4a 2 �0 ∞ sinh ax a EQUATIONS e−ax cosh bx dx = 2 , DIFFERENTIAL (0 ≤ |b| < a) 715. 2 a − b 0 � ∞ b e−ax sinh bx dx = 2 , (0 ≤ |b| < a) 716. 2 a − �0 ∞of differential equationsb occur sufficiently often to justify the use of formulas for the corresponding particular Certain types π aπ 1 sinh ax solutions. to XIV (b covers 717. The following dxset=of Tables csc I − > 0) all first, second, and nth order ordinary linear differential equations with bx + 1 e 2b b 2a 0 � ∞ constant coefficients for which the right members are of the form P(x)er x sin sx or P(x)er x cos sx, where r and s are constants and sinh ax 1 π aπ P(x) is a polynomial of dx degree = n. − cot (b > 0) 718. bx − 1 e 2a 2b b � linear � When the member of a reducible differential coefficients is not zero, particular solutions � partial �2 � � equation � with constant �2 �0right π/2 π contained dx 1 in Tables 1XV · 3 to2XXI. 1these ·3·5 for719. certain types of right members are In tables 2 4 6both F and P are2used to denote polynomials, � = 1+ k + k + k + ··· , if k < 1 2 is zero.2In any formula 2 · 4 the roles of2 x· 4and · 6 y may be reversed throughout, changing a formula and it is assumed that 0 1 −nok2denominator sin2 x � � � �2 Tables � XIX,�2XX, � � 6 whether the equations are reducible or π/2 � in which x �dominates 1 k4 XXI1are · 3 ·applicable 5 π y dominates. k � � to2one2 in which 2 st 1 · 3 m! 720. − · · b) m k sinforx dx = 1 − k − 2 of − , . Also if 0! k2 = < 1 by definition. stands and is the (n + 1) coefficient in the expansion (a ·+ not. The symbol mn1 − (m−n)!n!2 2 2·4 3 2·4·6 5 0 � ∞as herewith given are those contained in the text Differential Equations by Ginn and Company (1955) and are The tables published kind permission and that of the 721. with their e−x log x dx = −γ = −0.5772157 . . . author, Professor Frederick H. Steen. 0 √ � ∞ π 2 722. e−x log x dx = − (γ + 2 log 2) 4 � LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS �0 ∞ �SOLUTION OF 1 1 − e−x dx = γ = 0.5772157 . . . [Euler’s Constant] 723. −x 1 − e x 0 � constant coefficients may be written in the form � ∞ � equation with Any linear differential 1 1 724. − e−x dx = γ = 0.5772157 . . . x 1 + x p( D) y = R(x) 0 For n even : � � � n/2−1 � � � n sin(n − 2k)x 1 1 n + n cosn x dx = n−1 x 725. 2 (n − 2k) 2 n/2 k A-46 k=0 � � � n/2−1 � � 1 � n sin[(n − 2k)( π2 −x)] 1 n 726. + n sinn x dx = n−1 x 2 2k − n 2 n/2 k k=0 For n odd: � (n−1)/2 � � 1 � n sin(n − 2k)x cosn x dx = n−1 727. 2 n − 2k k k=0 � � �� (n−1)/2 � � 1 � n sin (n − 2k) π2 −x n 728. sin x dx = n−1 2 2k − n k k=0 727.

cosn x dx =

2n−1

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Certain types of differential equations occur sufficiently often to justify the use of formulas for the corresponding particular solutions. The following set of Tables I to XIV covers all first, second, and nth order ordinary linear differential equations with constant coefficients for which the right members are of the form P(x)er x sin sx or P(x)er x cos sx, where r and s are constants and P(x) is a polynomial of degree n. When the right member of a reducible linear partial differential equation with constant coefficients is not zero, particular solutions for certain types of right members are contained in Tables XV to XXI. In these tables both F and P are used to denote polynomials, and it is assumed that no denominator is zero. In any formula the roles of x and y may be reversed throughout, changing a formula in which x dominates y dominates. Tables XIX, XX, XXI are applicable whether the equations are reducible or � � to one in which m! and is the (n + 1) st coefficient in the expansion of (a + b) m. Also 0! = 1 by definition. not. The symbol mn stands for (m−n)!n! The tables as herewith given are those contained in the text Differential Equations by Ginn and Company (1955) and are published with their kind permission and that of the author, Professor Frederick H. Steen.

SOLUTION OF LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS Any linear differential equation with constant coefficients may be written in the form p( D) y = R(x) A-46

Differential Equations

A-47

where • • • • •

D is the differential operation: Dy = p( D) is a polynomial in D, y is the dependent variable, x is the independent variable, R(x) is an arbitrary function of x.

dy dx

A power of D represents repeated differentiation, that is Dn y =

dn y dxn

For such an equation, the general solution may be written in the form y = yc + yp where yp is any particular solution, and yc is called the complementary function. This complementary function is defined as the general solution of the homogeneous equation, which is the original differential equation with the right side replaced by zero, i.e., p( D) y = 0 The complementary function yc may be determined as follows: 1. Factor the polynomial p( D) into real and complex linear factors, just as if D were a variable instead of an operator. 2. For each nonrepeated linear factor of the form (D - a), where a is real, write down a term of the form ceax where c is an arbitrary constant. 3. For each repeated real linear factor of the form ( D − a) n , write down n terms of the form c1 eax + c2 xeax + c3 x2 eax + · · · + cn xn−1 eax where the ci ’s are arbitrary constants. 4. For each non-repeated conjugate complex pair of factors of the form (D − a + ib)(D − a − ib), write down two terms of the form c1 eax cos bx + c2 eax sin bx 5. For each repeated conjugate complex pair of factors of the form (D− a + ib) n ( D− a − ib) n , write down 2n terms of the form c1 eax cos bx + c2 eax sin bx + c3 xeax cos bx + c4 xeax sin bx + · · · + c2n−1 xn−1 eax cos bx + c2n xn−1 eax sin bx

6. The sum of all the terms thus written down is the complementary function yc . To find the particular solution yp , use the following tables, as shown in the examples. For cases not shown in the tables, there are various methods of finding yp . The most general method is called variation of parameters. The following example illustrates the method: Example: Find yp for ( D2 − 4) y = e x . This example can be solved most easily by use of equation 63 in the tables following. However, it is given here as an example of the method of variation of parameters. The complementary function is yc = c1 e2x + c2 e−2x To find yp , replace the constants in the complementary function with unknown functions, yp = ue2x + ve−2x


A-48

We now prepare to substitute this assumed solution into the original equation. We begin by taking all the necessary derivatives: yp = ue2x + ve−2x

y�p = 2ue2x − 2ve−2x + u� e2x + v� e−2x For each derivative of yp except the highest, we set the sum of all the terms containing u� and v� to 0. Thus the above equation becomes u� e2x + v� e−2x = 0

and

y�p = 2ue2x − 2ve−2x

Continuing to differentiate, we have y��p = 4ue2x + 4ve−2x + 2u� e2x − 2v� e−2x When we substitute into the original equation, all the terms not containing u� or v� cancel out. This is a consequence of the method by which yp was set up. Thus all that is necessary is to write down the terms containing u� or v� in the highest order derivative of yp , multiply by the constant coefficient of the highest power of D in p( D), and set it equal to R(x). Together with the previous terms in u� and v� which were set equal to 0, this gives us as many linear equations in the first derivatives of the unknown functions as there are unknown functions. The first derivatives may then be solved for by algebra, and the unknown functions found by integration. In the present example, this becomes u� e2x + v� e−2x = 0

2u� e2x − 2v� e−2x = e x We eliminate v� and u� separately, getting 4u� e2x = e x

4v� e−2x = −e x Thus u� = 14 e−x v� = − 14 e3x Therefore, by integrating u = − 14 e−x 1 3x v = − 12 e A constant of integration is not needed, since we need only one particular solution. Thus 1 1 3x −2x yp = ue2x + ve−2x = − e−x e2x − e e 4 12 1 1 x 1 e = − ex = − ex − 4 12 3 and the general solution is y = yc + yp = c1 e2x + c2 e−2x −

1 x e 3

The following samples illustrate the use of the tables. Example 1:

Solve (D2 − 4) y = sin 3x. Substitution of q = −4, s = 3 in formula 24 gives yp =

wherefore the general solution is

sin 3x −9 − 4

y = c1 e2x + c2 e−2x −

sin 3x 13


A-49

Example 2: Obtain a particular solution of ( D2 − 4D + 5) y = x2 e3x sin x. Applying formula 40 with a = 2, b = 1, r = 3, s = 1, P(x) = x2 , s + b = 2, s − b = 0, a − r = −1, (a − r ) 2 +(s + b) 2 = 5, (a − r ) 2 +(s − b) 2 = 1, we have yp

=

=

� � � � � � 3·1·0−0 2 0 2(−1)2 2(−1)0 3 · 1 · 2 − 23 − − − x2 + 2x + 2 5 1 25 1 125 1 �� −1 −1 1−4 1−0 −1 − 3(−1)4 −1 − 3(−1)0 e3x cos x − − − − x2 + 2x + 2 2 5 1 25 1 125 1 � � � � 2 4 2 28 136 1 2 x − x− − e3x sin x + − x2 + e3x cos x 5 25 125 5 25 125 e3x sin x 2

��

The special formulas effect a very considerable saving of time in problems of this type.

Example 3: Obtain a particular solution of ( D2 − 4D + 5) y = x2 e2x cos x. (Compare with Example 2.) Formula 40 is not applicable here since for this equation r = a, s = b, wherefore the denominator (a − r ) 2 +(s − b) 2 = 0. We turn instead to formula 44. Substituting a = 2, b = 1, P(x) = x2 and replacing sin by cos, cos by − sin, we obtain � � � � � e2x cos x 2 e2x sin x 1 yp = x2 − + x2 − dx 4 4 2 2 � 2 � � 3 � x x 1 x 2x = e2x cos x + e sin x − − 4 8 6 4 which is the required solution.

Example 4: gives

Find z p for ( Dx − 3Dy ) z = ln( y + 3x). Referring to Table XV we note that formula 69 (not 68) is applicable. This

z p = x ln( y + 3x) � It is easily seen that −y 3 ln( y + 3x) would serve equally well.

Example 5: Solve ( Dx + 2Dy − 4) z = y cos( y − 2x). Since R in formula 76 contains a polynomial in x, not y, we rewrite the given equation in the form ( Dy +12 Dx −2) z =12 y cos( y−2x). Then � � 1 zc = e2y F x − y = e2x f (2x − y) 2 and by the formula

1 z p = − cos( y − 2x) · 2

�

1 y + 2 2 2

�

1 = − (2y + 1) cos( y − 2x) 8

Example 6: Find z p for ( Dx + 4Dy ) 3 z = (2x − y) 2 . Using formula 79, we obtain �� 2 3 u du (2x − y) 5 u5 zp = =− = 3 [2 + 4(−1)] 5 · 4 · 3 · (−8) 480 Example 7:

Find z p for ( Dx3 + 5Dx2 Dy − 7Dx + 4)z = e2x+3y . By formula 87 zp =

Example 8:

e2x+3y e2x+3y = 23 + 5 · 22 · 3 − 7 · 2 + 4 58

Find z p for ( Dx4 + 6Dx3 Dy + Dx Dy + D2y + 9)z = sin(3x + 4y)

Since every term in the left number is of even degree in the two operators Dx and Dy , formula 90 is applicable. It gives sin(3x + 4y) (−9) 2 + 6(−9)(−12) + (−12) + (−16) + 9 sin(3x + 4y) = 710

zp =


A-50 Table I: (D − a)y = R R 1. er x 2. sin sx∗ 3. P(x) rx

4. e sin sx∗ 5. P(x) er x 6. P(x) sin sx∗

yp

er x r −a cos sx − a sin asx+s 2 +s 2

�

− 1a P(x) +

= √

� � sin sx + tan−1 as � (n) + · · · + P a n(x)

1

a 2 +s 2 �� P � (x) + P a 2(x) a

Replace a by a − r in formula 2 and multiply by er x . Replace a �by a − r in formula 3 and multiply by er x .

� P (k−1) (x) + · · · � � ( 1k) a k−1 s−( 3k) a k−3 s 3 +··· P (k−1) (x) + · · · s 2as 3a 2 s−s 3 � �� − cos sx a 2 +s P(x) + P (x) + P (x) + · · · + 2 (a 2 +s 2 ) 2 (a 2 +s 2 ) 3 (a 2 +s 2 ) k a a 2 +s 2

− sin sx

P(x) +

a 2 −s 2 (a 2 +s 2 ) 2

P � (x) +

a 3 −3as 2 (a 2 +s 2 ) 3

7. P(x)er x sin sx∗Replace a by a − r in formula 6 and multiply by er x . xeax 8. eax ax sx ax 9. e sin sx∗ − e � cos s ax ax 10. P(x)e e P(x) � dx � � eax sin sx s

11. P(x)eax sin sx

P � (x) s3

−

P �� (x) s3

+

P v (x) s5

− ··· −

eax cos sx s

a k −( 2k) a k−2 s 2 +( 4k) a k−4 s 4 −··· (a 2 +s 2 ) k

P �� (x) + · · · +

P(x) −

P �� (x) s2

+

P iv (x) s4

� − ···

* For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “−sin” in yp . Dn =

dn dxn

�m � n

=

m! (m − n)!n!

0! = 1

Table II: (D − a)2 y = R R 12. er x 13. sin sx∗ 14. P(x) 15. er x sin sx∗ 16. P(x)er x 17. P(x) sin sx∗

18. P(x)er x sin sx∗ 19. eax 20. eax sin sx∗ 21. P(x)eax 22. P(x)eax sin sx∗

yp

er z (r −a) 2 � 1 1 2 2 [(a − s ) sin sx + 2as cos sx] = sin sx + 2 2 2 2 (a +s a +s � � ) 2P � (x) 3P �� (x) (n+1) P (n) (x) 1 P(x) + a + a 2 + · · · + an a2 rx

tan−1

2as

a 2 −s 2

�

Replace a by a − r in formula 13 and multiply by e . Replace�a by a − r in formula 14 and multiply by er x . a 2 −s 2 (a 2 +s 2 ) 2

3

2

a −3as a � P(x) + 2 (a 2 +s 2 ) 3 P (x) + 3

4 −6a 2 s 2 +s 4

P �� (x) + · · · � a k − k a k−2 s 2 + k a k−4 s 4 −··· (k−2) +(k − 1) ( 2) (a 2 +s(24))k P (x) + · · · � 2 s−s 3 4a 3 s−4as 3 �� + cos sx (a 22as P(x) + 2 (a3a2 +s 2 ) 3 P (x) + 3 (a 2 +s 2 ) 4 P (x) + · · · +s 2 ) 2 � k k−1 a s− k a k−3 s 3 +··· (k−2) P (x) + · · · +(k − 1) ( 1) (a 2(+s3)2 )k sin sx

(a 2 +s 2 ) 4

Replace a by a − r in formula 17 and multiply by er x . 1 2 ax x e 2 ax sx − e �ssin 2� ax e P(x)� dx dx � −e

ax sin sx

s2 ax sx − e scos 2

�

P(x) −

2P � (x) s

+

3P �� (x) s2 4P �� (x) s3

+

−

5P iv (x) s4 6P v (x) s5

−

7P vi (x) 6 s�

− ···

+ ···

* For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in yp .


A-51 Table III: (D2 + q)y = R

R 23. er x 24. sin sx∗ 25. P(x) 26. er x sin sx 27. P(x)er x

yp

er x r 2 +q sin sx 2 +q −s� �� iv (2k) 1 P(x) − P q(x) + P q2(x) − · · · + (−1) k P qk(x) q rx (r 2 −s 2 +q)er x sin sx−2r ser x cos sx = √ 2 2e 2 (r 2 −s 2 +q) 2 +(2r s) 2 (r −s +q) +(2r s) 2 er x r 2 +q

�

P(x) −

P � (x) +

3r 2 −q

+(−1) k �

s cos sx − (−s 2 +q)

�

2k+1 1

�

�

s 2k + 2k+1 3

4r 3 −4qr

�

P

5s 4 +10s 2 q+q2 2 4 � (−s �+q)

s 2k−2 q+ 2k+1 5 (−s 2 +q) 2k

4s 2 +4q �� 3 P (x) (−s�2 +q) � 2k s 2k−2 + 2k s 2k−4 q+··· 1 3

2P � (x) 2 +q) (−s� �

+(−1) k+1

P �� (x) −

2r s r 2 −s 2 +q

P �� (x) + · · · � (x) + · · ·

(r 2+q) 2 (r 2 +q) 3 ( k1 )r k−1 −( k3 )r k−3 q+( k5 )r k−5 q2 −··· (k−1) (r 2 +q) k−1

+ · · · + (−1) k−1 � 3s 2 +q �� P(x) − (−s 2 +q) 2 P (x) +

sin sx (−s 2 +q)

28. P(x) sin sx∗

2r r 2 +q

� ··· � sin sx − tan−1

−

�

P iv (x) + · · ·

s 2k−4 q2 +···

+ ···

� P (2k) (x) + · · ·

� P (2k−1) (x) + · · ·

(−s 2 +q) 2k−1

Table IV: (D2 + b2 )y = R 29. sin bx∗ 30. P(x) sin bx∗

bx − x cos 2b � sin bx (2b) 2

P(x) −

P �� (x) (2b) 2

+

P iv (x) (2b) 4

� − ··· −

cos bx 2b

��

P(x) −

P �� (x) (2b) 2

� + · · · dx

* For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in yp.

Table V: (D2 pD + q)y = R R 31. er x 32. sin sx∗

yp

er x r 2 + pr +q (q−s 2 ) sin sx− ps cos sx (q−s 2 ) 2 +( ps) 2

�

p q

= √

1

(q−s 2 ) 2 +( ps) 2

p2 −q q2

� sin sx − tan−1 p3 −2 pq q3

ps q−s 2

�

pn −( n−1 ) pn−2 q+( n−2 ) pn−4 q2 −··· 1 2 qn

33. P(x)

1 q

34. er x sin sx∗ 35. P(x)er x

Replace p by p + 2r , q by q+pr+r 2 in formula 32 and multiply by er x . Replace p by p + 2r , q by q+pr+r 2 in formula 33 and multiply by er x .

36. P(x) sin sx∗

P(x) −

P �� (x) −

�

P �� (x) + · · ·+(−1) n

Table VI: (D − b)(D − a)y = R

� 2 � b b2 − s 2 a a − s2 − 2 P(x) + − 2 P � (x) a2 + s2 b + s2 (a 2 + s 2 ) 2 (b + s 2 ) 2 � 3 � � b3 − 3bs 2 a − 3as 2 + − 2 P �� (x) + · · · 2 2 3 2 3 (a + s ) (b + s ) � � � � cos sx s 2bs s 2as + − P(x) + − 2 P � (x) b−a a2 + s2 b2 + s 2 (a 2 + s 2 ) 2 (b + s 2 ) 2 � 2 � � † 3b2 s − s 3 3a s − s 2 + − 2 P �� (x) + · · · (a 2 + s 2 ) 3 (b + s 2 ) 3

sin sx b−a

��

P � (x) +

rx 37. P(x)er x sin sx∗ Replace 36 and multiply �� a by a–r , b by b − �r in formula � by e . P(x) P (x) P �� (x) P (n) (x) eax ax 38. P(x)e P(x) dx + (b−a) + (b−a)2 + (b−a)3 + · · · + (b−a)n+1 a−b

* For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in yp . † For additional terms, compare with formula 6.

P (n) (x)

�


A-52 Table VII: (D2 − 2aD + a2 + b2 )y = R

yp

R

sin sx 2b

39. P(x) sin sx

��

s+b

s−b

�

�

2a(s+b)

2a(s−b)

�

P � (x) � 2 3 3a 2 (s−b)−(s−b) 3 �� + 3a (s+b)−(s+b) − P (x) + · · · 2 2 3 [a 2 +(s+b)2 ]3 � [a +(s−b) ] � �� 2 a −(s+b) 2 a 2 −(s−b) 2 a a − cos2bsx − P(x) + − P � (x) 2 2 2 2 2 2 a +(s+b) a +(s−b) 2 [a 2 +(s+b)� ] [a 2 +(s−b)�2 ] � † 2 2 a 3 −3a(s−b) 2 P �� (x) + · · · + a 2−3a(s+b) 3 − 3 2 2 2 [a +(s+b) ] [a +(s−b) ] 40. P(x)er x sin sx∗ 39 and multiply by er x . � Replace a by a − r in formula � ∗

41. P(x)eax

42. eax sin sx∗ 43. eax sin bx∗

44. P(x)eax sin bx∗

a 2 +(s+b) 2

−

a 2 +(s−b) 2

�

P(x) +

2 a 2 +(s+b) 2

[

]

−

2 a 2 +(s−b) 2

[�

]

�� iv eax P(x) − P b2(x) + P b4(x) − · · · b2 eax sin sx 2 −s 2 +b ax cos bx − xe 2b � � P �� (x) P iv (x) eax sin bx P(x) − + − · · · 2 2 4 (2b) (2b) (2b) � � �� iv ax cos bx � − e 2b P(x) − P(2b)(x)2 + P(2b)(x)4 − · · · dx

* For cos sx in R replace “sin’ by “cos’ and “cos” by “− sin” in y p . † For additional terms, compare with formula 6. R 45. er x 46. sin sx∗

Table VIII: f (D)y = [Dn + an−1 Dn−1 + · · · + a1 D + a0 ]y = R

yp

er x f (r ) [a0 −a2 s 2 +a4 s 4 −··· ] sin sx−[a1 s−a3 s 3 +a5 s 5 +··· ] cos sx [a0 −a2 s 2 +a4 s 4 −··· ]2 +[a1 s−a3 s 3 +a5 s 5 −··· ]2

Table IX: f (D2 )y = R 47. sin sx∗

sin sx f (−s 2 )

48. er x 49. sin sx∗

er x

50. P(x)

sin sx a0 −a2 s 2 +···±s 2n

=

Table X: (D − a)n y = R

(r −a) n (−1) n {[a n (a 2 +s 2 ) 2 (−1) n an

�� − 2n a n−2 s 2 + 4n a n−4 s 4 − · · · ] sin sx �n� n−1 �n� n−3 3 sx} � +[ 1�a� � s − �3 a � s� + · �· · ] cos � � n+2 P �� (x) P (x) P(x) + 1n P a(x) + n+1 + + ··· 2 3 a2 a2

51. er x sin sx∗ Replace a by a − r in formula 49 and multiply by er x . Replace a by a − r�in�formula 50�and multiply by e�r x . � 52. er x P(x) � n n+1 n+2 n � �� An+1 P (x) + An+2 P (x) + An+3 P �� (x) + · · · ] 53. P(x) sin sx∗ (−1) sin sx[An P(x) + 1

2 3 � � � � � � n n+1 n+2 � �� Bn+1 P (x) + Bn+2 P (x) + Bn+3 P �� (x) + · · · ] + (−1) cos sx[Bn P(x) + 1 2 3 � � � � a k − 2k a k−2 s 2 + 4k a k−4 s 4 − · · · a a2 − s2 , A2 = 2 , . . . , Ak = A1 = 2 a + s2 (a + s 2 ) 2 (a 2 + s 2 ) k � k� k−1 � k� k−3 3 a s − s + ··· a 2as 3 a B1 = 2 , B2 = 2 , . . . , Bk = 1 a + s2 (a + s 2 ) 2 (a 2 + s 2 ) k n

54. er x sin sx∗

Replace a by a − r in formula 53 and multiply by er x . � � � 55. eax P(x) eax · · · P(x) dxn �� n−1 � � P �� (x) �n+4� P v (x) n (−1) 2 eax sin sx P (x) 56. P(x)eax sin sx∗ − n+2 + n−1 s 5 − · · · n−1 n−1 sn s s3 �� n+1 � � P �� (x) �n+3� P iv (x) ax 2 + (−1) sen cos sx n−1 P(x) − n+1 + n−1 s 4 − · · · (n odd) n−1 n−1 s2 �� n � � � � ax �� iv n−1 (−1) 2 e sin sx P (x) P (x) P(x) − n+1 + n+3 − ··· n−1 n−1 n−1 sn s2 s4 � � n � � � � � � ax � �� v 2 n P (x) P (x) P (x) + (−1) es n cos sx n−1 − n+2 + n+4 − ··· (n even) n−1 n−1 s s3 s5 * For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in yp.


A-53 Table XI: (D − a)n f (D)y = R

57. eax

xn n!

ax

· fe(a) * For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in yp.

Table XII: (D2 + q)n y = R R 58. er x 59. sin sx∗ 60. P(x) 61. er x sin sx∗

yp er x /(r 2 + q) n sin�sx/(q − s 2 ) n � � � �� P iv (x) �n+2� P vi (x) 1 P(x) − 1n P q(x) + n+1 − 3 + ··· 2 qn 2 q2 q3 er x

( A2 +B2 ) n

��

� � � � � n n An − An−2 B2 + An−4 B4 − · · · sin sx 2 4 �� n n An−1 B − An−3 B3 + · · · cos sx − 1 3

A = r 2 − s 2 + q,

B = 2r s

Table XIII: (D2 + b2 )n y = R 62. sin bx∗

n

cos bx (−1) n+1/2 xn!(2b) n

n

sin bx (n odd), (−1) n/2 xn!(2b) n

(n even)

Table XIV: (Dn − q)y = R 63. er x

n er x /(r � − q)

(n) (x)

64. P(x)

− q1 P(x) P

65. sin sx∗ 66. er x sin sx∗

− q sin sx+(−1) q2 +s 2n

q

+

P (2n) (x) q2

n−1 2 s n cos sx

� + ···

sin sx (n odd), (n even) (−s 2 ) n/2 −q� � r x e −1 B √ = sin sx − tan A A2 +B2 � n �n� n−2 2 A�2 n+B �2 � A = �� r �− 2 r �s � + 4 r n−4 s 4�− · · · − q, n n−1 n n−3 3 B = 1 r s − 3 r s + ··· * For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and cos by “− sin” in yp. Aer x sin sr −Ber x cos sx

Table XV: (Dx + mDy )z = R R zp eax+by 67. eax+by a+mb f (u)du 68. f (ax + by) ∫ a+mb , u = ax + by 69. f ( y − mx) xf ( y − mx) 70. φ(x, y) f ( y − mx) f ( y − mx) ∫ φ(x, a + mx) dx (a = y − mx after integration) Table XVI: (Dx + mDy − k)z = R 71. eax+by 72. sin(ax + by)∗ 73. eαx+βy sin(ax + by)∗ 74. e xk f (ax + by) 75. f ( y − mx) 76. p(x) f ( y − mx) 77. ekx f ( y − mx)

eax+by a+mb−k sin(ax+by) − (a+bm) cos(ax+by)+k (a+bm) 2 +k2

Replace k in 72 by k − α − mβ and multiply by eαx+βy � kx e f (u)du , u = ax + by a+mb f ( y−mx) − k � � − 1k f ( y − mx) p(x) +

p� (x) k

+

p�� (x) k2

+ ··· +

p(n) (x) kn

xekx f ( y − mx) * For cos(ax + by) replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in z p . k+r Dx = ∂∂x ; Dy = ∂∂y ; Dxk Dyr = ∂∂k ∂ r x

y


A-54 Table XVII: (Dz + mDy )n z = R R 78. eax+by

zp

eax+by (a+mb) �� n ··· f (u)dun ,u (a+mb) n xn f ( y − mx) n! ��

79. f (ax + by) 80. f ( y − mx) 81. φ(x, y) f ( y + mx)

f ( y − mx)

= ax + by

···

�

φ(x, a + mx) dxn (a = y − mx after integration) Table XVIII: (Dx + mDy − k)n z = R

eax+by (a+mb−k) n (−1) n f ( y−mx) kn � �� (−1) n f ( y − mx) p(x) + 1n p k(x) kn ekx ∫ ∫··· ∫ f (u)dun , u = ax + by (a+mb) n xn kx e f ( y − mx) n!

82. eax+by 83. f ( y − mx)

84. P(x) f ( y − mx)

85. ekz f (ax + by) 86. ekx f ( y − mx)

+

�n+1� p�� (x) 2

k3

+

�n+2� p�� (x) 3

k3

� + ···

Table XIX: [Dxn + a1 Dxn−1 Dy + a2 Dxn−2 D2y + · · · + an Dny ]z = R 87. eax+by

88. f (ax + by)

a + a1

a n−1 b +

eax+by a2 a n−2 b2 + · · · + an bn

��

�� ··· f (u)dun , (u = ax + by) n n−1 n−2 a + a1 a b + a2 a b2 + · · · + a n bn Table XX: F (Dx ,Dy )z = R

89. eax+by

eax+by

F (a,b)

Table XXI: F (Dx2 ,Dx Dy ,D2y )z = R 90. sin(ax + by)∗

sin(ax+by) F (−a 2 ,−ab,−b2 )

* For cos(ax + by) replace “sin ” by “cos”, and “cos” by “− sin” in z p .


A-55 Differential equation

yF (xy) dx + x G(xy) dy = 0

Linear, homogeneous, second order equation dy d2 y +b + cy = 0 dx2 dx where b and c are real constants

Linear, nonhomogeneous, second order equation dy d2 y + cy = R(x) +b dx2 dx where b and c are real constants

Method of solution G(v) dv +c ln x = v{G(v) − F (v)} where v = xy. If G(v) = F (v), then the solution is xy = c. �

Let m1 , m2 be the roots of m2 + bm + c = 0.

Then there are 3 cases: Case 1. m1 , m2 real and distinct: y = c1 em1 x + c2 em2 x Case 2. m1 , m2 real and equal: y = c1 em1 x + c2 xem1 x Case 3. m1 = p + qi, m2 = p − qi : y = e px (c√ 1 cos qx + c2 sin qx) where p = −b/2, q = 4c − b2 /2 There are 3 cases corresponding to those above: Case 1.

Case 2.

Case 3.

y = c1 em1 x + c2 em2 x � em1 x + e−m1 x R(x) dx m1 − m2 � em2 x + e−m2 x R(x) dx m2 − m1 y = c1 em1 x + c2 xem1 x � + xem1 x e−m1 x R(x) dx � − em1 x xe−m1 x R(x) dx

y = e px (c1 cos qx + c2 sin qx) � e px sin qx + e− px R(x) cos qx dx q � e px cos qx e− px R(x) sin qx dx − q


A-56 Differential equation Euler or Cauchy equation dy d2 y x2 + bx + cy = S(x) dx dx

Bessel’s equation dy d2 y x2 2 + x + (λ2 x2 − n2 ) y = 0 dx dx Transformed Bessel’s equation dy d2 y + x2 2 + (2 p + 1)x dx � 2dx2r � 2 α x +β y=0 Legendre’s equation d2 y dy + n(n + 1) y = 0 (1 − x2 ) 2 − 2x dx dx Separation of variables f1 (x)g1 ( y) dx + f2 (x)g2 ( y) dy = 0

Exact equation

M(x, y) dx + N(x, y) dy = 0 where ∂ M/∂ y = ∂ N/∂ x Linear first order equation dy + P(x) y = Q(x) dx Bernoulli’s equation dy + P(x) y = Q(x) yn dx Homogeneous equation � y� dy =F dx x

Reducible to homogeneous (a1 x + b1 y + c1 ) dx +(a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) dy = 0 b1 a1 �= with a2 b2 Reducible to separable (a1 x + b1 y + c1 ) dx +(a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) dy = 0 b1 a1 = with a2 b2

Method of solution Putting x = et , the equation becomes

dy d2 y + cy = S(et ) + (b − 1) dt 2 dt and can then be solved as a linear second order equation. y = c1 J n (λx) + c2 Yn (λx)

� �α � � α �� xr + c2 Yq/r xr y = x− p c1 J q/r r r � where q = p2 − β 2 . y = c1 Pn (x) + c2 Qn (x) � �

f1 (x) dx + f2 (x) M∂ x +

��

�

n−

g2 ( y) dy = c g1 ( y) ∂ ∂y

�

� M∂ x dy = c where ∂ x indicates

that the integration is to be performed with respect to x keeping y constant. ye

�

P dx

=

�

Qe

�

P dx

dx + c

� � � ve(1−n) P dx = Qe(1−n) P dx dx + c where v = y1−n . � If n = 1, then the solution is ln y = ( Q − P) dx + c.

� dv ln x = F (v)−v + c where v = y/x. If F (v) = v, then the solution is y = cx.

Set u = a1 x + b1 y + c1 and v = a2 x + b2 y + c2 . Then eliminate x and y and the equation becomes homogenous. Set u = a1 x + b1 y. Then eliminate x or y and the equation becomes separable.

FOURIER SERIES 1. If f (x) is a bounded periodic function of period 2L (i.e., f (x + 2L) = f (x)), and satisfies the Dirichlet conditions: (a) In any period f (x) is continuous, except possibly for a finite number of jump discontinuities. (b) In any period f (x) has only a finite number of maxima and minima. Then f (x) may be represented by the Fourier series nπ x nπ x � a0 � � an cos + + bn sin 2 L L n=1 ∞

where an and bn are as determined below. This series will converge to f (x) at every point where f (x) is continuous, and to f (x+ ) + f (x− ) 2 (i.e., the average of the left-hand and right-hand limits) at every point where f (x) has a jump discontinuity.

an bn

=

1 L

=

1 L

�

L

−L � L

f (x) cos

nπ x dx, L

n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

f (x) sin

nπ x dx, L

n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

−L

We may also write

an =

1 L

�

α+2L

f (x) cos α

nπ x 1 dx and bn = L L

where α is any real number. Thus if α = 0, an

=

1 L

bn

=

1 L

� �

2L

f (x) cos

nπ x dx, L

f (x) sin

nπ x d, L

0 2L 0

�

α+2L

f (x) sin α

nπ x dx L

n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

2. If in addition to the restrictions in (1), f (x) is an even function (i.e., f (−x) = f (x)), then the Fourier series reduces to ∞

nπ x a0 � + an cos 2 L n=1

That is, bn = 0. In this case, a simpler formula for an is � 2 L nπ x an = dx, f (x) cos L 0 L

n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .

3. If in addition to the restrictions in (1), f (x) is an odd function (i.e., f (−x) = − f (x)), then the Fourier series reduces to ∞ �

bn sin

n=1

nπ x L

That is, an = 0. In this case, a simpler formula for the bn is � 2 L nπ x bn = f (x) sin dx, L 0 L

n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

4. If in addition to the restrictions in (2) above, f (x) = − f (L − x), then an will be 0 for all even values of n, including n = 0. Thus in this case, the expansion reduces to ∞ � m=1

a2m−1 cos

(2m − 1)π x L A-57

Fourier Series

A-58

5. If in addition to the restrictions in (3) above, f (x) = f (L − x), then bn will be 0 for all even values of n. Thus in this case, the expansion reduces to ∞ �

b2m−1 sin

m=1

(2m − 1)π x L

(The series in (4) and (5) are known as odd-harmonic series, since only the odd harmonics appear. Similar rules may be stated for even-harmonic series, but when a series appears in the even-harmonic form, it means that 2L has not been taken as the smallest period of f (x). Since any integral multiple of a period is also a period, series obtained in this way will also work, but in general computation is simplified if 2L is taken to be the smallest period.) 6. If we write the Euler definitions for cos θ and sin θ, we obtain the complex form of the Fourier series known either as the “Complex Fourier Series” or the “Exponential Fourier Series” of f (x). It is represented as f (x) =

n=+∞ 1 � cn eiωn x 2 n=−∞

where cn = with ωn =

nπ L

1 L

�

L

f (x) e−iωn x dx,

n = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, . . .

−L

for n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . The set of coefficients cn is often referred to as the Fourier spectrum.

7. If both sine and cosine terms are present and if f (x) is of period 2L and expandable by a Fourier series, it can be represented as f (x) =

� nπ x � a0 � cn sin + + φn , 2 L n=1 ∞

an = cn sin φn ,

bn = cn cos φn ,

where cn =

�

an2 + bn2 ,

φn = arctan

�

an bn

�

It can also be represented as f (x) =

� nπ x � a0 � + + φn , cn cos 2 L n=1 ∞

an = cn cos φn ,

bn = −cn sin φn ,

where cn =

�

an2

+

bn2 ,

�

bn φn = arctan − an

�

where φn is chosen so as to make an , bn , and cn hold. 8. The following table of trigonometric identities should be helpful for developing Fourier series. sin nπ cos nπ ∗ sin nπ 2 ∗ cos nπ 2 sin nπ 4

n 0 (−1) n

n even 0 +1 0 (−1) n/2

n/2 odd 0 +1 0 −1 (−1) (n−2)/4

nodd 0 −1 (−1) (n−1)/2 0 √ 2 (n2 +4n+11)/8 (−1) 2

n/2 even 0 +1 0 +1 0

*A useful formula for sin nπ and cos nπ is given by 2 2 sin

nπ (i) n+1 = [(−1) n − 1] 2 2

and

cos

nπ (i) n = [(−1) n + 1], 2 2

where i 2 = −1.

Auxiliary Formulas for Fourier Series � � 4 3π x 1 5π x πx 1 + sin + sin + ··· sin [0 < x < k] π k 3 k 5 k � � 2k 2π x 1 3π x πx 1 x= − sin + sin − ··· sin [−k < x < k] π k 2 k 3 k � � k 4k 1 1 πx 3π x 5π x x = − 2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + ··· [0 < x < k] 2 π k 3 k 5 k �� 2 � � 2 � π π 4 2π x 4 2k2 πx π2 3π x x2 = 3 − − sin + − 3 sin sin π 1 1 k 2 k 3 3 k � 2 � � π2 5π x π 4π x 4 − [0 < x < k] sin + − 3 sin + ··· 4 k 5 5 k � � 4k2 1 1 1 k2 πx 2π x 3π x 4π x x2 = − 2 cos − 2 cos + 2 cos − 2 cos + ··· 3 π k 2 k 3 k 4 k 1=

[−k < x < k]

1− 1 22 1 1− 2 2 1 1+ 2 3 1 1 + 2 22 4 1−

1 1 1 + − 3 5 7 1 1 + 2 + 2 3 4 1 1 + 2 − 2 3 4 1 1 + 2 − 2 5 7 1 1 + 2 + 2 6 8

+ ··· = + ··· = + ··· = + ··· = + ··· =

π 4 π2 6 π2 12 π2 8 π2 24

FOURIER EXPANSIONS FOR BASIC PERIODIC FUNCTIONS f (x) =

4 π

f (x) =

2 π

c+2 f (x)= L π

f (x) =

�

n=1,3,5...

∞ �

n=1

(−1) n n

1 n

sin nπLx

�

� cos nπc − 1 sin nπLx L

∞ � (−1) n sin nπLc cos nπLx n

n=1

2 L

∞ �

n=1

sin

1 nπ sin( 2 nπc/L) 1 nπc/L 2 2

sin nπLx

A-59

1 1 1 π + 2 − 2 + ··· = 22 3 4 12 1 1 1 π2 1 + 2 + 2 − 2 + ··· = 3 5 7 8 1 1 1 1 π2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ··· = 22 4Formulas 6 8 Fourier Series 24 Auxiliary for 1−

�

�

4 EXPANSIONS 3π x FOR 1 BASIC 5π x πx 1 FOURIER PERIODIC FUNCTIONS 1= + sin + sin + ··· sin [0 < x < k] π k 3 k 5 k � � 2k 2π x 1 3π x πx 1 x= − sin + sin − · · · sin [−k < x < k] π k f2(x) = 4k �3 1 sinknπ x � � π n L k 4k 1 n=1,3,5... 1 πx 3π x 5π x x = − 2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + ··· [0 < x < k] 2 π k 3 k 5 k �� 2 � � 2 � π π 4 2π x 4 2k2 πx π2 3π x x2 = 3 − − sin + − 3 sin sin π 1 1 k 2 k 3 3 k � 2 � � π2 5π x π 4π x 4 − [0 < x < k] sin + − ∞ 3 sin� + ··· � 4 k 5 � 5 (−1)n k nπc f (x) = π2 cos L − 1 sin nπLx � � n 4k2 1n=1 2π x 1 1 k2 πx 3π x 4π x x2 = − 2 cos − 2 cos + 2 cos − 2 cos + ··· 3 π k 2 k 3 k 4 k [−k < x < k]

1 1 1 π +n nπ −c + ··· = nπ x sin cos 3(−1) 5 7 4 n L L n=1 1 1 1 π2 1 − 2 + 2 + 2 + ··· = 2 3 4 6 1 1 1 π2 1 − 2 + 2 − 2 + ··· = 2 3 4 12 1∞ 1 1 π2 1 + �+ 2 nπ−sin(212 nπc/L) + ··· = x 5 2 71 nπc/L sin nπ 8L f (x) = L232 sin 2 n=1 1 1 1 1 π2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ··· = 22 4 6 8 24 1− ∞ �

c+2 f (x)= L π

FOURIER EXPANSIONS FOR BASIC PERIODIC FUNCTIONS A-59 f (x) =

4 π

f (x) =

2 π

c+2 f (x)= L π

f (x) =

�

n=1,3,5...

∞ �

n=1

(−1) n n

1 n

sin nπLx

�

� cos nπc − 1 sin nπLx L

∞ � (−1) n sin nπLc cos nπLx n

n=1

2 L

∞ �

n=1

sin

1 nπ sin( 2 nπc/L) 1 nπc/L 2 2

sin nπLx

A-59

Fourier Expansions for Basic Periodic Functions

A-60

∞ �

f (x) =

2 π

f (x) =

1 2

f (x) =

8 π2

f (x) =

1 2

(−1) n+1 n

n=1

−

4 π2

�

n=1,3,5,...

�

1 π

∞ �

n=1

1 n

2 π

f (x) =

1 2

f (x) =

2 π

f (x) π4

∞ �

n=1

∞ �

n=1

−

n=1

1 n

(−1) n−1 n

4 π 2 (1−2a)

∞ �

(−1) n n

cos

�

nπ x L

nπ x L

sin

sin nπLx

f (x) = 12 (1 + a) +

f (x) =

1 n2

(−1) (n−1)/2 n2

n=1,3,5,...

−

sin nπLx

2 π 2 (1−a)

�

1+

�

1 [(−1) n n2

n=1

sin nπa nπ(1−a)

n=1,3,5,...

1+

∞ �

1 n2

�

cos nπa − 1] cos nπLx ; � � c a = 2L

� sin nπLx ; a =

c 2L

�

� cos nπa cos nπLx ; a =

1+(−1) n nπ(1−2a)

c 2L

� � sin nπa sin nπLx ; a =

� sin nπ sin nπa sin nπLx ; a = 4

c 2L

�

�

c 2L

�

∞ �

f (x) =

9 π2

f (x) =

32 3π 2

f (x) =

1 π

1 n2

n=1

∞ �

n=1

+

1 2

� sin nπ sin nπLx ; a = 3

c 2L


1 n2

sin ωt −

2 π

�

n=2,4,6,...

1 n2 −1

�

c 2L

�

cos nωt

Extracted from graphs and formulas, pages 372, 373, Differential Equations in Engineering Problems, Salvadori and Schwarz, published by Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1954.

THE FOURIER TRANSFORMS For a piecewise continuous function F (x) over a finite interval 0 ≤ x ≤ π; the finite Fourier cosine transform of F (x) is fc (n) =

�

π

F (x) cos nx dx (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)

0

If x ranges over the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ L, the substitution x� = π x/L allows the use of this definition, also. The inverse transform is written. x 1 2� F (x) = fc (0) − fc (n) cos nx (0 < x < π ) π π n=1 where F (x) =

F (x+�)+F (x−�) . 2

We observe that F (x+) = F (x−) = F (x) at points of continuity. The formula fc(2) (n) =

�

π

F �� (x) cos nx dx

(1)

0

= −n2 fc (n) − F � (0) + (−1) n F � (π) makes the finite Fourier cosine transform useful in certain boundary value problems. Analogously, the finite Fourier sine transform of F (x) is � π F (x) sin nx dx (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) fs (n) = 0

and

F (x) = Corresponding to (1) we have fs(2) (n)

= =

∞ 2� fs (n) sin nx (0 < x < π ) π n=1

�

π

F �� (x) sin nx dx

−n2 fs (n) − n F (0) − n(−1) n F (π)

If F (x) is defined for x ≤ 0 and is piecewise continuous over any finite interval, and if fc (α) =

(2)

0

�

2 π

�

x

�x 0

F (x) dx is absolutely convergent, then

F (x) cos(αx) dx 0

A-61

Extracted from graphs and formulas, pages 372, 373, Differential Equations in Engineering Problems, Salvadori and Schwarz, published by Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1954. f (x) =

∞ �

9 π2

1 n2


c 2L

�

THE FOURIER TRANSFORMS n=1

For a piecewise continuous function F (x) over a finite interval 0 ≤ x ≤ π; the finite Fourier cosine transform of F (x) is � π ∞ � � � 32 c 2, . . .) 1 cosnπ (n) = F (x) dxnπLx(n 0, 2L 1, ff(x) = sin 4nxsin ; = a= c 3π 2 n2 0 n=1

If x ranges over the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ L, the substitution x� = π x/L allows the use of this definition, also. The inverse transform is written. x 1 2� F (x) = 1fc (0)1 − f (n)� cos nx1 (0 < x < π ) f (x) =π π + 2 sinπωt − π2 c cos nωt n2 −1 n=1 n=2,4,6,...

where F (x) =

F (x+�)+F (x−�) . 2

We observe that F (x+) = F (x−) = F (x) at points of continuity. The formula

� π F �� (x) cos nx dx fc(2) (n) = Extracted from graphs and formulas, pages 372, 373, 0Differential Equations in Engineering Problems, Salvadori and Schwarz, (1) published by Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1954. = −n2 fc (n) − F � (0) + (−1) n F � (π) makes the finite Fourier cosine transform useful in certain boundary value problems. Analogously, the finite Fourier sine transform THE FOURIER TRANSFORMS of F (x) is � π F (x) sin nx dx (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) fs (n) = 0

For a piecewise continuous function F (x) over a finite interval 0 ≤ x ≤ π; the finite Fourier cosine transform of F (x) is and ∞ � π2 � F (x) = fs (n) sin nx (0 < x < π ) fc (n) = πF (x) cos nx dx (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .) 0

n=1

Corresponding we have If x ranges overto the(1) interval 0 ≤ x ≤ L, the substitution x� = π x/L allows the use of this definition, also. The inverse transform is � π written. ��x (x) sin nx dx (2) fs(2) (n)1 = 2F� F (x) = fc (0) −0 fc (n) cos nx (0 < x < π ) π π (n) − n F (0) − n(−1) n F (π) = −n2 fsn=1 F (x+�)+F (x−�) . We observe that F (x+) = F (x−) = F (x) at points of continuity. where F (x) = � x The formula 2 If F (x) is defined for x ≤ 0 and is piecewise continuous over any finite interval, and if 0 F (x) dx is absolutely convergent, then � π �F �� (x) � cos nx dx fc(2) (n) = 2 x (1) 0 F (x) cos(αx) dx fc (α) = = −n2 fcπ(n) 0− F � (0) + (−1) n F � (π) A-61 makes the finite Fourier cosine transform useful in certain boundary value problems. Analogously, the finite Fourier sine transform of F (x) is � π F (x) sin nx dx (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) fs (n) = 0

and

F (x) = Corresponding to (1) we have fs(2) (n)

= =

∞ 2� fs (n) sin nx (0 < x < π ) π n=1

�

π

F �� (x) sin nx dx

−n2 fs (n) − n F (0) − n(−1) n F (π)

If F (x) is defined for x ≤ 0 and is piecewise continuous over any finite interval, and if fc (α) =

(2)

0

�

2 π

�

x

�x 0

F (x) dx is absolutely convergent, then

F (x) cos(αx) dx 0

A-61

The Fourier Transforms

A-62 is the Fourier cosine transform of F (x). Furthermore, F (x) =

�

2 π

�

x

fc (α) cos(αx) dα.

0

If limx→∞ dn F /dxn = 0, then an important property of the Fourier cosine transform is fc(2r ) (α)

=

�

2 π

�

x 0

�

d2r F dx2r

�

�

cos(αx) dx = −

r −1 2� (−1) n a2r −2n−1 α 2n + (−1)r α 2r fc (α) π n=0

where limx→∞ dr F /dxr = ar, makes it useful in the solution of many problems. Under the same conditions. � � x 2 fs (α) = F (x) sin(αx) dx π 0 defines the Fourier sine transform of F (x), and

F (x) =

�

2 π

�

x

fs (α) sin(αx) dα

0

Corresponding to (3) we have fs(2r ) (α)

=

�

2 π

�

∞ 0

� r d2r F 2� sin(αx) dx = − (−1) n α 2n−1 a2r −2n + (−1)r −1 α 2r fs (α) dx2r π n=1

Similarly, if F (x) is defined for −∞ < x < ∞, and if ∫∞ −∞ F (x) dx is absolutely convergent, then � ∞ 1 F (x)eiax dx f (α) = √ 2π −∞ is the Fourier transform of F (x), and

Also, if

then

1 F (x) = √ 2π � n � �d F � �=0 lim � |x|→∞ � dxn �

1 f (r ) (α) = √ 2π

�

∞

−∞

�

∞

f (α)e−iax dα

−∞

(n = 1, 2, . . . , r − 1)

F (r ) (x)eiαx dx = (−iα)r f (α)

(3)


A-63 Finite Sine Transforms �π

1. fs (n) = 2. (−1)

14. 15.

16. 17. 18. 19.

fs (n)

F (x) F (x) F (π − x)

3.

1 n

π−x π

4.

(−1) n+1 n

x π

5.

1−(−1) n n

6.

2 n2

1 ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨x

7.

(−1) n+1 n3

8.

1−(−1) n n3

9.

π 2 (−1) n−1 n

sin

nπ 2

10. π(−1) n

13.

0

n+1

fs (n) F (x) sin nx dx (n = 1, 2, . . .)

11.

n [1 n2 +c2

12.

n n2 +c2

n

n2 −k2

⎧ ⎨ π2 ⎩

0

when 0 < x < π/2

⎪ ⎪ ⎩π − x when π/2 < x < π x(π 2 −x2 ) 6π x(π−x) 2

− �

6 n3

2[1−(−1) n ] n3

x2

π2 n

x3

−

�

− (−1) n ecπ ]

sinh c(π−x) sinh cπ

fs (n) (k �= 0, 1, 2, . . .) when n = m when n �= m

ecx

(m = 1, 2, . . .)

n [1 − (−1) n cos kπ ] n2 − k2 (k �= 1, 2, . . .) ⎧ n n+m ⎪ n2 −m ] 2 [1 − (−1) ⎨ when n �= m = 1, 2, . . . ⎪ ⎩ 0 when n = m n (k = � 0, 1, 2, . . .) (n2 −k2 ) 2 bn ≤ 1) (|b| n 1−(−1) n n b (|b| ≤ 1) n

F (x) sin k(π−x) sin kπ

sin mx cos kx

cos mx k(π−x) π sin kx − x cos 2k sin kπ 2k sin2 kπ 2 b sin x arctan 1−b cos x π 2 sin x arctan 2b1−b 2 π


A-64 Finite Cosine Transforms 1. 2. 3.

fc (n) �π fc (n) = 0 F (x) cos nx dx (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .) (−1) n fc (n) 0 when n = 1, 2, · · · ; fc (0) = π

4.

2 n

sin nπ ; 2

F (x) F (x) F (π − x) 1 � 1 when 0 < x < π/2 −1 when π/2 < x < π

fc (0) = 0

1−(−1) n

2

5. − n2 ; fc (0) = π2 n 2 6. (−1) ; fc (0) = π6 n2 7. n12 ; fc (0) = 0 n n 4 8. 3π 2 (−1) − 6 1−(−1) ; fc (0) = π4 n2 n4 n c e π −1 9. (−1)n2 +c 2 1 10. n2 +c2 k 11. [( − 1) n cos πk − 1] 2 n − k2 (k �= 0, 1, 2, · · · ) n+m −1 12. (−1) ; f c (m) = 0 (m = 1, 2, · · · ) 2 2 n −m 1 13. � (k = � 0, 1, 2, . . .) 2 2 n −k 0

14.

π 2

x

x2 2π (π−x) 2 2π 3

π 6

−

x

1 cx e c coshc(π−x) csinhcπ

sin kx 1 m

sin mx k(π−x) − cosk sin kπ

for n = 1, 2, · · · ; n �= m for n = m

cos mx for m = 1, 2, 3, . . .

Fourier Sine Transforms

1. 2.

�

F (x)

�

1 (0 < x < a) 0 (x > a)

�

x p−1 (0 a)

6.

cos

7.

sin

x2 2

2 π

α

2 �( p) π αp

√1 2π

�

sin

2 α π 1+α 2 −α 2 /2

�

−

sin[a(1+α)] 1+α

�

αe � � 2� � 2 ��∗ √ 2 2 2 sin α2 C α2 − cos α2 S α2 � 2� � 2 ��∗ √ � 2 2 2 cos α2 C α2 + sin α2 S α2

Here C( y) and S( y) are the Fresnel integrals: 1 C( y) = √ 2π

pπ 2

sin[a(1−α)] 1−α

� �

2 /2

x2 2

fs (α) � 1−cos α �

�

y 0

1 √ cos t dt, t

1 S( y) = √ 2π

�

y 0

1 √ sin t dt t

*More extensive tables of the Fourier sine and cosine transforms can be found in Fritz Oberhettinger, Tabellen zur-Fourier Transformation, Springer, 1957. Fourier Cosine Transforms

1. 2.

�

F (x) 1 (0 < x < a) 0 (x > a) x p−1

(0 a) 2 /2

√1 2π

�

cos

sin[a(1−α)] 1−α

� � e

2 1 π 1+α 2 1 −α /2

� �

pπ 2

α2 2 α2 2

− +

� π 4 π 4

� �

+

sin[a(1+α)] 1+α

�

Fourier Transforms F (x) 1.

sin ax x

0

�

f (α)

� �π

|α| < a |α| > a

2

4.

eiwx ( p < x < q) 0 (x � −cx+iwx < p, x > q) e (x > 0) (c > 0) 0 (x < 0) − px2 e R( p) > 0

5.

cos px2

√1 cos

6.

sin px2

7.

|x|− p

(0 < p < 1)

8.

−a|x| e√ |x|

√1 cos �2 p

9.

cosh ax cosh π x sinh ax sinh π x �

(−π < a < π)

�

2. 3.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

√

i p(w+α) −eiq(w+α) √i e (w+α) 2π

i √ 2π(w+α+ic)

√1 e−α

2 /4 p

2p 2p

� �

α2 4p α2 4p

−

π 4

+

π 4

pπ 2 �(1− p) sin 2 π |α|(1− p) �√ (a 2 +α 2 )+a

�

√

a 2 +α 2 a α 2 cos 2 cosh 2 π cosh α+cos a sin a √1 2π cosh α+cos a

(−π < a < π) (|x| < a) 2 2 1

a −x

�

0 (|x| > a) √ sin[b a 2 +x2 ] √ 2 2 � a +x pn (x) (|x| < 1) ⎧ 0 √ (|x| > 1) 2 2 ⎨ cos[b √ a −x ] (|x| < a) 2 2 a −x ⎩ 0 (|x| > a) ⎧ √ ⎨ cosh[b a 2 −x2 ] √ (|x| < a) a 2 −x2 ⎩ 0 (|x| > a)

�π

2

�

J 0 (aα)

�π

2

in √ α

0 √ J 0 (a b2 − α 2 )

(|α| > b) (|α| < b)

J n+ 1 (α) 2

�π

2

�π

2

√ J 0 (a a 2 + b2 ) √ J 0 (a α 2 − b2 )

*More extensive tables of Fourier transforms can be found in W. Magnus and F . Oberhettinger, Formulas and Theorems of the Special Functions of Mathematical Physics. Chelsea, 1949, 116–120.

SERIES EXPANSION

The expression in parentheses following certain of the series indicates the region of convergence. If not otherwise indicated it is to be understood that the series converges for all finite values of x. Binomial Series (x + y) n

=

(1 ± x) n

=

(1 ± x) −n

=

(1 ± x) −1

=

(1 ± x) −2

=

n(n − 1) n−2 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−3 3 x y + x y + · · · ( y2 < x2 ) 2! 3! n(n − 1)x2 n(n − 1)(n − 2)x3 1 ± nx + ± + · · · (x2 < 1) 2! 3! n(n + 1)(n + 2)x3 n(n + 1)x2 ∓ + · · · (x2 < 1) 1 ∓ nx + 2! 3! 1 ∓ x + x2 ∓ x3 + x4 ∓ x5 + · · · (x2 < 1) xn + nxn−1 y +

1 ∓ 2x + 3x2 ∓ 4x3 + 5x4 ∓ 6x5 + · · ·

(x2 < 1)

Reversion of Series Let a series be represented by y = a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + a4 x4 + a5 x5 + a6 x6 + · · · with a1 �= 0. The coefficients of the series

x = A1 y + A2 y2 + A3 y3 + A4 y4 + · · · A-65

15.

⎨ ⎩

a 2 −x2 ]

cosh[b

√

a 2 −x2

0

(|x| < a) (|x| > a)

�π

2

√ J 0 (a α 2 − b2 )

*More extensive tables of Fourier transforms can be found in W. Magnus and F . Oberhettinger, Formulas and Theorems of the Special Functions of Mathematical Physics. Chelsea, 1949, 116–120. Fourier Transforms F (x) SERIES EXPANSION f (α) � �π |α| < a The expression in parentheses following certain of the series indicates the region of convergence. If not otherwise indicated it is to sin ax 2 1. x |α| > a 0 be understood that the series�converges for all finite values of x. i p(w+α) −eiq(w+α) eiwx ( p < x < q) √i e 2. (w+α) 2π 0 (x < p, x > q) � −cx+iwx Binomial Series e (x > 0) i √ (c > 0) 3. 2π(w+α+ic) n(n − 1) n−2 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−3 3 0 n (x < n n−10) x y + 1 −α2 /4 p x y + · · · ( y2 < x2 ) (x + y)− px2 = x + nx y + √ e 3! 4. e R( p) > 0 2! 2p � n(n − 1)x2 n(n − 1)(n1− 2)x3� α2 n √ cos 4+p ·−· · π4(x2 < 1) (1 ± x) =2 1 ± nx + ± 5. cos px 2! 3! 2 p � 2 � 2 2 √1+ 2)x n(n + 1)(n n(n + 1)x 6. sin px cos 3 4α p + π4 2 −n 2 p (1 ± x) ∓ + · · · (x < 1) = 1 ∓ nx + � pπ 2! 3! −p 2 �(1− p) sin 2 |x| 7. (0 < p < 1)2 −1 3 4 5 2 (1− π √ 0 sin[b a 2 +x2 ] √ �π √the series 12. with a1 �= 0. The coefficients of 2 2 J (a b2 − α 2 ) 2 0 � a +x pn (x) (|x| < 1) i n A y4 + · · · x = A1 y + A2 y2 + A3 y3 √+ J 4 (α) 13. α n+ 12 0 (|x| > 1) ⎧ √ 2 2 ⎨ cos[b √ �π √ a −x ] (|x| < a) 14. J (a a 2 + b2 ) a 2 −x2 2 0 ⎩ 0 (|x| > a) ⎧ √ ⎨ cosh[b a 2 −x2 ] √ �π √ (|x| < a) 15. J (a α 2 − b2 ) a 2 −x2 2 0 ⎩ 0 (|x| > a)

(|α| > b) (|α| < b)

A-65

*More extensive tables of Fourier transforms can be found in W. Magnus and F . Oberhettinger, Formulas and Theorems of the Special Functions of Mathematical Physics. Chelsea, 1949, 116–120.

SERIES EXPANSION

The expression in parentheses following certain of the series indicates the region of convergence. If not otherwise indicated it is to be understood that the series converges for all finite values of x. Binomial Series (x + y) n

=

(1 ± x) n

=

(1 ± x) −n

=

(1 ± x) −1

=

(1 ± x) −2

=

n(n − 1) n−2 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−3 3 x y + x y + · · · ( y2 < x2 ) 2! 3! n(n − 1)x2 n(n − 1)(n − 2)x3 1 ± nx + ± + · · · (x2 < 1) 2! 3! n(n + 1)(n + 2)x3 n(n + 1)x2 ∓ + · · · (x2 < 1) 1 ∓ nx + 2! 3! 1 ∓ x + x2 ∓ x3 + x4 ∓ x5 + · · · (x2 < 1) xn + nxn−1 y +

1 ∓ 2x + 3x2 ∓ 4x3 + 5x4 ∓ 6x5 + · · ·

(x2 < 1)

Reversion of Series Let a series be represented by y = a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + a4 x4 + a5 x5 + a6 x6 + · · · with a1 �= 0. The coefficients of the series

x = A1 y + A2 y2 + A3 y3 + A4 y4 + · · · A-65

Series Expansion

A-66 are 1 a1

A1 =

A2 = − A4 =

A5

=

A6

=

A7

=

a2 a13

A3 =

1 (2a22 − a1 a3 ) a15

1 (5a1 a2 a3 − a12 a4 − 5a23 ) a17

1 (6a12 a2 a4 + 3a12 a32 + 14a24 − a13 a5 − 21a1 a22 a3 ) a19 1 (7a13 a2 a5 + 7a13 a3 a4 + 84a1 a23 a3 − a14 a6 − 28a12 a22 a4 − 28a12 a2 a33 − 42a25 ) a111 1 (8a14 a2 a6 + 8a14 a3 a5 + 4a14 a42 + 120a12 a23 a4 + 180a12 a22 a32 + 132a26 − a15 a7 a113 −36a13 a22 a5 − 72a13 a2 a3 a4 − 12a13 a33 − 330a1 a24 a3 ) Taylor Series

1. f (x) = f (a) + (x − a) f � (a) +

(x − a) 2 �� (x − a) 3 �� f (a) + f (a) 2! 3!

(x − a) n (n) f (a) + · · · n! (Increment form)

(Taylor Series)

+ ··· +

h2 �� f (x) + 2! x2 �� = f (h) + xf � (h) + f (h) + 2!

2. f (x + h) = f (x) + hf � (x) +

h3 �� f (x) + · · · 3! x3 �� f (h) + · · · 3!

3. If f (x) is a function possessing derivatives of all orders throughout the interval a ≤ x ≤ b, then there is a value X, with a < X < b, such that f (b) = f (a) + (b − a) f � (a) +

(b − a) 2 �� (b − a) n−1 (n−1) (b − a) n (n) (a) + f (a) + · · · + f f ( X) 2! (n − 1)! n!

f (a + h) = f (a) + hf � (a) + where b = a + h and 0 < θ < 1. Or

h2 �� hn−1 hn (n) f (a) + · · · + f (n−1) (a) + f (a + θ h) 2! (n − 1)! n!

f (x) = f (a) + (x − a) f � (a) + where Rn =

(x − a) 2 �� f (n−1) (a) f (a) + · · · + (x − a) n−1 + Rn , 2! (n − 1)!

f (n) [a + θ · (x − a)] (x − a) n , 0 < θ < 1. n!

The above forms are known as Taylor series with the remainder term. 4. Taylor series for a function of two variables � � ∂ ∂ f (x, y) ∂ ∂ f (x, y) If h f (x, y) = h +k +k ; ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y � � ∂ 2 f (x, y) ∂ 2 f (x, y) ∂ 2 ∂ ∂ 2 f (x, y) +k + k2 h f (x, y) = h2 + 2hk 2 ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂ x∂ y ∂ y2 � y=b � �n � etc., and if h ∂∂x + k ∂∂y f (x, y) � where the bar and subscripts mean that after differentiation we are to replace x by a and y by b, then

x=a

f (a + h, b + k) = f (a, b) +

�

h

∂ ∂ +k ∂x ∂y

�

� y=b � y=b � � � � ∂ n 1 ∂ +k f (x, y) �� + ··· + h f (x, y) �� + ··· n! ∂x ∂y x=a x=a

Series Expansion

A-67 Maclaurin Series x2 �� x3 �� f (n−1) (0) f (0) + f (0) + · · · + xn−1 + Rn , f (x) = f (0) + xf � (0) + 2! 3! (n − 1)!

where

xn f (n) (θ x) , n!

Rn =

0 < θ < 1.

Exponential Series 1 1 1 1 + + + + ··· 1! 2! 3! 4! x2 x3 x4 ex = 1 + x + + + + ··· 2! 3! 4! (x loge a) 2 (x loge a) 3 a x = 1 + x loge a + + + ··· 2! 3! � � 2 3 (x − a) (x − a) x a e = e 1 + (x − a) + + + ··· 2! 3! e =1+

loge x loge x

= =

loge x

=

loge (1 + x) loge (n + 1) − loge (n − 1)

= =

loge (a + x)

=

1+x 1−x

=

loge

loge x

=

Logarithmic Series � �2 1 � x−1 �3 x−1 + 12 x−1 +3 x + ··· x x (x�− 1) − 12 (x − 1) 2 + 13 (x − 1) 3 − �· · · � �3 1 � x−1 �5 2 x−1 + 13 x−1 + 5 x+1 + · · · x+1 x+1

(x > 12 ) (2 ≥ x > 0) (x > 0)

x �− 12 x2 + 13 x3 − 14 x4 + (−1 < x ≤ 1) � ··· 2 1n + 3n13 �+ 5n15 + · · · � x �3 x loge a + 2 2a+x + 13 2a+x � � x �5 + 15 2a+x + ··· (a > 0, −a < x < +∞) � � x3 x5 x2n−1 2 x + 3 + 5 + · · · + 2n−1 + · · · −1 < x < 1 loge a +

(x−a) a

−

(x−a) 2 2a 2

+

(x−a) 3 3a 3

− +···

0 < x ≤ 2a

Trigonometric Series sin x cos x

=

x3 3! x2 2! x3 3

x−

5 7 + x5! − x7! + · · · (all real values of x) 4 6 + x4! − x6! + · · · (all real values of x) n−1 2n (22n −1) B 5 7 62x9 2n 2n−1 + 2x + 17x + 2835 + · · · + (−1) 2(2n)! x + ··· , 315 �15 � 2 π 2 th x < 4 and Bn represents the n Bernoulli number n+1 2n 5 7 x x3 − 45 − 2x − x − · · · − (−1)(2n)!2 B2n x2n−1 − · · · , 3 � 2 945 2 4725 � x 1)

(x < −1) (x2 < 1)

loge sin x loge cos x loge tan x esin x ecos x etan x sin x

=

= =

= = =

=

loge x − −

x2 2

−

x2 6

x4

12

−

−

loge x +

x2 3 x2 2!

1+x+

x2 2!

x4 180

x6

45

−

x6 2835 8 17x − 2520

−

− ···

···

7x4 62x6 + 2835 + ··· 90 4 6 7 3x 8x5 1 �+ x + − 4! − 5! − 3x + 56x 6!� 7! 2 4 6 e 1 − x2! + 4x − 31x + ··· 4! 6!

+

+

3x3 3!

+

9x4 4!

37x5 + ··· 5! (x−a) 2 sin a 2!

+

sin a + (x − a) cos a − 3 4 cos a + (x−a) sin a + · · · − (x−a) 3! 4!

+ ···

2 2 �(x < π2 �) x2 < π4 � � 2 x2 < π4

�

x2
0 2.85733 7 5040 Definition: �(n) = t n−16e−t dt 0 8 40320 4.60552 9 3.6288 × 105 6 Recursion Formula: �(n + 1) = n�(n) 10 3.6288 × 10 6.55976 11 3.9917 × 107 8= 0, 1, 2, . . . where 0! = 1 �(n + 1) = n! if n 12 4.7900 × 10 8.68034 13 6.2270 × 109 For 0 the gamma can be defined using × 1012 14n 0�(1/2) =

√ π

Recursion Formula: �(n + 1) =1n�(n) · 3 · 5 · · · (2m − 1) √ �(m �(n + 1/2) π m = 1, 2, 3, . . . m 0, 1, 2, . . . where 0! = 1 + 1)== n! if n2= √ For n < 0 the gamma mfunction can be defined by using (−1) 2m π �(−m +�(n) 1/2) = = �(n+1) m = 1, 2, 3, . . . n 1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2m − 1) Graph: Definition: 1 · 2 · 3···k kx (x + 1) (x + 2) · · · (x + k) ∞ �� 1 + mx e−x/m

�(x + 1) = lim

k→∞

1 �(x)

= xeγ x

m=1

This is an infinite product representation for the gamma function where γ is Euler’s constant. A-81 Special Values:

�(1/2) =

√ π

1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2m − 1) √ π m = 1, 2, 3, . . . 2m √ (−1) m2m π �(−m + 1/2) = m = 1, 2, 3, . . . 1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2m − 1)

�(m + 1/2) =

Definition:

1 · 2 · 3···k kx (x + 1) (x + 2) · · · (x + k) ∞ �� 1 + mx e−x/m

�(x + 1) = lim

k→∞

1 �(x)

= xeγ x

m=1

This is an infinite product representation for the gamma function where γ is Euler’s constant. A-81

Properties:

�

∞

eγ x ln x dx = −γ � � � � � � � (x) 1 1 1 1 1 1 = −γ + − − − + + ··· + + ··· �(x) 1 x � 2 x+1 n x + n� −1 √ 1 1 139 + − + ··· �(x + 1) = 2π x xx e−x 1 + 12x 288x2 51, 840x3

� � (1) = �

0

This is called Stirling’s asymptotic series. Values of Γ(n) =

n 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24

Definition: B(m, n) =

�

�(n) 1.00000 .99433 .98884 .98355 .97844 .97350 .96874 .96415 .95973 .95546 .95135 .94740 .94359 .93993 .93642 .93304 .92980 .92670 .92373 .92089 .91817 .91558 .91311 .91075 .90852

1 0

n 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49

A-82

0

e−x xn−1 dx;

�(n) .90640 .90440 .90250 .90072 .89904 .89747 .89600 .89464 .89338 .89222 .89115 .89018 .88931 .88854 .88785 .88726 .88676 .88636 .88604 .88581 .88566 .88560 .88563 .88575 .88595

n 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.72 1.73 1.74

Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n)

�(n) .88623 .88659 .88704 .88757 .88818 .88887 .88964 .89049 .89142 .89243 .89352 .89468 .89592 .89724 .89864 .90012 .90167 .90330 .90500 .90678 .90864 .91057 .91258 .91466 .91683

THE BETA FUNCTION t m−1 (1 − t) m−1 dt

m > 0, n > 0

Relationship with Gamma function: B(m, n) =

Properties:

�∞

�(m)�(n) �(m + n) B(m, n) = B(n, m) � π/2 B(m, n) = 2 0 sin2m−1 θ cos2n−1 θ dθ � ∞ tm−1 B(m, n) = 0 (1+t)m+n dt � 1 m−1 (1−t)n−1 dt B(m, n) = r n (r + 1) m 0 t (r +t) m+n

n 1.75 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.89 1.90 1.91 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.95 1.96 1.97 1.98 1.99 2.00

�(n) .91906 .92137 .92376 .92623 .92877 .93138 .93408 .93685 .93969 .94261 .94561 .94869 .95184 .95507 .95838 .96177 .96523 .96877 .97240 .97610 .97988 .98374 .98768 .99171 .99581 1.00000

Properties:

(1) =

∞

eγ x ln x dx = −γ (x) 1 1 1 1 1 1 = −γ + − − − + + ··· + + ··· (x) 1 x 2 x+1 n x + n −1 √ 1 1 139 (x + 1) = 2π x xx e−x 1 + + − + ··· 12x 288x2 51, 840x3

0

This is called Stirling’s asymptotic series. Values of Γ(n) =

(n) 1.00000 .99433 .98884 .98355 .97844 .97350 .96874 .96415 .95973 .95546 .95135 .94740 .94359 .93993 .93642 .93304 .92980 .92670 .92373 .92089 .91817 .91558 .91311 .91075 .90852

n 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24

1

Definition: B(m, n) =

n 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49

e−x xn−1 dx;

(n) .90640 .90440 .90250 .90072 .89904 .89747 .89600 .89464 .89338 .89222 .89115 .89018 .88931 .88854 .88785 .88726 .88676 .88636 .88604 .88581 .88566 .88560 .88563 .88575 .88595

n 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.72 1.73 1.74

Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n)

(n) .88623 .88659 .88704 .88757 .88818 .88887 .88964 .89049 .89142 .89243 .89352 .89468 .89592 .89724 .89864 .90012 .90167 .90330 .90500 .90678 .90864 .91057 .91258 .91466 .91683

m > 0, n > 0

Relationship with Gamma function: B(m, n) =

A-82

0

THE BETA FUNCTION t m−1 (1 − t) n−1 dt

0

Properties:

∞

(m)(n) (m + n) B(m, n) = B(n, m) π/2 B(m, n) = 2 0 sin2m−1 θ cos2n−1 θ dθ ∞ tm−1 B(m, n) = 0 (1+t)m+n dt 1 m−1 (1−t)n−1 dt B(m, n) = r n (r + 1) m 0 t (r +t) m+n

n 1.75 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.89 1.90 1.91 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.95 1.96 1.97 1.98 1.99 2.00

(n) .91906 .92137 .92376 .92623 .92877 .93138 .93408 .93685 .93969 .94261 .94561 .94869 .95184 .95507 .95838 .96177 .96523 .96877 .97240 .97610 .97988 .98374 .98768 .99171 .99581 1.00000

THE ERROR � x 2 −t 2 Definition: erf(x) = √ e dt �π 0 3 � 2 1 x5 1 x7 x Series: er f (x) = √ + − + ··· x− π 3 2! 5 3! 7 Property: erf(x) = − erf(−x) �

FUNCTION

� � x 1 x Relationship with Normal Probability Function f (t) : f (t) dt = erf √ To evaluate erf(2.3), one proceeds as follows: 2 2 0 √ x For √2 = 2.3, one finds x = (2.3) ( 2) = 3.25. In the normal probability function table (page A-104), one finds the entry 0.4994 opposite the value 3.25. Thus erf(2.3) = 2(0.4994) = 0.9988.

2 erfc(z) = 1 − erf(z) = √ π

�

∞ z

2

e−t dt

is known as the complementary error function.

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS I: Legendre

Name: Legendre Symbol: Pn (x) Interval: [−1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 ) y�� − 2 xy� + n(n + 1) y = 0 � �� [n/2] 2n − 2m n−2m 1 � m n x (−1) Explicit Expression: Pn (x) = n 2 m n m=0 Recurrence Relation: (n + 1) Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) − nPn−1 (x) Weight: 1 Standardization: Pn (1) = 1 � +1 2 Norm: [Pn (x)]2 dx = 2n +1 −1 (−1) n dn Rodrigues’ Formula: Pn (x) = n {(1 − x2 ) n } 2 n! dxn ∞ � Pn (x)zn ; −1 < x < 1, |z| < 1, Generating Function: R−1 = √ n=0 R = 1 − 2xz + z2 Inequality: |Pn (x)| ≤ 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. II: Tschebysheff, First Kind

Name: Tschebysheff, First Kind Symbol: Tn (x) Interval:[−1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 ) y − xy� + n2 y = 0 [n/2] (n − m − 1)! n� (2x) n−2m = cos(n arccos x) = Tn (x) (−1) m Explicit Expression: 2 m!(n − 2m)! m=0 Recurrence Relation: Tn+1 (x) = 2xTn (x) − Tn−1 (x) Weight: (1 − x2 ) −1/2 Standardization: Tn (1) = 1 A-83

π

z

is known as the complementary error function.

THE ERROR FUNCTION � x 2 −t 2 Definition: erf(x) = √ e dt ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS �π 0 3 � 2 1 x5 1 x7 x Series: er f (x) = √ + − + ··· x− π 3 2! 5 3! 7 Property: erf(x) = − erf(−x) � � � xI: Legendre 1 x Relationship with Normal Probability Function f (t) : f (t) dt = erf √ To evaluate erf(2.3), one proceeds as follows: 2 2 0 √ x √ = For 2.3, one finds Symbol: x = (2.3) P ( n (x) 2) = 3.25. In the normal probability function table (page A-104), one finds the entry 0.4994 Name: Interval: [−1, 1] 2 Legendre 2 �� opposite the value 3.25. Thus erf(2.3) =+ 0.9988. Differential Equation: (1 − x )y = − 2(0.4994) 2 xy + n(n 1) y = 0 � �� [n/2] 2n − 2m n−2m 1 � m n x (−1) 2n m n m=0 Recurrence Relation: (n + 1) Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) − nPn−1 (x) � ∞ 2 2 Weight: 1 erfc(z) = 1 − erf(z) = √ e−t dt π z Standardization: Pn (1) = 1 � +1 2 Norm: [Pn (x)]2 dx = 2n + 1 −1 (−1) n dn is known as the complementary Rodrigues’ Formula: Pn (x) = nerror function. {(1 − x2 ) n } 2 n! dxn ∞ � Pn (x)zn ; −1 < x < 1, |z| < 1, Generating Function: R−1 = ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS √ n=0 R = 1 − 2xz + z2 Inequality: |Pn (x)| ≤ 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. Explicit Expression: Pn (x) =

I: Legendre II: Tschebysheff, First Kind

Name: Legendre Symbol: Pn (x) Interval: [−1, 1] Name: Tschebysheff, Kind Tn (x) 1] Differential Equation:First (1 − x2 ) y�� −Symbol: 2 xy� + n(n + 1) y =Interval:[−1, 0 2 �� Differential Equation: (1 − x2 ) y[n/2] − xy� + n� y=0 � 2n − 2m n−2m 1 m n [n/2] x (x) = n (n − (−1) Explicit Expression: P m − 1)! nn� m 2 m(2x) n−2m n = cos(n arccos x) = Tn (x) (−1) Explicit Expression: m=0 m!(n 2m)! Recurrence Relation: 2(nm=0 + 1) Pn+1 (x) =− (2n + 1)xPn (x) − nPn−1 (x) Recurrence Weight: 1 Relation: Tn+1 (x) = 2xTn (x) − Tn−1 (x) Weight: (1 − x2 ) −1/2 Standardization: Pn (1) = 1 � +1 Standardization: Tn (1) = 1 2 Norm: [Pn (x)]2 dx = 2n + 1 −1 (−1) n dn Rodrigues’ Formula: Pn (x) = n {(1 − x2 ) n } 2 n! dxn ∞ � Pn (x)zn ; −1 < x < 1, |z| < 1, Generating Function: R−1 = √ n=0 R = 1 − 2xz + z2 Inequality: |Pn (x)| ≤ 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1.

A-83

II: Tschebysheff, First Kind

Name: Tschebysheff, First Kind Symbol: Tn (x) Interval:[−1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 ) y − xy� + n2 y = 0 [n/2] (n − m − 1)! n� (2x) n−2m = cos(n arccos x) = Tn (x) (−1) m Explicit Expression: 2 m!(n − 2m)! m=0 Recurrence Relation: Tn+1 (x) = 2xTn (x) − Tn−1 (x) Weight: (1 − x2 ) −1/2 Standardization: Tn (1) = 1 A-83

Orthogonal Polynomials

A-84

� +1

�

π/2, n �= 0 π, n=0 √ n 2 1/2 n (−1) (1 − x ) π d Rodrigues’ Formula: {(1 − x2 ) n−(1/2) } = Tn (x) dxn 2n+1 �(n + 12 ) ∞ � 1 − xz Generating Function: = Tn (x) zn , −1 < x < 1, |z| < 1 1 − 2xz − z2 n=0 Inequality: |Tn (x)| ≤ 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. Norm:

−1

2 −1/2

(1 − x )

2

[Tn (x)] dx =

III: Tschebysheff, Second Kind

Name: Tschebysheff, Second Kind Symbol Un (x) Interval: [−1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 ) y�� − 3 xy� + n(n + 2) y = 0 [n/2] � (m − n)! (2x) n−2m (−1) m Explicit Expression: Un (x) = m!(n − 2m)! m=0 sin[(n + 1)θ ] Un (cos θ ) = sin θ Recurrence Relation: Un+1 (x) = 2xUn (x) − Un−1 (x) Standardization: Un (1) = n + 1 Weight: (1 − x2 ) 1/2 � +1 π Norm: (1 − x2 ) 1/2 [Un (x)]2 dx = 2 −1 √ (−1) n (n + 1) π dn Rodrigues’ Formula: Un (x) = {(1 − x2 ) n+(1/2) } 3 (1 − x2 ) 1/2 2n+1 �(n + 2 ) dxn ∞ � 1 Generating Function: = Un (x)zn , − 1 < x < 1, |z| < 1 1 − 2xz + z2 n=0 Inequality: |Un (x)| ≤ n + 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. IV: Jacobi

Name: Jacobi Symbol: Pn(α,β) (x) Interval: [−1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 ) y�� + [β − α − (α + β + 2)x]y� + n(n + α + β + 1) y = 0 �� n � n+β 1 � n+α (α,β) (x − 1) n−m(x + 1) m Explicit Expression: Pn (x) = n m n−m 2 m=0 Recurrence Relation: (α,β)

2(n + 1) (n + α + β + 1) (2n + α + β) Pn+1 (x)

= (2n + α + β + 1)[(α 2 − β 2 ) + (2n + α + β + 2)

× (2n + α + β)x]Pn(α,β) (x)

(α,β)

− 2(n + α) (n + β) (2n + α + β + 2) Pn−1 (x)

Weight: (1 − x) α (1 + x) β ; α, β� > �1 Standardization: Pn(α,β) (x) = n+α n � +1 α β (1 − x) (1 + x) [Pn(α,β) (x)]2 dx = Norm:

2α+β+1 �(n + α + 1)�(n + β + 1) (2n + α + β + 1)n!�(n + α + β + 1) −1 n dn (−1) Rodrigues’ Formula: Pn(α,β) (x) = n {(1 − x) n+α (1 + x) n+β } 2 n!(1 − x) α (1 + x) β dxn ∞ � 2−α−β Pn(α,β) (x)zn , Generating Function: R−1 (1 − z + R) −α (1 + z + R) −β = n=0 √ R = 1 − 2xz + z2 , |z| < 1

Orthogonal Polynomials

A-85

� ⎧ � 1 n+q ⎪ ⎪ ∼ nq if q = max(α, β) ≥ − ⎪ ⎪ 2 n ⎨ |Pn(α,β) (x� )| ∼ n−1/2 if q < − 12 Inequality: max |Pn(α,β) (x)| = ⎪ −1≤x≤1 � ⎪ ⎪ x is one of the two maximum points nearest ⎪ ⎩ β−α α+β+1

V: Generalized Laguerre

Name: Generalized Laguerre Symbol: L(α) Interval: [0, ∞] n (x) �� Differential Equation: xy + (α + 1 − x) y� + ny = 0 � � n � 1 m (α) m n+α (−1) x Explicit Expression: Ln (x) = n − m m! m=0

(α) (α) Recurrence Relation: (n + 1)L(α) n + 1(x) = [(2n + α + 1) − x]Ln (x) − (n + α)Ln − 1(x) (−1) n n α −x (α) Weight: x e , α > −1 Standardization: Ln (x) = n! x + · · · � ∞ �(n + α + 1) 2 Norm: xα e−x [L(α) n (x)] dx = n! 0 dn n+α −x 1 Rodrigues’ Formula: L(α) {x e } n (x) = n!xα e−x dx∞n

Generating Function: (1 − z) −α−1 exp

�

xz z−1

�

�(n + α + 1) x/2 e ; n!�(α + 1) � � �(α+n+1) x/2 |L(a) ; n (x)| ≤ 2 − n!�(α+1) e

Inequality: |L(α) n (x) ≤

=

�

n=0

n L(α) n (x)z

x≥0 α>0 x≥0 −1 < α < 0 VI: Hermite

Name: Hermite Symbol:Hn (x) Interval: [−∞, ∞] Differential Equation: y�� − 2xy� + 2ny = 0 [n/2] � (−1) mn!(2x) n−2m Explicit Expression: Hn (x) = m!(n − 2m)! m=0 Recurrence Relation:Hn+1 (x) = 2xHn (x) − 2nHn−1 (x) 2 Weight:�e−x Standardization: Hn (1) = 2n xn + · · · ∞ 2 √ 2 Norm: e−x [Hn (x)] dx = 2n n! π −∞

2

n

2

d −x Rodrigues’ Formula: Hn (x) = (−1) n e x dx ) n (e ∞ n � z 2 Hn (x) Generating Function: e−x +2zx = n! n=0 √ x2 /2 n/2 Inequality: |Hn (x)|e k2 n! k ≈ 1.086435

TABLES OF ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS H0 = 1 x10 = (30240H0 + 75600H2 + 25200H4 + 2520H6 + 90H8 + H10 )/1024 H1 = 2x x9 = (15120H1 + 10080H3 + 1512H5 + 72H7 + H9 )/512 2 H2 = 4x − 2 x8 = (1680H0 + 3360H2 + 840H4 + 56H6 + H8 )/256 3 H3 = 8x − 12x x7 = (840H1 + 420H3 + 42H5 + H7 )/128 H4 = 16x4 − 48x2 + 12 x6 = (120H0 + 180H2 + 30H4 + H6 )/64 H5 = 32x5 − 160x3 + 120x x5 = (60H1 + 20H3 + H5 )/32 6 4 2 H6 = 64x − 480x + 720x − 120 x4 = (12H0 + 12H2 + H4 )/16 7 5 3 H7 = 128x − 1344x + 3360x − 1680x x3 = (6H1 + H3 )/8 H8 = 256x8 − 3584x6 + 13440x4 − 13440x2 + 1680 x2 = (2H0 + H2 )/4 H9 = 512x9 − 9216x7 + 48384x5 − 80640x3 + 30240x x = ( H1 )/2 H10 = 1024x10 − 23040x8 + 161280x6 − 403200x4 + 302400x2 − 30240 1 = H0 L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6

=1 x6 = 720L0 − 4320L1 + 10800L2 − 14400L3 + 10800L4 − 4320L5 + 720L6 = −x + 1 x5 = 120L0 − 600L1 + 1200L2 − 1200L3 + 600L4 − 120L5 2 = (x − 4x + 2)/2 x4 = 24L0 − 96L1 + 144L2 − 96L3 + 24L4 = (−x3 + 9x2 − 18x + 6)/6 x3 = 6L0 − 18L1 + 18L2 − 6L3 = (x4 − 16x3 + 72x2 − 96x + 24)/24 x2 = 2L0 − 4L1 + 2L2 5 4 3 2 = (−x + 25x − 200x + 600x − 600x + 120)/120 x = L0 − L1 = (x6 − 36x5 + 450x4 − 2400x3 + 5400x2 − 4320x + 720)/720 1 = L0

P0 = 1 x10 = (4199P0 + 16150P2 + 15504P4 + 7904P6 + 2176P8 + 256P10 )/46189 P1 = x x9 = (3315P1 + 4760P3 + 2992P5 + 960P7 + 128P9 )/12155 P2 = (3x2 − 1)/2 x8 = (715P0 + 2600P2 + 2160P4 + 832P6 + 128P8 )/6435 P3 = (5x3 − 3x)/2 x7 = (143P1 + 182P3 + 88P5 + 16P7 )/429 4 2 P4 = (35x − 30x + 3)/8 x6 = (33P0 + 110P2 + 72P4 + 16P6 )/231 5 3 P5 = (63x − 70x + 15x)/8 x5 = (27P1 + 28P3 + 8P5 )/63 P6 = (231x6 − 315x4 + 105x2 − 5)/16 x4 = (7P0 + 20P2 + 8P4 )/35 P7 = (429x7 − 693x5 + 315x3 − 35x)/16 x3 = (3P1 + 2P3 )/5 8 6 4 2 P8 = (6435x − 12012x + 6930x − 1260x + 35)/128 x2 = ( P0 + 2P2 )/3 9 7 5 3 P9 = (12155x − 25740x + 18018x − 4620x + 315x)/128 x = P1 P10 = (46189x10 − 109395x8 + 90090x6 − 30030x4 + 3465x2 − 63)/256 1 = P0 T0 = 1 T1 = x T2 = 2x2 − 1 T3 = 4x3 − 3x T4 = 8x4 − 8x2 + 1 T5 = 16x5 − 20x3 + 5x T6 = 32x6 − 48x4 + 18x2 − 1 T7 = 64x7 − 112x5 + 56x3 − 7x T8 = 128x8 − 256x6 + 160x4 − 32x2 + 1 T9 = 256x9 − 576x7 + 432x5 − 120x3 + 9x T10 = 512x10 − 1280x8 + 1120x6 − 400x4 + 50x2 − 1 U0 = 1 U1 = 2x U2 = 4x2 − 1 U3 = 8x3 − 4x U4 = 16x4 − 12x2 + 1 U5 = 32x5 − 32x3 + 6x U6 = 64x6 − 80x4 + 24x2 − 1 U7 = 128x7 − 192x5 + 80x3 − 8x U8 = 256x8 − 448x6 + 240x4 − 40x2 + 1 U9 = 512x9 − 1024x7 + 672x5 − 160x3 + 10x U10 = 1024x10 − 2304x8 + 1792x6 − 560x4 + 60x2 − 1 A-86

x10 = (126T0 + 210T2 + 120T4 + 45T6 + 10T8 + T10 )/512 x9 = (126T1 + 84T3 + 36T5 + 9T7 + T9 )/256 x8 = (35T0 + 56T2 + 28T4 + 8T6 + T8 )/128 x7 = (35T1 + 21T3 + 7T5 + T7 )/64 x6 = (10T0 + 15T2 + 6T4 + T6 )/32 x5 = (10T1 + 5T3 + T5 )/16 x4 = (3T0 + 4T2 + T4 )/8 x3 = (3T1 + T3 )/4 x2 = (T0 + T2 )/2 x = T1 1 = T0 x10 = (42U0 + 90U2 + 75U4 + 35U6 + 9U8 + U10 )/1024 x9 = (42U1 + 48U3 + 27U5 + 8U7 + U9 )/512 x8 = (14U0 + 28U2 + 20U4 + 7U6 + U8 )/256 x7 = (14U1 + 14U3 + 6U5 + U7 )/128 x6 = (5U0 + 9U2 + 5U4 + U6 )/64 x5 = (5U1 + 4U3 + U5 )/32 x4 = (2U0 + 3U2 + U4 )/16 x3 = (2U1 + U3 )/8 x2 = (U0 + U2 )/4 x = (U1 )/2 1 = U0

CLEBSCH–GORDAN COEFFICIENTS

( j1 + j2 − j)!( j + j1 − j2 )!( j + j2 − j1 )!(2 j + 1) j2 j = δm,m1 +m2 m2 m ( j + j1 + j2 + 1)! √ k (−1) ( j1 + m1 )!( j1 − m1 )!( j2 + m2 )!( j2 − m2 )!( j + m)!( j − m)! . × k!( j + j − j − k)!( j1 − m1 − k)!( j2 + m2 − k)!( j − j2 + m1 + k)!( j − j1 − m2 + k)! 1 2 k

j1 m1

1. Conditions: (a) Each of { j1 , j2 , j, m1 , m2 , m} may be an integer, or half an integer. Additionally: j > 0, j1 > 0, j2 > 0 and j + j1 + j2 is an integer. (b) j1 + j2 − j ≥ 0. (c) j1 − j2 + j ≥ 0. (d) − j1 + j2 + j ≥ 0. (e) |m1 | ≤ j1 , |m2 | ≤ j2 , |m| ≤ j.

2. Special values:

j1 j2 j = 0 if m1 + m2 = m. m m2 m 1 j1 0 j = δ j1 , j δm1 ,m. (b) m1 0 m j1 j2 j = 0 when j1 + j2 + j is an odd integer. (c) 0 0 0 j1 j1 j = 0 when 2 j1 + j is an odd integer. (d) m1 m1 m (a)

3. Symmetry relations: all of the following are equal to (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

j1 m1

j2 j : m2 m

j1 j , −m1 −m j2 j1 j , (−1) j1 + j2 − j m m2 m 1 j1 j2 j j1 + j2 − j , (−1) −m1 −m2 −m j j2 j1 2 j+1 j2 +m2 (−1) , 2 j1 +1 −m m2 −m1 j j2 j1 2 j+1 j1 −m1 + j−m (−1) , 2 j1 +1 m −m2 m1 j2 j j1 2 j+1 (−1) j−m+ j1 −m1 , 2 j1 +1 m2 −m −m1 j1 j j2 2 j+1 (−1) j1 −m1 , 2 j2 +1 m1 −m −m2 j j1 j2 2 j+1 (−1) j1 −m1 . 2 j2 +1 m −m1 m2 j2 −m2

By use of the symmetry relations, Clebsch–Gordan coefficients may be put in the standard form j1 ≤ j2 ≤ j and m ≥ 0. A-87

Clebsch–Gordan Coefficients

A-88 m2

m

j1

j

− 12

0

1 2

0

1 2

1 2

1 2

0

1 2

1

1 2

1 2

1 2

1

1

1 2

1 2

1 1

1

m2

m

j1

j

−1

0

1

1

−1

0

1

2

− 12

0

1 2

− 12

1 2

− 12

j1 m1

1 2

j m

m2

m

j1

j

≈ 0.707107

0

1

1

2

≈ 0.866025

1 2

0

1 2

3 2

≈ 0.707107

1 2

1 2

1

1

≈ 0.866025

1 2

1 2

1

2

1 ≈ 1.000000 j1 1 j m1 m2 m

1 2

1

1 2

3 2

1 2

3 2

1

2

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

2

1

1 2

1 2

3 2

√ 2 2 √ 2 2 √ − 42 √ 10 4 √ 30 6 √ 105 12 √ − 22 √ 6 6 √ 3 3

1

1 2

1

1

− 34

1 2

1

2

1

1

1 2

3 2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

3 2

1 2

3 2

1

3 2

1

2

√ 105 12

1

2

1

2

1

√ 2 2 √ 3 2 √ 2 2 √ 3 2

√

m2

≈ 0.707107

3 2

2 2 √ 6 6 √ 2 2

1

1

3 4

≈ 0.750000

1 2

1

2

≈ 0.559017

0

0

1

2

0

0

1 2

3 2

0

1 2

1 2

3 2

0

1 2

1

1

0

1 2

1

2

0

1

1

1

5 4 √ 6 3 √ 3 2 √ 6 3 √ 2 4 √ 10 4 √ 2 2

√

≈ 0.408248 ≈ 0.707107

1

≈ 0.816496 ≈ 0.866025 ≈ 0.8164967 ≈ 0.353553 ≈ 0.790569 ≈ 0.707107

j1 m1

√ 5 4 √ 10 4 √ − 22 √ 2 2

1

1 j m2 m ≈ 0.707107 ≈ 0.707107 ≈ −0.353553 ≈ 0.790569 ≈ 0.912871 ≈ 0.853913 ≈ −0.707107 ≈ 0.408248 ≈ 0.577350 ≈ −0.750000 ≈ 0.559017 ≈ 0.790569 ≈ −0.707107 ≈ 0.707107 ≈ 1.000000 ≈ 0.853913 ≈ 1.000000

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION Table of the Normal Distribution For a standard normal random variable ((z) is the area under the Standard Normal Curve from −∞ to z). Proportion of the total area (%) 68.27 90 95 95.45 99.0 99.73 99.8 99.9

Limits μ − λσ μ−σ μ − 1.65σ μ − 1.96σ μ − 2σ μ − 2.58σ μ − 3σ μ − 3.09σ μ − 3.29σ x (x) 2[1 − (x)] x 1 − (x)

3.09 10−3

μ + λσ μ+σ μ + 1.65σ μ + 1.96σ μ + 2σ μ + 2.58σ μ + 3σ μ + 3.09σ μ + 3.29σ 1.282 0.90 0.20

1.645 0.95 0.10

1.960 0.975 0.05

3.72 10−4

4.26 10−5

4.75 10−6

2.326 0.99 0.02 5.20 10−7

Remaining area (%) 31.73 10 5 4.55 0.99 0.27 0.2 0.1 2.576 0.995 0.01 5.61 10−8

3.090 0.999 0.002

6.00 10−9

6.36 10−10

2

0

1 2

1

2

0

1

1

1

m2

m

j1

j

− 12

0

1 2

1 1 0 a standard For 2 2

0

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1

1 2

m2

m

j1

−1

0

1

−1

0

1

− 12

0

1 2

− 12

1 2

1

2

0

0

1

2

0

0

1 2

3 2

0

1 2

1 2

3 2

0

1 2

1

1

0 A-88 0

1 2

1

2

1

1

1

1 2

1

4

10 4 √ 2 2

�

≈ 0.790569 ≈ 0.707107

j1 m1

1 2

m2

1

3 2

1

2

105 12

≈ 0.853913

1

2

1

2

1

≈ 1.000000

� j m2 m j1 j mNORMAL PROBABILITY

�

� j1 1 j m1 m2 m FUNCTION

√ 2 2 0 1 1 2 ≈ 0.707107 ≈ 0.707107 2 2 Table of the Normal Distribution √ √ 1 1 3 2 3 0 ≈ 0.707107 1 ≈ 0.866025 normal 2 Normal Curve from 2 random variable (�(z) is the 2area under2 the 2Standard √ √ 1 1 2 2 1 1 − ≈Remaining −0.353553 1 ≈ 0.707107 2 2 Proportion of 4 2 Limits √ √ 1 1 the total area 10 3 area 1 2 ≈ 0.790569 1 ≈ 0.866025 2 4 2 μ − λσ μ + λσ 2 (%) (%) √ 1 1 3 30 1 ≈ 0.912871 1 1 ≈ 1.000000 μ−σ μ+σ 2 31.73 2 68.27 2 6 � � √ μ + 1.65σ 90 10 1 3 105 j1 μ1− 1.65σ j 1 2 ≈ 0.853913 2 2 12 j μ − 1.96σ μ + 1.96σ 95 5 √ m1 m2 m 0 195.45 1 − 22 ≈ −0.707107 μ − 2σ μ + 2σ 1 4.55 √ 2 √ 1 ≈μ 0.707107 − 2.58σ μ + 2.58σ 99.0 0.99 2 6 1 0 1 2 ≈ 0.408248 √ 6 μ − 3σ μ + 3σ 99.73 0.27 6 √ 2 ≈ 0.408248 6 1 1 99.8 3 3 μ − 3.09σ μ + 3.09σ 0.2 1 ≈ 0.577350 √ 2 2 2 3 3 2

1

1 2

− 12

√

2

√

2

1 √

3 4

5 4 √ 6 3 √ 3 2 √ 6 3 √ 2 4 √ 10 4 √ 2 2

− 3.29σ ≈μ 0.707107 ≈ 0.750000 x

�(x) ≈ 0.559017 2[1 − �(x)] ≈ 0.816496 x 3.09 ≈ 0.866025 −3 1 − �(x) 10 ≈ 0.8164967

μ + 3.29σ 1 1 2 1.282 11.645 1 0.90 0.952 0.20 10.101

99.9 1 1 1.960 1 2 0.975 1 3 0.05 2 2

≈ 0.790569 ≈ 0.707107

1

3 2

√

0.1 ≈ −0.750000 3.090 ≈2.576 0.559017 0.995 0.999 ≈0.01 0.790569 0.002

1 1 5.20 − 22 5.61 ≈ −0.707107 4.75 6.00 6.36 √ −6 −7 2 −8 −9 −10 10 10 10 10 1 2 ≈ 0.707107 10 2

3.72 1 4.261 10−4 1 10−5 1

≈ 0.353553

− 34 √ 2.326 5 4 0.99 √ 10 0.02 4

−∞ to z).

1 2

3 2

1

3 2

1

2

√ 105 12

1

2

1

2

1

1

≈ 1.000000 ≈ 0.853913 ≈ 1.000000

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION Table of the Normal Distribution For a standard normal random variable (�(z) is the area under the Standard Normal Curve from −∞ to z). Proportion of the total area (%) 68.27 90 95 95.45 99.0 99.73 99.8 99.9

Limits μ − λσ μ−σ μ − 1.65σ μ − 1.96σ μ − 2σ μ − 2.58σ μ − 3σ μ − 3.09σ μ − 3.29σ x �(x) 2[1 − �(x)] x 1 − �(x)

A-88

3.09 10−3

μ + λσ μ+σ μ + 1.65σ μ + 1.96σ μ + 2σ μ + 2.58σ μ + 3σ μ + 3.09σ μ + 3.29σ 1.282 0.90 0.20

1.645 0.95 0.10

1.960 0.975 0.05

3.72 10−4

4.26 10−5

4.75 10−6

2.326 0.99 0.02 5.20 10−7

Remaining area (%) 31.73 10 5 4.55 0.99 0.27 0.2 0.1 2.576 0.995 0.01 5.61 10−8

3.090 0.999 0.002

6.00 10−9

6.36 10−10

Normal Probability Function

A-89

Areas under the Standard Normal Curve from 0 to z z 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

0 .0000 .0398 .0793 .1179 .1554 .1915 .2258 .2580 .2881 .3159 .3413 .3643 .3849 .4032 .4192 .4332 .4452 .4554 .4641 .4713 .4772 .4821 .4861 .4893 .4918 .4938 .4953 .4965 .4974 .4981 .4987 4990 4993 4995 4997 4998 4998 4999 4999 5000

1 .0040 .0438 .0832 .1217 .1591 .1950 .2291 .2612 .2910 .3186 .3438 .3665 .3869 .4049 .4207 .4345 .4463 .4564 .4649 .4719 .4778 .4826 .4864 .4896 .4920 .4940 .4955 .4966 .4975 .4982 .4987 .4991 .4993 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4998 .4999 .4999 .5000

2 .0080 .0478 .0871 .1255 .1628 .1985 .2324 .2652 .2939 .3212 .3461 .3686 .3888 .4066 .4222 .4357 .4474 .4573 .4656 .4726 .4783 .4830 .4868 .4898 .4922 .4941 .4956 .4967 .4976 .4982 .4987 .4991 .4994 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

3 .0120 .0517 .0910 .1293 .1664 .2019 .2357 .2673 .2967 .3238 .3485 .3708 .3907 .4082 .4236 .4370 .4484 .4582 .4664 .4732 .4788 .4834 .4871 .4901 .4925 .4943 .4957 .4968 .4977 .4983 .4988 .4991 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

4 .0160 .0557 .0948 .1331 .1700 .2054 .2389 .2704 .2996 .3264 .3508 .3729 .3925 .4099 .4251 .4382 .4495 .4591 .4671 .4738 .4793 .4838 .4875 .4904 .4927 .4945 .4959 .4969 .4977 .4984 .4988 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

5 .0199 .0596 .0987 .1368 .1736 .2088 .2422 .2734 .3023 .3289 .3531 .3749 .3944 .4115 .4265 .4394 .4505 .4599 .4678 .4744 .4798 .4842 .4878 .4906 .4929 .4946 .4960 .4970 .4978 .4984 .4989 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

6 .0239 .0636 .1026 .1406 .1772 .2123 .2454 .2764 .3051 .3315 .3554 .3770 .3962 .4131 .4279 .4406 .4515 .4608 .4686 .4750 .4803 .4846 .4881 .4909 .4931 .4948 .4961 .4971 .4979 .4985 .4989 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

7 .0279 .0675 .1064 .1443 .1808 .2157 .2486 .2794 .3078 .3340 .3577 .3790 .3980 .4147 .4292 .4418 .4525 .4616 .4693 .4756 .4808 .4850 .4884 .4911 .4932 .4949 .4962 .4972 .4979 .4985 .4989 .4992 .4995 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

8 .0319 .0714 .1103 .1480 .1844 .2190 .2518 .2823 .3106 .3365 .3599 .3810 .3997 .4162 .4306 .4429 .4535 .4625 .4699 .4761 .4812 .4854 .4887 .4913 .4934 .4951 .4963 .4973 .4980 .4986 .4990 .4993 .4995 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

9 .0359 .0754 .1141 .1517 .1879 .2224 .2549 .2852 .3133 .3389 .3621 .3830 .4015 .4177 .4319 .4441 .4545 .4633 .4706 .4767 .4817 .4857 .4890 .4916 .4936 .4952 .4964 .4974 .4981 .4986 .4990 .4993 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

Normal Probability Function

A-90 Common sample size calculations Parameter

Estimate

Sample size

μ

x¯

n=

p

pˆ

n=

μ2 − μ 2

x¯ 1 − x¯ 2

n1 = n2 =

(zα/2 ) 2 (σ12 + σ22 ) E2

p1 − p2

pˆ 1 − pˆ 2

n1 = n2 =

(zα/2 ) 2 ( p1 q1 + p2 q2 ) E2

�z

· σ �2 E

α/2

(zα/2 ) 2 · pq E2

Common one-sample confidence intervals Parameter

Assumptions

100(1 − α)% Confidence interval

μ

n large, σ 2 known, or normality, σ 2 known

σ x¯ ± zα/2 · √ n

μ

normality, σ 2 unknown

σ2

normality

p

binomial experiment, n large

s x¯ ± tα/2,n−1 · √ n � � 2 (n − 1)s (n − 1)s 2 , 2 2 χα/2,n−1 χ1−α/2,n−1 � pˆ (1 − pˆ ) pˆ ± zα/2 · n

Common two-sample confidence intervals Parameter

Assumptions

100(1 − α)% Confidence interval

μ1 − μ2

normality, independence, σ12 , σ22 known or n1 , n2 large, independence, σ12 , σ22 known σ12

σ22

μ1 − μ2

normality, independence, unknown

μ1 − μ2

normality, independence, σ12 �= σ22 unknown

=

( x¯ 1 − x¯ 2 ) ± zα/2 · ( x¯ 1 − x¯ 2 ) ±

�

σ2 σ12 + 2 n1 n2

�

1 1 + n1 n2 (n1 − 1)s12 + (n2 − 1)s22 s 2p = n1 + n2� −2 s2 s12 ( x¯ 1 − x¯ 2 ) ± tα/2,ν · + 2 n1 n2 � 2 �2 s1 s22 +n n1 2 ν≈ 2 2 (s1 /n1 ) (s22 /n2 ) 2 + n −1 n −1

t α2 ,n1 +n2 −2 · s p

1

2

μ1 − μ2

normality, n pairs, dependence

sd d¯ ± tα/2,n−1 · √ n

p1 − p2

binomial experiments, n1 , n2 large, independence

( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 )± � pˆ 1 (1 − pˆ 1 ) pˆ 2 (1 − pˆ 2 ) + zα/2 · n1 n2

PERCENTAGE POINTS, STUDENT’S T-DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of t such that F (t) =

�

t −∞

� � � � � n+1 x2 n+1 2 �n� 1 + dx − √ n 2 nπ� 2

for n, the number of degrees of freedom, equal to 1, 2, . . . , 30, 40, 60, 120, ∞; and for F (t) = 0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 0.95, 0.975, 0.99, 0.995, and 0.9995. The t-distribution is symmetrical, so that F (−t) = 1 − F (t) n/F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

.60 .325 .289 .277 .271 .267 .265 .263 .262 .261 .260 .260 .259 .259 .258 .258 .258 .257 .257 .257 .257 .257 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .255 .254 .254 .253

.75 1.000 .816 .765 .741 .727 .718 .711 .706 .703 .700 .697 .695 .694 .692 .691 .690 .689 .688 .688 .687 .686 .686 .685 .685 .684 .684 .684 .683 .683 .683 .681 .679 .677 .674

.90 3.078 1.886 1.638 1.533 1.476 1.440 1.415 1.397 1.383 1.372 1.363 1.356 1.350 1.345 1.341 1.337 1.333 1.330 1.328 1.325 1.323 1.321 1.319 1.318 1.316 1.315 1.314 1.313 1.311 1.310 1.303 1.296 1.289 1.282

.95 6.314 2.920 2.353 2.132 2.015 1.943 1.895 1.860 1.833 1.812 1.796 1.782 1.771 1.761 1.753 1.746 1.740 1.734 1.729 1.725 1.721 1.717 1.714 1.711 1.708 1.706 1.703 1.701 1.699 1.697 1.684 1.671 1.658 1.645

.975 12.706 4.303 3.182 2.776 2.571 2.447 2.365 2.306 2.262 2.228 2.201 2.179 2.160 2.145 2.131 2.120 2.110 2.101 2.093 2.086 2.080 2.074 2.069 2.064 2.060 2.056 2.052 2.048 2.045 2.042 2.021 2.000 1.980 1.960

.99 31.821 6.965 4.541 3.747 3.365 3.143 2.998 2.896 2.821 2.764 2.718 2.681 2.650 2.624 2.602 2.583 2.567 2.552 2.539 2.528 2.518 2.508 2.500 2.492 2.485 2.479 2.473 2.467 2.462 2.457 2.423 2.390 2.358 2.326

.995 63.657 9.925 5.841 4.604 4.032 3.707 3.499 3.355 3.250 3.169 3.106 3.055 3.012 2.977 2.947 2.921 2.898 2.878 2.861 2.845 2.831 2.819 2.807 2.797 2.787 2.779 2.771 2.763 2.756 2.750 2.704 2.660 2.617 2.576

.9995 636.619 31.598 12.924 8.610 6.869 5.959 5.408 5.041 4.781 4.587 4.437 4.318 4.221 4.140 4.073 4.015 3.965 3.922 3.883 3.850 3.819 3.792 3.767 3.745 3.725 3.707 3.690 3.674 3.659 3.646 3.551 3.460 3.373 3.291

*This table is abridged from the Statistical Tables by R. A. Fisher and Frank Yates published by Oliver & Boyd. Ltd., Edinburgh and London, 1938. It is published here with the kind permission of the authors and their publishers.

PERCENTAGE POINTS, CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of χ 2 such that F (χ) 2 =

�

χ2 0

1 � � x(n−2)/2 e−x/2 dx 2n/2 � 2n

for √ n, the √number of degrees of freedom, equal to 1, 2, . . ., 30. For n > 30, a normal approximation is quite accurate. The expression 2x2 − 2n − 1 is approximately normally distributed as the standard normal distribution. Thus χα2 , the α-point of the distribution, may be computed by the formula √ 1 χα2 = [xα + 2n − 1]2 , 2 A-91

60 120 ∞

.254 .254 .253

.679 .677 .674

1.296 1.289 1.282

1.671 1.658 1.645

2.000 1.980 1.960

2.390 2.358 2.326

2.660 2.617 2.576

3.460 3.373 3.291

*This table is abridged from the Statistical Tables by R. A. Fisher and Frank Yates published by Oliver & Boyd. Ltd., Edinburgh and London, 1938. It is published here with the kind permission of the authors and their publishers.

PERCENTAGE POINTS, STUDENT’S T-DISTRIBUTION PERCENTAGE POINTS, CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of t such that

� � � � � n+1 x2 n+1 2 �n� 1 + dx − F (t) = √ n 2 nπ� 2 −∞ � χ2 1 60, 120, 2 2, . . . , 30, 40, for n, the number of degrees of freedom, equal to 1, and � � x(n−2)/2∞; = e−x/2 dxfor F (t) = 0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 0.95, 0.975, 0.99, F (χ) n/2 � 2n = 1 − F (t) 0.995, and 0.9995. The t-distribution is symmetrical, so0that2 F (−t)

This table gives values of χ 2 such that

�

t

for equal For n > .975 30, a normal is.9995 quite accurate. The expression √ n, the √number of degrees n/Fof freedom, .60 .75 to 1, 2, .90. . ., 30..95 .99approximation .995 2 2x2 − 2n − 1 is approximately normally distributed as the standard normal distribution. Thus χ , the α-point of the distribution, α 1 .325 1.000 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 636.619 may be computed by the formula 2 .289 .816 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 31.598 √ 1 3 .277 .765 1.638 5.841 12.924 χα2 =2.353 [xα + 3.182 2n − 1]2 , 4.541 2 4 .271 .741 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 8.610 5 .267 .727 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 6.869 A-91 6 .265 .718 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.959 7 .263 .711 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 5.408 8 .262 .706 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 5.041 9 .261 .703 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.781 10 .260 .700 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.587 11 .260 .697 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.437 12 .259 .695 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 4.318 13 .259 .694 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 4.221 14 .258 .692 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 4.140 15 .258 .691 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 4.073 16 .258 .690 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 4.015 17 .257 .689 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.965 18 .257 .688 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.922 19 .257 .688 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.883 20 .257 .687 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.850 21 .257 .686 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.819 22 .256 .686 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.792 23 .256 .685 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.767 24 .256 .685 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.745 25 .256 .684 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.725 26 .256 .684 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.707 27 .256 .684 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.690 28 .256 .683 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.674 29 .256 .683 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.659 30 .256 .683 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.646 40 .255 .681 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.551 60 .254 .679 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.460 120 .254 .677 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 3.373 ∞ .253 .674 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.291 *This table is abridged from the Statistical Tables by R. A. Fisher and Frank Yates published by Oliver & Boyd. Ltd., Edinburgh and London, 1938. It is published here with the kind permission of the authors and their publishers.

PERCENTAGE POINTS, CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of χ 2 such that F (χ) 2 =

�

χ2 0

1 � � x(n−2)/2 e−x/2 dx 2n/2 � 2n

for √ n, the √number of degrees of freedom, equal to 1, 2, . . ., 30. For n > 30, a normal approximation is quite accurate. The expression 2x2 − 2n − 1 is approximately normally distributed as the standard normal distribution. Thus χα2 , the α-point of the distribution, may be computed by the formula √ 1 χα2 = [xα + 2n − 1]2 , 2 A-91

Percentage Points, Chi-Square Distribution

A-92

where xα is the α-point of the cumulative normal distribution. For even values of n, F (χ 2 ) can be written as 1 − F (χ 2 ) =

�

x −1 −λ x � e λ x! x=0

with λ = 12 χ 2 and x� = 12 n. Thus the cumulative chi-square distribution is related to the cumulative Poisson distribution. Another approximate formula for large n � � �3 2 2 2 χα = n 1 − + zα 9n 9n n = degrees of freedom zα = the normal deviate (the value of x for which F (x) = the desired percentile). x 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090 F (x) .90 .95 .975 .99 .995 .999 2 χ.99 = 60[1 − 0.00370 + 2.326(0.06086)]3 = 88.4 is the 99th percentile for 60 degrees of freedom. F (χ 2 ) = � n F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

.005 .0000393 .0100 .0717 .207 .412 .676 .989 1.34 1.73 2.16 2.60 3.07 3.57 4.07 4.60 5.14 5.70 6.26 6.84 7.43 8.03 8.64 9.26 9.89 10.5 11.2 11.8 12.5 13.1 13.8

.010 .000157 .0201 .115 .297 .554 .872 1.24 1.65 2.09 2.56 3.05 3.57 4.11 4.66 5.23 5.81 6.41 7.01 7.63 8.26 8.90 9.54 10.2 10.9 11.5 12.2 12.9 12.6 14.3 15.0

.025 .000982 .0506 .216 .484 .831 1.24 1.69 2.18 2.70 3.25 3.82 4.40 5.01 5.63 6.26 6.91 7.56 8.23 8.91 9.59 10.3 11.0 11.7 12.4 13.1 13.8 14.6 15.3 16.0 16.8

.050 .00393 .103 .352 .711 1.15 1.64 2.17 2.73 3.33 3.94 4.57 5.23 5.89 6.57 7.26 7.96 8.67 9.39 10.1 10.9 11.6 12.3 13.1 13.8 14.6 15.4 16.2 16.9 17.7 18.5

�

χ2 0

1 � � xn−2/2 e−x/2 dx 2n/2 � 2n

.100 .0158 .211 .584 1.06 1.61 2.20 2.83 3.49 4.17 4.87 5.58 6.30 7.04 7.79 8.55 9.31 10.1 10.9 11.7 12.4 13.2 14.0 14.8 15.7 16.5 17.3 18.1 18.9 19.8 20.6

.250 .102 .575 1.21 1.92 2.67 3.45 4.25 5.07 5.90 6.74 7.58 8.44 9.30 10.2 11.0 11.9 12.8 13.7 14.6 15.5 16.3 17.2 18.1 19.0 19.9 20.8 21.7 22.7 23.6 24.5

.500 .455 1.39 2.37 3.36 4.35 5.35 6.35 7.34 8.34 9.34 10.3 11.3 12.3 13.3 14.3 15.3 16.3 17.3 18.3 19.3 20.3 21.3 22.3 23.3 24.3 25.3 26.3 27.3 28.3 29.3

.750 1.32 2.77 4.11 5.39 6.63 7.84 9.04 10.2 11.4 12.5 13.7 14.8 16.0 17.1 18.2 19.4 20.5 21.6 22.7 23.8 24.9 26.0 27.1 28.2 29.3 30.4 31.5 32.6 33.7 34.8

.900 2.71 4.61 6.25 7.78 9.24 10.6 12.0 13.4 14.7 16.0 17.3 18.5 19.8 21.1 22.3 23.5 24.8 26.0 27.2 28.4 29.6 30.8 32.0 33.2 34.4 35.6 36.7 37.9 39.1 40.3

.950 3.84 5.99 7.81 9.49 11.1 12.6 14.1 15.5 16.9 18.3 19.7 21.0 22.4 23.7 25.0 26.3 27.6 28.9 30.1 31.4 32.7 33.9 35.2 36.4 37.7 38.9 40.1 41.3 42.6 43.8

.975 5.02 7.38 9.35 11.1 12.8 14.4 16.0 17.5 19.0 20.5 21.9 23.3 24.7 26.1 27.5 28.8 30.2 31.5 32.9 34.2 35.5 36.8 38.1 39.4 40.6 41.9 43.2 44.5 45.7 47.0

.990 6.63 9.21 11.3 13.3 15.1 16.8 18.5 20.1 21.7 23.2 24.7 26.2 27.7 29.1 30.6 32.0 33.4 34.8 36.2 37.6 38.9 40.3 41.6 43.0 44.3 45.6 47.0 48.3 49.6 50.9

.995 7.88 10.6 12.8 14.9 16.7 18.5 20.3 22.0 23.6 25.2 26.8 28.3 29.8 31.3 32.8 34.3 35.7 37.2 38.6 40.0 41.4 42.8 44.2 45.6 46.9 48.3 49.6 51.0 52.3 53.7

PERCENTAGE POINTS, F -DISTRIBUTION

This table gives values of F such that

F (F ) =

�

F 0

� � � m+n 2 � � � � mm/2 nn/2 xm−2/2 (n + mx) −(m+n)/2 dx � m2 � 2n

for selected values of m, the number of degrees of freedom of the numerator of F ; and for selected values of n, the number of degrees freedom of the denominator of F . The table also provides values corresponding to F ( F ) = .10,.05,.025,.01,.005,.001 since F1−α for m and n degrees of freedom is the reciprocal of Fα for n and m degrees of freedom. Thus F.05 (4, 7) = F (F ) = � n m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

F =

s12 s22

�

F 0

� � � m+n � m � 2 � n � mm/2 nn/2 x(m/2)−1 (n + mx) −(m+n)/2 dx = .90 � 2 � 2

1

2

3

4

5

6

39.86 8.53 5.54 4.54 4.06 3.78 3.59 3.46 3.36 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.10 3.07 3.05 3.03 3.01 2.99 2.97 2.96 2.95 2.94 2.93 2.92 2.91 2.90 2.89 2.89 2.88 2.84 2.79 2.75 2.71

49.50 9.00 5.46 4.32 3.78 3.46 3.26 3.11 3.01 2.92 2.86 2.81 2.76 2.73 2.70 2.67 2.64 2.62 2.61 2.59 2.57 2.56 2.55 2.54 2.53 2.52 2.51 2.50 2.50 2.49 2.44 2.39 2.35 2.30

53.59 9.16 5.39 4.19 3.62 3.29 3.07 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.66 2.61 2.56 2.52 2.49 2.46 2.44 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.35 2.34 2.33 2.32 2.31 2.30 2.29 2.28 2.28 2.23 2.18 2.13 2.08

55.83 9.24 5.34 4.11 3.52 3.18 2.96 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.54 2.48 2.43 2.39 2.36 2.33 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.22 2.21 2.19 2.18 2.17 2.17 2.16 2.15 2.14 2.09 2.04 1.99 1.94

57.24 9.29 5.31 4.05 3.45 3.11 2.88 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.24 2.22 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.14 2.13 2.11 2.10 2.09 2.08 2.07 2.06 2.06 2.05 2.00 1.95 1.90 1.85

58.20 9.33 5.28 4.01 3.40 3.05 2.83 2.67 2.55 2.46 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.08 2.06 2.05 2.04 2.02 2.01 2.00 2.00 1.99 1.98 1.93 1.87 1.82 1.77

=

S1 S2 / , m n

1 1 = = .164 F.95 (7, 4) 6.09

7

8

9

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

∞

58.91 9.35 5.27 3.98 3.37 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.41 2.34 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.16 2.13 2.10 2.08 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.01 1.99 1.98 1.97 1.96 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.93 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.72

59.44 9.37 5.25 3.95 3.34 2.98 2.75 2.59 2.47 2.38 2.30 2.24 2.20 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.00 1.98 1.97 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.90 1.89 1.88 1.83 1.77 1.72 1.67

59.86 9.38 5.24 3.94 3.32 2.96 2.72 2.56 2.44 2.35 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.95 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.89 1.88 1.87 1.87 1.86 1.85 1.79 1.74 1.68 1.63

60.19 9.39 5.23 3.92 3.30 2.94 2.70 2.54 2.42 2.32 2.25 2.19 2.14 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.92 1.90 1.89 1.88 1.87 1.86 1.85 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.76 1.71 1.65 1.60

60.71 9.41 5.22 3.90 3.27 2.90 2.67 2.50 2.38 2.28 2.21 2.15 2.10 2.05 2.02 1.99 1.96 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.86 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.80 1.79 1.78 1.77 1.71 1.66 1.60 1.55

61.22 9.42 5.20 3.87 3.24 2.87 2.63 2.46 2.34 2.24 2.17 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.97 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.83 1.81 1.80 1.78 1.77 1.76 1.75 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.66 1.60 1.55 1.49

61.74 9.44 5.18 3.84 3.21 2.84 2.59 2.42 2.30 2.20 2.12 2.06 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.71 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.67 1.61 1.54 1.48 1.42

62.00 9.45 5.18 3.83 3.19 2.82 2.58 2.40 2.28 2.18 2.10 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.90 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.73 1.72 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.67 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.57 1.51 1.45 1.38

62.26 9.46 5.17 3.82 3.17 2.80 2.56 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.08 2.01 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.72 1.70 1.69 1.67 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.54 1.48 1.41 1.34

62.53 9.47 5.16 3.80 3.16 2.78 2.54 2.36 2.23 2.13 2.05 1.99 1.93 1.89 1.85 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.69 1.67 1.66 1.64 1.63 1.61 1.60 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.51 1.44 1.37 1.30

62.79 9.47 5.15 3.79 3.14 2.76 2.51 2.34 2.21 2.11 2.03 1.96 1.90 1.86 1.82 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.70 1.68 1.66 1.64 1.62 1.61 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.47 1.40 1.32 1.24

63.06 9.48 5.14 3.78 3.12 2.74 2.49 2.32 2.18 2.08 2.00 1.93 1.88 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.67 1.64 1.62 1.60 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.50 1.42 1.35 1.26 1.17

63.33 9.49 5.13 3.76 3.10 2.72 2.47 2.29 2.16 2.06 1.97 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.76 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.55 1.53 1.52 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.38 1.29 1.19 1.00

where s12 = S1 /m and s22 = S2 /n are independent mean squares estimating a common variance σ 2 and based on

m and n degrees of freedom, respectively.

A-93

Percentage Points, F -Distribution

A-94

F (F ) = � n m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

F =

s12 s22

�

F 0

� � � m+n 2 � � � � mm/2 nn/2 x(m/2)−1 (n + mx) −(m+n)/2 dx = .95 � m2 � 2n

1

2

3

4

5

6

161.4 18.51 10.13 7.71 6.61 5.99 5.59 5.32 5.12 4.96 4.84 4.75 4.67 4.60 4.54 4.49 4.45 4.41 4.38 4.35 4.32 4.30 4.28 4.26 4.24 4.23 4.21 4.20 4.18 4.17 4.08 4.00 3.92 3.84

199.5 19.00 9.55 6.94 5.79 5.14 4.74 4.46 4.26 4.10 3.98 3.89 3.81 3.74 3.68 3.63 3.59 3.55 3.52 3.49 3.47 3.44 3.42 3.40 3.39 3.37 3.35 3.34 3.33 3.32 3.23 3.15 3.07 3.00

215.7 19.16 9.28 6.59 5.41 4.76 4.35 4.07 3.86 3.71 3.59 3.49 3.41 3.34 3.29 3.24 3.20 3.16 3.13 3.10 3.07 3.05 3.03 3.01 2.99 2.98 2.96 2.95 2.93 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.68 2.60

224.6 19.25 9.12 6.39 5.19 4.53 4.12 3.84 3.63 3.48 3.36 3.26 3.18 3.11 3.06 3.01 2.96 2.93 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.82 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.74 2.73 2.71 2.70 2.69 2.61 2.53 2.45 2.37

230.2 19.30 9.01 6.26 5.05 4.39 3.97 3.69 3.48 3.33 3.20 3.11 3.03 2.96 2.90 2.85 2.81 2.77 2.74 2.71 2.68 2.66 2.64 2.62 2.60 2.59 2.57 2.56 2.55 2.53 2.45 2.37 2.29 2.21

234.0 19.33 8.94 6.16 4.95 4.28 3.87 3.58 3.37 3.22 3.09 3.00 2.92 2.85 2.79 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.63 2.60 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.51 2.49 2.47 2.46 2.45 2.43 2.42 2.34 2.25 2.17 2.10

=

S1 S2 / , m n

7

8

9

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

∞

236.8 19.35 8.89 6.09 4.88 4.21 3.79 3.50 3.29 3.14 3.01 2.91 2.83 2.76 2.71 2.66 2.61 2.58 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.46 2.44 2.42 2.40 2.39 2.37 2.36 2.35 2.33 2.25 2.17 2.09 2.01

238.9 19.37 8.85 6.04 4.82 4.15 3.73 3.44 3.23 3.07 2.95 2.85 2.77 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.55 2.51 2.48 2.45 2.42 2.40 2.37 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.31 2.29 2.28 2.27 2.18 2.10 2.02. 1.94

240.5 19.38 8.81 6.00 4.77 4.10 3.68 3.39 3.18 3.02 2.90 2.80 2.71 2.65 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.46 2.42 2.39 2.37 2.34 2.32 2.30 2.28 2.27 2.25 2.24 2.22 2.21 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.88

241.9 19.40 8.79 5.96 4.74 4.06 3.64 3.35 3.14 2.98 2.85 2.75 2.67 2.60 2.54 2.49 2.45 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.32 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.24 2.22 2.20 2.19 2.18 2.16 2.08 1.99 1.91 1.83

243.9 19.41 8.74 5.91 4.68 4.00 3.57 3.28 3.07 2.91 2.79 2.69 2.60 2.53 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.31 2.28 2.25 2.23 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.15 2.13 2.12 2.10 2.09 2.00 1.92 1.83 1.75

245.9 19.43 8.70 5.86 4.62 3.94 3.51 3.22 3.01 2.85 2.72 2.62 2.53 2.46 2.40 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.23 2.20 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.07 2.06 2.04 2.03 2.01 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.67

248.0 19.45 8.66 5.80 4.56 3.87 3.44 3.15 2.94 2.77 2.65 2.54 2.46 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.16 2.12 2.10 2.07 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.99 1.97 1.96 1.94 1.93 1.84 1.75 1.66 1.57

249.1 19.45 8.64 5.77 4.53 3.84 3.41 3.12 2.90 2.74 2.61 2.51 2.42 2.35 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.90 1.89 1.79 1.70 1.61 1.52

250.1 19.46 8.62 5.75 4.50 3.81 3.38 3.08 2.86 2.70 2.57 2.47 2.38 2.31 2.25 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.07 2.04 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.92 1.90 1.88 1.87 1.85 1.84 1.74 1.65 1.55 1.46

251.1 19.47 8.59 5.72 4.46 3.77 3.34 3.04 2.83 2.66 2.53 2.43 2.34 2.27 2.20 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03 1.99 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.85 1.84 1.82 1.81 1.79 1.69 1.59 1.50 1.39

252.2 19.48 8.57 5.69 4.43 3.74 3.30 3.01 2.79 2.62 2.49 2.38 2.30 2.22 2.16 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.98 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.82 1.80 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.74 1.64 1.53 1.43 1.32

253.3 19.49 8.55 5.66 4.40 3.70 3.27 2.97 2.75 2.58 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93 1.90 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.70 1.68 1.58 1.47 1.35 1.22

254.3 19.50 8.53 5.63 4.36 3.67 3.23 2.93 2.71 2.54 2.40 2.30 2.21 2.13 2.07 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.88 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.73 1.71 1.69 1.67 1.65 1.64 1.62 1.51 139 1.25 1.00

where s12 = S1 /m and s22 = S2 /n are independent mean squares estimating a common variance σ 2 and based on

m and n degrees of freedom, respectively.


F (F ) = � n m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

F =

s12 s22

A-95 �

F 0


1

2

3

4

5

6

647.8 38.51 17.44 12.22 10.01 8.81 8.07 7.57 7.21 6.94 6.72 6.55 6.41 6.30 6.20 6.12 6.04 5.98 5.92 5.87 5.83 5.79 5.75 5.72 5.69 5.66 5.63 5.61 5.59 5.57 5.42 5.29 5.15 5.02

799.5 39.00 16.04 10.65 8.43 7.26 6.54 6.06 5.71 5.46 5.26 5.10 4.97 4.86 4.77 4.69 4.62 4.56 4.51 4.46 4.42 4.38 4.35 4.32 4.29 4.27 4.24 4.22 4.20 4.18 4.05 3.93 3.80 3.69

864.2 39.17 15.44 9.98 7.76 6.60 5.89 5.42 5.08 4.83 4.63 4.47 4.35 4.24 4.15 4.08 4.01 3.95 3.90 3.86 3.82 3.78 3.75 3.72 3.69 3.67 3.65 3.63 3.61 3.59 3.46 3.34 3.23 3.12

899.6 39.25 15.10 9.60 7.39 6.23 5.52 5.05 4.72 4.47 4.28 4.12 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.73 3.66 3.61 3.56 3.51 3.48 3.44 3.41 3.38 3.35 3.33 3.31 3.29 3.27 3.25 3.13 3.01 2.89 2.79

921.8 39.30 14.88 9.36 7.15 5.99 5.29 4.82 4.48 4.24 4.04 3.89 3.77 3.66 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.38 3.33 3.29 3.25 3.22 3.18 3.15 3.13 3.10 3.08 3.06 3.04 3.03 2.90 2.79 2.67 2.57

937.1 39.33 14.73 9.20 6.98 5.82 5.12 4.65 4.32 4.07 3.88 3.73 3.60 3.50 3.41 3.34 3.28 3.22 3.17 3.13 3.09 3.05 3.02 2.99 2.97 2.94 2.92 2.90 2.88 2.87 2.74 2.63 2.52 2.41

=

S1 S2 / , m n

7

8

9

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

∞

948.2 39.36 14.62 9.07 6.85 5.70 4.99 4.53 4.20 3.95 3.76 3.61 3.48 3.38 3.29 3.22 3.16 3.10 3.05 3.01 2.97 2.93 2.90 2.87 2.85 2.82 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.75 2.62 2.51 2.39 2.29

956.7 39.37 14.54 8.98 6.76 5.60 4.90 4.43 4.10 3.85 3.66 3.51 3.39 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06 3.01 2.96 2.91 2.87 2.84 2.81 2.78 2.75 2.73 2.71 2.69 2.67 2.65 2.53 2.41 2.30 2.19

963.3 39.39 14.47 8.90 6.68 5.52 4.82 4.36 4.03 3.78 3.59 3.44 3.31 3.21 3.12 3.05 2.98 2.93 2.88 2.84 2.80 2.76 2.73 2.70 2.68 2.65 2.63 2.61 2.59 2.57 2.45 2.33 2.22 2.11

968.6 39.40 14.42 8.84 6.62 5.46 4.76 4.30 3.96 3.72 3.53 3.37 3.25 3.15 3.06 2.99 2.92 2.87 2.82 2.77 2.73 2.70 2.67 2.64 2.61 2.59 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.51 2.39 2.27 2.16 2.05

976.7 39.41 14.34 8.75 6.52 5.37 4.67 4.20 3.87 3.62 3.43 3.28 3.15 3.05 2.96 2.89 2.82 2.77 2.72 2.68 2.64 2.60 2.57 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.47 2.45 2.43 2.41 2.29 2.17 2.05 1.94

984.9 39.43 14.25 8.66 6.43 5.27 4.57 4.10 3.77 3.52 3.33 3.18 3.05 2.95 2.86 2.79 2.72 2.67 2.62 2.57 2.53 2.50 2.47 2.44 2.41 2.39 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.31 2.18 2.06 1.94 1.83

993.1 39.45 14.17 8.56 6.33 5.17 4.47 4.00 3.67 3.42 3.23 3.07 2.95 2.84 2.76 2.68 2.62 2.56 2.51 2.46 2.42 2.39 2.36 2.33 2.30 2.28 2.25 2.23 2.21 2.20 2.07 1.94 1.82 1.71

997.2 39.46 14.12 8.51 6.28 5.12 4.42 3.95 3.61 3.37 3.17 3.02 2.89 2.79 2.70 2.63 2.56 2.50 2.45 2.41 2.37 2.33 2.30 2.27 2.24 2.22 2.19 2.17 2.15 2.14 2.01 1.88 1.76 1.64

1001 39.46 14.08 8.46 6.23 5.07 4.36 3.89 3.56 3.31 3.12 2.96 2.84 2.73 2.64 2.57 2.50 2.44 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.24 2.21 2.18 2.16 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.07 1.94 1.82 1.69 1.57

1006 39.47 14.04 8.41 6.18 5.01 4.31 3.84 3.51 3.26 3.06 2.91 2.78 2.67 2.59 2.51 2.44 2.38 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.21 2.18 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.03 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.88 1.74 1.61 1.48

1010 39.48 13.99 8.36 6.12 4.96 4.25 3.78 3.45 3.20 3.00 2.85 2.72 2.61 2.52 2.45 2.38 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.14 2.11 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.80 1.67 1.53 1.39

1014 39.49 13.95 8.31 6.07 4.90 4.20 3.73 3.39 3.14 2.94 2.79 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.38 2.32 2.26 2.20 2.16 2.11 2.08 2.04 2.01 1.98 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.72 1.58 1.43 1.27

1018 39.50 13.90 8.26 6.02 4.85 4.14 3.67 3.33 3.08 2.88 2.72 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.32 2.25 2.19 2.13 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.97 1.94 1.91 1.88 1.85 1.83 1.81 1.79 1.64 1.48 1.31 1.00

where s12 = S1 /m and s22 = S2 /n are independent mean squares estimating a common variance σ 2 and based on m

and n degrees of freedom, respectively.


A-96

F (F ) = � n m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

F =

s12 s22

1

2

4052 98.50 34.12 21.20 16.26 13.75 12.25 11.26 10.56 10.04 9.65 9.33 9.07 8.86 8.68 8.53 8.40 8.29 8.18 8.10 8.02 7.95 7.88 7.82 7.77 7.72 7.68 7.64 7.60 7.56 7.31 7.08 6.85 6.63

4999.5 5403 99.00 99.17 30.82 29.46 18.00 16.69 13.27 12.06 10.92 9.78 9.55 8.45 8.65 7.59 8.02 6.99 7.56 6.55 7.21 6.22 6.93 5.95 6.70 5.74 6.51 5.56 6.36 5.42 6.23 5.29 6.11 5.18 6.01 5.09 5.93 5.01 5.85 4.94 5.78 4.87 5.72 4.82 5.66 4.76 5.61 4.72 5.57 4.68 5.53 4.64 5.49 4.60 5.45 4.57 5.42 4.54 5.39 4.51 5.18 4.31 4.98 4.13 4.79 3.95 4.61 3.78

=

S1 S2 / , m n

3

�

F 0


4

5

6

5625 99.25 28.71 15.98 11.39 9.15 7.85 7.01 6.42 5.99 5.67 5.41 5.21 5.04 4.89 4.77 4.67 4.58 4.50 4.43 4.37 4.31 4.26 4.22 4.18 4.14 4.11 4.07 4.04 4.02 3.83 3.65 3.48 3.32

5764 99.30 28.24 15.52 10.97 8.75 7.46 6.63 6.06 5.64 5.32 5.06 4.86 4.69 4.56 4.44 4.34 4.25 4.17 4.10 4.04 3.99 3.94 3.90 3.85 3.82 3.78 3.75 3.73 3.70 3.51 3.34 3.17 3.02

5859 99.33 27.91 15.21 10.67 8.47 7.19 6.37 5.80 5.39 5.07 4.82 4.62 4.46 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.01 3.94 3.87 3.81 3.76 3.71 3.67 3.63 3.59 3.56 3.53 3.50 3.47 3.29 3.12 2.96 2.80

7

8

9

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

∞

5928 99.36 27.67 14.98 10.46 8.26 6.99 6.18 5.61 5.20 4.89 4.64 4.44 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.93 3.84 3.77 3.70 3.64 3.59 3.54 3.50 3.46 3.42 3.39 3.36 3.33 3.30 3.12 2.95 2.79 2.64

5982 99.37 27.49 14.80 10.29 8.10 6.84 6.03 5.47 5.06 4.74 4.50 4.30 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.79 3.71 3.63 3.56 3.51 3.45 3.41 3.36 3.32 3.29 3.26 3.23 3.20 3.17 2.99 2.82 2.66 2.51

6022 99.39 27.35 14.66 10.16 7.98 6.72 5.91 5.35 4.94 4.63 4.39 4.19 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.68 3.60 3.52 3.46 3.40 3.35 3.30 3.26 3.22 3.18 3.15 3.12 3.09 3.07 2.89 2.72 2.56 2.41

6056 99.40 27.23 14.55 10.05 7.87 6.62 5.81 5.26 4.85 4.54 4.30 4.10 3.94 3.80 3.69 3.59 3.51 3.43 3.37 3.31 3.26 3.21 3.17 3.13 3.09 3.06 3.03 3.00 2.98 2.80 2.63 2.47 2.32

6106 99.42 27.05 14.37 9.89 7.72 6.47 5.67 5.11 4.71 4.40 4.16 3.96 3.80 3.67 3.55 3.46 3.37 3.30 3.23 3.17 3.12 3.07 3.03 2.99 2.96 2.93 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.66 2.50 2.34 2.18

6157 99.43 26.87 14.20 9.72 7.56 6.31 5.52 4.96 4.56 4.25 4.01 3.82 3.66 3.52 3.41 3.31 3.23 3.15 3.09 3.03 2.98 2.93 2.89 2.85 2.81 2.78 2.75 2.73 2.70 2.52 2.35 2.19 2.04

6209 99.45 26.69 14.02 9.55 7.40 6.16 5.36 4.81 4.41 4.10 3.86 3.66 3.51 3.37 3.26 3.16 3.08 3.00 2.94 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.63 2.60 2.57 2.55 2.37 2.20 2.03 1.88

6235 99.46 26.60 13.93 9.47 7.31 6.07 5.28 4.73 4.33 4.02 3.78 3.59 3.43 3.29 3.18 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.86 2.80 2.75 2.70 2.66 2.62 2.58 2.55 2.52 2.49 2.47 2.29 2.12 1.95 1.79

6261 99.47 26.50 13.84 9.38 7.23 5.99 5.20 4.65 4.25 3.94 3.70 3.51 3.35 3.21 3.10 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.78 2.72 2.67 2.62 2.58 2.54 2.50 2.47 2.44 2.41 2.39 2.20 2.03 1.86 1.70

6287 99.47 26.41 13.75 9.29 7.14 5.91 5.12 4.57 4.17 3.86 3.62 3.43 3.27 3.13 3.02 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.69 2.64 2.58 2.54 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.38 2.35 2.33 2.30 2.11 1.94 1.76 1.59

6313 99.48 26.32 13.65 9.20 7.06 5.82 5.03 4.48 4.08 3.78 3.54 3.34 3.18 3.05 2.93 2.83 2.75 2.67 2.61 2.55 2.50 2.45 2.40 2.36 2.33 2.29 2.26 2.23 2.21 2.02 1.84 1.66 1.47

6339 99.49 26.22 13.56 9.11 6.97 5.74 4.95 4.40 4.00 3.69 3.45 3.25 3.09 2.96 2.84 2.75 2.66 2.58 2.52 2.46 2.40 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.23 2.20 2.17 2.14 2.11 1.92 1.73 1.53 1.32

6366 99.50 26.13 13.46 9.02 6.88 5.65 4.86 4.31 3.91 3.60 3.36 3.17 3.00 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.36 2.31 2.26 2.21 2.17 2.13 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.01 1.80 1.60 1.38 1.00

where s12 = S1 /m and s22 = S2 /n are independent mean squares estimating a common variance σ 2 and based on m

and n degrees of freedom, respectively.

MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR VARIOUS BODIES OF MASS The mass of the body is indicated by m

Body

Axis

Moment of inertia

Uniform thin rod of length l

Normal to the length, at one end

m 13 l 2

Uniform thin rod of length l

Normal to the length, at the center

1 2 m 12 l

Thin rectangular sheet, sides a and b

Through the center parallel to b

1 2 m 12 a

Thin rectangular sheet, sides a and b

Through the center perpendicular to

1 m 12 (a 2 + b2 )

the sheet Thin circular sheet of radius r

Normal to the plate through the

m 12 r 2

center Thin circular sheet of radius r

Along any diameter

m 14 r 2

Thin circular ring. Radii r1 and r2

Through center normal to plane of

m 12 (r12 + r22 )

ring Thin circular ring. Radii r1 and r2

Any diameter

Rectangular parallelepiped, edges a, b, and c

Through center perpendicular to face ab, (parallel to edge c)

m 14 (r12 + r22 )

1 m 12 (a 2 + b2 )

Sphere, radius r

Any diameter

m 25 r 2

Spherical shell, external radius, r1 , internal

Any diameter

m 25 (r13 −r23 )

Spherical shell, very thin, mean radius, r

Any diameter

m 23 r 2

Right circular cylinder of radius r , length l

The longitudinal axis of the solid

Right circular cylinder of radius r , length l

Transverse diameter

Hollow circular cylinder, length l, radii r1 and

The longitudinal axis of the figure

m 12 r 2 � 2 m r4 +

radius r2

r2

(r 5 −r 5 ) 1

2

l2 12

�

m 12 (r12 + r22 )

Thin cylindrical shell, length l, mean radius, r

The longitudinal axis of the figure

Hollow circular cylinder, length l, radii r1 and

Transverse diameter

mr 2 � 2 2 r +r m 14 2 +

Transverse diameter

m

Longitudinal axis

m 14 (a 2 + b2 )

Right cone, altitude h, radius of base r

Axis of the figure

3 2 m 10 r

Spheroid of revolution, equatorial radius r

Polar axis

m 25 r 2

Ellipsoid, axes 2a, 2b, 2c

Axis 2a

m 15 (b2 + c2 )

r2 Hollow circular cylinder, length l, very thin, mean radius r Elliptic cylinder, length l, transverse semiaxes a and b

�

r2 2

+

l2 12

l2 12

�

�

A-97

SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA In addition to the primary research journals, there are many useful sources of property data of the type contained in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. A selected list of these is presented here, with emphasis on print and electronic sources whose contents have been subject to a reasonable level of quality control.

A. Data Journals 1. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data — Published jointly by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the American Institute of Physics, this quarterly journal contains compilations of evaluated data in chemistry, physics, and materials science. It is available in print and on the Internet. [ojps.aip.org/jpcrd/] 2. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data — This bimonthly journal of the American Chemical Society publishes articles reporting original experimental measurements carried out under carefully controlled conditions. The main emphasis is on thermochemical and thermophysical properties. Review articles with evaluated data from the literature are also published. [pubs.acs.org/journals/jceaax/index.html] 3. Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics — This journal publishes original research papers that include highly accurate measurements of thermodynamic and thermophysical properties. [www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00219614] 4. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables — This is a bimonthly journal containing compilations of data in atomic physics, nuclear physics, and related fields. [www.science direct.com/science/journal/0092640X] 5. Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion — This journal presents critically evaluated phase diagrams and related data on alloy systems. It is published by ASM International and is the successor to the previous ASM periodical Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams. [www.asm-intl.org]

B. Data Centers

This section lists selected organizations that perform a continuing function of compiling and critically evaluating data in specific fields of science. 1. National Institute of Standards and Technology — Under its Standard Reference Data program, NIST supports a number of data centers in chemistry, physics, and materials science. Topics covered include thermodynamics, fluid properties, chemical kinetics, mass spectroscopy, atomic spectroscopy, fundamental physical constants, ceramics, and crystallography. Address: Office of Standard Reference Data, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 [www.nist.gov/srd/]. 2. Thermodynamics Research Center — Now located at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, TRC maintains an extensive archive of data covering thermodynamic, thermochemical, and transport properties of organic compounds and mixtures. Data are distributed in both print and electronic form. Address: Mail code 838.00, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305-3328 [www. trc.nist.gov]. 3. Design Institute for Physical Property Data — Under the auspices of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers [www.aiche.org/dippr/], DIPPR offers evaluated data on industrially important chemical compounds. The largest project deals with physical, thermodynamic, and transport

properties of pure compounds. Address: Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 [dippr.byu.edu]. 4. Dortmund Data Bank — Maintains extensive databases on thermodynamic and transport properties of pure compounds and mixtures of industrial interest. The data are distributed through DECHEMA, FIZ CHEMIE, and other outlets. An abbreviated database system is also available for educational use. Address: DDBST GmbH, Industriestr. 1, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany [www.ddbst.de]. 5. Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre — Maintains the Cambridge Structural Database of over 430,000 organic compounds. The data files and manipulation software are distributed in several ways. Address: 12 Union Rd., Cambridge CB2 1EZ, U.K. [www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk]. 6. FIZ Karlsruhe — In addition to many bibliographic databases, FIZ Karlsruhe maintains the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database in collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The ICSD contains the atomic coordinates and related data on over 50,000 inorganic crystals. Address: Fachinformationszentrum (FIZ) Karlsruhe, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany [www.fiz-karlsruhe. de]. 7. International Centre for Diffraction Data — Maintains and distributes the Powder Diffraction File (PDF), a file of over 500,000 X-ray powder diffraction patterns used for identification of crystalline materials. The ICDD also distributes the NIST Crystal Data file, which contains lattice parameters for over 235,000 inorganic, organic, metal, and mineral crystalline materials. Address: 12 Campus Blvd., Newton Square, PA 19073-3273 [www.icdd.com]. 8. Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics — Maintains the Protein Data Bank (PDB), a file of 3dimensional structures of proteins and other biological macromolecules. Address: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8087 [www.rcsb.org]. 9. Toth Information Systems — Maintains the Metals Crystallographic Data File (CRYSTMET). Address: 2045 Quincy Ave., Gloucester, ON, Canada K1J 6B2 [www.toth canada.com]. 10. Atomic Mass Data Center — Collects and evaluates high-precision data on masses of individual isotopes and maintains a comprehensive database. Address: C.S.N.S.M (IN2P3-CNRS), Batiment 108, F-91405 Orsay Campus, France [www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc]. 11. Particle Data Group — International center for data of high-energy physics; maintains a database of properties of fundamental particles that is published in both print and electronic form. Address: MS 50-308, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 [pdg.lbl.gov]. 12. National Nuclear Data Center — Maintains databases on nuclear structure and reactions, including neutron cross sections. The NNDC is the U.S. node in an international network of nuclear data centers. Address: Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000 [www.nndc.bnl.gov]. B-1

B-2 13. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry — Address: PO Box 13757, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-3757 [www.iupac.org]. IUPAC supports a number of long-term data projects, including these examples: a. Solubility Data Project — Carries out evaluation of all types of solubility data. The results are published in the Solubility Data Series, whose current outlet is the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. [www.iupac.org/divisions/V/cp5.html] b. Kinetic Data for Atmospheric Chemistry — Maintains a comprehensive database on the kinetics of reactions important in the chemistry of the atmosphere. [www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/] c. International Thermodynamic Tables for the Fluid State — Prepares definitive tables of the thermodynamic properties of industrially important fluids. Thirteen volumes have been published by IUPAC. [www.iupac.org/publications/books/seriestitles/] d. Stability Constants Database — Collection of metalligand stability constants and associated software. [www.acadsoft.co.uk]

C. Major Multi-Volume Handbook Series 1. Chapman & Hall/CRC Chemical Dictionaries — These originally appeared in print form as the Dictionary of Organic Compounds, Dictionary of Natural Products, etc. They are now published in electronic form and are available in DVD format [www.crcpress.com] and on the Internet [www.chemnetbase.com]. The consolidated version, called the Combined Chemical Dictionary, has data on more than 550,000 compounds spanning all branches of chemistry. The coverage includes physical properties, biological sources, hazard information, uses, and literature references. 2. Properties of Organic Compounds — Originally published in three editions as the Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, it is now in electronic form as Properties of Organic Compounds. The database includes about 30,000 compounds; physical properties and spectral data (mass, infrared, Raman, ultraviolet, and NMR) are covered. It is offered as CDROM [www.crcpress.com] and by Web access [www.chemnetbase.com]. 3. Beilstein Handbook of Organic Chemistry — The classic source of data on organic compounds, dating from the 19th century, Beilstein was converted to electronic form in the last decade of the 20th century. Over 8 million compounds and 10 million chemical reactions are now covered, with a broad range of physical properties as well as synthetic methods and ecological data. The database is accessed by the CrossFire software [www.beilstein.com]. 4. Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry — A subset of the information in the print series has been converted to electronic form and is now distributed in the same manner as Beilstein. In addition to the standard physical properties, the coverage includes a wide range of optical, magnetic, spectroscopic, thermal, and transport properties for about 1.4 million compounds [www.mdli.com]. 5. DECHEMA Chemical Data Series — DECHEMA distributes the DETHERM database, which emphasizes data used in process design in the chemical industry, including thermodynamic and transport properties of about 20,000 pure compounds and 90,000 mixtures. Access is available

Sources of Physical and Chemical Data through in-house databases and via the Internet [www. dechema.de]. 6. Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology — LandoltBörnstein covers a very broad range of data in physics, chemistry, crystallography, materials science, biophysics, astronomy, and geophysics. Hard-copy volumes in the New Series (started in 1961) are still being published, and the entire New Series is now accessible on the Internet [www.landolt-boernstein.com].

D. Selected Single-Volume Handbooks

The following handbooks offer broad coverage of high-quality data in a single volume. This list is only representative; an extensive listing of handbooks in all fields of science may be found in Handbooks and Tables in Science and Technology, Third Edition (Russell H. Powell, ed., Oryx Press, Westport, CT, 1994). 1. American Institute of Physics Handbook — Although an old book, it contains much data that are still useful, especially in acoustics, mechanics, optics, and solid state physics. (Dwight E. Gray, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972) 2. Constants of Inorganic Substances — This book presents physical constants, thermodynamic data, solubility, reactivity, and other information on over 3000 inorganic compounds. Since it draws heavily on Russian literature, it contains a great deal of data that do not make their way into most U.S. handbooks. (R. A. Lidin, L. L. Andreeva, and V. A. Molochko, Begell House, New York, 1995) 3. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics — Now in the 90th Edition, the CRC Handbook covers data from most branches of chemistry and physics. The annual revisions permit regular updating of the information. Also available on CDROM [www.crcpress.com] and the Web [hbcpnetbase.com]. (David R. Lide, ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2009) 4. Handbook of Inorganic Compounds — This book covers physical constants and solubility for about 3300 inorganic compounds. Also available on CDROM [www.crcpress. com]. (Dale L. Perry and Sidney L. Phillips, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995) 5. Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases — This is a valuable source of data on all types of fluids, ranging from liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons to molten metals and ionized gases. Detailed tables of physical, thermodynamic, and transport properties are given for temperatures from the cryogenic region to 6000 K. Western and Russian literature is covered. (N. B. Vargaftik, Y. K. Vinogradov, and V. S. Yargin, Begell House, New York, 1996) 6. Handbook of Physical Quantities — The range of coverage is somewhat similar to the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, but with a stronger emphasis on physics than on chemistry. Solid state physics, lasers, nuclear physics, geophysics, and astronomy receive considerable attention. (Igor S. Grigoriev and Evgenii Z. Meilikhov, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997) 7. Kaye & Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants — Kaye & Laby dates from 1911, and the 16th Edition was prepared in 1995 by a committee of experts. The coverage extends to almost every field of physics and chemistry; data on a limited number of representative substances or materials are given for each topic. (Longman Group Limited, Harlow, Essex, U.K., 1995)

Sources of Physical and Chemical Data 8. Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry — Provides broad coverage of chemical data; last updated in 2005. Also available on the Web [www.knovel.com]. (James G. Speight, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2005) 9. Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties — This IUPAC book emphasizes highly accurate data on substances and materials that can be used as calibration standards. It covers physical, thermal, optical, and electrical properties. (K. N. Marsh, ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987) 10. The Merck Index — Now in its 14th Edition (published in 2006), The Merck Index is a widely used source of data on over 10,000 compounds, chosen particularly for their importance in biology, medicine, and ecology. A short mono-

Web Site ACD/Labs Spectral Data

B-3 graph on each compound gives information on the synthesis and uses as well as physical and toxicological properties. A CD-ROM accompanies the book. (Maryadele J. O’Neil, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Indianapolis, IN, 2006)

E. Summary of Useful Web Sites for Physical and Chemical Properties

Most of the Web sites in the following list provide direct access to factual data on physical and chemical properties. However, the list also includes portals that link to different property databases or describe the procedure for gaining access to electronic sources of property data. There are also a few chemical directory sites that are useful for obtaining formulas, synonyms, and registry numbers for substances of interest.

Acronyms and Symbols

Address www.acdlabs.com/products/spec_lab/exp_ spectra/spec_libraries/ www3.interscience.wiley.com/stasa/

Advanced Chemistry Development

www.acdlabs.com

Alloy Center

products.asminternational.org/alloycenter/

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database Atomic Mass Data Center Beilstein

www.geo.arizona.edu/AMS/amcsd.php

Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database BioCyc BioInfo Bank Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database BRENDA Cambridge Structural Database Carbon Dioxide Information Center Ceramic Properties Databases ChemExper Chemfinder Chemical Acronyms Database Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI) Chemical Information Sources–Physical Property Information ChemIDplus ChemIndustry CHEMnetBASE ChemSynthesis Chemical Database ChemWeb Databases CODATA Databases

www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc www.mdl.com/products/knowledge/crossfire_ beilstein.com umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/

Comments Infrared, Raman and NMR spectra collections from Coblentz Society and other sources Free service; useful for identifying acronyms for chemicals Chemical directory, with programs for estimating physical and spectral properties Physical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of alloys Lattice constants of minerals See B.10 See C.3

Biocatalytic reactions, biodegradation of chemical compounds biocyc.org/ Metabolic pathways of microorganisms gibk26.bse.kyutech.ac.jp/jouhou/jouhoubank.html Portal to ProTherm (protein thermodynamics), ProNit (protein–nucleic acid interactions), biomolecule structures xpdb.nist.gov:8060/BMCD4/index.faces Crystal data and crystallization conditions for proteins, nucleic acids, and complexes www.brenda-enzymes.info/ Enzyme nomenclature and properties www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk See B.5 cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ Data on atmospheric carbon dioxide www.ceramics.org/publications_ceramic_ Mechanical, thermal, and other properties of ceramic properties_databases.aspx materials www.chemexper.com/ Consolidated chemical catalogs from various suppliers; provides physical properties and safety data; links to molfiles and MSDS www.chemfinder.com Chemical directory, with links to several property databases www.oscar.chem.indiana.edu/cfdocs/libchem/ Useful for associating chemical names and acronyms acronyms/acronymsearch.html www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/ Dictionary of molecules and fragments, with identifiers and structures cheminfo.informatics.indiana.edu/cicc/cis/index. Extensive listing of print and electronic sources of php/Physical_Property_Information chemical data chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/ Chemical directory www.chemindustry.com/chemicals/ Chemical directory www.chemnetbase.com Portal to CRC Chemical Dictionaries, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Properties of Organic Compounds, etc. www.chemsynthesis.com References to synthesis; limited property data www.chemweb.com/content/databases Portal to databases from John Wiley and others www.codata.org/resources/databases/index.html Thermodynamic key values and fundamental constants

Sources of Physical and Chemical Data

B-4 Web Site Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) CRC Combined Chemical Dictionary Crystallography Open Database (COD) DECHEMA (DETHERM) DIPPR Pure Compound Database Dortmund Data Bank Enzyme Nomenclature Database Enzyme Structures Database European Bioinformatics Institute

www.chemnetbase.com/scripts/ccdweb.exe www.crystallography.net www.dechema.de/en/isystems.html dippr.byu.edu www.ddbst.de www.expasy.ch/enzyme/ www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/enzymes/ www.ebi.ac.uk/Databases/

FDM Reference Spectra Databases FIZ Chemie Berlin

www.fdmspectra.com/ www.fiz-chemie.de

FIZ Karlsruhe — ICSD Fundamental Physical Constants Gmelin

www.fiz-karlsruhe.de physics.nist.gov/constants www.mdli.com/products/knowledge/crossfire_ gmelin/ hbcpnetbase.com toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Hazardous Substances Data Bank HITRAN Database Human Metabolome Database Infotherm International Centre for Diffraction Data International Spectroscopic Data Bank Ionic Liquids Database (ILThermo) Ionic Liquids Catalogue IUBMB IUCr Data Activities IUPAC Home Page IUPAC Kinetics Data IUPAC Nomenclature Rules IUPAC-NIST Solubility Database Klotho Biochemical Compounds Declarative Database Knovel.com

ctd.mdibl.org/

Address

See C.1 Crystal data on 52,000 compounds See C.5 See B.3 See B.4 IUBMB nomenclature for enzymes Structures of enzymes in Protein Data Bank Nucleotide and protein sequences, protein structures, enzyme nomenclature and reactions Infrared, Raman, and mass spectra Portal to DETHERM (C.5), Dortmund Data Bank (B.4), Infotherm, Acronyms See B.6 CODATA fundamental constants See C.4

Web version of CRC Handbook Physical and toxicological properties of chemicals of health or environmental importance cfa-www.harvard.edu/hitran/ High resolution spectroscopic data for constituents of the atmosphere; parameters for calculating atmospheric transmission hmdb.ca Chemical and biological data on small molecule metabolites in humans www.fiz-chemie.de/infotherm/servlet/ Physical and thermal properties of pure compounds infothermsearch and mixtures www.icdd.com See B.7 www.is-db.org All types of spectra, deposited by users. Access is free ilthermo.boulder.nist.gov/ Thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of ionic liquids and mixtures ildb.merck.de/ionicliquids/en/startpage.htm Miscibility and other properties of organic liquids www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iubmb/ Enzyme and nucleic acid nomenclature www.iucr.org/iucr-top/data/index.html#database3 Portal to crystallographic databases www.iupac.org See B.13 www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/ See B.13.b www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/ Useful site for organic and biochemical nomenclature srdata.nist.gov/solubility/ See B.13.a www.biocheminfo.org/klotho/ Structure diagrams of biochemical molecules www.knovel.com

Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Landolt-Börnstein Online Lipidat

www.genome.ad.jp/kegg/

MatWeb

www.matweb.com

Metals Crystallographic Data File NASA Chemical Kinetics Data

www.tothcanada.com jpldataeval.jpl.nasa.gov

National Center for Biotechnology Information National Nuclear Data Center National Toxicology Program NIST Atomic Spectra Database

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

NIST Ceramics Webbook NIST Chemistry Webbook

Comments Chemical – gene/protein interactions

www.landolt-boernstein.com www.lipidat.ul.ie/

www.nndc.bnl.gov ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/contents-atomic. html www.ceramics.nist.gov/ webbook.nist.gov

Portal to Lange’s Handbook, Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, etc. Includes data on drugs and other biochemical compounds See C.6 Structures and thermodynamic properties of lipids; crystal polymorphic transitions Thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of engineering materials See B.9 Kinetic and photochemical data for stratospheric modeling Portal to GenBank and other sequence databases See B.12 Chemical health and safety data Energy levels, wavelengths, and transition probabilities of atoms and atomic ions See B.1 Broad range of physical, thermal, and spectral properties

Sources of Physical and Chemical Data Web Site NIST Data Gateway NIST Physical Reference Data

Address srdata.nist.gov/gateway/ physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/

NLM Gateway NMR Shift DB Nucleic Acid Database Particle Data Group Physical Property Information Polymers — A Property Database Powder Diffraction File Properties of Organic Compounds Protein Data Bank PubChem

gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd www.nmrshiftdb.org ndbserver.rutgers.edu/ pdg.lbl.gov cheminfo.informatics.indiana.edu/cicc/cis/index. php/Physical_Property_Information www.polymersdatabase.com/ www.icdd.com www.chemnetbase.com/scripts/pocweb.exe www.rcsb.org pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

SABIO-Reaction Kinetics Database Sigma-Aldrich

sabio.villa-bosch.de/SABIORK/ www.sigmaaldrich.com/

Spectral Database for Organic Compounds SpecInfo Spectra Online SPRESI-web STN Easy

riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index_ cgi?lang=eng www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/ mrwhome/109609148/HOME www.ftirsearch.com/ www.spresi.de/ stneasy.cas.org

STN Easy-Europe STN Easy-Japan Swissprot Syracuse Research Corporation Table of Isotopes

stneasy.fiz-karlsruhe.de stneasy-japan.cas.org bo.expasy.org/enzyme/ www.syrres.com/esc/databases.htm ie.lbl.gov/education/isotopes.htm

Thermodynamics of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions Thermodynamics Research Center TOXNET

xpdb.nist.gov/enzyme_thermodynamics/ www.trc.nist.gov toxnet.nlm.nih.gov

Wiley Interscience

www3.interscience.wiley.com/reference.html

B-5 Comments Portal to all NIST data systems; see B.1 Atomic and molecular spectra, cross sections, X-ray attenuation, and dosimetry data Portal to all National Library of Medicine databases NMR data submitted by users Crystal structures of nucleic acids See B.11 Useful list of data sources from Indiana University Properties of commercial polymers See B.7 See C.2 See B.8 Chemical directory with links to biological information Data on kinetics of biochemical reations Chemical catalogs; includes some physical property data MS, NMR, IR, Raman, and ESR spectra; 32,000 compounds measured at AIST, Japan IR, NMR, and mass spectra FTIR and Raman spectra Structures, reactions, and some physical properties Chemical directory (and access to Chemical Abstracts databases) European node of STN Easy Japanese node of STN Easy Enzyme nomenclature and related information Properties of environmental interest Nuclear energy levels, moments, and other properties Equilibrium constants of biochemical reactions See B.2 Portal to HSDB and other databases on hazardous chemicals Portal to Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, SpecInfo Database, etc.

Tables Relocated or Removed from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st through 89th Editions The following tables appeared in previous editions of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics but have been removed, retitled, or rearranged in subsequent editions. In most cases, some or all of the information contained in the original table has been incorporated, in updated form, in a different table (or tables). In such cases the appropriate page references to the 90th Edition (2009-2010) are given in the last column, and the older table should be considered obsolete. The last edition in which the older table appeared is indicated.

Table Title

Last Ed.

Abbreviations Used in Polymerization Processes Absorption and Velocity of Sound in Still Air Allowable Carrying Capacities of Conductors Aluminum Wire Table Biochemical Symbols and Abbreviations Boiling Point of Water at Various Pressures Boiling Point Index of Organic Compounds Brazing Filler Metals (Solders) Chemical Composition of Rocks Classification of Comparative Life Hazards of Gases and Vapors Constants for Satellite Geodesy Cross-Section and Mass of Wires Density and Composition of Fuming Sulfuric Acid Density of D2O Diamagnetic Susceptibility Data on Organosilicon Compounds Diffusivities of Metallic Solutes in Molten Metals Diffusivities of Metallic Tracers in Mercury Dissociation Constants of Acids in Water at Various Temperatures Dissociation Constants of Aqueous Ammonia from 0 to 50° C Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids in Aqueous Solution Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Bases in Aqueous Solution at 298 K Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution Efficacies and Other Characteristics of Illuminants Efficiency of Drying Agents Emergent Stem Corrections for Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers Emissivity of Total Radiation for Various Materials Emissivity of Tungsten Enthalpy of Vaporization of Water Fats and Oils Gibbs Energy of Formation of Metal Oxides Heat Capacity of Liquids and Gases at 25° C Heat Capacity of Mercury Index of Refraction of Fused Quartz Index of Refraction of Rock Salt, Sylvine, Calcite, Fluorite, and Quartz Introduction to X-Ray Cross Sections Ion Exchange Resins Isothermal Compressibility of Liquids Kinetic and Photochemical Data for Atmospheric Chemistry Kinetic Data for Combustion Modelling Lattice Constants for Cubic Crystals Lattice Spacing of Common Analyzing Crystals Lowering of Vapor Pressure by Salts in Aqueous Solution Magnetic Rotatory Power Melting Point Index of Organic Compounds Minerals Arranged in Order of Increasing Vickers Hardness Numbers

75 Ed. 76 Ed. 75 Ed. 75 Ed. 77 Ed. 89 Ed. 83 Ed. 75 Ed. 73 Ed. 76 Ed. 74 Ed. 75 Ed. 75 Ed. 89 Ed. 74 Ed. 76 Ed. 75 Ed. 74 Ed. 74 Ed. 74 Ed. 74 Ed. 74 Ed. 74 Ed. 76 Ed. 76 Ed. 75 Ed. 77 Ed. 77 Ed. 89 Ed. 76 Ed. 77 Ed. 76 Ed. 73 Ed. 76 Ed. 76 Ed. 74 Ed. 77 Ed. 76 Ed. 79 Ed. 79 Ed. 76 Ed. 76 Ed. 77 Ed. 74 Ed. 83 Ed 75 Ed.

Molecular Depression of the Freezing Point Molecular Elevation of the Boiling Point Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Nomograph and Table for Doppler Linewidths Optical Properties of Metals Organic Compounds Listed in Order of Index of Refraction Oxygen Solubility in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

75 Ed. 75 Ed. 74 Ed. 74 Ed. 76 Ed. 73 Ed. 74 Ed. 76 Ed.

Comments

Removed; general abbreviations in 90 Ed., p. 2-29 Updated; see 90 Ed., p. 14-50, 14-51 Removed Data included in 90 Ed., p. 15-37 See 90 Ed., p. 2-29 Removed; can be calculated from vapor pressure table in 90 Ed., p. 6-5 Searching available in Internet and CDROM versions Removed Removed Removed Removed Data included in 90 Ed., p. 15-37 Removed See 90 Ed., p. 6-10 Removed Removed Removed Removed Removed See 90 Ed., p. 8-40 (acids and bases combined) See 90 Ed., p. 8-40 (acids and bases combined) See 90 Ed., p. 8-42 (acids and bases combined) See 90 Ed., p. 8-42 (acids and bases combined) Removed Removed Removed Removed Removed See 90 Ed., p. 6-5 See 90 Ed., p. 7-9 Included in comprehensive table of thermodynamic properties; see 90 Ed., p. 5-4 Included in comprehensive table of thermodynamic properties; see 90 Ed., p. 5-4 Included with other thermal properties of mercury; see 90 Ed., p. 6-158 See 90 Ed., p. 10-250 See 90 Ed., p. 4-149 Removed Removed Data included in 90 Ed., p. 6-140 See 90 Ed., p. 5-90 (emphasis on stratospheric chemistry) Removed from book; still present in electronic versions Removed; some data included in 90 Ed., p. 4-156 Removed Removed; related data in 90 Ed., p. 6-110 Removed Searching available in Internet and CDROM versions See 90 Ed., p. 12-222, for hardness of minerals and ceramics (Mohs and Knoop scales); can be sorted in electronic versions. See 90 Ed., p. 15-28 See 90 Ed., p. 15-27 See 90 Ed., p. 2-15 (references only), 2-16 See 90 Ed., p. 2-15 (references only), 2-23 Removed See 90 Ed., p. 12-123 Removed; electronic versions permit sorting in this order. Removed

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure Physical and Photometric Data for Planets and Satellites Physical Constants of Clear Fused Quartz Physical Constants of Minerals Platinum Wire Properties of Carbohydrates Properties of Large Production and Priority Organic Pollutants Properties of Sulfuric Acid Properties of Tungsten Properties of Water in the Range 0-100 °C Radiative Transition Probabilities for X-Ray Lines Radioactive Tracer Diffusion Data for Pure Metals Recommended Daily Dietary Allowances Reduction of Barometer to Sea Level Refractory Materials Resistance of Wires Resistivity of Semiconducting Minerals Solvents for Liquid Chromatography Spark-Gap Voltages Specific Heat and Enthalpy of Some Solids at Low Temperature Spectral Emissivity Spectral Emissivity of Oxides Standard Test Sieves and Mesh Size Conversion Standard Types of Stainless and Heat Resisting Steels Steam Tables Steroid Hormones and Other Steroidal Synthetics Sublimation Pressure for Organic Compounds Surface Tension of Liquid Elements Temperature Correction for Barometer Readings Temperature Correction for Glass Volumetric Apparatus Temperature Correction for Volumetric Solutions Temperature Correction, Glass Scale Temperature Dependence of the Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids The Earth: Its Mass, Dimensions, and Other Related Quantities The Limits of Superheat of Pure Liquids The pH of Natural Media and its Relation to Precipitation of Hydroxides Thermal Conductivity of Certain Metals Thermal Conductivity of Rocks Thermal Conductivity of Saturated H2O and D2O Thermal Conductivity of the Elements Total Monthly Solar Radiation in a Cloudless Sky Transmission of Corning Colored Filters Transmission of Light by Common Optical Materials Transmission of Wratten Filters Ultraviolet Spectra of Common Liquids Units, Symbols, and Equations for Radiometric and Photometric Quantities Values for the Langevin Function Vapor Pressure at Elevated Temperatures Vapor Pressure in the Range -25 °C to 150 °C Velocity of Sound in Dry Air Velocity of Sound in Various Media Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions Weight of One Gallon of Water Wire Table:Standard Annealed Copper Wire Tables:Comparison of Wire Gauges X-Ray Crystallographic Data on Inorganic Substances and Minerals X-Ray Wavelengths

89 Ed. See 90 Ed., p. 6-1 74 Ed. 76 Ed. 75 Ed. 73 Ed. 77 Ed. 77 Ed. 75 Ed. 76 Ed. 89 Ed. 77 Ed. 75 Ed. 77 Ed. 75 Ed. 76 Ed. 75 Ed. 73 Ed. 78 Ed. 73 Ed. 73 Ed. 76 Ed. 76 Ed. 75 Ed. 74 Ed. 79 Ed. 76 Ed. 73 Ed. 73 Ed. 75 Ed. 75 Ed. 75 Ed 73 Ed. 78 Ed. 74 Ed. 76 Ed. 73 Ed. 73 Ed. 73 Ed. 89 Ed. 73 Ed. 76 Ed. 74 Ed. 76 Ed. 74 Ed. 77 Ed. 77 Ed. 77 Ed. 77 Ed. 77 Ed. 76 Ed. 77 Ed. 78 Ed. 75 Ed. 75 Ed. 75 Ed. 76 Ed. 76 Ed.

Related data included in 90 Ed., p. 14-2, 14-4 Removed See 90 Ed., p. 4-149, for physical & optical properties Data included in 90 Ed., p. 15-37 Removed as separate table; data included in 90 Ed., p. 3-1 to 3-523 See 90 Ed., p. 6-72, 8-85, 16-43 for the data in this table Removed; for density, see 90 Ed., p. 15-40 Removed See 90 Ed., pp. 6-1, 6-5 Removed Removed Removed Removed Some data included in 90 Ed., p. 12-211 See 90 Ed., p. 15-37 Data included in 90 Ed., pp. 12-80 Removed; data included in other tables on solvents Removed Removed Removed Removed Removed Removed Replaced by 90 Ed., p. 6-1 Removed as separate table; data included in 90 Ed., p. 3-1 to 3-523 See 90 Ed., p. 6-70 Removed See 90 Ed., p. 15-30 Removed Removed Removed See 90 Ed., p. 6-166 (Temperature dependence included in general table of permittivity) Updated table in 90 Ed., p. 14-10 Removed See 90 Ed., p. 8-37 See 90 Ed., p. 12-203, 12-205, 12-206, 12-208 Removed; certain data included in 90 Ed., p. 12-211 See 90 Ed., pp. 6-1, 6-10 See 90 Ed., p. 12-203 & 12-206 for solid elements; 6-218 for gases. Removed; related data in 90 Ed., p. 14-26 Removed See 90 Ed., p. 10-250 Removed Removed Removed (this information is contained in 90 Ed., p. 2-1 and 2-29) Removed See 90 Ed., p. 6-72 See 90 Ed., p. 6-72 See 90 Ed., p. 14-51 See 90 Ed., p. 14-48 See 90 Ed., p. 8-52 See 90 Ed., p. 8-139 for related data See 90 Ed., p. 15-37 See 90 Ed., p. 15-37 See 90 Ed., p. 4-156 Removed

Index

The most efficient way to use this index is to look for the pertinent property (e.g., vapor pressure, entropy), process (e.g., disposal of chemicals, calibration), or general concept (e.g., units, radiation). Most primary entries are subdivided into several secondary entries, e.g., under heat capacity there are 17 secondary entries such as air, metals, water, etc. Primary entries will be found for certain classes of substances, such as alloys, elements, organic compounds, refrigerants, semiconductors, etc. Primary entries are also given for the individual chemical elements and for a few compounds such as water and carbon dioxide. However, only the most important tables are listed under these substances. Therefore, the user will find in most cases that it is best to look first for the property of interest, then examine the table or tables that are referenced. Entries in boldface type are the titles of tables as they appear in the Table of Contents. The reference given for each index term is the inclusive pages of the pertinent table (e.g., 8‑45 to 55). The introduction to each table describes the method of ordering the substances within that table. The editor would be grateful for comments and suggestions on this index.

Index A AAS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Abbreviations amino acids, 7-3 to 4 physical quantities, 2-1 to 12 scientific terms, 2-29 to 41 units, 1-23 to 26 Absorption infrared, by earth’s atmosphere, 14-33 light, by elemental solids, 12-123 to 147 light, by other solids, 12-148 to 166 microwave power, by water, 6-14 sound, by air, 14-50 Abundance of Elements in the Earth’s Crust and in the Sea, 14-18 Abundance, isotopic, 1-14 to 17, 11-56 to 253 Acceleration Due to Gravity, 14-13 Acceleration due to gravity at poles and equator, 14-10 to 11 at various latitudes, 14-13 on the sun, moon, and planets, 14-2 to 3 standard value, 1-1 to 11 Acid-Base Indicators, 8-15 to 17 Acid dissociation constant amino acids, 7-1 to 2 biological buffers, 7-26 indicators, 8-15 to 17 inorganic acids and bases, 8-40 to 41 organic acids and bases, 8-42 to 51 purine and pyrimidine bases, 7-5 Acid rain, pH measurement, 8-37 to 38 Acids activity coefficients, 5-78 to 79, 5-80 to 83 decinormal solutions, 8-5 to 6 electrical conductivity, 5-71 enthalpy of dilution, 5-84 fatty, 7-7 to 8 indicators, 8-15 to 17 inorganic, dissociation constant, 8-40 to 41 organic, dissociation constant, 8-42 to 51 Acoustics human hearing, 14-53 to 54 musical scales, 14-52 noise levels, 14-53 to 54 sound velocity, 14-48 to 49, 14-50, 14-51 sound velocity in air, 6-15 to 20 sound velocity in fluids, 6-21 to 37 sound velocity in water and steam, 6-1 to 4 Acronyms, definitions, 2-29 to 41 Actinium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 Activation energy atmospheric reactions, 5-90 to 101 diffusion in semiconductors, 12-99 to 106 Activity coefficients, 5-78 to 79, 5-80 to 83 Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts, 5-78 to 79 AES, definition, 12-1 to 4 AFM, definition, 12-1 to 4

Air absorption of sound, 14-50 cryogenic properties, 6-143 density, 6-15 to 20 diffusion of gases in, 6-225 to 226 enthalpy, 6-15 to 20 entropy, 6-15 to 20 heat capacity, 6-15 to 20 index of refraction, 10-253 mean free path, 6-48 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-188 speed of sound, as function of humidity and frequency, 14-50 speed of sound, as function of temperature, 6-15 to 20, 14-51 thermal conductivity, 6-15 to 20, 6-218 to 219 thermodynamic properties, 6-15 to 20 U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 14-20 to 25 vapor pressure, 6-15 to 20 viscosity, 6-15 to 20, 6-208 Airborne contaminants, threshold limits, 16-29 to 42 Albedo planets, 14-2 to 3 satellites of the planets, 14-4 to 6 ALI for radionuclides, 16-49 to 52 Alkali halides, secondary electron emission, 12-122 Alkali hydroxide solutions, viscosity and density, 6-215 Alkali metals: see entries for Lithium, Sodium, etc. Allocation of Frequencies in the Radio Spectrum, 15-50 to 51 Alloys composition, 12-107 to 115 electrical resistivity, 12-43 to 45 eutectic temperatures, 15-36 magnetic properties, 12-107 to 115 phase diagrams, 12-184 to 201 superconducting properties, 12-59 to 74 thermal conductivity, 12-208 Alloys, commercial electrical resistivity, 12-221 mechanical and thermal properties, 12-221 stainless steel, 12-205 thermal conductivity, 12-208 Alphabets: Greek, Russian, Hebrew, 2-42 Aluminum: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-202 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 resistance of wires, 15-37 thermal conductivity, 12-206 to 207 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137

wire tables, 15-37 Americium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Amino acids abbreviations and symbols, 7-3 to 4 in blood, 7-45 to 47 dissociation constants, 7-1 to 2 physical properties, 7-1 to 2 solubility, 7-1 to 2 structure, 7-3 to 4 Ampere definition, 1-23 to 26 maintained value, 1-1 to 11 Analytical procedures flame and bead tests, 8-13 to 14 organic reagents, 8-8 to 12 preparation of reagents, 8-1 to 4 reduction of weighings, 8-138 solids and surfaces, 12-1 to 4 volumetric calibrations, 8-139 Ångström, definition, 1-23 to 26 Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides, 16-49 to 52 Antiferroelectric crystals, Curie temperature, 12-57 Antiferromagnetic elements and compounds, 12-107 to 115 Antiferromagnetic materials, Faraday rotation, 12-167 to 180 Antimony: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 Apparent Equilibrium Constants for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions, 7-19 to 22 Appearance potential, molecules, 10-206 to 223 APS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds, 8-85 to 120 Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures, 8-121 to 126 Aqueous solutions activity coefficients, 5-78 to 79, 5-80 to 83 concentrative properties, 8-52 to 77 density, 8-52 to 77 diffusion of ions, 5-75 to 77 diffusion of non-electrolytes, 6-228 to 229 electrical conductivity, 5-74, 5-75 to 77 enthalpy, 5-85 freezing point depression, 8-52 to 77

I-1

Index

I-2 heat capacity, 5-66 to 67 hydrohalogen acids, conductivity, 5-73 index of refraction, 8-52 to 77 sodium chloride, volumetric properties, 6-142 solubility product constant, 8-127 to 129 surface tension, 6-165 thermodynamic properties, 5-66 to 67 vapor pressure, 6-110 viscosity, 8-52 to 77 Argon: see also Elements critical constants, 6-50 to 69 cryogenic properties, 6-143 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 entropy, 5-1 to 3 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 mean free path, 6-48 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-166 to 187, 6-188 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6-21 to 37, 6-218 to 219 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 thermophysical properties, 6-21 to 37 van der Waals constants, 6-47 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101, 6-102 to 109 viscosity, 6-21 to 37, 6-208 Arsenic: see also Elements critical constants, 6-50 to 69 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 Astatine: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 Astronomical Constants, 14-1 Astronomical unit, 14-1 Atmosphere carbon dioxide concentration, 14-34 to 35 cosmic ray background, 11-267 to 270 electrical conductance, 14-41 to 47 infrared absorption, 14-33 ion mobility, 14-41 to 47 kinetic and photochemical data, 5-90 to 101 mass, 14-10 to 11 planetary, composition, 14-2 to 3 potential, electrical, 14-41 to 47 standard (unit), 1-23 to 26 U.S. Standard, various properties, 14-20 to 25 Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide, 1958-2004, 14-34 to 35 Atmospheric Electricity, 14-41 to 47 Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities, 10193 to 202 Atomic mass unit (amu), 1-1 to 11, 1-23 to 26 Atomic masses, 1-14 to 17, 11-56 to 253

Atomic Masses and Abundances, 1-14 to 17 Atomic Radii of the Elements, 9-49 Atomic radius, rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Atomic spectra elements, line spectra, 10-1 to 92 ionization energies, 10-203 to 205 transition probabilities, 10-93 to 155 wavelengths, 10-1 to 92 Atomic transition probability, 10-93 to 155 Atomic weights, 1-12 to 13 Atoms electron affinity, 10-156 to 173 electron binding energy, 10-228 to 233 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 ionization energies, 10-203 to 205 masses, 1-14 to 17 photon cross sections, 10-235 to 239 polarizability, 10-193 to 202 spectra, 10-1 to 92 x-ray energy levels, 10-224 to 227 ATR, definition, 12-1 to 4 Attenuation and Speed of Sound in Air as a Function of Humidity and Frequency, 14-50 Autoignition temperature, 16-13 to 28 Avogadro constant, 1-1 to 11 Azeotropes, 6-189 to 207 Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures, 6-189 to 207

B Bands, electromagnetic (classification), 10-240 to 241 Barium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Barn, definition, 1-23 to 26 Barometer corrections, 15-30 Barriers to internal rotation, 9-59 to 63 Baryons, summary of properties, 11-1 to 55 Bases activity coefficients, 5-78 to 79, 5-80 to 83 decinormal solutions, 8-5 to 6 electrical conductivity, 5-71 indicators, 8-15 to 17 inorganic, dissociation constant, 8-40 to 41 organic, dissociation constant, 8-42 to 51 purine and pyrimidine, 7-5 Becquerel, definition, 1-23 to 26 Berkelium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 Beryllium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42

ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Bessel functions, A-78 to 80 Bessel’s equation, A-46 to 56 BET, definition, 12-1 to 4 Beta function, A-82 Billion, billiard (definition), 1-38 Binding energy electrons in atoms, 10-228 to 233 in molecules, 9-64 to 97 Binomial series, A-65 to 68 Biochemical nomenclature, references, 2-15 Biochemical reactions, redox potentials, 7-16 to 18 Biological Buffers, 7-23 to 25, 7-26 Biological materials and tissues effect of cosmic rays, 11-267 to 270 pH, 7-27 Biosphere, mass of, 14-10 to 11 Bismuth: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 Black Body Radiation, 10-243 to 244 Blood chemical composition, 7-45 to 47 pH, 7-27, 7-45 to 47 Bohr magneton, 1-1 to 11 Bohr radius, 1-1 to 11 Bohrium (element 107), 4-1 to 42, 11-56 to 253 Boiling point correction to standard pressure, 15-26 cryogenic fluids, 6-143 D2O, 6-9 elements, 4-133 to 134 elevation of, 15-27 halocarbons, 6-145 to 147 inorganic compounds, 4-43 to 101, 6-50 to 69, 6-112 to 129 metals, 12-203 to 204 organic compounds, 3-1 to 523, 6-50 to 69, 6-112 to 129 pressure dependence, 15-26 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 solvents, 15-13 to 22 Boltzmann constant, 1-1 to 11 Bond Dissociation Energies, 9-64 to 97 Bond energy, 9-64 to 97 Bond lengths characteristic, 9-48 diatomic molecules, 9-102 to 107 gas-phase molecules, 9-19 to 47 organic crystals, 9-1 to 16 organometallic compounds, 9-17 to 18

Index

I-3

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules, 9-19 to 47 Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds, 9-1 to 16 Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds, 9-17 to 18 Bonds, chemical disruption energy, 9-64 to 97 dissociation energy (enthalpy), 9-64 to 97 lengths and angles, 9-1 to 16, 9-17 to 18, 9-19 to 47 strength, 9-64 to 97 stretching force constants, 9-99 Born-Haber cycle, 12-21 to 33 Boron: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 Bosons, summary of properties, 11-1 to 55 Brass phase diagram, 12-184 to 201 resistance of wires, 15-37 thermal conductivity, 12-208 wire tables, 15-37 Bravais lattices, 12-5 to 10 Breakdown voltage, 15-42 to 46 Bromine: see also Elements critical constants, 6-50 to 69 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101, 6-102 to 109 Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25 °C, 8-39 Buffers biological, 7-23 to 25, 7-26 for round values of pH, 8-39 for seawater measurements, 8-37 to 38 standard solutions, 8-32 to 36, 8-37 to 38 Burnside’s formula, A-80 to 81

C C Chemical Shifts of Useful NMR Solvents, 8-142 13 C NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups, 9-117 Cadmium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 13

thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Calcium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Calibration barometers, 15-30 boiling points, to standard pressure, 15-26 conductivity cells, 5-72 index of refraction, 10-252 infrared and far infrared frequencies, 10268 to 272 infrared frequencies, 10-261 to 267 pH, 8-32 to 36 relative humidity, 15-34 temperature scale, 1-20, 15-10 to 11 thermocouples, 15-1 to 9 vapor pressure, 6-111 volumetric, 8-139 weighings in air, 8-138 Californium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 Calorie, value of, 1-28 to 37 Candela, definition, 1-23 to 26 Carbohydrate Names and Symbols, 7-14 to 15 Carbon: see also Elements dielectric constant, 12-47 to 55 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 Carbon dioxide atmospheric concentration (historical), 1434 to 35 critical constants, 6-50 to 69 global warming potential, 14-39 to 40 infrared laser frequencies, 10-261 to 267 mean free path, 6-48 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-166 to 187, 6-188 release by combustion of fuels, 5-69 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 solubility in water at various pressures, 8-84 speed of sound, 14-48 to 49 standard thermodynamic properties, 5-4 to 42 sublimation pressure, 6-70 to 71 thermal conductivity, 6-218 to 219, 6-21 to 37

thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 thermophysical properties, 6-21 to 37 van der Waals constants, 6-47 vapor pressure, 6-102 to 109, 6-111 viscosity, 6-208, 6-21 to 37, 6-214 Carcinogenic chemicals, list, 16-53 to 58 Carrier gas properties, for chromatography, 8-140 CARS, definition, 12-1 to 4 CAS Registry Number Index of Inorganic Compounds, 4-115 to 126 CAS Registry Number Index of Organic Compounds, 3-634 to 671 CAS Registry Numbers inorganic compounds, 4-43 to 101 organic compounds, 3-1 to 523 organic compounds, index, 3-634 to 671 Cauchy equation, A-46 to 56 Celsius temperature conversion to other scales, 1-38 definition, 1-23 to 26 Ceramics breakdown voltage, 15-42 to 46 permittivity (dielectric constant), 12-47 to 55 phase diagrams, 12-184 to 201 thermal conductivity, 12-211 to 212 Cerenkov light, in cosmic ray showers, 11-267 to 270 Ceres, orbital data and dimensions, 14-2 to 3 Cerium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Cesium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 CFC’s, global warming potential, 14-39 to 40 CFC’s, various properties, 6-145 to 147 Characteristic Bond Lengths in Free Molecules, 9-48 Characteristics of Human Hearing, 14-53 to 54 Characteristics of Infrared Detectors, 10-245 Characteristics of Laser Sources, 10-255 to 260 Characteristics of Particles and Particle Dispersoids, 15-38

Index

I-4 Characterization of materials, 12-1 to 4 Charge electron, 1-1 to 11 fundamental particles, 11-1 to 55 Chemical Abstracts Service nomenclature, 2-15 Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers: see CAS Registry Numbers Chemical Carcinogens, 16-53 to 58 Chemical Composition of the Human Body, 7-48 Chemical Constituents of Human Blood, 7-45 to 47 Chemical Kinetic Data for Stratospheric Modeling, 5-90 to 101 Chemical kinetics atmospheric reactions, 5-90 to 101 conversion factors, 1-43 Chemical nomenclature, 2-15 Chemical shifts, NMR for 13C, 9-117 for protons, 9-116 of solvents for NMR, 8-142 Chemical structure representation, 2-27 to 28 Chemicals, safe handling and disposal, 16-1 to 12 Chi-square distribution, A-91 to 92 Chlorine: see also Elements critical constants, 6-50 to 69 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101, 6-102 to 109 Chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants, 6-145 to 147 Chromatography, carrier gas properties, 8-140 Chromium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation, 10-240 to 241 Clathrate hydrates, 6-148 to 152 Clausius-Mosotti equation, 12-13 to 14 Clebsch-Gordan coefficients, A-87 to 88 Cobalt: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101

vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 CODATA fundamental constants, 1-1 to 11 CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, 5-1 to 3 Coefficient of Friction, 15-47 to 48 Coercivity, magnetic materials, 12-107 to 115 Collision diameter of gases, 6-48 Collision frequency, common gases, 6-48 Combustion, heat of fuels, 5-69 various compounds, 5-68 Composition atmosphere, 14-2 to 3 earth’s crust, 14-18 glasses, 12-213 to 216 human body, 7-48 magnetic materials, 12-107 to 115 planetary atmospheres, 14-2 to 3 sea water, 14-18 U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 14-20 to 25 Composition and Properties of Common Oils and Fats, 7-9 to 13 Compressibility ice, 6-12 liquids, 6-140 to 141 semiconductors, 12-80 to 92 sodium chloride solutions, 6-142 Compton wavelength (electron, proton, neutron), 1-1 to 11 Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity, 8-52 to 77 Conductance: see Conductivity, electrical Conductivity, electrical aqueous solutions of acids, bases, salts, 5-71 calibration standards, 5-72 earth’s atmosphere, 14-41 to 47 electrolyte solutions, 5-74 hydrohalogen acids, 5-73 ions, at infinite dilution, 5-75 to 77 potassium chloride solutions, 5-72 seawater, 14-16 to 17 standard solutions, 5-72 water, 5-70 Conductivity, thermal: see Thermal conductivity Confidence intervals, A-88 to 90 Constant Humidity Solutions, 15-33 Constantan thermal conductivity, 12-208 wire tables, 15-37 Construction materials density, 15-39 thermal conductivity, 12-211 to 212 Conversion Factors, 1-28 to 37 Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics, 1-43 Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units, 1-42 Conversion Factors for Energy Units, 1-39 Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation, 1-44 to 45 Conversion Factors for Pressure Units, 1-40 Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units, 1-41 Conversion Formulas for Concentration of Solutions, 8-19 Conversion of Temperatures, 1-38

Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90, 1-21 to 22 Coordinate systems, A-75 to 77 Copper: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-202 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 resistance of wires, 15-37 thermal conductivity, 12-206 to 207 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 wire tables, 15-37 Copper-constantan thermocouple tables, 15-1 to 9 Correction of Barometer Readings to 0 °C Temperature, 15-30 Correlation charts for infrared spectra, 9-108 to 112 Cosecant function, A-6 to 7 Cosine function, A-6 to 7 Cosmic Radiation, 11-267 to 270 Cosmic rays, 11-267 to 270 Cotangent function, A-6 to 7 Coulomb, definition, 1-23 to 26 Critical Constants, 6-50 to 69 Critical constants cryogenic fluids, 6-143 elements, 4-133 to 134, 6-50 to 69 H2O and D2O, 6-9 halocarbons, 6-145 to 147 inorganic compounds, 6-50 to 69 organic compounds, 6-50 to 69 Critical solution temperatures, polymers, 13-19 to 36 Cross product, A-68 to 75 Cross section, x-ray and gamma-ray, 10-235 to 239 Crust composition, 14-18 density, pressure, gravity, 14-14 Cryogenic fluids liquid helium properties, 6-144 thermophysical properties, 6-21 to 37 vapor pressure, 6-102 to 109 various properties, 6-143 Cryoscopic Constants for Calculation of Freezing Point Depression, 15-28 Crystal elastic constants, 12-35 to 40 Crystal ionic radii, 12-11 to 12 Crystal lattice energy, 12-21 to 33, 12-34 Crystal optical properties elements, 12-123 to 147 inorganic compounds, 10-246 to 249 minerals, 4-149 to 155 various materials, 12-148 to 166 Crystal structure elements, 4-156 to 163, 12-15 to 18 elements, phase transitions, 12-19 to 20 gas clathrate hydrates, 6-148 to 152

Index

I-5

inorganic compounds, 4-43 to 101, 4-156 to 163 magnetic materials, 12-107 to 115 minerals, 4-149 to 155, 4-156 to 163 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 semiconductors, 12-80 to 92 superconductors, 12-59 to 74, 12-75 to 76 Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements, 12-15 to 18 Crystal symmetry, 12-5 to 10 Crystallographic Data on Minerals, 4-156 to 163 Curie temperature antiferroelectric crystals, 12-57 ferroelectric crystals, 12-56 magnetic materials, 12-107 to 115 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Curie Temperature of Selected Ferroelectric Crystals, 12-56 Curie, definition, 16-48 Curium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Curl, definition, A-68 to 75

D D2O boiling point, 6-9 critical constants, 6-9 density, 6-10 to 11 dissociation constant, 8-79 fixed point properties, 6-9 heat capacity, 6-10 to 11 ion product, 8-79 surface tension, 6-10 to 11 thermal conductivity, 6-10 to 11, 6-218 to 219 triple point constants, 6-9 vapor pressure, 6-10 to 11 viscosity, 6-10 to 11, 6-208 Dalton, definition, 1-23 to 26 Darmstadtium (element 110), 4-1 to 42, 11-56 to 253 Data sources, B-1 to 5 Debye equation, 6-14 Debye temperature rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 semiconductors, 12-80 to 92 Decay mode fundamental particles, 11-1 to 55 nuclides, 11-56 to 253 Decimal equivalents of common fractions, A-2 Decinormal solutions oxidation and reduction reagents, 8-7 salts, acids, and bases, 8-5 to 6 Definitions abbreviations and acronyms, 2-29 to 41 scientific terms, 2-43 to 67 SI base units, 1-23 to 26 thermodynamic functions, 2-68 Definitions of Scientific Terms, 2-43 to 67 Density air, 6-15 to 20 aqueous solutions, 8-52 to 77 atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14-20 to 25

carrier gases for chromatography, 8-140 commercial metals and alloys, 12-221 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-21 to 37 construction materials, 15-39 cryogenic fluids, 6-21 to 37, 6-143 D2O, 6-9 earth, 14-10 to 11 earth, as function of depth, 14-14 elements, 4-139 to 141 ethanol-water mixtures, 15-41 hydroxide solutions, 6-215 ice, 6-12 inorganic compounds, 4-43 to 101 liquid elements and salts, 4-139 to 141 liquids, pressure and temperature dependence, 6-140 to 141 mercury, 6-157 metallic elements, 12-203 to 204 minerals, 4-149 to 155 miscellaneous materials, 15-39 molten salts, 4-139 to 141 oils and fats, 7-9 to 13 organic compounds, 3-1 to 523 planets, 14-2 to 3 polymer melts, 13-14 to 18 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 rocks, 15-39 satellites, 14-4 to 6 seawater, 14-16 to 17 semiconductors, 12-80 to 92 sodium chloride solutions, 6-142 solvents, 15-13 to 22 solvents, as function of temperature, 15-25 stainless steel, 12-205 steam, 6-1 to 4 sulfuric acid, 15-40 water, 6-1 to 4, 6-7 to 8 water, supercooled, 6-12 wood, 15-39 Density and Specific Volume of Mercury, 6-157 Density of Ethanol-Water Mixtures, 15-41 Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts, 4-139 to 141 Density of Solvents as a Function of Temperature, 15-25 Density of Sulfuric Acid, 15-40 Density of Various Solids, 15-39 Density, Pressure, and Gravity as a Function of Depth within the Earth, 14-14 Dependence of Boiling Point on Pressure, 15-26 Depression of the freezing point, 8-52 to 77, 15-28, 15-29 Derivatives, A-9 to 11 Detectors, infrared, 10-245 Determination of Relative Humidity from Dew Point, 15-31 Determination of Relative Humidity from Wet and Dry Bulb Temperatures, 15-32 Deuterium solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 viscosity, 6-208 Dew point and relative humidity, 15-31 Diamagnetic susceptibility elements, 4-142 to 147 inorganic compounds, 4-142 to 147

organic compounds, 3-672 to 676 Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Selected Organic Compounds, 3-672 to 676 Diamond dielectric constant, 12-47 to 55 optical properties, 12-123 to 147 phase diagram, 12-184 to 201 thermal conductivity, 12-206 to 207 Diatomic molecules bond lengths, 9-102 to 107 bond strengths, 9-64 to 97 electron affinity, 10-156 to 173 force constants, 9-99 polarizability, 10-193 to 202 spectroscopic constants, 9-102 to 107 vibrational frequencies, 9-102 to 107 Dielectric constant common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-21 to 37 cryogenic fluids, 6-21 to 37 crystals, 12-47 to 55 gases, 6-188 glass, 12-58 ice, 6-12 liquids, 6-166 to 187 plastics, 13-13 quartz, 12-58 rubbers, 13-13 semiconductors, 12-80 to 92 solids, 12-47 to 55 solvents, 8-141, 15-13 to 22 vacuum, 1-1 to 11 water and steam, temperature and pressure dependence, 6-1 to 4 water, frequency dependence, 6-14 Dielectric Constant of Selected Polymers, 13-13 Dielectric Constants of Glasses, 12-58 Dielectric Strength of Insulating Materials, 15-42 to 46 Differential equations, A-46 to 56 Diffusion in air, 6-225 to 226 gases, 6-225 to 226 gases in water, 6-227 ions in solution, 5-75 to 77 liquids, 6-228 to 229 semiconductors, 12-99 to 106 Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution, 6-228 to 229 Diffusion Data for Semiconductors, 12-99 to 106 Diffusion in Gases, 6-225 to 226 Diffusion of Gases in Water, 6-227 Dipole moment electric, of molecules, 9-50 to 58 magnetic, of nuclides, 11-56 to 253 solvents, 15-13 to 22 Dipole Moments, 9-50 to 58 Discharges, electrical, in the atmosphere, 14-41 to 47 Disposal of laboratory chemicals, 16-1 to 12 Dissociation constant acid-base indicators, 8-15 to 17 amino acids, 7-1 to 2 biological buffers, 7-23 to 25, 7-26 D2O, 8-79 inorganic acids and bases, 8-40 to 41 inorganic salts in water, 8-127 to 129 organic acids and bases, 8-42 to 51

Index

I-6 purine and pyrimidine bases, 7-5 water, 8-78, 8-79 Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases, 8-40 to 41 Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases, 8-42 to 51 Dissociation energy of chemical bonds, 9-64 to 97 Distillation, azeotropes, 6-189 to 207 Divergence, definition, A-68 to 75 Drugs, structure and applications, 7-28 to 44 DSC, definition, 12-1 to 4 DTA, definition, 12-1 to 4 Dubnium (element 105), 4-1 to 42, 11-56 to 253 Dysprosium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137

E Earth age, 14-10 to 11 area of land and oceans, 14-10 to 11 atmospheric composition, 14-2 to 3 composition of crust, 14-18 density as function of depth, 14-14 dimensions, 14-1, 14-10 to 11 gravity in interior, 14-14 mass and density, 14-10 to 11 orbital and rotational parameters, 14-2 to 3, 14-10 to 11 pressure in interior, 14-14 Earthquakes, historical data, 14-27 to 30 Ebullioscopic Constants for Calculation of Boiling Point Elevation, 15-27 ECR, definition, 12-1 to 4 EELS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Einsteinium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 Elastic Constants of Single Crystals, 12-35 to 40 Elastic modulus commercial metals and alloys, 12-221 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Elasto-optic, Electro-optic, and Magnetooptic Constants, 12-167 to 180 Electrical conductance: see Conductivity, electrical Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions, 5-71 Electrical Conductivity of Water, 5-70 Electrical Resistivity of Graphite Materials, 12-46 Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals, 12-41 to 42 Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys, 1243 to 45 Electrical resistivity: see Resistivity

Electro-optic constants, 12-167 to 180 Electrochemical Series, 8-20 to 29 Electrode potential general table, 8-20 to 29 ion radicals, 8-30 to 31 Electrolytes activity coefficients, 5-78 to 79, 5-80 to 83 diffusion of ions, 5-75 to 77 electrical conductivity, 5-74, 5-75 to 77 enthalpy of solution, 5-85 freezing point lowering, 8-52 to 77, 15-29 Electromagnetic radiation, classification of bands, 10-240 to 241 Electron charge, 1-1 to 11 in cosmic ray showers, 11-267 to 270 magnetic moment, 1-1 to 11, 11-1 to 55 mean free path in solids, 12-119 to 120 range in various materials, 16-48 Electron Affinities, 10-156 to 173 Electron Binding Energies of the Elements, 10-228 to 233 Electron configuration neutral atoms, 1-18 to 19 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State, 1-18 to 19 Electron Inelastic Mean Free Paths, 12-119 to 120 Electron volt, 1-1 to 11, 1-23 to 26 Electron Work Function of the Elements, 12-121 Electrons, secondary, emission by metals, 12-122 Electronegativity, 9-98 Elementary charge, 1-1 to 11 Elements abundance of isotopes, 1-14 to 17, 11-56 to 253 atomic mass, 1-14 to 17, 11-56 to 253 atomic radii, 9-49 atomic spectrum, 10-1 to 92 atomic transition probability, 10-93 to 155 atomic weight, 1-12 to 13 boiling point, 4-133 to 134 chemical analysis, 8-13 to 14 critical temperature, 4-133 to 134 crystal ionic radii, 12-11 to 12 crystal phase transitions, 12-19 to 20 crystal structure, 4-156 to 163, 12-15 to 18 density, 4-139 to 141 in the earth’s crust, 14-18 electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron affinity, 10-156 to 173 electron binding energy, 10-228 to 233 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 electronegativity, 9-98 enthalpy of fusion, 6-130 to 139 enthalpy of vaporization, 6-112 to 129 gamma-ray cross sections, 10-235 to 239 gamma-ray emission, 11-56 to 253 general information, 4-1 to 42 heat capacity, 4-135 historical information, 4-1 to 42 in human blood, 7-45 to 47 in the human body, 7-48 line spectrum, 10-1 to 92 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 melting point, 4-133 to 134 periodic table, Inside front cover

photon attenuation coefficients, 10-235 to 239 polarizability, 10-193 to 202 radii of ions, 12-11 to 12 reference states, 5-4 to 42 in seawater, 14-18 semiconducting properties, 12-80 to 92 superconducting properties, 12-59 to 74 thermal conductivity, 6-218 to 219, 12-203 to 204, 12-206 to 207 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-4 to 42 transition probabilities, 10-93 to 155 triple point, 4-133 to 134 van der Waals radii, 9-49 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure at high temperature, 4-136 to 137, 4-138 work function, 12-121 x-ray atomic energy levels, 10-224 to 227 x-ray cross sections, 10-235 to 239 Elevation of the boiling point, 15-27 Emission, secondary electrons, 12-122 Emissivity, rare earth metals, 4-127 to 132 ENDOR, definition, 12-1 to 4 Energy conversion factors, 1-39 crystal lattice, 12-21 to 33, 12-34 Fermi, 12-219 to 220 spectrum of cosmic rays, 11-267 to 270 Energy, activation chemical reactions, 5-90 to 101 diffusion in semiconductors, 12-99 to 106 Energy Content of Fuels, 5-69 Energy gap semiconductor solid solutions, 12-93 to 94 semiconductors, 12-80 to 92, 12-95 to 98 superconductors, 12-75 to 76 Energy levels, x-ray, 10-224 to 227 Energy states of solids, 12-1 to 4 Enthalpy air, 6-15 to 20 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-21 to 37 crystal lattices, 12-21 to 33 polymer solutions, 13-42 to 69 steam, 6-1 to 4 water, 6-1 to 4 Enthalpy of combustion, 5-68, 5-69 Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids, 5-84 Enthalpy of formation aqueous ions, 5-66 to 67 CODATA Key Values, 5-1 to 3 free radicals, 9-64 to 97 gaseous atoms, 9-64 to 97 high temperature, 5-43 to 65 inorganic compounds, 5-4 to 42 ions, 10-206 to 223 organic compounds, 5-4 to 42 semiconductors, 12-80 to 92 standard state values, 5-4 to 42 Enthalpy of Fusion, 6-130 to 139 Enthalpy of fusion cryogenic fluids, 6-143 elements, 6-130 to 139 ice, 6-12 inorganic compounds, 6-130 to 139 metals, 12-203 to 204 organic compounds, 6-130 to 139 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Enthalpy of Hydration of Gases, 5-86 to 89

Index Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes, 5-85 Enthalpy of solvation of gases, 5-86 to 89 Enthalpy of Vaporization, 6-112 to 129 Enthalpy of vaporization cryogenic fluids, 6-143 elements, 6-112 to 129 ice, 6-12 inorganic compounds, 6-112 to 129 organic compounds, 6-112 to 129 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 water, 6-5 to 6 Entropy air, 6-15 to 20 aqueous ions, 5-66 to 67 CODATA Key Values, 5-1 to 3 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-21 to 37 high temperature, 5-43 to 65 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 standard state values, 5-4 to 42 steam, 6-1 to 4 water, 6-1 to 4 Enzyme-catalyzed reactions, equilibrium constants, 7-19 to 22 EPMA, definition, 12-1 to 4 EPR, definition, 12-1 to 4 Equation of state Tait (for polymer melts), 13-14 to 18 van der Waals, 6-47 virial, 6-38 to 46 Equilibrium constant of formation, 5-43 to 65 Equilibrium constant, biochemical reactions, 7-16 to 18, 7-19 to 22 Equivalent conductance: see Conductivity, electrical Equivalent Conductivity of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution, 5-74 Erbium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Eris, orbital data and dimensions, 14-2 to 3 Error function, A-83 Errors in measurement, 2-13 to 14 ESCA, definition, 12-1 to 4 ESD, definition, 12-1 to 4 Euler equation, A-46 to 56 Euler’s constant, value of, A-1 Europium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101

I-7 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Eutectic temperatures, low-melting alloys, 15-36 EXAFS, definition, 12-1 to 4 EXELFS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Expansion coefficient commercial metals and alloys, 12-221 liquid helium, 6-144 metals, 12-203 to 204 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 semiconductors, 12-80 to 92 sodium chloride solutions, 6-142 Explosion hazards of laboratory chemicals, 16-1 to 12 Explosive limits, 16-13 to 28 Exponential functions, table, A-3 to 5 Exponential series, A-65 to 68 Exposure limits airborne contaminants, 16-29 to 42 ionizing radiation, 16-48 radionuclides, 16-49 to 52 Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, 2-13 to 14 Extinction coefficient, in solids, 12-123 to 147, 12-148 to 166

F F-distribution, A-93 to 96 Factorial function, A-80 to 81 Fahrenheit temperature, conversion to other scales, 1-38 Farad, definition, 1-23 to 26 Faraday constant, 1-1 to 11 Faraday effect, 12-167 to 180 Fats, composition and properties, 7-9 to 13 Fatty acids and methyl esters, physical properties, 7-7 to 8 Fehling’s solution, preparation, 8-1 to 4 FEM, definition, 12-1 to 4 Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals, 12-219 to 220 Fermium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 Ferrimagnetic materials Faraday rotation, 12-167 to 180 organic, 12-116 to 118 Ferrites, magnetic properties, 12-107 to 115 Ferroelectric crystals Curie temperature, 12-56 Kerr constants, 12-167 to 180 Ferromagnetic materials Faraday rotation, 12-167 to 180 organic, 12-116 to 118 various properties, 12-107 to 115 Ferromagnetic moment, rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 FIM, definition, 12-1 to 4 Fine structure constant, 1-1 to 11 First radiation constant, 1-1 to 11 Fixed point properties cryogenic fluids, 6-143 water and heavy water, 6-9 Fixed Point Properties of H2O and D2O, 6-9 Flame and Bead Tests, 8-13 to 14 Flame Temperatures, 15-49 Flammability chemical substances, general, 16-13 to 28

laboratory chemicals, 16-1 to 12 organic solvents, 15-13 to 22 Flammability of Chemical Substances, 16-13 to 28 Flash point: see Flammability Flattening factor for the earth, 14-1 Fluorescent Indicators, 8-18 to 19 Fluorine: see also Elements critical constants, 6-50 to 69 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101, 6-102 to 109 Fluorocarbon refrigerants, 6-145 to 147 Foods nutrient values, 7-49 to 60 pH, 7-27 Force Constants for Bond Stretching, 9-99 Formation, heat of: see Enthalpy of formation Formula index inorganic compounds, 4-102 to 114 organic compounds, 3-634 to 671 Fossils, age of, 14-10 to 11 Fourier expansions for basic periodic functions, A-59 to 61 Fourier series, A-57 to 59 Fourier transforms, A-61 to 65 Fractions, decimal equivalents, A-2 Francium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 Free energy: see Thermodynamic properties Free radicals dipole moment, 9-50 to 58 enthalpy of formation, 9-64 to 97 ionization energy, 10-206 to 223 reaction rates, 5-90 to 101 vibrational frequencies, 9-100 to 102 Freezing point: see also Melting point depression of, 8-52 to 77, 15-28 pressure dependence, 6-49 seawater, 14-16 to 17 Freezing point depression aqueous solutions, 8-52 to 77 cryoscopic constants for various liquids, 15-28 electrolytes, 15-29 Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution, 15-29 Frequency electromagnetic radiation bands, 10-240 to 241 human hearing range, 14-53 to 54 musical scales, 14-52 NMR resonances, 9-113 to 115 radio spectrum allocations, 15-50 to 51 standards, infrared, 10-261 to 267, 10-268 to 272 Friction, coefficient of, 15-47 to 48 FTIR, definition, 12-1 to 4 Fundamental constants, 1-1 to 11 Fundamental particles, 11-1 to 55

Index

I-8 Fundamental Physical Constants, 1-1 to 11 Fundamental Physical Constants Frequently Used Constants, Inside back cover Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules, 9-100 to 102 Fusion: see Enthalpy of fusion

G g-Factor of the electron, 1-1 to 11 Gadolinium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Gallium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Gamma function, A-81 to 82 Gamma rays in cosmic ray showers, 11-267 to 270 cross sections, for the elements, 10-235 to 239 energy, of nuclides, 11-56 to 253 photon attenuation coefficients, 10-235 to 239 protection against, 16-48 Gas chromatography, carrier gas properties, 8-140 Gas clathrate hydrates, 6-148 to 152 Gas constant, 1-1 to 11, 1-46 Gas phase basicity, 10-174 to 192 Gases average velocity, 6-48 breakdown voltage, 15-42 to 46 collision diameter, 6-48 dielectric constant, 6-188 diffusion, 6-225 to 226 diffusion in water, 6-227 dipole moment, 9-50 to 58 enthalpy of solvation, 5-86 to 89 mean free path, 6-48 permittivity, 6-188 refractive index, 10-254 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 speed of sound in, 14-48 to 49 thermal conductivity, 6-218 to 219 threshold limits, 16-29 to 42 van der Waals constants, 6-47 Verdet constants, 12-167 to 180

virial coefficients, 6-38 to 46 viscosity, 6-208 Gauges, of wires, 15-37 Gauss’ Theorem, A-77 Gaussian gravitational constant, 14-1 GDMS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Genetic code, 7-6 Geographical and Seasonal Variation in Solar Radiation, 14-26 Geological Time Scale, 14-12 Geophysical constants, 14-10 to 11 Germanium: see also Elements dielectric constant, 12-47 to 55 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-202 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 optical properties, 12-123 to 147 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 semiconducting properties, 12-80 to 92 thermal conductivity, 12-206 to 207 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 Gibbs energy of formation aqueous ions, 5-66 to 67 biochemical species, 7-16 to 18 high temperature, 5-43 to 65 standard state values, 5-4 to 42 Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers, 13-6 to 12 Glasses composition, 12-213 to 216 density, 15-39 dielectric constant, 12-58 index of refraction, 10-250 loss factor, 12-58 resistivity, 12-58 speed of sound in, 14-48 to 49 thermal conductivity, 12-209 to 210, 12-213 to 216 transmittance, 10-250 Verdet constants, 12-167 to 180 Global Temperature Trend, 1856-2004, 14-38 Global warming atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, 14-34 to 35 mean temperatures, global, 14-38 mean temperatures, U. S., 14-36 to 37 Global Warming Potential of Greenhouse Gases, 14-39 to 40 Gloves, resistance to chemicals, 16-1 to 12 Glucose, aqueous solution properties, 8-52 to 77 Gold: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-202 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal conductivity, 12-206 to 207 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137

Golden ratio, A-1 Googol, googolplex, 1-38 Gradient, definition, A-68 to 75 Graphite electrical resistivity, 12-46 heat capacity, 12-202 heat of combustion, 5-68 phase diagram, 12-184 to 201 sublimation pressure, 6-72 to 101 thermal conductivity, 12-206 to 207 Gravitational constant, 1-1 to 11, 14-1 Gravitational potential, 14-2 to 3 Gravity, acceleration of in interior of earth, 14-14 at poles and equator, 14-10 to 11 standard value, 1-1 to 11 at various latitudes, 14-13 Gray, definition, 1-23 to 26, 16-48 Greek, Russian, and Hebrew Alphabets, 2-42 Green’s Theorem, A-77 Greenhouse gases carbon dioxide concentration, 14-34 to 35 carbon dioxide, from fuel combustion, 5-69 global warming potential, 14-39 to 40 infrared absorption, 14-33 radiative efficiency and lifetime, 14-39 to 40

H Hafnium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Hall coefficient, rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Hall density, superconductors, 12-75 to 76 Hall resistance, quantized, 1-1 to 11 Halocarbon refrigerants, 6-145 to 147 Handling and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories, 16-1 to 12 Hardness ceramics, 12-222 minerals, 4-149 to 155, 12-222 scales, comparison, 12-222 semiconductors, 12-80 to 92 various materials, 12-222 Hardness of Minerals and Ceramics, 12-222 Hartree energy, 1-1 to 11 Hassium (element 108), 4-1 to 42, 11-56 to 253 Hazardous chemicals, handling and disposal, 16-1 to 12 Hearing, characteristics, 14-53 to 54 Heat capacity air, 6-15 to 20 aqueous ions, 5-66 to 67 carrier gases for chromatography, 8-140 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-21 to 37 cryogenic fluids, 6-143 elements, 4-135 high temperature, 5-43 to 65

Index ice, 6-12 liquid helium, 6-144 mercury, 6-158 metals, 12-202, 12-203 to 204 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 seawater, 14-16 to 17 semiconductors, 12-80 to 92 solids, 12-202 solvents, 15-13 to 22 stainless steel, 12-205 standard state values, 5-4 to 42 steam, 6-1 to 4 water, 6-1 to 4 Heat Capacity of Selected Solids, 12-202 Heat Capacity of the Elements at 25 °C, 4-135 Heat conductivity: see Thermal conductivity Heat of Combustion, 5-68 Heat of dilution: see Enthalpy of dilution Heat of formation: see Enthalpy of formation Heat of fusion: see Enthalpy of fusion Heat of solution: see Enthalpy of solution Heat of vaporization: see Enthalpy of vaporization Hebrew alphabet, 2-42 Helium: see also Elements critical constants, 6-50 to 69 cryogenic properties, 6-143, 6-144 density, 6-144 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 enthalpy of vaporization, 6-144 entropy, 5-1 to 3 expansion coefficient, 6-144 heat capacity, 6-144 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 liquid properties, 6-144 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 mean free path, 6-48 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-144, 6-166 to 187, 6-188 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 surface tension, 6-144 thermal conductivity, 6-21 to 37 thermal conductivity (gas), 6-218 to 219 thermal conductivity (liquid), 6-144 thermophysical properties, 6-21 to 37 van der Waals constants, 6-47 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101, 6-102 to 109, 6-144 viscosity, 6-21 to 37 viscosity (gas), 6-208 viscosity (liquid), 6-144 Henry, definition, 1-23 to 26 Henry’s Law constant, 8-85 to 120 Hermite polynomials, A-83 to 85 Hertz, definition, 1-23 to 26 High Temperature Superconductors, 12-75 to 76 Hindered Internal Rotation, 9-59 to 63 HITRAN Molecular Spectroscopy Database, 14-33 Holmium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147

I-9 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Human body chemical composition, 7-48 pH of fluids, 7-27 sensitivity of eye to light, 10-242 Humidity, relative from wet and dry bulb temperatures, 15-32 relation to dew point, 15-31 solutions for calibration, 15-34 solutions for constant humidity, 15-33 Hurricane and other wind scales, 14-31 to 32 Hydrocarbons flame temperature, 15-49 heat of combustion, 5-68 solubility in seawater, 8-131 to 132 thermophysical properties, 6-21 to 37 Hydrogen: see also Elements critical constants, 6-50 to 69 cryogenic properties, 6-143 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 enthalpy of fusion, 6-130 to 139 enthalpy of vaporization, 6-112 to 129 flame temperature, 15-49 heat of combustion, 5-68 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 mean free path, 6-48 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-166 to 187, 6-188 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6-218 to 219, 6-21 to 37 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 thermophysical properties, 6-21 to 37 van der Waals constants, 6-47 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101, 6-102 to 109 viscosity, 6-208, 6-21 to 37 Hydrosphere, mass of, 14-10 to 11 Hyperbolic functions relations, A-8 table, A-3 to 5 Hysteresis, in magnetic materials, 12-107 to 115

I Ice compressibility, 6-12 crystal structure, 4-156 to 163 density, 6-12 dielectric constant, 6-12, 12-47 to 55 heat capacity, 6-12 melting point, pressure dependence, 6-13, 6-49 phase diagram, 12-184 to 201 phase transitions, 6-12, 6-13 thermal conductivity, 6-12, 12-209 to 210 thermal expansion coefficient, 6-12 vapor pressure, 6-13 ICPMS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Ignition temperature chemical substances, general, 16-13 to 28

laboratory chemicals, 16-1 to 12 solvents, 15-13 to 22 InChI representation of chemical structures, 2-27 to 28 Index of refraction air, 10-253 aqueous solutions, 8-52 to 77 gases, 10-254 glass, 10-250 inorganic crystals, 10-246 to 249 inorganic liquids, 4-148 liquids, for calibration, 10-252 metals, 12-123 to 147 minerals, 4-149 to 155 oils and fats, 7-9 to 13 organic compounds, 3-1 to 523 semiconductors, 12-80 to 92, 12-123 to 147, 12-148 to 166 solids, as function of wavelength, 10-246 to 249, 12-123 to 147, 12-148 to 166 water, 10-251 Index of Refraction of Air, 10-253 Index of Refraction of Gases, 10-254 Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals, 10-246 to 249 Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids, 4-148 Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes, 10-252 Index of Refraction of Water, 10-251 Indicators acid-base, 8-15 to 17 fluorescent, 8-18 to 19 pH, 8-15 to 17, 8-18 to 19 pK, 8-15 to 17 preparation, 8-1 to 4, 8-15 to 17 Indium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Influence of Pressure on Freezing Points, 6-49 Infrared Absorption by the Earth’s Atmosphere, 14-33 Infrared and Far-Infrared Absorption Frequency Standards, 10-268 to 272 Infrared Correlation Charts, 9-108 to 112 Infrared detectors, 10-245 Infrared Laser Frequencies, 10-261 to 267 Infrared spectrum carbon dioxide laser, 10-261 to 267 characteristic group frequencies, 9-108 to 112 correlation charts, 9-108 to 112 earth’s atmosphere, 14-33 frequency standards, 10-268 to 272 HITRAN Database, 14-33 vibrational frequencies of molecules, 9-100 to 102

Index

I-10 Inorganic compounds activity coefficients, 5-78 to 79, 5-80 to 83 bond lengths and angles, 9-19 to 47 characteristic infrared frequencies, 9-108 to 112 crystal lattice energy, 12-21 to 33 crystal structure, 4-43 to 101, 4-156 to 163 dielectric constant, 12-47 to 55 dipole moment, 9-50 to 58 dissociation constant in water, 8-127 to 129 electrical conductivity, 5-74 enthalpy of formation, 5-4 to 42 enthalpy of fusion, 6-130 to 139 enthalpy of solution, 5-85 enthalpy of vaporization, 6-112 to 129 entropy, 5-4 to 42 Gibbs energy of formation, 5-4 to 42 heat capacity, 5-4 to 42 index of refraction, 4-148 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 nomenclature, 2-16 to 22 permittivity, 12-47 to 55 physical properties, 4-43 to 101 polarizability, 10-193 to 202 reagents for determination, 8-8 to 12 solubility as a function of temperature, 8-121 to 126 solubility product constant, 8-127 to 129 solubility, qualitative rules, 8-136 to 137 standard thermodynamic properties, 5-4 to 42 surface tension, 6-161 to 164 INS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Insulation, thermal conductivity of, 12-211 to 212 Insulators, breakdown voltage, 15-42 to 46 Integral tables, A-46 Integration, methods and techniques, A-11 to 15 Interatomic distances diatomic molecules, 9-102 to 107 gas-phase molecules, 9-19 to 47 organic crystals, 9-1 to 16 organometallic compounds, 9-17 to 18 Internal rotation in molecules, 9-59 to 63 International System of Units (SI), 1-23 to 26 International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) conversion from IPTS-68 and IPTS-48, 1-21 to 22 definition and fixed points, 1-20 secondary reference points, 15-10 to 11 International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), 1-20 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: see IUPAC Interstellar Molecules, 14-7 to 9 Iodine: see also Elements critical constants, 6-50 to 69 dielectric constant, 12-47 to 55 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 Iodine value, oils and fats, 7-9 to 13

Ion product D2O, 8-79 water, 8-78, 8-79 Ion Product of Water Substance, 8-78 Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution, 5-75 to 77 Ionic Liquids, 6-153 to 156 Ionic radii in crystals, 12-11 to 12 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Ionic Radii in Crystals, 12-11 to 12 Ionization constant biological buffers, 7-23 to 25 D2O, 8-79 inorganic acids and bases, 8-40 to 41 inorganic compounds in water, 8-127 to 129 organic acids and bases, 8-42 to 51 water, 8-78, 8-79 Ionization Constant of Normal and Heavy Water, 8-79 Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions, 10-203 to 205 Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules, 10-206 to 223 Ionization energy atoms and ions, 10-203 to 205 molecules, 10-206 to 223 neutral atoms, 1-18 to 19 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Ionization gauges, sensitivity, 15-12 Ionization potential: see Ionization energy Ions aerosol, 14-41 to 47 in the atmosphere, 14-41 to 47 diffusion in aqueous solutions, 5-75 to 77 electrical conductivity in aqueous solutions, 5-75 to 77 enthalpy of formation, 10-206 to 223 heat capacity, aqueous solutions, 5-66 to 67 magnetic properties, 12-107 to 115 nomenclature, 2-16 to 22 polarizability, 12-13 to 14 radii, in crystals, 12-11 to 12 thermodynamic properties, aqueous solutions, 5-66 to 67 Iridium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Iron: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-202 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal conductivity, 12-206 to 207 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204

vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Iron-constantan thermocouple tables, 15-1 to 9 Irradiance of the sun, 14-19 Isoelectric point, amino acids, 7-1 to 2 Isotopes, summary of properties, 11-56 to 253 Isotopic abundance, 1-14 to 17, 11-56 to 253 ITS-90 conversion from IPTS-68 and IPTS-48, 1-21 to 22 definition and fixed points, 1-20 secondary reference points, 15-10 to 11 IUPAC atomic weights, 1-12 to 13 chemical structure representation (InChI), 2-27 to 28 nomenclature for carbohydrates, 7-14 to 15 nomenclature for inorganic ions and ligands, 2-16 to 22 nomenclature for organic substituent groups, 2-23 to 26 nomenclature for polymers, 13-1 to 4 pH scale, 8-32 to 36 symbols for physical quantities, 2-1 to 12 vapor pressure calibration data, 6-111 IUPAC Recommended Data for Vapor Pressure Calibration, 6-111

J Jacobi polynomials, A-83 to 85 Josephson ratio, 1-1 to 11 Joule, definition, 1-23 to 26 Jupiter, orbital data and dimensions, 14-2 to 3

K Katal, definition, 1-23 to 26 Kelvin, definition, 1-23 to 26 Kerr constants, 12-167 to 180 Kilogram, definition, 1-23 to 26 Kinetics atmospheric reactions, 5-90 to 101 conversion factors, 1-43 Krypton: see also Elements critical constants, 6-50 to 69 cryogenic properties, 6-143 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 entropy, 5-1 to 3 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 mean free path, 6-48 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-166 to 187, 6-188 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6-218 to 219 van der Waals constants, 6-47 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101, 6-102 to 109 viscosity, 6-208

L Laboratory reagents, preparation of, 8-1 to 4 Laboratory Solvents and other Liquid Reagents, 15-13 to 22

Index Laguerre polynomials, A-83 to 85 Lanthanum: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Laplacian, definition, A-68 to 75 Lasers characteristics of various types, 10-255 to 260 infrared, frequencies, 10-261 to 267 Lattice constants elements, 4-156 to 163, 12-15 to 18 inorganic compounds, 4-156 to 163 minerals, 4-156 to 163 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 semiconductors, 12-80 to 92 Lattice Energies, 12-21 to 33 Lattice energy, 12-21 to 33, 12-34 Lawrencium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 Lead: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-202 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal conductivity, 12-206 to 207 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 LEED, definition, 12-1 to 4 Legendre polynomials, A-83 to 85 Legendre’s equation, A-46 to 56 Leptons, summary of properties, 11-1 to 55 Lifetime fundamental particles, 11-1 to 55 in laser systems, 10-255 to 260 nuclides, 11-56 to 253 Light, speed of, 1-1 to 11 Lightning, 14-41 to 47 LIMS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Line Spectra of the Elements, 10-1 to 92 Line strengths in atomic spectra, 10-93 to 155 Line width, x-ray lines, 10-234 Liquid air, thermodynamic properties, 6-15 to 20 Liquid helium properties, 6-144 Liquid metals density, 4-139 to 141 viscosity, 6-216 to 217 Liquids breakdown voltage, 15-42 to 46 dielectric constant, 6-166 to 187

I-11 diffusion, 6-228 to 229 flammability, 15-13 to 22 index of refraction, 4-148, 10-252 Kerr constants, 12-167 to 180 permittivity, 6-166 to 187 speed of sound in, 14-48 to 49 surface tension, 6-161 to 164 thermal conductivity, 6-220 to 224 Verdet constants, 12-167 to 180 viscosity, 6-209 to 213 Liter, definition, 1-23 to 26 Lithium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Lithosphere, mass of, 14-10 to 11 Logarithmic series, A-65 to 68 Log P, 16-43 to 47 Loss factor, glasses, 12-58 Loss tangent, 6-14 Loudness level, definition, 14-53 to 54 Low Temperature Baths for Maintaining Constant Temperature, 15-35 Lumen, definition, 1-23 to 26 Lutetium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Lux, definition, 1-23 to 26

M Maclaurin series, A-65 to 68 Madelung constant, 12-34 Magnesium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 thermal conductivity, 12-206 to 207 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137

Magnetic materials, composition and properties, 12-107 to 115 Magnetic moment electron, 1-1 to 11, 11-1 to 55 fundamental particles, 11-1 to 55 NMR, for important nuclei, 9-113 to 115 nuclides, 11-56 to 253 proton, 1-1 to 11 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Magnetic phase transitions, 12-19 to 20 Magnetic properties alloys, 12-107 to 115 organic magnets, 12-116 to 118 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 superconductors, 12-59 to 74, 12-75 to 76 Magnetic susceptibility elements, 4-142 to 147 inorganic compounds, 4-142 to 147 organic compounds, 3-672 to 676 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 semiconductors, 12-80 to 92 various materials, 12-107 to 115 Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds, 4-142 to 147 Magnetism, symbols and units, 1-27, 12-107 to 115 Magneton (nuclear, Bohr), 1-1 to 11 Magneto-optic constants, 12-167 to 180 Magnetostriction, 12-107 to 115 Major World Earthquakes, 14-27 to 30 Makemake, orbital data and dimensions, 14-2 to 3 Manganese: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Mars, orbital data and dimensions, 14-2 to 3 Mass atmosphere, oceans, and crust, 14-10 to 11 atomic mass unit, 1-1 to 11 atomic, of nuclides, 11-56 to 253 earth, moon, and sun, 14-1 electron, proton, neutron, 1-1 to 11 fundamental particles, 11-1 to 55 planets, 14-2 to 3 planets, relative to sun, 14-1 satellites, 14-4 to 6 sun, 14-2 to 3 Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents, 8-143 to 149 Mass, Dimensions, and other Parameters of the Earth, 14-10 to 11 Materials characterization, techniques, 12-1 to 4 Mathematical constants, A-1 Mean Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes as a Function of Concentration, 5-80 to 83 Mean free path common gases, 6-48

Index

I-12 electrons in solids, 12-119 to 120 molecules in the atmosphere, 14-20 to 25 Mean Free Path and Related Properties of Gases, 6-48 Mean Temperatures in the United States, 1900-1992, 14-36 to 37 Mechanical properties commercial metals and alloys, 12-221 gas clathrate hydrates, 6-148 to 152 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Meitnerium (element 109), 4-1 to 42, 11-56 to 253 Melting Curve of Mercury, 6-159 Melting point alloys (eutectics), 15-36 amino acids, 7-1 to 2 commercial metals and alloys, 12-221 cryogenic fluids, 6-143 D2O, 6-9 depression of, 15-28 elements, 4-133 to 134 fatty acids, 7-7 to 8 halocarbons, 6-145 to 147 ice, as function of pressure, 6-13 inorganic compounds, 4-43 to 101, 6-130 to 139 ionic liquids, 6-153 to 156 mercury, as function of pressure, 6-159 metals, 12-203 to 204 oils and fats, 7-9 to 13 organic compounds, 3-1 to 523, 6-130 to 139 pressure dependence, 6-49 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 semiconductors, 12-80 to 92 solvents, 15-13 to 22 Melting Point of Ice as a Function of Pressure, 6-13 Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Point Temperatures of the Elements, 4-133 to 134 Mendelevium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 Mercury: see also Elements compressibility, 6-158 critical constants, 6-50 to 69 density, 6-157 electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 6-158 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 melting curve, 6-159 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 specific volume, 6-157 speed of sound in, 6-158 thermal conductivity, 6-220 to 224 thermal expansion, 6-158 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-111, 6-160 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Mercury (planet), orbital data and dimensions, 14-2 to 3 Mesons, summary of properties, 11-1 to 55

Metal oxides, secondary electron emission, 12-122 Metals coefficient of friction, 15-47 to 48 commercial, mechanical and thermal properties, 12-221 crystal phase transitions, 12-19 to 20 crystal structure, 12-15 to 18 elastic constants, 12-35 to 40 electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron inelastic mean free path, 12-119 to 120 extinction coefficient, 12-123 to 147 Fermi energy, 12-219 to 220 heat capacity, 12-202 index of refraction, 12-123 to 147 optical properties, 12-123 to 147 reflection coefficient, 12-123 to 147 secondary electron emission, 12-122 speed of sound in, 14-48 to 49 sublimation pressure, 6-72 to 101 superconducting properties, 12-59 to 74 thermal conductivity, 12-206 to 207 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 thermoelectric properties, 12-217 to 218 Metals and Alloys with Low Melting Temperature, 15-36 Meter, definition, 1-23 to 26 Microwave bands, classification, 10-240 to 241 Million, milliard (definition), 1-38 Minerals chemical formulas, 4-149 to 155, 4-156 to 163 crystal structure, 4-156 to 163 elastic constants, 12-35 to 40 hardness, 12-222 index of refraction, 4-149 to 155 physical constants, 4-149 to 155 semiconducting properties, 12-80 to 92 solubility as a function of temperature, 8-121 to 126 thermal conductivity, 12-211 to 212 Miscibility of Organic Solvents, 15-23 to 24 Mobility of atmospheric ions, 14-41 to 47 in semiconductors, 12-80 to 92, 12-95 to 98 Molar Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI, 5-73 Mole, definition, 1-23 to 26 Molecular Formula Index of Organic Compounds, 3-634 to 671 Molecular weight amino acids, 7-1 to 2 inorganic compounds, 4-43 to 101 organic compounds, 3-1 to 523 Molecules appearance potential, 10-206 to 223 barriers to internal rotation, 9-59 to 63 bond lengths, 9-1 to 16, 9-17 to 18, 9-48 bond lengths and angles, 9-19 to 47 bond strengths, 9-64 to 97 electron affinity, 10-156 to 173 force constants, 9-99 fundamental vibrational frequencies, 9-100 to 102 ionization energy, 10-206 to 223 polarizability, 10-193 to 202 proton affinity, 10-174 to 192 Molybdenum: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19

heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Moment of inertia, formulas for, A-97 Moon orbital constants and other parameters, 14-2 to 3, 14-4 to 6 ratio of mass to earth’s mass, 14-1 Muon in cosmic ray showers, 11-267 to 270 summary of properties, 11-1 to 55 Musical Scales, 14-52

N NAA, definition, 12-1 to 4 Natural trigonometric functions to four places, A-6 to 7 Natural Width of X-Ray Lines, 10-234 Néel temperature magnetic materials, 12-107 to 115 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Neodymium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Neon: see also Elements critical constants, 6-50 to 69 cryogenic properties, 6-143 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 entropy, 5-1 to 3 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 mean free path, 6-48 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-166 to 187, 6-188 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6-218 to 219 van der Waals constants, 6-47 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101, 6-102 to 109 viscosity, 6-208 Neptune, orbital data and dimensions, 14-2 to 3 Neptunium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 physical properties, 4-133 to 134

Index vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Neutrino, summary of properties, 11-1 to 55 Neutron mass, 1-1 to 11 range in paraffin, 16-48 scattering and absorption, 11-254 to 266 summary of properties, 11-1 to 55 Neutron cross sections, 11-254 to 266 Neutron resonance integrals, 11-254 to 266 Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties, 11-254 to 266 Newton, definition, 1-23 to 26 Nichrome, wire tables, 15-37 Nickel: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Niobium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 NIST Atomic Transition Probability Tables, 10-93 to 155 Nitrogen: see also Elements critical constants, 6-50 to 69 cryogenic properties, 6-143 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 enthalpy of vaporization, 6-112 to 129 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 mean free path, 6-48 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-166 to 187, 6-188 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6-21 to 37, 6-218 to 219 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 thermophysical properties, 6-21 to 37 van der Waals constants, 6-47 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101, 6-102 to 109 viscosity, 6-21 to 37, 6-208 NMR spectrum characteristic 13C chemical shifts, 9-117 characteristic shifts for protons, 9-116 nuclear moments and resonance frequencies, 9-113 to 115

I-13 solvents, 13C shifts, 8-142 solvents, proton shifts, 8-150 to 156 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry and Physics, 2-69 to 70 Nobelium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 Noise thresholds, 14-53 to 54 Nomenclature carbohydrates, 7-14 to 15 chemical, references, 2-15 inorganic ions and ligands, 2-16 to 22 minerals, 4-149 to 155 organic substituent groups and ring systems, 2-23 to 26 physical quantities, 2-1 to 12 polymers, 13-1 to 4 Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands, 2-16 to 22 Nomenclature for Organic Polymers, 13-1 to 4 Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds, 2-15 Nonlinear Optical Constants, 12-181 to 183 Normal probability function, A-88 to 90 NQR, definition, 12-1 to 4 NRA, definition, 12-1 to 4 Nuclear magnetic resonance: see NMR Nuclear magneton, 1-1 to 11 Nuclear spins and moments for all nuclides, 11-56 to 253 for important nuclei in NMR, 9-113 to 115 Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy, 9-113 to 115 Nucleic acids genetic code, 7-6 purine and pyrimidine bases, 7-5 Nuclides, summary of properties, 11-56 to 253 Nutrient Values of Foods, 7-49 to 60

O Ocean Pressure as a Function of Depth and Latitude, 14-15 Oceans abundance of chemical elements, 14-18 pressure as a function of depth and latitude, 14-15 Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients, 16-43 to 47 Ohm definition, 1-23 to 26 maintained value, 1-1 to 11 Oils, composition and properties, 7-9 to 13 Optical materials elasto-, electro-, and magneto-optic constants, 12-167 to 180 harmonic generation, 12-181 to 183 index of refraction, 10-250 nonlinear constants, 12-181 to 183 Optical properties glass, 10-250 human eye, 10-242 inorganic crystals, 10-246 to 249 metals, 12-123 to 147 polytetrafluoroethylene, 12-148 to 166 semiconductors, 12-123 to 147, 12-148 to 166, 12-181 to 183 solids, as function of wavelength, 10-246 to 249, 12-148 to 166

various materials, 12-167 to 180, 12-181 to 183 Optical Properties of Selected Elements, 12123 to 147 Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids, 12-148 to 166 Orbital data for planets and satellites, 14-2 to 3, 14-4 to 6 Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Substances, 8-8 to 12 Organic compounds bond lengths (in crystals), 9-1 to 16 bond lengths and angles (in gas phase), 9-19 to 47 bond strengths, 9-64 to 97 characteristic 13C chemical shifts, 9-117 characteristic proton chemical shifts, 9-116 classes, definitions, 2-43 to 67 dipole moment, 9-50 to 58 enthalpy of fusion, 6-130 to 139 enthalpy of vaporization, 6-112 to 129 heat of combustion, 5-68 infrared correlation charts, 9-108 to 112 magnetic susceptibility, 3-672 to 676 mass spectral peaks, 8-143 to 149 NMR shifts, 8-150 to 156 nomenclature, 2-23 to 26 physical properties, 3-1 to 523 polarizability, 10-193 to 202 solubility, aqueous, 8-85 to 120 solubility, aqueous at high temperature, 8-133 to 135 sublimation pressure, 6-70 to 71 superconducting properties, 12-77 to 79 surface tension, 6-161 to 164 thermal conductivity, 6-220 to 224 thermodynamic properties, 5-4 to 42 Organic Magnets, 12-116 to 118 Organic Semiconductors, 12-95 to 98 Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems, 2-23 to 26 Organic Superconductors, 12-77 to 79 Organometallic compounds, bond lengths, 9-17 to 18 Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, A-75 to 77 Orthogonal polynomials formulas and relations, A-83 to 85 tables, A-86 Oscillator strengths in atomic spectra, 10-93 to 155 Osmium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Oxidation and reduction reagents, decinormal solutions, 8-7 Oxidation-reduction potentials biochemical species, 7-16 to 18 general table, 8-20 to 29 ion radicals, 8-30 to 31

Index

I-14 Oxygen: see also Elements critical constants, 6-50 to 69 cryogenic properties, 6-143 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 enthalpy of fusion, 6-130 to 139 enthalpy of vaporization, 6-112 to 129 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 mean free path, 6-48 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-166 to 187, 6-188 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6-21 to 37, 6-218 to 219 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 thermophysical properties, 6-21 to 37 van der Waals constants, 6-47 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101, 6-102 to 109 viscosity, 6-21 to 37, 6-208

P Palladium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Paramagnetic moment, rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Paramagnetic susceptibility, elements and inorganic compounds, 4-142 to 147 Partial molar volume, amino acids, 7-1 to 2 Particle size, 15-38 Particles, fundamental, summary of properties, 11-1 to 55 Pascal, definition, 1-23 to 26 Pauling electronegativity scale, 9-98 Pearson symbols, 12-5 to 10, 12-15 to 18 Peltier effect, 12-217 to 218 Percentage points, chi-square distribution, A-91 to 92 Percentage points, F-distribution, A-93 to 96 Percentage points, Student’s t-distribution, A-91 Periodic functions, Fourier expansions, A-59 to 61 Periodic table of the elements, Inside front cover Permeability, magnetic alloys, 12-107 to 115 Permeability of vacuum, 1-1 to 11 Permittivity (dielectric constant) cryogenic fluids, temperature and pressure dependence, 6-21 to 37 crystals, 12-47 to 55 gases, 6-188 glass, 12-58 ice, 6-12 liquid helium, 6-144

liquids, 6-166 to 187 plastics, 13-13 quartz, 12-58 rubbers, 13-13 semiconductors, 12-80 to 92 solids, 12-47 to 55 solvents, 8-141 vacuum, 1-1 to 11 water and steam, temperature and pressure dependence, 6-1 to 4 water, frequency dependence, 6-14 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases, 6-188 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids, 12-47 to 55 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids, 6-166 to 187 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water at Various Frequencies, 6-14 Peroxide formation by laboratory chemicals, 16-1 to 12 pH acid-base indicators, 8-15 to 17 biological buffers, 7-26 biological materials and tissues, 7-27 blood, 7-27 definition of pH scale, 8-32 to 36 fluorescent indicators, 8-18 to 19 foods, 7-27 measurement in natural waters, 8-37 to 38 seawater, 8-37 to 38 solutions giving round values, 8-39 standards, 8-32 to 36 pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions, 8-32 to 36 Phase Diagrams, 12-184 to 201 Phase transitions enthalpy of fusion, 6-130 to 139 enthalpy of vaporization, 6-112 to 129 ice, 6-12, 6-13 polymers, glass to crystal, 13-6 to 12 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 solid elements, 12-19 to 20 Phase Transitions in the Solid Elements at Atmospheric Pressure, 12-19 to 20 Phon, definition, 14-53 to 54 Phonon-electron coupling, rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Phosphorus: see also Elements critical constants, 6-50 to 69 dielectric constant, 12-47 to 55 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 Photochemical data, 5-90 to 101 Photoelastic constants, 12-167 to 180 Photon Attenuation Coefficients, 10-235 to 239 Phototopic spectral luminous efficiency function, 10-242 Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals, 4-149 to 155 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds, 4-43 to 101

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds, 3-1 to 523 Physical constants, fundamental, 1-1 to 11 Physical properties amino acids, 7-1 to 2 gas clathrate hydrates, 6-148 to 152 inorganic compounds, 4-43 to 101 minerals, 4-149 to 155 oils and fats, 7-9 to 13 organic compounds, 3-1 to 523 semiconductors, 12-80 to 92 solvents, 15-13 to 22 Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals, 4-127 to 132 Physical quantities definitions, 2-43 to 67 terminology and symbols, 2-1 to 12 Pi, value of, A-1 Pion, summary of properties, 11-1 to 55 Pitch, in musical scales, 14-52 PIXE, definition, 12-1 to 4 pK acid-base indicators, 8-15 to 17 amino acids, 7-1 to 2 biological buffers, 7-23 to 25, 7-26 inorganic acids and bases, 8-40 to 41 organic acids and bases, 8-42 to 51 purine and pyrimidine bases, 7-5 Planck constant, 1-1 to 11 Planets atmospheric composition, 14-2 to 3 general properties, 14-2 to 3 orbital parameters, 14-2 to 3 satellites, 14-4 to 6 Plastics breakdown voltage, 15-42 to 46 density, 15-39 dielectric constant, 13-13 speed of sound in, 14-48 to 49 thermal conductivity, 12-211 to 212 Platinum: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 resistance of wires, 15-37 thermal conductivity, 12-206 to 207 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 wire tables, 15-37 Platinum-rhodium thermocouple tables, 15-1 to 9 Pluto, orbital data and dimensions, 14-2 to 3 Plutonium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101

Index vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Point groups of small molecules, 9-100 to 102 Polarizability atoms and ions in solids, 12-13 to 14 free atoms and molecules, 10-193 to 202 Polarizability of Atoms and Ions in Solids, 12-13 to 14 Pollutants airborne, limits in the workplace, 16-29 to 42 Henry’s Law constants, 8-85 to 120 octanol-water partition coefficients, 16-43 to 47 solubility, 8-85 to 120 Polonium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 Polymers breakdown voltage, 15-42 to 46 cohesive energy density, 13-70 to 71 critical solution temperatures, 13-19 to 36 density of melts, 13-14 to 18 dielectric constant, 13-13 electron inelastic mean free path, 12-119 to 120 enthalpy of solution, 13-42 to 69 glass transition temperature, 13-6 to 12 molar volume, 13-14 to 18 nomenclature, 13-1 to 4 solubility parameters, 13-70 to 71 solutions, enthalpy of mixing, 13-42 to 69 solvent activities, 13-37 to 41 solvents for, 13-5 vapor pressure of solutions, 13-37 to 41 Polynomials, orthogonal, A-83 to 85 Potassium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Potential electrical, in the atmosphere, 14-41 to 47 oxidation-reduction, 8-20 to 29 oxidation-reduction, of ion radicals, 8-30 to 31 Practical pH Measurements on Natural Waters, 8-37 to 38 Praseodymium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135

I-15 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Precipitation of metal ions, 16-1 to 12 Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents, 8-1 to 4 Pressure atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14-20 to 25 conversion factors, 1-40 earth, as function of depth, 14-14 effect on boiling point, 15-26 effect on freezing point, 6-49 ocean, as function of depth, 14-15 planetary atmospheres, 14-2 to 3 sensitivity of ionization gauges, 15-12 Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Liquid Density, 6-140 to 141 Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationship for Polymer Melts, 13-14 to 18 Probability function, A-88 to 90 Promethium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 Properties of Amino Acids, 7-1 to 2 Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals, 12-57 Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography, 8-140 Properties of Commercial Metals and Alloys, 12-221 Properties of Cryogenic Fluids, 6-143 Properties of Fatty Acids and their Methyl Esters, 7-7 to 8 Properties of Gas Clathrate Hydrates, 6-148 to 152 Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water, 6-12 Properties of Liquid Helium, 6-144 Properties of Magnetic Materials, 12-107 to 115 Properties of Organic Semiconductors, 12-95 to 98 Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases, 7-5 Properties of Refrigerants, 6-145 to 147 Properties of Saturated Liquid D2O, 6-10 to 11 Properties of Seawater, 14-16 to 17 Properties of Semiconductors, 12-80 to 92 Properties of Superconductors, 12-59 to 74 Properties of the Solar System, 14-2 to 3 Protactinium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205

isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Protection Against Ionizing Radiation, 16-48 Proton in cosmic ray showers, 11-267 to 270 magnetic moment, 1-1 to 11 mass, 1-1 to 11 summary of properties, 11-1 to 55 Proton Affinities, 10-174 to 192 Proton NMR Chemical Shifts for Characteristic Organic Structures, 9-116 Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents, 8-150 to 156 PSD, definition, 12-1 to 4 psia and psig, definition, 1-40 Purine bases, properties of, 7-5 Pyrimidine bases, properties of, 7-5 Pyrophoric chemicals, safe handling, 16-1 to 12

Q Quadratic equation formula, A-2 Quadrupole moments all nuclides, 11-56 to 253 important nuclei for NMR, 9-113 to 115 Quartz crystallographic data, 4-156 to 163 dielectric constant, 12-58 loss factor, 12-58 optical properties, 4-149 to 155 phase diagram, 12-184 to 201 thermal conductivity, 12-209 to 210

R Rad, definition, 16-48 Radiation black body, 10-243 to 244 electromagnetic, classification, 10-240 to 241 microwave, classification of bands, 10-240 to 241 Radiation, ionizing conversion factors, 1-44 to 45 from nuclear decay, 11-56 to 253 permissible intake of radionuclides, 16-49 to 52 protection against, 16-48 Radiation, solar by month and latitude, 14-26 by wavelength, 14-19 flux, solar constant, 14-2 to 3 Radiative transition probability, 10-93 to 155 Radicals, free: see Free radicals Radicals, nomenclature, 2-16 to 22, 2-23 to 26 Radio spectrum, 15-50 to 51 Radioastronomy, 14-7 to 9 Radionuclides, permissible intake, 16-49 to 52 Radium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 physical properties, 4-133 to 134

Index

I-16 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 Radius of ions in crystals, 12-11 to 12 Radon: see also Elements critical constants, 6-50 to 69 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101, 6-102 to 109 Rankine temperature, conversion to other scales, 1-38 Rare earth crystals, Verdet constants, 12-167 to 180 Rare earth metals, general properties, 4-127 to 132 Rate constants atmospheric reactions, 5-90 to 101 conversion factors, 1-43 RBS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Reagents decinormal solutions, 8-5 to 6, 8-7 disposal of, 16-1 to 12 formulas for concentration, 8-19 organic, for analysis, 8-8 to 12 preparation, 8-1 to 4 Reduction and Oxidation Potentials for Certain Ion Radicals, 8-30 to 31 Reduction of Weighings in Air to Vacuo, 8-138 Reduction potentials biochemical species, 7-16 to 18 general table, 8-20 to 29 ion radicals, 8-30 to 31 Reference states of elements, 5-4 to 42 Reflection coefficient of solids, 12-123 to 147, 12-148 to 166 Refractive Index and Transmittance of Representative Glasses, 10-250 Refractive index: see Index of refraction Refractory materials hardness, 12-222 thermal conductivity, 12-211 to 212 Refrigerants, various properties, 6-145 to 147 Relation of angular functions in terms of one another, A-8 Relative humidity from wet and dry bulb temperatures, 15-32 relation to dew point, 15-31 solutions for calibration, 15-34 solutions for constant humidity, 15-33 Relative Sensitivity of Bayard-Alpert Ionization Gauges to Various Gases, 15-12 Relaxation time, in water, 6-14 Rem, definition, 16-48 Remanence, magnetic materials, 12-107 to 115 Representation of Chemical Structures with the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI), 2-27 to 28 Resistance of wires, 15-37 Resistivity, electrical alloys, 12-43 to 45 commercial metals and alloys, 12-221 conversion factors, 1-42 elements, 12-41 to 42 glasses, 12-58 graphite and related materials, 12-46

pure metals, 12-41 to 42 quartz, 12-58 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 semiconducting minerals, 12-80 to 92 semiconductors, 12-80 to 92, 12-95 to 98 superconductors, 12-75 to 76 Respirators, for laboratory use, 16-1 to 12 RHEED, definition, 12-1 to 4 Rhenium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Rhodium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Ring systems, nomenclature, 2-23 to 26 Rochelle salts, 12-56 Rocks age, 14-10 to 11 density, 15-39 thermal conductivity, 12-211 to 212 Roentgen, definition, 16-48 Roentgenium (element 111), 4-1 to 42, 11-56 to 253 Rotational constants, diatomic molecules, 9-102 to 107 Rounding of numbers, 1-28 to 37 Rubbers breakdown voltage, 15-42 to 46 density, 15-39 dielectric constant, 13-13 speed of sound in, 14-48 to 49 thermal conductivity, 12-211 to 212 Rubidium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Russian alphabet, 2-42

Ruthenium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Rutherfordium (element 104) electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 Rydberg constant, 1-1 to 11

S Sackur-Tetrode constant, 1-1 to 11 Safety chemical carcinogens, 16-53 to 58 flammability of chemicals, 16-13 to 28 laboratory practices, 16-1 to 12 radiation, 16-48, 16-49 to 52 SALI, definition, 12-1 to 4 Salinity scale for seawater, 14-16 to 17 Salts activity coefficients, 5-78 to 79, 5-80 to 83 decinormal solutions, 8-5 to 6 electrical conductivity, 5-71, 5-74 enthalpy of solution, 5-85 molten, density of, 4-139 to 141 solubility as a function of temperature, 8-121 to 126, 8-130 vapor pressure of aqueous solutions, 6-110 Samarium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Sample size calculations, A-88 to 90 SANS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Saponification value, oils and fats, 7-9 to 13 Satellites of the Planets, 14-4 to 6 Saturn, orbital data and dimensions, 14-2 to 3 Scalar product, A-68 to 75 Scandium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101

Index vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols, 2-29 to 41 Seaborgium (element 106), 4-1 to 42, 11-56 to 253 Seawater composition (elemental), 14-18 composition (ions), 14-16 to 17 density, 14-16 to 17 electrical conductivity, 14-16 to 17 freezing point, 14-16 to 17 pH measurement, 8-37 to 38 pressure as a function of depth, 14-15 salinity scale, 14-16 to 17 solubility of hydrocarbons in, 8-131 to 132 specific heat, 14-16 to 17 speed of sound in, 14-48 to 49 viscosity, 14-16 to 17 Secant function, A-6 to 7 Second, definition, 1-23 to 26 Second radiation constant, 1-1 to 11 Secondary Electron Emission, 12-122 Secondary Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale, 15-10 to 11 Seebeck effect, 12-217 to 218 Selected Properties of Semiconductor Solid Solutions, 12-93 to 94 Selenium: see also Elements critical constants, 6-50 to 69 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 SEM, definition, 12-1 to 4 Semiconductors crystal structure, 12-15 to 18, 12-80 to 92 diffusion in, 12-99 to 106 effective mass, 12-80 to 92 elastic constants, 12-35 to 40 electrical properties, 12-80 to 92, 12-95 to 98 extinction coefficient, 12-123 to 147, 12148 to 166 index of refraction, 12-123 to 147, 12-148 to 166 minerals, resistivity of, 12-80 to 92 optical properties, 12-123 to 147, 12-148 to 166, 12-167 to 180 organic, 12-95 to 98 physical properties, 12-80 to 92 reflection coefficient, 12-123 to 147, 12-148 to 166 solid solutions, 12-93 to 94 thermal conductivity, 12-80 to 92, 12-206 to 207 thermoelectric properties, 12-217 to 218 Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Light of Different Wavelengths, 10-242 Series expansions, A-65 to 68 Shielding, from radiation, 10-235 to 239, 16-48 SI units conversion factors to, 1-28 to 37 definitions and symbols, 1-23 to 26 prefixes, 1-23 to 26 Siemens, definition, 1-23 to 26

I-17 Sievert, definition, 1-23 to 26, 16-48 Silicon: see also Elements dielectric constant, 12-47 to 55 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-202 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 optical properties, 12-123 to 147 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 semiconducting properties, 12-80 to 92 thermal conductivity, 12-206 to 207 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 Silver: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-202 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 resistance of wires, 15-37 thermal conductivity, 12-206 to 207 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 wire tables, 15-37 SIMS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Sine function, A-6 to 7 SLAM, definition, 12-1 to 4 SMOW (standard mean ocean water), density, 6-7 to 8 SNMS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Sodium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-202 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Sodium chloride activity coefficients, 5-78 to 79, 5-80 to 83 aqueous solutions, concentrative properties, 8-52 to 77 aqueous solutions, relative humidity, 15-34 aqueous solutions, volumetric properties, 6-142 density of aqueous solutions, 6-142 enthalpy of solution, 5-85 standard thermodynamic properties, 5-4 to 42 Solar constant, 14-2 to 3 Solar radiation by month and latitude, 14-26

by wavelength, 14-19 Solar Spectral Irradiance, 14-19 Solar system, 14-2 to 3 Solder phase diagram, 12-184 to 201 thermal conductivity, 12-208 Solids, characterization and analysis, 12-1 to 4 Solubility amino acids, 7-1 to 2 carbon dioxide in water, 8-84 gases in water, 8-80 to 83 hydrocarbons in seawater, 8-131 to 132 inorganic compounds, 4-43 to 101 inorganic compounds, as function of temperature, 8-121 to 126, 8-130 inorganic compounds, qualitative rules, 8-136 to 137 inorganic compounds, sparingly soluble, 8-127 to 129 octanol-water partition coefficients, 16-43 to 47 organic compounds, 3-1 to 523 organic compounds in water, 8-85 to 120 organic compounds in water at high temperature, 8-133 to 135 polymers, 13-70 to 71 purine and pyrimidine bases, 7-5 salts in water, 8-130 Solubility Chart, 8-136 to 137 Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Various Temperatures and Pressures, 8-84 Solubility of Common Salts at Ambient Temperatures, 8-130 Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Seawater, 8-131 to 132 Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water, 8-133 to 135 Solubility of Selected Gases in Water, 8-80 to 83 Solubility Parameters of Selected Polymers, 13-70 to 71 Solubility Product Constants, 8-127 to 129 Solutions aqueous, concentrative properties, 8-52 to 77 decinormal, oxidation reagents, 8-7 decinormal, salts, 8-5 to 6 density, 8-52 to 77 diffusion of ions, 5-75 to 77 enthalpy, for common electrolytes, 5-85 formulas for concentration, 8-19 freezing point depression, 8-52 to 77 index of refraction, 8-52 to 77 ionic conductivity, 5-75 to 77 polymers, 13-42 to 69 for round values of pH, 8-39 viscosity, 8-52 to 77 Solvents azeotropic data, 6-189 to 207 density, as function of temperature, 15-25 dielectric constant, 8-141, 15-13 to 22 dipole moment, 15-13 to 22 flammability, 15-13 to 22 heat capacity, 15-13 to 22 ionic liquids, 6-153 to 156 mass spectral peaks, 8-143 to 149 miscibility, 15-23 to 24 NMR shifts, 13C, 8-142 NMR shifts, proton, 8-150 to 156

Index

I-18 physical properties, 15-13 to 22 for polymers, 13-5 polymers, critical solution temperatures, 13-19 to 36 threshold limit in air, 15-13 to 22 for ultraviolet spectrophotometry, 8-141 vapor pressure, 15-13 to 22 viscosity, 15-13 to 22 wavelength cutoff (UV), 8-141 Solvents for Common Polymers, 13-5 Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry, 8-141 Sound level, in human hearing, 14-53 to 54 Sound velocity air, as function of humidity and frequency, 14-50 air, as function of temperature, 14-51 air, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-15 to 20 atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14-20 to 25 fluids, 6-21 to 37 mercury, 6-158 seawater, 14-16 to 17 various solids, liquids, and gases, 14-48 to 49 water and seawater, 14-48 to 49 water and steam, 6-1 to 4 Sources of Physical and Chemical Data, B-1 to 5 Space group elements, 12-15 to 18 notation, 12-5 to 10 Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers, 13-42 to 69 Specific gravity: see Density Specific heat: see Heat capacity Specific volume: see also Density mercury, 6-157 sodium chloride solutions, 6-142 water, 8-139 Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules, 9-102 to 107 Spectrum, infrared calibration frequencies, 10-261 to 267, 10268 to 272 correlation charts, 9-108 to 112 fundamental vibrational frequencies, 9-100 to 102 Spectrum, line, of the elements, 10-1 to 92 Speed of light, 1-1 to 11 Speed of sound air, as function of frequency, 14-50 air, as function of humidity, 14-50 air, as function of temperature, 14-51 air, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-15 to 20 atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14-20 to 25 fluids, 6-21 to 37 various solids, liquids, and gases, 14-48 to 49 water and seawater, 14-48 to 49 water and steam, 6-1 to 4 Speed of Sound in Dry Air, 14-51 Speed of Sound in Various Media, 14-48 to 49 Spin fundamental particles, 11-1 to 55 nuclides, 11-56 to 253 nuclides of NMR interest, 9-113 to 115

ordering in magnetic materials, 12-116 to 118 SPM, definition, 12-1 to 4 SSMS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Standard Atmosphere (U.S.), 14-20 to 25 Standard Atomic Weights (by atomic number), Inside back cover Standard Atomic Weights (alphabetical), 1-12 to 13 Standard Density of Water, 6-7 to 8 Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables, 15-1 to 9 Standard KCl Solutions for Calibrating Conductivity Cells, 5-72 Standard Salt Solutions for Humidity Calibration, 15-34 Standard Solutions of Acids, Bases, and Salts, 8-5 to 6 Standard Solutions of Oxidation and Reduction Reagents, 8-7 Standard solutions, for pH measurement, 8-32 to 36, 8-37 to 38 Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances, 5-4 to 42 Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation for Important Biochemical Reactants, 7-16 to 18 Standards CODATA thermodynamic values, 5-1 to 3 index of refraction, 10-252 infrared absorption frequencies, 10-268 to 272 infrared laser frequencies, 10-261 to 267 temperature, 1-20 vapor pressure, 6-111 weather-related scales, 14-31 to 32 Steam, thermophysical properties, 6-1 to 4 Steel mechanical properties, 12-221 thermal conductivity, 12-208 thermophysical properties, 12-205 Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 1-1 to 11 STEM, definition, 12-1 to 4 STM, definition, 12-1 to 4 Stokes’ Theorem, A-77 Stratosphere chemical reactions, 5-90 to 101 properties, 14-20 to 25 Strontium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Structure amino acids, 7-3 to 4 bond lengths in organic crystals, 9-1 to 16 bond lengths in organometallic compounds, 9-17 to 18 characteristic 13C chemical shifts, 9-117 characteristic infrared frequencies, 9-108 to 112 characteristic proton chemical shifts, 9-116

crystal, of elements, 12-15 to 18 crystal, of superconductors, 12-59 to 74, 12-75 to 76 drugs, 7-28 to 44 force constants, 9-99 formulas for organic compounds, 3-1 to 523 fundamental vibrational frequencies, 9-100 to 102 gas-phase molecules, 9-19 to 47 geometry of small molecules, 9-100 to 102 InChI identifier, 2-27 to 28 solids, characterization techniques, 12-1 to 4 Structure and Functions of Some Common Drugs, 7-28 to 44 Structures of Common Amino Acids, 7-3 to 4 Student’s t-distribution, A-91 Sublimation Pressure of Solids, 6-70 to 71 Sugars aqueous solution properties, 8-52 to 77 nomenclature, 7-14 to 15 Sulfur: see also Elements critical constants, 6-50 to 69 dielectric constant, 12-47 to 55 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 Sulfuric acid activity coefficients, 5-78 to 79, 5-80 to 83 concentrative properties, 8-52 to 77 constant humidity solutions, 15-33 density, 15-40 electrical conductivity, 5-71 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 Summary Tables of Particle Properties, 11-1 to 55 Sun mass, dimensions, and other properties, 14-2 to 3 radiative properties, 14-2 to 3 spectral irradiance, 14-19 Superconductors electrical and magnetic properties, 12-59 to 74, 12-75 to 76 organic, 12-77 to 79 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 transition temperature, 12-59 to 74, 12-75 to 76, 12-77 to 79 Superconductors, high temperature general properties, 12-75 to 76 phase diagram, 12-184 to 201 Supercooled water, 6-12 Surface characterization and analysis, 12-1 to 4 Surface tension aqueous mixtures, 6-165 liquid helium, 6-144 liquid rare earth metals, 4-127 to 132 various liquids, 6-161 to 164 water, 6-5 to 6 Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures, 6-165 Surface Tension of Common Liquids, 6-161 to 164

Index

I-19

Susceptibility: see Magnetic susceptibility Symbols amino acids, 7-3 to 4 carbohydrates, 7-14 to 15 magnetism, 12-107 to 115 physical quantities, 2-1 to 12, 2-29 to 41 SI units, 1-23 to 26 units, 2-29 to 41 Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities, 2-1 to 12 Symmetry of Crystals, 12-5 to 10 Synonym Index of Organic Compounds, 3-549 to 633

T Table of the Isotopes, 11-56 to 253 Tangent function, A-6 to 7 Tantalum: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Taylor series, A-65 to 68 Technetium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 Techniques for Materials Characterization, 12-1 to 4 Tellurium: see also Elements dielectric constant, 12-47 to 55 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 Temperature atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14-20 to 25 baths for temperature control, 15-35, 15-36 calibration, ITS-90, 1-20, 15-10 to 11 Celsius and absolute, definitions, 1-23 to 26 conversion between scales, 1-38 conversion to ITS-90, 1-21 to 22 flames, 15-49 glass transition, in polymers, 13-6 to 12 International Temperature Scale (ITS-90), 1-20 mean global, 14-38 mean United States, 14-36 to 37 planetary atmospheres, 14-2 to 3 superconducting transition, 12-59 to 74

thermocouple tables, 15-1 to 9 Tensile strength commercial metals and alloys, 12-221 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Terbium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Terminology inorganic ions and ligands, 2-16 to 22 organic substituent groups and ring systems, 2-23 to 26 physical quantities, 2-1 to 12 polymers, 13-1 to 4 scientific terms, definitions, 2-43 to 67 Tesla, definition, 1-23 to 26 TGA, definition, 12-1 to 4 Thallium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 The Elements, 4-1 to 42 The Genetic Code, 7-6 The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy, 12-34 Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals, 12-203 to 204 Thermal conductivity air, 6-15 to 20 alloys, 12-208 argon, liquid and gas, 6-21 to 37 atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14-20 to 25 Carbon dioxide, 6-21 to 37 carrier gases for chromatography, 8-140 ceramics, 12-211 to 212 commercial metals, 12-208 commercial metals and alloys, 12-221 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-21 to 37 construction materials, 12-211 to 212 conversion factors, 1-41 cryogenic solids, 12-209 to 210 crystalline solids, 12-209 to 210 dielectric crystals, 12-209 to 210 gases, at atmospheric pressure, 6-218 to 219 glasses, 12-213 to 216 helium, liquid, 6-144 helium, liquid and gas, 6-21 to 37 ice, 6-12, 12-209 to 210 insulation, 12-211 to 212

liquids, 6-220 to 224 mercury, 6-220 to 224 metals, 12-203 to 204, 12-206 to 207 minerals, 12-211 to 212 nitrogen, liquid and gas, 6-21 to 37 organic compounds, 6-220 to 224 oxygen, liquid and gas, 6-21 to 37 plastics, 12-211 to 212 quartz, 12-209 to 210 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 refractory materials, 12-211 to 212 rocks, 12-211 to 212 rubber, 12-211 to 212 semiconductors, 12-80 to 92, 12-206 to 207 stainless steel, 12-205 superconductors, 12-75 to 76 water, 6-220 to 224 water and steam, 6-1 to 4 wood, 12-211 to 212 Thermal Conductivity of Alloys as a Function of Temperature, 12-208 Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials, 12-211 to 212 Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics, 12-209 to 210 Thermal Conductivity of Gases, 6-218 to 219 Thermal Conductivity of Glasses, 12-213 to 216 Thermal Conductivity of Liquids, 6-220 to 224 Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature, 12-206 to 207 Thermal expansion coefficient commercial metals and alloys, 12-221 ice, 6-12 liquids, 6-140 to 141 metals, 12-203 to 204 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 semiconductors, 12-80 to 92 sodium chloride solutions, 6-142 Thermal neutron cross sections, 11-254 to 266 Thermal Properties of Mercury, 6-158 Thermocouple calibration tables, 15-1 to 9 Thermodynamic Functions and Relations, 2-68 Thermodynamic properties (see also Enthalpy, Heat capacity, etc.) air, 6-15 to 20 aqueous ions, 5-66 to 67 argon, 6-21 to 37 biochemical species, 7-16 to 18, 7-19 to 22, 7-23 to 25 CODATA Key Values, 5-1 to 3 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-21 to 37 gas clathrate hydrates, 6-148 to 152 helium, 6-21 to 37 high temperature, 5-43 to 65 hydrogen, 6-21 to 37 inorganic compounds, 5-4 to 42 nitrogen, 6-21 to 37 organic compounds, 5-4 to 42 oxygen, 6-21 to 37 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 standard state values, 5-4 to 42 temperature dependence, 5-43 to 65 water and steam, 6-1 to 4 Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature, 5-43 to 65

Index

I-20 Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Ions, 5-66 to 67 Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water, 7-23 to 25 Thermodynamic relations, 2-68 Thermoelectric power (thermal emf ), 12-217 to 218 Thermoelectric Properties of Metals and Semiconductors, 12-217 to 218 Thermometers, wet and dry bulb, 15-32 Thermophysical Properties of Air, 6-15 to 20 Thermophysical Properties of Fluids, 6-21 to 37 Thermophysical Properties of Stainless Steel, 12-205 Thermophysical Properties of Water and Steam, 6-1 to 4 Thomson effect, 12-217 to 218 Thorium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Threshold limits airborne contaminants, 16-29 to 42 halocarbon refrigerants, 6-145 to 147 solvents, 15-13 to 22 Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants, 16-29 to 42 Thulium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Thunderstorm electricity, 14-41 to 47 Time astronomical units, 14-1 geological scale, 14-12 Tin: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal conductivity, 12-206 to 207 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101

vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Titanium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-202 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Toxicity of anions and cations, 16-1 to 12 Transformation of integrals, A-77 Transition probability, atomic, 10-93 to 155 Transition temperature glass, in polymers, 13-6 to 12 superconductors, 12-59 to 74, 12-75 to 76, 12-77 to 79 Transport properties: see Thermal conductivity, Viscosity, Diffusion Trigonometric functions relations, A-8 table, A-6 to 7 Trigonometric series, A-65 to 68 Trillion, definition, 1-38 Triple point constants carbon dioxide, 6-70 to 71 cryogenic fluids, 6-143 D2O, 6-9 elements, 4-133 to 134 various compounds, 6-70 to 71 water, 6-9 Tschebysheff polynomials, A-83 to 85 Tungsten: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-202 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 resistance of wires, 15-37 thermal conductivity, 12-206 to 207 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 wire tables, 15-37 Typical pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods, 7-27

U U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976), 14-20 to 25 Ultraviolet spectrophotometry, solvents for, 8-141 Uncertainty, means of expression, 2-13 to 14 Units conversion factors, 1-28 to 37 definitions, 2-43 to 67 ionizing radiation, 1-44 to 45, 16-48 magnetic quantities, 1-27, 12-107 to 115

pH, 8-32 to 36 SI, definitions and symbols, 1-23 to 26 Units for Magnetic Properties, 1-27 Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions, 13-19 to 36 UPS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Uranium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Uranus, orbital data and dimensions, 14-2 to 3

V Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems, 1-46 Van der Waals Constants for Gases, 6-47 Van der Waals radii of the elements, 9-49 Vanadium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Vapor Pressure, 6-72 to 101 Vapor pressure air, 6-15 to 20 aqueous salt solutions, 15-34 at temperatures below 300 K, 6-102 to 109 calibration data, 6-111 carbon dioxide, 6-70 to 71, 6-102 to 109, 6-111 cryogenic fluids, 6-102 to 109 elements, 6-72 to 101 elements, high temperature, 4-136 to 137, 4-138 general table, 6-72 to 101 helium, 1-20, 6-102 to 109, 6-144 ice, 6-13, 6-111 inorganic compounds, 6-72 to 101 IUPAC recommended data, 6-111 mercury, 6-160 metals, at high temperatures, 4-136 to 137, 4-138 organic compounds, 6-72 to 101 polymer solutions, 13-37 to 41 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 rare gases, 6-102 to 109 salt solutions, 6-110 solids, 6-70 to 71

Index solvents, 15-13 to 22 water, 6-1 to 4, 6-5 to 6, 6-111 water, over salt solutions, 6-110, 15-33, 1534 Vapor Pressure and Other Saturation Properties of Water, 6-5 to 6 Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures below 300 K, 6-102 to 109 Vapor Pressure of Ice, 6-13 Vapor Pressure of Mercury, 6-160 Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions, 6-110 Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements Data, 4-138 Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements Equations, 4-136 to 137 Vapor Pressures (Solvent Activities) for Binary Polymer Solutions, 1337 to 41 Vaporization: see Enthalpy of vaporization Vector analysis, A-68 to 75 Velocity of light, 1-1 to 11 Velocity of sound air, as function of frequency, 14-50 air, as function of humidity, 14-50 air, as function of temperature, 14-51 atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14-20 to 25 fluids, 6-21 to 37 various solids, liquids, and gases, 14-48 to 49 Velocity, mean, in gases, 6-48 Venus, orbital data and dimensions, 14-2 to 3 Verdet constants, 12-167 to 180 Vibrational force constants, 9-99 Vibrational frequencies of molecules, 9-100 to 102, 9-102 to 107 Vibrational-rotational spectra, for frequency calibration, 10-268 to 272 Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases, 6-38 to 46 Viscosity air, 6-15 to 20 aqueous solutions, 8-52 to 77 argon, liquid and gas, 6-21 to 37 atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14-20 to 25 carbon dioxide, on saturation line, 6-214 carrier gases for chromatography, 8-140 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-21 to 37 gases, at atmospheric pressure, 6-208 helium, liquid, 6-144 helium, liquid and gas, 6-21 to 37 hydroxide solutions, 6-215 ionic liquids, 6-153 to 156 liquid metals, 6-216 to 217 liquids, 6-209 to 213 methane, liquid and gas, 6-21 to 37 nitrogen, liquid and gas, 6-21 to 37 oxygen, liquid and gas, 6-21 to 37 seawater, 14-16 to 17 solvents, 15-13 to 22 water and steam, 6-1 to 4 Viscosity and Density of Aqueous Hydroxide Solutions, 6-215 Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide along the Saturation Line, 6-214 Viscosity of Gases, 6-208 Viscosity of Liquid Metals, 6-216 to 217 Viscosity of Liquids, 6-209 to 213

I-21 Volt definition, 1-23 to 26 maintained value, 1-1 to 11 Volume of One Gram of Water, 8-139 Volumetric Properties of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions, 6-142

W Water azeotropic mixtures, 6-189 to 207 compressibility, 6-140 to 141 critical constants, 6-9 density, as function of pressure and temperature, 6-1 to 4 density, 6-7 to 8 density (supercooled), 6-12 dielectric constant, as function of frequency, 6-14 dielectric constant, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-1 to 4 dielectric constant, vapor, 6-188 diffusion of gases, 6-227 dissociation constant, 8-78, 8-79 electrical conductivity, 5-70 enthalpy of fusion, 6-130 to 139 enthalpy of vaporization, 6-5 to 6 fixed point properties, 6-9 freezing point, pressure dependence, 6-49 index of refraction, 10-251 ion product, 8-78, 8-79 octanol-water partition coefficients, 16-43 to 47 permittivity, as function of frequency, 6-14 permittivity, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-1 to 4 pH measurement, 8-37 to 38 speed of sound, 6-1 to 4, 14-48 to 49 surface tension, 6-5 to 6 thermal conductivity, 6-218 to 219 thermal expansion coefficient, 6-140 to 141 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 thermophysical properties, 6-1 to 4 triple point constants, 6-9 van der Waals constants, 6-47 vapor pressure, 6-5 to 6 vapor pressure over salt solutions, 15-33 viscosity, 6-208 volume of one gram, 8-139 Water(D2O) boiling point, 6-9 critical constants, 6-9 density, 6-10 to 11 dissociation constant, 8-79 fixed point properties, 6-9 heat capacity, 6-10 to 11 ion product, 8-79 surface tension, 6-10 to 11 thermal conductivity, liquid, 6-10 to 11 thermal conductivity, vapor, 6-218 to 219 triple point constants, 6-9 vapor pressure, 6-10 to 11 viscosity, liquid, 6-10 to 11 viscosity, vapor, 6-208 Watt, definition, 1-23 to 26 Wavelengths atomic spectra, 10-1 to 92 correction to vacuum, 10-253

electromagnetic radiation bands, 10-240 to 241 laser sources, 10-255 to 260 sensitivity of eye, 10-242 Weather-Related Scales, 14-31 to 32 Weber, definition, 1-23 to 26 Weighings, reduction from air to vacuum, 8-138 Width, x-ray lines, 10-234 Wien displacement law constant, 1-1 to 11 Wind chill factors, 14-31 to 32 Wind scales, 14-31 to 32 Wire Tables, 15-37 Wood density, 15-39 speed of sound in, 14-48 to 49 thermal conductivity, 12-211 to 212 Work function, of the elements, 12-121

X Xenon: see also Elements critical constants, 6-50 to 69 cryogenic properties, 6-143 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 entropy, 5-1 to 3 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 mean free path, 6-48 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-166 to 187, 6-188 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6-218 to 219 van der Waals constants, 6-47 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101, 6-102 to 109 viscosity, 6-208 X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels, 10-224 to 227 X-rays atomic energy levels, 10-224 to 227 attenuation coefficients, 10-235 to 239 cross sections, for the elements, 10-235 to 239 natural line width, 10-234

Y Young’s modulus, rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Ytterbium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Yttrium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42

Index

I-22

ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137

Z Zeotropes, 6-189 to 207 Zinc: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42

electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Zirconium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 42

electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-203 to 204 vapor pressure, 6-72 to 101 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137

CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 90th Edition

CRC Handbook Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition

CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics