Broccoli - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

BROCCOLI A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Broccoli: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83801-1 1. Broccoli-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on broccoli. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BROCCOLI ................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Broccoli.......................................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 12 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BROCCOLI ........................................................................................ 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 Finding Nutrition Studies on Broccoli ........................................................................................ 19 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 29 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BROCCOLI ................................................................. 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 33 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 36 General References ....................................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BROCCOLI ................................................................................... 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Dissertations on Broccoli ............................................................................................................. 41 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON BROCCOLI .............................................................................................. 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Patents on Broccoli....................................................................................................................... 43 Patent Applications on Broccoli................................................................................................... 71 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 78 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON BROCCOLI .................................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 79 Chapters on Broccoli .................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BROCCOLI .................................................................... 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 83 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 85 Academic Periodicals covering Broccoli....................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 87 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 88 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 93 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 95 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 97 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 99 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 103 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 105

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Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 105 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 105 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 111 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 111 BROCCOLI DICTIONARY.......................................................................................................... 113 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 145

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with broccoli is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about broccoli, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to broccoli, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on broccoli. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to broccoli, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on broccoli. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BROCCOLI Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on broccoli.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and broccoli, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “broccoli” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Get a Low-Fat Life Source: Fitness. p.84,86,88. October 1998. Summary: Eppel offers 14 hints on reducing dietary fat. Sample suggestions are: using evaporated skim milk in recipes as a replacement for half- and-half or heavy cream; making beans a staple of the diet; and adding lots of vegetables such as broccoli, onions, and tomatoes to macaroni and cheese. Other ideas are: using strong flavors such as lemon, vinegar, and capers for low-fat recipes; eating lots of rice; and including high amounts of fiber in the diet.

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10 Foods That Pack a Wallop Source: Time. 159(3): 76-81. January 21, 2002.

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Summary: Horowitz discusses 10 foods that help prevent or fight many chronic diseases. These foods are high in phytochemicals, antioxidants, and/or fiber. Many of the food chemicals that make foods good for us are the ones that are colorful, such as tomatoes, spinach, red wine, nuts, broccoli, oats, salmon (salmon contains omega-3 fatty acids, not phytochemicals, antioxidants, or fiber), garlic, green tea, and blueberries. Horowitz provides a summary of the research that shows the health benefits of the substances found in each of these foods. •

The Freshness Fallacy Source: Health. 12(2):38,41. March 1998. Summary: Morse reports on a recent study that compared frozen and fresh vegetables for nutritional content. The researchers found that the vegetables (carrots, broccoli, green beans, and corn) were as nutritious after freezing as they were after storage for 8 days (corn and green beans), 14 days (broccoli) and 21 days (carrots). Morse finds that this is because the frozen vegetables are processed relatively quickly after they are picked, while the fresh vegetables may not actually be prepared for as long as two weeks after they are picked.

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Home-Grown Medicine? Source: Digestive Health and Nutrition. p. 16-18, 36. May-June 2000. Contact: Available from American Gastroenterological Association. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, 7th Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (877) DHN-4YOU or (301) 654-2055, ext. 650. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This article discusses the nutritional impact of home gardening. The author notes that gardeners benefit from the light exercise and fresh air they receive from their hobby as well as other intangibles such as the mental fulfillment that comes from nurturing a plant to full growth. However, the most important benefit of a home garden is the nutritional power it can bring to the table. Having a vegetable garden can boost consumption of fruits and vegetables, which in turn has been shown in numerous studies to lower the risk of site specific cancers (colon and breast cancer) and to reduce the incidence or intensity of heart disease, eye disease, and a number of other ailments. The author then focuses on five 'heavyweight' garden products that carry numerous essential vitamins as well as healthful amounts of phytochemicals and fiber: tomatoes, broccoli, peas and beans, leafy greens, and strawberries. The article concludes with the websites for three sources of additional information: the American Dietetic Association (www.eatright.org), Mann's Broccoli Town, USA (www.broccoli.com), and the National Cancer Institute and the Produce for Better Health Foundation (www.5aday.com).

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Consider the Pastabilities Source: Prevention's Guide to Weight Loss. p.74-77. 1997. Summary: This article offers recipes and suggestions for cooking low- fat meals with pasta. Sample recipes are Penne with Broccoli and Fresh Tomatoes, Pasta with Turkey and Fresh Salsa, and Fusilli with Three-Green Pesto.

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Bone Up On Calcium Source: Diabetes Forecast. 45(3): 38, 40-41. March 1992.

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Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article reviews the role of calcium in the diet, particularly for people who have diabetes mellitus. Topics include specific circumstances that call for increased dietary calcium, the role of calcium in avoiding osteoporosis, guidelines for how much calcium should be ingested and the best sources for calcium, increasing calcium intake without increasing cholesterol intake, and calcium supplements. Four recipes from a menu designed to provide the U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance of calcium are included: broccoli quiche, tomato soup, cucumber yogurt salad, and peachy rice pudding. Each recipe includes the full nutritional and exchange list information. •

Liver Detoxification Source: Digestive Health and Nutrition. p. 19. May-June 2000. Contact: Available from American Gastroenterological Association. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, 7th Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (877) DHN-4YOU or (301) 654-2055, ext. 650. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This brief article reviews the use of herbal supplements and herbal therapies for the purpose of 'liver detoxification.' The author first reviews the role of the liver, notably its action in detoxifying harmful substances in the body, i.e., pollutants in the environment, medications, alcohol, chemicals in cigarette smoke, and internal toxins like bacterial waste products. Alternative health practitioners claim that liver detoxification is a useful way to naturally cleanse the liver of harmful toxins and enhance a person's overall health and well being. Poor nutrition is blamed as the main cause of toxins in the body. The 2 week detoxification process consists of a diet that includes, in part, fish and poultry, plenty of fresh fruits and raw or steamed vegetables (especially lemons, broccoli, cauliflower, brussel sprouts, and cabbage) and whole grain foods, lots of water and a 'liver flush' mixture of Epsom salts, olive oil, and lemon juice. The process recommends avoiding processed foods (foods containing additives and sweeteners), red meat, carbonated beverages, caffeine, and alcohol while on the diet because they slow down the liver's detoxification process. Alternative health practitioners frequently use herbal supplements and other herbal therapies to help repair and restore the detoxification system by stimulating liver enzyme activity and protecting the liver against toxins. The article includes an interview with a gastroenterologist who says that although some patients may show improvement when taking herbs, there is no conclusive medical evidence establishing herbal therapies as a cure for any disease or disorder. In addition, herbs should be considered as drugs, particularly when used in combination with other medications or herbs.

Federally Funded Research on Broccoli The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to broccoli. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to broccoli. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore broccoli. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for broccoli: •

Project Title: BROCCLI SPROUT GLUCOSINOLATE & ISOTHIOCYNATE METABOLISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Talalay, Paul; Professor; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Diets rich in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli are associated with a reduced risk of cancer. Animal studies have identified sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate, as the ingredient in broccoli responsible for protection against cancer. This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled inpatient evaluation of the safety and tolerance of broccoli sprout isothiocyanates or glucosinolates (the inert form of isothiocyanates stored in intact plants). Four escalating dose levels of broccoli sprout preparations (25, 100 micromol glucosinolate; 25, 100 micromol isothiocyanate) will be studied in a sequential fashion, each level in a cohort of four healthy volunteers (3 active, 1 placebo). There is a five day washout, seven day dosing, and final seven day washout period. Subjects are maintained throughout the study on a diet free of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates. Doses are given every eight hours for a total of 21 doses. Blood is collected before, during and after dosing, and sent for a battery of hematology and chemistry studies. Urine for assay of isothiocyanates and metabolites is collected continuously throughout the entire study, in 8 hr intervals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHEMOPREVENTIVE EFFICACY OF BROCCOLI SPROUTS IN HUMANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kensler, Thomas W.; Professor; Environmental Health Sciences; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 13-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Epidemiological studies provide convincing evidence for an inverse relation between quantities of fruit and vegetables consumed and the risk of developing cancer. A major mechanism for protection involves induction of phase 2 detoxication enzymes that promote elimination of carcinogens and boost antioxidant capacity. Many edible plants, most notably 3-day-old broccoli sprouts, contain potent phase 2 enzyme inducer activity in the form of isothiocyanates or their glucosinolate precursors. In animals, sulforaphane, derived from the principal glucosinolate (glucoraphanin) of broccoli sprouts, is a very potent inducer of phase 2 enzyme activity and protects against chemical carcinogenesis. The objective of this study is to translate and evaluate these laboratory findings in a high-risk human population. Previous trials have afforded important information on the safety, metabolism and

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urinary disposition of isothiocyanates, and on the activation of glucosinolates. Since it is possible to grow broccoli sprouts with a consistent composition of glucoraphanin, we propose to conduct a clinical trial to provide the first assessment of the efficacy of broccoli sprouts to modulate the metabolism of an environmental carcinogen in humans. The target population for this clinical trial is residents of Qidong, People's Republic of China, who are at high risk for development of hepatocellular carcinoma, in part from consumption of dietary staples contaminated with aflatoxins. The capacity of ingestion of broccoli sprouts to reduce the urinary excretion of aflatoxin-DNA damage products will provide the primary means for measuring efficacy of the intervention. This clinical trial will provide a rigorous assessment of the usefulness of modulating expression of carcinogen detoxication enzymes by means of a food containing a standardized level of a phytochemical as a general strategy for chemoprevention in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING LABORATORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Godwin, Andrew K.; Member/Director of Genetic Testing Labor; Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia, Pa 19111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: (Applicant's Description) This core is intended to be a resource for the SPORE as a whole and a valuable source of biological materials and genetic information for our continuing studies of the etiology of ovarian cancer. The Genetic Susceptibility Testing Laboratory Core will be responsible for the processing of blood samples collected through the "Ovarian Cancer Clinical Network" Core directed by Dr. M. Daly. Biological samples collected at all participating sites will be forwarded to the Clinical Molecular Genetics Laboratory at the FCCC for processing and banking under CELIA approved guidelines. It is anticipated that approximately 4,300 peripheral blood samples will be collected and processed during the course of the proposed studies. These samples will come from women diagnosed with ovarian cancer and their first- and second-degree female relatives. A subset of these samples will be from breast cancer and breast/ovarian cancer syndrome families and will be tested for Geraldine mutations in BRCA1. As part of Project 4- "Chemoprevention Studies in Patients at Risk for Ovarian Cancer", headed by Dr. Paul Engstrom, eligible participants will be enrolled onto clinical chemoprevention trials. The Genetic Susceptibility Testing Laboratory Core will also be responsible for the distribution of constitutional DNA samples from ovarian cancer patients to SPORE participants. Ovarian tumor DNA and corresponding normal (from peripheral blood) will be evaluated by Dr. Hamilton for loss of heterozygosity on chromosome q. and for mutational analysis of LOT. Blood samples will also be used in the several pilot studies. Dr. Raftogianis' project will require fresh blood specimens from ovarian cancer patients and from age matched controls for evaluation of arylsulfatase C (ARSC) activity and the presence of DNA polymorphisms within the human ARSC gene. Dr. Broccoli's project will require DNAs isolated from BRCA1 mutant allele carriers and age matched controls to establish if telomere length is a reliable marker for susceptibility to breast and/or ovarian cancer. Both Dr. Godwin (Project 2) and Dr. Broccoli (Pilot Project 1) will require fresh-frozen ovarian tumor tissue from BRCA1 mutation carriers. Dr. Godwin will use these samples to determine if the pattern of gene expression differs between sporadic and hereditary forms of ovarian cancer and Dr. Broccoli will determine the telomere dynamics in BRCA1-associated ovarian tumors. Overall, this proposal is a natural extension of our long term interest in the etiology of ovarian cancer and our Clinical Molecular Genetics laboratory will serve as the Genetic

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Susceptibility Testing Laboratory Core for the collection, processing, storage, and distribution of a large number of highly valuable bio-specimens, and for the BRCA1 mutation testing of women participating in chemoprevention trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTESTINAL DISPOSITION OF CHEMOPREVENTION AGENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cook, Thomas J.; Assistant Professor; Pharmaceutics; Rutgers the St Univ of Nj New Brunswick Asb Iii New Brunswick, Nj 08901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dietary factors, particularly increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, can decrease the risk of developing cancer including gastrointestinal cancers among others. The presence of chemopreventive compounds in fruits and vegetables is believed to contribute to the role of diet in mitigating cancer risk. Many compounds with chemopreventive activity have been isolated from a host of edible plants (e.g., sulforaphane from broccoli and Brussels sprouts; resveratrol from grapes and peanuts; geraniol from lemongrass). These compounds provide a wealth of opportunity for the improvement of human health by decreasing the risk of developing cancer. However, the promise that a chemopreventive compound holds can only be realized if the compound has sufficient bioavailability to exert its pharmacological effect. For orally administered compounds (such as chemopreventive compounds from foods), intestinal disposition will play a major role in their overall bioavailability. While current research on chemopreventive compounds focuses on their discovery and discerning their mechanism of action, studies on the bioavailability and mechanisms of absorption and metabolism have been relatively lacking. Research on the intestinal disposition (i.e., intestinal permeability and metabolism) of chemopreventive agents is particularly important. The issue of intestinal disposition and how it affects bioavailability is critical to the in vivo biological activity of any orally ingested dietary compound. Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate chemopreventive agent found in cruciferous vegetables, is known to modulate the expression of a membrane transport protein and several metabolizing enzymes that are present in the intestine. Therefore, to enhance our understanding of the oral bioavailability and mechanisms of absorption and metabolism of chemopreventive compounds, we propose to determine (A) the intestinal disposition of SFN and (B) how SFN's effects on gene/protein expression in the intestine (potential biomarkers of cancer chemoprevention activity) can affect the bioavailability of xenobiotics, including SFN itself. Our hypothesis is that dietary chemopreventive compounds such as SFN can affect their own bioavailability and the bioavailability of other xenobiotics by modulating the expression of Phase II detoxifying enzymes and membrane transporters in the Intestine. To test this hypothesis, the following Specific Aims will be addressed in this proposal: Specific Aim 1: Determine the intestinal disposition of SFN in the rat using single-pass intestinal perfusion technique (SPIP) with and without mesenteric vein cannulation and diffusion chamber studies. Specific Aim 2: Determine the effects of SFN on the gene expression of several Phase II detoxifying enzymes that are potential biomarkers of chemopreventive effects as well as membrane transporters that could affect intestinal disposition of xenobiotics and correlate the effects to the permeability of SFN. Results from these studies will enhance our understanding of the bioavailability and mechanisms of absorption and metabolism of the dietary chemopreventive compound, SFN. The issues of intestinal disposition and bioavailability ultimately determine the in vivo effects of

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chemopreventive compounds and understanding the underlying mechanisms will lead to improved cancer prevention modalities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ISOTHIOCYANATE EXCRETION, BRASSICA, AND BREAST CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Fowke, Jay; Epidemiology and Biostatistics; University of South Carolina at Columbia Byrnes Bldg., Room 501 Columbia, Sc 29208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2001 Summary: Dietary factors play an important role in the etiology of breast cancer. Vegetables of the Brassica genus, such as broccoli and cabbage, contain isothiocyanates (ITC) which increase glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, leading to the excretion of potentially carcinogenic compounds. Brassica vegetable administration prevented mammary tumor development in animal models of breast cancer, and it is therefore conceivable that Brassica consumption could reduce breast cancer risk in humans. Preliminary results from our pilot study suggest that high levels of urinary ITC excretion, indicative of greater Brassica vegetable intake, were associated with a greater than 50% reduction in breast cancer risk. We propose to analyze urine samples collected from a larger subset (n=350 case-control pairs) of study participants recruited into the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study, a NCI-funded population-based case- control study among Chinese women in Shanghai (RF01 CA64271). In addition to in-person interviews, fasting blood and urine samples have been collected from over 80% of the 3000 women included in this parent study. These samples are being used for several ancillary studies, including NCI-funded studies to evaluate the relation of estrogens, IGFs, pesticides, genetic factors, and phytoestrogens, with breast cancer risk (R03CA80655, R03CA83050, R03CA86119, NCI contract). For this newly proposed individual matched case-control study, urinary ITC levels will be analyzed by HPLC, and GST genotype determined from blood DNA. Because recruitment, questionnaire data, and specimen collection have been completed by existing studies, this project will be very cost-efficient. Urinary ITC excretion predicts habitual Brassica intake within Asian populations, as people in China or Japan typically consume 200 g/day/person of Brassica. Since Brassica vegetables are widely available and without toxicity, a protective association between urinary ITC levels and breast cancer could suggest that dietary recommendations to reduce breast cancer risk should include greater Brassica consumption. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MECHANISMS OF CHEMOPROTECTION BY OLTIPRAZ Principal Investigator & Institution: O'dwyer, Peter J.; Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: The prevention of cancer is an urgent and promising direction of biological research. Dietary factors are believed to account for as much as one-third of the annual incidence of cancer. Though the underlying biochemical mechanisms are controversial, strong associations with dietary mutagen intake and the risk of colon cancer have been presented. Dietary constituents associated with a lowered incidence of cancer include broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower and cabbage. These vegetables are characterized by high levels of dithiolethiones and other substances. Oltipraz, a synthetic dithiolethione, is the lead compound in the development of novel chemopreventive

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agents that may protect against mutagenesis. It has been proposed that oltipraz functions by elevating the activities of Phase II detoxicating enzymes (including DTdiaphorase), primarily through the induction of transcriptional activity. While we and others have shown that transcriptional induction through a number of cis-acting elements (including AP-1 and NF-kappaB), may account for the upregulation in detoxicating enzyme activity, the basis for oltipraz's effects on transactivating factors remains unknown. Furthermore, we have recently presented evidence that suggests an alternative mechanisms of action, by demonstrating that oltipraz induces the repair of DNA adducts, a process that occurs primarily by nucleotide excision repair. We postulate that both of these mechanisms may act to protect normal cells, and therefore we propose to perform a detailed analysis of these actions at a molecular level. Our specific aims are: 1) To determine the basis for the transcriptional activation of DTdiaphorase induced by oltipraz, and 2) To determine the basis for the stimulation of DNA repair by oltipraz. We will also screen a series of dithiolethione analogues for their ability to induce NER activity. The results of these studies will enable the design of more selective and less toxic chemopreventive agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEW STRATEGIES FOR CHEMOPREVENTION OF LUNG CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Biswal, Shyam S.; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 25-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This new SPORE project seeks to take promising laboratory leads for lung cancer prevention, beginning with animal models, to proof of principle clinical studies. Our first efforts will explore electrophiles generated after metabolic activation of chemical carcinogens as well as reactive oxygen species. Both are major causes of malignancy. Cancer chemoprevention by induction of protective phase II proteins to counteract the effects of these carcinogens has gained considerable attention. Isothiocyanates have proved to be potent inducers of phase II proteins and compelling epidemiological evidence suggests that dietary isothiocyanates are linked with decreased incidence of lung cancer. Deciphering the downstream targets of isothiocyanates can help in developing these compounds for cancer chemoprevention. The genes for phase II proteins contain the antioxidant or electrophile response element (ARE), which regulate their basal and/or inducible expression. Nrf2, a member of the basic leucine zipper family plays a central role in activation of these genes by binding to ARE in response to its activation by chemopreventive agents. Our studies have shown that Sulforaphane, a naturally occurring isothiocyanate, acts as a potent activator of Nrf2. In this work, we used a microarray approach to identify Nrf2 targets in intestine, which included enzymes that detoxify a wide spectrum of electrophiles and tobacco specific carcinogens. The strategy of activation of Nrf2 for induction of phase II proteins recently has been shown to be effective among former smokers in a phase II b trial using anethole dithiolethione in lowering progression of pre-existing dysplastic lesions and appearance of new lesions. This proposal will focus on the hypothesis that activation of Nrf2 in lungs by Sulforaphane can lead to protection against lung cancer with the ultimate goal of developing this agent for clinical trials. The downstream targets of Nrf2 activation in lungs, identified using a genomics approach, will serve as biomarkers to monitor the efficacy of Sulforaphane for lung cancer chemoprevention in the NNK inducible A/J mouse lung cancer model. A small clinical trial will evaluate the efficacy of broccoli sprout extract, optimized for high amount Sulforaphane, to activate the Nrf2

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pathway in individuals at high risk for lung cancer. Success in these studies will justify larger controlled studies in current and former smokers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REGULATION OF PHASE 2 GENES BY ISOTHIOCYANATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Kong, Tony Ah-Ng.; Professor; Pharmaceutics/Pharmacodynamics; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 22-APR-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2001 Summary: The ideal method of cancer control will be chemoprevention. Several chemopreventive agents have been identified through extensive screening using either whole animal studies or other correlative properties such as phase 2 detoxifying enzymes induction. However, it is well documented that drug design directed at highly specific targeted protein(s) lead to the discovery of the most potent and specific drug molecules. The search for biochemical targets, that can lend themselves to many avenues in the design of effective chemoprevention agents, is the long-term goal of our research program. Specific target(s) can be obtained through delineation of the signal transduction pathway(s) involved in the mechanism of action of an active agent. Our approach in this research proposal is to employ the well established paradigm that many inducers of phase 2 enzymes are also potent chemopreventive agents. This is logical because phase 2 enzymes play critical roles in the detoxification and removal of potential carcinogens from the body and thereby protect against carcinogenesis. The main questions are how these phase 2 genes are induced and what are the important cellular signaling component(s) that are involved; and these molecules can then be the target(s) of drug design. To answer these critical questions, we will utilize the proven chemopreventive agents, the isothiocyanates (ITCs), sulforaphane and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) that are found in the commonly consumed vegetables such as broccoli, as model compounds. Both agents have been shown to induce phase 2 genes, and possess potent chemopreventive actions in carcinogenesis models including 7, 12dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumor model. Furthermore, currently the only known cellular signaling pathway that is affected by both sulforaphane and PEITC is the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Our hypothesis is that MAPK pathway is an important biochemical link in the signaling cascades leading to phase 2 gene induction by ITCs and thus their chemopreventive actions. The following specific aims are designed to identify and characterize the relevant components of the signaling pathway leading to the induction of phase 2 enzymes. 1) To investigate the role of ERK2 or JNK1, the downstream components of the MAPK pathway, in the regulation of phase 2 gene expression by sulforaphane and PEITC, and their chemical mechanisms. 2) To identify the relevant upstream functional signaling components involved in ERK and JNK activation by sulforaphane and PEITC, in the regulation of phase 2 gene expression. 3) To compare and contrast the activated signaling component(s) and phase 2 gene induction in vivo in the mouse after sulforaphane or PEITC administrations with the observed in vitro cell line data from Specific Aims 1 and 2. The results of our works will provide new information on the signaling pathway components that can be useful as chemopreventive agent design and screening targets. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SULFORAPHANE IN HUMAN VOLUNTEERS AFTER INGESTION OF BROCCOLI Principal Investigator & Institution: Liebes, Leonard; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “broccoli” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for broccoli in the PubMed Central database: •

A Major Inducer of Anticarcinogenic Protective Enzymes from Broccoli: Isolation and Elucidation of Structure. by Zhang Y, Talalay P, Cho C, Posner GH.; 1992 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48665

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Broccoli sprouts as inducers of carcinogen-detoxifying enzyme systems: Clinical, dietary, and policy implications. by Nestle M.; 1997 Oct 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34511

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Broccoli sprouts: An exceptionally rich source of inducers of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogens. by Fahey JW, Zhang Y, Talalay P.; 1997 Sep 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23369

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Development and Characterization of Diamondback Moth Resistance to Transgenic Broccoli Expressing High Levels of Cry1C. by Zhao JZ, Collins HL, Tang JD, Cao J, Earle ED, Roush RT, Herrero S, Escriche B, Ferre J, Shelton AM.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92221

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Differential expression of two 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase genes in broccoli after harvest. by Pogson BJ, Downs CG, Davies KM.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157385

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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DNA binding activity of the Arabidopsis G-box binding factor GBF1 is stimulated by phosphorylation by casein kinase II from broccoli. by Klimczak LJ, Schindler U, Cashmore AR.; 1992 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160109

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Microheterogeneous Cytosolic High-Mobility Group Proteins from Broccoli CoPurify with and Are Phosphorylated by Casein Kinase II. by Klimczak LJ, Cashmore AR.; 1994 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160740

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Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of Postharvest Senescence in Broccoli. by Page T, Griffiths G, Buchanan-Wollaston V.; 2001 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=64873

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Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase from broccoli. by Pogson BJ, Downs CG, Davies KM, Morris SC.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=157423

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Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone from broccoli with high identity with the PSST subunit of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase. by Pogson BJ, Downs CG, Davies KM, Morris SC, Buchanan-Wollaston V.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=157424

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Purification and characterization of a DNA strand transferase from broccoli. by Tissier AF, Lopez MF, Signer ER.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157344

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with broccoli, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “broccoli” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for broccoli (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Allergic contact dermatitis to broccoli. Author(s): Chakrabarti A, Prais L, Foulds IS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 January; 148(1): 172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534619&dopt=Abstract

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Beyond broccoli. Author(s): Ross T. Source: Diabetes Self Manag. 2003 May-June; 20(3): 41-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12778658&dopt=Abstract

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Broccoli sprouts as inducers of carcinogen-detoxifying enzyme systems: clinical, dietary, and policy implications. Author(s): Nestle M. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1997 October 14; 94(21): 11149-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9326574&dopt=Abstract

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Broccoli sprouts in cancer prevention. Author(s): Nestle M. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1998 April; 56(4 Pt 1): 127-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9584498&dopt=Abstract

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Chemoprotective glucosinolates and isothiocyanates of broccoli sprouts: metabolism and excretion in humans. Author(s): Shapiro TA, Fahey JW, Wade KL, Stephenson KK, Talalay P. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2001 May; 10(5): 501-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11352861&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of two sample preparation techniques for sniffing experiments with broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck). Author(s): Ulrich D, Krumbein A, Schonhof I, Hoberg E. Source: Die Nahrung. 1998 December; 42(6): 392-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9881367&dopt=Abstract

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Correspondence re: H. J. Lin et al., Glutathione transferase null genotype, broccoli, and lower prevalence of colorectal adenomas. Cancer Epidemiol., Biomark, Prev., 7: 647-652, 1998. Author(s): Acquavella J, Cullen MR. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1999 October; 8(10): 947-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10548326&dopt=Abstract

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Cytochrome P450 IA2 activity in man measured by caffeine metabolism: effect of smoking, broccoli and exercise. Author(s): Vistisen K, Loft S, Poulsen HE. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1991; 283: 407-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2069014&dopt=Abstract

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Disposition of glucosinolates and sulforaphane in humans after ingestion of steamed and fresh broccoli. Author(s): Conaway CC, Getahun SM, Liebes LL, Pusateri DJ, Topham DK, BoteroOmary M, Chung FL. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2000; 38(2): 168-78. Erratum In: Nutr Cancer 2001; 41(1-2): 196. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11525594&dopt=Abstract

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Eat your broccoli (and brussels sprouts) Author(s): Culliton BJ. Source: Nature. 1992 April 2; 356(6368): 377. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1557112&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of microwave-vs. water-blanching on nutrients in broccoli. Chlorophylls, ascorbic acid, pH, and total acids. Author(s): Eheart MS. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1967 March; 50(3): 207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6020005&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary broccoli on human drug metabolising activity. Author(s): Kall MA, Vang O, Clausen J. Source: Cancer Letters. 1997 March 19; 114(1-2): 169-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9103281&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary broccoli on human in vivo drug metabolizing enzymes: evaluation of caffeine, oestrone and chlorzoxazone metabolism. Author(s): Kall MA, Vang O, Clausen J. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1996 April; 17(4): 793-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8625493&dopt=Abstract

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Glutathione transferase GSTT1, broccoli, and prevalence of colorectal adenomas. Author(s): Lin HJ, Zhou H, Dai A, Huang HF, Lin JH, Frankl HD, Lee ER, Haile RW. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 2002 March; 12(2): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11875371&dopt=Abstract

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Glutathione transferase null genotype, broccoli, and lower prevalence of colorectal adenomas. Author(s): Lin HJ, Probst-Hensch NM, Louie AD, Kau IH, Witte JS, Ingles SA, Frankl HD, Lee ER, Haile RW. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1998 August; 7(8): 647-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9718215&dopt=Abstract

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Healthy broccoli? Author(s): Paolini M, Legator MS. Source: Nature. 1992 June 11; 357(6378): 448. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1608443&dopt=Abstract

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Human absorption and excretion of flavonoids after broccoli consumption. Author(s): Nielsen SE, Kall M, Justesen U, Schou A, Dragsted LO. Source: Cancer Letters. 1997 March 19; 114(1-2): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9103283&dopt=Abstract

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Hurricane Hugo blows down the broccoli: preschoolers' post-disaster play and adjustment. Author(s): Saylor CF, Swenson CC, Powell P. Source: Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 1992 Spring; 22(3): 139-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1555486&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of a class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase in human saliva and increased levels of this enzyme, glutathione S-transferases, and DT-diaphorase in the saliva of subjects who continually ingest large quantities of coffee or broccoli. Author(s): Sreerama L, Hedge MW, Sladek NE. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 1995 October; 1(10): 1153-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9815907&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of cytochrome P-450IA1, IA2, IIB1, IIB2 and IIE1 by broccoli in rat liver and colon. Author(s): Vang O, Jensen H, Autrup H. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 1991; 78(1): 85-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2009582&dopt=Abstract

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Micronutrients and the regulation of cancerous cell growth and death: effect of sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate from broccoli. Author(s): Rouimi P, Assoumaya C, Tulliez J, Gamet-Payrastre L. Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 2002; 156: 399-400. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484219&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational contact dermatitis to broccoli. Author(s): Sanchez-Guerrero IM, Escudero AI. Source: Allergy. 1998 June; 53(6): 621-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9689347&dopt=Abstract

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Preclinical and clinical evaluation of broccoli supplements as inducers of glutathione S-transferase activity. Author(s): Clapper ML, Szarka CE, Pfeiffer GR, Graham TA, Balshem AM, Litwin S, Goosenberg EB, Frucht H, Engstrom PF. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 1997 January; 3(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9815533&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative determination of dithiocarbamates in human plasma, serum, erythrocytes and urine: pharmacokinetics of broccoli sprout isothiocyanates in humans. Author(s): Ye L, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Wade KL, Zhang Y, Shapiro TA, Talalay P. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2002 February; 316(1-2): 43-53. Erratum In: Clin Chim Acta 2002 July; 321(1-2): 127-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11750273&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Barcelo, S., Gardiner, J.M., and Gescher, A. and Chipman, J.K. (1996) CYP2E1mediated mechanism of anti-genotoxicity of the broccoli constituent sulforaphane. Carcinogenesis, 17, 277-282. Author(s): Paolini M, Biagi GL, Cantelli-Forti G. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1997 July; 18(7): 1435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9230294&dopt=Abstract

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The bioavailability to humans of ascorbic acid from oranges, orange juice and cooked broccoli is similar to that of synthetic ascorbic acid. Author(s): Mangels AR, Block G, Frey CM, Patterson BH, Taylor PR, Norkus EP, Levander OA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1993 June; 123(6): 1054-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8505665&dopt=Abstract

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The retention and distribution by healthy young men of stable isotopes of selenium consumed as selenite, selenate or hydroponically-grown broccoli are dependent on the isotopic form. Author(s): Finley JW. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1999 April; 129(4): 865-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10203562&dopt=Abstract

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Warfarin resistance caused by broccoli. Author(s): Kempin SJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1983 May 19; 308(20): 1229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6843604&dopt=Abstract

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Why does the brain prefer opium to broccoli? Author(s): Hyman SE. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 1994 May-June; 2(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9384879&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BROCCOLI Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and broccoli.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Broccoli The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “broccoli” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on broccoli: •

Antioxidant capacity of different broccoli (Brassica oleracea) genotypes using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Author(s): Division of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA. Source: Kurilich, A C Jeffery, E H Juvik, J A Wallig, M A Klein, B P J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2002 August 28; 50(18): 5053-7 0021-8561

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Biochemical effects of dietary intake of different broccoli samples. II. Multivariate analysis of contributions of specific glucosinolates in modulating cytochrome P-450 and antioxidant defense enzyme activities. Author(s): Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark. Source: Vang, O Mortensen, J Andersen, O Metabolism. 2001 October; 50(10): 1130-5 0026-0495

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Biochemical effects of dietary intakes of different broccoli samples. I. Differential modulation of cytochrome P-450 activities in rat liver, kidney, and colon. Author(s): Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark. Source: Vang, O Frandsen, H Hansen, K T Sorensen, J N Sorensen, H Andersen, O Metabolism. 2001 October; 50(10): 1123-9 0026-0495

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Broccoli's tease: good for the system, tough on the menu. Source: Hall, T. N-Y-Times. [New York, N.Y. : H.J. Raymond & Co.]. March 25, 1992. page B1, B4. 0362-4331

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Cancer-protective properties of high-selenium broccoli. Source: Finley, J.W. Ip, C. Lisk, D.J. Davis, C.D. Hintze, K.J. Whanger, P.D. J-agric-foodchem. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society. May 2001. volume 49 (5) page 2679-2683. 0021-8561

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Capacity of broccoli to induce a mammalian chemoprotective enzyme varies among inbred lines. Source: Farnham, M.W. Stephenson, K.K. Fahey, J.W. J-Am-Soc-Hortic-Sci. Alexandria, Va. :. July 2000. volume 125 (4) page 482-488. 0003-1062

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Changes in the quality of dehydrated broccoli stems during storage. Source: SanJuan, N. Benedito, J. Bon, J. Mulet, A. J-sci-food-agric. West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. Sept 1, 2000. volume 80 (11) page 1589-1594. 0022-5142

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Chicken model for studying dietary antioxidants reveals that apple (Cox's Orange)/broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) stabilizes erythrocytes and reduces oxidation of insoluble muscle proteins and lipids in cooked liver. Author(s): Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Product Quality, Research Centre Foulum, Tjele, Denmark. [email protected] Source: Young, J F Steffensen, C L Nielsen, J H Jensen, S K Stagsted, J J-Agric-FoodChem. 2002 August 28; 50(18): 5058-62 0021-8561

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Colon cancer curbed by high-selenium broccoli. Source: McBride, J. Agric-res. Washington, D.C. : Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. June 2000. volume 48 (6) page 12-13. 0002-161X

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Comparison of the antioxidant and pro-oxidant activiteis of broccoli amino acid with those of common food additives. Source: Martinez Tome, M. Garcia Carmona, F. Murcia, M.A. J-sci-food-agric. West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. August 2001. volume 81 (10) page 1019-1026. 00225142

•

Comparison of the bioactivity of two glucoraphanin hydrolysis products found in broccoli, sulforaphane and sulforaphane nitrile. Author(s): Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. Source: Matusheski, N V Jeffery, E H J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2001 December; 49(12): 5743-9 0021-8561

•

Differential response of oats, sweet corn, cauliflower and broccoli to low manganese in a sand culture system. Source: Kowalenko, C.G. J-Plant-Nutr. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker. 1989. volume 12 (11) page 1321-1334. 0190-4167

•

Disposition of glucosinolates and sulforaphane in humans after ingestion of steamed and fresh broccoli. Source: Conaway, C.C. Getahun, S.M. Liebes, L.L. Pusateri, D.J. Topham, D.K.W. Botero Omary, M. Chung, F.L. Nutr-cancer. Mahwah, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 2000. volume 38 (2) page 168-178. 0163-5581

•

Effect of industrial processing on amino acid content of broccoli. Source: Murcia, M.A. Lopez Ayerra, B. Martinez Tome, M. Garcia Carmona, F. J-scifood-agric. West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. November 2001. volume 81 (14) page 1299-1305. 0022-5142

•

Effect of industrial processing on chlorophyll content of broccoli. Source: Murcia, M.A. Lopez Ayerra, B. Martinez Tome, M. Garcia Carmona, F. J-scifood-agric. West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. August 2000. volume 80 (10) page 1447-1451. 0022-5142

•

Effects of level of nitrogen fertilizer, processing conditions and period of storage for frozen broccoli and cauliflower on vitamin C retention. Source: Lisiewska, Z. Kmiecik, W. Food-chem. Oxford : Elsevier Science Limited. October 1996. volume 57 (2) page 267-270. 0308-8146

•

Formation of methanethiol and dimethyl disulfide in crushed tissues of broccoli florets and their inhibition by freeze-thawing. Author(s): Graduate School of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan. Source: Tulio, Artemio Z Jr Yamanaka, Hiroyuki Ueda, Yoshinori Imahori, Yoshihiro JAgric-Food-Chem. 2002 March 13; 50(6): 1502-7 0021-8561

•

Free amino acid composition in primary and secondary inflorescences of 11 broccoli (Brassica oleracea var italica) cultivars and its variation between growing seasons. Source: Gomes, M.H. Rosa, E. J-sci-food-agric. West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. February 2001. volume 81 (3) page 295-299. 0022-5142

•

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the determination of sulforaphane and sulforaphane nitrile in broccoli. Source: Chiang, W.C.K. Pusateri, D.J. Leitz, R.E.A. J-agric-food-chem. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society. March 1998. volume 46 (3) page 1018-1021. 0021-8561

22

Broccoli

•

Glutathione transferase GSTT1, broccoli, and prevalence of colorectal adenomas. Author(s): Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA. [email protected] Source: Lin, Henry J Zhou, Haiyan Dai, Aihua Huang, Hsiao Fen Lin, Jesse H Frankl, Harold D Lee, Eric R Haile, Robert W Pharmacogenetics. 2002 March; 12(2): 175-9 0960314X

•

Hydroxycinnamic acid esters from broccoli florets. Source: Price, K.R. Casuscelli, F. Colquhoun, I.J. Rhodes, M.J.C. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. August 1997. volume 45 (8) page 1683-1687. 0031-9422

•

Identification of a class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase in human saliva and increased levels of this enzyme, glutathione S-transferases, and DT-diaphorase in the saliva of subjects who continually ingest large quantities of coffee or broccoli. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. Source: Sreerama, L Hedge, M W Sladek, N E Clin-Cancer-Res. 1995 October; 1(10): 1153-63 1078-0432

•

In vitro chlorophyll degradation in stored broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plen.) florets. Source: Yamauchi, N. Harada, K. Watada, A.E. Postharvest-biol-technol. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science B.V. December 1997. volume 12 (3) page 239-245. 0925-5214

•

Influence of sous vide processing, steaming and boiling on vitamin retention and sensory quality in broccoli florets. Author(s): Department of Dairy and Food Science, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Source: Petersen, M A Z-Lebensm-Unters-Forsch. 1993 October; 197(4): 375-80 0044-3026

•

Influence of temperature and ontogeny on the levels of glucosinolates in broccoli (Brassica oleracea Var. italica) sprouts and their effect on the induction of mammalian phase 2 enzymes. Author(s): Department of Plant Science and Agricultural Engineering, Universidade de Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, 5001-911 Vila Real, Portugal. Source: Pereira, F M Rosa, E Fahey, J W Stephenson, K K Carvalho, R Aires, A J-AgricFood-Chem. 2002 October 9; 50(21): 6239-44 0021-8561

•

Inside broccoli: a weapon against cancer. Source: Stroh, M. Sci-News-Washington. [Washington, D.C. : Science Service]. March 21, 1992. volume 141 (12) page 183. 0036-8423

•

Interference from broccoli residue on Brassica germination and seedling growth. Source: Santos, J.R.A. Leskovar, D.I. J-Am-Soc-Hortic-Sci. Alexandria, Va. :. Sept 1997. volume 122 (5) page 715-720. 0003-1062

•

Irrigation of broccoli and canola with boron- and selenium-laden effluent. Author(s): [email protected] Source: Banuelos, G S J-Environ-Qual. 2002 Nov-December; 31(6): 1802-8 0047-2425

•

Micronutrients and the regulation of cancerous cell growth and death: effect of sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate from broccoli. Author(s): UMR 1089 Xenobiotiques, INRA, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP3, 31931 Toulouse, France. Source: Rouimi, P Assoumaya, C Tulliez, J Gamet Payrastre, L IARC-Sci-Publ. 2002; 156: 399-400 0300-5038

Nutrition

23

•

Optimization of an extraction procedure for the quantification of vitamin E in tomato and broccoli using response surface methodology. Source: Lee, J. Ye, L. Landon, W.O. Jr. Eitenmiller, R.R. J-food-compos-anal. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press. February 2000. volume 13 (1) page 45-57. 0889-1575

•

Packaging design affects antioxidant vitamin retention and quality of broccoli florets during postharvest storage. Source: Barth, M.M. Hong, Z.A. Postharvest-biol-technol. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science B.V. November 1996. volume 9 (2) page 141-150. 0925-5214

•

Persistence and performance of esfenvalerate residues on broccoli. Author(s): Kentucky State University, Community Research Service, 218 Atwood Research Facility, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA. [email protected] Source: Antonious, George F Pest-Manag-Sci. 2002 January; 58(1): 85-91 1526-498X

•

Preclinical and clinical evaluation of broccoli supplements as inducers of glutathione S-transferase activity. Author(s): Divisions of Population Science and Medical Science, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA. Source: Clapper, M L Szarka, C E Pfeiffer, G R Graham, T A Balshem, A M Litwin, S Goosenberg, E B Frucht, H Engstrom, P F Clin-Cancer-Res. 1997 January; 3(1): 25-30 1078-0432

•

Quantitative determination of dithiocarbamates in human plasma, serum, erythrocytes and urine: pharmacokinetics of broccoli sprout isothiocyanates in humans. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Source: Ye, L Dinkova Kostova, A T Wade, K L Zhang, Y Shapiro, T A Talalay, P ClinChim-Acta. 2002 February; 316(1-2): 43-53 0009-8981

•

Rapid purification and characterization of cystine lyase b from broccoli inflorescence. Source: Ukai, K. Sekiya, J. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. August 1999. volume 51 (7) page 853-859. 0031-9422

•

Relationship between free amino acids and glucosinolates in primary and secondary inflorescences of 11 broccoli (Brassica oleracea L var italica) cultivars grown in early and late seasons. Source: Rosa, E. Gomes, M.H. J-sci-food-agric. West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. January 1, 2002. volume 82 (1) page 61-64. 0022-5142

•

Selenium (Se) from high-selenium broccoli is utilized differently than selenite, selenate and selenomethionine, but is more effective in inhibiting colon carcinogenesis. Author(s): United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, ND 58202, USA. [email protected] Source: Finley, J W Davis, C D Biofactors. 2001; 14(1-4): 191-6 0951-6433

•

Selenium-enriched broccoli decreases intestinal tumorigenesis in multiple intestinal neoplasia mice. Author(s): U. S. Department of Agriculture, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9034, USA. [email protected] Source: Davis, Cindy D Zeng, Huawei Finley, John W J-Nutr. 2002 February; 132(2): 3079 0022-3166

24

Broccoli

•

The effect of post-harvest and packaging treatments on glucoraphanin concentration in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). Author(s): Bio Marka, Joint Centre for Crop Innovation, School of Agriculture and Food Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia. Source: Rangkadilok, N Tomkins, B Nicolas, M E Premier, R R Bennett, R N Eagling, D R Taylor, P W J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2002 December 4; 50(25): 7386-91 0021-8561

•

The influence of conventional and compost fertilization on phosphorus use efficiency by broccoli in a phosphorus deficient soil. Source: Buchanan, M.A. Gliessman, S.R. Am-J-Alternative-Agric. Greenbelt, Md. : Institute for Alternative Agriculture. 1990. volume 5 (1) page 38-47. 0889-1893

•

The influence of postharvest storage, temperature and duration on quality of cooked broccoli florets. Source: Kidmose, U. Hansen, M. J-food-qual. Trumbull, Conn. : Food & Nutrition Press Inc. June 1999. volume 22 (2) page 135-146. 0146-9428

•

The influence of row cover on the development and yield of broccoli in spring production. Source: Kunicki, E. Cebula, S. Libik, A. Siwek, P. Acta-hortic. Leuven, Belgium : International Society for Horticultural Science. April 1996. (407) page 377-383. 0567-7572

•

Those mighty phytochemicals: beyond the benefits of broccoli. Source: Lynch, S.R. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. November 1995. volume 18 (11) page 1, 4. 0893-4452

•

Will eating broccoli sprouts really help prevent cancer. Source: Tufts-Univ-health-nutr-lett. New York, NY : Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter, c1997-. June 1999. volume 17 (4) page 7.

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “broccoli” (or a synonym): •

Antioxidant capacity of different broccoli (Brassica oleracea) genotypes using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Author(s): Division of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA. Source: Kurilich, A C Jeffery, E H Juvik, J A Wallig, M A Klein, B P J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2002 August 28; 50(18): 5053-7 0021-8561

•

Biochemical effects of dietary intake of different broccoli samples. II. Multivariate analysis of contributions of specific glucosinolates in modulating cytochrome P-450 and antioxidant defense enzyme activities. Author(s): Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark. Source: Vang, O Mortensen, J Andersen, O Metabolism. 2001 October; 50(10): 1130-5 0026-0495

•

Broccoli's tease: good for the system, tough on the menu. Source: Hall, T. N-Y-Times. [New York, N.Y. : H.J. Raymond & Co.]. March 25, 1992. page B1, B4. 0362-4331

•

Cancer-protective properties of high-selenium broccoli. Source: Finley, J.W. Ip, C. Lisk, D.J. Davis, C.D. Hintze, K.J. Whanger, P.D. J-agric-foodchem. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society. May 2001. volume 49 (5) page 2679-2683. 0021-8561

Nutrition

25

•

Capacity of broccoli to induce a mammalian chemoprotective enzyme varies among inbred lines. Source: Farnham, M.W. Stephenson, K.K. Fahey, J.W. J-Am-Soc-Hortic-Sci. Alexandria, Va. :. July 2000. volume 125 (4) page 482-488. 0003-1062

•

Changes in the quality of dehydrated broccoli stems during storage. Source: SanJuan, N. Benedito, J. Bon, J. Mulet, A. J-sci-food-agric. West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. Sept 1, 2000. volume 80 (11) page 1589-1594. 0022-5142

•

Chicken model for studying dietary antioxidants reveals that apple (Cox's Orange)/broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) stabilizes erythrocytes and reduces oxidation of insoluble muscle proteins and lipids in cooked liver. Author(s): Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Product Quality, Research Centre Foulum, Tjele, Denmark. [email protected] Source: Young, J F Steffensen, C L Nielsen, J H Jensen, S K Stagsted, J J-Agric-FoodChem. 2002 August 28; 50(18): 5058-62 0021-8561

•

Colon cancer curbed by high-selenium broccoli. Source: McBride, J. Agric-res. Washington, D.C. : Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. June 2000. volume 48 (6) page 12-13. 0002-161X

•

Comparison of the antioxidant and pro-oxidant activiteis of broccoli amino acid with those of common food additives. Source: Martinez Tome, M. Garcia Carmona, F. Murcia, M.A. J-sci-food-agric. West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. August 2001. volume 81 (10) page 1019-1026. 00225142

•

Comparison of the bioactivity of two glucoraphanin hydrolysis products found in broccoli, sulforaphane and sulforaphane nitrile. Author(s): Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. Source: Matusheski, N V Jeffery, E H J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2001 December; 49(12): 5743-9 0021-8561

•

Differential response of oats, sweet corn, cauliflower and broccoli to low manganese in a sand culture system. Source: Kowalenko, C.G. J-Plant-Nutr. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker. 1989. volume 12 (11) page 1321-1334. 0190-4167

•

Disposition of glucosinolates and sulforaphane in humans after ingestion of steamed and fresh broccoli. Source: Conaway, C.C. Getahun, S.M. Liebes, L.L. Pusateri, D.J. Topham, D.K.W. Botero Omary, M. Chung, F.L. Nutr-cancer. Mahwah, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 2000. volume 38 (2) page 168-178. 0163-5581

•

Effect of industrial processing on amino acid content of broccoli. Source: Murcia, M.A. Lopez Ayerra, B. Martinez Tome, M. Garcia Carmona, F. J-scifood-agric. West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. November 2001. volume 81 (14) page 1299-1305. 0022-5142

•

Effects of level of nitrogen fertilizer, processing conditions and period of storage for frozen broccoli and cauliflower on vitamin C retention. Source: Lisiewska, Z. Kmiecik, W. Food-chem. Oxford : Elsevier Science Limited. October 1996. volume 57 (2) page 267-270. 0308-8146

26

Broccoli

•

Formation of methanethiol and dimethyl disulfide in crushed tissues of broccoli florets and their inhibition by freeze-thawing. Author(s): Graduate School of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan. Source: Tulio, Artemio Z Jr Yamanaka, Hiroyuki Ueda, Yoshinori Imahori, Yoshihiro JAgric-Food-Chem. 2002 March 13; 50(6): 1502-7 0021-8561

•

Free amino acid composition in primary and secondary inflorescences of 11 broccoli (Brassica oleracea var italica) cultivars and its variation between growing seasons. Source: Gomes, M.H. Rosa, E. J-sci-food-agric. West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. February 2001. volume 81 (3) page 295-299. 0022-5142

•

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the determination of sulforaphane and sulforaphane nitrile in broccoli. Source: Chiang, W.C.K. Pusateri, D.J. Leitz, R.E.A. J-agric-food-chem. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society. March 1998. volume 46 (3) page 1018-1021. 0021-8561

•

Glutathione transferase GSTT1, broccoli, and prevalence of colorectal adenomas. Author(s): Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA. [email protected] Source: Lin, Henry J Zhou, Haiyan Dai, Aihua Huang, Hsiao Fen Lin, Jesse H Frankl, Harold D Lee, Eric R Haile, Robert W Pharmacogenetics. 2002 March; 12(2): 175-9 0960314X

•

Hydroxycinnamic acid esters from broccoli florets. Source: Price, K.R. Casuscelli, F. Colquhoun, I.J. Rhodes, M.J.C. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. August 1997. volume 45 (8) page 1683-1687. 0031-9422

•

Identification of a class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase in human saliva and increased levels of this enzyme, glutathione S-transferases, and DT-diaphorase in the saliva of subjects who continually ingest large quantities of coffee or broccoli. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. Source: Sreerama, L Hedge, M W Sladek, N E Clin-Cancer-Res. 1995 October; 1(10): 1153-63 1078-0432

•

In vitro chlorophyll degradation in stored broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plen.) florets. Source: Yamauchi, N. Harada, K. Watada, A.E. Postharvest-biol-technol. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science B.V. December 1997. volume 12 (3) page 239-245. 0925-5214

•

Influence of sous vide processing, steaming and boiling on vitamin retention and sensory quality in broccoli florets. Author(s): Department of Dairy and Food Science, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Source: Petersen, M A Z-Lebensm-Unters-Forsch. 1993 October; 197(4): 375-80 0044-3026

•

Influence of temperature and ontogeny on the levels of glucosinolates in broccoli (Brassica oleracea Var. italica) sprouts and their effect on the induction of mammalian phase 2 enzymes. Author(s): Department of Plant Science and Agricultural Engineering, Universidade de Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, 5001-911 Vila Real, Portugal. Source: Pereira, F M Rosa, E Fahey, J W Stephenson, K K Carvalho, R Aires, A J-AgricFood-Chem. 2002 October 9; 50(21): 6239-44 0021-8561

Nutrition

27

•

Inside broccoli: a weapon against cancer. Source: Stroh, M. Sci-News-Washington. [Washington, D.C. : Science Service]. March 21, 1992. volume 141 (12) page 183. 0036-8423

•

Interference from broccoli residue on Brassica germination and seedling growth. Source: Santos, J.R.A. Leskovar, D.I. J-Am-Soc-Hortic-Sci. Alexandria, Va. :. Sept 1997. volume 122 (5) page 715-720. 0003-1062

•

Irrigation of broccoli and canola with boron- and selenium-laden effluent. Author(s): [email protected] Source: Banuelos, G S J-Environ-Qual. 2002 Nov-December; 31(6): 1802-8 0047-2425

•

Micronutrients and the regulation of cancerous cell growth and death: effect of sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate from broccoli. Author(s): UMR 1089 Xenobiotiques, INRA, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP3, 31931 Toulouse, France. Source: Rouimi, P Assoumaya, C Tulliez, J Gamet Payrastre, L IARC-Sci-Publ. 2002; 156: 399-400 0300-5038

•

Optimization of an extraction procedure for the quantification of vitamin E in tomato and broccoli using response surface methodology. Source: Lee, J. Ye, L. Landon, W.O. Jr. Eitenmiller, R.R. J-food-compos-anal. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press. February 2000. volume 13 (1) page 45-57. 0889-1575

•

Packaging design affects antioxidant vitamin retention and quality of broccoli florets during postharvest storage. Source: Barth, M.M. Hong, Z.A. Postharvest-biol-technol. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science B.V. November 1996. volume 9 (2) page 141-150. 0925-5214

•

Persistence and performance of esfenvalerate residues on broccoli. Author(s): Kentucky State University, Community Research Service, 218 Atwood Research Facility, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA. [email protected] Source: Antonious, George F Pest-Manag-Sci. 2002 January; 58(1): 85-91 1526-498X

•

Preclinical and clinical evaluation of broccoli supplements as inducers of glutathione S-transferase activity. Author(s): Divisions of Population Science and Medical Science, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA. Source: Clapper, M L Szarka, C E Pfeiffer, G R Graham, T A Balshem, A M Litwin, S Goosenberg, E B Frucht, H Engstrom, P F Clin-Cancer-Res. 1997 January; 3(1): 25-30 1078-0432

•

Quantitative determination of dithiocarbamates in human plasma, serum, erythrocytes and urine: pharmacokinetics of broccoli sprout isothiocyanates in humans. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Source: Ye, L Dinkova Kostova, A T Wade, K L Zhang, Y Shapiro, T A Talalay, P ClinChim-Acta. 2002 February; 316(1-2): 43-53 0009-8981

•

Rapid purification and characterization of cystine lyase b from broccoli inflorescence. Source: Ukai, K. Sekiya, J. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. August 1999. volume 51 (7) page 853-859. 0031-9422

28

Broccoli

•

Relationship between free amino acids and glucosinolates in primary and secondary inflorescences of 11 broccoli (Brassica oleracea L var italica) cultivars grown in early and late seasons. Source: Rosa, E. Gomes, M.H. J-sci-food-agric. West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. January 1, 2002. volume 82 (1) page 61-64. 0022-5142

•

Selenium (Se) from high-selenium broccoli is utilized differently than selenite, selenate and selenomethionine, but is more effective in inhibiting colon carcinogenesis. Author(s): United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, ND 58202, USA. [email protected] Source: Finley, J W Davis, C D Biofactors. 2001; 14(1-4): 191-6 0951-6433

•

Selenium-enriched broccoli decreases intestinal tumorigenesis in multiple intestinal neoplasia mice. Author(s): U. S. Department of Agriculture, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9034, USA. [email protected] Source: Davis, Cindy D Zeng, Huawei Finley, John W J-Nutr. 2002 February; 132(2): 3079 0022-3166

•

The effect of post-harvest and packaging treatments on glucoraphanin concentration in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). Author(s): Bio Marka, Joint Centre for Crop Innovation, School of Agriculture and Food Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia. Source: Rangkadilok, N Tomkins, B Nicolas, M E Premier, R R Bennett, R N Eagling, D R Taylor, P W J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2002 December 4; 50(25): 7386-91 0021-8561

•

The influence of conventional and compost fertilization on phosphorus use efficiency by broccoli in a phosphorus deficient soil. Source: Buchanan, M.A. Gliessman, S.R. Am-J-Alternative-Agric. Greenbelt, Md. : Institute for Alternative Agriculture. 1990. volume 5 (1) page 38-47. 0889-1893

•

The influence of postharvest storage, temperature and duration on quality of cooked broccoli florets. Source: Kidmose, U. Hansen, M. J-food-qual. Trumbull, Conn. : Food & Nutrition Press Inc. June 1999. volume 22 (2) page 135-146. 0146-9428

•

The influence of row cover on the development and yield of broccoli in spring production. Source: Kunicki, E. Cebula, S. Libik, A. Siwek, P. Acta-hortic. Leuven, Belgium : International Society for Horticultural Science. April 1996. (407) page 377-383. 0567-7572

•

Those mighty phytochemicals: beyond the benefits of broccoli. Source: Lynch, S.R. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. November 1995. volume 18 (11) page 1, 4. 0893-4452

•

Will eating broccoli sprouts really help prevent cancer. Source: Tufts-Univ-health-nutr-lett. New York, NY : Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter, c1997-. June 1999. volume 17 (4) page 7.

Nutrition

29

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

30

Broccoli

The following is a specific Web list relating to broccoli; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Ascorbic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,887,00.html Provitamin A Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin C (ascorbic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin K Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin K Alternative names: Menadione, Menaphthone, Menaquinone, Phylloquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin K Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

•

Minerals Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcium D-glucarate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Food and Diet Arugula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,123,00.html

Nutrition

Blueberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,101,00.html Broccoflower Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Broccoli Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Broccoli Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,11,00.html Broccoli Rabe Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,185,00.html Brussels Sprouts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brussels Sprouts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,12,00.html Cabbage Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cancer Prevention and Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cauliflower Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cauliflower Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,15,00.html Cheese Alternatives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fast Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kohlrabi Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,319,00.html Low-fat Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-oxalate Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macrobiotic Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nutrition Booster Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Radishes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,33,00.html Sweet Potatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vegetables Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BROCCOLI Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to broccoli. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to broccoli and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “broccoli” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to broccoli: •

6-Methylsulfinylhexyl isothiocyanate and its homologues as food-originated compounds with antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Ono H, Tesaki S, Tanabe S, Watanabe M. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1998 February; 62(2): 363-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9532796&dopt=Abstract

•

A beneficial effect of trypsin on the purification of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and other potyviruses. Author(s): Thompson S, Fraser RS, Barnden KL. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 1988 May; 20(1): 57-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3397402&dopt=Abstract

•

A comparison of fatty acids from high levels of docosenoic acids of rapeseed oil (erucic acid) and of partially hydrogenated fish oil (primarily cetoleic acid) in a non-

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human primate species in a short-term exploratory study. Author(s): Ackman RG, Eaton CA, Sipos JC, Loew FM, Hancock D. Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1977; (25): 170-85. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=410406&dopt=Abstract •

A critical assessment of some biomarker approaches linked with dietary intake. Author(s): Crews H, Alink G, Andersen R, Braesco V, Holst B, Maiani G, Ovesen L, Scotter M, Solfrizzo M, van den Berg R, Verhagen H, Williamson G. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 August; 86 Suppl 1: S5-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11520422&dopt=Abstract

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A diet rich in monounsaturated rapeseed oil reduces the lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and increases the relative content of n-3 fatty acids in serum in hyperlipidemic subjects. Author(s): Gustafsson IB, Vessby B, Ohrvall M, Nydahl M. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 March; 59(3): 667-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8116547&dopt=Abstract

•

A light- and temperature-entrained circadian clock controls expression of transcripts encoding nuclear proteins with homology to RNA-binding proteins in meristematic tissue. Author(s): Heintzen C, Melzer S, Fischer R, Kappeler S, Apel K, Staiger D. Source: The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology. 1994 June; 5(6): 799-813. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8054987&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant capacity of different broccoli (Brassica oleracea) genotypes using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Author(s): Kurilich AC, Jeffery EH, Juvik JA, Wallig MA, Klein BP. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 August 28; 50(18): 5053-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12188607&dopt=Abstract

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Broccoli sprouts in cancer prevention. Author(s): Nestle M. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1998 April; 56(4 Pt 1): 127-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9584498&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer-protective properties of high-selenium broccoli. Author(s): Finley JW, Ip C, Lisk DJ, Davis CD, Hintze KJ, Whanger PD. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 May; 49(5): 2679-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11368655&dopt=Abstract

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•

Changes in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Var. italica) health-promoting compounds with inflorescence development. Author(s): Vallejo F, Garcia-Viguera C, Tomas-Barberan FA. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 June 18; 51(13): 3776-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797743&dopt=Abstract

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Health-promoting compounds in broccoli as influenced by refrigerated transport and retail sale period. Author(s): Vallejo F, Tomas-Barberan F, Garcia-Viguera C. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 May 7; 51(10): 3029-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720387&dopt=Abstract

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Microbiological quality and production of botulinal toxin in film-packaged broccoli, carrots, and green beans. Author(s): Hao YY, Brackett RE, Beuchat LR, Doyle MP. Source: J Food Prot. 1999 May; 62(5): 499-508. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10340671&dopt=Abstract

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Preclinical and clinical evaluation of broccoli supplements as inducers of glutathione S-transferase activity. Author(s): Clapper ML, Szarka CE, Pfeiffer GR, Graham TA, Balshem AM, Litwin S, Goosenberg EB, Frucht H, Engstrom PF. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 1997 January; 3(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9815533&dopt=Abstract

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Purification and properties of DNA topoisomerase I from broccoli. Author(s): Kieber JJ, Lopez MF, Tissier AF, Signer E. Source: Plant Molecular Biology. 1992 March; 18(5): 865-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1316191&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative determination of dithiocarbamates in human plasma, serum, erythrocytes and urine: pharmacokinetics of broccoli sprout isothiocyanates in humans. Author(s): Ye L, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Wade KL, Zhang Y, Shapiro TA, Talalay P. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2002 February; 316(1-2): 43-53. Erratum In: Clin Chim Acta 2002 July; 321(1-2): 127-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11750273&dopt=Abstract

•

Reduction of cancer risk by consumption of selenium-enriched plants: enrichment of broccoli with selenium increases the anticarcinogenic properties of broccoli. Author(s): Finley JW.

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Broccoli

Source: Journal of Medicinal Food. 2003 Spring; 6(1): 19-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12804017&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to broccoli; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Amenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Breast Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Prevention (Reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

Alternative Medicine 37

Colon Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hyperthyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothyroidism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypothyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lung Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pyloric Stenosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stomach Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thyroid Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Thyroiditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Herbs and Supplements Alpha-lipoic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Antioxidants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10004,00.html B-carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-carotene Alternative names: b-carotene, Trans-beta Carotene; Provitamin A, Betacarotenum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-carotene Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Beta-carotene Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10103,00.html Betacarotenum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Betaine Alternative names: Trimethylglycine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chlorzoxazone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glutathione Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,854,00.html Indole-3-carbinol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Juniperus Alternative names: Juniper; Juniperus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Menadione Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 39

Menaphthone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phylloquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trans-beta-carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trimethylglycine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Warfarin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BROCCOLI Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to broccoli. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “broccoli” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on broccoli, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Broccoli ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to broccoli. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Weed Management Implications of a Broccoli-winter Rye Intercropping System by Brainard, Daniel Crittenden; Phd from Cornell University, 2002, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063711

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON BROCCOLI Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “broccoli” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on broccoli, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Broccoli By performing a patent search focusing on broccoli, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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Broccoli

will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on broccoli: •

Apparatus for banding cut produce Inventor(s): Tonus; Egidio L. (Castroville, CA) Assignee(s): Calif. Artichoke & Vegetable Growers Corp. (Castroville, CA) Patent Number: 4,674,270 Date filed: March 20, 1986 Abstract: A mobile apparatus for field packing of broccoli and other cut product includes a mobile frame and a rotatable sorting table. Individual broccoli stalk cut by workers walking along with the mobile packer and placed on conveyors on the packer and are discharged onto the rotatable sorting table. A plurality of banding frames are attached to the periphery of the rotatable table and include mechanisms for holding an expanded elastic band. Workers standing around the table may gather the broccoli from the table, form bunches of individual stalks, and place the bunches into the expanded band. Further mechanisms are provided for automatically ejecting the banded broccoli onto a discharge conveyor, and replacing a new elastic band onto the banding frame. The bunched broccoli may then be packed into cartons by other personnel on the mobile packer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to equipment for bunching and securing cut produce, and more particularly, to equipment which allows the bunching, securing, and packing of cut produce to be performed in the field. Commercial agriculture has traditionally relied on harvesting and collection of produce in the field and packaging of the produce at a central packaging facility for shipment to market. While this approach is certainly workable, it suffers from a number of disadvantages including increased exposure of the produce to mechanical damage resulting from an excessive number of handling operations, and the high capital and operating costs associated with maintaining such central packaging facilities. In order to improve both the quality of the produce and the economics of the operation, there has been a trend in recent years toward the field packing of cut produce. Such field packing generally relies on mobile packaging equipment which follows or is integrated with the harvesting equipment. Under the best circumstances, the produce is removed from the field and packaged into appropriate containers for shipment to market, and the need for a central packaging facility is entirely eliminated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04674270__

•

Apparatus for cutting broccoli and other long stemmed vegetables Inventor(s): McIlvain; Jack R. (Watsonville, CA), Thompson; Sherman (Salinas, CA) Assignee(s): J. R. Simplot Company (Boise, ID) Patent Number: 4,658,714 Date filed: October 29, 1985 Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for cutting broccoli and other similar vegetables into a plurality of longitudinal sections wherein the head of the vegetable is firmly gripped with the stem thereof extending outwardly and then cut longitudinally through the stem and partially through the head. Broccoli can be sectioned in this

Patents 45

manner at high production rates without generating an excessive amount of vegetable debris. Excerpt(s): This invention generally relates to the sectioning of long-stemmed vegetables with flowery heads such as broccoli. In the processing of broccoli and other similar vegetables for packaging and sale the vegetables are sectioned longitudinally and the stems thereof trimmed. For many years, this processing was done manually but the costs for such labor intensive operations have become extremely high. Equipment has been proposed for sectioning and trimming broccoli, but for the most part such equipment could not efficiently and effectively section broccoli at commercially acceptable rates without generating an excessive amount of vegetable debris or without damaging the fragile flowery head of the vegetable. Devices for cutting and sectioning broccoli are described in the following references: U.S. Pat. No. 3,252,491 (Wooldridge); U.S. Pat. No. 3,380,500 (Alpen); U.S. Pat. No. 3,478,794 (Alpen); U.S. Pat. No. 3,646,977 (Goodale); U.S. Pat. No. 3,695,323 (Kesson et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 3,88,851 (Goodale); U.S. Pat. No. 4,455,929 (Goudarzi et al.). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04658714__ •

Apparatus for longitudinal sectioning of stem type vegetables Inventor(s): Goudarzi; Khosrow (304 Peckham Rd., Watsonville, CA 95076), Maltos; Fernando I. (231A Live Oak Rd., Watsonville, CA 95076) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,455,929 Date filed: September 30, 1982 Abstract: Apparatus for trimming and slicing stem-type vegetables such as broccoli and the like. The apparatus is specifically adapted to slice the stem-type vegetable stalk into longitudinal sections and includes a pair of mutually opposed resilient close spaced surfaces on opposite sides of a first plane. Each of the surfaces is divided into two closely spaced parts on opposite sides of the second plane normal to the first plane. The resilient surface parts may comprise polyurethane foam surfaces on conveyor belts or conveyor pulleys which are moved synchronously with respect to each other in order to carry the vegetable stalk along a given path. A knife is mounted in the path of movement of the vegetable stalk with its knife edge forming its leading edge with respect to the vegetable stalk in order to slice it longitudinally. The knife may have two or more blades and the vegetable stalk is preferably gripped by the resilient surfaces throughout its length during the cutting process. The resilient surfaces are relieved to accomodate and center the trunk portion of the vegetable stalk and the gripping of the vegetable stalk from four sides by the resilient surfaces results in minimum breakage of the branch portion of the vegetable stalk. Apparatus is also disclosed for gripping the trunk portion of the vegetable stalk and carrying it into contact with a rotary knife in order to remove the butt end of the trunk portion. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the trimming and cutting of vegetables and more particularly to apparatus for slicing stem type vegetables, such as broccoli and the like, into longitudinal sections. In the packaging of broccoli for sale, particularly when the broccoli is to be frozen prior to sale, it is desirable to separate each broccoli stalk into longitudinal sections. Broccoli stalks each comprise a relatively heavy trunk or stem portion, which may be of various lengths, with a plurality of relatively light branches at one end thereof. The branches are usually asymmetrically disposed about and along one

46

Broccoli

end of the stem and are themselves divided into smaller branches. In the prior art, it was necessary to cut each individual broccoli stalk into longitudinal sections by hand because of the unique asymmetric conformation of the individual stalks. For example, it is customary to cut broccoli into longitudinal quarter sections each having a substantially equal number of branches thus defining sections or spears of relatively equal volume and content. According to the prior art, it was necessary for a laborer to perform the sectioning operation by hand, which is expensive and time consuming. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04455929__ •

Bottom dump basket for vegetable spin dryer Inventor(s): Casquilho; Manny R. (Gilroy, CA), Heinzen; Alan B. (Gilroy, CA), Mabie; Edwin W. (Capitola, CA), Schneider; Ralph S. (Salinas, CA) Assignee(s): Heinzen Manufacturing, Inc. (Gilroy, CA) Patent Number: 5,282,319 Date filed: March 26, 1992 Abstract: A spindrying apparatus for removing retained rinse water from leafy product such as lettuce, cabbage, broccoli and spinach which includes a basket of wire mesh or perforated metal and a trapdoor in its floor. A liftbar extends across the top of the basket with a centrally located hole for attachment to the chain of a conveyor hoist providing that the basket may be filled with leafy product at a loading station then conveyed to a spindryer tank where it is lowered onto the rotatable platform within the tank. The platform and basket are spun to force the rinse water out of the leafy product. The chain is reattached and the basket is conveyed to an unloading station. A latch mechanism in the bottom of the basket is operated to release a trap door forming the floor of the basket thereby allowing the trapdoor to fall open and the leafy product to fall out of the basket. The trapdoor is then manually snapped shut and the basket is ready for the next drying cycle. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to spin dryers and particularly to a spindryer for drying a large quantity of leafy vegetables having a new and improved bottom dump basket. An important step in preparing for market large quantities of fruits or vegetables is to thoroughly wash the product in order to remove all traces of dirt and insecticides. After washing, the vegetables must be dried since water that is left on the surfaces of the vegetables provide the environment for bacteria to grow and spoil the product. Leafy vegetables such as lettuce, cabbage and spinach are especially susceptible to spoilage if not adequately dried. These products are much more difficult to dry than products such as apples, peaches or pears because of the larger irregular surface area per unit volume of the leafy vegetable where water can be trapped. In order to more effectively dry leafy vegetable product, spin dryers have been disclosed. Bock Inc. manufactures dryer systems (model FP 90) which include a basket into which the produce is loaded at a loading station. A yoke straddling the top of the basket has a pair of arms that are detachably secured to a pair of lugs attached to the side of the basket so that the chain of a conveyor hoist can be attached to the yoke and transport the basket from the loading station to the spin dryer. The spin dryer includes a container with a top entrance. The basket is lowered into the container and positioned on a platform mounted on the vertical shaft of a motor drive located beneath the container. The yoke is then detached from the basket and lifted away from the spin dryer. A lid is closed on the top entrance and the motor drive is activated to spin the basket. Water from the surface of the vegetable product is thereby forced to pass through the mesh basket and eventually

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collect in the bottom of the dryer. After the spin drying step has been completed, the lid is reopened and the yoke is reattached to the lugs on the side of the basket. The basket is lifted out of the dryer and transported by the conveyor hoist to an unloading area. The basket is then manually tipped in order to empty the contents out of the open top. This is accomplished by rotating the basket supported at the lugs while still attached to the yoke. The empty basket is next carried by the conveyor system back to the loading station. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05282319__ •

Broccoli banding machine Inventor(s): deGroot; Peter (Carmel, CA), Diaz-Infante; Javier (Salinas, CA), Wynn; Ed (Monterey, CA) Assignee(s): Dole Fresh Vegetables Co. (Salinas, CA) Patent Number: 5,588,278 Date filed: June 27, 1995 Abstract: A broccoli banding machine having an electric DC motor drive actuated by an interrupted optical beam is disclosed. The banding machine includes a plate with a central aperture defining a depending cylinder. The depending cone has a light beam looking across the cylinder which when interrupted keeps arms having band engaging fingers in the band expanded position. Both arms and fingers are mounted above the supporting plate where access and view of arms by the banding and packing worker is provided at all times. Upon gathering broccoli to a bouquet with both hands, the worker places the stalks of the gathered bouquet into the cylinder, interrupting the light beam. Upon such interruption, the arms at the band engaging fingers are cycled into the bunched stalks, the contracted band released to the stalk, the bouquet at the stalks removed from the vicinity of the fingers, and a new rubber band placed upon the centrally disposed fingers. Thereafter, and at the end of a timed cycle, the arms with the band engaging fingers expand the newly installed band, and the cycle repeated. An improved drive is present for the arms in the form of a DC electric motor, which intermittently rotates over approximate 180.degree. intervals at a set and adjustable rate. There results an improved banding operation which ergogenically cooperates with the entirety of the broccoli bunching, banding and packing processes. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a broccoli banding machine of the type utilized in the field to place a rubber band around the stems of a bouquet of broccoli. More particularly, a bander having controlled speed arm action is combined with an optical sensor to ergogenically assist the banding and packing process of harvested broccoli. Broccoli harvest and packing is preferably completed to the shipping carton in the field. In such harvest and packing, the individual flowers and stems are cut and laid on a tray. Thereafter, the groups of flowers and stems are gathered and banded at the stems into a bouquet. The banded bouquet is then carefully packed within a produce transport carton for shipping. The carton is thereafter removed from the field, refrigerated and shipped. In the field, plants are typically cut by one worker and thereafter placed upon a sorting tray. A second worker removes the plants from the sorting tray, matches the flowers and stems into a bouquet, bands the stems as matched, and thereafter packs the bouquet to the transporting carton. Naturally, if a broccoli banding machine is to be used, it must cooperate with the second worker engaged in the bunching or bouquet process to ease the labor burden; in other words, it must ergogenically cooperate with the bunching and packing process.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05588278__ •

Broccoli bunching and cutting apparatus Inventor(s): Burns; Daniel E. (Camarillo, CA) Assignee(s): Demco Inc. (Oxnard, CA) Patent Number: 4,480,536 Date filed: November 28, 1983 Abstract: The broccoli bunching apparatus is wholly pneumatically operated. In response to a first operation on a manual pneumatic control switch, a rubber band is pneumatically expanded in front of a central opening in a housing. Broccoli stems can then be inserted through the rubber band and the opening. A second operation of the pneumatic control switch results in the rubber band retracting about the stems and simultaneously a knife blade within the housing cutting the stems. Also, an ejector is automatically operated after a given delay time to strip the cut broccoli stems from the rubber band expander so that the apparatus is ready for repeating the operation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to produce handling apparatus and more particularly to an improved broccoli bunching and cutting apparatus. Apparatus for bunching broccoli is known in the art. Generally, broccoli stems are manually bunched together and a rubber band placed about the bunched stems. A housing incorporating a knife blade generally electrically operated by a solenoid is designed to receive the stems and then cut the stems when the solenoid is energized. An electric switch is provided for this purpose. With broccoli stem cutters of the foregoing type, danger could result if an operator should insert his hand in front of the knife when the same was operated. To avoid this possibility, it has been proposed to provide two switches which are widely spaced and must be simultaneously operated to actuate the knife so that both hands of a person will be occupied and the risk of cutting a hand is minimized. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04480536__

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Broccoli bunching and tying machine Inventor(s): Branch; Gregory L. (Salinas, CA) Assignee(s): Johnson Associates, Inc. (Salinas, CA) Patent Number: 4,262,944 Date filed: April 4, 1979 Abstract: An automatic tying machine suitable for use in connection with an automatic broccoli bunching machine is illustrated. The tying machine comprises, in addition to the string carrying needle and knotter bill mechanism of the prior art machines, a placer foot that is separate from the needle, and a string retaining mechanism having two fingers, so that each string end of the loop may be independently held. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to food handling machines, and more specifically to a tying machine capable of tying irregularly shaped objects such as bunches of broccoli spears moving on a conveyor line. While such an automatic bunching machine overcomes many of the problems inherent in manually bunching produce in the field or at an individual work station in a food processing plant, it does not represent the most economical way of carrying out large scale bunching in a

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substantially automated fashion. For example, the above referenced bunching machine is designed for carrying out a method wherein an elastic band is manually placed over the cut ends of the clamped stalks to hold the bunches together once the clamping portions are released. However, the elastic bands used in such an automated process are prohibitively expensive, their cost typically amounting to tens of thousands of dollars per year when a large scale operation is envisioned. Automatic tying machines for tying stationary objects are known. These machines typically incorporate a knotting mechanism including rotating knotter bills. In operation, a string retaining mechanism holds the free end of a roll of string while an intermediate portion of the string passes through the eye of a string-carrying needle positioned above an object to be tied. The needle then swings in an arcuate path to a position below the object to form a loop of string thereabout. The string ends pass downwardly into a slot in a sheet metal guide overlying the knotter bills and then under the knotter bills to the retaining mechanism. The needle typically carries a placer foot rigidly attached thereto so that as the needle reaches its extreme of travel, the placer foot effectively closes the slot to define an aperture which constrains the string against lateral movement and prevents its being pushed out of the slot as the knotter bills turn to tie the knot. After the knotter bills have tied the knot, the sheet metal guide moves in a transverse direction to strip the string from the knotter bills. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04262944__ •

Broccoli head trimming apparatus and method Inventor(s): Cecil; Christopher R. (Merced, CA) Assignee(s): Moore; David J. (Jacksonville, OR) Patent Number: 5,470,602 Date filed: November 25, 1994 Abstract: Broccoli fleurettes are rapidly trimmed from broccoli heads by positioning the heads accurately so that the axes of the head stalks intersect the axes of rotation of special U-shaped guillotine blades shaped and dimensioned to trim fleurettes of substantially uniform size. The heads are securely but yieldably pre-positioned in an upward direction, followed by final positioning by a dome shaped cap designed so that optimum trimming is effected and the cut fleurettes are directed toward a collecting station. Denuded stalks are ejected and recovered for further use. The process is characterized by an electronically programmed operation providing both accuracy and speed. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to improvements in processes and machines for separating the fleurettes from a head of broccoli. Preliminary searches turned up a variety of methods, apparatus and systems for trimming broccoli and the like to provide fragments, such as fleurettes, suitable for packing and freezing or for salad bars. Fragmentation has been effected by positioning the head to be trimmed and then cutting the base of the fleurettes from the stalk of the head so that all of the severed fleurettes are about the same size. In Hirtle, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,009,909, for example, the article, such as a head of cauliflower, is held in a fixed, head down position by an impaling knife, or pin, inserted in the upwardly facing core while a set of rotating coring knives of special design are moved into engagement with the article to separate the fleurettes from the core. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05470602__

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Broccoli quartering machine Inventor(s): Evans; Owen H. (Le Sueur, MN) Assignee(s): Green Giant Company (Chaska, MN) Patent Number: 4,168,642 Date filed: October 28, 1977 Abstract: A broccoli quartering machine for quartering spears of broccoli includes a conveyor adapted to move in a lineal path and having rigid plates upon which are mounted resilient, conical, cup-shaped holding members for holding the individual spears of broccoli. The apex of the cup-shaped members extends downward through an opening in each plate and is open, and each cup-shaped member includes at least two pairs of slots which extend from the open apex upward toward the base of the cupshaped member. A plurality of cam followers are mounted on the cup-shaped members and contact a guide strip on the machine frame so as to align one pair of the slots with a first cutting disc and to engage a cam on the machine frame to rotate the cup-shaped member and the spear of broccoli therein 90.degree. between the first cutting disc and the second cutting disc so as to align the remaining pair of slots with the second cutting disc. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a vegetable cutting machine for cutting elongate vegetables and, more particularly, to a broccoli quartering machine. It is frequently desirable that certain vegetables, such as broccoli, be cut and quartered lengthwise for freezing or other packaging. The cutting and quartering of broccoli has been accomplished by hand in the past. Such manual operation is obviously a laborious and tedious task requiring considerable manpower. Several attempts have been made to mechanize this cutting and quartering operation. However, such prior broccoli cutting and quartering machines have suffered from one or more disadvantages. For example, some of the prior machines produced inconsistent cuts of broccoli and resulted in high waste because they required broccoli spears of uniform length for accomodation with the gripping and feeding devices of the machines. Moreover, difficulty in feeding the prior machines was frequently experienced because the broccoli frequently had to be positioned in clamps or other holding devices. Some of the other disadvantages of the prior machines were slow speed operation, creation of excess fines due to excessive handling or pressing of the broccoli during quartering, intermittent motion, removal of too much stem material, and incomplete cutting of the stems. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04168642__

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Broccoli trimming machine Inventor(s): Lewis; David K. (Salinas, CA), Wylie; John V. (Salinas, CA) Assignee(s): J. R. Simplot Company (Boise, ID) Patent Number: 4,773,324 Date filed: August 21, 1987 Abstract: An improved broccoli trimming machine is provided for cutting or scalping broccoli heads in a manner yielding separated broccoli fleurettes of substantially uniform size and shape. The improved broccoli trimming machine includes an indexing mechanism with clamp units for holding and indexing broccoli heads to a scalping station. A bowl-shaped cutter at the scalping station is moved into cutting relation with

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the broccoli heads to scalp each head along a curved, substantially semi-spherical line to approximate the curved contour of the top of a broccoli head to be cut, thereby separating the head into individual fleurettes of substantially uniform size and shape. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to apparatus and methods for cutting vegetables and other produce particularly such as broccoli. More specifically, this invention relates to an improved cutter or trimmer designed to trim broccoli or similar produce items in a manner yielding small individual pieces of substantially uniform size and shape. A variety of vegetable and other produce items are generally known to require cutting or trimming prior to packaging and/or shipment to consumer markets. Exemplary of such produce items are broccoli and cauliflower and the like which generally grow in the form of stalked heads having an overall size frequently exceeding the size of a standard consumer unit. Alternately, or in addition, the stalked head has a size and shape which is not conducive to convenient space-efficient packaging. Accordingly, produce items of this type are commonly trimmed to a required size and shape promptly after picking. In the past, produce items such as broccoli and cauliflower have been cut or trimmed by the use of manual labor to insure relative uniformity in the resultant cut products notwithstanding natural growth variations in the uncut product. The use of manual labor, however, adds significantly to the overall cost of the product to the ultimate consumer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04773324__ •

Chemoprotective isothiocyanates Inventor(s): Cho; Cheon-Gyu (Baltimore, MD), Posner; Gary H. (Baltimore, MD), Talalay; Paul (Baltimore, MD), Zhang; Yuesheng (Baltimore, MD) Assignee(s): The Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD) Patent Number: 5,411,986 Date filed: March 12, 1993 Abstract: Sulforaphane has been isolated and identified as a major and very potent phase II enzyme inducer in broccoli (Brassica oleracea italica). Sulforaphane is a monofunctional inducer, inducing phase II enzymes selectively without the induction of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent cytochromes P-450 (phase I enzymes). Analogues differing in the oxidation state of sulfur and the number of methylene groups were synthesized, and their inducer potencies were measured. Sulforaphane is the most potent of these analogues. Other analogues having different substituent groups in place of the methylsulfinyl group of sulforaphane were also synthesized and assessed. Of these, the most potent are 6-isothiocyanato-2-hexanone and exo-2-acetyl-6isothiocyanatonorbornane. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compounds which stimulate mammalian enzymes which are involved in detoxication of carcinogens. More specifically, it relates to compounds which induce the activity of quinone reductase.sup.1, glutathione transferases and other phase II enzymes, without inducing the activity of cytochromes P-450.sup.1 Abbreviation: QR, quinone reductase [NAD(P)H:(quinoneacceptor)oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.99.2]. Extrinsic factors, including personal life-styles, play a major role in the development of most human malignancies (Wynder, et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58:825-832 (1977); Higginson, et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 63:1291-1298 (1979); Doll, et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 63:1191-1308 (1981)). Cigarette smoking and consumption of alcohol, exposure to synthetic and naturally occurring carcinogens,

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radiation, drugs, infectious agents, and reproductive and behavioral practices are now widely recognized as important contributors to the etiology of cancer. But perhaps most surprising is the inference that normal human diets play causative roles in more than one-third (and possibly even two-thirds) of human neoplasia (Wynder, et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58:825-832 (1977); Higginson, et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 63:1291-1298 (1979); Doll, et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 63:1191-1308 (1981)). Our food contains not only numerous mutagens and carcinogens but also a variety of chemicals that block carcinogenesis in animal models (Ames, Science 221:1256-1264 (1983); Ames, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:7777-7781 (1990); Ames, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:7782-7786 (1990); Carr, B. I., Cancer 55:218-224 (1985); Fiala, et al., Annu. Rev. Nutr. 5:295-321 (1985); Wattenberg, Cancer Res. Suppl. 43:2448s- 2453s (1983); Wattenberg, Cancer Res. 45:1-8 (1985); Wattenberg, et al., Diet, Nutrition and Cancer: 193-203 (1986)). Furthermore, carcinogens can even protect against their own toxic and neoplastic effects or those of other carcinogens--i.e., carcinogens may act as anticarcinogens (Richardson, et al., Cancer Res. 11:274 (1951); Huggins, et al., J. Exp. Med. 119:923-942 (1964); Huggins, et al., J. Exp. Med. 119:943-954 (1964)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05411986__ •

Development of novel highly chemoprotectant crucifer germplasm Inventor(s): Fahey; Jed W. (Eldersburg, MD) Assignee(s): John Hopkins School of Medicine (Baltimore, MD) Patent Number: 6,521,818 Date filed: June 30, 1999 Abstract: A method for producing crucifer germplasm, in particular broccoli and cauliflower germplasm, with high levels of cancer chemoprotectant agents is provided which comprises screening a population of plants for glucosinolate profiles and selecting an individual plant with an enhanced alkyl/indole glucosinolate ratio. Subsequent breeding with a selected plant results in varieties, lines, and plants with desirable glucosinolate profiles. A method of growing crucifer sprouts to enhance chemoprotectant activity of the sprouts by germinating the seeds in a limited water volume is also provided. A method for producing crucifer germplasm which produces seeds with reduced leakage of seed material is provided which comprises screening a population of plants for production of seeds with reduced leakage and selecting an individual plant which produces such seeds. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods for developing novel, highly chemoprotectant crucifer germplasm. In particular, this invention relates to methods for developing novel, highly chemoprotectant broccoli and cauliflower germplasm. The invention relates to the development of germplasm which contains significant quantities of chemoprotective compounds that modulate mammalian enzymes which are involved in metabolism of carcinogens. These compounds induce the activity of Phase 2 enzymes, without inducing biologically significant activities of those Phase 1 enzymes that activate carcinogens. More specifically, the novel germplasm contains an enhanced alkyl/indole glucosinolate ratio. This invention further provides a method of germinating cruciferous seeds and sprouts under conditions which increase antibiotic activity against a range of human pathogens, and which increase the chemoprotectant activity of the sprouts. It is widely recognized that diet plays a large role in controlling the risk of developing cancers and that increased consumption of fruits and vegetables reduces cancer incidence in humans. It is now believed that a major mechanism of

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protection depends on the presence of chemical components in plants that, when delivered to mammalian cells, elevate levels of Phase 2 enzymes that detoxify carcinogens. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06521818__ •

Dried green vegetable and method of preparation Inventor(s): Lioutas; Theodore S. (Plymouth, MN) Assignee(s): General Mills, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN) Patent Number: 4,832,969 Date filed: December 16, 1987 Abstract: Disclosed are dried green vegetables, especially broccoli florets and pea-pods, characterized by superior color retention compared to conventionally dried vegetables of equivalent water activity stored at comparable temperatures. The present products also exhibit excellent rehydration rates and superior texture and appearance upon rehydration. In its method aspect, the invention resides in improved infusion techniques, including infusion of particularly defined alkaline buffer systems and tocopherol into the vegetable pieces. The instant dried vegetables find particular suitability for use in shelf stable packaged dry mixes for oriental or stir fry meals, dry mixes for cold pasta salads and casseroles. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to food products and to their methods of preparation. More particularly, the present invention relates to processed intermediate moisture vegetables of enhanced shelf stability and to infusion methods of their preparation. Dried packaged convenience foods or mixes are popular from which can be prepared foods such as soups, casseroles and salads. These packaged foods frequently contain dehydrated vegetables of various types along with various other dried ingredients especially pastas. Ideally, the vegetables would rehydrate quickly. Further, upon rehydration, the rehydrated vegetables would resemble as closely as possible fresh vegetables in terms of color, appearance, texture and nutrition. Rehydrated green vegetables are especially vulnerable to exhibit color degradation compared to freshly blanched green vegetables. The color degradation is due in part to the deterioration of chlorophyll. Yellow vegetables in contrast are less susceptible to color loss. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04832969__

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Harvesting apparatus having detachable wings Inventor(s): Freeman; C. Dal (Salinas, CA), Plumb; Bruce E. (Salinas, CA) Assignee(s): Bud Antle, Inc. (Salinas, CA) Patent Number: 4,655,667 Date filed: November 26, 1984 Abstract: A harvesting system for wet soil crops, such as broccoli and cauliflower, includes a harvest/shuttle vehicle and complementary trailer. The vehicle may be operated in a harvest mode in concert with detachable harvesting wings to accumulate a load of produce during a harvest. Thereafter, the harvest vehicle may either transfer the load to a similar vehicle used in a shuttle mode to transport the load to the highway, or the wings may be detached from the vehicle and the vehicle may be operated in the

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shuttle mode to transport the load to the highway. In either application, the harvest remains uninterrupted because the harvesting wings continue to remain in use in the field. After a load is transported from the field to the highway, it is readily transferred to a trailer. The trailer includes a trailer bed that is readily adjusted between a load receiving elevation and a load transporting elevation. All such transfers between harvester, shuttle, and trailer are automated using palletized loads and self-powered transfer mechanisms. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to agricultural machinery. More particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus for the harvesting, loading, and transfer of produce. With the advent of agricultural mechanization, broccoli, cauliflower, and other crops requiring damp growing conditions, have been difficult to harvest. The conditions that promote high yields of these crops --extremely moist soil conditions--exacerbate the harvesting process. Nonstandard cultivation techniques, such as varying row spacings, also reduce the efficiency with which broccoli, cauliflower, et al. can be harvested. The known and widely practiced technique of harvesting such produce requires that a team of laborers proceed through a field ahead of a harvesting machine cutting the product from the plant on which it grew. A second team of laborers, accompanying a harvest machine, gather the product, and load it onto the harvest machine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04655667__ •

Heat tolerant broccoli Inventor(s): Barham; Robert (Gilroy, CA), Joynt; David (Hollister, CA) Assignee(s): R&D AG, Inc. (Gilroy, CA) Patent Number: 6,294,715 Date filed: June 8, 1999 Abstract: Heat tolerant broccoli plants and seed produced therefrom are described. The heat tolerant broccoli plants are capable of producing a commercially acceptable broccoli head under heat stress growth conditions. The heat tolerant broccoli plants are exemplified by seeds deposited with the American Type Culture Collection and having ATCC Accession numbers: 203530, 203531, 203532, and 203533. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of plant breeding. In particular, this invention relates to the development of heat tolerant broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica). Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) has become an increasingly popular crop worldwide especially in health-conscious areas of the western world such as the North America, Europe, and Japan. An average broccoli stalk contains only 30 calories and provides 240% of the recommended daily allowance of vitamin C plus 10% of the recommended daily allowance of vitamin A. In addition to its nutritional value, some recent studies have shown that broccoli aids in the prevention of some forms of cancer. Broccoli is a cool weather crop. High temperatures (>80.degree. F.) for even relatively short periods of time and warm temperatures (>75.degree. F.) for extended periods of time cause broccoli heads to be rough with uneven flower bud sizes and thus commercially unacceptable. (Bjorkman, T., et al. (1998) High temperature arrest of inflorescence development in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.). Journal of Experimental Botany 49:101-106. As a result of the high sensitivity to heat during growth, broccoli can only be grown in limited areas under cool weather conditions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06294715__

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Holder for vegetables such as broccoli Inventor(s): Striplin; Charles D. (c/o Striplin Machine & Engineering Co., P.O. Box 515, Benicia, CA 94510) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,203,180 Date filed: March 9, 1979 Abstract: A holder for vegetables having a stalk, such as broccoli, is provided in a form of a thin truncated cone wherein the small end has been divided into a plurality of flexible fingers. The fingers engage the stalks of the vegetables so that they present an attractive appearance when offered for sale. Excerpt(s): Many vegetables having stalks, particularly such vegetables as celery, cauliflower, broccoli, onions, leeks and the like, are ordinarily sold as bunches containing two or more of the vegetables. In the past, it has been universal practice to tie up two or more of the vegetables into salable units, utilizing for this purpose various tying elements such as string, rubber bands, and twistable plastic-encased wires. These methods have not been fully satisfactory. For instance, if the tying element does not have a degree of flexibility, the vegetables frequently dry out in storage or while they are being offered for sale so that the tying element becomes loose. The problem is particularly severe when only two stalks of a vegetable are tied together. Three or more stalks will lie parallel to each other so that one can tie the stalks with a flexible member such as a rubber band, and there will be no great tendency of the stalks to twist. However, no such condition of stability exists when only two stalks are used since if the two stalks are tied, even with a flexible element such as a rubber band, there will still be a tendency for the stalks to twist. As some of the vegetables come with relatively large heads, such as broccoli, it is highly desirable that one be able to tie a bunch containing only two stalks which heretofore has not been practical. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04203180__

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Icing apparatus for pallet supported cartons Inventor(s): Burns; Daniel E. (Camarillo, CA) Assignee(s): Demco, Inc. (Oxnard, CA) Patent Number: 4,425,768 Date filed: September 30, 1982 Abstract: The icing apparatus comprises an open frame structure for receiving cartons stacked in rows and columns on a pallet. These cartons contain perishable food such as broccoli brought in from the field and are to be treated with liquid ice to preserve their contents. Towards this end, the apparatus includes left and right carriages carrying horizontal rows of liquid ice injecting probes or nozzles. These carriages can move up and down left and right sides of the frame and also the probes themselves can be moved in and out towards and away from cartons on the pallet. By this arrangement, an upper horizontal row of cartons can be simultaneously iced by the horizontal row of probes by simply moving the same into the hand hold openings of the cartons. The carriage structures can then be lowered by the heighth dimension of the cartons and a next horizontal row of cartons simultaneously treated with liquid ice. The process is repeated

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until all cartons on the pallet have been treated with liquid ice, the cartons then being removed while still on the pallet. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to icing equipment and more particularly to an icing apparatus for automatically icing rows and columns of cartons containing perishable foods stacked on a pallet without having to remove the cartons from the pallet. Harvested fresh vegetables are normally packed in cartons provided with convenient hand hold opening on opposite ends. For example, fresh broccoli might constitute a typical perishable food handled in this manner. In order to preserve the freshness of the vegetables during shipment to various locations, the cartons themselves are normally treated with liquid ice and towards this end, there have been provided a number of systems for icing the cartons. An example of an automatic liquid ice system such as discussed above is shown in my U.S. Pat. No. 4,249,388 issued Feb. 10, 1981. In the system disclosed in this patent, cartons are passed along a conveyor belt and icing probes located in an overhead structure inject liquid ice into the contents of the box. As the box or carton moves down the conveyor belt, it is appropriately covered and ready for shipment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04425768__ •

Inbred broccoli line 194-6-2CMS Inventor(s): Akamatsu; Toyokazu (Kakegawa, JP), Kobayashi; Shigetoshi (Tsu, JP), Sasayama; Junichi (Tsu, JP) Assignee(s): Sakata Seed Corporation (Yokohama, JP) Patent Number: 6,274,793 Date filed: July 27, 1999 Abstract: A novel broccoli cultivar, designated 194-6-2CMS, is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds of broccoli cultivar 194-6-2CMS, to the plants of broccoli 194-62CMS and to methods for producing a broccoli plant produced by crossing the cultivar 194-6-2CMS with itself or another broccoli variety. The invention further relates to hybrid broccoli seeds and plants produced by crossing the cultivar 194-6-2CMS with another broccoli cultivar. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new and distinctive broccoli cultivar, designated 194-6-2CMS. There are numerous steps in the development of any novel, desirable plant germplasm. Plant breeding begins with the analysis and definition of problems and weaknesses of the current germplasm, the establishment of program goals, and the definition of specific breeding objectives. The next step is selection of germplasm that possess the traits to meet the program goals. The goal is to combine in a single variety an improved combination of desirable traits from the parental germplasm. These important traits may include higher yield, resistance to diseases and insects, better stems and roots, tolerance to drought and heat, and better agronomic quality. The cultivated plants associated with the species Brassica oleracea have been of great agricultural importance to mankind since ancient times. The introduction of hybrid cultivars to North America in the 1960's benefited the popularity of these crops by expanding the growing season, increasing yield and holding ability, and making largescale production economically feasible. First generation (F.sub.1) hybrid cultivars possess the advantage of genetic uniformity without the inbreeding depression inherent in true-breeding lines. Developing commercial Brassica hybrids requires the development of homozygous inbred parent lines. Homozygous inbred lines of broccoli

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can be develop by self-pollinating (selfing) for 8 to 9 generations or by deriving doubled haploid plants from anther culture. Choice of breeding or selection methods depends on the mode of plant reproduction, the heritability of the trait(s) being improved, and the type of cultivar used commercially (e.g., F.sub.1 hybrid cultivar, pureline cultivar, etc.). For highly heritable traits, a choice of superior individual plants evaluated at a single location will be effective, whereas for traits with low heritability, selection should be based on mean values obtained from replicated evaluations of families of related plants. Popular selection methods commonly include pedigree selection, modified pedigree selection, mass selection, and recurrent selection. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06274793__ •

Inbred broccoli line BC-403 Inventor(s): Kobayashi; Shigetoshi (Tsu, JP), Sasayama; Junichi (Tsu, JP) Assignee(s): Sakata Seed America, Inc. (Morgan Hill, CA) Patent Number: 5,945,582 Date filed: September 3, 1997 Abstract: Inbred broccoli line, designated BC-403 is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds of inbred broccoli line BC-403, to the plants of inbred broccoli line BC-403, and to methods for producing a broccoli plant produced by crossing the inbred line BC403 with itself or another broccoli line. The invention further relates to hybrid broccoli seeds and plants produced by crossing the inbred line BC-403 with another broccoli line. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a new and distinctive broccoli inbred line, designated BC-403. There are numerous steps involved in the development of any new and novel desirable germplasm with superior combining ability. Plant breeding begins with the analysis and definition of problems and weaknesses of the current germplasm, the establishment of program goals, and definition of specific breeding objectives. The next step is selection of germplasm that posses the traits to meet the program goals and the best breeding method to reach those goals. The objective is to combine in a single variety or hybrid an improved combination of desirable traits from the parental germplasm. These important characteristics may include higher yield, better flavor, improved color and field holding ability, resistance to diseases and insects along with economic seed yields to facilitate the cost of hybrid seed production. The method chosen for breeding or selection depends on the mode of plant reproduction, the heritability of the trait(s) being improved, and the cultivar (variety) used commercially (e.g. F.sub.1 hybrid, pureline). The complexity of inheritance influences choice of breeding method. A most difficult task is the identification of individuals that are genetically superior, because for most traits the true genotypic value is masked by other confounding plant traits or environmental factors. One method of identifying a superior plant is to observe its performance relative to other experimental plants and to a widely grown standard cultivar. If a single observation is inconclusive, observation in multiple locations and seasons provide a better estimate of its genetic worth. The development of commercial broccoli hybrids requires the development of homozygous inbred lines. Breeding programs combine desirable traits from two or more germplasm sources from which various broad based breeding gene pools are used to develop inbred lines by selfing followed by selection of desired phenotypes sometimes utilizing anther, microspore and ovule culture to speed up and improve selection efficiency.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05945582__ •

Method and apparatus of heat-shocking fresh produce and for cooling such produce to a desired temperature and moisture content Inventor(s): Later; Roger Carson (1427 Euclid St., Santa Monica, CA 90404) Assignee(s): Later; Roger Carson (Santa Monica, CA) Patent Number: 6,644,043 Date filed: August 2, 2002 Abstract: Produce, especially processed produce, such as lettuce, broccoli and potatoes, is heat-shocked with water having an elevated temperature relative to the produce, to minimize discoloration of the produce from the processing after the heat shock, the produce is low pressure or vacuum cooled and dried to remove heat-shock water adsorbed and absorbed by the produce. Excerpt(s): This invention provides methods and apparatuses for applying controlled elevated temperature water to fresh produce such as lettuce, broccoli and potatoes to create a heat-shock response in the produce tissue, and then removing the water and cooling the produce by vacuum evaporation of the water, leaving the produce tissue at a desired temperature and with a desired moisture content. U.S. Pat. No. 5,992,169, incorporated herein by reference as though fully set forth here, discloses vacuum cooling and drying of fresh produce such as lettuce, and apparatus therefor, as an alternative and superior method to centrifuge drying and cooling, or forced air drying and cooling of processed produce. Pertinent parts of the specification are included in this application. Vacuum cooling, and drying requires less handling, and, therefore, causes less abrasion and abuse of produce tissue, reducing wound response and browning of the tissue, and enhancing marketability. Produce sprayed or immersed in water absorbs and adsorbs water. For example, iceberg lettuce immersed in water after being chopped or cut may take up to twenty percent or more of its weight in water. The more water that the lettuce tissue absorbs/adsorbs, the higher the temperature must be to evaporate unwanted water in a given time period, in the vacuum evaporation process. (See FIGS. 2A and 2B). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06644043__

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Method for packaging perishables Inventor(s): Bell; Laurence D. (12440 Saddle Way, Carmel Valley, CA 93924) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,996,071 Date filed: August 26, 1988 Abstract: A method for determining and controlling the proper modified or unmodified atmosphere packaging for cut or uncut respiring perishables such as cauliflower, lettuce and broccoli includes the steps of determining the respiration rate of the respiring perishable, preparing a plurality of packages containing the respiring perishable with each package having a different permeant factor, determining a value called atmosphere quotient for each of the packages according to this formula: atmosphere quotient equals permeant factor divided by respiration rate; subjecting each of the packages to known

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conditions of temperature and pressure over a known period of time and correlating the subjective and objective indicia of quality, appearance and marketability of the respiring perishable from each package to the atmosphere quotient values determined according to the foregoing formula, and then varying one or more of the values of the components that affect permeant factor to achieve and maintain the optimum value or range of values for atmosphere quotient. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for determining proper modified or unmodified atmosphere packaging for cut or uncut respiring perishables such as cauliflower, lettuce and broccoli. (5) varying one or more of the values of the components (A), (P) and/or (W) of permeant factor (G) to achieve and maintain the optimum value or range of values for atmosphere quotient determined in step (4) above. Once atmosphere quotient has been determined by these methods, the values of the components (A), (P) and/or (W) that correspond to the optimum atmosphere quotient value or values can be further varied as desired. In preferred embodiments, the methods of this invention may also include the step of determining the oxygen and carbon dioxide quotients independent of one another so that the ratio of carbon dioxide-tooxygen permeabilities for a given package of a perishable can be optimized. The ratio of carbon dioxide-to-oxygen permeabilities for a given package of a given perishable directly influences the equilibrium ratio of carbon dioxide-to-oxygen concentrations inside the package. At equilibrium, the amount of oxygen permeating into the package is substantially equal to the oxygen consumed by the perishable inside the package, and the amount of carbon dioxide permeating out of the package is substantially equal to the carbon dioxide produced inside the package. Thus, once an optimum carbon dioxide or oxygen quotient is determined as in step (4) above with a packaging material of a given carbon dioxide-to-oxygen permeability ratio, then changing to a material of different carbon dioxide-to-oxygen permeability ratio may require a new atmosphere quotient determination. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04996071__ •

Method for producing vegetable pasta Inventor(s): Irvin; Scot A. (Grayslake, IL), Maksimoski; Richard C. (Gurnee, IL), Villota; Ricardo (Lake Zurich, IL) Assignee(s): Kraft Foods, Inc. (Northfield, IL) Patent Number: 5,508,053 Date filed: October 4, 1994 Abstract: A method is provided for the production of vegetable or herb pasta, especially thin-walled vegetable or herb pasta, containing high levels of vegetable solids, i.e., about 4 to about 15 weight percent vegetable solids, or high levels of herb solids, i.e., about 2 to 15 weight percent herb solids. Vegetable pasta can be prepared using vegetable solids derived from beet, broccoli, carrot, celery, corn, green pepper, red pepper, spinach, tomato, and the like. Herb pasta can be prepared using herb solids derived from oregano, basil, coriander, tarragon, onion, parsley, sage, garlic, and the like. Such vegetable and herb pastas are produced by carefully drying the formed pasta shapes under high temperature and low relative humidity conditions, whereby the vegetable or herb pasta is obtained with a moisture content of about 11 to about 13 weight percent and vegetable solids content of about 4 to about 15 weight percent or herb solids content of about 2 to about 15 weight percent, wherein the pasta has, after processing and

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subsequent cooking, good color, texture, integrity, and vegetable or herb flavor. The vegetable and herb pastas produced by this method also have excellent storage stability. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to methods for the production of vegetable pastas and herb pastas and to the vegetable pastas and herb pastas so produced. More specifically, this invention provides improved methods for the production of vegetable-containing or herb-containing pastas, especially thin-walled pastas, which contain high levels of vegetable solids or herb solids, respectively. The vegetable pastas and herb pastas of this invention retain good color, texture, integrity, and flavor after cooking. Conventional vegetable pastas, such as spinach- and tomatocontaining pastas, consist mainly of wheat flour with only about 3 to 3.5 weight percent or less vegetable solids. Attempts to prepare wheat flour-based vegetable pastas with higher vegetable solids levels have generally been unsatisfactory. Processes for the commercial manufacture of pasta, including vegetable pasta with low levels of vegetable solids, are well known. These processes involve mixing flour and water and, in the case of vegetable pasta, the appropriate vegetable solids, to form a paste. Typically the paste is shaped by forcing it through holes in an extruder die at high pressure and elevated temperature to form extrudates of the desired cross-sectional shape. The extrudates may, if desired, be cut to desired lengths. The extrudates are usually dried to a moisture content of generally less than about 14 weight percent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05508053__ •

Method for selective increase of the anticarcinogenic glucosinolates in Brassica sp. Inventor(s): Faulkner; Kathy (East Dereham, GB), Mithen; Richard (Norwich, GB), Williamson; Gary (Kings Lynn, GB) Assignee(s): Plant Bioscience Limited (GB) Patent Number: 6,340,784 Date filed: April 8, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing Brassica oleracea with elevated anticarcinogenic glucosinolate derivatives. The elevated levels are obtained by crossing wild Brassica oleracea species with Brassica oleracea breeding lines, and subsequently selecting hybrids with levels of 4 -methylsulfinylbutyl and/or 3methylsulfinylpropyl glucosinolates elevated above that initially found in Brassica oleracea breeding lines. The invention also relates to edible Brassica plants, such as broccoli plants, with elevated levels of 4-methylaulfinylbutyl glucosinolate and/or 3 methylsulfinylpropyl glucosinolates, and to seeds of such plants. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for the selective increase of anticarcinogenic glucosinolate derivatives in Brassica species, and to Brassica species with enhanced levels of anticarcinogenic glucosinolate derivatives and in particular edible Brassica vegetables with elevated levels of the anticarcinogenic glucosinolate derivatives 4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate and/or 3-methylsulfinylpropyl isothiocyanate. The present invention also provides methods for selection of genetic combinations of broccoli containing high levels of anticarcinogenic glucosinolate derivatives and methods to evaluate the anticarcinogenic properties of these genetic combinations. The invention further relates to compositions of matter comprising Brassica vegetables with concentrations of 4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate and/or 3-methylsulfinylpropyl glucosinolate between 10 and 100.mu.moles/g dry weight. The present invention provides methods for the production of Brassica vegetables with

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elevated levels of specific glucosinolates and derivatives thereof. In particular the invention provides methods for the production and selection of Brassica vegetables with elevated levels of 3-methylsulfinylpropyl and/or 4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolates. These glucosinolates are converted by the activity of the enzyme myrosinase into isothiocyanate derivatives which have been demonstrated to be potent inducers of phase II detoxification enzymes, elevated activity of which is associated with reduced susceptibility to the neoplastic effects of carcinogens. The invention provides genetic combinations which 1.) exhibit elevated levels of 4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate and/or 3-methylsulfinylpropyl glucosinolate and 2.) exhibit low activity of the GSLALK allele which encodes an activity capable of converting these glucosinolates into the alkenyl derivatives, which do not posses the anti-carcinogenic properties of the isothiocyanate derivatives of these glucosinolates and 3.) suitable myrosinase activity capable of producing isothiocyanate derivatives of said glucosinolates. Accordingly these genetic combinations provide elevated levels of specific glucosinolates, reduced production of alkenyl derivatives of these glucosinolates and favoured production of isothiocyanate derivatives of said glucosinolates. The invention further relates to the use of genetic markers to select the genetic combinations described above. It is known that a diet high in vegetables is associated with a reduction in the risk of certain types of cancer and hence it is desirable to include a significant amount of vegetables in the human diet. The anticarcinogenic activity of vegetables has been associated with the presence of several classes of secondary metabolites. Evidence is growing that some of these secondary metabolites are involved in lowering the risk of certain types of cancer and hence are considered anticarcinogenic. Accordingly, enhancing the level of anticarcinogenic metabolites provides a useful strategy for the reduction of cancer risk, in complementation with dietary advice to increase the consumption of vegetables. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06340784__ •

Method for slicing broccoli and the like into spears Inventor(s): Switek, Jr.; Robert E. (7059-I Commerce Cir., Pleasanton, CA 94588) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,156,874 Date filed: October 21, 1991 Abstract: A method, apparatus and system for slicing broccoli and the like into relatively uniform spears suitable for packing and freezing by grasping the stem end of the broccoli in clamping jaws with the main portion of the broccoli head depending vertically, moving a plurality of slicing knives upwardly to slice through said main portion, and severing the stem portion from the sliced portion to provide spears of similar size and shape. The heads of broccoli move along a feed conveyor and erecting means to a transfer station where their stem ends are grasped by clamping jaws carried on a rotary turntable in vertical alignment with a slicing knife assembly reciprocable vertically in response to the rotation of the turntable. A rotary knife severs the stem ends from the spears which drop onto a discharge conveyor. All of the described actions occur as the broccoli moves at a constant uniform speed through the slicing machine. The system provides multiple slicing machines arrayed along a supply conveyor, with each machine accomodating a specific size range of broccoli heads, and being adjustable to different size ranges. Intermixed broccoli heads of varying sizes are manually transferred from the supply conveyor to the feed conveyors of the correct slicing machines for the size of the broccoli head.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods and apparatus for longitudinal slicing of vegetables and fruits, and more particularly to a system and equipment for slicing large quantities of different size heads of broccoli into spears suitable for packaging and freezing. In modern food packaging, it is often necessary to slice individual vegetables and fruits lengthwise into a plurality of spears of similar size and shape. This is particularly difficult when the vegetables or fruits are of uneven size and configuration, such as broccoli, cauliflower, and the like. Traditionally, slicing of the vegetable or fruit into longitudinal spears has been accomplished manually by a series of workers who grasp the vegetable or fruit and wield a straight knife or cleaver to make longitudinal cuts angularly related to each other. This method of slicing the units into spears is extremely labor-intensive, and the similarity of the configuration of the spears depends in large part upon the skill of the worker. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05156874__ •

Method of making a cooking pouch containing a raw protein portion, a raw or blanched vegetable portion and a sauce Inventor(s): Wright; Leah Kay (Rogers, AR) Assignee(s): Food Talk, Inc. (Rogers, AR) Patent Number: 6,488,973 Date filed: November 19, 1998 Abstract: A frozen food product which includes a raw protein portion, a raw or an only partially cooked or blanched vegetable portion and a sauce, contained in a sealed cooking pouch made primarily of paper and a susceptor layer, preferably aluminum, which may be placed in an oven or microwave oven so as to cook the contents of the cooking pouch. The raw protein product is preferably one of fish, beef, poultry, pork or veal. The vegetables are raw or blanched vegetables such as julienne peppers, celery, carrots, onions, zucchini or broccoli. The blanched vegetables are only partially cooked so that the time remaining to complete cooking of the vegetables is approximately the same as the time required to cook the raw protein portion. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of frozen food products including a raw protein portion. The protein may be by itself, or alternatively, the protein portion may include at least one of a raw or blanched vegetable portion or a sauce sealed in a cooking pouch formed of a sheet material having a paper outermost layer and a plastic coated metal innermost layer. In today's hurried world, little time is left for the involved processes of cooking a gourmet meal. Accordingly, resort has been made to taking advantage of processed or frozen, prepared meals. These meals come in various forms of precooked food and provide a wide range of entrees and flavors. However, the offerings of the processed food industry have not yet achieved the quality of a restaurant prepared meal. The reheating of frozen, precooked food cannot provide the flavor and texture of fresh food. For example, a popular dish in restaurants which must be prepared from all fresh ingredients is "pompano in a bag" or "fillets de poisson en papillotes". This specialty item traditionally includes fish which is cooked in a parchment paper bag or using greaseproof (waxed) paper. The bag is crumbled at its open end to form a loose closing of the bag so as, to a limited extent, produce a build-up of steam pressure in the bag during a cooking process. However, this type of quality food product has previously been unavailable to the frozen food mass market. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06488973__

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Methods for shipping broccoli without ice Inventor(s): Cherry; Joe H. (Dadeville, AL), Gawad; Hesham A. (Fresno, CA), Kravitz; Howard S. (Wayne, PA), Sargert; Robert R. (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): EPL Technologies, Inc. (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 5,858,432 Date filed: March 24, 1997 Abstract: A method for inhibiting the deterioration of processed fresh broccoli during shipment, comprising the steps of processing the broccoli for fresh consumption and exposing the processed broccoli to a solution of sodium citrate, ascorbic acid, sodium acid pyrophosphate, and L-cysteine hydrochloride, and water in which the sodium citrate, ascorbic acid, sodium acid pyrophosphate, and L-cysteine hydrochloride have been diluted to a combined weight percentage concentration of from about 1.00 to about 1.21 weight percent of the solution, vacuum cooling the processed broccoli, and shipping the processed broccoli after the vacuum cooling step without packing the processed broccoli in ice, the exposing step including contacting the processed broccoli with a sufficient amount of the solution such that the contacting inhibits the deterioration of the processed broccoli when the processed broccoli is exposed to an atmosphere during the shipping step that would result in the deterioration of the processed broccoli in the absence of the contacting and in the absence of ice packing. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to methods for inhibiting the deterioration of mechanically and physiologically injured fruits and vegetables, and relates more particularly to a method for inhibiting the deterioration of minimally processed fresh broccoli during shipment without packing and shipping the broccoli in ice. The majority of the broccoli grown in the United States is grown in California and Arizona. Of the estimated 3 billion pounds of broccoli that are marketed in the United States each year, about 1 billion pounds are minimally processed soon after harvest and are shipped fresh, ready for consumption. The fresh broccoli market in the United States consists of two segments: (1) whole broccoli crowns and bunch broccoli (about 700 million pounds yearly) and (2) broccoli florets (about 300 million pounds yearly). A broccoli crown is a single 4 or 5 inch stalk, typically of the Marathon variety, with lateral stems trimmed off. The head of a broccoli crown is typically a very even mushroom shape and tightly packed flower buds, which are ideally deep green in color, tight and consistent. Bunch broccoli is a group of broccoli stalks, typically of the Arcadia variety, with lateral stalks trimmed off, which are held together with a rubber band or twist tie. Florets are broccoli buds that have been trimmed from a stalk. About 280 million pounds of the broccoli crowns and bunch broccoli market are shipped within the United States each year, and about 420 million pounds are exported The floret market is primarily within the United States. About 300 million pounds of florets are shipped to food service providers and retailers each year. Quality aspects that are among the most prized in fresh broccoli is a deep green color, dense and compact heads, tight flowers, few laterals, and minimal cut end darkening. While whole, unprocessed broccoli may be stored under refrigeration for many weeks without significant deterioration, minimally processed fresh broccoli that has been in refrigerated storage for as little as a week will become pale green, the florets will begin to turn yellow, and the cut ends will begin to brown. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05858432__

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Novel lepidopteran-active Bacillus thuringiensis isolate Inventor(s): Olson; Theresa C. (San Diego, CA), Payne; Jewel (San Diego, CA), Soares; George G. (San Diego, CA), Talbot; Henry W. (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Mycogen Corporation (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 4,990,332 Date filed: October 25, 1988 Abstract: The subject invention concerns a novel and useful insecticide with activity against insect pests of the order Lepidoptera. Pests in the order Lepidoptera do heavy damage to crops, e.g., cabbage and broccoli. The insecticide of the subject invention is a novel B. thuringiensis microbe referred to as B.t. PS85A1, or mutants thereof. Specifically disclosed is an asporogenous mutant designated B.t. PS85A1-168. The spores or crystals of B.t. PS85A1, or the crystals of B.t. PS85A1-168, are useful to control lepidopteran pests in various environments. Excerpt(s): Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) produces an insect toxin designated as.delta.endotoxin. It is synthesized by the B.t. sporulating cell. The toxin, upon being ingested in its crystalline form by susceptible insect larvae, is transformed into biologically active moieties by the insect gut juice proteases. The primary target is insect cells of the gut epithelium, which are rapidly destroyed. The reported activity spectrum of B.t. covers insect species within the order Lepidoptera, many of which are major pests in agriculture and forestry. The activity spectrum also includes the insect order Diptera, which includes mosquitos and black flies. See Couch, T. L. (1980) "Mosquito Pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis," Developments in Industrial Microbiology 22:61-76; Beegle, C. C., (1978) "Use of Entomogenous Bacteria in Agroecosystems," Developments in Industrial Microbiology 20:97-104. B.t. isolates also have been shown to be active against beetles in the order coleoptera. The diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (DBM) is a lepidopteran pest on cruciferous plants. The small larvae are foliar feeders that chew holes in the leaves. This can result in severe damage when populations are high. In addition to all the cruciferous vegetable crops, such as cabbage, broccoli, bok-choy, and cauliflower, DBM also attacks certain ornamental and greenhouse plants such as stocks, sweet alyssum, wallflower, and candytuft. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04990332__

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Packaging material and method of making a packaging material Inventor(s): Mueller; Walter B. (Inman, SC) Assignee(s): W.R. Grace & Co. (Duncan, SC) Patent Number: 5,484,654 Date filed: March 12, 1993 Abstract: A packaging laminate which includes a layer of polymethylpentene film and a sealant film. The films may be bonded by corona treatment. The laminate displays high oxygen transmission and heat resistance and may be used as a packaging material for produce such as cauliflower, broccoli and lettuce. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a packaging material and a method of producing the packaging material. The packaging material is a laminate of a polymethylpentene film and a sealant film wherein the films may be bonded by corona treatment. Many products are marketed in packages formed by wrapping a flexible

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transparent film around the product. Food products such as cauliflower, broccoli, and lettuce are typical of products benefited by this type of packaging since the flexible transparent film protects the product and provides for visual inspection of the product. In the packaging of produce such as cauliflower, broccoli and lettuce it is also desirable to provide a packaging material with a high oxygen transmission, yet with low moisture transmission rates to resist a loss of moisture from the food product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05484654__ •

Product produced by process of freezing and ice glazing broccoli Inventor(s): Carter; Jeffrey D. (Circle Pines, MN), Lockwood; Dean H. (Burnsville, MN), Schmidt; William G. (Maple Grove, MN) Assignee(s): The Pillsbury Company (Minneapolis, MN) Patent Number: 5,182,125 Date filed: April 25, 1991 Abstract: A product produced by the process of forming an ice glazing within the canopy of broccoli florets to preserve the floret structure and reduce fines loss is disclosed. The process includes the steps of individually freezing the broccoli florets, and immersing the florets in water at a water temperature and for an amount of time sufficient to form an ice glazing within the structure of the floret. The floret is then refrozen. The product has a glazing which preserves the structure of the floret during processing and subsequently handling. A frozen broccoli floret having an ice glazing within the crevices of the floret is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the processing of frozen vegetables. In particular, it relates to a method of processing frozen vegetables having a delicate structure in a manner which protects the structure and reduces breakage during processing and subsequent handling. The demand for high quality, nutritious, and aesthetically pleasing frozen foods has increased dramatically in recent years. Consumers demand frozen foods which are pleasing to the eye, are high in nutrient value, and are conveniently packaged. Manufacturers of frozen foods have found it necessary to improve product quality and at the same time reduce costs to effectively compete in the increasingly competitive frozen food market. An example of a frozen vegetable which is very popular with consumers is frozen broccoli. The portion of the broccoli plant which has the greatest appeal to consumers is the delicate broccoli floret. Broccoli florets have a fragile structure and are susceptible to breakage during processing, handling and shipping. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05182125__

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Proteins catalyzing the extension of plant cell walls Inventor(s): Cosgrove; Daniel J. (State College, PA), Guiltinan; Mark (State College, PA), McQueen-Mason; Simon (York, GB), Shcherban; Tatyana (State College, PA), Shi; Jun (State College, PA) Assignee(s): The Penn State Research Foundation (University Park, PA) Patent Number: 5,959,082 Date filed: May 12, 1995

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Abstract: A new class of proteins and methods related thereto are presented. The proteins, which can be characterized as catalysts of the extension of plant cell walls and the weakening of the hydrogen bonds in pure cellulose, are referred to as expansins. Two proteins have been isolated by fractionation techniques from washed wall fragments of cucumber hypocotyls, referred to as "cucumber expansin-29" and "cucumber expansin-30" (abbreviated cEx-29 and cEx-30, with respect to their apparent relative masses as determined by SDS-PAGE). Moreover, three peptide fragments from the purified cEx-29 protein were sequenced, then oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify a portion of the expansin cDNA using polymerase chain reaction with a cDNA template derived from cucumber seedlings, and then the PCR fragment was used to screen a cDNA library to identify full length clones. Another expansin protein has been isolated from oat coleoptiles (oat expansin oEx-29), while three additional expansin sequences have been identified in Arabidopsis and an additional two in rice. Expansins appear to be broadly distributed throughout the plant kingdom and can be identified in stem and leaf vegetables (i.e., broccoli, cabbage), fruit and seed vegetables (i.e., tomato), fiber crops and cereals (i.e., corn), and forest and ornamental crops (i.e., cotton). An expansin, generally, is a protein which has at least about 60% sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ. ID. NO:1, and preferably has at least about 70% sequence similarity with SEQ. ID. NO:1. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new class of proteins, known as expansins, and their isolation, sequencing, genesis by expression systems, and utilization. These proteins have been identified in a wide variety of plant and other materials and have a variety of applications, including but not limited to agricultural and/or food applications and industrial uses such as their use in the paper industry as a catalyst for weakening the strength of paper products. For example, they can prove especially useful in the recycling of paper. By the way of background, for many years wall "loosening enzymes" have been implicated in the control of plant cell enlargement (growth), largely on the basis of rapid biophysical and biochemical changes in the wall during auxin-induced growth (reviewed by Cleland and Rayle, Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 1:125139, 1978; Taiz, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol., 35:585-657, 1984). Plant walls contain numerous hydrolytic enzymes, which have been viewed as catalysts capable of weakening the wall to permit turgor-driven expansion (reviewed by Fry, Physiol. Plantarum, 75:532-536, 1989). In support of this hypothesis, Huber and Nevins (Physiol. Plant., 53:533-539, 1981) and Inoue and Nevins (Plant Physiol., 96:426-431, 1991) found that antibodies raised against wall proteins could inhibit both auxin-induced growth and wall autolysis of corn coleoptiles. In addition, isolated walls from many species extend irreversibly when placed under tension in acid conditions in a manner consistent with an enzyme-mediated process (Cosgrove D. J. Planta, 177:121-130, 1989). Despite these results and other evidence in favor of "wall-loosening" enzymes, a crucial prediction of this hypothesis has never been demonstrated, namely, that exogenously added enzymes or enzyme mixtures can induce extension of isolated walls. To the contrary, Ruesink (Planta, 89:95-107, 1969) reported that exogenous wall hydrolytic enzymes could mechanically weaken the wall without stimulating expansion. Similarly, autolysis of walls during fruit ripening does not lead to cell expansion. Thus a major piece of evidence in favor of wall-loosening enzymes as agents of growth control has been lacking. Once identified, expansins--proteins capable of inducing cell wall extension--would have utility not only in the engineered extension of cell walls in living plants but foreseeably in commercial applications where their chemical reactivity could prove useful. If expansins can disrupt noncovalent associations of cellulose, as they have been shown to do, then they would have particular utility in the paper recycling industry. Paper recycling is a growing concern and will prove more important as the

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nation's landfill sites become more scarce and more expensive. Paper derives its mechanical strength from hydrogen bonding between paper fibers, which are composed primarily of cellulose. During paper recycling, the hydrogen bonding between paper fibers is disrupted by chemical and mechanical means prior to re-forming new paper products. Proteins which cause cell expansion are thus intrinsically well suited to paper recycling, especially when the proteins are nontoxic and otherwise innocuous, and when the proteins can break down paper products which are resistant to other chemical and enzymatic means of degradation. Use of proteins of this type could thus expand the range of recyclable papers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05959082__ •

Proteins catalyzing the extension of plant cell walls Inventor(s): Cosgrove; Daniel J. (Pennsylvania Furnace, PA), McQueen-Mason; Simon (Fulford, GB) Assignee(s): The Penn State Research Foundation (University Park, PA) Patent Number: 5,990,283 Date filed: April 15, 1997 Abstract: Plant cell expansion is regulated by wall relaxation and yielding, which is thought to be catalyzed by elusive "wall loosening" enzymes. By employing a reconstitution approach, we initially found that a crude protein extract from the cell walls of growing cucumber seedlings possessed the ability to induce the extension of isolated cell walls. This activity was restricted to the growing region of the stem and could induce the extension of isolated cell walls from various dicots and monocots, but was less effective on grass coleoptile walls. Sequential HPLC fractionation of the active wall extract revealed two proteins with molecular masses of 29 and 30 kD, as measured by SDS-PAGE, associated with such activity. Each protein, by itself, could induce wall extension without detectable hydrolytic breakdown of the wall We proposed the name "expansins" for this class of proteins. Expansins have been isolated from various plant sources including oat, cucumber, broccoli, celery, tomato, cotton, cabbage, and corn, and also from snail and its feces. These proteins weaken the intermolecular bonds between plant wall polysaccharides. They decrease the mechanical strength of commercial products made from polysaccharides, such as paper, and therefore present a novel approach in developing new technologies in industries which make use of such polysaccharides, such as in the paper industry, in the applications of polysaccharide gums and related products. These proteins moreover present a novel approach in the control of plant growth. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new class of proteins, known as expansins, and isolation and utilization of same. These proteins have been identified in a wide variety of plant materials and have a variety of applications, including but not limited to, agricultural, food and industrial uses, such as use in paper industry as a catalyst for weakening the strength of paper products. For example, they can prove especially useful in the recycling of paper. By the way of background, for many years wall "loosening enzymes" have been implicated in the control of plant cell enlargement (growth), largely on the basis of rapid biophysical and biochemical changes in the wall during auxin-induced growth (reviewed by Cleland and Rayle, Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 1:125139, 1978; Taiz, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol., 35:585-657, 1984). Plant walls contain numerous hydrolytic enzymes, which have been viewed as catalysts capable of weakening the wall to permit turgor-driven expansion (reviewed by Fry, Physiol.

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Plantarum, 75:532-536, 1989). In support of this hypothesis, Huber and Nevins (Physiol. Plant., 53:533-539, 1981) and Inoue and Nevins (Plant Physiol., 96:426-431, 1991) found that antibodies raised against wall proteins could inhibit both auxin-induced growth and wall autolysis of corn coleoptiles. In addition, isolated walls from many species extend irreversibly when placed under tension in acid conditions in a manner consistent with an enzyme-mediated process (Cosgrove D. J. Planta, 177:121-130, 1989). Despite these results and other evidence in favor of "wall-loosening" enzymes, a crucial prediction of this hypothesis has never been demonstrated, namely that exogenously added enzymes or enzyme mixtures can induce extension of isolated walls. To the contrary, Ruesink (Planta, 89:95-107, 1969) reported that exogenous wall hydrolytic enzymes could mechanically weaken the wall without stimulating expansion. Similarly, autolysis of walls during fruit ripening does not lead to cell expansion. Thus a major piece of evidence in favor of wall-loosening enzymes as agents of growth control has been lacking. The walls of growing cucumber seedlings possess extractable proteins which can induce extension of isolated walls. Additionally, we identify two specific wall-associated proteins with this activity. We propose the name "expansin" for this class of proteins, defined as endogenous cell wall proteins which restore extension activity to inactivated walls held under tension. We further propose the specific names "expansin-29" and "expansin-30" (abbreviated Ex-29 and Ex-30, with respect to their relative molecular masses; McQueen-Mason et al. Plant Cell, 4:1425-1433, 1992) for the two proteins isolated from cucumber. More recently we have identified an oat coleoptile wall protein that induced extension in isolated dicot walls (Z. C. Lee et al., 1993, Planta, 191:349-356). The oat protein has an apparent molecular mass of 29 kD as revealed by SDS-PAGE. For clarity we will refer to the cucumber proteins as cEx, and to the oat proteins oEx. New data demonstrate that an expansin-like protein may be found in proteins obtained from the digestive track of snail and its feces. We will refer to the snail protein as sEx. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05990283__ •

Tongs for grasping food Inventor(s): Chasen; Lee R. (Port Chester, NY), Dunn; James R. (Fairfield, CT) Assignee(s): Coats & Clark, Inc. (New Rochelle, NY) Patent Number: 4,606,569 Date filed: February 21, 1985 Abstract: A pair of tongs for grasping food which is otherwise difficult to pick up, such as spaghetti, other pasta products, broccoli, beans, and eggs. The tongs have a ladle bowl at the end of one stem and a spoon at the end of the other stem. The ladle bowl and spoon have perforated major surfaces for draining purposes. The ladle bowl has an imperforate lower side wall and an upper side wall in the form of a number of spacedapart fingers which extend upward from the lower side wall. When the tongs are closed, the spoon enters into the ladle bowl below the level of the fingers, to securely retain the food between the lower portion of the ladle bowl and the spoon. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a pair of tongs for grasping food and is particularly suitable for, but not limited to, the grasping of pasta products and vegetables having irregular shapes. Spoon-type tools for picking up spaghetti and other pasta products are on the market. One of those tools is manufactured by Hoan Products Ltd. and is a spoon having a side wall, the upper part of which is made up of a number of spaced-apart fingers extending from the lower portion of the side wall. Also known in the art is a pair

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of serving spoons which are resiliently coupled together, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 1,643,456 to James. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04606569__ •

Transgenic plants expressing ACC oxidase genes Inventor(s): Boeshore; Maury L. (Wauconda, IL), Camey; Kim J. (Davis, CA), Deng; Rosaline Z. (Oceanside, CA), Reynolds; John F. (Davis, CA), Ruttencutter; Glen E. (DeForest, WI) Assignee(s): Seminis Vegetable Seeds, Inc. (Saticoy, CA) Patent Number: 6,043,409 Date filed: June 27, 1997 Abstract: The cDNA and genomic DNA encoding the ACC oxidase of broccoli are provided along with recombinant materials containing antisense constructs of these DNA sequences to permit control of the level of ACC oxidase in and, thus, the maturation and aging of Brassica oleracea plants which allows one to influence, e.g., lengthen, the shelflife of these plants. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the plant enzyme ACC oxidase which is essential for the production of ethylene in higher plants. More particularly, the invention relates to the DNA sequence of a Brassica oleracea ACC oxidase, DNA constructs containing this sequence, plant cells containing the constructs and plants derived therefrom. The enzyme ACC oxidase (also known as ethylene forming enzyme) is essential to the production of ethylene in higher plants. It is well known that ethylene is related to various events in plant growth and development including fruit ripening, seed germination, abscission, and leaf and flower senescence. Ethylene production is strictly regulated by the plant and is induced by a variety of external factors, including the application of auxins, wounding, anaerobic conditions, viral infection, elicitor treatment, chilling, drought and ions such as cadmium and lithium ions, known as ethyleneinducible events. In addition, it recently has been shown that ethylene production begins after harvest (Tian et al. (1994) "A Role for Ethylene in the Yellowing of Broccoli After Harvest", J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Vol. 119: 276-281). The pathway for ethylene synthesis in plants was first described by Adams and Yang, PNAS, USA 76:170-174 (1979) who identified 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid as an intermediate in the conversion of methionine to ethylene. The physiology and biochemistry of ethylene synthesis was extensively reviewed by Yang and Hoffman in Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 35:155-189 (1984). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06043409__

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Trimmer for vegetables including broccoli Inventor(s): Turatti; Antonio (La Petite Marchanderie 68, rue de Tours, 49650 Allonnes, FR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,277,107 Date filed: October 25, 1991

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Abstract: Trimmer for vegetables of the broccoli type is provided with a structure supporting a rotating plate in which are mounted vegetable holding systems. Each vegetable holding system is free to rotate about its axis so as to be capable of being propelled with a movement of rotation about that axis by a drive device. The device for driving in rotation acts during a portion of each revolution of the rotating plate during which a cutter associated with the corresponding vegetable holding system is brought by a control system against the vegetable so as to remove heads from the vegetable at the required section. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a trimmer for vegetables, and concerns in particular a trimmer for broccoli. The trimmer according to the invention cuts and separates all of the small florets from the stalks or stems of broccoli. These florets are then directed automatically onto a belt which carries them onto the production line, the stalks or stems being discharged in another direction. According to an essential characteristic of the invention, the removal of florets from the broccoli and the trimming of its stalks or stems is fully automated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05277107__ •

Vegetable banding apparatus Inventor(s): Brux; Robert A. (Salinas, CA) Assignee(s): Seaco Industries (Salinas, CA) Patent Number: 4,401,020 Date filed: December 16, 1981 Abstract: Bundles of vegetables such as broccoli, and the like, are banded by apparatus (10) comprising an expander assembly (18) having a plurality of arms (86, 86', 86") which swing toward and away from one another about axes perpendicular to a phase of an associated segment in order to expand and contract an elastic band (E) placed on the arms when retracted and permit a worker to place a bundle to be banded within an expanded band. A plurality of expander assemblies (18) can be mounted on a continuous conveyor (14, 14') formed by a plurality of planar segments (16) articulated to one another and each supporting a respective expander assembly. Banded bundles are removed from conveyor (14, 14') by an extractor arrangement (30) including a pair of opposed belts (32, 32') provided with flexible fingers (34) which engage the banded bundles in a protective manner in order to remove them from an associated expander assembly (18). Structure (1010) is disclosed for trimming banded bundles prior to removal from an associated expander assembly (18). Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to food banding apparatus, and more particularly, to an improved apparatus for use in the banding of broccoli, and the like. The handling of irregularly shaped foodstuffs, such as broccoli, presents many problems in that they must be bunched, trimmed, and tied together in some manner before being ready for market. Traditionally, these operations have been performed by hand. In order to make the process of readying such vegetables as broccoli for market, it has been proposed to mechanize the trimming operations. In one apparatus proposed for such purpose, cup-like bins are provided for supporting the heads of bunches of broccoli. Mounted on the front of each of these bins are two pivotally mounted arms, a first of which is held open by a return spring and the second of which is held open by an overcenter spring connected to the first arm. The bins are carried around an endless loop by a motor driven chain. After an operator loads one of the bins with broccoli, the bin is

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driven over a plate which camingly engages the first arm so as to overcome the bias of the overcenter spring and cause the arms to close over the stems of the broccoli and hold them in place while a saw trims the ends of the stalks. Once trimmed, however, a worker must still place a band over the stalks. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04401020__

Patent Applications on Broccoli As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to broccoli: •

Cooking pouch containing a raw protein portion, a raw or blanched vegetable portion and a sauce and method of making Inventor(s): Wright, Leah Kay; (Rogers, AR) Correspondence: Jacobson Holman Pllc; 400 Seventh Street N.W.; Suite 600; Washington; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20030017235 Date filed: September 13, 2002 Abstract: A frozen food product which includes a raw protein portion, a raw or an only partially cooked or blanched vegetable portion and a sauce, contained in a sealed cooking pouch made primarily of paper and a susceptor layer, preferably aluminum, which may be placed in an oven or microwave oven so as to cook the contents of the cooking pouch. The raw protein product is preferably one of fish, beef, poultry, pork or veal. The vegetables are raw or blanched vegetables such as julienne peppers, celery, carrots, onions, zucchini or broccoli. The blanched vegetables are only partially cooked so that the time remaining to complete cooking of the vegetables is approximately the same as the time required to cook the raw protein portion. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuing application of application Ser. No. 09/166,712, filed Oct. 5, 1998, hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference. The present invention relates to the field of frozen food products including a raw protein portion. The protein may be by itself, or alternatively, the protein portion may include at least one of a raw or blanched vegetable portion or a sauce sealed in a cooking pouch formed of a sheet material having a paper outermost layer and a plastic coated metal innermost layer. In today's hurried world, little time is left for the involved processes of cooking a gourmet meal. Accordingly, resort has been made to taking advantage of processed or frozen, prepared meals. These meals come in various forms of precooked food and provide a wide range of entrees and flavors. However, the offerings of the processed food industry have not yet achieved the quality of a restaurant prepared meal. The reheating of frozen, precooked food cannot provide the flavor and texture of fresh food. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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•

Food, medicine and method relating to Bifidobacterium proliferation promoting action, allergy preventive action and human cholesterol lowering action Inventor(s): Fujita, Akihito; (Osaka, JP), Ikeda, Ako; (Osaka, JP), Kotani, Mayumi; (Kobeshi, JP), Suido, Hirohisa; (Osaka, JP), Tabei, Toshio; (Osaka, JP), Takeuchi, Akira; (Osaka, JP) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW; Washington; DC; 20037-3213; US Patent Application Number: 20030165557 Date filed: February 26, 2003 Abstract: A food, medicine and cosmetic containing at least one member selected from the group consisting of broccoli, cauliflower, kale, shepherd's purse, suzushiro (Arabis flagellosa Miq.), hatazao (Arabis glabra), tagarashi (Cardamine flexuosa), woad, oobatanetsukebana (Cardamine scutata), yamagarashi (Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. var. stricta Regel), watercress, takana (Brassica juncea Czern. et Coss. var. integrifolia Sinsk.), karashina (Brassica juncea Czern. et Coss.), Japanese horseradish, yuriwasabi (Wasabia tenuis), hinona (Brassica campestris var. akana), sugukina (Brassica campestris var. neosuguki), turnip, rape, cabbage, spinach, komatsuna (Brassica rapa L.), celery, parsley, lettuce, apple, Chinese cabbage, brussels sprouts, Japanese radish and Japanese radish leaves; and a method for preventing or treating a disease, comprising ingestion or administration of an effective amount of these vegetables and fruit. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to foods and medicines containing broccoli, shepherd's purse and like plants; and methods for preventing or treating a disease using broccoli, shepherd's purse and like plants. Recent studies have revealed that the intestinal flora has various functions such as formation or inactivation of carcinogenic substances or senility accelerating substances, and activation or toxification of drugs, in the intestines. In the intestinal flora, Bifidobacteria are known to have functions such as: protection of the body from enteric infection and food poisoning caused by pathogenic bacteria; suppression of intestinal putrefaction to thereby reduce carcinogenesis-related enzymatic activities and formation of putrefaction products; prevention of constipation by promotion of intestinal motility; improvement of the immuno function of the host by stimulation; decomposition or adsorption of carcinogenic substances; and production of Vitamin B group (J. Antibact. Antifung. Agents Vol.25, No.4, pp 219-231, 1997). Attempts have been made to maintain predominance of Bifidobacteria having these functions in the intestines, by administering to humans Bifidobacterium proliferation promoting materials by themselves, or foods or drugs containing such materials. Known Bifidobacterium proliferation promoting materials include saccharides such as Nacetylglucosamine, lactulose, raffinose, stachyose, maltotriose ("Bifidobacteria", p 77, 1979, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd.), fructooligosaccharide ("Kagaku to Seibutsu (Chemistry and Organism", Vol.21, p. 291, 1983, Gakkai Shuppan Center), galactooligosaccharide (Japanese Examined Patent Publications Nos. 1983-20266 and 1986-46479 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1985-41449), isomaltooligosaccharide (Japan Nutritional Science Society, 1986), theanderose (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1991-183454), cyclodextrin (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1982-138385), and konjac mannan ("Riken Intestinal Flora Symposium, Intestinal Flora and Nutrition", p. 89, 1983, Gakkai Shuppan Center); carrot extract (comprising pantetheine as the main component; "Bifidobacteria", p. 77, 1979, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd.); soy milk (Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 1970-9822); soy milk extract (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1984-17906); extract of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli culture solution (Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 1975-

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13359); an enzymatic decomposition product of barley protein-containing material (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1986-282070); calabash gourd powder (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1988-291579); alcohol extract of residue after extraction of oil soluble components of soybeans (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publications Nos. 1987-155082 and 1985-66978); syrup extracted from calabash gourd fruit (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1990-135088); tea extract (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1989-191680); Araliaceae family plant extract (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1990-249482); a dry potato product (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1994-217733); extract of Coffea L. leaves (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1994-125771); Chinese cabbage (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1990-242667); and citrus fruit (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1990-273155). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Inbred broccoli line VBC-406 Inventor(s): Kobayashi, Shigetoshi; (Tsu City, JP), Sasayama, Junichi; (Kakegawa City, JP) Correspondence: Jondle & Associates P.C.; 9085 East Mineral Circle; Suite 200; Centennial; CO; 80112; US Patent Application Number: 20030093841 Date filed: September 11, 2001 Abstract: Inbred broccoli line, designated VBC-406 is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds of inbred broccoli line VBC-406, to the plants of inbred broccoli line VBC-406, and to methods for producing a broccoli plant produced by crossing the inbred line VBC-406 with itself or another broccoli line. The invention further relates to hybrid broccoli seeds and plants produced by crossing the inbred line VBC-406 with another broccoli line. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a new and distinctive broccoli inbred line, designated VBC-406. There are numerous steps involved in the development of any new and novel desirable germplasm with superior combining ability. Plant breeding begins with the analysis and definition of problems and weaknesses of the current germplasm, the establishment of program goals, and definition of specific breeding objectives. The next step is selection of germplasm that posses the traits to meet the program goals and the best breeding method to reach those goals. The objective is to combine in a single variety or hybrid an improved combination of desirable traits from the parental germplasm. These important characteristics may include higher yield, better flavor, improved color and field holding ability, resistance to diseases and insects along with economic seed yields to facilitate the cost of hybrid seed production. The method chosen for breeding or selection depends on the mode of plant reproduction, the heritability of the trait(s) being improved, and the cultivar (variety) used commercially (e.g. F.sub.1 hybrid, pureline). The complexity of inheritance influences choice of breeding method. A most difficult task is the identification of individuals that are genetically superior, because for most traits other confounding plant traits or environmental factors masks the true genotypic value. One method of identifying a superior plant is to observe its performance relative to other experimental plants and to a widely grown standard cultivar. If a single observation is inconclusive, observation in multiple locations and seasons provide a better estimate of its genetic worth. The development of commercial broccoli hybrids requires the development of homozygous inbred lines. Breeding

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programs combine desirable traits from two or more germplasm sources from which various broad based breeding gene pools are used to develop inbred lines by selfing followed by selection of desired phenotypes sometimes utilizing anther, microspore and ovule culture to speed up and improve selection efficiency. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for reducing syneresis Inventor(s): Budolfsen, Gitte; (Frederiksberg, DK), Jensen, Mette Ohrstrom; (Snekkersten, DK), Rasmussen, Anne Glud; (Kobenhavn N, DK) Correspondence: Novozymes North America, INC.; 500 Fifth Avenue; Suite 1600; New York; NY; 10110; US Patent Application Number: 20020182289 Date filed: November 7, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for reducing the serum separation of an aqueous mass containing pectin, comprising the steps of: (a) providing an aqueous mass substantially free from pectin depolymerizing enzymes, (b) adding an effective amount of pectinesterase, preferably substantially free from pectin depolymerizing enzymes, and (c) incubating said mass in the presence of divalent cations, is disclosed. The method has been found to be advantageous with products wherein the pectin containing aqueous mass is derived from broccoli, pepper, mustard, apples, tomatoes oranges, lemons, grapes, lime, pears, carrots, peas, cauliflower, and berries, such as blackcurrant, blue-berries, strawberries, and raspberries to obtain products, such as jam, marmalade, jelly, juice, paste, soup, dressing, sauce, condiment, ketchup, salsa, chutney, pudding, mousse, or other deserts. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of application U.S. application Ser. No. 09/013,673, filed Jan. 1, 1998 and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 of Danish application serial no. 1062/95 filed Sep. 22, 1995, and the benefit of PCT/DK96/00392 filed September 18, 1996, the contents of which are fully incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to a method for reducing the serum separation/syneresis in a pectin containing aqueous mass by the use of certain enzymes, and enzyme compositions therefore. Dicotyledonous plants comprise some of the major crops cultured by man, such as beans, peas, beets as well as most other fruits and vegetables. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method of preserving fresh food Inventor(s): Jiro, Sanka; (Nerima-ku, JP) Correspondence: Oliff & Berridge, Plc; P.O. Box 19928; Alexandria; VA; 22320; US Patent Application Number: 20020037347 Date filed: January 24, 2001 Abstract: For preserving fresh foods at low cost, using a packing material safe for global environment, while the freshness, color, taste and texture of the fresh foods are retained, a method of the present invention arranges broccoli in a corrugated carton box in which a freshness-keeping bag is spread, and sprays water on the broccoli at farms. The

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corrugated carton boxes are loaded on a pallet at a selection platform to be then placed in a preliminary vacuum chamber to preliminarily cool the broccoli in vacuum. The corrugated carton boxes on the pallet are placed in a cold insulation chamber and the opening of the freshness-keeping bag is closed. Cooling air blown from a cooler in an enforced manner is circulated through an air permeable hole of the corrugated carton box in the cold insulation chamber, to cool the broccoli in the corrugated carton box. The broccoli in the corrugated carton box is subsequently stored or transported while the broccoli is kept cool in a container, a warehouse or a cold insulation vehicle, for subsequent shipping. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of preserving fresh foods, mainly fresh vegetables or fresh fruits. Fresh foods, for example broccoli, have conventionally been preserved and transported in the following manner. First, broccoli pieces separately harvested in individual farms are transported to selection platforms and are then packed in boxes. For the import of broccoli from foreign countries, for example, marine transport of broccoli requires ten plus several days, thus broccoli is placed together with ice in a wax-coated corrugated carton box. In this state, broccoli is imported in Japan. At ports in Japan, broccoli is placed in a styrene foam box as the broccoli is still in the corrugated carton box; and then, crush ice is also placed in the styrene foam box. The broccoli in the styrene foam box is then delivered to central markets or supermarket centers. However, broccoli cropped in domestic farms have been transported, using styrene foam box and crush ice, without using wax-coated corrugated carton box. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of producing vegetable sprouts Inventor(s): Jarrell, Richard Maurice; (Urbana, OH), Jarrell, Stephen Paul; (Urbana, OH) Correspondence: Mark A. Navarre; Law Office OF Mark Navarre; P.O. Box 537; Urbana; OH; 43078; US Patent Application Number: 20010032415 Date filed: May 21, 2001 Abstract: An improved and accelerated method of producing vegetable sprouts with surprisingly high levels of vitamin nutrients. In general, retention of high vitamin levels is improved by accelerating the growing cycle, and the growing cycle is accelerated by initially saturating the seed bed with a jet stream of water at a pressure in the range of 80-90 p.s.i. After the initial washing, the seeds are covered with a greenhouse dome, and placed under a light source. After an initial period, such as 12 hours, the seeds are periodically misted with water to complete the growth cycle. In experimental trials with broccoli, the sprouts were harvested after only 36 hours, and chemical analysis showed that the sprouts possessed surprisingly high levels of vitamin B-1, also known as thiamine. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/388,637, filed Sep. 2, 1999. This invention relates to a method of producing vegetable sprouts from seed, either for direct consumption or for dehydration and encapsulation as a dietary supplement. The beneficial attributes of vegetable sprouts as a dietary supplement are widely recognized, and several varieties of sprouts (bean, alfalfa, radish, broccoli, etc.) are commercially grown and marketed as a produce item in retail food outlets. Alternatively, the sprouts may be dehydrated,

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ground and encapsulated for consumption as a supplemental source of vitamins. Other health-related benefits, even including disease prevention, have also been claimed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Methos and Apparatus of Heat-Shocking Fresh Produce and for Cooling Such Produce to a Desired Temperature and Moisture Content Inventor(s): Later, Roger Carson; (Santa Monica, CA) Correspondence: Oppenheimer; Oppenheimer Wolff & Donnelly Llp; Suite 3800; 2029 Century Park East; Los Angeles; CA; 90067; US Patent Application Number: 20020184897 Date filed: August 2, 2002 Abstract: Produce, especially processed produce, such as lettuce, broccoli and potatoes, is heat-shocked with water having an elevated temperature relative to the produce, to minimize discoloration of the produce from the processing after the heat shock, the produce is low pressure or vacuum cooled and dried to remove heat-shock water adsorbed and absorbed by the produce. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 09/431,363, filed Nov. 1, 1999, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 09/040,139, filed Mar. 17, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,992,169. This invention provides methods for applying controlled elevated temperature water to fresh produce such as lettuce, broccoli and potatoes to create a heat-shock response in the produce tissue, and then removing the water and cooling the produce by vacuum evaporation of the water, leaving the produce tissue at a desired temperature and with a desired moisture content. U.S. Pat. No. 5,992,169, incorporated herein by reference as though fully set forth here, discloses vacuum cooling and drying of fresh produce such as lettuce, and apparatus therefor, as an alternative and superior method to centrifuge drying and cooling, or forced air drying and cooling of processed produce. Vacuum cooling, and drying requires less handling, and, therefore, causes less abrasion and abuse of produce tissue, reducing wound response and browning of the tissue, and enhancing marketability. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Purified plant expansin proteins and DNA encoding saMen Inventor(s): Cosgrove, Daniel J.; (Pennsylvania Furnace, PA), Guiltinan, Mark; (State College, PA), McQueen-Mason, Simon; (Fulford, GB), Shcherban, Tatyana; (State College, PA), Shi, Jun; (State College, PA) Correspondence: Mckee, Voorhees & Sease, P.L.C.; Attn: Pennsylvania State University; 801 Grand Avenue, Suite 3200; Des Moines; IA; 50309-2721; US Patent Application Number: 20020103355 Date filed: June 29, 2001 Abstract: A new class of proteins and methods related thereto are presented. The proteins, which can be characterized as catalysts of the extension of plant cell walls and the weakening of the hydrogen bonds in pure cellulose, are referred to as expansins. Two proteins have been isolated by fractionation techniques from washed wall

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fragments of cucumber hypocotyls, referred to as "cucumber expansin-29" and "cucumber expansin-30" (abbreviated cEx-29 and cEx-30, with respect to their apparent relative masses as determined by SDS-PAGE). Moreover, three peptide fragments from the purified cEx-29 protein were sequenced, then oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify a portion of the expansin cDNA using polymerase chain reaction with a cDNA template derived from cucumber seedlings, and then the PCR fragment was used to screen a cDNA library to identify full length clones. Another expansin protein has been isolated from oat coleoptiles (oat expansin oEx-29), while three additional expansin sequences have been identified in Arabidopsis and an additional two in rice. Expansins appear to be broadly distributed throughout the plant kingdom and can be identified in stem and leaf vegetables (i.e., broccoli, cabbage), fruit and seed vegetables (i.e., tomato), fiber crops and cereals (i.e., corn), and forest and ornamental crops (i.e., cotton). An expansin, generally, is a protein which has at least about 60% sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ. ID. NO:1, and preferably has at least about 70% sequence similarity with SEQ. ID. NO:1. Excerpt(s): This specification is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/242,090, filed May 12, 1994, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/060,944, filed May 12, 1993, now abandoned. The present invention relates to a new class of proteins, known as expansins, and their isolation, sequencing, genesis by expression systems, and utilization. These proteins have been identified in a wide variety of plant and other materials and have a variety of applications, including but not limited to agricultural and/or food applications and industrial uses such as their use in the paper industry as a catalyst for weakening the strength of paper products. For example, they can prove especially useful in the recycling of paper. By the way of background, for many years wall "loosening enzymes" have been implicated in the control of plant cell enlargement (growth), largely on the basis of rapid biophysical and biochemical changes in the wall during auxin-induced growth (reviewed by Cleland and Rayle, Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 1:125-139, 1978; Taiz, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol., 35:585-657, 1984). Plant walls contain numerous hydrolytic enzymes, which have been viewed as catalysts capable of weakening the wall to permit turgor-driven expansion (reviewed by Fry, Physiol. Plantarum, 75:532-536, 1989). In support of this hypothesis, Huber and Nevins (Physiol. Plant., 53:533-539, 1981) and Inoue and Nevins (Plant Physiol., 96:426431, 1991) found that antibodies raised against wall proteins could inhibit both auxininduced growth and wall autolysis of corn coleoptiles. In addition, isolated walls from many species extend irreversibly when placed under tension in acid conditions in a manner consistent with an enzyme-mediated process (Cosgrove D. J. Planta, 177:121130, 1989). Despite these results and other evidence in favor of "wall-loosening" enzymes, a crucial prediction of this hypothesis has never been demonstrated, namely, that exogenously added enzymes or enzyme mixtures can induce extension of isolated walls. To the contrary, Ruesink (Planta, 89:95-107, 1969) reported that exogenous wall hydrolytic enzymes could mechanically weaken the wall without stimulating expansion. Similarly, autolysis of walls during fruit ripening does not lead to cell expansion. Thus a major piece of evidence in favor of wall-loosening enzymes as agents of growth control has been lacking. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with broccoli, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “broccoli” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on broccoli. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning broccoli. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON BROCCOLI Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to broccoli. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on broccoli include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “broccoli” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “broccoli” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “broccoli” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

101 Ways to Fix Broccoli by Betty J. Price; ISBN: 080624707X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/080624707X/icongroupinterna

•

Big Broccoli Book by Georgia Bowman (1996); ISBN: 0517171457; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517171457/icongroupinterna

•

Broccoli and Company: Over 100 Recipes for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Collards, Kale, Kohlrabi, Mustard, Rutabaga, and Turnip by Audra Hendrickson, Jack Hendrickson (Contributor); ISBN: 0882665588; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0882665588/icongroupinterna

•

Broccoli by Brody: Recipes for America's Healthiest Vegetable by Lora Brody; ISBN: 0688121837; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0688121837/icongroupinterna

•

Broccoli Power (Cancer Prevention Cookbook) by Tamara Holt; ISBN: 0440215374; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0440215374/icongroupinterna

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Broccoli Tapes by Jan Slepian; ISBN: 0590442635; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0590442635/icongroupinterna

•

Broccoli, Broccoli & More Broccoli by Mary Sendin; ISBN: 0967817404; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967817404/icongroupinterna

•

International Standardisation of Fruit and Vegetables Broccoli by Oecd; ISBN: 9264085386; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9264085386/icongroupinterna

•

Love Me, Love My Broccoli (An Avon Camelot Book) by Julie Anne Peters; ISBN: 0380798999; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0380798999/icongroupinterna

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Market opportunities in broccoli : a report; ISBN: 0771982291; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0771982291/icongroupinterna

•

My Heart 2 Heart Diary: Broccoli by Ninda Dumont (Editor), Linda Campbell Franklin (Illustrator) (1998); ISBN: 0964071398; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964071398/icongroupinterna

•

National Gardening Book of Cauliflower, Broccoli and Cabbage by D. Raymond (1980); ISBN: 0915873222; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0915873222/icongroupinterna

•

Nga Garden Library: Cauliflower, Broccoli, and Cabbage by Natl Gardening Assoc Staff (1980); ISBN: 0915873141; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0915873141/icongroupinterna

•

Of cabbages and kings cookbook : an uncommon collection of recipes featuring that family of vegetables which includes broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, collards, turnips, kale, and kohlrabi by Charlotte Snyder Turgeon; ISBN: 0893870145; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0893870145/icongroupinterna

•

Strange Broccoli (Wee Write Books , No 30) by Gould, Melissa Rigg (Illustrator) (1996); ISBN: 1576350010; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1576350010/icongroupinterna

•

The Big Broccoli Book by Georgia Downard (1992); ISBN: 0679743820; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679743820/icongroupinterna

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The Broccoli Sprouts Breakthrough: The New Miracle Food for Cancer Prevention by Deborah Mitchell; ISBN: 0312968469; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312968469/icongroupinterna

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The Broccoli Tapes; ISBN: 9991704612; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9991704612/icongroupinterna

•

The Day Everything Tasted Like Broccoli (Maximum Boy, 2) by Dan Greenburg, Greg Swearingen (Illustrator) (2001); ISBN: 0439219450; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0439219450/icongroupinterna

•

The Dreaded Broccoli Cookbook : A Good Natured Guide to Healthful Eating with 100 Recipes by Barbara Haspel, Tamar Haspel; ISBN: 0684854546; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0684854546/icongroupinterna

•

The New Enchanted Broccoli Forest by Mollie Katzen; ISBN: 1580081266; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580081266/icongroupinterna

Books

•

What's in It? the Busy Cooks Diet and Nutrition Guide to the Enchanted Broccoli Forest (1991); ISBN: 1565030095; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565030095/icongroupinterna

•

Why George Should Eat Broccoli by Paul Stitt; ISBN: 1878150006; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1878150006/icongroupinterna

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Chapters on Broccoli In order to find chapters that specifically relate to broccoli, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and broccoli using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “broccoli” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on broccoli: •

Meat and Meat Substitutes Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Webb, R. Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible: A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 181-234. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040037. Summary: The protein food group includes meat, seafood, cheese, eggs, and soy products. These foods are often grouped according to how much fat they contain (very lean to high fat). This chapter on meat and meat substitutes is from a book that offers a complete food and nutrition resource for people with diabetes. The book brings readers up to date on meal planning, carbohydrate counting, vitamins, minerals, and the best ways to prepare healthy delicious meals. In this chapter the authors discuss how protein can be incorporated into one's diet, strategies for lightening one's protein intake (choosing lower fat options), tips for cutting back on meat, low fat cooking techniques, sauces and seasonings, the nutrition of cheese, portion control with protein foods, common questions about meats and protein, and the use of soy foods, including tofu and tempeh. Numerous recipes are then provided: roasted soy nuts, teriyaki tofu kabobs, Chinese ginger salmon, seared salmon with asparagus and green onion, seared sesame tuna with orange glaze, teriyaki glazed tuna, Middle Eastern tuna salad, 4 ways with tuna or salmon, crunchy shrimp and broccoli stir fry, cioppino, seafood kabobs Hawaiian, stir fry fish, New Orleans shrimp Creole, shrimp scampi, crispy fish filets, low fat sauces for fish (tartar sauce, cold cucumber sauce), wild rice sun-dried cherry stuffed chicken, chicken with tricolored peppers, grilled chicken breasts with fruit salsa, chicken salad in 64 ways, Oriental turkey salad, marinated steak kabobs, Chinese stir fried beef with ginger, and spiced lamb stew. The chapter includes charts of common meats and meat substitutes and their nutrition values.

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•

Vegetables Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Webb, R. Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible: A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 91-120. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040037. Summary: Vegetables are packed with vitamins and minerals and have few calories. The diabetes food pyramid suggests that people with diabetes eat 3 to 5 servings of vegetables each day. This chapter on vegetables is from a book that offers a complete food and nutrition resource for people with diabetes. The book brings readers up to date on meal planning, carbohydrate counting, vitamins, minerals, and the best ways to prepare healthy delicious meals. In this chapter the authors discuss the benefits of eating vegetables, the role of antioxidants, shopping for produce, deciding between fresh, frozen or canned vegetables, tips for eating more vegetables, and how to make the most of eating at a salad bar. Numerous recipes are then provided: 3 flavored vinegars, 5 easy dressings with low-fat sour cream, roasted garlic, caramelized onions, green beans with tomatoes and herbs, zucchini marinara, broccoli with sesame seeds and scallions, broccoli and garlic, Brussels sprouts with chestnuts, cauliflower with cheddar cheese sauce, curried cauliflower soup, healthy coleslaw, fall spinach salad, soy kale, arugula and watercress salad, and spinach saute with mushrooms. The chapter concludes with a chart of common vegetables and their nutrition values, and a special focus section on water.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BROCCOLI Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover broccoli.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on broccoli is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “broccoli” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to broccoli. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “broccoli” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for broccoli: •

Broccoli compound fights cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 11, 2000

•

Chemicals in broccoli can cut lung cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 22, 2000

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•

Spinach, broccoli may lower colon cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 02, 2000

•

Cabbage, broccoli lower bladder cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 12, 1999

•

Broccoli-derived pill may help ward off cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 19, 2002

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Researchers find another reason to eat broccoli Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 28, 2002

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Selenium-enriched broccoli may help prevent cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 28, 2001

•

Broccoli, Cauliflower Sprouts Potently Induce Anticarcinogen Enzymes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 16, 1997

•

Broccoli Sprouts Fight Cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 15, 1997 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “broccoli” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology

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oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “broccoli” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to broccoli, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “broccoli” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “broccoli” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on broccoli: •

Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Prostate Cancer Risk Source: AICR Science News. Issue 17, p.2. September 2000. Contact: American Institute for Cancer Research. 1759 R St. NW, Washington, DC 20009. (202)328-7744. www.aicr.org. Summary: Researchers at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center studied the fruit and vegetable intake and prostate cancer risk in a population-based, case-control study of 1,230 men under 65 years old. No associations were found between fruit intake and prostate cancer risk, but vegetable intake was shown to be protective. Men consuming 28 or more servings of vegetables per week showed a 35 percent decreased risk for prostate cancer when compared with those eating fewer than 14 servings per week. There was also a 41 percent decreased risk among men eating three or more servings of cruciferous vegetables (such as broccoli, cauliflower, or cabbage) per week compared with those eating less than one serving per week. This suggests that diets high in vegetables that specifically feature a variety of cruciferous vegetables may significantly reduce prostate cancer risk.

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Academic Periodicals covering Broccoli Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to broccoli. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering broccoli that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for broccoli. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with broccoli. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to broccoli: Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ascorbicap; Cecon; Cee-500; Cemill; Cenolate; Cetane; Cevi-Bid; Flavorcee; Ortho/CS; Sunkist http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202071.html

Beta-Carotene •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lumitene; Max-Caro http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202623.html

Potassium Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cena-K; Effer-K; Gen-K; Glu-K; K+ 10; K+ Care; K+ Care ET; K-8; Kaochlor 10%; Kaochlor S-F 10%; Kaon; Kaon-Cl; Kaon-Cl 20% Liquid; Kaon-Cl-10; Kato; Kay Ciel; Kaylixir; K-Dur; K-Electrolyte; K-G Elixir; K-Ide; KLease; K-Lor; Klor-Con 10; Klor-Con 8; Kl http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202473.html

Trientine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Syprine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202575.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.

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Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “broccoli” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3332 31 484 2 0 3849

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “broccoli” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on broccoli can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to broccoli. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to broccoli. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “broccoli”:

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•

Other guides Child Nutrition http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childnutrition.html Dietary Fiber http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfiber.html Osteoporosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteoporosis.html Vitamin and Mineral Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitaminandmineralsupplements.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on broccoli. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

High Potassium Foods Source: Birmingham, AL: Department of Food and Nutrition Services, University Hospital. 199x. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Department of Food and Nutrition Services, University Hospital. 619 South 19th Street, Birmingham, AL 35233. (205) 934-8055. Fax (205) 9342987. PRICE: $0.65 per copy; bulk copies available; plus shipping and handling. Summary: Most fruits, vegetables, meats, nuts, milk and milk products are high in potassium. This single fold brochure lists high potassium foods in two categories: vegetables and juices, and fruits and juices. The first category includes Brussels sprouts, blackeyed peas, lima beans, navy beans, broccoli, raw carrots, potato (including hash browns), tomato, tomato juice, acorn squash, sweet potato, eggplant, pumpkin, greens (turnip, collards, mustard, beet), spinach, and rutabaga. The fruits category lists grapefruit juice, cantaloupe, grapefruit, nectarine, banana, apricots, dates, prunes, raisins, oranges, tangerines, prune juice, watermelon, orange juice, fruit cocktail, grape juice, pineapple juice, peaches, and honeydew melon. The brochure is printed on cardstock and illustrated with graphics of the foods listed.

•

Recipes for Calorie Watchers Source: Parsipanny, NJ: Estee Corporation. 1992. 5 p.

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Contact: Available from Estee Corporation, Professional Services Department. 169 Lackawanna Avenue, Parsipanny, NJ 07054. (800) 523-1734, ext. 200, or (201) 335-1000. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This booklet was developed to help readers plan and enjoy meals while following a weight reduction or weight conscious diet. The recipes in the booklet are lower in calories, fat, and sodium and contain no table sugar (sucrose). The introductory section reminds readers with noninsulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) about the importance of weight control in their diabetes management program. Recipes included are Pasta with Broccoli and Shrimp; Curried Turkey Salad; Chicken Sate; Chocolate Crumb Pie; Sesame Slaw; Little Lemon Cakes; Strawberry Pineapple Trifle; and Fajita Salad. The recipes feature products available from the Estee Corporation. Complete nutritional information and diabetic exchange information follow each recipe. (AA-M). •

A Chef's Guide to Low Fat, High Pleasure Eating Source: Boston, MA: Frances Stern Nutrition Center, New England Medical Center Hospitals, 10 p., N.D. Contact: Sugar Association, Inc., 1101 Fifteenth Street, N.W., Suite 600, Washington, DC 20005. (202) 785-1122. Cost: First 100 brochures are free. Summary: This consumer education pamphlet contains reduced-fat recipes for mayonnaise, cream cheese, tuna, broccoli in "cream" sauce, salads, breads, and dessert. The low-fat recipes are compared with traditional recipes to illustrate how simple modifications in ingredients can significantly reduce dietary fat. The recipes have been modified by Chef Andrea Scarpa Nero, who is also a registered dietitian. The chef also includes some tips for changing family favorites or recipes from high-fat to low-fat selections.

•

Snacks for young children = Color these healthy snacks Source: [Raleigh, NC]: Nutrition Services Section, North Carolina Department of Health and Natural Resources. 1998. 2 pp. Contact: Available from Librarian, National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 2000 15th Street, North, Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22201-2617. Telephone: (703) 524-7802 / fax: (703) 524- 9335 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.ncemch.org. Photocopy available at no charge. Summary: This document teaches parents about snacks for young children: when snacks should be offered, selecting snacks, and preparing snacks. The reverse side of the page has pictures of snacks for children to color to teach them about apples, cheese, carrots, and broccoli.

•

Flavor Ideas For Sodium Controlled Diets Source: Columbus, OH: Central Ohio Diabetes Association 199x. 2 p. Contact: Avaliable from Central Ohio Diabetes Association (CODA). Janet Gorman, 1803 West Fifth Avenue, Columbus, OH 43212. (614) 486-7124. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This fact sheet presents flavor ideas for sodium-controlled diets. Foods listed include meats (pot roast, stews, beef, eggs, fish, lamb, pork, poultry, and veal) and vegetables (asparagus, beans, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, corn, cucumber, eggplant, lettuce, mushrooms, noodles, onions, potatoes, and peas). For each food listed, the fact sheet recommends nonsodium herbs and spices.

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What Causes Gas? What Are Some Dietary Tips to Help Reduce Problems with Gas? Source: Milwaukee, WI: International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. 1993. 1 p. Contact: Available from International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). P.O. Box 170864, Milwaukee, WI 53217. (888) 964-2001 or (414) 9641799. Fax (414) 964-7176. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.iffgd.org. PRICE: $0.50. Summary: This fact sheet reprints a patient newsletter article about intestinal gas. A common source of upper intestinal gas is swallowed air. Some people swallow air frequently because they are under stress, have postnasal drip, chew gum, smoke, eat too rapidly, or have poorly fitting dentures. Also, drinking beverages that contain carbonated water may increase gas in the digestive tract. The fact sheet suggests eating fewer gas-producing foods such as cauliflower, brussels sprouts, bran, broccoli, and cabbage. In addition, walking, jogging, calisthenics, and other exercises can help to stimulate the passage of gas through the digestive tract. The second part of the fact sheet lists gas forming foods, gas forming actions or habits, items that can help resolve gas (cinnamon, cloves, ginger, or peppermint), odor-forming foods, and odor-reducing foods. (AA-M).

•

Fit in 5: Family fun for good health Source: [Amherst], MA: University of Massachusetts Extension. [1996]. 5 v. Contact: Available from Rita Brennan Olson, University of Massachusetts Extension, 202 Chenoweth, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003. Telephone: (413) 5450552 / fax: (413) 545-1074 / e-mail: [email protected]. $15.00. Summary: This set of five booklets is designed to promote nutrition education. Each booklet discusses family nutrition and fitness as well as topics specific to that volume. Booklet 1, titled '5 Ways to Build Better Behaviors,' discusses the use of apples. Booklet 2, titled '5 Ways to Eat for Health,' discusses testing nutrition knowledge, family nutrition, and the use of cabbage. Booklet 3, titled '5 Ways to Shop Smart,' discusses family food buying, shopping with children, and the use of broccoli. Booklet 4, titled '5 Ways to Make Healthy Menus,' discusses calories, involving families in menu planning, and the use of beans. Booklet 5, titled '5 Ways to Eat Healthy Away from Home,' discusses assessing eating habits away from home, purchasing take-out food, packing a lunch, shopping for vegetables, and the use of greens. Each of the first four booklets is accompanied by an activity sheet. A program evaluation form is also included. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to broccoli. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to broccoli. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with broccoli. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about broccoli. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “broccoli” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received

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your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “broccoli”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “broccoli” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “broccoli” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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BROCCOLI DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Aflatoxins: A group of closely related toxic metabolites that are designated mycotoxins. They are produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Members of the group include aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin M1, and aflatoxin M2. [NIH] Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70.

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[NIH]

Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH]

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Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticarcinogenic: Pertaining to something that prevents or delays the development of cancer. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU]

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Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Autolysis: The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes. [NIH] Auxin: A natural organic compound formed in actively growing parts of plants, particularly in the growing points of shoots, which in minute concentrations regulates cell expansion and other developmental processes. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in

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an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary

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for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carbonated Beverages: Drinkable liquids combined with or impregnated with carbon dioxide. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemoprotective: A quality of some drugs used in cancer treatment. Chemoprotective agents protect healthy tissue from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH]

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Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Coleoptera: The largest order of insects, comprising the beetles and weevils. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin

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system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

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Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Crowns: A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin. [NIH] Cruciferous vegetables: A family of vegetables that includes kale, collard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, brussels sprouts, and turnip. These vegetables contain substances that may protect against cancer. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Abutments: Natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose. [NIH]

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Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]

Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Drip: The continuous slow introduction of a fluid containing nutrients or drugs. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-

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binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dystrophin: A muscle protein localized in surface membranes which is the product of the Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy gene. Individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually lack dystrophin completely while those with Becker muscular dystrophy have dystrophin of an altered size. It shares features with other cytoskeletal proteins such as spectrin and alpha-actinin but the precise function of dystrophin is not clear. One possible role might be to preserve the integrity and alignment of the plasma membrane to the myofibrils during muscle contraction and relaxation. MW 400 kDa. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH]

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Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of secondary female sex characteristics and control of the cyclical changes in the reproductive cycle. They are also required for pregnancy maintenance and have an anabolic effect on protein metabolism and water retention. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expander: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight. used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. called also extender. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extender: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight, used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH]

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Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Flush: Transient, episodic redness of the face and neck caused by certain diseases, ingestion of certain drugs or other substances, heat, emotional factors, or physical exertion. [EU] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]

Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH] Food Handling: Any aspect of the operations in the preparation, transport, storage, packaging, wrapping, exposure for sale, service, or delivery of food. [NIH] Food Packaging: Containers, packaging, and packaging materials for processed and raw foods and beverages. It includes packaging intended to be used for storage and also used for preparation of foods such as microwave food containers versus cooking and eating utensils. Packaging materials may be intended for food contact or designated non-contact, for example, shipping containers. Food labeling is also available. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Forestry: The science of developing, caring for, or cultivating forests. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastroenterologist: A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the digestive system. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Pool: The total genetic information possessed by the reproductive members of a population of sexually reproducing organisms. [NIH] Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify

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a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucosinolates: Substituted thioglucosides. They are found in rapeseed (Brassica campestris) products and related Cruciferae. They are metabolized to a variety of toxic products which are most likely the cause of hepatocytic necrosis in animals and humans. [NIH]

Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glutathione Transferase: A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic radicals as well as epoxides and arene oxides to glutathione. Addition takes place at the sulfur atom. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite. EC 2.5.1.18. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary

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disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Hematology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heritability: The proportion of observed variation in a particular trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors in contrast to environmental ones. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds. [NIH]

Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunity:

Nonsusceptibility

to

the

invasive

or

pathogenic

effects

of

foreign

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microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Inbreeding: The mating of plants or non-human animals which are closely related genetically. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Flora: The bacteria, yeasts, and fungi that grow normally in the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isothiocyanates: Organic compounds with the general formula R-NCS. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA

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fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Lactulose: A mild laxative. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Loss of Heterozygosity: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was deleted. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH]

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Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular mass: The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16). [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other

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forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Muscle Proteins: The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSIN. More than a dozen accessary proteins exist including troponin, tropomyosin, and dystrophin. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mycotoxins: Toxins derived from bacteria or fungi. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with nucleoproteins which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily

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present in the nucleus. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleoproteins: Proteins conjugated with nucleic acids. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Oltipraz: A drug used in cancer prevention. [NIH] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pantetheine: An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms. [NIH] Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [NIH]

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Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pedigree: A record of one's ancestors, offspring, siblings, and their offspring that may be used to determine the pattern of certain genes or disease inheritance within a family. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenethyl isothiocyanate: PEITC. A naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables. It is being studied as an agent to prevent cancer. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the

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formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of

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the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Maintenance: Physiological mechanisms that sustain the state of pregnancy. [NIH]

Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Program Evaluation: Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino

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acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH]

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Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Rehydration: The restoration of water or of fluid content to a body or to substance which has become dehydrated. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]

Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed)

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shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Selenomethionine: Diagnostic aid in pancreas function determination. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senescence: The bodily and mental state associated with advancing age. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Senility: Old age; the physical and mental deterioration associated with old age. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH]

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Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH]

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Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tartar: A mass of calcium and magnesium salts deposited around the teeth and upon artificial dentures. [NIH] Telomere: A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]

hydroxyethyl)-4-

Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU]

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Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tropomyosin: A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by troponin. [NIH] Troponin: One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor model: A type of animal model which can be used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans.

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Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in electron transport in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Xenobiotics: Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

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145

INDEX A Abrasion, 58, 76, 113 Acceptor, 51, 113, 132, 141 Acetylglucosamine, 72, 113 Acrylonitrile, 113, 137 Adenocarcinoma, 113, 127 Adenosine, 113, 117, 133 Adjustment, 16, 113 Adsorption, 72, 113 Adsorptive, 113 Adverse Effect, 113, 138 Aerobic, 113, 142 Affinity, 113, 139 Aflatoxins, 7, 113 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, 16, 22, 26, 113 Alertness, 114, 117 Alfalfa, 75, 114 Algorithms, 114, 116 Alkaline, 53, 114, 117, 132 Alleles, 114, 129 Alpha Particles, 114, 136 Alternative medicine, 84, 114 Aluminum, 62, 71, 114 Amino Acid Sequence, 66, 77, 114, 115 Amino Acids, 23, 28, 114, 133, 134, 135, 138, 140 Anabolic, 114, 122, 124 Anaerobic, 69, 114 Anaesthesia, 114, 128 Anal, 23, 27, 114 Analgesic, 114, 119, 130, 132 Analogous, 114, 123, 141 Animal model, 9, 10, 52, 114, 141 Anions, 114, 128 Annealing, 115, 134 Antagonism, 115, 117 Antibacterial, 33, 115, 139 Antibiotic, 52, 115, 139 Antibodies, 66, 68, 77, 115, 134 Antibody, 113, 115, 119, 128, 136 Anticarcinogenic, 12, 35, 60, 115 Anticoagulant, 115, 135 Antigen, 113, 115, 120, 128 Anti-infective, 115, 125 Anti-Infective Agents, 115, 125 Antioxidant, 6, 10, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 34, 115, 116 Antispasmodic, 115, 132

Antitussive, 115, 132 Anus, 114, 115 Aperture, 47, 49, 115 Apolipoproteins, 115, 129 Approximate, 47, 51, 115 Aqueous, 74, 115, 116 Arginine, 115, 141 Aromatic, 115, 126, 139 Arteries, 116, 117, 121, 129, 130 Ascorbic Acid, 15, 18, 30, 63, 88, 116 Assay, 6, 20, 24, 34, 116 Autolysis, 66, 68, 77, 116 Auxin, 66, 67, 77, 116 B Bacteria, 46, 64, 72, 113, 115, 116, 123, 124, 128, 130, 131, 136, 139, 141, 142 Base, 49, 50, 116, 121, 124, 128, 140 Bile, 116, 129 Bioavailability, 8, 18, 116 Biochemical, 9, 11, 13, 20, 24, 66, 67, 77, 114, 116 Biological Transport, 116, 122 Biomarkers, 8, 10, 14, 15, 16, 116 Biotechnology, 12, 13, 33, 84, 95, 116 Biotransformation, 116 Bladder, 84, 116, 135, 142 Blood Coagulation, 116, 117, 140 Blood pressure, 117, 130, 139 Blood vessel, 117, 124, 130, 133, 139, 142 Body Fluids, 116, 117, 139, 141 Boron, 22, 27, 117 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 117 Bowel, 114, 117, 122, 128, 129 Branch, 45, 48, 109, 117, 139, 140 Breakdown, 67, 117, 122, 125 Breeding, 52, 54, 56, 57, 60, 73, 117 C Cadmium, 69, 117 Cadmium Poisoning, 117 Caffeine, 5, 15, 16, 117 Calcium, 4, 5, 30, 117, 119, 132, 138, 140, 141 Calcium Oxalate, 117, 132 Carbohydrate, 81, 82, 117, 132, 134 Carbon Dioxide, 59, 117, 118, 137 Carbonated Beverages, 5, 118 Carcinogen, 7, 12, 14, 118, 131

146 Broccoli

Carcinogenesis, 6, 11, 16, 17, 23, 28, 52, 72, 118 Carcinogenic, 9, 61, 72, 118 Carcinoma, 118 Cardiac, 117, 118, 131 Carotene, 38, 39, 88, 118, 137 Cathode, 118, 123 Cations, 74, 118, 128 Cell Differentiation, 118, 138 Cell Division, 116, 118, 134 Cell proliferation, 118, 138 Cell Respiration, 118, 137 Cellobiose, 118 Cellulose, 66, 76, 118, 134 Central Nervous System, 117, 118, 126, 130 Chemoprevention, 7, 8, 10, 11, 118 Chemopreventive, 8, 9, 10, 11, 118 Chemoprotective, 14, 20, 25, 51, 52, 118 Chlorophyll, 21, 22, 26, 53, 118 Cholesterol, 5, 34, 72, 116, 118, 119, 129 Cholesterol Esters, 119, 129 Chromosomal, 119, 140 Chromosome, 7, 119, 126, 129, 140 Chronic, 4, 119, 128, 140, 142 Chronic Disease, 4, 119 Chylomicrons, 119, 129 Circadian, 34, 119 CIS, 10, 119, 137 Citrus, 73, 116, 119 Clamp, 50, 119 Clinical trial, 6, 7, 10, 95, 119, 136 Clone, 13, 119 Cloning, 116, 119 Codeine, 119, 132 Coenzyme, 116, 119, 132 Coleoptera, 64, 119 Collapse, 117, 119 Colloidal, 119, 124 Colorectal, 15, 16, 22, 26, 37, 119 Complement, 119, 120 Complementary and alternative medicine, 33, 39, 120 Complementary medicine, 33, 120 Complementation, 61, 120 Computational Biology, 95, 120 Cone, 47, 55, 120 Confounding, 57, 73, 120 Conjugated, 120, 121, 131, 132 Connective Tissue, 116, 120 Constipation, 72, 120 Constitutional, 7, 120

Consumption, 4, 7, 8, 9, 16, 35, 51, 52, 61, 63, 75, 120, 122, 132 Contact dermatitis, 14, 17, 120 Contraindications, ii, 121 Coronary, 121, 130 Coronary Thrombosis, 121, 130 Crowns, 63, 121, 122 Cruciferous vegetables, 6, 8, 85, 121, 133 Curative, 121, 140 Cutaneous, 120, 121 Cyclic, 117, 121 Cysteine, 63, 121, 140 Cystine, 23, 27, 121 Cytochrome, 15, 17, 20, 24, 121 Cytotoxic, 121, 138 D Databases, Bibliographic, 95, 121 Dehydration, 75, 121 Deletion, 121, 129 Denaturation, 121, 134 Density, 121, 129 Dental Abutments, 121, 122 Dentures, 102, 122, 140 Depolarization, 122, 138 Depressive Disorder, 122, 129 Dermatitis, 122 Detoxification, 5, 11, 61, 122 Deuterium, 122, 127 Developed Countries, 122, 125 Diabetes Mellitus, 5, 122, 126, 127 Diagnostic procedure, 43, 85, 122 Dietitian, 101, 122 Diffusion, 8, 116, 122 Digestion, 116, 117, 122, 128, 129, 139 Digestive system, 122, 125 Digestive tract, 102, 122, 139 Dihydrotestosterone, 122, 137 Dimethyl, 21, 26, 122 Diploid, 120, 122, 134 Direct, iii, 75, 87, 122, 132, 137 Disease Vectors, 122, 128 Disposition, 7, 8, 15, 21, 25, 122 Diuresis, 117, 122 Drip, 102, 122 Drive, ii, vi, 19, 46, 47, 70, 122 Drug Design, 11, 122 Drug Interactions, 88, 123 Drug Tolerance, 123, 140 Dystrophin, 123, 131 E Edema, 120, 123, 131 Efficacy, 7, 10, 123, 135

Index 147

Electrolysis, 114, 118, 123 Electrolyte, 88, 123, 135, 139 Electrons, 115, 116, 118, 123, 128, 132, 136 Embryo, 118, 123, 128 Encapsulated, 76, 123 Endemic, 123, 139 Endotoxin, 64, 123 Enteropeptidase, 123, 141 Environmental Health, 6, 94, 96, 123 Enzymatic, 67, 72, 117, 118, 120, 123, 134, 137 Enzyme, 5, 6, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 51, 61, 66, 68, 69, 74, 77, 113, 119, 123, 124, 126, 134, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142 Epidemic, 124, 139 Epidemiological, 6, 10, 124 Epithelial, 113, 116, 124 Epithelial Cells, 124 Epithelium, 64, 124 Erythema, 120, 124 Erythrocytes, 17, 20, 23, 25, 27, 35, 124 Esophagus, 122, 124, 139 Estrogens, 9, 124 Evacuation, 120, 124, 129 Excipients, 124, 125, 133 Exogenous, 66, 68, 77, 113, 116, 124 Expander, 48, 70, 124 Expiration, 124, 137 Extender, 124 Extracellular, 120, 124, 139 Extraction, 23, 27, 73, 124 Exudate, 124, 132 F Family Planning, 95, 124 Fat, 3, 4, 32, 81, 82, 101, 118, 124, 129, 132 Fatty acids, 33, 34, 124 Feces, 67, 68, 120, 124 Fish Products, 124, 138 Flatus, 125 Flavoring Agents, 125, 133 Flush, 5, 125 Fold, 100, 125, 130 Food Additives, 21, 25, 125 Food Coloring Agents, 125 Food Handling, 48, 125 Food Packaging, 62, 125 Food Preservatives, 125 Forestry, 64, 125 Fractionation, 66, 67, 76, 125 Fungi, 125, 128, 130, 131, 139, 142 G Gamma Rays, 125, 131, 136

Gas, 21, 26, 102, 117, 122, 125, 127, 131 Gastroenterologist, 5, 125 Gastrointestinal, 8, 102, 117, 125, 140, 141 Gene, 7, 8, 11, 57, 74, 114, 116, 123, 125 Gene Expression, 7, 8, 11, 125 Gene Pool, 57, 74, 125 Genetic Markers, 61, 125 Genetic testing, 126, 134 Genomics, 10, 126 Genotype, 9, 15, 16, 126, 133 Ginger, 81, 102, 126 Gland, 126, 132, 135, 138, 139 Glucose, 116, 118, 122, 126, 127 Glucose Intolerance, 122, 126 Glucosinolates, 6, 7, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 60, 61, 126 Glutathione Peroxidase, 126, 138 Glutathione Transferase, 51, 126 Governing Board, 126, 135 Graft, 126, 127 Granulocytes, 126, 138 Growth, 4, 17, 22, 27, 51, 54, 66, 67, 69, 75, 77, 115, 118, 126, 131, 134 H Habitual, 9, 126 Hair follicles, 126, 142 Haploid, 57, 126, 134 Headache, 117, 126 Hematology, 6, 127 Heme, 121, 127 Hemoglobin, 124, 127, 129 Hepatocellular, 7, 127 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 7, 127 Hereditary, 7, 127 Heredity, 125, 127 Heritability, 57, 73, 127 Hormone, 127, 138, 140 Host, 8, 72, 122, 127, 142 Hybrid, 56, 57, 73, 119, 127 Hydrogen, 66, 67, 76, 113, 116, 117, 121, 122, 126, 127, 130, 131, 132, 136 Hydrogen Bonding, 67, 127 Hydrolysis, 21, 25, 116, 118, 127, 133, 134, 141 Hydrophobic, 127, 129 I Id, 29, 36, 103, 108, 110, 127 Immune response, 115, 127, 140, 142 Immunity, 127, 132 In vitro, 11, 22, 26, 128, 134 In vivo, 8, 11, 16, 128 Inbreeding, 56, 128

148 Broccoli

Indicative, 9, 79, 128, 142 Induction, 6, 10, 11, 17, 22, 26, 51, 128 Infarction, 121, 128, 130 Infection, 69, 72, 115, 128, 129, 140 Inflammation, 37, 120, 122, 124, 128, 142 Infusion, 53, 128, 141 Ingestion, 7, 15, 21, 25, 72, 117, 125, 128, 134 Inhalation, 128, 134 Insecticides, 46, 128, 133, 142 Intermittent, 50, 128 Internal Medicine, 127, 128 Intestinal, 8, 23, 28, 72, 102, 118, 123, 128 Intestinal Flora, 72, 128 Intestine, 8, 10, 117, 128, 129 Intracellular, 117, 128, 135, 138 Intravenous, 128 Ions, 69, 116, 123, 127, 128 Isothiocyanates, 6, 9, 10, 11, 14, 17, 23, 27, 35, 51, 128 K Kb, 94, 128 Kidney stone, 129, 132 Kinetic, 129 L Lactulose, 72, 129 Large Intestine, 122, 128, 129, 137, 139 Laxative, 129 Leucine, 10, 129 Library Services, 108, 129 Ligament, 129, 135 Linkage, 118, 126, 129 Lipid, 115, 129, 142 Lipoprotein, 34, 129 Lithium, 69, 129 Liver, 5, 17, 20, 25, 116, 122, 124, 127, 129, 132 Localized, 123, 128, 129, 134 Locomotion, 129, 134 Loop, 48, 49, 70, 129 Loss of Heterozygosity, 7, 129 Low-density lipoprotein, 129 Lymphatic, 128, 129 Lymphoid, 115, 130 Lysine, 130, 141 M Malignancy, 10, 130 Mammary, 9, 11, 130 Manic, 129, 130 Meat, 5, 81, 130 MEDLINE, 95, 130

Membrane, 8, 113, 120, 122, 123, 130, 133, 138 Mesenteric, 8, 130 Mesentery, 130 Metabolite, 116, 122, 130 Methionine, 69, 122, 130, 140 MI, 111, 130 Microbe, 64, 130, 141 Microorganism, 130, 142 Modeling, 123, 130 Molecular, 7, 10, 13, 23, 27, 34, 35, 67, 68, 95, 97, 114, 116, 120, 122, 124, 130, 137 Molecular mass, 67, 68, 130 Molecule, 115, 116, 119, 120, 127, 130, 132, 136, 138 Monitor, 10, 130, 131 Morphine, 119, 130, 132 Morphology, 127, 130 Motility, 72, 131 Mucins, 131, 137 Muscle Proteins, 20, 25, 131 Mustard Gas, 131 Mutagen, 9, 131 Mutagenesis, 10, 131 Mycotoxins, 113, 131 Myocardium, 130, 131 N NCI, 1, 9, 93, 119, 131 Necrosis, 126, 128, 130, 131 Need, 3, 44, 81, 85, 104, 113, 131, 140 Neoplasia, 23, 28, 52, 131 Neoplasm, 131 Neoplastic, 52, 61, 129, 131 Neutrons, 114, 117, 131, 136 Nitrogen, 21, 25, 130, 131 Nuclear, 34, 123, 125, 131 Nuclear Proteins, 34, 131 Nucleic acid, 131, 132 Nucleoproteins, 131, 132 Nucleus, 121, 122, 125, 131, 132, 136, 139 Nutritive Value, 125, 132 O Oltipraz, 9, 132 Omega-3 fatty acid, 4, 132 Opium, 18, 130, 132 Osteoporosis, 5, 37, 100, 132 Oxalate, 32, 132 Oxidation, 20, 25, 51, 113, 115, 116, 121, 126, 132 Oxides, 126, 132 Oxygen Consumption, 132, 137

Index 149

P Palliative, 132, 140 Pancreas, 116, 122, 132, 138, 141 Pantetheine, 72, 132 Papaverine, 132 Patient Education, 100, 106, 108, 111, 133 Pedigree, 57, 133 Pelvic, 133, 135 Peptide, 66, 77, 123, 133, 134, 135 Peptide Fragments, 66, 77, 133 Perception, 120, 133 Perforation, 115, 133 Perfusion, 8, 133 Peripheral blood, 7, 133 Pesticides, 9, 128, 133 Pharmaceutic Aids, 125, 133 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 118, 133 Pharmacokinetic, 133 Pharmacologic, 133, 141 Phenethyl isothiocyanate, 11, 133 Phenotype, 120, 133 Phospholipases, 133, 138 Phospholipids, 124, 129, 133 Phosphorus, 24, 28, 117, 133, 134 Phosphorylation, 13, 133 Physiologic, 134, 136 Physiology, 69, 127, 134 Pigments, 118, 134, 137 Pilot study, 9, 134 Plasma, 17, 23, 27, 35, 115, 119, 123, 124, 126, 127, 134, 137, 138 Plasma cells, 115, 134 Platelet Activation, 134, 138 Platinum, 129, 134 Poisoning, 37, 72, 117, 134 Polymerase, 66, 77, 134 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 66, 77, 134 Polymers, 134, 135, 139 Polypeptide, 114, 134, 135, 142 Polysaccharide, 67, 115, 118, 134 Posterior, 114, 132, 134 Postmenopausal, 132, 135 Postsynaptic, 135, 138 Potassium, 88, 100, 135 Potentiation, 135, 138 Practice Guidelines, 96, 135 Precancerous, 118, 135 Precursor, 123, 135 Pregnancy Maintenance, 124, 135 Prevalence, 15, 16, 22, 26, 135 Program Evaluation, 102, 135 Progression, 10, 114, 135, 141

Progressive, 118, 123, 126, 131, 134, 135 Prostate, 37, 85, 116, 135, 141 Protein C, 81, 114, 115, 129, 131, 135, 141 Protein Conformation, 114, 135 Protein S, 116, 135 Protons, 114, 127, 136 Protozoa, 130, 136, 139, 142 Public Policy, 95, 136 Publishing, 12, 136 Pulse, 130, 136 Putrefaction, 72, 136 R Radiation, 52, 125, 136, 142 Radiation therapy, 125, 136 Radioactive, 127, 131, 136 Raffinose, 72, 136 Randomized, 6, 123, 136 Rape, 72, 136 Reactive Oxygen Species, 10, 136 Receptor, 51, 115, 120, 136, 138 Recombinant, 69, 136 Recombination, 126, 136 Reconstitution, 67, 137 Rectum, 115, 119, 122, 125, 129, 135, 137 Recurrence, 118, 137 Reductase, 51, 137 Refer, 1, 68, 119, 125, 129, 131, 137 Refraction, 137, 139 Regeneration, 137 Regimen, 123, 137 Rehydration, 53, 137 Respiration, 58, 118, 130, 137 Restoration, 121, 137 Retinal, 120, 137 Rigidity, 134, 137 Rod, 119, 137 Rodenticides, 133, 137 Rubber, 47, 48, 55, 63, 113, 137 S Saliva, 16, 22, 26, 137 Salivary, 122, 137 Salivary glands, 122, 137 Screening, 11, 52, 119, 137 Seafood, 81, 137 Sebaceous, 138, 142 Selenium, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 34, 35, 84, 138 Selenomethionine, 23, 28, 138 Semen, 135, 138 Senescence, 13, 69, 138 Senile, 132, 138 Senility, 72, 138

150 Broccoli

Sensor, 47, 138 Sequencing, 66, 77, 134, 138 Serine, 138, 141 Serum, 17, 23, 27, 34, 35, 74, 119, 129, 137, 138 Sex Characteristics, 124, 138, 140 Shock, 58, 76, 138 Side effect, 87, 113, 138, 141 Signal Transduction, 11, 138 Skeletal, 119, 139, 141 Small intestine, 119, 127, 128, 139, 141 Smooth muscle, 117, 130, 132, 139, 140 Sodium, 63, 101, 139 Specialist, 103, 139 Species, 34, 56, 60, 64, 66, 68, 77, 127, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142 Spectrum, 10, 64, 139 Sperm, 119, 139 Spices, 101, 139 Spinal cord, 118, 139 Sporadic, 7, 139 Spores, 64, 139 Steel, 119, 139 Stimulant, 117, 139 Stimulus, 122, 139 Stomach, 37, 122, 124, 125, 127, 139 Strand, 13, 134, 139 Stress, 54, 102, 137, 139 Styrene, 75, 137, 139 Subacute, 128, 140 Subclinical, 128, 140 Subspecies, 139, 140 Substance P, 130, 137, 140 Sulfur, 51, 126, 130, 140 Suppression, 72, 140 Symphysis, 135, 140 Synaptic, 138, 140 Systemic, 88, 117, 128, 136, 140 T Tartar, 81, 140 Telomere, 7, 140 Testosterone, 137, 140 Therapeutics, 89, 140 Thermal, 117, 131, 134, 140 Thiamine, 75, 140 Thrombin, 135, 140 Thrombomodulin, 135, 140

Tolerance, 6, 56, 126, 140 Toxic, iv, 10, 52, 113, 118, 126, 128, 138, 139, 141 Toxicity, 9, 123, 141 Toxicokinetics, 141 Toxicology, 96, 141 Toxins, 5, 115, 128, 131, 141 Trace element, 117, 141 Traction, 119, 141 Transduction, 138, 141 Transfection, 116, 141 Transferases, 16, 22, 26, 141 Transfusion, 124, 141 Trees, 137, 141 Tropomyosin, 131, 141 Troponin, 131, 141 Trypsin, 33, 123, 141, 142 Tuberculosis, 120, 141 Tumor marker, 116, 141 Tumor model, 11, 141 Tumor suppressor gene, 129, 142 U Ubiquinone, 13, 142 Unconscious, 127, 142 Urethra, 135, 142 Urinary, 7, 9, 142 Urine, 6, 9, 17, 23, 27, 35, 116, 117, 122, 129, 132, 142 V Vaccines, 142 Vascular, 128, 142 Vein, 8, 128, 131, 142 Veterinary Medicine, 95, 142 Viral, 69, 141, 142 Virulence, 141, 142 Virus, 33, 141, 142 Vitro, 142 Vivo, 8, 142 Vulgaris, 72, 142 X Xenobiotics, 8, 142 Xenograft, 114, 142 X-ray, 118, 125, 131, 136, 142 Y Yeasts, 125, 128, 133, 142 Z Zymogen, 135, 142

Index 151

152 Broccoli