ATROPINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Atropine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84342-2 1. Atropine-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on atropine. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ATROPINE ................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Atropine ........................................................................................ 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 20 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 20 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ATROPINE ....................................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Atropine....................................................................................... 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 58 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ATROPINE ................................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 61 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 66 General References ....................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ATROPINE ................................................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Dissertations on Atropine............................................................................................................ 69 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 70 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ATROPINE .............................................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patents on Atropine ..................................................................................................................... 71 Patent Applications on Atropine ................................................................................................. 79 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ATROPINE.................................................................................................. 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 83 Chapters on Atropine................................................................................................................... 84 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ATROPINE .................................................................... 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 87 Academic Periodicals covering Atropine ..................................................................................... 89 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 91 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 92 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 97 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 99 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 101 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 103 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 106 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 109 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 109 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 109 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 109
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Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 109 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 115 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 115 ATROPINE DICTIONARY.......................................................................................................... 117 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 185
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with atropine is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about atropine, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to atropine, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on atropine. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to atropine, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on atropine. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ATROPINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on atropine.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and atropine, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “atropine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Drug-Induced Changes in Eustachian Tube Function Source: ENT. Ear, Nose and Throat Journal. 77(9): 778-782. September 1998. Contact: Available from MEDQUEST Communications LLC. 629 Euclid Avenue, Suite 1200, Cleveland, OH 44114. (216) 522-9700. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: Acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion (OME) are very common among children, and the costs of treatment and control are very high in some countries. Therefore, there are obvious advantages to be gained from a reduction in the number of transmyringeal drainage and ventilating tube insertion surgeries performed on children. This article reviews research on drug-induced changes in eustachian tube function. Many studies have shown that antihistamines and decongestants are of little use in the treatment of acute otitis media and OME, or in the prophylaxis of these disorders.
4
Atropine
However, because some drugs can improve OME (notably glycocorticosteroids) and some can impair the opening function of the eustachian tube (atropine), the authors conclude that it seems justified to continue studies of eustachian tube function and medication. The authors first review the methods used to test eustachian tube function, including Valsalva's maneuver, Politzer's test, Toynbee's maneuver, and contrast radiologic methods (the latter used to exclude total blockage of the eustachian tube). The authors then discuss the research on decongestants, antihistamines, mucolytics, surfactant-stimulating substances, and corticosteroids. 4 figures. 26 references. (AA-M). •
Growth Hormone Responses to Cholinergically Active Drugs in Patients With Dementia of the Alzheimer Type Source: Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. 6(1): 44-52. Spring 1992. Summary: Patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) are reported to have reduced concentrations and function of acetylcholine and somatostatin in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the hypothalamus. This journal article describes a study designed to evaluate the basal and stimulated growth hormone (GH) secretion in a group of patients with DAT and a group of age- and sex-matched controls. The intent of the study was to administer pyridostigmine, which is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, and GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and examine their possible functional activity on GH secretion. Pyridostigmine was administered orally to ten patients with DAT and eight controls and induced an increase in GH levels similar to the increase in the controls. Nine patients with DAT and eight controls received GHRH intravenously. The patients with DAT experienced an increase in plasma GH similar to the controls. Atropine administered to the patients with DAT completely inhibited the GHRHinduced GH increase. The authors assert that these findings indicate that hypothalamic cholinergic and somatostatinergic neurons involved in the control of somatotrophic function are preserved in patients with DAT. 27 references.
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Intravesical Treatment of Overactive Bladder Source: Urology. 55(Supplement 5A): 60-64. May 2000. Contact: Available from Urology. P.O. Box 2126, Marion, OH 43306-8226. (800) 215-4692. Fax (740) 382-5866. Summary: This article considers the use of intravesical (introduced directly into the bladder) agents for overactive bladder, a condition characterized by frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence. These agents have mostly been used in patients with neurogenic bladder disorders. The patients have usually had severe detrusor hyperreflexia (DH, increased reflex reaction of the bladder opening) plus a disorder of bladder emptying, and because of residual urine (urine remaining in the bladder after urination) have been performing intermittent self catheterization. Intravesical medication has therefore been appropriate. Two types of treatment have been used: intravesical medications that block pelvic nerve detrusor smooth muscle cholinergic transmission, or agents that block the afferent arm of the reflex that causes detrusor contraction. Intravesical oxybutynin is thought to have some local anesthetic effect, although its main mode of action is to block cholinergic transmission. Oxybutynin has been demonstrated to be effective in resistant DH. Intravesical atropine has been demonstrated to increase bladder capacity but its usefulness in the clinical management of DH has yet to be demonstrated. Local anesthetics can increase bladder capacity but the effect is short lived. Longer acting agents may have a selective neurotoxic effect on capsaicin sensitive bladder afferents. Many patients worldwide have now been treated with intravesical capsaicin.
Studies
5
Resiniferatoxin (RTX) is an ultrapotent capsaicin analog that has the significant advantage of being a nonirritant. The author concludes that intravesical agents appear to be attractive alternatives to oral medication and hold the exciting possibility of selectively targeting end organs implicated in pathophysiologic responses. 2 figures. 2 tables. 29 references. •
Schizophrenia Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 88(5): 526-528. November 1999. Contact: Available from Mosby, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-3318. (800) 453-4351 or (314) 453-4351. Website: www.mosby.com. Summary: This article familiarizes oral health care professionals with schizophrenia, a diagnostic category that includes a variety of mental illnesses with the following common features: early onset (usually in one's 20s or 30s), cognitive impairment, disorders of thought, and affective abnormalities. The author reviews the diagnostic features, etiology, and management of schizophrenia, along with considerations for the dental professional. Clinical manifestations of schizophrenia include disordered speech, hallucinations, delusions, disorders of balance and proprioception, and visual disturbances, including disorders of eye movement, prolonged staring, paroxysms of rapid blinking, and deviation of the eyes. Treatment of schizophrenia consists of the use of antipsychotic drugs and psychosocial therapy. The dental professional must be aware of the general diagnostic and treatment issues related to schizophrenia so that proper referral can be facilitated; know the effects of vasoconstrictors when local anesthetics are used; and be aware of and possibly treat the side effects of the drugs used to manage schizophrenia. The hematologic problems may manifest as unusual bleeding during surgical procedures, chronic oral ulcers, and recurrent oral candidiasis. Neuroleptic drugs may interact with epinephrine to cause severe hypertension and the use of atropine may result in an enhanced anticholinergic effect; thus, the use of epinephrine and atropine must be limited. In addition, the neuroleptic drugs often cause xerostomia and may occasionally cause dysphagia. 3 tables. 5 references.
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Monitoring IBD Medications: Part II Source: Foundation Focus. p. 8. July 1993. Contact: Available from Crohns and Colitis Foundation of America. 386 Park Avenue South, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-8804. (800) 343-3637 or (212) 685-3440. Summary: This brief article is the second of a two-part summary of the tests that monitor side effects of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) medications. The author describes immunomodulators (six-mercaptopurine and azathioprine); cyclosporine; methotrexate; metronidazole (Flagyl); and antidiarrheal medications (loperamide and diphenoxylate/atropine).
Federally Funded Research on Atropine The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to atropine. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of
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Atropine
Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to atropine. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore atropine. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for atropine: •
Project Title: AQUEOUS OUTFLOW AND STRUCTURAL CORRELATIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Palkama, Arto K.; Ophthalmology; Louisiana State Univ Hsc New Orleans New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Glaucoma is a heterogeneous group of diseases and the most common form, primary open-angle glaucoma, is the leading cause of preventable blindness in the United States. The regulation of intraocular pressure is a delicate balance between inflow (the production of aqueous humor) and outflow via the trabecular (conventional) and the uveoscleral (unconventional) pathways. The movement of aqueous fluid through these anatomically small structures is critical but not well understood at present. In the proposed study, a technique has been developed that will allow, for the first time, the direct correlation between aqueous outflow with the structural characteristics of the trabecular pathway. Observations in the living eye with a whitelight, real-time confocal microscope use the movement of microbeads as flow tracers, permitting the direct measurement of the velocity of aqueous outflow. Simultaneously, the confocal microscope can image, in vivo, the structural components of the conventional outflow pathway. The present application has three Specific Aims; 1) To analyze the openings of the trabecular meshwork using the microbead technique and relate flow velocity and fluid volume; 2) To correlate aqueous velocity and volume flow in living rabbit and cat eyes using pilocarpine and atropine to evaluate the effects of the ciliary muscle on outflow. Changes in the unconventional pathway and its contribution will be determined. 3) To analyze total outflow in living rabbit and cat eyes and the effects of latanoprost and atropine on conventional and unconventional outflow. Structural changes in the matrix of the outflow pathways will also be analyzed with antibodies to laminin, type IV collagen, type I collagen, and type III collagen. The studies in this proposal should provide important new information to relate- regulation of intraocular pressure with changes in the structural make-up of the trabecular pathway. In the future, this technique may be used to directly monitor outflow and the structural relationships of outflow in the human eye. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
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Project Title: BIOMECHANICS OF ESOPHAGEAL WALL AND VISCERAL SENSATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Mittal, Ravinder K.; Professor of Medicine; Veterans Medical Research Fdn/San Diego Foundation of San Diego San Diego, Ca 92161 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The biomechanical properties of the esophagus have relevance to its motor and sensory function. These properties have been studied in the animals and humans by several investigators using various techniques. However, there are limitations with each of these techniques. We have developed a novel system of balloon ultrasonography that measures esophageal pressure, radius and wall thickness simultaneously, in vivo, in humans. Our technique, therefore, allows accurate measurement of the wall stress, strain and elastic modulus (wall rigidity) on a continuous time basis. Our preliminary data show that in normal subjects there is a close temporal correlation between increase in intraluminal pressure and esophageal wall thickness, which allows the esophagus to maintain a low wall stress. Patients with motility disorders of the esophagus have a thicker esophageal muscularis propria compared to normal subjects. We hypothesize that difference in the biomechanical properties of the esophageal wall between normal subjects and patients is the reason for impaired esophageal transport and dysphagia in patients with motility disorders of the esophagus. The current understanding is that hypersensitivity of the esophagus is the cause of esophageal pain. Patients with presumed esophageal pain respond to distension of the esophagus at lower balloon volumes than normal subjects. The site of esophageal hypersensitivity may be at either the peripheral (esophageal wall) or at the central level (CNS). The latter is currently the favored site. The differences in the biomechanical properties of the esophageal wall in patients and normal subjects may result in different wall stress and strain in response to the same volume of distension. We hypothesize that differences in the biomechanical properties of the esophagus may be the reason for a hypersensitive esophagus. The specific aims of our studies are: 1: In vitro validation of the novel technique of balloon-ultrasonography. 2: To determine biomechanical properties of the esophagus in normal human subjects using balloon ultrasonography and to determine the relationship between esophageal pain and its biomechanical properties. 3: To define the abnormalities of muscularis propria thickness in patients with primary motility disorders of the esophagus. 4: To determine the biomechanical properties of the esophageal wall in patients with a normal and thick muscularis propria and its relationship to esophageal hypersensitivity. 5: To study biomechanics of the esophageal wall in patients with esophageal dysphagia. We believe that our observations have important implications in understanding the mechanisms of esophageal motor and sensory function in healthy and diseased states. Furthermore, the principles discussed in the esophagus may be applicable to the understanding of visceral hypersensitivity seen in irritable bowel syndrome and other functional disorders of the GI tract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CARDIAC PARASYMPATHETIC EFFECT IN EXERCISE AND RECOVERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Goldberger, Jeffrey J.; Medicine; Northwestern University 633 Clark Street Evanston, Il 60208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007
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Atropine
Summary: (provided by applicant): Diminished parasympathetic tone is associated with increased mortality. The risk of sudden death is increased during exercise. Exercise is also associated with diminished parasympathetic tone, raising the question whether parasympathetic tone may provide a natural anti-arrhythmic effect. Thus, the aim of the proposed studies is to address the question: What is the role of parasympathetic tone in modulating cardiac electrophysiology during exercise and recovery? Specific hypotheses are: a) recovery of heart rate and ventricular repolarization after exercise is mediated by sympathetic withdrawal, parasympathetic activation, and sympatheticparasympathetic interactions -- this will be assessed by sequential autonomic blockade during serial bicycle exercise tests; b) there is diminished parasympathetic effect on recovery of heart rate and QT interval in subjects with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction -- this will be assessed by serial exercise tests with and without parasympathetic blockade; c) a new index of heart rate variability during recovery correlates with parasympathetic effects on recovery of heart rate and QT interval; d) parasympathetic effects on cardiac electrophysiology persist during exercise and are depressed in subjects with decreased versus normal left ventricular function -- this will be assessed by noninvasive programmed stimulation via implanted devices during sedal exercise testing with and without parasympathetic blockade; e) parasympathetic effects on the QT interval during exercise and recovery correlate with parasympathetic effects on ventricular refractoriness. Validation of these hypotheses will show: 1) parasympathetic tone modulates ventricular repolarization and refractoriness during exercise and recovery; 2) this modulation is suppressed in subjects with left ventricular dysfunction. Understanding the role of parasympathetic tone in modulating cardiac electrophysiology during exercise and recovery will open up a new avenue of research relating autonomic tone and sudden death. If parasympathetic tone does provide an antiarrhythmic effect during exercise and recovery, one could consider developing vagal nerve stimulation during exercise and recovery as a new treatment modality to prevent sudden death. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHOLINERGIC SEPTOHIPPOCAMPAL PATH
&
GABAERGIC
MECHANISM
Principal Investigator & Institution: Alreja, Meenakshi; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: Adapted from applicant's abstract): Cognitive impainnent is a serious health Concern in the United States; it accompanies not only nonmal aging and dementing disorders such as Alzheimer's, but also several mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia. Basic and clinical studies have long recognized the importance of cholinergic mechanisms for the maintenance of cognitive functioning and treatments which increase synaptic acetylcholine (ACh) levels, using acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEls), are currently the most extensively used for the therapy of Alzheimer's disease. In contrast, treatments which oppose cholinergic tone, such as systemic infusions of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonists, atropine and scopolamine (Atr/Scop), produce an amnesic syndrome both in humans and in rats and emphasize the importance of muscarinic mechanisms. Basic studies suggest that muscarinic mechanisms in the medial septum/diagonal band (MSDB), via the septohippocampal pathway, contribute to the cognitive deficits produced by systemic Atr/Scop. Thus, infusions of muscarinic agonists into the MSDB alleviate the amnesic syndrome, whereas local infusions of Atr/Scop mimic the syndrome. In our preliminary shidies, conducted using
Studies
9
electrophysiological recording techniques in rat brain slices, we have found that Atr/Scop, when applied to septal slices, stop spontaneous firing activity in a vast majority of MSDB neurons, including, non-cholinergic (presumably, GABAergic) neurons that project to the hippocampus. In contrast, a wide array of AChEIs, including the clinically used tacrine, produce a profound increase in the firing activity of MSDB neurons, which is blocked by Atr/Scop. Therefore, in the present study, we hypothesize 1) that there is a tonic release of ACh in the MSDB (which carl be unmasked by Atr/Scop and AChEIs) and the released ACh, via muscarinic receptors, provides a major excitatory drive to the septohippocampal GABAergic neurons; 2) the released ACh, via muscarinic receptors, provides a major excitatory drive to the septohippocampal GABA neurons; 3) the tonic release of ACh occurs due to the spontaneous firing activity of septohippocampal cholinergic neurons (which also innervate MSDB GABAergic neurons via axon collaterals); 4) a loss of MSDB cholinergic neurons (as can occur in normal aging and in Alzbeimer's) decreases the activity of septohippocampal GABA neurons. It is speculated that the resultant changes in cholinergic and GABergic transmission to the hippocarnpus will contribute to deficits in learning and memory. The above hypothesis will be tested using state-of-the-art electrophysiological recording methods in antidromically-activated and/or retrogradely labeled septohippocampal neurons visualized using the technique of infrared videomicroscopy. Cholinergic neurons will be selectively lesioned US aboutDig the irnrnunotoxin, 1921gG-saporin. In addition, double and triple-labeling techniques will be employed to identify septohippocampal cholinergic and GABAergic neurons. It is hoped that the proposed research will provide fresh insights into the role of the septohippocampal GABAergic pathway in cognitive functioning. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHOLINERGIC PHENOTYPE IN MURINE MODELS OF SLEEP Principal Investigator & Institution: Lydic, Ralph B.; Bert La Du Professor of Anesthesia; Anesthesiology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This research program was initiated in 1999 in response to RFA HL99001. The goal of the RFA was to stimulate improved molecular, cellular, and systems approaches to investigate sleep in mice. Every human gene has a mouse homologue. This remarkable homology means that the mouse genome may provide unique insights into human disease. Advances in sequencing the mouse genome now require complimentary data regarding normal and abnormal phenotypes. In accord with consensus statements published by The Jackson Laboratory, this application focuses on the C57BL/6J (B6) mouse strain. The long-term objectives are to advance scientific knowledge by providing data not presently available concerning molecules that regulate ACh release and alter electroencephalographic (EEG) excitability, sleep, and breathing. Aim 1 will test the hypothesis that microinjecting neostigmine into the pontine reticular formation of B6 mouse causes a REM sleep-like state and changes in breathing that are concentration-dependent, site-specific within the pons, and blocked by atropine. Aim 2 will use in vivo microdialysis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to test the hypothesis that dialysis delivery of an adenosine A1 receptor agonist into the prefrontal cortex of B6 mouse will decrease cortical ACh release and EEG power, and delay wake-up time from anesthesia. Aim 3 will use combined microdialysis and microinjection to test the hypothesis that ACh release in the pontine reticular formation of B6 mouse is altered by nitric oxide donors
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Atropine
and by inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase. Aim 4 will use a quantitative Western assay to test the hypothesis that brain expression of M2 muscarinic receptor protein varies significantly as a function of mouse strain and brain region. These aims will take this research program in new directions by developing a pharmacological model of rapid eye movement sleep in mouse (Aim 1), quantifying the effects of endogenous neuromodulators on ACh release (Aims 2 and 3), and initiating strain comparisons of muscarinic receptor protein expression (Aim 4). The unifying conceptual scheme of this proposal is that higher level phenotypes such as sleep and breathing (Aim 1) emerge from the expression of lower level phenotypes such as ACh (Aims 2 and 3) and muscarinic cholinergic receptors (Aim 4). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FUNCTION
CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING
FACTOR-ACTION
ON
GI
Principal Investigator & Institution: Tache, Yvette F.; Professor; To Be Determined; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1983; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DYNAMIC REGULATION OF TUNING IN ADULT AUDITORY CORTEX Principal Investigator & Institution: Weinberger, Norman M.; Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this research project is to determine the involvement of the primary auditory cortex (Al) in auditory associative memory (AAM) and to identify the mechanisms of AAM. In contrast to traditional views that Al is a static acoustic processor, research during the past decade has established that learning modifies information processing to specifically emphasize the frequency of a behaviorally acquired important stimulus. Notably, neuronal tuning shifts toward/to the frequency of a tone that signals reinforcement. This plasticity, like memory, is associative, highly specific, rapidly acquired, retained indefinitely and consolidates over time. These tuning shifts increase the cortical area that represents behaviorally important frequencies. Thus, the auditory cortex may use a memory code that connotes behavioral importance by increasing the number of cells tuned to that stimulus. We will evaluate this hypothesis by differentially training groups of rats in simple and complex acoustic tasks, so that a tone gains different levels of behavioral importance, as indexed by levels of correct performance. Subsequent mapping of Al will determine the relationship between the area of frequency representation, other cellular response properties, and learned stimulus importance. The nucleus basalis (NB) and its cholinergic (ACh) projections to the auditory cortex have been deeply implicated as mechanisms of learning-induced plasticity because pairing a tone with NB stimulation produces the same types of plasticity as does behavioral training and atropine applied to the cortex blocks the plasticity. Recent work from our laboratory has revealed that pairing a tone with stimulation of the NB actually induces predicted behavioral AAM. Therefore, we will fully characterize NB-induced AAM in simple and complex tasks, including its ability to facilitate new discrimination learning, and determine its
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correlated Al plasticity. We will also compare Al plasticity from these two approaches to seek general rules relating behavioral auditory associative memory to representational plasticity in primary auditory cortex. The findings will elucidate cortical mnemonic function and provide a foundation for therapeutic treatments, including recovery of higher auditory function following insult and learning to perceive speech using cochlear implants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT OF AGING ON MYOCARDIAL REPOLARIZATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kadish, Alan; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Research Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EFFECT OF DAILY EXERCISE ON CARDIAC AUTONOMIC REGULATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Billman, George E.; Professor; Physiology and Cell Biology; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Epidemiological data demonstrate that aerobic exercise training can dramatically reduce cardiac mortality even in patients with preexisting cardiac disease. The mechanisms responsible for this cardio protection remain largely to be determined. It is probable that exercise-induced changes in cardiac autonomic regulation play a major role in the improved cardiac mortality. Cardiac autonomic balance is altered by cardiac disease and the patients with the greatest changes (i.e., decreased parasympathetic and/or increased sympathetic activity) are also at the greatest risk for sudden death presumably due to ventricular fibrillation (VF). Exercise training can increase parasympathetic and decrease sympathetic activity and could thereby reduce mortality. Therefore, the proposed studies will test the central hypothesis that exercise training augments parasympathetic and/or reduces cardiac sympathetic activity and thereby protects against VF. Specific Aim #1 will test the hypothesis that exercise training alters cardiac autonomic balance in animals susceptible and resistant to VF. Specifically, cardiac autonomic balance will be evaluated in animals either resistant or susceptible to VF before, during and after the completion of an exercise conditioning program (8-10 weeks of daily treadmill running). The autonomic response to two different physiological stressors, submaximal exercise and acute myocardial ischemia, will be evaluated. Cardiac autonomic balance will be evaluated by pharmacological tests (agonist dose response, effects of selective antagonists), baroreflex sensitivity, and time series analysis of R-R interval variability. Specific Aim #2 will test the hypothesis that the cardiac autonomic changes induced by exercise training are responsible for the protection noted for this intervention. The effects of parasympathetic activity will be evaluated with a cholinergic antagonist. Thus, if parasympathetic enhancement is responsible for the protection, then atropine should reinstate VF in the susceptible animals. Specific Aim #3 will test the hypothesis that exercise training can reverse the increased Beta-adrenoceptor responsiveness that we have shown to occur in dogs that become susceptible to VF following myocardial infarction. Ventricular contractile responses to Beta1- and Beta2-adrenoceptor stimulation will be examined in
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vivo by echocardiography and in vitro by single cell fluorescence microscopy/video edge detection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF ACUPUNCTURE ON GASTRIC MOTILITY IN RATS Principal Investigator & Institution: Takahashi, Toku; Associate Professor; Surgery; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Acupuncture has been used to treat gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in China for more than 3,000 years. However, the mechanism of beneficial effects of acupuncture still remains unknown. Our recent studies have shown that acupuncture to the abdomen caused a transient relaxation of the stomach, while the acupuncture to the hind limb caused a transient contraction in thiobutabarbital (Inactin)anesthetized rats. Gastric relaxations induced by acupuncture to the abdomen were abolished by guanethidine, propranolol, hexamethonium, splanchnic ganglenectomy, but not by vagotomy. In contrast, gastric contractions induced by acupuncture to the hind limb were abolished by atropine, hexamethonium and vagotomy, while splanchnic ganglenectomy and guanethidine had no effects. Both of acupuncture-induced gastric relaxations and contractions were abolished by spino-medullary transection, but not by pontomedullary transection, suggesting the mediation via the brain stem. It is suggested that gastric relaxations and contractions induced by acupuncture are mediated via the somato-sympathetic and somato-parasympathetic neural pathway, respectively. We will study whether acupuncture to the hind limb stimulates c-Fos expression at the dorsal motor nucleus of vagi (DMV), neural activity of vagal efferent and ACh release from the gastric wall. Acupuncture of the lower extremity has been used to treat the patients with anorexia and postoperative ileus in China. Our preliminary study demonstrated that acupuncture to the hind limb potentiates gastric contractions and accelerates solid gastric emptying in conscious rats. It has been demonstrated that gastric emptying is delayed in diabetic rats and that the origin of the delayed gastric emptying was implied to be because of impaired vagal tone. We will study whether acupuncture improves impaired gastric emptying in diabetic rats. Although the mechanism of postoperative ileus still remains unclear, the possibility of reduced vagal tone and increased sympathetic tone has been suggested. We will study whether acupuncture shortens the period of postoperative ileus in rats. This study would provide beneficial information for patients with gastroparesis and postoperative ileus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: RESISTANCE
ENDOTHELIAL
ABNORMALITIES
IN
OBESITY/INSULIN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Desouza, Christopher A.; Assistant Professor; Integrative Physiology; University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, Co 80309 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Impairments in vascular endothelial function, particularly endothelium-dependent vasodilation, occurring in insulin resistant prediabetic states are thought to contribute to the accelerated rates of atherosclerotic vascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Endothelial vasodilatory dysfunction presents early in the pathogenesis of vascular disease, and contributes to the manifestation of atherogenic lesions, vasospasm, plaque rupture, intimal growth, and, in turn, coronary and cerebrovascular events. Moreover, forearm endothelial vasodilator dysfunction has
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been shown to be a marker of future cardiovascular events. Thus, a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the loss in endothelial vasodilator function associated with insulin resistance may lead to new targets for therapeutic intervention. Accordingly, the specific aims of the present proposal will be to determine: 1) if the blunted forearm endothelial vasodilator response to acetylcholine observed with obesity/insulin resistance reflects a specific agonist-related defect or rather a more general endothelial vasodilator abnormality; 2) whether the blunted forearm endothelial vasodilator response to acetylcholine observed with obesity/insulin resistance is related to: (a) decreased responsiveness to acetylcholine; (b) increase cholinesterase activity; (c) a selective impairment in stimulated nitric oxide release; (d) reduced muscarinic receptor function and/or number; and 3) if a program of regular endurance exercise improves endothelial vasodilator function, and whether the improvement is associated with increased insulin sensitivity. To address these aims, 180 middle-aged and older obese/insulin resistant and non-obese/insulin sensitive adults will be studied. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation will be assessed by changes in forearm blood flow (FBF: plethysmography) in response to intrabrachial infusions of acetylcholine, substance P, bradykinin, isoproterenol and methacholine. These endothelial agonists stimulate endothelial NO release via different cell surface receptors and intracellular Gprotein-mediated signal transduction pathways. FBF responses to some agonists will also be determined in the presence of either NG.monomethyl arginine (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) or atropine (muscarinic receptor blocker) to address specific aim 2c and 2d. Endothelial vasodilator function will also be assesed after a 3-month aerobic exercise program in a subgroup of obese/insulin resistant adults. The results of the proposed study should provide mechanistic insight into whether forearm endothelial vasodilator dysfunction in obese/insulin resistant adults is related to a specific receptor defect or a more general endothelial abnormality. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON THE VAGAL CONTROL OF AIRWAYS Principal Investigator & Institution: Jacoby, David B.; Chief; Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-DEC-1996; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Viral infections are a major cause of asthma attacks. Neural control of the airways is markedly abnormal in both humans and experimental animals with viral airway infections. Under normal circumstances, the release of acetylcholine from airway vagal fibers is limited by inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on the nerve endings. Loss of these receptors during viral infections increases bronchoconstriction. Host cells express interferons (IFNs) in response to viral infection. We have demonstrated that IFN-gamma causes M2 receptor dysfunction in cultured airway parasympathetic neurons. IFN-beta, as well as double-stranded RNA (a potent stimulus to IFN-alpha and beta production during viral infections) cause M2 receptor dysfunction and airway hyperreactivity in the absence of inflammation. We hypothesize that virus induced airway hyperreactivity and loss of M muscarinic receptor function are mediated by the production of IFNs. We propose the following specific aims: SPECIFIC AIM #1: To determine the effects of exogenous IFNs (alpha, beta, and gamma) on neuronal M2 receptors in vivo. SPECIFIC AIM #2: To investigate the role of IFNs in mediating hyperreactivity and loss of neuronal M2 muscarinic receptor function after viral infection and treatment with double-stranded RNA. Animals will be infected with parainfluenza virus or treated with dsRNA, and neutralizing antibodies to various
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IFNs and their receptors will be used to try to prevent hyperreactivity and M2 receptor dysfunction. SPECIFIC AIM #3: To investigate the effects of IFNs on M2 receptor function and gene expression in primary cultures of airway parasympathetic neurons and human neuroblastoma cells. Real time RT-PCR will be used to measure M2 receptor mRNA. Immunofluorescence will be used to measure M2 receptor protein. Stimulated release of acetylcholine and the ability of atropine to potentiate acetylcholine release (by blocking M2 receptors) will be measured to assess M2 receptor function. The neurons' repertoire of interferon regulatory proteins, and the requirement of new protein synthesis will be determined SPECIFIC AIM #4: To use M2 muscarinic receptor promoter reporter constructs to investigate the mechanisms by which IFNs decrease M2 receptor expression. Deletion constructs and site-directed mutagenesis will be used to identify specific promoter elements involved in IFN suppression of M2 receptor gene expression. Particular attention will be paid to IRF-E sites at -43 and -1147 BP, multiple C/EBPbeta sites, and a STAT-1 site at -2754 BP. Etectrophretic mobility shift assays will be used to detect activation of the relevant transcription factors and will allow correlation with functional effects on gene expression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ESTROGENIC EFFECT ON HIPPOCAMPAL THETA RHYTHM AND MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Leranth, Csaba; Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 06-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Recent evidence indicates that estrogen treatment in ovariectomized rats enhances performance on memory tasks. Similarly, human observations suggest a beneficial effect of estrogen treatment on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. However, those cellular targets of gonadal hormones that are directly involved in memory processes are ill defined. The only solid observations are that systemic hormonal manipulations result in changes in the density of spines and alterations in the intensity of immunostaining for NMDA receptor of hippocampal CAl pyramidal cells. However, hippocampal principal neurons themselves do not, only a small population of interneurons contains nuclear estrogen receptor. On the other hand, neurons in subcortical areas, including the medial septum diagonal band of Broca (MSDB), supramammillary area (SUM), and median raphe (MR) contain nuclear estrogen receptors, and these structures are associated with the generation/regulation of hippocampal theta activity and long term potentiation. Furthermore, hippocampal theta activity, which is greatly influenced by the changing levels of circulating estrogen, in conjunction with long-term potentiation is believed to be involved in memory processes. Therefore, the hypothesis that estrogen, in addition to influencing the hippocampus directly, regulates mnemonic processes by affecting these subcortical areas will be tested by experiments designed to examine the effects of intraMR, -MSDB, and -SUM administration of estrogen in ovariectomized rats on: 1) changes in dendritic spine density of hippocampal CAl pyramidal cells; 2) mRNA and peptide levels of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the hippocampus; 3) hippocampal theta activity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN MECP2 DEFICIENT MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Bissonnette, John M.; Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Rett syndrome is a progressive neurological disorder and one of the most common causes of mental retardation in females with an incidence of 1:10,000 - 15,000. Included in the phenotype are a low heart rate variability and weak vagal response to hyperventilation and breath holding. This failure of parasympathetic activity to counterbalance sympathetic output has been suggested as a mechanism contributing to the sudden death seen in some cases. Mutations in the methyl-CpG (cytosine-guanine dinucleotide) binding protein 2 (Mecp2) have been observed in almost 80% of Rett syndrome patients. Mecp2 whose gene is on the X chromosome is a nuclear protein, which mediates transcriptional repression. Recently mice have been generated with a null mutation for Mecp2. Heterozygous females (Mecp2 ) develop motor and respiratory symptoms, which resemble those seen in Rett syndrome. The goal of this application is to characterize parasympathetic activity in Mecp2 female mice and to examine synaptic function in neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), which receive afferent input from the aortic depressor nerve. These second order neurons are the first brain stem recipients of baroreceptor afferents and depressed synaptic activity could result in depressed vagal output. Unrestrained mice instrumented with telemetry blood pressure transmitters will be studied for heart rate (from the peak of the systolic pulse) variability before and after administration of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor blocker atropine to remove vagal input. Baroreceptor gain will be determined from changes in heart rate as a function of blood pressure, which will be raised by phenylepherine. Mecp2 +/- females will be compared to wildtype female mice. Horizontal brain stem slices, which contain the tractus and the NTS, will be used for whole cell electrophysiological studies in wild-type and Mecp2 +/females. Under voltage clamp configuration postsynaptic currents will be recorded after stimulation of the tractus. A variety of electrophysiological criteria will be used to determine if the site of depressed excitatory postsynaptic current in slices from Mecp2 +/- mice is pre- or post-synaptic. These studies will contribute to the understanding of depressed parasympathetic activity in Rett syndrome. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INHIBITION OF PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY--EFFECT ON INSULIN RELEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Teff, Karen L.; Member; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANISMS OF DEPRESSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Grippo, Angela J.; Psychology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): This research proposal addresses physiological mechanisms and processes underlying the association between depression and cardiovascular disease. Human studies demonstrate a strong link between depression and coronary artery disease but have not progressed beyond correlational methods. The current proposal will examine the underlying mechanisms in depression and
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cardiovascular pathology by using a rodent model of depression (chronic mild stress) and a combination of behavioral, physiological, and pharmacological techniques. Rats will be exposed to chronic mild stress to induce the depression-associated sign of anhedonia (a reduced capacity to experience pleasure), and tested for cardiovascular impairments (Aim 1). Autonomic nervous system imbalance will be examined as a mechanism for the cardiovascular dysfunction (e.g., elevated heart rate and reduced heart rate variability) associated with the chronic mild stress model (Aim 2). In addition, central serotonin activity will be examined as a common pathophysiological factor underlying both depression and cardiovascular/autonomic dysfunction (Aim 3). This research will extend our knowledge of the interactions between psychological and physiological conditions, and possibly prompt the development of new treatments for patients with depression and/or cardiovascular disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE IN CFS Principal Investigator & Institution: Freeman, Roy; Associate Professor of Neurology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a common disorder of unknown cause that incapacitates young individuals in their most productive years. There is evidence that orthostatic intolerance may play a role in the fatigue of patients with CFS. The broad long-term objectives of the project are to delineate the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of orthostatic intolerance in the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS); to investigate the role of orthostatic intolerance in producing the symptoms of CFS; to use this information to institute physiologically appropriate therapeutic interventions; and thereby decrease the symptoms of fatigue. The Specific Aims of the application are to enhance cardiovagal outflow with low dose atropine and Iosartan and examine the cardiovascular response to orthostatic stress; to characterizing sympathetic nervous transduction to vascular resistance in the lower limbs and characterize the sympathetic responses in the lower limbs to orthostatic stress; to measure transcapillary interstitial fluid filtration during orthostatic stress determine the relationship between capillary filtration and plasma volume; and characterize cerebral blood flow, systemic pressure maintenance, postural tachycardia and parasympathetic outflow. We will assess arterial baroreflex gain by measuring the heart rate and muscle sympathetic nerve activity response to pharmacological provocations; sympathetic transduction by relating muscle sympathetic nerve activity to peripheral resistance; plasma volume using the Evans Blue dye method; venous compliance using venous occlusion plethysmography; and cerebral blood flow velocity with transcranial Doppler. These measures, which comprise the elements of orthostatic tolerance, will be compared with healthy controls selected to match the gender, age and level of physical activity of the subjects. The relationships between these variables and role of covariates such as the level of physical activity and psychiatric state, determined with standardized instruments, will be analyzed using multivariate statistics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PERFUSION OF ACTIVE MUSCLES--METABOLITES AND NERVES Principal Investigator & Institution: Joyner, Michael J.; Professor; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002
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Summary: These are continuing studies to investigate how neural and local factors interact to regulate blood flow to human skeletal muscles. The investigators will explore the mechanisms of NO release by exploring the following specific aims: 1) Is NOmediated forearm vasodilation observed during conlateral ischemic handgrip exercises after local anesthetic block of the satellite ganglion? 2) Is the forearm vasodilation seen during mental stress after stellate stress after stellate ganglion block NO-mediated and atropine sensitive? 3) is there evidence for vasodilation nerve traffic when mental stress is performed during systemic phenylephrine infusions that raise arterial pressure? 4) Can sympathoexcitatory maneuvers cause NO-dependent vasodilation in the leg? The proposed studies will help determine the mechanisms responsible for NO-mediated vasodilation during sympathoexcitatory maneuvers and explore their potential wholebody hemodynamic significance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHARMACOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF FALLS AND SWAY IN ELDERLY Principal Investigator & Institution: Pepper, Ginette A.; Professor, Colby Endowed Chair; None; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant) Drugs are one of the presumed causes of falls in the elderly. Research has not addressed the pharmacologic mechanisms whereby drugs cause falls. Most medicines associated with falls have anticholinergic activity, but other possible mechanisms are sedation and postural hypotension. This is a pilot study t ascertain plausibility of the hypothesis that anticholinergic activity is a pharmacologic mechanism of drug-induced falls. This study also examines the relationship of postural sway (a measure of static balance), dynamic balance, and fear of falling with pharmacologic properties of drugs. The aims of this project are to describe falls associated with medications; estimate the fall risk associated with anticholinergic drugs; ascertain the amount of variance in the dependent variables (postural sway, dynamic balance, and fear of falling) explained by selected predictor variables (anticholinergic dose, sedation, and postural sway); and compare postural sway at peak and trough of anticholinergic activity. The study is a longitudinal descriptive correlational design. After a preliminary study of 10 subjects to refine study procedures, 110 elderly taking drugs associated with fall with be recruited from community locations. Subjects will be assessed on the predictor variables of anticholinergic dosage (in atropine equivalents computed across all drugs), postural hypotension, and sedation (measured by the Mood Rating Scale and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test), as well as on the dependent variables of postural sway (area of the ellipse, sway velocity, and lateral sway measured using biochemical force platform), functional dynamic balance (Berg Balance Scale) and fear of falling (Modified Falls Efficacy Scale). Fall events (falls, near falls) during 12 months and time to first fall event will be ascertained by fall diaries, postcards, and telephone interview. A subsample of 40 patients taking either drugs with anticholinergic properties or taking no drugs with anticholinergic properties will be compared on sway at projected time of peak and trough drug levels. Analysis will include descriptive statistics, logistic regression, content analysis, stepwise multiple regression, and repeated measures ANOVA. Explanation of significance variance in falls or postural sway by anticholinergic dose and increased postural sway at time estimated peak drug levels would indicate anticholinergic activity is a tenable mechanism of drug-induced falling in the elderly. If there is anticholinergic dose effect, elderly adults with high fall
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risk should be prescribed alternative medications with similar therapeutic effects, but smaller impact on falls. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROPRIOSPINAL NEURONS CONTROLLING LOCOMOTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Jordan, Larry M.; University of Manitoba Winnipeg R3t 2N2, Canada Winnipeg, Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 29-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: This application aims to advance understanding of selected fundamental properties of long-axoned (propriospinal) spinal (SC) interneurons (INs) in several mammalian species (adult mouse, transgenic mouse, neonatal rat, adult cat) and preparations (intact and freely moving, reduced in vivo, isolated in vitro SC and SC slices). The focus is on narrowing the gap between current understanding of mammalian spinal INs and identified INs in invertebrate preparations. There is an emphasis on INs which may participate in spinal pattern-generating activity for the elaboration of locomotion. Such INs include two potentially overlapping groups which are the focus of this proposal: cholinergic INs and 5-HT-activated ones. It is hoped to advance understanding of these cell's spinal location, responses to descending and sensory input, selected pharmacological properties, non-neuromodulated and neuromodulated passive, transitional, and active (repetitive-firing) properties, and their effects on their output spinal motoneurons (MNs). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: T WAVE ALTERNANS AND REPOLARIZATION ABNORMALITIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bloomfield, Daniel M.; Medicine; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Abnormalities in ventricular repolarization contribute importantly to the pathogenesis of life-threatening arrhythmias. This research program seeks to improve our understanding of the prognostic significance of and the autonomic mechanisms underlying repolarization abnormalities in patients with LV dysfunction.T wave alternans (TWA) is a 2:1 fluctuation in the amplitude or shape of T wave that has been linked to the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias. We have previously demonstrated that TWA is associated with spontaneous arrhythmic events in patients undergoing an EP study. Two large prospective epidemiologic studies are proposed in this grant designed and powered to definitively test the hypotheses that TWA is associated with an increased risk of having an arrhythmic event in patients with LV dysfunction (1) who have not yet had an arrhythmic event, and (2) who present with syncope. These epidemiologic studies will be combined with mechanistic studies designed to characterize autonomic modulation of repolarization in patients with LV dysfunction. We previously demonstrated in healthy subjects that isoproterenol was associated with longer QT intervals and greater U wave amplitude at a given heart rate compared to atropine. A series of studies are proposed to explore how sympatheticparasympathetic interactions modulate repolarization, and to distinguish two aspects of the effects of 13-blockers on repolarization: direct effects and long-term effects on autonomic balance. Taken together, these studies will establish a new set of methods for evaluating the autonomic modulation of repolarization in different disease states and in response to drugs. The support from this K24 will enable the applicant to devote a substantial amount of effort towards developing this research as part of a
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comprehensive program to mentor clinical investigators. This program will include an intensive clinical research experience, didactic courses, training in data presentation and grant writing. A Critical Review Committee of experts will advise and monitor the progress of the research fellows in the program. Columbia University and its affiliated medical center represent one of the largest referral centers anywhere for patients with both heart failure and arrhythmias, and have active training programs in Epidemiology and Biostatistics which will be invaluable to the applicant in accomplishing the Aims of this proposal and in training junior investigators in patient-oriented research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TH GENE REGULATION IN HEALTHY AND LESIONED MIDBRAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Tank, William A.; Professor of Pharmacology; Pharmacology and Physiology; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JAN-2000; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: As nigrostriatal neurons degenerate, either during Parkinson's disease or after exposure to neurotoxins, compensatory mechanisms are activated in the surviving striatal nerve terminals to increase dopamine biosynthesis and release. In contrast, gene expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in dopamine biosynthesis, is not apparently induced in midbrain cell bodies. This lack of compensatory induction of TH mRNA is surprising, since one would expect robust homeostatic mechanisms to up-regulate TH gene expression and consequently further enhance dopamine biosynthesis in spared nigrostriatal neurons. There is very little information concerning the receptors and intracellular signaling mechanisms that regulate TH gene expression in nigrostriatal neurons. Without this information, it is impossible to understand this lack of compensatory induction and it is difficult to design new therapies to up-regulate TH in surviving nigrostriatal neurons during Early Parkinson's disease or after exposed to neurotoxins. The studies in this proposal are aimed at filling in this gap in our knowledge. The hypotheses being tested in the proposal is that agonists which excite dopaminergic midbrain neurons lead to stimulation of TH gene transcription rate in the midbrain of healthy animals. However, this response may be inhibited in the surviving neurons of animals with lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway. Several aspects of this hypothesis will be tested under the following specific aims: (1) To test whether muscarinic and/or other stimulatory agonists activate whether muscarinic and/or other stimulatory agonists activate TH gene transcription rate and phosphorylate or induce pertinent transcription factors in midbrain cell bodies of healthy rats; (2) To test whether candidate transcription factors are essential for the response of the TH gene to muscarine; and (3) To test whether the TH gene responds to muscarinic (or other stimulatory agonists) in surviving midbrain cell bodies after partial lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway and whether TH gene expression can be induced pharmacologically in these surviving neurons. These studies will shed light on the molecular mechanisms regulating the TH gene in the midbrain and may lead to new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “atropine” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for atropine in the PubMed Central database: •
Abnormal gait sequence in locomotion after atropine treatment of catecholaminedeficient akinetic rats. by Pellis SM, Pellis VC, Chesire RM, Rowland N, Teitelbaum P.; 1987 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=299624
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Antiherpesvirus action of atropine. by Alarcon B, Gonzalez ME, Carrasco L.; 1984 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=179999
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Enzymology of oxidation of tropic acid to phenylacetic acid in metabolism of atropine by Pseudomonas sp. strain AT3. by Long MT, Bartholomew BA, Smith MJ, Trudgill PW, Hopper DJ.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178796
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Inhibitory effects of atropine, protamine, and their combination on hepatitis A virus replication in PLC/PRF/5 cells. by Biziagos E, Crance JM, Passagot J, Deloince R.; 1990 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171767
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Intravenous Atropine Relieves Coronary Arterial Spasm and Hemodynamic Decompensation during Recovery after Exercise. by Hung MJ, Wang CH, Kuo LT, Cherng WJ.; 2000; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101059
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with atropine, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “atropine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for atropine (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A comparative study of clonidine versus a combination of diazepam and atropine for premedication in orthopaedic patients. Author(s): Chaurasia SK, Kane DG, Chaudhari LS. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1999 July-September; 45(3): 74-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10734339&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of atropine and patching treatments for moderate amblyopia by patient age, cause of amblyopia, depth of amblyopia, and other factors. Author(s): Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 August; 110(8): 1632-7; Discussion 1637-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917184&dopt=Abstract
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A prospective study of atropine premedication in flexible bronchoscopy. Author(s): Hewer RD, Jones PM, Thomas PS, McKenzie DK. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 2000 August; 30(4): 466-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10985512&dopt=Abstract
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A quantitative study of atropine-resistant contractile responses in human detrusor smooth muscle, from stable, unstable and obstructed bladders. Author(s): Bayliss M, Wu C, Newgreen D, Mundy AR, Fry CH. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1999 November; 162(5): 1833-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10524944&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized controlled trial of intravenous aminophylline for atropine-resistant out-of-hospital asystolic cardiac arrest. Author(s): Mader TJ, Smithline HA, Durkin L, Scriver G. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 2003 March; 10(3): 192-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615581&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized trial of atropine vs. patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Author(s): Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 March; 120(3): 268-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879129&dopt=Abstract
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A re-appraisal of the nature of the atropine-resistant contraction to electrical field stimulation in the human isolated detrusor muscle. Author(s): Tagliani M, Candura SM, Di Nucci A, Franceschetti GP, D'Agostino G, Ricotti P, Fiori E, Tonini M. Source: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 1997 December; 356(6): 7505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9453460&dopt=Abstract
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A report of two more supporters of the medical management of myopia with topical atropine eyedrops and photochromic bifocals. Author(s): Pollard ZF. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2002 Fall; 17(3): 177. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171586&dopt=Abstract
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Acute cardiac rupture during dobutamine-atropine echocardiography stress test. Author(s): Orsinelli DA. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2000 September; 13(9): 883-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10980097&dopt=Abstract
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Acute cardiac rupture during dobutamine-atropine echocardiography stress test. Author(s): Orlandini AD, Tuero EI, Diaz R, Vilamajo OA, Paolasso EA. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2000 February; 13(2): 152-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10668020&dopt=Abstract
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Acute myocardial infarction complicated by hemodynamically unstable bradyarrhythmia: prehospital and ED treatment with atropine. Author(s): Swart G, Brady WJ Jr, DeBehnke DJ, MA OJ, Aufderheide TP. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1999 November; 17(7): 647-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10597081&dopt=Abstract
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Administration of atropine and onset of neuromuscular block produced by atracurium in infants. Author(s): Simhi E, Brandom BW, Lloyd ME, Woelfel SK. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 1997; 7(5): 375-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9308060&dopt=Abstract
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Administration of atropine in the setting of acute myocardial infarction: potentiation of the ischemic process? Author(s): Brady WJ, Perron AD. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 January; 19(1): 81-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11146027&dopt=Abstract
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Adverse reaction to atropine and the treatment of organophosphate intoxication. Author(s): Robenshtok E, Luria S, Tashma Z, Hourvitz A. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 July; 4(7): 535-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12120467&dopt=Abstract
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Age-related determinants of outcome after acute myocardial infarction: a dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiographic study. Author(s): Smart S, Sagar K, Tresch D. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2002 July; 50(7): 1176-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12133010&dopt=Abstract
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Allergic periocular contact dermatitis due to atropine. Author(s): de Misa RF, Suarez J, Feliciano L, Lopez B. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 January; 28(1): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558645&dopt=Abstract
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Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in passive smoking and atropine--response in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Leone A, Guidi A, Bertoncini G, Battaglia A. Source: Singapore Med J. 2000 March; 41(3): 104-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11063191&dopt=Abstract
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Aminophylline in the treatment of atropine-resistant bradyasystole. Author(s): Mader TJ, Bertolet B, Ornato JP, Gutterman JM. Source: Resuscitation. 2000 October; 47(2): 105-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11008148&dopt=Abstract
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Amniotic membrane transplantation for necrotising conjunctival ulceration following subconjunctival atropine injection. Author(s): Seo KY, Kim CY, Lee JH, Lee JB, Kim EK. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 November; 86(11): 1316-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12386100&dopt=Abstract
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An intervention trial on efficacy of atropine and multi-focal glasses in controlling myopic progression. Author(s): Shih YF, Hsiao CK, Chen CJ, Chang CW, Hung PT, Lin LL. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2001 June; 79(3): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11401629&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of systolic and diastolic time intervals during dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography: diagnostic potential of the Doppler myocardial performance index. Author(s): Ling LH, Tei C, McCully RB, Bailey KR, Seward JB, Pellikka PA. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2001 October; 14(10): 978-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593202&dopt=Abstract
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Anesthetic uses of hyoscine and atropine alkaloids in surgical Arabic book. Author(s): Takrouri MS. Source: Anesthesiology. 1999 June; 90(6): 1795-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10360889&dopt=Abstract
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Angle closure glaucoma complicating systemic atropine use in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Author(s): Mandak JS, Minerva P, Wilson TW, Smith EK. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis. 1996 November; 39(3): 262-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8933969&dopt=Abstract
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Anticholinergic properties of brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine, and atropine in human nasal mucosa in vitro. Author(s): Fang SY, Druce HM, Baraniuk JN. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 1998 March-April; 12(2): 131-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9578932&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of menopause-induced myocardial changes by integrated backscatter during inotropic stimulation and atropine injection. Author(s): Ho YL, Lin LC, Yen ML, Wu CC, Chow SN, Huang PJ. Source: Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 2002 July; 28(7): 889-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208331&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of the coronary artery disease and systolic dysfunction in hypertensive patients with the dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography: effect of the left ventricular hypertrophy. Author(s): Ho YL, Wu CC, Lin LC, Huang CH, Chen WJ, Chen MF, Liau CS, Lee YT. Source: Cardiology. 1998; 89(1): 52-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9452158&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of the functional significance of coronary artery stenosis by dobutamineatropine stress echocardiography. Author(s): Ho YL, Wu CC, Lin LC, Liu YB, Chen WJ, Chen MF, Liau CS, Lee YT. Source: Cardiology. 1997 July-August; 88(4): 386-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9197435&dopt=Abstract
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Atrioventricular block after administration of atropine in patients following cardiac transplantation. Author(s): Brunner-La Rocca HP, Kiowski W, Bracht C, Weilenmann D, Follath F. Source: Transplantation. 1997 June 27; 63(12): 1838-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9210514&dopt=Abstract
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Atrioventricular plane motion during dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography: the biphasic response in healthy subjects revisited. Author(s): Carstensen S, Host U, Atar D, Saunamaki K, Kelbaek H. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2000 October; 13(10): 885-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11029711&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine and bifocals can slow the progression of myopia in children. Author(s): Syniuta LA, Isenberg SJ. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2001; 16(3): 203-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11511287&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine and photochromic bifocals for 800 cases of school myopia. Author(s): Pointer RW. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2000 Fall; 15(3): 256. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10960232&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine availability as an antidote for nerve agent casualties: validated rapid reformulation of high-concentration atropine from bulk powder. Author(s): Geller RJ, Lopez GP, Cutler S, Lin D, Bachman GF, Gorman SE. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2003 April; 41(4): 453-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12658242&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine for inconclusive exercise tests: a beautiful solution or just cosmetics? Author(s): Attenhofer Jost CH, Pellikka PA. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 June; 145(6): 938-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796746&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine for the treatment of hiccup after laryngeal mask insertion. Author(s): Kanaya N, Nakayama M, Kanaya J, Namiki A. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 September; 93(3): 791-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11524358&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine for therapy refractory acute coronary spasm. Author(s): Verheye S, Vermeersch P. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2000 July; 50(3): 375-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10878643&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine in exercise stress echocardiography? Case report. Author(s): Cotrim C, Joao I, Fazendas P, Alvarenga C, Brandao L, Matias F, Pereira H, de Oliveira LM, Carrageta M. Source: Rev Port Cardiol. 2001 June; 20(6): 653-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11525073&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine inhibits gastric distension and pharyngeal receptor mediated lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation. Author(s): Mittal RK, Chiareli C, Liu J, Holloway RH, Dixon W Jr. Source: Gut. 1997 September; 41(3): 285-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9378379&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine penalisation versus occlusion as the primary treatment for amblyopia. Author(s): Foley-Nolan A, McCann A, O'Keefe M. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1997 January; 81(1): 54-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9135409&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine poisoning after drinking Indian tonic water. Author(s): Boyd R, Rintoul R, Nichol N, Wyatt JP, Little K. Source: European Journal of Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 1997 September; 4(3): 172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9427001&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine premedication and the cardiovascular response to electroconvulsive therapy. Author(s): Mayur PM, Shree RS, Gangadhar BN, Subbakrishna DK, Janakiramaiah N, Rao GS. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1998 September; 81(3): 466-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9861141&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine prevents midazolam-induced core hypothermia in elderly patients. Author(s): Matsukawa T, Ozaki M, Nishiyama T, Imamura M, Iwamoto R, Iijima T, Kumazawa T. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2001 November; 13(7): 504-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11704448&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine prophylaxis of the postreperfusion syndrome in liver transplantation. Author(s): Acosta F, Sansano T, Contreras RF, Reche M, Beltran R, Roques V, Rodriguez MA, Robles R, Bueno FS, Ramirez P, Parrilla P. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1999 September; 31(6): 2377. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10500627&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine role in the pharmacological erection test: study of 228 patients. Author(s): Sogari PR, Teloken C, Souto CA. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1997 November; 158(5): 1760-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9334595&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine sulfate--a current review of a useful agent for controlling salivation during dental procedures. Author(s): Sherman CR, Sherman BR. Source: Gen Dent. 1999 January-February; 47(1): 56-60; Quiz 62-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10321153&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine test and circulatory arrest in the fossa posterior assessed by transcranial Doppler. Author(s): Huttemann E, Schelenz C, Sakka SG, Reinhart K. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2000 April; 26(4): 422-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10872134&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine use in Centruroides scorpion envenomation. Author(s): Suchard JR, Hilder R. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2001; 39(6): 595-8; Discussion 599. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11762667&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine versus cyclopentolate plus tropicamide in esodeviations. Author(s): Goldstein JH, Schneekloth BB. Source: Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers. 1996 December; 27(12): 1030-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8976523&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine vs patching for treatment of amblyopia in children. Author(s): Kushner BJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 April 24; 287(16): 2145-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11977238&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine vs. patching for the treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Author(s): Kushner BJ. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 March; 120(3): 387-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879145&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine-facilitated electrical cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation. Author(s): Kaluski E, Blatt A, Leitman M, Krakover R, Vered Z, Cotter G. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 November 1; 92(9): 1119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14583370&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine-induced gastric dysrhythmia is not normalized by electroacupuncture. Author(s): Chang CS, Chou JW, Wu CY, Chang YH, Ko CW, Chen GH. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2002 November; 47(11): 2466-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452381&dopt=Abstract
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Atropinism following rectal administration of a therapeutic atropine dose. Author(s): Sharony R, Schwaber MJ, Bar-am I, Amitai Y. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1998; 36(1-2): 41-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9541040&dopt=Abstract
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Attenuation of forearm vasodilator responses to mental stress by regional betablockade, but not by atropine. Author(s): Lindqvist M, Melcher A, Hjemdahl P. Source: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1997 October; 161(2): 135-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9366955&dopt=Abstract
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Between observer variation is not eliminated by standardised analysis of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography. Author(s): Carstensen S, Bundgaard H, Kjoller-Hansen L, Atar D, Ali SM, Saunamaki K, Kelbaek H. Source: The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging. 2002 June; 18(3): 169-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12123308&dopt=Abstract
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Can pre-treatment with beta-agonists reduce stress test time and the use of atropine in dobutamine stress testing? Author(s): Desai MY, De la Pena-Almaguer E, Mannting F. Source: Cardiology. 2001; 95(3): 156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11474162&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiac imaging for risk stratification with dobutamine-atropine stress testing in patients with chest pain. Echocardiography, perfusion scintigraphy, or both? Author(s): Geleijnse ML, Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Cornel JH, Rambaldi R, Salustri A, Reijs AE, Roelandt JR, Fioretti PM. Source: Circulation. 1997 July 1; 96(1): 137-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9236428&dopt=Abstract
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Central vagotonic effects of atropine modulate spectral oscillations of sympathetic nerve activity. Author(s): Montano N, Cogliati C, Porta A, Pagani M, Malliani A, Narkiewicz K, Abboud FM, Birkett C, Somers VK. Source: Circulation. 1998 October 6; 98(14): 1394-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9760293&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in choroidal blood flow during light/dark transitions are not altered by atropine or propranolol in healthy subjects. Author(s): Fuchsjager-Mayrl G, Malec M, Amoako-Mensah T, Kolodjaschna J, Schmetterer L. Source: Vision Research. 2003 September; 43(20): 2185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12855253&dopt=Abstract
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Chiral resolution of atropine, homatropine and eight synthetic tropinyl and piperidinyl esters by capillary zone electrophoresis with cyclodextrin additives. Author(s): Jin LJ, Wang Y, Xu R, Go ML, Lee HK, Li SF. Source: Electrophoresis. 1999 January; 20(1): 198-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10065977&dopt=Abstract
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Chronotropic dose response of atropine in Nigerians with congestive heart failure: assessment of ethnic variation and reversibility of parasympathetic dysfunction. Author(s): Adigun AQ, Sofowora GG, Ajayi AA. Source: Ethn Dis. 2000 Spring-Summer; 10(2): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10892826&dopt=Abstract
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Combined optical and atropine penalization for the treatment of strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. Author(s): Kaye SB, Chen SI, Price G, Kaye LC, Noonan C, Tripathi A, Ashwin P, Cota N, Clark D, Butcher J. Source: J Aapos. 2002 October; 6(5): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381987&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative effects of hyoscine butylbromide and atropine sulphate on sleep architecture in healthy human volunteers. Author(s): Rauniar GP, Gitanjali B, Shashindran C. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998 July; 42(3): 395-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9741655&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of bicycle, heavy isometric, dipyridamole-atropine and dobutamine stress echocardiography for diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. Author(s): Loimaala A, Groundstroem K, Pasanen M, Oja P, Vuori I. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 December 15; 84(12): 1396-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606111&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of myocardial blood flow during dobutamine-atropine infusion with that after dipyridamole administration in normal men. Author(s): Tadamura E, Iida H, Matsumoto K, Mamede M, Kubo S, Toyoda H, Shiozaki T, Mukai T, Magata Y, Konishi J. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2001 January; 37(1): 130-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153727&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the incidence of complications at induction and emergence in infants receiving oral atropine vs no premedication. Author(s): Shaw CA, Kelleher AA, Gill CP, Murdoch LJ, Stables RH, Black AE. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2000 February; 84(2): 174-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10743449&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of two-dimensional echocardiography and pulsed Doppler tissue imaging during dobutamine-atropine stress testing to detect coronary artery disease. Author(s): Peteiro J, Monserrat L, Fabregas R, Manuel Vazquez J, Calvino R, CastroBeiras A. Source: Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.). 2001 May; 18(4): 275-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11415496&dopt=Abstract
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Construction and analytical application of ion-selective piezoelectric sensor for atropine sulfate. Author(s): Long Y, Lei L, Li W, He D, Nie L, Yao S. Source: The Analyst. 1999 November; 124(11): 1629-34. Erratum In: Analyst 2000 July; 125(7): 1367. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10746322&dopt=Abstract
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Contact allergy to atropine and other mydriatic agents in eye drops. Author(s): Decraene T, Goossens A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 November; 45(5): 309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11722501&dopt=Abstract
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Cycloplegic refractions in Japanese children: a comparison of atropine and cyclopentolate. Author(s): Kawamoto K, Hayasaka S. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 1997; 211(2): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9097304&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of patients with restenosis after PTCA by dipyridamole-atropine-stressechocardiography. Author(s): Scherhag AW, Pfleger S, Schreckenberger AB, Gruttner J, Voelker W, Staedt U, Heene DL. Source: International Journal of Cardiac Imaging. 1997 April; 13(2): 115-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9110191&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of atropine in biological fluids by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography in the presence of strychnine and tetracaine. Author(s): Plaut O, Staub C. Source: Electrophoresis. 1998 November; 19(16-17): 3003-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9870403&dopt=Abstract
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Differential effects of atropine and isoproterenol on inducibility of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Author(s): Stellbrink C, Diem B, Schauerte P, Brehmer K, Schuett H, Hanrath P. Source: Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology : an International Journal of Arrhythmias and Pacing. 2001 December; 5(4): 463-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11752915&dopt=Abstract
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Dipyridamole-atropine stress echocardiography versus exercise SPECT scintigraphy for detection of coronary artery disease in hypertensives with positive exercise test. Author(s): Astarita C, Palinkas A, Nicolai E, Maresca FS, Varga A, Picano E. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2001 March; 19(3): 495-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11288820&dopt=Abstract
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Dipyridamole-atropine-induced myocardial infarction in a patient with patent epicardial coronary arteries. Author(s): Nedeljkovic MA, Ostojic M, Beleslin B, Nedeljkovic IP, Stankovic G, Stojkovic S, Saponjski J, Babic R, Vukcevic V, Ristic AD, Orlic D. Source: Herz. 2001 November; 26(7): 485-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11765483&dopt=Abstract
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Distinction between atropine-sensitive control of microvascular and cardiac oscillatory activity. Author(s): Silverman DG, Stout RG. Source: Microvascular Research. 2002 March; 63(2): 196-208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11866543&dopt=Abstract
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Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography and dipyridamole sestamibi scintigraphy for the detection of coronary artery disease: limitations and concordance. Author(s): Smart SC, Bhatia A, Hellman R, Stoiber T, Krasnow A, Collier BD, Sagar KB. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2000 October; 36(4): 1265-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11028482&dopt=Abstract
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Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for reversible dysfunction during the first week after acute myocardial infarction: limitations and determinants of accuracy. Author(s): Smart S, Wynsen J, Sagar K. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1997 December; 30(7): 1669-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9385892&dopt=Abstract
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Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for risk stratification in patients with chronic left ventricular dysfunction. Author(s): Smart SC, Dionisopoulos PN, Knickelbine TA, Schuchard T, Sagar KB. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1999 February; 33(2): 512-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9973033&dopt=Abstract
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Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for the detection of coronary artery disease in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Importance of chamber size and systolic wall stress. Author(s): Smart SC, Knickelbine T, Malik F, Sagar KB. Source: Circulation. 2000 January 25; 101(3): 258-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10645921&dopt=Abstract
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Dobutamine-atropine stress myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging in the diagnosis of graft stenosis after coronary artery bypass grafting. Author(s): Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Bax JJ, Nierop PR, Valkema R, Geleijnse ML, Kasprzak JD, Liqui-Lung AF, Cornel JH, Roelandt JR. Source: Journal of Nuclear Cardiology : Official Publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. 1998 September-October; 5(5): 491-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9796896&dopt=Abstract
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Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled evaluation of atropine to prevent vasovagal reaction during removal of femoral arterial sheaths. Author(s): Ann Emerg Med. 1998 Aug;32(2):224-33 Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1997 September-October; 17(5): 867-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9701306
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Early chronotropic incompetence predicts the need for atropine during dobutamine stress echocardiography. Author(s): Hepner AM, Bach DS, Armstrong WF. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1997 February 1; 79(3): 365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9036761&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of aminophylline in patients with atropine-resistant late advanced atrioventricular block during acute inferior myocardial infarction. Author(s): Altun A, Kirdar C, Ozbay G. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1998 October; 21(10): 759-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9789698&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of an additional atropine injection during dobutamine infusion for myocardial SPET. Author(s): Caner B, Karanfil A, Uysal U, Tokgozoglu L, Aksoyek S, Ugur O, Ciftci I, Atalar E, Kes S, Bekdik C. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 1997 June; 18(6): 567-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9259530&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of atropine and sincalide on the intestinal uptake of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose. Author(s): Jadvar H, Schambye RB, Segall GM. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1999 December; 24(12): 965-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10595478&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of atropine on ciliary beat in human upper respiratory tract epithelial cells. Author(s): Centanni S, Camporesi G, Tarsia P, Guarnieri R, Allegra L. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1998; 20(4): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10093797&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of atropine on gastro-oesophageal reflux and transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Author(s): Lidums I, Checklin H, Mittal RK, Holloway RH. Source: Gut. 1998 July; 43(1): 12-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9771399&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of atropine on heart rate turbulence. Author(s): Marine JE, Watanabe MA, Smith TW, Monahan KM. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 March 15; 89(6): 767-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11897223&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of atropine on proximal gastric motor and sensory function in normal subjects. Author(s): Lidums I, Hebbard GS, Holloway RH. Source: Gut. 2000 July; 47(1): 30-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10861261&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of atropine on QT prolongation and torsade de pointes induced by intracoronary acetylcholine in the long QT syndrome. Author(s): Furushima H, Niwano S, Chinushi M, Yamaura M, Taneda K, Washizuka T, Aizawa Y. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 March 1; 83(5): 714-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10080424&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of atropine on the biomechanical properties of the oesophageal wall in humans. Author(s): Takeda T, Kassab G, Liu J, Nabae T, Mittal RK. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2003 March 1; 547(Pt 2): 621-8. Epub 2003 January 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562937&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide and atropine on human colonic motility, tone, and transit. Author(s): O'Brien MD, Camilleri M, Thomforde GM, Wiste JA, Hanson RB, Zinsmeister AR. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1997 January; 42(1): 26-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9009112&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of early administration of atropine on paradoxic sinus deceleration during dobutamine stress echocardiography. Author(s): Brofferio A, Alaeddini J, Oommen R, DiBitetto T, Shalomoff Y, Ilercil A, Shirani J. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 March 1; 89(5): 645-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11867063&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of hyoscine butylbromide and atropine on heart rate during nocturnal sleep. Author(s): Gitanjali B, Rauniar GP, Shashindran CH. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1998 December; 36(12): 1216-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10093503&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of phenylephrine with and without atropine on QT dispersion in healthy normotensive men. Author(s): Yee KM, Lim PO, Ogston SA, Struthers AD. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2000 January 1; 85(1): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11078240&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of pre-treatment with intravenous atropine or glycopyrrolate on cardiac arrhythmias during halothane anaesthesia for adenoidectomy in children. Author(s): Annila P, Rorarius M, Reinikainen P, Oikkonen M, Baer G. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1998 June; 80(6): 756-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9771303&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of antianginal therapy with a calcium antagonist and nitrates on dobutamineatropine stress echocardiography. Comparison with exercise electrocardiography. Author(s): Dodi C, Pingitore A, Sicari R, Bruno G, Cordovil A, Picano E. Source: European Heart Journal. 1997 February; 18(2): 242-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9043840&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of atropine and L-NAME on cutaneous blood flow during body heating in humans. Author(s): Shastry S, Minson CT, Wilson SA, Dietz NM, Joyner MJ. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2000 February; 88(2): 46772. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10658012&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of atropine and propranolol on retinal vessel diameters during isometric exercise. Author(s): Jandrasits K, Polak K, Luksch A, Stark B, Dorner GT, Eichler HG, Schmetterer L. Source: Ophthalmic Research. 2001 July-August; 33(4): 185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11464069&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of atropine and scopolamine on bradycardia and emetic symptoms in otoplasty. Author(s): Honkavaara P, Pyykko I. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1999 January; 109(1): 108-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9917050&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of atropine on anterior chamber depth and anterior chamber inflammation after primary trabeculectomy. Author(s): Orengo-Nania S, El-Harazi SM, Oram O, Feldman RM, Chuang AZ, Gross RL. Source: Journal of Glaucoma. 2000 August; 9(4): 303-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10958603&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of different concentrations of atropine on controlling myopia in myopic children. Author(s): Shih YF, Chen CH, Chou AC, Ho TC, Lin LL, Hung PT. Source: Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics : the Official Journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1999 February; 15(1): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10048351&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of i.v. metoclopramide, atropine and their combination on gastric insufflation in children anaesthetized with sevoflurane and nitrous oxide. Author(s): Suga A, Tanaka M, Toyooka H. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2001 March; 11(2): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11240871&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of oral clonidine on heart rate changes after neostigmine-atropine administration. Author(s): Kimura T, Tanaka M, Nishikawa T. Source: Anesthesiology. 1998 June; 88(6): 1507-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9637644&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy and safety of topical atropine in treatment of multiple eccrine hidrocystomas. Author(s): Sanz-Sanchez T, Dauden E, Perez-Casas A, Ortiz-del Portillo A, Jones M, Garcia-Diez A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 May; 137(5): 670-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11346357&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of atropine sulfate in combination with albuterol in the treatment for acute asthma. Author(s): Diaz JE, Dubin R, Gaeta TJ, Pelczar P, Bradley K. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 1997 February; 4(2): 107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9043536&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of simulated epinephrine-containing epidural test dose after intravenous atropine during isoflurane anesthesia in children. Author(s): Sethna NF, Sullivan L, Retik A, McGowan FX, Di Canzio J, Zurakowski D. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2000 November-December; 25(6): 56672. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11097662&dopt=Abstract
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Endotracheal versus intravenous epinephrine and atropine in out-of-hospital “primary” and postcountershock asystole. Author(s): Niemann JT, Stratton SJ. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2000 June; 28(6): 1815-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10890626&dopt=Abstract
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Eruptive pruritic syringomas: treatment with topical atropine. Author(s): Sanchez TS, Dauden E, Casas AP, Garcia-Diez A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 January; 44(1): 148-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11148500&dopt=Abstract
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Feasibility and prognostic value of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography early in unstable angina. Author(s): Sitges M, Pare C, Azqueta M, Bosch X, Miranda-Guardiola F, Velamazan M, Magrina J, Sanz G. Source: European Heart Journal. 2000 July; 21(13): 1063-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10843824&dopt=Abstract
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Fifteen cases of atropine poisoning after honey ingestion. Author(s): Ramirez M, Rivera E, Ereu C. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1999 February; 41(1): 19-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9949478&dopt=Abstract
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Full-time atropine, intermittent atropine, and optical penalization and binocular outcome in treatment of strabismic amblyopia. Author(s): Simons K, Stein L, Sener EC, Vitale S, Guyton DL. Source: Ophthalmology. 1997 December; 104(12): 2143-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9400777&dopt=Abstract
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Heart rate and cardiac output after atropine in anaesthetised infants and children. Author(s): McAuliffe G, Bissonnette B, Cavalle-Garrido T, Boutin C. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1997 February; 44(2): 154-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9043727&dopt=Abstract
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Heart rate response to intravenous atropine during propofol anesthesia. Author(s): Horiguchi T, Nishikawa T. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 August; 95(2): 389-92, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145057&dopt=Abstract
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High-degree atrioventricular block after the administration of atropine for sinus arrest during anesthesia. Author(s): Maruyama K, Mochizuki N, Hara K. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2003 May; 50(5): 528-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734175&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of atropine injection on heart rate response during treadmill exercise echocardiography: a double-blind randomized pilot study. Author(s): Attenhofer CH, Pellikka PA, Roger VL, Oh JK, Hepner AM, Seward JB. Source: Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.). 2000 April; 17(3): 221-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10978986&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of patching and atropine treatment on the child and family in the amblyopia treatment study. Author(s): Holmes JM, Beck RW, Kraker RT, Cole SR, Repka MX, Birch EE, Felius J, Christiansen SP, Coats DK, Kulp MT; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2003 November; 121(11): 1625-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14609923&dopt=Abstract
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Increase of peak expiratory flow by atropine is dependent on circadian rhythm. Author(s): Furuta S, Tanigawa S, Ohmizo H, Iwama H. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2001 January; 48(1): 85-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11212055&dopt=Abstract
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Index of suspicion. Case 3. Atropine sulfate poisoning. Author(s): Spitzer JJ. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 1999 February; 20(2): 53, 55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10075540&dopt=Abstract
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Inferior ST-segment elevation following transseptal puncture for balloon mitral valvuloplasty is atropine-responsive. Author(s): Hildick-Smith DJ, Ludman PF, Shapiro LM. Source: J Invasive Cardiol. 2004 January; 16(1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14699212&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of atropine on carbachol dual effect on Ca2+ mobilization in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Author(s): Oras A, Jarv J, Akerman KE. Source: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1999 May; 47(5): 743-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10365244&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of atropine on fractal and complexity measures of heart rate variability. Author(s): Perkiomaki JS, Zareba W, Badilini F, Moss AJ. Source: Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology : the Official Journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc. 2002 October; 7(4): 326-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431310&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of atropine on the cardiovascular effects of noradrenaline and tyramine in elder volunteers. Author(s): Poller U, Schafers RF, Schmuck S, Jakubetz J, Radke J, Daul AE, Ponicke K, Brodde OE. Source: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 1997 July; 356(1): 100-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9228196&dopt=Abstract
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Intramuscular atropine sulfate in children: comparison of injection sites. Author(s): Sullivan KJ, Berman LS, Koska J, Goodwin SR, Setzer N, White SE, Graves SA, Nall AV. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1997 January; 84(1): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8988999&dopt=Abstract
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Intravenous atropine relieves coronary arterial spasm and hemodynamic decompensation during recovery after exercise. Author(s): Hung MJ, Wang CH, Kuo LT, Cherng WJ. Source: Texas Heart Institute Journal / from the Texas Heart Institute of St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital. 2000; 27(2): 212-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10928512&dopt=Abstract
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Intravenous atropine treatment in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Author(s): Corner B. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003 January; 88(1): 87; Author Reply 87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495978&dopt=Abstract
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Intravenous atropine treatment in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Author(s): Kawahara H, Imura K, Nishikawa M, Yagi M, Kubota A. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002 July; 87(1): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12089130&dopt=Abstract
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Intravesical atropine suppression of detrusor hyperreflexia in multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Deaney C, Glickman S, Gluck T, Malone-Lee JG. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1998 December; 65(6): 9578. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9854995&dopt=Abstract
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Is atropine infusion necessary to achieve the target heart rate in heart transplant patients during dobutamine stress echocardiography? Author(s): Flox A, Sanchez V, Delgado JF, Fernandez S, Tello R, Jimenez J, Garcia J, Gomez MA, Lombera F, Saenz de la Calzada C. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2002 December; 34(8): 3241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12493433&dopt=Abstract
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Isometric handgrip exercise during dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography increases heart rate acceleration and decreases study duration and dobutamine and atropine dosage. Author(s): Yao SS, Moldenhauer S, Sherrid MV. Source: Clin Cardiol. 2003 May; 26(5): 238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769253&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of arrhythmogenicity with ST-segment elevation during high-dose of dobutamine atropine stress in patients with documented or suspected coronary artery disease. Author(s): Kamalesh M, Chandrasekaran K, Sivaram CA, Thadani U. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1997 August 1; 80(3): 341-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9264431&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term prognostic value of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography in 1737 patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease: A single-center experience. Author(s): Poldermans D, Fioretti PM, Boersma E, Bax JJ, Thomson IR, Roelandt JR, Simoons ML. Source: Circulation. 1999 February 16; 99(6): 757-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9989960&dopt=Abstract
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Low-dose atropine attenuates muscle sympathetic nerve activity in healthy humans. Author(s): Yuasa T, Takata S, Maruyama M, Yasuma K, Yoshizawa H, Kontani M, Nagai H, Sakagami S, Kobayashi K. Source: Hypertens Res. 2000 May; 23(3): 213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10821129&dopt=Abstract
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Low-dose atropine in electroconvulsive therapy. Author(s): Rasmussen KG, Jarvis MR, Zorumski CF, Ruwitch J, Best AM. Source: The Journal of Ect. 1999 September; 15(3): 213-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10492860&dopt=Abstract
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Management of progressive school myopia with topical atropine eyedrops and photochromic bifocal spectacles. Author(s): Romano PE, Donovan JP. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2000 Fall; 15(3): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10960233&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolic response of normal human myocardium to high-dose atropine-dobutamine stress studied by 31P-MRS. Author(s): Lamb HJ, Beyerbacht HP, Ouwerkerk R, Doornbos J, Pluim BM, van der Wall EE, van der Laarse A, de Roos A. Source: Circulation. 1997 November 4; 96(9): 2969-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9386164&dopt=Abstract
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Multiple facial eccrine hidrocystomas: effective topical therapy with atropine. Author(s): Armstrong DK, Walsh MY, Corbett JR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 September; 139(3): 558-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9767322&dopt=Abstract
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Nasal atropine sulfate: efficacy and safety of 0.050% and 0.075% solutions for severe rhinorrhea. Author(s): Georgitis JW. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1998 August; 124(8): 916-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9708720&dopt=Abstract
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Neither nalbuphine nor atropine possess special antishivering activity. Author(s): Greif R, Laciny S, Rajek AM, Larson MD, Bjorksten AR, Doufas AG, Bakhshandeh M, Mokhtarani M, Sessler DI. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 September; 93(3): 620-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11524329&dopt=Abstract
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Neonatal mydriasis due to effects of atropine used for maternal Tik-20 poisoning. Author(s): Shah AM, Chattopadhyay A, Khambadkone SM, Dixit KM, Irani SF. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1995 January-March; 41(1): 21-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10740698&dopt=Abstract
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Oral meperidine, atropine, and pentobarbital for pediatric conscious sedation. Author(s): Winn CW, Porter AG, Vincent RN. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 2000 September-October; 26(5): 500-2, 509. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12026339&dopt=Abstract
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Orally administered atropine enhances motor cortex excitability: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study in human subjects. Author(s): Liepert J, Schardt S, Weiller C. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2001 March 16; 300(3): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11226633&dopt=Abstract
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PEDIG study on amblyopia; vision therapy by atropine penalization versus occlusion. Author(s): Kowal L. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2002 Winter; 17(4): 275. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12470288&dopt=Abstract
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Persistent mydriasis following intravenous atropine in a neonate. Author(s): Yung M, Herrema I. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2000; 10(4): 438-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10886704&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma concentration following oral and intramuscular atropine in children and their clinical effects. Author(s): Gervais HW, el Gindi M, Radermacher PR, Volz-Zang C, Palm D, Duda D, Dick WF. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 1997; 7(1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9041569&dopt=Abstract
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Prognostic implications of a normal dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiogram in patients with chest pain. Author(s): Geleijnse ML, Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Cornel JH, Roelandt JR, Fioretti PM. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 1998 June; 11(6): 606-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9657399&dopt=Abstract
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Prognostic significance of systolic blood pressure changes during dobutamineatropine stress technetium-99m sestamibi perfusion scintigraphy in patients with chest pain and known or suspected coronary artery disease. Author(s): Geleijnse ML, Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Rambaldi R, Reijs AE, Roelandt JR, Fioretti PM. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1997 April 15; 79(8): 1031-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9114759&dopt=Abstract
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Prognostic value of dobutamine-atropine stress (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion SPECT in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Author(s): Schinkel AF, Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Bax JJ, Roelandt JR, Poldermans D. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2002 June; 43(6): 767-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12050321&dopt=Abstract
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Prognostic value of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography early after acute myocardial infarction. Echo Dobutamine International Cooperative (EDIC) Study. Author(s): Sicari R, Picano E, Landi P, Pingitore A, Bigi R, Coletta C, Heyman J, Casazza F, Previtali M, Mathias W Jr, Dodi C, Minardi G, Lowenstein J, Garyfallidis X, Cortigiani L, Morales MA, Raciti M. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1997 February; 29(2): 254-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9014975&dopt=Abstract
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Prognostic value of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for peri-operative and late cardiac events in patients scheduled for vascular surgery. Author(s): Poldermans D, Rambaldi R, Fioretti PM, Boersma E, Thomson IR, van Sambeek MR, van Urk H. Source: European Heart Journal. 1997 June; 18 Suppl D: D86-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9183616&dopt=Abstract
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Prognostic value of dobutamine-atropine stress myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with diabetes. Author(s): Schinkel AF, Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Bax JJ, Vourvouri EC, Sozzi FB, Valkema R, Roelandt JR, Poldermans D. Source: Diabetes Care. 2002 September; 25(9): 1637-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12196440&dopt=Abstract
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Propranolol and atropine do not alter choroidal blood flow regulation during isometric exercise in healthy humans. Author(s): Polska E, Luksch A, Schering J, Frank B, Imhof A, Fuchsjager-Mayrl G, Wolzt M, Schmetterer L. Source: Microvascular Research. 2003 January; 65(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12535870&dopt=Abstract
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Prospective study of early atropine use in dobutamine stress echocardiography. Author(s): Lessick J, Mutlak D, Rinkevich D, Markiewicz W, Reisner SA. Source: European Journal of Echocardiography : the Journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology. 2000 December; 1(4): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916603&dopt=Abstract
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Pyloromyotomy versus atropine sulfate for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Author(s): Yamataka A, Tsukada K, Yokoyama-Laws Y, Murata M, Lane GJ, Osawa M, Fujimoto T, Miyano T. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2000 February; 35(2): 338-41; Discussion 342. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10693692&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitative analysis of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography by fractional area change. Author(s): Carstensen S, Host U, Saunamaki K, Kelbaek H. Source: European Journal of Echocardiography : the Journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology. 2002 September; 3(3): 220-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12144842&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitative analysis of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography. Author(s): Carstensen S, Host U, Saunamaki K, Kelbaek H. Source: European Journal of Echocardiography : the Journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology. 2003 September; 4(3): 169-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12928019&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid atropine synthesis for the treatment of massive nerve agent exposure. Author(s): Kozak RJ, Siegel S, Kuzma J. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2003 May; 41(5): 685-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12712036&dopt=Abstract
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Reactions to tick antitoxin serum and the role of atropine in treatment of dogs and cats with tick paralysis caused by Ixodes holocyclus: a pilot survey. Author(s): Atwell RB, Campbell FE. Source: Aust Vet J. 2001 June; 79(6): 394-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11491215&dopt=Abstract
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Reduced test time by early identification of patients requiring atropine during dobutamine stress echocardiography. Author(s): Lewandowski TJ, Armstrong WF, Bach DS. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 1998 March; 11(3): 236-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9560747&dopt=Abstract
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Reducing the progression of myopia with atropine: a long term cohort study of Olmsted County students. Author(s): Kennedy RH, Dyer JA, Kennedy MA, Parulkar S, Kurland LT, Herman DC, McIntire D, Jacobs D, Luepker RV. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2000; 15(3 Suppl): 281-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11486796&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between pulse interval and respiratory sinus arrhythmia: a time- and frequency-domain analysis of the effects of atropine. Author(s): Medigue C, Girard A, Laude D, Monti A, Wargon M, Elghozi JL. Source: Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology. 2001 February; 441(5): 650-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11294246&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between transglottal pressure and fundamental frequency of phonation, with effects of dehydration produced by atropine, in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Tanaka K, Kitajima K, Tanaka H. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2001 November; 110(11): 1066-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11713920&dopt=Abstract
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Right ventricular asynergy during dobutamine-atropine echocardiography. Author(s): San Roman JA, Vilacosta I, Rollan MJ, Castillo JA, Alonso J, Duran JM, Gimeno F, Vega JL, Sanchez-Harguindey L, Fernandez-Aviles F. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1997 August; 30(2): 430-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9247515&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and accuracy of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for the detection of residual stenosis of the infarct-related artery and multivessel disease during the first week after acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Smart SC, Knickelbine T, Stoiber TR, Carlos M, Wynsen JC, Sagar KB. Source: Circulation. 1997 March 18; 95(6): 1394-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118505&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and diagnostic accuracy of intravenous accelerated high-dose dipyridamoleatropine stress echocardiography. Author(s): Minardi G, Manzara CC, Pulignano G, Carmenini E, Gaudio C, Giovannini E. Source: Ital Heart J. 2002 December; 3(12): 726-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12611124&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and feasibility of atropine added to submaximal exercise stress testing with Tl201 SPECT for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. Author(s): Prasad SK, Pennell DJ. Source: Journal of Nuclear Cardiology : Official Publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. 2002 November-December; 9(6): 668-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12466792&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and feasibility of atropine added to submaximal exercise stress testing with Tl201 SPECT for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. Author(s): Cosin-Sales J, Maceira AM, Garcia-Velloso MJ, Macias A, Gimenez M, GarciaBolao I, Coma-Canella I. Source: Journal of Nuclear Cardiology : Official Publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. 2002 November-December; 9(6): 581-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12466781&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and feasibility of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in diabetic patients unable to perform an exercise stress test. Author(s): Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Poldermans D, Bax JJ, Nierop PR, Geleijnse ML, Roelandt JR. Source: Diabetes Care. 1998 November; 21(11): 1797-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9802723&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and feasibility of dobutamine-atropine stress testing in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Roelandt JR, Geleijnse ML, Ibrahim MM, Fioretti PM. Source: Hypertension. 1997 June; 29(6): 1232-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9180623&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and prognostic value of early dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography in patients with spontaneous chest pain and a non-diagnostic electrocardiogram. Author(s): Geleijnse ML, Elhendy A, Kasprzak JD, Rambaldi R, van Domburg RT, Cornel JH, Klootwijk AP, Fioretti PM, Roelandt JR, Simoons ML. Source: European Heart Journal. 2000 March; 21(5): 397-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10666354&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and utility of atropine addition during dobutamine stress echocardiography for the assessment of viable myocardium in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction. Author(s): Poldermans D, Rambaldi R, Bax JJ, Cornel JH, Thomson IR, Valkema R, Boersma E, Fioretti PM, Breburda CS, Roelandt JR. Source: European Heart Journal. 1998 November; 19(11): 1712-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9857925&dopt=Abstract
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Safety of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography: A prospective experience of 4,033 consecutive studies. Author(s): Mathias W Jr, Arruda A, Santos FC, Arruda AL, Mattos E, Osorio A, Campos O, Gil M, Andrade JL, Carvalho AC. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 1999 October; 12(10): 785-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10511646&dopt=Abstract
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Safety of dobutamine-atropine stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Author(s): Elhendy A, Valkema R, van Domburg RT, Bax JJ, Nierop PR, Cornel JH, Geleijnse ML, Reijs AE, Krenning EP, Roelandt JR. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1998 October; 39(10): 1662-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9776264&dopt=Abstract
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Selective blocking effects of tropisetron and atropine on recombinant glycine receptors. Author(s): Maksay G, Laube B, Betz H. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 1999 August; 73(2): 802-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10428078&dopt=Abstract
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Separating the treatment effect of atropine from its prophylactic benefits during inhalational induction of anaesthesia in young children. Author(s): Wolstencroft P, Stokes MA. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2000 July; 85(1): 178. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10928015&dopt=Abstract
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September 11; also: dexedrine or surgery for exotropia? Modified Foster; DEP or masked DVD?; You're not very good at gaze and head tilt angles; more on atropine for myopia and ARM. Author(s): Romano PE. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2001; 16(4): 256-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720590&dopt=Abstract
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Serial neuro-electrophysiological studies in acute organophosphate poisoning-correlation with clinical findings, serum cholinesterase levels and atropine dosages. Author(s): Avasthi G, Singh G. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2000 August; 48(8): 794-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11273471&dopt=Abstract
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Stroke volume changes during dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography: the influence of heart rate and ischaemia. Author(s): Poldermans D, Rambaldi R, Boersma E, Vletter W, Carlier S, Elhendy A, Bax JJ, Man in 't Veld AJ, Roelandt JR. Source: International Journal of Cardiac Imaging. 1999 August; 15(4): 263-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10517375&dopt=Abstract
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Sublingual atropine for sialorrhea secondary to parkinsonism: a pilot study. Author(s): Hyson HC, Johnson AM, Jog MS. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2002 November; 17(6): 1318-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12465075&dopt=Abstract
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Successful management of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis with atropine sulfate. Author(s): Singh UK, Kumar R, Suman S. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2001 October; 38(10): 1099-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11677299&dopt=Abstract
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Suppression of torsades de pointes by atropine. Author(s): Tan HL, Wilde AA, Peters RJ. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 1998 January; 79(1): 99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9505930&dopt=Abstract
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Systemic bioavailability of ocularly applied 1% atropine eyedrops. Author(s): Kaila T, Korte JM, Saari KM. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 1999 April; 77(2): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10321537&dopt=Abstract
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Systemic effects of intravesical atropine sulphate. Author(s): Enskat R, Deaney CN, Glickman S. Source: Bju International. 2001 May; 87(7): 613-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11350399&dopt=Abstract
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The attenuating effect of intraglossal atropine on the oculocardiac reflex. Author(s): Arnold RW, Farah RF, Monroe G. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2002 Winter; 17(4): 313-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12470294&dopt=Abstract
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The balance between speed and efficacy in stress echocardiography: is earlier use of atropine the answer? Author(s): Marwick TH. Source: European Journal of Echocardiography : the Journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology. 2000 December; 1(4): 231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916599&dopt=Abstract
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The comparison of cyclopentolate and atropine in patients with refractive accommodative esotropia by means of retinoscopy, autorefractometry and biometric lens thickness. Author(s): Celebi S, Aykan U. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 1999 August; 77(4): 426-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10463415&dopt=Abstract
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The course of moderate amblyopia treated with atropine in children: experience of the amblyopia treatment study. Author(s): Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 October; 136(4): 630-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14516802&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of atropine in vasovagal syncope induced by head-up tilt testing. Author(s): Santini M, Ammirati F, Colivicchi F, Gentilucci G, Guido V. Source: European Heart Journal. 1999 December; 20(23): 1745-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10562483&dopt=Abstract
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The effectiveness of 0.5% atropine in controlling high myopia in children. Author(s): Chou AC, Shih YF, Ho TC, Lin LL. Source: Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics : the Official Journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1997 February; 13(1): 61-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9029440&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of atropine on dynamic compliance in healthy intubated adults. Author(s): Nielsen MB, Jespersen TW, Larsen JR, Hein L. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2000 April; 17(4): 236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10866006&dopt=Abstract
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The efficacy of atropine in the treatment of hemodynamically unstable bradycardia and atrioventricular block: prehospital and emergency department considerations. Author(s): Brady WJ, Swart G, DeBehnke DJ, Ma OJ, Aufderheide TP. Source: Resuscitation. 1999 June; 41(1): 47-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10459592&dopt=Abstract
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The role of atropine premedication in fiberoptic bronchoscopy using intravenous midazolam sedation. Author(s): Williams T, Brooks T, Ward C. Source: Chest. 1998 May; 113(5): 1394-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9596324&dopt=Abstract
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The stability of atropine sulfate solutions stored in plastic syringes in the operating room. Author(s): Driver RP Jr, Brula JM, Bezouska CA. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1999 October; 89(4): 1056-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10512290&dopt=Abstract
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The use of atropine for facilitation of direct current cardioversion from atrial fibrillation--results of a pilot study. Author(s): Sutton AG, Khurana C, Hall JA, Davies A, de Belder MA. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1999 November; 22(11): 712-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10554685&dopt=Abstract
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The use of intravenous atropine after a saline infusion in the prevention of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in elderly patients. Author(s): Lim HH, Ho KM, Choi WY, Teoh GS, Chiu KY. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2000 November; 91(5): 1203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11049909&dopt=Abstract
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There's no longer any need for randomized control groups; it's time to regularly offer atropine and bifocals for school myopia; comments on evidence-based medicine. Author(s): Romano PE. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2001 Spring; 16(1): 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11240930&dopt=Abstract
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There's no need to risk retinal light toxicity in the medical management of progressive school myopia with atropine (and photochromic bifocals). It is medically indicated. Author(s): Romano PE. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2001; 16(3): 201-2; 227. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11515564&dopt=Abstract
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Tracheal administration of atropine in children--effect on heart rate. Author(s): Jorgensen BG, Ostergaard D. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 1997; 7(6): 461-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9365972&dopt=Abstract
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Traumatic hyphema management: followup: where has the rebleed morbidity gone? Preventing school myopia with atropine and bifocals. Author(s): Romano PE. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2000 Fall; 15(3): 251-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10960231&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of childhood myopia with atropine eyedrops and bifocal spectacles. Author(s): Chiang MF, Kouzis A, Pointer RW, Repka MX. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2001; 16(3): 209-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11511288&dopt=Abstract
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Unexpected occurrence of ST segment elevation during administration of intravenous atropine. Author(s): Erdogan O, Altun A, Akdemir O, Aktoz M, Ozbay G. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 2001 July; 15(4): 367-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11800424&dopt=Abstract
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Unplanned administration of atropine, succinylcholine and lidocaine. Author(s): Khan E, Hamdani G. Source: Anaesthesia. 2001 January; 56(1): 94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11167461&dopt=Abstract
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Use of atropine eye drops for clozapine induced hypersalivation. Author(s): Comley C, Galletly C, Ash D. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 December; 34(6): 1033-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11127617&dopt=Abstract
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Use of atropine in patients with chronotropic incompetence and poor exercise capacity during treadmill stress testing. Author(s): Munagala VK, Guduguntla V, Kasravi B, Cummings G, Gardin JM. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 June; 145(6): 1046-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796761&dopt=Abstract
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Use of atropine in patients with submaximal heart rate during exercise myocardial perfusion SPECT. Author(s): De Lorenzo A, Foerster J, Sciammarella MG, Suey C, Hayes SW, Friedman JD, Berman DS. Source: Journal of Nuclear Cardiology : Official Publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. 2003 January-February; 10(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12569331&dopt=Abstract
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Use of atropine methonitrate (0.1 mg) orally for NIDDM. Author(s): Shah RC. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2003 January; 101(1): 42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12841508&dopt=Abstract
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Use of atropine to maintain higher heart rate after exercise during treadmill stress echocardiography. Author(s): Banerjee S, Yalamanchili VS, Abdul-Baki T, Stoddard MF. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2002 January; 15(1): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11781553&dopt=Abstract
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Usefulness and limitations of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with left bundle branch block. A multicentre study. Author(s): Geleijnse ML, Vigna C, Kasprzak JD, Rambaldi R, Salvatori MP, Elhendy A, Cornel JH, Fioretti PM, Roelandt JR. Source: European Heart Journal. 2000 October; 21(20): 1666-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11032693&dopt=Abstract
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Usefulness of adenosine triphosphate-atropine stress echocardiography for detecting coronary artery stenosis. Author(s): Miyazono Y, Kisanuki A, Toyonaga K, Matsushita R, Otsuji Y, Arima S, Nakao S, Tanaka H. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1998 August 1; 82(3): 290-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9708655&dopt=Abstract
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Usefulness of isometric hand grip exercise in detecting coronary artery disease during dobutamine atropine stress echocardiography in patients with either stable angina pectoris or another type of positive stress test. Author(s): Afridi I, Main ML, Parrish DL, Kizilbash A, Levine BD, Grayburn PA. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1998 September 1; 82(5): 564-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9732880&dopt=Abstract
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Usefulness of low doses of atropine to quantify the vagal stimulus-response relation in patients with congestive heart failure. Author(s): Yasumura Y, Kohno H, Shimizu H, Umeno T, Takaki H, Yamagishi M, Goto Y, Miyatake K. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1997 December 1; 80(11): 1459-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9399722&dopt=Abstract
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Using diazepam and atropine before strabismus surgery to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting: a randomized, controlled study. Author(s): Ozcan AA, Gunes Y, Haciyakupoglu G. Source: J Aapos. 2003 June; 7(3): 210-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12825062&dopt=Abstract
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Value of rapid beta-blocker injection at peak dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for detection of coronary artery disease. Author(s): Mathias W Jr, Tsutsui JM, Andrade JL, Kowatsch I, Lemos PA, Leal SM, Khandheria BK, Ramires JF. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 May 7; 41(9): 1583-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742301&dopt=Abstract
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Visual acuity after cycloplegia in children: implications for atropine penalization. Author(s): Wallace DK. Source: J Aapos. 1999 August; 3(4): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10477227&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ATROPINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and atropine.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Atropine The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “atropine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “atropine” (or a synonym): •
A resistant protein, sericin improves atropine-induced constipation in rats. Source: Sasaki, M. Yamada, H. Kato, N. Food-sci-technol-res. Tsukuba, Ibaraki : Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology, c1999-. November 2000. volume 6 (4) page 280-283. 1344-6606
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Adverse reaction to atropine and the treatment of organophosphate intoxication. Author(s):
[email protected] Source: Robenshtok, Eyal Luria, Shay Tashma, Zeev Hourvitz, Ariel Isr-Med-Assoc-J. 2002 July; 4(7): 535-9 1565-1088
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Combined optical and atropine penalization for the treatment of strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. Author(s): Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, United Kingdom. Source: Kaye, S B Chen, S I Price, G Kaye, L C Noonan, C Tripathi, A Ashwin, P Cota, N Clark, D Butcher, J J--AAPOS. 2002 October; 6(5): 289-93 1091-8531
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Determination of scopolamine, atropine and anisodamine in Flos daturae by capillary electrophoresis. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100037, People's Republic of China. Source: Ye, N Zhu, R Gu, X Zou, H Biomed-Chromatogr. 2001 December; 15(8): 509-12 0269-3879
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Differential effects of atropine and isoproterenol on inducibility of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Author(s): Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, University of Technology, Aachen, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Stellbrink, C Diem, B Schauerte, P Brehmer, K Schuett, H Hanrath, P J-IntervCard-Electrophysiol. 2001 December; 5(4): 463-9 1383-875X
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Effect of atropine and the oxime HI-6 on low-level sarin-induced alteration of performance of rats in a T-maze. Author(s): Department of Toxicology, Purkyne Military Medical Academy, Hradec Kralove.
[email protected] Source: Krejcova, G Kassa, J Vachek, J Acta-Medica-(Hradec-Kralove). 2002; 45(3): 107-10 1211-4286
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Effects of atropine on the central mechanism of deglutition in anesthetized sheep. Author(s): Departement de Physiologie-Neurophysiologie-FRE CNRS 2132, USC INRA 1147, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques St-Jerome, 13397 Marseille, Cedex 20, France.
[email protected] Source: Car, A Roman, C Zoungrana, O R Exp-Brain-Res. 2002 February; 142(4): 496-503 0014-4819
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Prospective study of early atropine use in dobutamine stress echocardiography. Author(s): Department of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. Source: Lessick, J Mutlak, D Rinkevich, D Markiewicz, W Reisner, S A Eur-JEchocardiogr. 2000 December; 1(4): 257-62 1525-2167
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Quantitative analysis of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography by fractional area change. Author(s): Department of Medicine B, The Heart Center at Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, Denmark.
[email protected] Nutrition
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Source: Carstensen, S Host, U Saunamaki, K Kelbaek, H Eur-J-Echocardiogr. 2002 September; 3(3): 220-8 1525-2167 •
Quantitative detection of atropine-delayed gastric emptying in the horse by the 13Coctanoic acid breath test. Author(s): Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, UK. Source: Sutton, D G Bahr, A Preston, T Cohen, N D Love, S Roussel, A J Equine-Vet-J. 2002 July; 34(5): 479-85 0425-1644
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Sleep-wake effects of yohimbine and atropine in rats with a clomipramine-based model of depression. Author(s): Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA. Source: Mavanji, V Datta, S Neuroreport. 2002 September 16; 13(13): 1603-6 0959-4965
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Sublingual atropine for sialorrhea secondary to parkinsonism: a pilot study. Author(s): Movement Disorders Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada. Source: Hyson, H C Johnson, A M Jog, M S Mov-Disord. 2002 November; 17(6): 1318-20 0885-3185
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The attenuating effect of intraglossal atropine on the oculocardiac reflex. Author(s): Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismusm, Ophthalmic Associates, Anchorage, Alaska, USA.
[email protected] Source: Arnold, R W Farah, R F Monroe, G Binocul-Vis-Strabismus-Q. 2002 Winter; 17(4): 313-8 1088-6281
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The effect of a combination of medetomidine-butorphanol and medetomidine, butorphanol, atropine on glomerular filtration rate in dogs. Author(s): Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802, USA. Source: Grimm, J B Grimm, K A Kneller, S K Tranquilli, W J Crochik, S S Bischoff, M G Podolski, J L Vet-Radiol-Ultrasound. 2001 Sep-October; 42(5): 458-62 1058-8183
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Use of atropine to maintain higher heart rate after exercise during treadmill stress echocardiography. Author(s): Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA. Source: Banerjee, Supratim Yalamanchili, Venkata S Abdul Baki, Talal Stoddard, Marcus F J-Am-Soc-Echocardiogr. 2002 January; 15(1): 43-5 0894-7317
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Vecuronium bromide, phenylephrine and atropine combinations as mydriatics in juvenile double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). Author(s): Dept of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, Gainesville, FL 32610-0126, USA.
[email protected] Source: Loerzel, S M Smith, P J Howe, A Samuelson, D A Vet-Ophthalmol. 2002 September; 5(3): 149-54 1463-5216
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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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The following is a specific Web list relating to atropine; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Food and Diet Burdock Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ATROPINE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to atropine. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to atropine and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “atropine” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to atropine: •
A comparative study of Atropa belladonna and atropine on an animal model of urinary retention. Author(s): Tita B, Bolle P, Martinoli L, Mazzanti G, Silvestrini B. Source: Pharmacol Res Commun. 1988 December; 20 Suppl 5: 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3247353&dopt=Abstract
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A comparative study of behavioural and autonomic effects of atropine and Atropa belladonna. Author(s): Mazzanti G, Tita B, Bolle P, Bonanomi M, Piccinelli D. Source: Pharmacol Res Commun. 1988 December; 20 Suppl 5: 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3247352&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of atropine and patching treatments for moderate amblyopia by patient age, cause of amblyopia, depth of amblyopia, and other factors. Author(s): Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group.
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Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 August; 110(8): 1632-7; Discussion 1637-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917184&dopt=Abstract •
A randomized trial of atropine vs. patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Author(s): Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 March; 120(3): 268-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879129&dopt=Abstract
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Antagonistic effects of epinephrine, glucagon and methylatropine but not calcium chloride against atrio-ventricular conduction disturbances produced by high doses of diltiazem, in conscious dogs. Author(s): Sabatier J, Pouyet T, Shelvey G, Cavero I. Source: Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 1991; 5(2): 93-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2071087&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine intoxication from the ingestion and smoking of jimson weed (Datura stramonium). Author(s): Guharoy SR, Barajas M. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1991 December; 33(6): 588-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1808839&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine penalisation versus occlusion as the primary treatment for amblyopia. Author(s): Foley-Nolan A, McCann A, O'Keefe M. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1997 January; 81(1): 54-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9135409&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine prevents the changes in the hindlimb cortical area induced by hypodynamia-hypokinesia. Author(s): Dupont E, Canu MH, Falempin M. Source: Brain Research. 2002 February 1; 926(1-2): 51-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814406&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine reduces experimental myopia and eye enlargement via a nonaccommodative mechanism. Author(s): McBrien NA, Moghaddam HO, Reeder AP. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 1993 January; 34(1): 205-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8425826&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine vs. patching for the treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Author(s): Kushner BJ.
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Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 March; 120(3): 387-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879145&dopt=Abstract •
Atropine-induced gastric dysrhythmia is not normalized by electroacupuncture. Author(s): Chang CS, Chou JW, Wu CY, Chang YH, Ko CW, Chen GH. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2002 November; 47(11): 2466-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452381&dopt=Abstract
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Betel chewing increases the skin temperature: effects of atropine and propranolol. Author(s): Chu NS. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 1995 July 14; 194(1-2): 130-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7478196&dopt=Abstract
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Combined optical and atropine penalization for the treatment of strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. Author(s): Kaye SB, Chen SI, Price G, Kaye LC, Noonan C, Tripathi A, Ashwin P, Cota N, Clark D, Butcher J. Source: J Aapos. 2002 October; 6(5): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381987&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of scopolamine, atropine and anisodamine in Flos daturae by capillary electrophoresis. Author(s): Ye N, Zhu R, Gu X, Zou H. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 2001 December; 15(8): 509-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748685&dopt=Abstract
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Development of reorganization of the auditory cortex caused by fear conditioning: effect of atropine. Author(s): Ji W, Suga N. Source: Journal of Neurophysiology. 2003 September; 90(3): 1904-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12966181&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of atropine on refractive development, dopamine release, and slow retinal potentials in the chick. Author(s): Schwahn HN, Kaymak H, Schaeffel F. Source: Visual Neuroscience. 2000 March-April; 17(2): 165-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10824671&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of atropine on the changes of pain threshold and contents of leucineenkephalin and catecholamines of the brain in rats induced by EA. Author(s): Wang Y, Wang S, Wu J.
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Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1992 June; 12(2): 137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1495339&dopt=Abstract •
Effects of atropine, scopolamine and xylazine on the placement of an orally administered magnet in cows. Author(s): Braun U, Gansohr B, Fluckiger M. Source: The Veterinary Record. 2003 March 1; 152(9): 258-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12638911&dopt=Abstract
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Full-time atropine, intermittent atropine, and optical penalization and binocular outcome in treatment of strabismic amblyopia. Author(s): Simons K, Stein L, Sener EC, Vitale S, Guyton DL. Source: Ophthalmology. 1997 December; 104(12): 2143-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9400777&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of patching and atropine treatment on the child and family in the amblyopia treatment study. Author(s): Holmes JM, Beck RW, Kraker RT, Cole SR, Repka MX, Birch EE, Felius J, Christiansen SP, Coats DK, Kulp MT; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2003 November; 121(11): 1625-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14609923&dopt=Abstract
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Investigation of the effect of space environment on the contents of atropine and scopolamine in Datura metel by capillary zone electrophoresis. Author(s): Bo T, Li KA, Liu H. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 April 1; 31(5): 885-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12684101&dopt=Abstract
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Pattern of inhibition of parasympathetic activity in response to incremental bolus doses of atropine in carotid sinus hypersensitivity. Author(s): Kenny RA, McIntosh SJ, Wynne H. Source: Clinical Autonomic Research : Official Journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society. 1994 April; 4(1-2): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8054839&dopt=Abstract
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PEDIG study on amblyopia; vision therapy by atropine penalization versus occlusion. Author(s): Kowal L. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2002 Winter; 17(4): 275. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12470288&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma and urine concentrations of atropine after the ingestion of cooked deadly nightshade berries. Author(s): Schneider F, Lutun P, Kintz P, Astruc D, Flesch F, Tempe JD. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1996; 34(1): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8632502&dopt=Abstract
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Relative effects of xylazine-atropine, xylazine-atropine-ketamine, and xylazineatropine-pentobarbital combinations and time-course effects of the latter two combinations on brain stem auditory-evoked potentials in dogs. Author(s): Tokuriki M, Matsunami K, Uzuka Y. Source: Am J Vet Res. 1990 January; 51(1): 97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2301827&dopt=Abstract
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Tea of thornapple leaves: a rare cause of atropine intoxication. Author(s): Lamens D, De Hert S, Vermeyen K. Source: Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 1994; 45(2): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7976164&dopt=Abstract
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The action mechanism of relaxation effect of atropine on the isolated rabbit corpus cavernosum. Author(s): Choi YD, Chung WS, Choi HK. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1999 June; 161(6): 1976-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10332484&dopt=Abstract
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The course of moderate amblyopia treated with atropine in children: experience of the amblyopia treatment study. Author(s): Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 October; 136(4): 630-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14516802&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of intravitreal injection of atropine on the proliferation of scleral chondrocyte in vivo. Author(s): Wang IJ, Shih YF, Tseng HS, Huang SH, Lin LL, Hung PT. Source: Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics : the Official Journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1998 August; 14(4): 337-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9715437&dopt=Abstract
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The first use of physostigmine in the treatment of atropine poisoning. A translation of Kleinwachter's paper entitled 'Observations on the effect of Calabar bean extract as an antidote to atropine poisoning'. Author(s): Nickalls RW, Nickalls EA.
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Source: Anaesthesia. 1988 September; 43(9): 776-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3052162&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to atropine; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pyloric Stenosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uveitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Vertigo Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •
Herbs and Supplements Astragalus Mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Atropine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Berberis Alternative names: Barberry; Berberis sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Comfrey Alternative names: Symphytum officinale, Knitbone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Green Tea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hyoscyamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Knitbone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lobelia Alternative names: Lobelia inflata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Symphytum Alternative names: Comfrey; Symphytum officinale L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Symphytum Officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uncaria Asian Alternative names: Asian species; Uncaria sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Withania Ashwagandha Alternative names: Ashwagandha; Withania somnifera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ATROPINE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to atropine. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “atropine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on atropine, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Atropine ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to atropine. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
An Evaluation of the Effects of DFP (Dilsopropyl Phosphorofluoridate) and Atropine on the Disposition, Efficacy and Toxicity of 2-PAM (2-Pyridine Aldoxime Methochloride) in Mice by Shiloff, Janice Deborah; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL37299
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The Release of Acetylcholine : Studies on the Effects of Purines, Morphine, Methylxanthines and Atropine in the Myenter Plexus of the Guinea Pig Ileum and in the Central Nervous System by Sawynok, Jana; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK34652
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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ATROPINE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “atropine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on atropine, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Atropine By performing a patent search focusing on atropine, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on atropine: •
Anti-micturition composition and method Inventor(s): Leitman; Esther M. (329 S. Roxbury Dr., Beverly Hills, CA 90212) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,906,641 Date filed: October 27, 1988 Abstract: A wafer, capsule or pill contains atropine in controlled amounts for oral administration to housebreak domestic animals by preventing nighttime urination. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition to assist in the training of domestic animals and more specifically relates to a composition and method for preventing or minimizing nighttime urination by young animals by administration of an atropine composition in harmless amounts. The training of domestic animals and especially young dogs, to achieve "housebroken" status is a universal problem. One of the particular problems associated with such training is to prevent nighttime micturition or urination. There is a clear need in the art for methods and compositions which would assist in training of the young domestic animals to minimize or totally avoid nighttime urination. It is known in the art that atropine in its various forms is an antispasmodic and possesses gastric antisecretory activity as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,436,458. This patent reports in column 1 that a side effect is retention of urine. Further, various studies have been reported concerning testing of atropine and related compounds in various medical areas. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04906641__
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Bag-valve-mask resuscitator attachment having syringe and nebulizer injection ports Inventor(s): Coates; Donna F. (5404-80th Ave. Cir. E, Palmetto, FL 34221), Coates; Michael R. (5404-80th Ave. Cir. E, Palmetto, FL 34221) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,762,063 Date filed: May 21, 1997 Abstract: A medication introducing device for airtight connection between a bag-valve mask apparatus, or other similar pre-hospital emergency respiratory device, and an endo-tracheal tube installed in a patient, the device comprising a central housing having a top opening, a bottom opening, and a minimum of two medication administering ports, at least one of the ports being an injection port for emergency administering of medications through pre-filled syringes into patients for which an intravenous line cannot be established, medications such as cardiac medications including atropine, epinephrine, lidocaine, and narcan, and at least one port being a nebulizer port for administering asthma medications to an intubated patient undergoing pre-hospital emergency CPR. It is contemplated for the present invention to be made from chemically inert materials, to have a sufficiently low manufacturing cost so that it can be disposable, and for each port to have an airtight end cap. Applications may include, but are not limited to, pre-hospital emergency and rescue situations in which a bag-valve mask apparatus must be used on an intubated patient.
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Excerpt(s): In emergency and rescue situations which necessitate cardiac pulmonary resuscitation (CPR), it is common for patients to require medications, such as cardiac medications, and for such medications to be administered through the use of an intravenous line. However, establishing an intravenous line can be difficult and time consuming in some patients. For example, this can be due to the type of injury sustained by the patient, obesity, diabetes, as well as many other factors. When an intravenous line cannot be attempted or the establishment of an intravenous line has been attempted and failed, emergency medical personnel must look for alternative ways in which to administer the medications indicated by the patient's condition. A secondary approved method for administering medications to a patient can be performed through the trachea which allows the medications to be absorbed into the bloodstream through the lungs. By using a syringe medications are injected into an endo-tracheal tube which is placed through the mouth and connects with the patient's trachea. However, when the type of bag-valve mask apparatus commonly used for pre-hospital CPR is connected to the endo-tracheal tube, CPR must be interrupted to administer the medications to the patient by this secondary method at a risk to the patient. When encountering a patient requiring CPR in a pre-hospital situation, one of the first things that emergency medical personnel are known do is to intubate the patient by placing a plastic tube into the patient's trachea. The endo-tracheal tube maintains the trachea in an open condition and provides a conduit for administering medications. However, prior to injecting medications into the tube through pre-filled syringes, CPR must be stopped, the bagvalve mask apparatus or other type of pre-hospital artificial respiratory assist device, must be disconnected from the endo-tracheal tube, and the medication must be injected into the tube, after which the artificial respiratory assist device must be reattached to the endo-tracheal tube before CPR can be resumed. Disadvantages of this procedure involve both the risks associated with the interruption of CPR, as well as the risk of dislodging the endo-tracheal tube during the disconnection and reconnection of the artificial respiratory assist device. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05762063__ •
Base for ophthalmological medicinal preparations and on ophthalmological medicinal film Inventor(s): Davydov; Anatoly Borisovich (ULITSA Krasny Kazanets, 19, korpus 1, kv. 283, Moscow, SU), Khromov; Gennady Lvovich (2 Frunzenskaya ulitsa, 10, kv. 100, Moscow, SU), Maichuk; Jury Fedorovich (ULITSA Usievicha, 11, kv. 4, Moscow, SU), Tischina; Inna Fedorovna (Schelkovsky raion, poselok Biofabriki, 25, kv, 22, Moskovskaya oblast, SU) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 3,935,303 Date filed: November 1, 1972 Abstract: A base for ophthalmological medicinal preparations consists of a homopolymer of an amide of acrylic acid having a molecular weight from 30,000 to 1,000,000, and/or a copolymer of an amide of acrylic acid with unsaturated compounds, the molecular weight of the copolymer being from 20,000 to 500,000, and containing from 10 to 90 percent acrylamide links.The ophthalmological medicinal film is an oblong plate, 6-9 mm long, 3 - 5 mm wide and 0.2 - 0.6 mm thick, of the hompolymer and/or copolymer and an active medicinal ingredient, viz., 3-ethyl-4(1-methyl-5-imidazolyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-one or atropine, or 3-methoxy-6-sulfanilam idopyridazine, or.beta.-
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dimethylamino-ethyl-p-butylaminobenzoate, or neamine, or 5-iodo-2desoxyuridine.The ophthalmological medicinal film is used for treatment of glaucoma of various forms, thrombosis of the central vein of the retina, atrophy of the optic nerve, for dilating the pupil and paralysis of accommodation in treatment of keratitis, iritis, iridocyclitis, ulcers of the cornea, trachoma, herpetic keratitis, uveitis and adenoviral infections, in extraction of foreign objects from the eye, and in various interventions in the organ of vision. Excerpt(s): The described biologically soluble polymeric base for ophthalmological medicinal preparations, biologically compatible with eye tissues, is intended for therapeutic treatment of various diseases in ophthalmological practice and for ensuring prolonged action of the medicinal preparations A new ophthalmological medicinal film is used in ophthalmology as a therapeutic remedy. Polymeric films are known to be used for medical purposes. These are mostly biologically inactive films, used as membranes in medical apparatus (apparatus for extracorporeal blood circulation, such as artificial kidney, artificial heart, etc.) and used also in the pre- and post-operative processing of the wound surfaces. These films are biologically inert with respect to the tissues of the living body, and are liable neither to dissolve nor be assimilated under the action of liquid tissue substrates. Soluble, assimilable or biologically compatible films are only known to be used in the treatment of skin burns. These are films on the base of natural biopolymers, such as collagen or gelatin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03935303__ •
Edrophonium-atropine composition and therapeutic uses thereof Inventor(s): Cronnelly; Roy (Pacifica, CA), Miller; Ronald Dean (Greenbrae, CA), Morris; Robert B. (Mill Valley, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (berkeley, Ca) Patent Number: 4,952,586 Date filed: October 18, 1988 Abstract: A composition is provided which includes a balanced combination of an edrophonium component and an atropine component. A preferred embodiment has 0.5 mg of edrophonium chloride and 8 micrograms of atropine sulfate, with respect to patient weight. The inventive composition is useful to antagonize nondepolarizing blockade during medical treatment when muscle relaxation is no longer necessary, provides extremely rapid onset of action and results in minimal heart rate changes. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to antagonism of neuromuscular blockade, and more particularly to antagonism of nondepolarizing blockade with a balanced combination of edrophonium and atropine. Muscle relaxation agents are usefully administered to patients during a great variety of medical procedures, and may generally be characterized as either depolarizing agents or nondepolarizing agents. Nondepolarizing agents provide muscle relaxation for a longer duration than do depolarizing agents, and are generally curare-like drugs such as pancuronium, dtubocurarine, metocurine, gallamine, vecuronium and atracurium. Following a procedure where a nondepolarizing agent has been utilized, it is usually desirable that the neuromuscular blockade be antagonized when muscle relaxation is no longer necessary. Presently used antagonists are, for example, anti-cholinesterase drugs such as neostigmine (in combination with an anticholinergic) or pyridostigmine (in combination with an anticholinergic). These prior art compositions are occasionally associated with
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tachycardia, bradycardia and other dysrhythmias of atrial, nodal and ventricular origin. However, use of the anticholinesterase drugs as antagonists (without an anticholinergic) invariably leads to muscarinic effects such as bradycardia, or slowing of the heart rate, and hence a tendency for blood pressure to fall. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04952586__ •
Method and composition for enabling passage through the blood-brain-barrier Inventor(s): Friedman; Alon (M. Post HaNeguev, IL), Kaufer; Daniela (Mevasseret Zion, IL), Siedman; Shlomo (Neve Daniel, IL), Soreq; Hermona (Jerusalem, IL) Assignee(s): Yissum Research Development Company (jerusalem, Il) Patent Number: 6,258,780 Date filed: November 20, 1997 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition for facilitating passage of compounds through the blood-brain barrier comprising the agent ACHE-I4 readthrough (SEQ ID No:1) splice variant or the I4 peptide (SEQ ID No:2) and analogues of each thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is disclosed. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition for facilitating passage of compounds through the blood-brain barrier can comprise the agents adrenaline, atropine, dopamine and/or an adrenergic combination and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition can comprise at least two of the agents. The composition of the present invention can optionally include the compound to be transported across the blood-brain barrier. Alternatively, the compound can be co-administered (simultaneously) with the composition or can be administered at some point during the biologically effective period of the action of the composition. The present invention provides a method for administering a compound to the CNS of an animal by subjecting the animal to a stress-mimicking agent or treatment. This agent or treatment facilitates disruption of the blood-brain barrier. During the period that the BBB is opened or disrupted a compound can be administer such that the compound is enabled to passage through the disrupted BBB into the CNS. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and composition for transporting compounds including pharmaceutical compositions across the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) maintains a homeostatic environment in the central nervous system (CNS). The capillaries that supply the blood to the brain have tight junctions which block passage of most molecules through the capillary endothelial membranes. While the membranes do allow passage of lipid soluble materials, such as heroin and other psychoactive drugs, water soluble materials such as glucose, proteins and amino acids do not pass through the BBB. Mediated transport mechanisms exist to transport glucose and essential amino acids across the BBB. Active transport mechanisms remove molecules which become in excess, such as potassium, from the brain. For a general review see Goldstein and Betz, 1986 and Betz et al, 1994, incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. The BBB was initially observed by Ehrlich when he observed what he termed "lower affinity" of vital dyes for the brain than other tissue. Goldmann in 1913 however, determined the actual presence of a barrier by showing that the vital dye trypan blue when injected directly into the brain stained the brain but did not leave the CNS. These early experiments by Golmann and others established that the CNS is separated from the bloodstream by blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06258780__
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Method for anti-cholinergic blockage of withdrawal symptoms in smoking cessation Inventor(s): Bachynsky; Nicholas (7322 SW. Freeway, Houston, TX 77074) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,555,397 Date filed: August 12, 1983 Abstract: Subcutaneously injecting a patient with a solution of atropine and scopolamine, potentiated by chlorpromazine alleviates withdrawal symptoms attributed to the cessation of chronic nicotine blockage. Auricular injections give immediate effects and minimize peripheral anti-cholinergic activity. The treatment is administered during an initial office visit. Excerpt(s): Since the introduction of tobacco into the civilized world by Columbus' sailors returning from the Americas, nicotine has become the most widespread form of substance dependency in the world. It is legal, encouraged with advertising, and used in any human setting, although it causes more morbidity and mortality than all other drugs combined. Recidivism in individuals who attempt to quit smoking--75%--equals that of recidivism of heroin addicts. A variety of methods to stop smoking addiction have been tried including hypnotism, psychotherapy, electro-shock aversion, and group counseling. A recent assessment of the success of smoking programs and clinics shows that fewer than half of the smokers participating in such programs quit and less than 25%-30% remain non-smokers 9-18 months later. Evan Richard I., Henderson Allen H., Hill Peter C. and Raines, Betteye: Current Psychological, Social, and Educational Programs in Control and Prevention of Smoking; a Critical Methodological Review. Atherosclerosis Reviews, 1979; 6:201-241. It is well documented that nicotine has an agonistic action at nicotine receptor sites in the parasympathetic nervous system. Its primary action upon prolonged use is that of a blocking agent. While this activity is less documented in the central rather than the peripheral nervous system, the preponderance of such nicotine receptors appears to be located at the mid-brain level. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04555397__
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N-Oxide of the O-.beta.-D glucuronides of anticholinergic compounds, and process for preparing the same Inventor(s): Epstein; David M. (Belmont, MA), Herlihy; Walter C. (Cambridge, MA) Assignee(s): Repligen Corporation (cambridge, Ma) Patent Number: 4,476,300 Date filed: August 4, 1983 Abstract: The subject invention concerns a novel process for preparing novel N-oxide compounds of O-.beta.-D-glucuronides of an anticholinergic compound containing a tertiary nitrogen. Examples of suitable glucuronide starting materials are O-.beta.-Dglucuronides of tropicamide, scopolamine, atropine, hyoscyamine, and the like. The novel process gives high yields of the desired N-oxides which are useful as UV filters. Excerpt(s): The synthesis of the glucuronides of ester-containing compounds is difficult to carry out by conventional synthetic chemical techniques such as the Koenigs-Knorr reaction. The difficulty of such techniques makes them impractical for the preparation of essentially pure preparations of desired glucuronides. In order to overcome this problem, enzymatic processes were invented to prepare desired glucuronide
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compounds. In one such enzymatic process the O-.beta.-D-glucuronide of scopolamine, an ester-containing alkaloid, was prepared by the use of UDPGA transferase (EC 2.4.1.17) in the presence of an esterase inhibitor. In another process the O-.beta.-Dglucuronide of scopolamine was synthesized by the.beta.-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31)catalyzed reaction of scopolamine and glucuronic acid. These processes are disclosed herein. Attempts to prepare the N-oxide of the O-.beta.-D-glucuronide of scopolamine by use of scopolamine N-oxide as the starting material in the above enzymatic processes resulted in the obtention of low yield of desired product. This low yield made it impossible to isolate sufficient quantities of desired product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04476300__ •
Pharmacological composition for preventing neurotoxic side effects of NMDA antagonists Inventor(s): Olney; John W. (#1 Lorenzo La., Ladue, MO 63124) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,616,580 Date filed: April 26, 1991 Abstract: This invention discloses mixtures of NMDA antagonists and anti-cholinergic agents, which can be used to prevent excitotoxic damage in the central nervous system or for anesthetic purposes in human or veterinary medicine. Anti-cholinergic agents such as scopolamine, atropine, benztropine, trihexyphenidyl, biperiden, procyclidine, benactyzine, or diphenhydramine can be used in conjunction with, or subsequent to, administration of an NMDA antagonist such as MK-801. The NMDA antagonist exerts a primary protective effect by preventing or reducing excitotoxic damage due to stroke, perinatal asphyxia, and various other types of injury or disease; however, strong NMDA antagonists such as MK-801 can also cause neurotoxic side effects, including vacuole formation, mitochondrial dissolution, and neuronal death in certain types of neurons such as cingulate/retrosplenial cerebrocortical neurons. The anti-cholinergic agent will reduce or eliminate those damaging side effects, without interfering with the primary protective value of the NMDA antagonist. The anti-cholinergic agents described herein can also reduce the toxic side effects associated with illegal use of drugs such as phencyclidine (also known as PCP or angel dust). Excerpt(s): This invention is in the fields of pharmacology and neurology. It relates to compounds and methods for protecting the central nervous system against neurotoxic side effects of certain therapeutic drugs and against neurodegenerative disease processes. The surfaces of nerve cells in the central nervous system (the CNS, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina) contain various types of receptor molecules. In general, a receptor molecule is a polypeptide which straddles a cell membrane. When a messenger molecule interacts with the exposed extracellular portion of the membrane receptor molecule, it triggers a difference in the electrochemical status of the intracellular portion of the receptor, which in turn provokes some response by the cell. The messenger molecule does not bond to the receptor; instead, it usually disengages from the receptor after a brief period and returns to the extracellular fluid. Most receptor molecules are named according to the messenger molecules which bind to them. An "agonist" is any molecule, including the naturally occurring messenger molecule, which can temporarily bind to and activate a certain type of receptor. An agonist can cause the same effect as the natural messenger molecule, or in some cases it can cause a more
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intense effect (for example, if it has a tighter affinity for the receptor molecule and remains bound to the receptor for a prolonged period). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05616580__ •
Sensitive radioimmunoassay using antibody to L-hyoscyamine Inventor(s): Verma; Pritam S. (Adelphi, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America AS Represented by the Secretary of the Army (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 4,591,573 Date filed: September 23, 1983 Abstract: A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay is developed for L-hyoscyamine ulting from atropine administration with which a concentration as low as 25 pg/ml using 0.1 ml of sample can be measured without the need for extraction. Specificity studies indicate that an antibody according to this invention has high specific recognition of L-hyoscyamine with only about 37% cross reaction with the Dhyoscyamine enantiomer of atropine. The antibody is produced from an immunogen having conjugated at least 42 and preferably 45 L-hyoscyamine-p-aminobenzoic acid haptenic molecules per molecule of bovine serum albumin. An antibody according to this invention can be used with a dilution titer as high as 1:2000. Excerpt(s): L-hyoscyamine is one of three important alkaloids in belladonna, stramonium and hyoscyamus extracts. The other two are atropine and hyoscine(scopolamine). Many years after the isolation of L-hyoscyamine and atropine from solanaceous plant extracts, it was discovered that atropine is a racemic mixture of two enantiomers, L-hyoscyamine and D-hyoscyamine. Hence, one-half of atropine is Lhyoscyamine. The original alkaloid formed in the plant is L-hyoscyamine. At the time of harvest little, if any, atropine is present in the plant. However, there is a tendency for the enantiomer to racemize. Hence during the process of extraction and concentration of the L-hyoscyamine, some of the alkaloid is converted to D-hyoscyamine resulting in the racemic mixture called atropine (D,L-hyoscyamine). Enantiomers are identical in molecular weight and have identical physical and chemical properties except for their effect upon a plane of polarized light. However, in physiological action, they may be distinctly different. The physiological effects of the racemic mixture is of course equivalent to the sum total of the individual enantiomeric effects. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04591573__
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Transdermal delivery device having a rate controlling adhesive Inventor(s): Enscore; David J. (Sunnyvale, CA), Lee; Eun S. (Redwood City, CA), Yum; Su I. (Los Altos, CA) Assignee(s): Alza Corporation (palo Alto, Ca) Patent Number: 4,938,759 Date filed: September 2, 1986 Abstract: A transdermal delivery device having a release-rate controlling-adhesive is disclosed having improved delivery characteristics. The device employs a polyisobutylene/mineral oil adhesive formulation and an ethylene/viny acetate (EVA)
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drug reservoir formulation. The device is useful in delivering a wide variety of transdermally administrable drugs, particularly those which are moderately soluble in mineral oil. Preferred embodiments deliver timolol base and atropine base from an EVA (40% VA) reservoir formulation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to medical devices to be applied to the skin to administer biologically active agents at substantially constant rates using release-rate controlling adhesives. Various types of bandages for delivering biologically active agents (hereafter referred to generally as "drugs") to the skin at substantially constant rates are known to the art and have been proposed to deliver a wide variety of drugs. As used herein the term "drug" is intended to have its broadest interpretation as any biologically active substance which is administered to a subject to produce a usually beneficial biological effect. U.S. Pat. No. 3,598,122 (which is hereby incorporated by reference) for example, describes a multi-layered bandage comprising a backing layer, a drug reservoir layer, a release-rate controlling membrane and a contact adhesive layer which maintains the bandages in drug delivering contact with the skin. The release-rate controlling element is disposed between the drug and the contact adhesive layer and constitutes a separate element of the device. t, is any time during said administration period in hours, and the term "substantial" as applied to said time period means at least 50%. When the conditions set forth in the Rate-Controlling Relationship are met, the flux of drug from the drug reservoir layer, in the absence of the adhesive layer, will be about 100 times greater than the flux of drug through the adhesive layer when the value of the Relationship is 0.01. When the value of the Relationship is increased to 0.7 the flux of drug from the reservoir layer will have been reduced to a level equal to the flux of drug through the adhesive. This provides a simple laboratory test to determine whether or not the relationship is met without requiring the determination of the values for the individual parameters of the relationship. The in vitro flux of drug can be measured for samples of the reservoir and adhesive compositions and as long as the reservoir flux is from 1 to about 100 times the adhesive flux the relationship will be satisfied. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04938759__
Patent Applications on Atropine As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to atropine: •
Compositions for treatment or prevention of bioterrorism Inventor(s): Feldstein, Robert S.; (Yonkers, NY), Gelber, Cohava; (Hartsdale, NY), Pohl, Roderike; (Sherman, CT), Steiner, Solomon S.; (Mount Kisco, NY) Correspondence: Patrea L. Pabst; Holland & Knight Llp; Suite 2000, One Atlantic Center; 1201 West Peachtree Street, N.E.; Atlanta; GA; 30309-3400; US Patent Application Number: 20040018152 Date filed: January 17, 2003
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Abstract: Compositions containing biologically active molecules encapsulated in selfassembling, diketopiperazine microspheres (TECHNOSPHEREs.TM.) and methods for making and administering such compositions are described herein. The compositions can be used to immunize individuals against agents of biological warfare. The biologically active molecules include atropine, antibodies, antigens, and antibiotics. The compositions can be placed in an inhalation device for self-administration. Pulmonary delivery of TECHNOSPHERE.TM. encapsulated atropine, antibodies, vaccines, and antibiotics provides an accelerated onset of immunity to the targeted disease. Furthermore, the TECHNOSPHERE.TM. encapsulated atropine, antibodies, vaccines, and antibiotics are stable formulations, suitable for stockpiling, rapid dissemination and mass treatment. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 60/349,628 filed Jan. 18, 2002. The present invention is generally in the field of methods and compositions to neutralize or treat biologicals used especially in bioterrorism or biological warfare. Prevention of death and disease from biological warfare agents is a concern for people serving the military and for civilians. Agents used in biological warfare include nerve gases, anthrax, ricin, botulinus, cholera, tularemia, and bubonic plague. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of early detection of duchenne muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular disease Inventor(s): Hampton, Thomas G.; (Framingham, MA) Correspondence: Lahive & Cockfield; 28 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20030003052 Date filed: June 19, 2002 Abstract: The mdx mouse is a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The present invention describes that mdx mice exhibited clinically relevant cardiac phenotypes. A non-invasive method of recording electrocardiograms (ECGs) was used to a study mdx mice (n=15) and control mice (n=15). The mdx mice had significant tachycardia, consistent with observations in patients with muscular dystrophy. Heart-rate was nearly 15% faster in mdx mice than control mice (P
