CEPHALEXIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Cephalexin: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83855-0 1. Cephalexin-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on cephalexin. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CEPHALEXIN ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Cephalexin..................................................................................... 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 7 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CEPHALEXIN ................................................................................... 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Finding Nutrition Studies on Cephalexin ................................................................................... 35 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 37 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CEPHALEXIN ............................................................. 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 39 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 41 General References ....................................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON CEPHALEXIN .......................................................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Patents on Cephalexin.................................................................................................................. 43 Patent Applications on Cephalexin.............................................................................................. 58 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CEPHALEXIN ............................................................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 61 Chapters on Cephalexin ............................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CEPHALEXIN................................................................ 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 63 Academic Periodicals covering Cephalexin.................................................................................. 64 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 67 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 68 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 71 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 73 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 78 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 79 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 81 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 83 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 83 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 83 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 89 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 89
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CEPHALEXIN DICTIONARY....................................................................................................... 91 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 125
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with cephalexin is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about cephalexin, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to cephalexin, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on cephalexin. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to cephalexin, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on cephalexin. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CEPHALEXIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on cephalexin.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and cephalexin, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “cephalexin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Erythromycin and Amoxicillin? Source: Journal of the Tennessee Dental Association. 81(1): 34-36. Winter 2001. Contact: Available from Journal of the Tennessee Dental Association. 2104 Sunset Place, Nashville, TN 37212. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: A large number of patients with odontogenic (arising in the teeth) infections are referred to the graduate and undergraduate oral surgery clinics at the University of Tennessee, College of Dentistry. These patients have often been placed on antibiotics by the referring dentist. Two of the more commonly prescribed antibiotics are erythromycin and amoxicillin. This article provides a brief review of the antibiotics most commonly used to treat odontogenic infections, and illustrates why erythromycin and amoxicillin may not be the best choice. Other drugs discussed include penicillin,
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cephalosporins, clindamycin, and metronidazole. The author concludes that two drugs that are effective alternatives in the penicillin allergic patient are cephalexin and clindamycin. They are bactericidal and effective against the oral streptococci and oral anaerobes that cause most odontogenic infections. 5 references. •
Drug/Nutrient Interactions Involving Twenty of the Most Commonly Prescribed Medications in the United States Source: Journal of Practical Hygiene. 9(1): 39-48. January-February 2000. Contact: Available from Montage Media Corporation. 1000 Wyckoff Avenue, Mahwah, NJ 07430-3164. (201) 891-3200. Summary: The increased use of prescribed medication in the United States has established the need for dental professionals to understand the possible interactions between medications and nutrients. This article discusses interactions between nutrients and the 20 most commonly prescribed medications in 1998: conjugated estrogen, levothyroxine, amoxicillin, hydrocodone, fluoxetine, omeprazole, azithromycin, atorvastin, amlodipine, loratine, digoxin, sertaline, aerosol, paroxetine, amoxicillin, lisinopril, enalapril, amoxicillin clavulanate potassium, and cephalexin. In addition, a discussion of practical considerations for the dental hygiene practice is provided. The authors stress that thoroughly completing and reviewing the dental patient's medical and drug history, as well as conducting a diet assessment, are methods by which the dental hygienist can determine if a patient's health is at risk due to drug and nutrient interactions. 3 figures. 2 tables. 38 references.
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Effective Postcoital Prophylaxis of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Premenopausal Women: A Review Source: International Urogynecology Journal. 2(3): 156-160. September 1991. Summary: This article reports on a study of 77 sexually active premenopausal women, who were susceptible to recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI) but otherwise healthy. The subjects were administered postcoital prophylaxis consisting of a single oral dose of either cotrimoxazole, 50 mg nitrofurantoin macrocrystals, 500 mg nalidixic acid, 250 mg cinoxacin, or 250 mg cephalexin. Postcoital prophylaxis reduced the incidence of recurrent UTI from 5-8 UTI per patient/year prior to prophylaxis, to 0.03 UTI per patient/year following prophylaxis. The authors note that postcoital prophylaxis of recurrent UTI in premenopausal women is highly effective because of easy compliance, the high urinary concentration achieved, and the minimal induction of resistance in the introital Gram-negative bacterial flora, irrespective of the length of time this prophylaxis is used. 3 tables. 28 references. (AA-M).
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Clostridium Difficile Infection in Obstetric and Gynecologic Patients Source: Southern Medical Journal. 90(9): 889-892. September 1997. Contact: Available from Southern Medical Association. 35 Lakeshore Drive, Birmingham, AL 35209. (205) 945-1840. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to review Clostridium difficile in obstetric and gynecologic patients, with the goal of better characterizing the incidence and course of women with C. difficile infection. The authors reviewed hospital records of women who use obstetrics and gynecologic services and who had a diagnosis of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis, or C. difficile infection Cases were included if there was identification of C. difficile by culture or toxin or endoscopic
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verification of pseudomembranous colitis. Between January 1985 and June 1995, there were 74,120 admissions to the obstetrics and gynecology services at two tertiary level hospitals. Eighteen women were found to have documented C. difficile infection (0.02 percent). Diarrhea developed from 2 days to 30 days after antibiotics had been given (mean was 10 days). Nine patients had fever, six had nausea and vomiting, and five had abdominal pain. Antimicrobial agents given before infection included cephalexin, cefoxitin, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim and sulfmethoxazole, ampicillin, gentamicin, and clindamycin. All patients were treated successfully with inpatient antimicrobial agents: 15 with metronidazole and 3 with vancomycin. There was one possible recurrence. 1 table. 14 references. (AA-M). •
Short Course of Antibiotics and Low Fluid Intake Promote Cure in Cystitis Source: Contemporary Urology. 7(5): 44-46, 48, 50-52, 55. May 1995. Contact: Available from Medical Economics Publishing. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570 or (201) 358-7200. Summary: This article reviews how to manage acute cystitis with short course antibiotic therapy and notes the rationale for low fluid intake during treatment. Topics include the pathophysiology of uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI); diagnosis; treatment principles; antibiotic choices and courses of therapy; and optimal duration of treatment. Antibiotics discussed include trimethoprim, amoxicillin, cephalexin, nitrofurantoin monohydrate/macrocrystals, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin. The author notes that low fluid intake facilitates cure by increasing urinary concentration of antibacterial compounds. The article concludes with a discussion of self-treatment for recurrent, documented infections. 2 figures. 2 tables. 60 references.
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Saving Face: A Treatment Update for Acne Source: Patient Care. 33(11): 257-258,261-262,264-272,277. June 15, 1999. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with updated information on evaluating and treating acne. Evaluation involves noting the extent to which the skin is affected, obtaining information on the current skin care regimen and use of acne and other medications, asking the patient about occupational and leisure activities, and determining the types of cosmetics and hair care products used. Monotherapy with resorcinol, salicylic acid, and sulfur is often sufficient for comedonal acne. However, none of these compounds is nearly as useful as the topical retinoid tretinoin. Other topical retinoids that are now available are adapalene and tazarotene. Benzoyl peroxide can also be used as monotherapy for comedonal acne. Azelaic acid 20 percent cream is available for topical treatment of mild to moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris. A very effective strategy is to prescribe benzoyl peroxide plus a topical retinoid. A somewhat gentler combination is benzoyl peroxide or a topical retinoid with a topical antibiotic. The most powerful topical approach for mild inflammatory acne is the gel combination of erythromycin-benzoyl peroxide and a retinoid. An oral antimicrobial, such as tetracycline and erythromycin, should be added to the topical regimen when papules and pustules outnumber comedones and there is some evidence of scarring. Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole is an option when acne appears to be resistant to erythromycin or the tetracyclines. Other oral agents include cefadroxil, cephalexin, and ciprofloxacin. Isotretinoin can be prescribed for patients who have severe nodular or conglobate acne or those who have less severe inflammatory acne that does not respond to other agents. Adjunct skin care for acne prone skin includes washing the face twice a
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day, refraining from touching or squeezing lesions, and using oil free cosmetics and skin care products. 2 figures, 3 tables, and 7 references.
Federally Funded Research on Cephalexin The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to cephalexin. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to cephalexin. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore cephalexin. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for cephalexin: •
Project Title: DRUG EXCRETION IN TRANSPLANT PATIENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Venkataramanan, Raman; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The objective of this study is to access renal function in renal transplant patients. Here kidney function is determined by administering renal markers--PAH, Iothalamate and Cephalexin to renal transplant patients to study active tubular anionic secretion, filtration, and active tubular secretion. Twelve kidney transplant patients will be divided into two groups, six will receive Iothalamate (IOH) and PAH over a three hour period, the other six will receive Cephalexin as a bolus and studied over eight hours. Drugs will be assayed in plasma and urine collected, and results compared with six normals receiving Ioth/PAH. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MUCOSAL CELL TRANSPORTERS & ENZYMES IN DRUG DELIVERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Amidon, Gordon L.; Professor of Pharmaceutics; None; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1986; Project End 01-MAR-2003 Summary: The long-term goal of the proposed research is to develop a mechanistic approach to enhancing drug membrane transport to improve drug delivery. We will focus on gastrointestinal transport, but also include membrane transport and transporter expression or over expression via transduction methods, e.g. plasmid or
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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viral gene hPEPT1 delivery to enhance drug efficacy. Our molecular understanding of membrane transport is evolving at a very rapid pace due to advances in molecular biology, human genetics, and bioinformatics. This proposed project is a continuation of the advances that have made in mucosal cell peptide and peptimdomimetic transport and metabolism and in the molecular understanding of mucosal cell transport based on the cloned human proton coupled peptide transport system (hPEPT1). This transporter is responsible for the intestinal absorption of di- and tri- peptides, and important peptidomimetic drugs include beta-lactum antibiotics and ACE inhibitors. Very recently we have demonstrated the exciting finding that nucleoside ester prodrugs e.g. valacyclovir and the valyl ester of AZT, utilize this transporter. This research project will extend and exploit this broad structural specificity for drug delivery through I) Synthesis of prodrugs of anti-viral and anticancer therapeutic agents, ii.) Determination of the structure transport and structure hydrolysis relationships for a diverse range of nucleosides and amino acid and di-peptide analogues, iii) Identification and cloning of the esterase enzymes responsible for ester prodrug hydrolysis and, iv.)In vivo human studies to establish the correlation between peptide transporter activity and absorption of carrier-mediated valacyclovir, cephalexin. A unique and important component of these human studies will be intestinal biopsy sampling to measure the levels of intestinal peptide transporter (hPEPT1) and, esterase enzyme levels. The correlation of these molecular determinants of absorption and systemic availability with intestinal drug permeability, Peff, and systemic plasma levels (Cmax, and AUC) will provide a fundamental molecular understanding of the factors responsible for in vivo drug absorption and absorption variation. This will guide the future design of drugs and prodrugs for optimal drug absorption and enhanced efficacy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “cephalexin” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for cephalexin in the PubMed Central database: •
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Analysis of the Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Cephalexin and Quinapril by a Nonlinear Mixed-Effect Model. by Padoin C, Tod M, Perret G, Petitjean O.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105623
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Study of use of cefdinir versus cephalexin for treatment of skin infections in pediatric patients. The Cefdinir Pediatric Skin Infection Study Group. by Tack KJ, Keyserling CH, McCarty J, Hedrick JA.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163785
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with cephalexin, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “cephalexin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for cephalexin (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A bioequivalence study of six brands of cephalexin. Author(s): Suleiman MS, Najib NM, el-Sayed YM, Abdulhameed ME. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 1988 February; 13(1): 65-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3360858&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of the efficacy and safety of mupirocin cream and cephalexin in the treatment of secondarily infected eczema. Author(s): Rist T, Parish LC, Capin LR, Sulica V, Bushnell WD, Cupo MA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 January; 27(1): 14-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952661&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of the efficacy of nalidixic acid and cephalexin in bacteriuric women and their effect on fecal and periurethral carriage of enterobacteriaceae. Author(s): Preiksaitis JK, Thompson L, Harding GK, Marrie TJ, Hoban S, Ronald AR. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1981 April; 143(4): 603-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7195414&dopt=Abstract
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A comprehensive study of cefadroxil and cephalexin in the treatment of soft tissue infections. Author(s): Ballantyne F. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(Suppl 1): 70-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7439509&dopt=Abstract
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A large population-based follow-up study of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and cephalexin for uncommon serious drug toxicity. Author(s): Jick H, Derby LE. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1995 July-August; 15(4): 428-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7479194&dopt=Abstract
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A multicenter comparison of related pharmacologic features of cephalexin and dicloxacillin given for two months to young children with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Harrison CJ, Marks MI, Welch DF, Sharma BB, Baker D, Dice J. Source: Pediatr Pharmacol (New York). 1985; 5(1): 7-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3921934&dopt=Abstract
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A multicenter, randomized parallel double-blind study comparing three antibiotics, cephemic-cofosfolactamine, fosfomycin and cephalexin, in the treatment of systemic infections. Author(s): Mangini P, Cicchetti M, Bottaro L, Messina V, Brancadoro MT, Puppo F. Source: Chemioterapia. 1985 June; 4(3): 222-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4028283&dopt=Abstract
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A new dosing regimen in renal insufficiency: application to cephalexin. Author(s): Hori R, Okumura K, Nihira H, Nakano H, Akagi K, Kamiya A. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1985 September; 38(3): 290-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4028624&dopt=Abstract
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A pharmacokinetic comparison of cefadroxil and cephalexin after administration of 250, 500 and 1000 mg solution doses. Author(s): Barbhaiya RH. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1996 May; 17(4): 319-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8743403&dopt=Abstract
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A pharmacokinetic comparison of cephalexin and cefadroxil using HPLC assay procedures. Author(s): Welling PG, Selen A, Pearson JG, Kwok F, Rogge MC, Ifan A, Marrero D, Craig WA, Johnson CA. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1985 April-June; 6(2): 147-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4005394&dopt=Abstract
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A placebo-controlled trial of cephalexin therapy in the ambulatory management of patients with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Loening-Baucke VA, Mischler E, Myers MG. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1979 October; 95(4): 630-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=383934&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized double-blind investigation of cefroxadine (CGP 9000) versus cephalexin in urinary tract infection. Author(s): Hess J, Gammelgaard P, Holst B, Rasmussen F, Thomsen VF. Source: Infection. 1984 July-August; 12(4): 270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6436182&dopt=Abstract
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A rapid first-derivative spectrophotometric analysis of cephalexin and cephradine in human urine. Author(s): Abdel-Hamid ME, Mahrous MS, Daabees HG, Beltagy YA. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 1992 April; 17(2): 91-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1583084&dopt=Abstract
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A review of the drug events reported by 12,917 patients treated with cephalexin. Author(s): Burt RA. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1983; 59 Suppl 5: 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6364090&dopt=Abstract
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A study of the kinetics of cephapirin and cephalexin in pregnancy. Author(s): Creatsas G, Pavlatos M, Lolis D, Kaskarelis D. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1980; 7(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7428412&dopt=Abstract
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Absorption and excretion of cephalexin in health and acute illness. Author(s): Dean S, Harding LK, Wise R, Wright N. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1979 August; 16(1): 73-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=499304&dopt=Abstract
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Activity of cefroxadine and cephalexin in urinary tract infections: a double-blind comparative study. Author(s): Ahrens T, Naber KG. Source: Infection. 1983 January-February; 11(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6341252&dopt=Abstract
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Acute tubular necrosis associated with cephalexin therapy. Author(s): Mocan H, Beattie TJ. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1985 October; 24(4): 212. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4064379&dopt=Abstract
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Addition of rifampin to cephalexin therapy for recalcitrant staphylococcal skin infections--an observation. Author(s): Feder HM Jr, Pond KE. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1996 April; 35(4): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8665754&dopt=Abstract
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Ampicillin and cephalexin in renal insufficiency. Author(s): Hori R, Okumura K, Kamiya A, Nihira H, Nakano H. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1983 December; 34(6): 792-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6641095&dopt=Abstract
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An appraisal of cephalexin and clindamycin concentration in seminal plasma. Author(s): Milingos S, Creatsas G, Kallipolitis G, Lolis D, Pavlatos M, Kaskarelis D. Source: Acta Eur Fertil. 1981 December; 12(4): 319-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7342612&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of cephalexin from canine skin biopsy by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-visible photodiode-array detection. Author(s): Tyczkowska K, Aronson AL. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1988 May 13; 427(1): 103-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3410890&dopt=Abstract
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Anaphylactic reaction to dermal exposure to cephalexin. Author(s): Nordt SP, Cantrell FL, Rodriguez GJ. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1999 September; 17(5): 492-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10496518&dopt=Abstract
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Antibacterial effects of cefroxadine, cephalexin and cephradine in a new in vitro pharmacokinetic model. Author(s): Schneider P, Tosch W, Maurer M, Zak O. Source: J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1982 July; 35(7): 843-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7174537&dopt=Abstract
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Augmentin (intravenous then oral) compared with cefuroxime followed by cephalexin for chest infections in hospitalised patients. Author(s): O'Donovan C, Rudd R, O'Neill S, Fitzgerald MX, McNicholas W, FlavellMatts SG, Howell F, McKenzie A, Whittaker J. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1987 December; 41(12): 1044-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3332842&dopt=Abstract
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Azithromycin compared with cephalexin in the treatment of skin and skin structure infections. Author(s): Mallory SB. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1991 September 12; 91(3A): 36S-39S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1656741&dopt=Abstract
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Bactericidal activity of cefadroxil, cephalexin, and cephradine in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model. Author(s): Leitner F, Goodhines RA, Buck RE, Price KE. Source: J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1979 July; 32(7): 718-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=541265&dopt=Abstract
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Bacteriuria in pregnancy treated with a single dose of cephalexin. Author(s): Campbell-Brown M, McFadyen IR. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1983 November; 90(11): 1054-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6639900&dopt=Abstract
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Bioavailability of cephalexin in children: relationship to drug formulations and meals. Author(s): Tetzlaff TR, McCracken GH Jr, Thomas ML. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1978 February; 92(2): 292-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=621611&dopt=Abstract
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Bullous pemphigoid induced by cephalexin. Author(s): Czechowicz RT, Reid CM, Warren LJ, Weightman W, Whitehead FJ. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2001 May; 42(2): 132-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11309039&dopt=Abstract
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Campylobacter pylori, hypertrophic erosive gastritis and hypoalbuminemia healed by cephalexin therapy. Author(s): Salmeron M, Desplaces N, Lavergne A, Houdart R. Source: Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique. 1989 January; 13(1): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2925040&dopt=Abstract
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Carrier-mediated transport system for cephalexin in human placental brush-border membrane vesicles. Author(s): Kudo Y, Urabe T, Fujiwara A, Yamada K, Kawasaki T. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1989 January 30; 978(2): 313-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2914143&dopt=Abstract
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Carrier-mediated uptake of cephalexin in human intestinal cells. Author(s): Dantzig AH, Bergin L. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1988 September 15; 155(2): 1082-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3421959&dopt=Abstract
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Cefaclor uptake by the proton-dependent dipeptide transport carrier of human intestinal Caco-2 cells and comparison to cephalexin uptake. Author(s): Dantzig AH, Tabas LB, Bergin L. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1992 December 9; 1112(2): 167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1457450&dopt=Abstract
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Cefadroxil. A review of its antibacterial, pharmacokinetic and therapeutic properties in comparison with cephalexin and cephradine. Author(s): Tanrisever B, Santella PJ. Source: Drugs. 1986; 32 Suppl 3: 1-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3542485&dopt=Abstract
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Cefatrizine (SK&F 60771), a new oral cephalosporin: serum levels and urinary recovery in humans after oral or intramuscular administration--comparative study with cephalexin and cefazolin. Author(s): Actor P, Pitkin DH, Lucyszyn G, Weisbach JA, Bran JL. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1976 May; 9(5): 800-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=949177&dopt=Abstract
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Cefazolin and cephalexin kinetics in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Author(s): Bunke CM, Aronoff GR, Brier ME, Sloan RS, Luft FC. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1983 January; 33(1): 66-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6848301&dopt=Abstract
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Cefazolin and cephalexin levels in prostatic tissue and sera. Author(s): Litvak AS, Franks CD, Vaught SK, McRoberts JW. Source: Urology. 1976 May; 7(5): 497-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1274008&dopt=Abstract
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Cefdinir versus cephalexin for the treatment of skin and skin-structure infections. The Cefdinir Adult Skin Infection Study Group. Author(s): Tack KJ, Littlejohn TW, Mailloux G, Wolf MM, Keyserling CH. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1998 March-April; 20(2): 244-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9589816&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin and penicillin in the treatment of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal throat infections. Author(s): Disney FA, Dillon H, Blumer JL, Dudding BA, McLinn SE, Nelson DB, Selbst SM. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1992 November; 146(11): 1324-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1415072&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin compared to ampicillin treatment of otitis media. Author(s): Stechenberg BW, Anderson D, Chang MJ, Dunkle L, Wong M, Van Reken D, Pickering LK, Feigin RD. Source: Pediatrics. 1976 October; 58(4): 532-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=787913&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin concentration in the human ejaculate following oral and parenteral administration. Author(s): Dalet F, Marina S, Gimeno E, Pomerol J. Source: Andrologia. 1978 March-April; 10(2): 142-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=646144&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin concentrations in human serum, gingiva, and mandibular bone following a single oral administration. Author(s): Akimoto Y, Uda A, Omata H, Shibutani J, Nishimura H, Komiya M, Kaneko K, Fujii A. Source: General Pharmacology. 1990; 21(5): 621-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2276582&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin concentrations in radicular granuloma following a single oral administration of 250- or 500-mg cephalexin. Author(s): Akimoto Y, Uda A, Omata H, Shibutani J, Nishimura H, Komiya M, Kawana T, Kaneko K, Fujii A, Kaneda T, et al. Source: General Pharmacology. 1994 December; 25(8): 1563-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7721029&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin for susceptible bacteriuria in afebrile, long-term catheterized patients. Author(s): Warren JW, Anthony WC, Hoopes JM, Muncie HL Jr. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1982 July 23; 248(4): 454-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7045440&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin for the oral treatment of CAPD peritonitis. Author(s): Drew PJ, Casewell MW, Desai N, Houang ET, Simpson CN, Marsh FP. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1984 February; 13(2): 153-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6368518&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin in chronic osteomyelitis. Author(s): Hughes SP, Nixon J, Dash CH. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1981 November; 26(6): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7320969&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin in lower respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Raff MJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1983; 59 Suppl 5: 32-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6364088&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin in the prevention of recurrent cystitis. Author(s): Mullinger BM, Eilon LA. Source: The Practitioner. 1978 November; 221(1325): 769-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=368752&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin in the therapy of infections of the urinary tract. Author(s): Weinstein AJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1983; 59 Suppl 5: 40-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6664942&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin in the treatment of acute and chronic maxillary sinusitis. Author(s): Schaefer SD, Ronis ML. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1985 January; 78(1): 45-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3871254&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Disney FA. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1983; 59 Suppl 5: 28-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6364087&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. Author(s): Dave J, Heathcock R, Fenelon L, Bihari DJ, Simmons NA. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1991 September; 28(3): 477-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1960132&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin levels in serum, synovial fluid and joint tissues after oral administration. Author(s): Jalava S, Saarimaa H, Elfving R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1977; 6(4): 250-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=607395&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin pharmacokinetics in patients with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Nahata MC, Lubin AH, Visconti JA. Source: Dev Pharmacol Ther. 1984; 7(4): 221-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6468223&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin rash in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): McCloskey GL, Massa MC. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1997 May; 59(5): 251-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9169264&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin suspension for the treatment of skin infection in children. Author(s): Ascher DP, Delaney RA. Source: Military Medicine. 1987 February; 152(2): 103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3103014&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin therapy for infections complicated by age and concurrent diseases. A study in general practice. Author(s): Cooke DM. Source: Chemotherapy. 1979; 25(6): 356-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=520078&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin therapy for infections in the elderly and other vulnerable patients. Author(s): Cooke DM, Browning AK. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1980; 7(1): 62-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7428416&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin tolerated despite delayed aminopenicillin reactions. Author(s): Phillips E, Knowles SR, Weber EA, Blackburn D. Source: Allergy. 2001 August; 56(8): 790. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11488680&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin. Author(s): Gill CL. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1980 February; 100(2): 172-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6928143&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin. A nonthiol drug that may induce pemphigus vulgaris. Author(s): Wolf R, Dechner E, Ophir J, Brenner S. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1991 March; 30(3): 213-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1828061&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin: clinical and laboratory evaluation in infants and children. Author(s): Rudoy RC, Riley HD Jr. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1977 July; 16(7): 639-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=324691&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin: clinical effectiveness in geriatric patients. Author(s): Smith IM. Source: Geriatrics. 1977 March; 32(3): 91-5, 99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=844692&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin-induced haemolytic anaemia. Author(s): Manoharan A, Kot T. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1987 August 17; 147(4): 202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3657639&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Murray KM, Camp MS. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1992 October; 26(10): 1230-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1421644&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin-supplemented Jones-Kendrick charcoal agar for selective isolation of Bordetella pertussis: comparison with previously described media. Author(s): Stauffer LR, Brown DR, Sandstrom RE. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1983 January; 17(1): 60-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6298274&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical comparison of cefadroxil, new oral cephalosporin, and cephalexin in uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Author(s): Bolding OT. Source: Urology. 1978 September; 12(3): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=360561&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical comparison of cefuroxime axetil, cephalexin and cefadroxil in the treatment of patients with primary infections of the skin or skin structures. Author(s): Gooch WM 3rd, Kaminester L, Cole GW, Binder R, Morman MR, Swinehart JM, Wisniewski M, Yilmaz HM, Collins JJ. Source: Dermatologica. 1991; 183(1): 36-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1769413&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative double-blind study of cephalexin and co-trimoxazole in urinary tract infections. Author(s): Gower PE, Tasker PR. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 March 20; 1(6011): 684-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1252882&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative evaluation of cefadroxil and cephalexin in children and adolescents with pyodermas. Cefadroxil Once Daily Pyoderma Study Group. Author(s): Linder CW, Nelson K, Paryani S, Stallworth JR, Blumer JL. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1993 January-February; 15(1): 46-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8458054&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative human oral clinical pharmacology of cefadroxil, cephalexin, and cephradine. Author(s): Pfeffer M, Jackson A, Ximenes J, de Menezes JP. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1977 February; 11(2): 331-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=848940&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative in vitro activities of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, cephalexin, and cephalothin against trimethoprim-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from stools of children attending day-care centers. Author(s): Singh KV, Reves RR, Pickering LK, Murray BE. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1990 November; 34(11): 2047-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2073095&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative pharmacokinetics of cefadroxil, cefaclor, cephalexin and cephradine in infants and children. Author(s): Ginsburg CM. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7142090&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative pharmacokinetics of cephalexin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, and CGP 9000. Author(s): Lode H, Stahlmann R, Koeppe P. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1979 July; 16(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=475366&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative pharmacology of cefaclor and cephalexin. Author(s): Korzeniowski OM, Scheld WM, Sande MA. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1977 August; 12(2): 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=900915&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative study of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cephalexin in the treatment of bacteriuria during pregnancy. Author(s): Pedler SJ, Bint AJ. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1985 April; 27(4): 508-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4004191&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative study of cephalexin hydrochloride and cephalexin monohydrate in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections. Author(s): Kumar A, Murray DL, Hanna CB, Kreindler TG, Jacobson KD, Bundy JM, Waxman K, Finnerty EF, Folan DW Jr, Drucker WR, et al. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1988 June; 32(6): 882-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3046484&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative study of the efficacy of co-trimoxazole and cephalexin in respiratory infections. Author(s): Phadtare JM, Rangnekar RY. Source: Pharmatherapeutica. 1988; 5(3): 183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3258993&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative study: ampicillin and cephalexin in otitis media. Author(s): McLinn SE. Source: Pediatrics. 1978 January; 61(1): 149-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=263855&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative trials of doxycycline versus amoxicillin, cephalexin and enoxacin in bacterial infections in chronic bronchitis and asthma. Author(s): Chodosh S, Tuck J, Pizzuto D. Source: Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1988; 53: 22-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3047855&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison between cephalexin two- and four-time per day regimens in group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Author(s): Stillerman M, Aronovitz GH, Durnell MD, Rosenberg R. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1984 June; 23(6): 348-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6373094&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of bidirectional cephalexin transport across MDCK and caco-2 cell monolayers: interactions with peptide transporters. Author(s): Putnam WS, Pan L, Tsutsui K, Takahashi L, Benet LZ. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 2002 January; 19(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11837697&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of cefadroxil and cephalexin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Author(s): Blaser MJ, Klaus BD, Jacobson JA, Kasworm E, LaForce FM. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1983 August; 24(2): 163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6605713&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of cefadroxil and cephalexin therapies in the treatment of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children. Author(s): Kramer RI. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7142085&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of cepharadine and cephalexin in the treatment of respiratory and urinary tract infections. Author(s): Mogabgab WJ. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1976 April; 19(4): 421-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4284&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of oral cephalexin, topical mupirocin and topical bacitracin for treatment of impetigo. Author(s): Bass JW, Chan DS, Creamer KM, Thompson MW, Malone FJ, Becker TM, Marks SN. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1997 July; 16(7): 708-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9239775&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of pharmacological and antimicrobial properties of cefadroxil and cephalexin. Author(s): Hartstein AI, Patrick KE, Jones SR, Miller MJ, Bryant RE. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1977 July; 12(1): 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=883822&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of pivmecillinam and cephalexin in acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Author(s): Menday AP. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2000 January; 13(3): 183-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10724022&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the efficacy and safety of cefadroxil and cephalexin in treating acute urinary tract infections in woman. Author(s): Bolding OT. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(Suppl 1): 34-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7439503&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of twice-daily cefadroxil with four-times-daily cephalexin in paediatric respiratory infections. Author(s): Windorfer A, Trujillo H, Bauer P. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 93-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7142100&dopt=Abstract
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Concentrations of cephalexin in mandibular alveolar bone, blood, and oral fluids. Author(s): Shuford GM. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1979 July; 99(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=287727&dopt=Abstract
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Contact dermatitis to cephalexin. Author(s): Milligan A, Douglas WS. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1986 August; 15(2): 91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2946528&dopt=Abstract
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Controlled study of brodimoprim and cephalexin in the treatment of patients with acute sinusitis in general practice. Author(s): Bockmeyer M, Riebenfeld D, Clasen B. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1994 July-August; 16(4): 653-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7982253&dopt=Abstract
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Correlation between epithelial cell permeability of cephalexin and expression of intestinal oligopeptide transporter. Author(s): Chu XY, Sanchez-Castano GP, Higaki K, Oh DM, Hsu CP, Amidon GL. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2001 November; 299(2): 575-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11602669&dopt=Abstract
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Correlation between fluorimetric and microbiological methods for determination of cephalexin in urine and serum. Author(s): Plavsic F, Vrhovac B, Radosevic A, Dvorzak I. Source: J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1981 January; 19(1): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7205158&dopt=Abstract
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Crystalluria following cephalexin overdose. Author(s): Clark RF. Source: Pediatrics. 1992 April; 89(4 Pt 1): 672-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1557251&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, and cephradine in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography using fluorometric detection. Author(s): Miyazaki K, Ohtani K, Sunada K, Arita T. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1983 September 9; 276(2): 478-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6630399&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of cefsulodin, cefotiam, cephalexin, cefotaxime, desacetyl-cefotaxime, cefuroxime and cefroxadin in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Lecaillon JB, Rouan MC, Souppart C, Febvre N, Juge F. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1982 March 12; 228: 257-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6281285&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of cephalexin in oral suspensions by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Author(s): Steppe M, Prado MS, Tavares MF, Kedor-Hackmann ER, Santoro MI. Source: J Capillary Electrophor. 2002; 7(3-4): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12212913&dopt=Abstract
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Direct high-speed liquid chromatographic determination of cephalexin in urine. Author(s): Nakagawa T, Haginaka J, Yamaoka K, Uno T. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1978 January 11; 147: 509-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=621261&dopt=Abstract
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Double-blind comparison of cephradine and cephalexin in the treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections due to Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Hubsher JA, Gadebusch HH, Itkin AG. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1976 June; 19(6): 579-88. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=819217&dopt=Abstract
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Double-blind, double-dummy comparison of azithromycin and cephalexin in the treatment of skin and skin structure infections. Author(s): Kiani R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1991 October; 10(10): 8804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1662638&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of cephalexin on the pharmacokinetics of metformin in healthy human volunteers. Author(s): Jayasagar G, Krishna Kumar M, Chandrasekhar K, Madhusudan Rao C, Madhusudan Rao Y. Source: Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 2002; 19(1): 41-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12222753&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of prophylactic, low dose cephalexin on fecal and vaginal bacteria. Author(s): Martinez FC, Kindrachuk RW, Thomas E, Stamey TA. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1985 June; 133(6): 994-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3999226&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of storage on the bioavailability of cephalexin from its capsules. Author(s): Molokhia AM. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1984 August; 45(2): 219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6484309&dopt=Abstract
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Effective prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infections in premenopausal women by postcoital administration of cephalexin. Author(s): Pfau A, Sacks TG. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1989 November; 142(5): 1276-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2810506&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of cephalexin, erythromycin and clindamycin on the aerobic Gram-negative faecal flora in man. Author(s): Hartley CL, Clements HM, Linton KB. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1978 May; 11(2): 125-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=660638&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of perioperative cefamandole with postoperative cephalexin in the primary outpatient treatment of open wounds of the hand. Author(s): Peacock KC, Hanna DP, Kirkpatrick K, Breidenbach WC, Lister GD, Firrell J. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1988 November; 13(6): 960-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3225427&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of two dosage schedules of cephalexin in dermatologic infections. Author(s): DiMattia AF, Sexton MJ, Smialowicz CR, Knapp WH Jr. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1981 April; 12(4): 649-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7205167&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of cefadroxil and cephalexin in oral prophylaxis of postoperative sepsis. Author(s): Sgarlato TE. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1984 November; 74(11): 538-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6501773&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of effect of food ingestion on bioavailability of cephalexin by moment analysis. Author(s): Haginaka J, Yamaoka K, Nakagawa T, Nishimura Y, Uno T. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1979 December; 27(12): 3156-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=540339&dopt=Abstract
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Experience with cephalexin (ceporex) in paediatric practice at Kenyatta National Teaching Hospital Nairobi. Author(s): Amolo JG. Source: East Afr Med J. 1977 October; 54(10): 565-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=608427&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of charcoal-horse-blood broth with cephalexin to significantly increase rate of Bordetella isolation from clinical specimens. Author(s): Hoppe JE, Weiss A, Worz S. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1988 June; 26(6): 1248-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3384940&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of treatment with cephalexin for Lyme disease. Author(s): Nowakowski J, McKenna D, Nadelman RB, Cooper D, Bittker S, Holmgren D, Pavia C, Johnson RC, Wormser GP. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 2000 June; 9(6): 563-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10862221&dopt=Abstract
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Fluorimetric assay of cephradine, cephalexin and cephaloglycin. Author(s): Barbhaiya RH, Turner P. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1977 August; 4(4): 427-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=901733&dopt=Abstract
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Fluorometric determination of cephalexin in urine. Author(s): Aikawa R, Nakano M, Arita T. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1976 October; 24(10): 2350-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1017081&dopt=Abstract
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Fluorometric determination of cephalexin, cephradine, and cephatrizine in biological fluids. Author(s): Miyazaki K, Ogino O, Arita T. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1979 October; 27(10): 2273-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=527132&dopt=Abstract
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Generalized eruptive pustular drug rash due to cephalexin. Author(s): Jackson H, Vion B, Levy PM. Source: Dermatologica. 1988; 177(5): 292-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2977340&dopt=Abstract
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High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of cephalexin in serum and urine. Author(s): Najib NM, Suleiman MS, el-Sayed YM, Abdulhameed ME. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 1987 December; 12(6): 419-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3440814&dopt=Abstract
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High speed liquid chromatographic determination of cephalexin in human plasma and urine. Author(s): Nakagawa T, Haginaka J, Yamaoka K, Uno T. Source: J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1978 August; 31(8): 769-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=690010&dopt=Abstract
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High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of cephalexin in serum and urine. Author(s): Emm TA, Leslie J, Chai M, Lesko LJ, Perkal MB. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1988 May 13; 427(1): 162-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3410897&dopt=Abstract
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High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of cephalexin in human plasma, urine and saliva. Author(s): Nahata MC. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1981 October 9; 225(2): 532-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7298789&dopt=Abstract
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High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of loracarbef, a potential metabolite, cefaclor and cephalexin in human plasma, serum and urine. Author(s): Kovach PM, Lantz RJ, Brier G. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1991 June 14; 567(1): 129-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1918240&dopt=Abstract
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Impetigo. Current etiology and comparison of penicillin, erythromycin, and cephalexin therapies. Author(s): Demidovich CW, Wittler RR, Ruff ME, Bass JW, Browning WC. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1990 December; 144(12): 1313-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2244610&dopt=Abstract
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Increased therapeutic failure for cephalexin versus comparator antibiotics in the treatment of uncomplicated outpatient cellulitis. Author(s): Madaras-Kelly KJ, Arbogast R, Jue S. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2000 February; 20(2): 199-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10678298&dopt=Abstract
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Ineffectiveness of cephalexin in treatment of cephalexin-resistant bacteriuria in patients with chronic indwelling urethral catheters. Author(s): Warren JW, Hoopes JM, Muncie HL, Anthony WC. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1983 January; 129(1): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6338253&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of ranitidine, pirenzepine, and aluminum magnesium hydroxide on the bioavailability of various antibiotics, including amoxicillin, cephalexin, doxycycline, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Author(s): Deppermann KM, Lode H, Hoffken G, Tschink G, Kalz C, Koeppe P. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1989 November; 33(11): 1901-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2610502&dopt=Abstract
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In-vitro activity of cefaclor, cephalexin and ampicillin against 2458 clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae. Author(s): Powell M, Williams JD. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1988 January; 21(1): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3258594&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Co-trimoxazole and cephalexin in urinary tract infection. Author(s): Greenwood D, O'Grady F. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 May 1; 1(6017): 1073. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1268560&dopt=Abstract
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Liquid-chromatographic determination of five orally active cephalosporins--cefixime, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cephalexin, and cephradine--in human serum. Author(s): McAteer JA, Hiltke MF, Silber BM, Faulkner RD. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1987 October; 33(10): 1788-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3665031&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanisms of transport of quinapril in Caco-2 cell monolayers: comparison with cephalexin. Author(s): Hu M, Zheng L, Chen J, Liu L, Zhu Y, Dantzig AH, Stratford RE Jr. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 1995 August; 12(8): 1120-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7494822&dopt=Abstract
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Meningitis occurring during therapy for otitis media with cephalexin and cefaclor. Author(s): Raucher HS, Murphy RJ, Barzilai A. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1982 August; 136(8): 745-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6980588&dopt=Abstract
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Moxifloxacin versus cephalexin in the treatment of uncomplicated skin infections. Author(s): Parish LC, Routh HB, Miskin B, Fidelholtz J, Werschler P, Heyd A, Haverstock D, Church D. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2000 October; 54(8): 497-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11198726&dopt=Abstract
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Mupirocin cream is as effective as oral cephalexin in the treatment of secondarily infected wounds. Author(s): Kraus SJ, Eron LJ, Bottenfield GW, Drehobl MA, Bushnell WD, Cupo MA. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1998 December; 47(6): 429-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9866667&dopt=Abstract
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Ofloxacin versus cephalexin for treating skin and soft tissue infections. Author(s): Lipsky BA, Yarbrough DR 3rd, Walker FB 4th, Powers RD, Morman MR. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1992 June; 31(6): 443-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1512105&dopt=Abstract
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Ofloxacin versus cephalexin in the treatment of skin, skin structure, and soft-tissue infections in adults. Author(s): Powers RD, Schwartz R, Snow RM, Yarbrough DR III. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1991 November-December; 13(6): 727-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1790547&dopt=Abstract
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Ototoxicity associated with cephalexin in two patients with renal failure. Author(s): Sennesael J, Verbeelen D, Lauwers S. Source: Lancet. 1982 November 20; 2(8308): 1154-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6128466&dopt=Abstract
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PepT1-mediated epithelial transport of dipeptides and cephalexin is enhanced by luminal leptin in the small intestine. Author(s): Buyse M, Berlioz F, Guilmeau S, Tsocas A, Voisin T, Peranzi G, Merlin D, Laburthe M, Lewin MJ, Roze C, Bado A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2001 November; 108(10): 1483-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11714740&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetic comparison of cefroxadin (CGP 9000) and cephalexin by simultaneous administration to humans. Author(s): Lecaillon JB, Hirtz JL, Schoeller JP, Humbert G, Vischer W. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1980 November; 18(5): 656-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7447423&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics of alafosfalin, alone and in combination with cephalexin, in humans. Author(s): Allen JG, Lees LJ. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1980 June; 17(6): 973-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7406481&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor and cephalexin: dosage nomograms for impaired renal function. Author(s): Spyker DA, Thomas BL, Sande MA, Bolton WK. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1978 August; 14(2): 172-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=697345&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics of cephalexin: an evaluation of one- and two-compartment model pharmacokinetics. Author(s): Greene DS, Flanagan DR, Quintiliani R, Nightingale CH. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1976 May-June; 16(5-6): 257-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1262535&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics of oral cephalosporins: cephradine cephalexin. Author(s): Finkelstein E, Quintiliani R, Lee R, Bracci A, Nightingale CH. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1978 October; 67(10): 1447-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=702300&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of post-excisional wound infections: a comparison of oral cephalexin with topical mupirocin and topical cetrimide-chlorhexidine cream. Author(s): Czarnecki D, Meehan C, Nash C. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1992 May; 31(5): 359-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1587669&dopt=Abstract
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Prophylactic cephalexin ineffective in chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Author(s): Low DE, Vas SI, Oreopoulos DG, Manuel MA, Saiphoo MM, Finer C, Dombros N. Source: Lancet. 1980 October 4; 2(8197): 753-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6106868&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized comparative study of cefixime versus cephalexin in acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Author(s): Verghese A, Roberson D, Kalbfleisch JH, Sarubbi F. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1990 June; 34(6): 1041-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2118322&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized, comparative study of oral cefadroxil and cephalexin in lower respiratory infections in adults. Author(s): Weingarten C. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 10913. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7142086&dopt=Abstract
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Serum and dialysate concentrations of cephalexin following repeated dosing in CAPD patients. Author(s): Davis GM, Forland SC, Cutler RE. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1985 September; 6(3): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4036960&dopt=Abstract
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Serum sickness-like reactions to amoxicillin, cefaclor, cephalexin, and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole. Author(s): Platt R, Dreis MW, Kennedy DL, Kuritsky JN. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1988 August; 158(2): 474-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3261315&dopt=Abstract
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Simple clinical evaluation of cephalexin in the treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis in males. Author(s): Aluoch JA, Odhiambo-Olel. Source: East Afr Med J. 1978 November; 55(11): 519-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=743924&dopt=Abstract
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Single-dose cephalexin therapy for acute bacterial urinary tract infections and acute urethral syndrome with bladder bacteriuria. Author(s): Cardenas J, Quinn EL, Rooker G, Bavinger J, Pohlod D. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1986 March; 29(3): 383-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3717940&dopt=Abstract
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Single-dose fosfomycin trometamol versus 5-day cephalexin regimen for treatment of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections in women. Author(s): Elhanan G, Tabenkin H, Yahalom R, Raz R. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1994 November; 38(11): 2612-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7872756&dopt=Abstract
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Study of use of cefdinir versus cephalexin for treatment of skin infections in pediatric patients. The Cefdinir Pediatric Skin Infection Study Group. Author(s): Tack KJ, Keyserling CH, McCarty J, Hedrick JA. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1997 April; 41(4): 739-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9087480&dopt=Abstract
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Susceptibility of clinical isolates to cephalexin, cefazolin and cefotaxime. Author(s): Gupta BL, Tahlan A, Dogra V, Rattan A, Bhujwala RA, Shriniwas. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1989 May; 26(5): 466-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2599615&dopt=Abstract
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Synergistic bactericidal effect of cephalexin and normal cord serum (NCS) against Escherichia coli K1 strains isolated from children with urinary tract infections (UTI). Author(s): Cisowska A, Jankowski S, Doroszkiewicz W. Source: Acta Microbiol Pol. 1999; 48(4): 381-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10756721&dopt=Abstract
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The comparative efficacy of cephalexin and sulfisoxazole in acute urinary tract infection in children. Author(s): Russo RM, Gururaj VJ, Laude TA, Rajkumar SV, Allen JE. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1977 January; 16(1): 83-4, 89-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=318609&dopt=Abstract
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The determination of cephradine and cephalexin by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Carrol MA, White ER, Jancsik Z, Zarembo JE. Source: J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1977 May; 30(5): 397-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=885797&dopt=Abstract
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The efficacy of twice daily cephalexin. Author(s): Browning AK. Source: Pharmatherapeutica. 1981; 2(9): 559-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7267673&dopt=Abstract
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The extended microbiology of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Observations during a double-blind controlled study of cephalexin twice versus four-times daily. Author(s): Tarpay MM, Chartrand S, Marks M, Cox A. Source: Infection. 1984 May-June; 12(3): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6381314&dopt=Abstract
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The in vitro activity of ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, nitrofurantoin, sulphadiazine and trimethoprim against Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from urinary and other infections. Author(s): Brander P, Jokipii L, Jokipii AM. Source: Infection. 1982 September-October; 10(5): 299-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6757138&dopt=Abstract
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The pharmacokinetics of the oral cephalosporins cefaclor, cephradine and cephalexin. Author(s): Welling PG, Dean S, Selen A, Kendall MJ, Wise R. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm. 1979 September; 17(9): 397-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=500261&dopt=Abstract
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The pharmacology of cephalexin. Author(s): Griffith RS. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1983; 59 Suppl 5: 16-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6364086&dopt=Abstract
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The role of cephalexin in the treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections. Author(s): Derrick CW Jr, Reilly K. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1983; 59 Suppl 5: 43-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6364089&dopt=Abstract
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Therapeutic and prophylactic effects of cephalexin and bromhexine in respiratory tract complications of abdominal surgery. Author(s): Palmieri B, Monni S, Misella A, Cogni P. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1983 March; 21(3): 143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6853000&dopt=Abstract
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Three-day therapy with cephalexin for lower urinary tract infections in children. Author(s): Helin I. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1984; 16(3): 305-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6387892&dopt=Abstract
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Tobramycin-clindamycin versus cephalothin-cephalexin in the treatment of appendicular peritonitis. Author(s): Gripenberg L, Nuutinen P, Elo J, Tallgren LG. Source: Z Kinderchir. 1981 November; 34(3): 227-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7340274&dopt=Abstract
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Toxic epidermal necrolysis due to cephalexin. Author(s): Hogan DJ, Rooney ME. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1987 November; 17(5 Pt 1): 852-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3680666&dopt=Abstract
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Transport characteristics of ceftibuten, cefixime and cephalexin across human jejunal brush-border membrane. Author(s): Sugawara M, Iseki K, Miyazaki K, Shiroto H, Kondo Y, Uchino J. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1991 December; 43(12): 882-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1687593&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. A double-blind trial of cotrimoxazole and cephalexin. Author(s): Cooper J, McGillion FB. Source: The Practitioner. 1978 September; 221(1323): 428-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=366597&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections by cephalexin, with special reference to the antibody-coated bacteria. Author(s): Iravani A, Pryor N, Richard GA. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1982 March; 20(3): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7068290&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of bacterial prostatitis. Comparison of cephalexin and minocycline. Author(s): Paulson DF, Zinner NR, Resnick MI, Childs SJ, Love T, Madsen PO. Source: Urology. 1986 April; 27(4): 379-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3515737&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of chronic prostatitis by consecutive per os administration of doxycycline, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and cephalexin. Author(s): Milingos S, Creatsas G, Messinis J, Lolis D, Kaskarelis D. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1983 June; 21(6): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6604038&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of staphylococcal skin infections: a comparison of cephalexin and dicloxacillin. Author(s): Dillon HC Jr. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1983 February; 8(2): 177-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6826814&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of urinary tract infection with cephalexin. Author(s): Kostas CI, Mobley DF, Rous SN, Schneider RE, Burt RA. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1983 July; 17(1): 135, 138-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6864165&dopt=Abstract
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Twice daily dosage with cephalexin in children. Author(s): Browning AK. Source: The Practitioner. 1982 May; 226(1367): 981-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7100089&dopt=Abstract
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Uptake characteristics of loracarbef and cephalexin in the Caco-2 cell culture model: effects of the proton gradient and possible presence of a distinctive second component. Author(s): Hu M, Chen J, Zheng L, Dantzig AH, Stratford RE Jr. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1996 July; 85(7): 767-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8819004&dopt=Abstract
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Uptake of the cephalosporin, cephalexin, by a dipeptide transport carrier in the human intestinal cell line, Caco-2. Author(s): Dantzig AH, Bergin L. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1990 September 7; 1027(3): 211-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2397233&dopt=Abstract
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Use of cephalexin to treat glandular fever: pilot study. Author(s): Lakic J. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 May 21; 286(6378): 1617-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6405914&dopt=Abstract
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Use of cephalexin-aztreonam-arabinose agar for selective isolation of Enterococcus faecium. Author(s): Ford M, Perry JD, Gould FK. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 December; 32(12): 2999-3001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7883889&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CEPHALEXIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and cephalexin.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Cephalexin The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “cephalexin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “cephalexin” (or a synonym): •
A comparison of the efficacy and safety of mupirocin cream and cephalexin in the treatment of secondarily infected eczema. Author(s): Dermatology Clinical Research Center, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. Source: Rist, T Parish, L C Capin, L R Sulica, V Bushnell, W D Cupo, M A Clin-ExpDermatol. 2002 January; 27(1): 14-20 0307-6938
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A two-step, one-pot enzymatic synthesis of cephalexin from D-phenylglycine nitrile. Author(s): Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Organic Chemistry, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, The Netherlands. Source: Wegman, M A van Langen, L M van Rantwijk, F Sheldon, R A BiotechnolBioeng. 2002 August 5; 79(3): 356-61 0006-3592
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Absorption kinetics and bioavailability of cephalexin in the dog after oral and intramuscular administration. Source: Carli, S. Anfossi, P. Villa, R. Castellani, G. Mengozzi, G. Montesissa, C. J-vetpharmacol-ther. Oxford, England : Blackwell Scientific Ltd. October 1999. volume 22 (5) page 308-313. 0140-7783
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Bullous pemphigoid induced by cephalexin. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South Australia, Australia.
[email protected] Source: Czechowicz, R T Reid, C M Warren, L J Weightman, W Whitehead, F J Australas-J-Dermatol. 2001 May; 42(2): 132-5 0004-8380
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Carrier-mediated transport system for cephalexin in human placental brush-border membrane vesicles. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Kudo, Y Urabe, T Fujiwara, A Yamada, K Kawasaki, T Biochim-Biophys-Acta. 1989 January 30; 978(2): 313-8 0006-3002
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Comparison of oral cephalexin, topical mupirocin and topical bacitracin for treatment of impetigo. Author(s): Department of Pediatrica, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 968595000, USA.
[email protected] Source: Bass, J W Chan, D S Creamer, K M Thompson, M W Malone, F J Becker, T M Marks, S N Pediatr-Infect-Dis-J. 1997 July; 16(7): 708-10 0891-3668
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Effect of amoxicillin, cephalexin, and tetracycline-HCl on intestinal L-leucine transport in the rat in vivo. Author(s): Depto Fisiologia Animal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universida de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. Source: Barcina, Y Ilundain, A Larralde, J Drug-Nutr-Interact. 1988; 5(4): 283-8 0272-3530
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Influence of ranitidine, pirenzepine, and aluminum magnesium hydroxide on the bioavailability of various antibiotics, including amoxicillin, cephalexin, doxycycline, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Author(s): Medical Department, Klinikum Steglitz, Freie Universitat Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. Source: Deppermann, K M Lode, H Hoffken, G Tschink, G Kalz, C Koeppe, P Antimicrob-Agents-Chemother. 1989 November; 33(11): 1901-7 0066-4804
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Mupirocin cream is as effective as oral cephalexin in the treatment of secondarily infected wounds. Author(s): Kanuai Medical Clinic, Hawaii, USA. Source: Kraus, S J Eron, L J Bottenfield, G W Drehobl, M A Bushnell, W D Cupo, M A JFam-Pract. 1998 December; 47(6): 429-33 0094-3509
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Neural modulation of cephalexin intestinal absorption through the di- and tripeptide brush border transporter of rat jejunum in vivo. Author(s): Pharmacie Clinique, Faculte de Pharmacie, Chatenay Malabry, France. Source: Berlioz, F Julien, S Tsocas, A Chariot, J Carbon, C Farinotti, R Roze, C JPharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1999 March; 288(3): 1037-44 0022-3565
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PepT1-mediated epithelial transport of dipeptides and cephalexin is enhanced by luminal leptin in the small intestine. Author(s): Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale Unite 410, Faculte de Medecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France. Source: Buyse, M Berlioz, F Guilmeau, S Tsocas, A Voisin, T Peranzi, G Merlin, D Laburthe, M Lewin, M J Roze, C Bado, A J-Clin-Invest. 2001 November; 108(10): 1483-94 0021-9738
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Preparation, characterization and biological evaluation of copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes with cephalexin. Author(s): Himont Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals (Pvt) Limited, Lahore, Pakistan. Source: Iqbal, M S Ahmad, A R Sabir, M Asad, S M J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 1999 April; 51(4): 371-5 0022-3573
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Prevention of post-excisional wound infections: a comparison of oral cephalexin with topical mupirocin and topical cetrimide-chlorhexidine cream. Author(s): Repatriation General Hospital, Victoria, Australia. Source: Czarnecki, D Meehan, C Nash, C Int-J-Dermatol. 1992 May; 31(5): 359-60 00119059
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Variability in the renal clearance of cephalexin in experimental renal failure. Author(s): Department of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, United Kingdom. Source: Maiza, A Daley Yates, P T J-Pharmacokinet-Biopharm. 1993 February; 21(1): 1930 0090-466X
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CEPHALEXIN Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to cephalexin. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to cephalexin and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “cephalexin” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to cephalexin: •
Absorption kinetics and bioavailability of cephalexin in the dog after oral and intramuscular administration. Author(s): Carli S, Anfossi P, Villa R, Castellani G, Mengozzi G, Montesissa C. Source: Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1999 October; 22(5): 30813. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10597534&dopt=Abstract
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Beyond the letter of the law: the US Federal Circuit interprets section 271(g)(1) Author(s): Tsao R, Hurley EA. Source: Nature Biotechnology. 1997 January; 15(1): 86-7. Erratum In: Nat Biotechnol 1997 April; 15(4): 299. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9035112&dopt=Abstract
•
Control of c-fos expression in STC-1 cells by peptidomimetic stimuli. Author(s): Murai A, Noble PM, Deavall DG, Dockray GJ.
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Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2000 April 7; 394(1): 27-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10771030&dopt=Abstract •
EDTA-tromethamine lavage as an adjunct treatment for multiple fistulas in a dog. Author(s): Bjorling DE, Wooley RE. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1982 September 15; 181(6): 596-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6815143&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of some antibiotics on Fusarium equiseti causing damping off in guar (Cyamopsis tetragonolobe (L.) Taub. Author(s): Dwivedi SK, Dwivedi SK. Source: Hindustan Antibiot Bull. 1993 August-November; 35(3-4): 216-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7960930&dopt=Abstract
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Expression and protein kinase C-dependent regulation of peptide/H+ co-transport system in the Caco-2 human colon carcinoma cell line. Author(s): Brandsch M, Miyamoto Y, Ganapathy V, Leibach FH. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1994 April 1; 299 ( Pt 1): 253-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8166648&dopt=Abstract
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German shepherd dog pyoderma: a prospective study of 12 dogs. Author(s): Rosser EJ Jr. Source: Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. 1997 July-August; 33(4): 355-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9204474&dopt=Abstract
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Improving drug use: a case study of events which led to changes in use of flucloxacillin in Australia. Author(s): Roughead EE, Gilbert AL, Primrose JG. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1999 March; 48(6): 845-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10190645&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of FR-31564, a phosphonic acid antimicrobial agent. Author(s): Neu HC, Kamimura T. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1981 June; 19(6): 1013-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7271270&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanism of synergy between epigallocatechin gallate and beta-lactams against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Zhao WH, Hu ZQ, Okubo S, Hara Y, Shimamura T.
Alternative Medicine 41
Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 June; 45(6): 1737-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11353619&dopt=Abstract •
Potentiation of antibiotic activity by EDTA-tromethamine against three clinically isolated gram-positive resistant bacteria. An in vitro investigation. Author(s): Farca AM, Nebbia P, Re G. Source: Veterinary Research Communications. 1994; 18(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8091636&dopt=Abstract
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Separation and identification of some cephalosporins on impregnated TLC plates. Author(s): Bhushan R, Parshad V. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 1996 September-October; 10(5): 258-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8879536&dopt=Abstract
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Severe anaphylaxis after a chlorhexidine bath. Author(s): Snellman E, Rantanen T. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 May; 40(5 Pt 1): 771-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10321611&dopt=Abstract
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The antibacterial activity of tea in vitro and in vivo (in patients with impetigo contagiosa). Author(s): Sharquie KE, al-Turfi IA, al-Salloum SM. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 27(11): 706-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11138536&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to cephalexin; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Herbs and Supplements Antibiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cephalosporins Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON CEPHALEXIN Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “cephalexin” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on cephalexin, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Cephalexin By performing a patent search focusing on cephalexin, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on cephalexin: •
Agglomerates of.beta.-lactam antibiotics and processess for making agglomerates Inventor(s): Raneburger; Johannes (Woergl, AT), Zeisl; Erich (Jenbach, AT) Assignee(s): Biochemie Gesellschaft m.b.H. (Kundl, AT) Patent Number: 6,440,462 Date filed: September 2, 1998 Abstract: Agglomerates of.beta.-lactam antibiotics, such as penicilllin V potassium, amoxicillin trihydrate, cephalexin monohydrate, which are suitable for direct tablet formation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to agglomerates of.beta.-lactam antibiotics, including e.g. penicillin V potassium, amoxicillin trihydrate, cephalexin monohydrate, which are suitable for direct tablet formation. The most important and most frequently used form for orally administrable.beta.-lactam antibiotics and mixtures, containing.beta.-lactam antibiotics beside a second pharmaceutically active agent and optionally beside auxiliaries, is a tablet or a film tablet. For the production of a tablet or a film tablet, there are at the moment two processes known, namely granulation and direct tablet formation. During granulation, generally very fine-grained, powdered, cohesive, non free-flowing and non-compressible pharmaceutically active agents are granulated in a multi-stage process to form coarser, free-flowing and compressible granules. In such a process, the pharmaceutically active agents are mixed in a first step with a binding agent, compacted whilst moist or dry and subsequently granulated in a second step through a sieve. The binding agent may, e.g. be dissolved in the moistening liquid used for moistening and granulating the powder. In a moist granulation process, drying of the granules is carried out including subsequent sieving to the final grain size. In a dry granulation process, after granulation it is generally necessary to separate the particles which are too coarse or too fine, and to recycle these particles, the coarse grain particles being pulverized again and the fine particles being compacted again. The granulates obtained may be mixed with auxiliaries which are preferably pharmaceutically acceptable required for tablet formation and compressed into tablets. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06440462__
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Cephalexin tablets Inventor(s): Marsden; Richard (Bisley, GB2) Assignee(s): Lilly Industries Limited (London, GB2) Patent Number: 4,143,129 Date filed: January 16, 1978 Abstract: A small tablet containing over 90% by weight of an orally active cephalosporin such as cephalexin and which utilizes as a binder polyvinyl pyrrolidone having a number average molecular weight of from 500,000 to 1,500,000. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to pharmaceutical formulations, more particularly to tablets containing an orally active cephalosporin such as cephalexin or cephradine. Both cephalexin (7-(D-.alpha.-amino-phenylacetamido)-3-methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic
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acid) and cephradine (7-[D-.alpha.-amino-(1,4-cyclohexadienyl)-acetamido]-3-methyl-3cephem-4-c arboxylic acid) are excellent broad spectrum antibiotics having low toxicity. However, for effective chemotherapy of bacterial infections in humans it has been found that quite high dosages are needed. Consequentially, heretofore, administration of these cephalosporins has necessarily taken the form of either rather large tablets or numerous small tablets. Both of these forms of administration have undesirable facets so far as patient acceptability, particularly in children and the elderly, is concerned. Thus, there has long been a need for smaller tablets containing adequate amounts of active ingredient. (d) will disintegrate in distilled water within 15 minutes at 37.degree. C. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04143129__ •
Crystalline cephalexin hydrochloride monohydrate Inventor(s): Engel; Gary L. (Greenwood, IN), Indelicato; Joseph M. (Greenwood, IN), Rose; Harry A. (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 4,600,773 Date filed: December 1, 1983 Abstract: Crystalline cephalexin hydrochloride ethanol solvate converts to crystalline cephalexin hydrochloride monohydrate upon being exposed to moisture. Excerpt(s): Cephalexin is the generic term used to identify the chemical compound 7-(D.alpha.-aminophenylacetamido)-3-methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid. The compound is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,507,861. While cephalexin is a potent antibacterial agent, it does not lend itself to convenient formulation for human therapy because of its physical characteristics. U.S. Pat. No. 3,655,656 describes a process for prreparing a unique form of cephalexin, namely a monohydrate, which is a highly crystalline dense form of cephalexin ideally suited to formulation into capsules and tablets for human therapy. While cephalexin monohydrate has enjoyed widespread commercial success as a two to four times-a-day treatment for diseases of bacterial origin, it heretofore has not been possible to formulate it into a slow-release rate controlled drug form. It is now recognized that controlling the blood concentrations of a therapeutic agent such as cephalexin over a prolonged period of time is a method of improving the selectivity of the agents' beneficial actions. Moreover, a once or twice-a-day administration of a slowrelease dosage form is much more convenient and preferred over the requirement of multiple dosings per day. A technology involving concepts of an elementary osmotic pump recently has been developed and has proven to be effective in permitting control of drug content and rate of drug delivery in vivo; see Theeuwes, F., "Elementary Osmotic Pump," J. Pharm. Sci., Vol. 64, 1975, pp 1987-1991. In order to function in such a delivery system, a pharmaceutical agent must be sufficiently soluble in water and body fluids to permit development of sufficient differential osmotic pressure to effect release of the active agent into the biological system being treated. The agent must also be of sufficient stability such that it retains its pharmacological potency throughout the entire release period, which may extend from about three to about twelve hours duration. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04600773__
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Deacetoxycephalosporins via penicillin sulfoxide rearrangement Inventor(s): Hatfield; Lowell D. (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 3,953,440 Date filed: December 13, 1974 Abstract: Penicillin sulfoxides, notably the sulfoxides of penicillin V and penicillin G, are heated with amine salts of dichloromethane phosphonate in 1,1,2-trichloroethane to provide superior yields of deacetoxycephalosporins. The process is especially valuable in providing greater yields of the intermediate in the synthesis of the commercial antibiotic, cephalexin. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the preparation of deacetoxycephalosporins. In particular, it relates to an improved process for the conversion of penicillin sulfoxide esters to deacetoxycephalosporin esters. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,275,626 Morin and Jackson describe the penicillin sulfoxide rearrangement reaction wherein the thiazolidine ring of a penicillin sulfoxide is expanded to the dihydrothiazine ring of the desacetoxycephalosporin. This process provided the first practical method for the preparation of the deacetoxycephalosporins, the 3-methyl-3cephem compounds, and also povided for the first time a method for the preparation of cephalosporin compounds which did not depend upon cephalosporin C as a starting material. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,647,787 Cooper describes an improved process for the conversion of penicillin sulfoxides to deacetoxycephalosporins which comprises heating the penicillin sulfoxide ester under acid conditions in a tertiary carboxamide, a urea derivative, and/or a sulfonamide. A further improved process is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,591,585 issued July 6, 1971. Therein the use of a sulfonic acid catalyst in a tertiary carboxamide solvent is described. More recently, U.S. Pat. No. 3,725,397 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,725,399 describe certain acid catalysts which can be employed in the ring expansion process. In the former patent, nitrogen base complexes formed with lower alkyl, phenyl lower alkyl, or phenyl dihydrogen phosphates are taught as useful acid catalysts in the rearrangement. The latter patent describes the use of certain amine salts of sulfonic acids, phosphorus acid, or trifluoroacetic acid in the ring expansion process. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03953440__
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De-esterification process for cephalosporins Inventor(s): Hatfield; Lowell D. (Bargersville, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 4,091,214 Date filed: February 25, 1977 Abstract: p-Nitrobenzyl esters of cephalosporins are reductively cleaved with zinc and.alpha.-hydroxycarboxylic acids, e.g., the p-nitrobenzyl ester of the cephalosporin antibiotic, cephalexin, is reacted in an inert solvent with zinc and mandelic acid to provide the antibiotic, cephalexin, as the free acid in yields greater than 85 percent. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the de-esterification of cephalosporin esters. In particular, it relates to a process for the de-esterification of p-nitrobenzyl esters of cephalosporins. Esters of cephalosporins are commonly employed intermediates in the synthesis of cephalosporin antibiotics in the free acid form. The ester function is
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generally employed to block or protect the acidic carboxylic acid function in the molecule while reactions at other sites in the molecule are carried out. For example, Garbrecht, U.S. Pat. No. 3,632,850 describes the use of the p-nitrobenzyl ester group in the synthesis of cephalexin. In the final step of the synthesis, this ester is cleaved via hydrogenolysis under acidic conditions. Garbrecht later describes in U.S. Pat. No. 3,781,282 the de-esterification of p-nitrobenzyl esters of cephalosporins with zinc and acid in an amide-type solvent, for example in dimethylformamide. Jackson, U.S. Pat. No. 3,799,924 describes the removal of the p-nitrobenzyl ester group of cephalosporins on treatment of the ester with sodium or potassium dithionite at a pH above about 7. More recently, in copending application Ser. No. 701,850, filed July 1, 1976, Hatfield describes a process for de-esterifying certain penicillin and cephalosporin esters including the pnitrobenzyl ester group which comprises a reductive cleavage employing zinc and organothiols, e.g., benzenethiol. Because of the importance of the p-nitrobenzyl esters of cephalosporin antibiotics in the synthesis of these antibiotics in the free acid antibiotic form, improved or alternative methods for the removal of this ester group continue to be the subject of investigation. p-Nitrobenzyl esters of cephalosporin compounds are deesterified in an inert solvent with zinc and an.alpha.-hydroxycarboxylic acid. The process comprises a reductive cleavage of the p-nitrobenzyl group wherein the.alpha.hydroxycarboxylic acid functions as a proton donor in the reduction and in addition forms insoluble zinc chelates which are readily separated from the reduction mixture. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04091214__ •
Halogenation of cephalexin with haloperoxidase from Rathayibacter biopuresis Inventor(s): Chen; Yung-Pin (Columbia, SC), Shen; Yong-Qiang (Revere, MA), Wong; Bing L. (Durham, NH) Assignee(s): Biopure Corporation (Cambridge, MA) Patent Number: 5,589,354 Date filed: December 20, 1994 Abstract: An enzyme preparation that exhibits cephalosporin haloperoxidase activity is isolatable from a microorganism species of the Rathayibacter genus. This enzyme preparation can convert cephalexin to a halogenated cephalosporin antibiotic in a single step. A particular, unique microorganism that can provide the cephalosporin haloperoxidase enzyme preparation is Rathayibacter biopuresis. Excerpt(s): Cefaclor (7-[phenylglycylamido]-3-chloro-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid) is an antibiotic of the cephalosporin class. Its antibiotic activity is effective against a range of bacteria including Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Diplococcus pneumoniae, Shigella sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aerobacter aerogenes and Salmonella heidelberg. This antibiotic has been synthesized from parent compounds by synthetic organic techniques (see, e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,925,372 and 4,064,343). A common synthetic technique is to protect the 4-carboxylate by esterification, proceed by a series of steps to modify the 3 position so that a sole chloride atom is eventually covalently bound at that position, and then remove the ester protecting group from the carboxylate. In this manner a variety of cephalosporin antibiotics have been synthesized. Another antibiotic in the cephalosporin family is cephalexin (7-[phenylglycylamido]-3-methyl-3-cephem-4carboxylic acid). This antibiotic compound differs from cefaclor by the substitution of a methyl for the chloride at the 3 position. The synthesis of cephalexin is more easily achieved than the synthesis of cefaclor. However, the usefulness of cefaclor as an antibiotic surpasses that of cephalexin. For these reasons, it would be desirable to easily
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convert cephalexin to cefaclor. Synthetic organic routes can be utilized but, when these synthetic schemes are invoked, several steps are required to achieve this conversion. A simple, one-step process would be more desirable. Certain microorganisms contain haloperoxidases that can halogenate a wide variety of organic compounds (Franssen, M. C. R. et al., Adv. Applied Microbiol. 37: 41-99 (1992)). At the present time, these haloperoxidases do not appear to have commercial application as peroxidases. However, their use as halogenating agents has been sought. Despite optimistic predictions for the use of chloroperoxidases and other halogenating enzymes in the production of particular chemicals, the potential for the use of the haloperoxidases for this purpose remains unrealized. The major obstacles to fulfillment of these predictions lie in the narrow pH range of operation for these enzymes, the use of high concentrations of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 which can be toxic to the source of the enzymes, and the short half-lives of the enzyme biocatalysts, to name a few. Most haloperoxidases concomitantly convert a peroxide to water in the course of oxidizing the halide. Following this process, an enzymatic addition reaction occurs. However, to convert cephalexin to cefaclor, a substitution reaction is required; specifically, the substitution of a chloride for a methyl group. It would be desirable to have an enzyme preparation that not only halogenates an organic compound but also substitutes a halide such as a chloride for a methyl group on the organic compound at the same time. It would be especially desirable to have an enzyme that performs this substitution reaction at the appropriate position on a cephalexin molecule, thereby producing a halogenated product such as cefaclor. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05589354__ •
Method for the production of 3-methyl cephem derivatives Inventor(s): Schreiber; Fred G. (Highland Park, NJ) Assignee(s): Biocraft Laboratories, Inc. (Fairlawn, NJ) Patent Number: 5,034,522 Date filed: August 27, 1990 Abstract: A method for obtaining improved cophalexin monohydrate or cephradine monohydrate yields and purities in the syntheses of such materials by the acylation of silyl esters of 7-ADCA, which involves admixing a cephalexin or cephradine-containing system with base to separate the acid acceptor employed during acylation from the product, and thereafter separating the aqueous phase containing the cephalosporin anion from the organin phase containing the acid acceptor, to thereby prevent contamination of the desired product by the acid acceptor. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improvements in the synthesis of certain 3methyl cephem derivatives, viz., cephalexin or cephradine, by the acylation of silyl esters of 7-ADCA. In particular, it relates to an improved recovery technique for obtaining such materials in good yields and purities. Cephalexin and cephradine are antibacterial agents of the class of compounds commonly referred to as cephalosporins. Numerous disclosures of alternative methods for the production and purification of cephalexin and cephradine, their salts and hydrates, have appeared in the technical literature over the past twenty years. In accordance with one commercially important synthesis, cephalexin or cephradine may be prepared by silylating 7aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA), reacting the resulting silyl ester with an appropriate acylating agent, cleaving the silyl protecting groups, and raising the pH of the reaction mixture to the isoelectric point to precipitate the desired product.
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Syntheses of this type are disclosed, for example, in British Patent No. 1,073,530; Japanese Patent Publication No. 41-3907 (1966); Weissenburger et al. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,499,909 and 3,575,970; and Jackson U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,671,449 and 3,694,437. Similar procedures have also been proposed for the synthesis of the related 3-methyl cephem, cefadroxil; see, for example, Bouzard et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,721 and Reissue Patent Re. 31730. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05034522__ •
Method of preparing a sparingly soluble complex of cephalexin Inventor(s): Faarup; Peter (Frederiksberg, DK) Assignee(s): Novo Industri A/S (DK) Patent Number: 4,003,896 Date filed: December 17, 1974 Abstract: Method of recovering high purity cephalexin in high yields from a solution containing cephalexin comprising the steps of reacting said solution with a nonsubstituted or substituted naphthalene to form a complex with cephalexin, isolating said complex, and decomposing said complex to recover cephalexin or a salt thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of preparing novel sparingly soluble cephalexin complexes, and more particularly to a method of recovering high purity cephalexin in high yields from a solution containing cephalexin. When cephalexin, i.e. 7.beta.-(D(-)-.alpha.-phenylglycylamido)-3-methyl-ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid is recovered in crystalline form from an aqueous solution thereof, it tends to occlude undesired compounds and impurities originating from the reaction mixture used for the production of said cephalexin. Thus, when cephalexin has been prepared by acylating 7-amino-3-desacetoxy cephalosporanic acid (in the following referred to as 7-ADCA) or esters thereof with phenylglycyl chloride, hydrochloride, or with other forms of protected and activated phenylglycin derivative and the protecting groups, if any, have been removed by hydrogenation or hydrolysis, the solution obtained contains undesired products or impurities originating from the starting material or decomposition products thereof, e.g. 7-ADCA and phenylglycin. The presence of such undesired products or impurities impedes the purification of cephalexin, e.g. by disturbing the precipitation of cephalexin at its isoelectric point. Therefore, hitherto it has been difficult to prepare high purity cephalexin in high yields. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04003896__
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Modified release matrix formulation of cefaclor and cephalexin Inventor(s): Arora; Jagdish (Chaudlgarh, IN), Jain; Girish (Delhi, IN), Sen; Himadri (Haryana, IN) Assignee(s): Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited (New Delhi, IN) Patent Number: 5,948,440 Date filed: December 17, 1997 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition in the form of a tablet for controlled release of an active ingredient comprises cefaclor, cephalexin, or their pharmaceutically acceptable hydrates, salts, or esters as active ingredient, and a mixture of hydrophilic
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polymers of different viscosity grades selected from the group consisting of at least one hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and at least one hydroxypropylcellulose. The composition optionally also contains one or more of a water soluble or water dispersible diluent. The quantities of the hydrophilic polymers and water soluble or water dispersible diluent are such that the therapeutically effective active ingredient is released at a rate suitable for twice daily administration of the pharmaceutical composition to human subjects. The tablets may also be coated with a rapidly dissolving water soluble polymeric film coat. In a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises about 50% to about 90% by weight of cefaclor, cephalexin, or their pharmaceutically acceptable hydrates, salts, or esters, and about 5% to about 35% of a mixture of hydrophilic polymers of different grades, wherein the hydrophilic polymers comprise about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of hydroxypropyl cellulose. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition of modified release tablets comprising cefaclor or cephalexin, or their pharmaceutically acceptable hydrates, salts, or esters as active ingredient, and a mixture of hydrophilic polymers of different viscosity grades selected from the group consisting of at least one hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and at least one hydroxypropylcellulose. Optionally, the composition also contains one or more of a water soluble and/or water dispersible diluent, wherein the quantities of the hydrophilic polymers and water soluble and/or water dispersible diluents are such that the therapeutically effective active ingredient is released at a rate suitable for twice-daily administration of the pharmaceutical composition to human subjects. Optionally, the tablets may be coated with a rapidly dissolving water soluble polymer film coat. The use of hydrophilic polymers to produce sustained or modified release pharmaceutical compositions is known in the art. For modified release solid dosage forms comprising a drug dispersed uniformly in hydrophilic polymers, release of the drug is controlled primarily by diffusion of the drug, or by surface erosion of the hydrophilic polymers into the surrounding medium, or by a combination of the two processes. Control of the rate of release benefits therapy by producing constant blood levels of the active ingredient and by decreasing the frequency of administration, thereby improving patient compliance to the dosage regimen. The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition of modified release tablets of cefaclor or cephalexin suitable for twice-daily administration to human subjects. Several controlled drug delivery system adapted for the delivery of cefaclor or cephalexin are known in the prior art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05948440__ •
Penicillin G acylase immobilized with a crosslinked mixture of gelled gelatin and amino polymer Inventor(s): De Vroom; Erik (Leiden, NL) Assignee(s): Gist-Brocades B.V. (NL) Patent Number: 6,060,268 Date filed: January 15, 1998 Abstract: Penicillin G acylase is immobilized by covalent bonding to a crosslinked mixture of a gelled gelling agent such as gelatin and a polymer containing free amino groups such as alginate amine, chitosan or polyethylene imine. The immobilized penicillin G acylase provides a higher synthesis/hydrolysis ratio as compared to immobilizing with other carriers when producing.beta.-lactam derivatives by a
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condensing reaction of an amino.beta.-lactam with an acylating agent. The acylating agent may be a derivative of D-phenylglycine, a derivative of D-phydroxyphenylglycine or a derivative of D-2,5-dihydro-phenylglycine. Examples of.beta.-lactam derivatives that can be produced are amoxycillin, ampicillin, cephaclor, cephadroxil, cephprozil, cephalexin and cephradine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improved immobilized Penicillin G acylase. Furthermore, the invention relates to the preparation of.beta.-lactam-antibiotics by enzymatic acylation of the parent amino.beta.-lactam nucleus with the corresponding acylating agent using said immobilized enzyme. Enzymatic production of semisynthetic.beta.-lactam antibiotics by acylation of the parent amino.beta.-lactam moiety with an activated side chain acid derivative, such as an amide or an ester, is known from Dutch patent 158847, European patent applications 339751 and 473008, international patent applications WO 92/01061 and WO 93/12250, U.S. Pat. No. 3,816,253, and West German patent documents 2163792 and 2621618. The enzymes used in the art are in most cases penicillin acylases obtained from Escherichia coli and are immobilized on various types of water-insoluble materials. A drawback of the known enzymatic methods for the production of amoxycillin, ampicillin, cephadroxil, cephalexin, and cephradine is the high cost due to the selectivity of the immobilized enzyme. Said immobilized enzymes are capable of condensing activated side chain derivatives such as D(-)-phenylglycine amide (PGA), D(-)-phenylglycine methyl ester (PGM), D(-)-4-hydroxyphenylglycine amide (HPGA), D(-)-4-hydroxyphenylglycine methyl ester (HPGM), D(-)-2,5-dihydro-phenylglycine amide (DPGA), and D(-)-2,5dihydrophenylglycine methyl ester (DPGM) with amino.beta.-lactams such as 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA), 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), 7-amino-3-chloro-3cephem-4-carboxylic acid (7-ACCA), 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) and 7-amino-3-[(Z)-1-propenyl]-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid. On the other hand, said immobilized enzymes will also hydrolyse the activated side chain derivatives to worthless side chain acids. Also, the desired product hydrolyses to form side chain acid and the parent amino.beta.-lactam. A high ratio between synthesis and hydrolysis will lower the cost of activated side chain derivative. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06060268__ •
Process for preparing cephalexin monohydrate Inventor(s): Schreiber; Fred G. (Highland Park, NJ) Assignee(s): Biocraft Laboratories, Inc. (Fairlawn, NJ) Patent Number: 5,142,043 Date filed: May 10, 1990 Abstract: Cephalexin monohydrate prepared by the silylation of 7-ADCA is obtained in high yield and of improved purity when the silylation step is carried out by refluxing in a solvent having a boiling point of over 100.degree. C. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an improved method of preparing cephalexin monohydrate. More particularly, this invention method produces cephalexin monohydrate in high yield and high purity. The silylation step has generally been carried out in solvents such as methylene chloride which has a boiling point of 40.degree. C. at reflux, with various silylating agents in the presence of a catalyst such as saccharin. Room temperature reaction in acetonitrile has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,694,437. The silylated intermediate (II) is then reacted with a mixed anhydride. The
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mixed anhydride (IV) is made by converting D-(alpha)-phenylglycine Dane salt potassium ethyl ester (III) with pivaloyl chloride catalyzed with 2,6-lutidine in a suitable solvent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05142043__ •
Process for preparing cephalosporin compounds from 7-ADCA Inventor(s): Burton; Brian (Ruislip, EN), Graham; William (Gerrards Cross, EN) Assignee(s): Glaxo Laboratories Limited (Greenford, EN) Patent Number: 3,957,773 Date filed: July 2, 1974 Abstract: 7.beta.-Amino-3-methylceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid is converted to cephalexin in high yield and relatively uncontaminated with unreacted 7.beta.-amino-3methylceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid if it is silylated prior to acylation with phenyl glycyl chloride hydrochloride and if the acylation reaction is conducted in dimethylformamide at low temperature in the presence of certain weak tertiary nitrogen bases. Excerpt(s): This invention concerns improvements in or relating to cephalosporin compounds and is particularly concerned with a process for the preparation of cephalexin. More particularly the invention is concerned with an improved process for the preparation of cephalexin from 7.beta.-amino-3-methylceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid, sometimes referred to as 7-aminodesacetoxy-cephalosporanic acid or, more simply, 7ADCA. Cephalexin [7.beta.-(D-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido)-3-methylceph-3-em-4carboxylic acid] is well known as a valuable orally-administrable cephalosporin antibiotic and may be prepared by acylation of 7-ADCA or a carboxylate derivative, e.g. a salt or ester, thereof to introduce the D-.alpha.-aminophenylacetyl group at the 7position, followed if necessary by de-esterification. 7-ADCA or the carboxylate derivative thereof employed as starting material may itself conveniently be obtained from a fermentation-produced penicillin compound, e.g. penicillin G or penicillin V, by methods involving ring expansion of a penicillin sulphoxide ester, for example as described in British Patent Specifications Nos. 1,299,734; 1,312,232 or 1,312,233 and subsequent N-deacylation (and de-esterification) of the resulting 7.beta.-acylamido-3methylceph-3-em-4-carboxylate ester, the deacylation being effected by, for example, the imide halide technique described in U.S. Patent No. 3,697,515 and British Patent Specifications Nos. 1,241,655 and 1,227,014. Existing industrial processes for the manufacture of cephalexin generally employ acylating agents such as D-phenylglycyl chloride as their N-protected derivatives, e.g. derivatives wherein the amino group is protected by substitution with a hydrolytically cleavable protecting group such as tbutoxy-carbonyl or a reductively cleavable protecting group such as 2,2,2trichloroethoxycarbonyl, in order to minimise undesirable side reactions involving the amino group during the acylation reaction. Where such acylating agents are employed, subsequent N-deprotection reactions are necessary in order to regenerate the amino group in the cephalexin 7-position side chain, and such subsequent reactions necessarily complicate a preparative sequence and add to its overall cost. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03957773__
Patents 53
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Process for preparing desacetoxycephalosporanic acid Inventor(s): Vladuchick; William C. (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 4,346,219 Date filed: June 29, 1981 Abstract: Process for preparing 7-ADCA and 7-(N,Ndisubstituted)aminodesacetoxycephalosporins which comprises reacting 7-ACA or an N,N-disubstituted derivative thereof with a tri-(C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl)silane in a highly acidic organic acid, e.g. trifluoroacetic acid, with a Lewis acid, preferably boron trifluoride, at a temperature of 20.degree. C. to 100.degree. C. E.g., 7-ADCA is readily prepared in high yield, is purified by isoelectric precipitation, and is useful for preparing cephalexin. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the preparation of cephalosporin compounds. In particular, it relates to a process for the preparation of 7-(N,Ndisubstituted)-3-methyl-3-cephem compounds and 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid hereinafter referred to by the commonly used abbreviation 7-ADCA. 7-ADCA is useful as an intermediate for the preparation of desacetoxycephalosporin antibiotic compounds, in particular, cephalexin. The N,N-disubstituted desacetoxycephalosporins can be converted to 7-ADCA. 7-ADCA has been obtained by the hydrogenolysis of the cephalosporin C nucleus 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), Stedman, et al., J. Med. Chem. 7, 117 (1964); U.S. Pat. No. 3,124,576. 7-Amino- and 7-(N,Ndisubstituted)aminocephalosporanic acids are converted to the corresponding 3-methyl3-cephem-4-carboxylic acids by reacting the cephalosporanic acid with a tri(C.sub.1 C.sub.6 alkyl)silane in the presence of an organic acid having a pKa of
