AMARANTH A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Amaranth: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83692-2 1. Amaranth-Popular works.I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on amaranth. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON AMARANTH .............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Amaranth ...................................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND AMARANTH ...................................................................................... 9 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 9 Finding Nutrition Studies on Amaranth....................................................................................... 9 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 16 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND AMARANTH .............................................................. 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 19 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 21 General References ....................................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON AMARANTH ................................................................................ 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Dissertations on Amaranth.......................................................................................................... 25 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON AMARANTH ........................................................................................... 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Patents on Amaranth................................................................................................................... 27 Patent Applications on Amaranth ............................................................................................... 34 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON AMARANTH .............................................................................................. 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 37 Chapters on Amaranth................................................................................................................. 38 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON AMARANTH ................................................................. 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 41 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 42 Academic Periodicals covering Amaranth ................................................................................... 43 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 47 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 49 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 51 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 53 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 56 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 59 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 59 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 59 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 65 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 65
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AMARANTH DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................ 67 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 87
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with amaranth is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about amaranth, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to amaranth, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on amaranth. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to amaranth, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on amaranth. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON AMARANTH Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on amaranth.
Federally Funded Research on Amaranth The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to amaranth. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to amaranth. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore amaranth.
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
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Amaranth
Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “amaranth” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for amaranth in the PubMed Central database: •
C4 Photosynthetic Gene Expression in Light- and Dark-Grown Amaranth Cotyledons. by Wang JL, Long JJ, Hotchkiss T, Berry JO.; 1993 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158893
•
Increased nutritive value of transgenic potato by expressing a nonallergenic seed albumin gene from Amaranthus hypochondriacus. by Chakraborty S, Chakraborty N, Datta A.; 2000 Mar 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16307
•
Light-mediated control of translational initiation of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase in amaranth cotyledons. by Berry JO, Breiding DE, Klessig DF.; 1990 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159931
•
Osmotic Stress Induces Expression of Choline Monooxygenase in Sugar Beet and Amaranth. by Russell BL, Rathinasabapathi B, Hanson AD.; 1998 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35146
•
Purification, characterization, and complete amino acid sequence of a trypsin inhibitor from amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) seeds. by Valdes-Rodriguez S, Segura-Nieto M, Chagolla-Lopez A, Verver y Vargas-Cortina A, Martinez-Gallardo N, Blanco-Labra A.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159133
•
Regulation of C4 Gene Expression in Developing Amaranth Leaves. by Wang JL, Klessig DF, Berry JO.; 1992 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160118
•
Tissue-Specific and Light-Mediated Expression of the C4 Photosynthetic NADDependent Malic Enzyme of Amaranth Mitochondria. by Long JJ, Berry JO.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157970
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 4
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text
Studies
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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with amaranth, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “amaranth” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for amaranth (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
Biological utilization of beta-carotene from amaranth and leaf protein in preschool children. Author(s): Devadas RP, Murthy NK. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 1978; 31: 159-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=735127&dopt=Abstract
•
Case problem: questions regarding the acceptability of buckwheat, amaranth, quinoa, and oats from a patient with celiac disease. Author(s): Thompson T. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001 May; 101(5): 586-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11374356&dopt=Abstract
•
Chemical and nutritional evaluation of two amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus)-based infant formulas. Author(s): del Valle FR, Escobedo M, Sanchez-Marroquin A, Bourges H, Bock MA, Biemer P. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1993 March; 43(2): 145-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8475001&dopt=Abstract
•
Cloning and analysis of the C4 photosynthetic NAD-dependent malic enzyme of amaranth mitochondria. Author(s): Long JJ, Wang JL, Berry JO. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1994 January 28; 269(4): 2827-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8300616&dopt=Abstract
•
Development and evaluation of a low-cost amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) containing food for preschool children. Author(s): del Valle FR, Sanchez-Marroquin A, Escobedo M, Avitia R, Bourges H, Maya S, Vega M, Becker R. Source: Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1987 September; 37(3): 480-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3506402&dopt=Abstract
journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Amaranth
•
Effect of addition of grit made of crude and expanded amaranth seeds on the quality of canned meat. Author(s): Ostoja H, Cierach M, Konopko H, Majewska K. Source: Die Nahrung. 2002 August; 46(4): 270-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12224423&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of dietary fiber and starch on fecal composition in preschool children consuming maize, amaranth, or cassava flours. Author(s): Hamaker BR, Rivera K, Morales E, Graham GG. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1991 July; 13(1): 59-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1656007&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of feeding crude red palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) and grain amaranth (Amaranthus paniculatus) to hens on total lipids, cholesterol, PUFA levels and acceptability of eggs. Author(s): Punita A, Chaturvedi A. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 2000; 55(2): 147-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10898484&dopt=Abstract
•
Glycemic index of grain amaranth, wheat and rice in NIDDM subjects. Author(s): Chaturvedi A, Sarojini G, Nirmala G, Nirmalamma N, Satyanarayana D. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1997; 50(2): 171-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9201751&dopt=Abstract
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Immunological aspects of the common food colorants, amaranth and tartrazine. Author(s): Koutsogeorgopoulou L, Maravelias C, Methenitou G, Koutselinis A. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1998 February; 40(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9467198&dopt=Abstract
•
Microbiological, nutritional and sensory aspects of stored amaranth biscuits and amaranth crackers. Author(s): Hozova B, Buchtova V, Dodok L, Zemanovic J. Source: Die Nahrung. 1997 June; 41(3): 155-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9232851&dopt=Abstract
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Nutritional value for young children of grain amaranth and maize-amaranth mixtures: effect of processing. Author(s): Morales E, Lembcke J, Graham GG. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1988 January; 118(1): 78-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3335942&dopt=Abstract
Studies
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Possible nutritional implications of varietal influence on the 7S/11S seed globulin ratios in amaranth. Author(s): Marcone MF. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1999; 54(4): 375-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10798348&dopt=Abstract
•
Post-prandial plasma aminograms in the assessment of protein quality for young children: maize and grain amaranth, alone and combined. Author(s): Graham GG, Lembcke J, Morales E. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990 January; 44(1): 35-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2354691&dopt=Abstract
•
Protein quality evaluation of amaranth in adult humans. Author(s): Bressani R, de Martell EC, de Godinez CM. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1993 March; 43(2): 123-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8475000&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of chlorhexidine and cetylpyridine on the binding of amaranth to salivacoated hydroxyapatite. Author(s): Jensen JE, Tustian DG. Source: Journal of Periodontal Research. 1978 May; 13(3): 275-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=149198&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND AMARANTH Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and amaranth.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Amaranth The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “amaranth” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
10 Amaranth
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “amaranth” (or a synonym): •
Alternative feed resources for formulating concentrate diets of rabbits. 1. Unthreshed grain amaranth seedhead. Author(s): University of Ibadan (Nigeria). Department of Animal Science Source: Bamikole, M.A. Ezenwa, I. Adewumi, M.K. Omojola, A.R. Adetimirin, V.O. Arigbede, O.M. Orisadeyi, S.A. World-Rabbit-Science (France). (2000). volume 8(3) page 123-129.
•
Effect of amaranth and oat bran on blood serum and liver lipids in rats depending on the kind of dietary fats. Source: Grajeta, H. Nahrung (Germany). (1999). volume 43(2) page 114-117.
•
Use of grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) for feed and its effect on rumen fermentation in vitro. Author(s): Akademia Vied, Kosice (Slovak Republic). Ustav Fyziologie Hospodarskych Zvierat Source: Jalc, D. Baran, M. Siroka, P. Czech-Journal-of-Animal-Science-UZPI (Czech Republic). (April 1999). volume 44(4) page 163-167.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
A detailed and comprehensive study of amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) oil fatty profile. Source: Leon Camacho, M. Garcia Gonzalez, D.L. Aparicio, R. Eur-food-res-technol. Berlin : Springer, c1999-. October 2001. volume 213 (4/5) page 349-355. 1438-2377
•
A pitfall in determining the globulin/albumin ratio in amaranth grains. Author(s): Department of Food and Nutrition, Osaka City University, Japan. Source: Konishi, Y Azumaya, J Horikawa, K Nakatani, N J-Nutr-Sci-Vitaminol-(Tokyo). 1992 April; 38(2): 215-20 0301-4800
•
Amaranth and its oil inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis in 6-week-old female chickens. Author(s): Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI 53705, USA. Source: Qureshi, A A Lehmann, J W Peterson, D M J-Nutr. 1996 August; 126(8): 1972-8 0022-3166
•
Amaranth grain as substrate for aflatoxin and zearalenone production at different water activity levels. Author(s): Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Argentina. Source: Bresler, G Vaamonde, G Degrossi, C Fernandez Pinto, V Int-J-Food-Microbiol. 1998 June 30; 42(1-2): 57-61 0168-1605
•
Antimicrobial peptides from Amaranthus caudatus seeds with sequence homology to the cysteine/glycine-rich domain of chitin-binding proteins. Author(s): F. A. Janssens Laboratory of Genetics, Catholic University of Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium. Source: Broekaert, W F Marien, W Terras, F R De Bolle, M F Proost, P Van Damme, J Dillen, L Claeys, M Rees, S B Vanderleyden, J et al. Biochemistry. 1992 May 5; 31(17): 4308-14 0006-2960
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Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of amaranth seeds. Author(s): University of Economics, Faculty of Commodity Sciences, Al. Niepodleglosci 10, PL-60-967 Poznan, Poland.
[email protected] Source: Klimczak, I Malecka, M Pacholek, B Nahrung. 2002 June; 46(3): 184-6 0027-769X
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Assessment of extruded grain amaranth as a feed ingredient for broilers. 1. Apparent metabolizable energy values. Author(s): University of Arkansas, Department of Animal Sciences, Fayetteville 72701. Source: Tillman, P B Waldroup, P W Poult-Sci. 1988 April; 67(4): 641-6 0032-5791
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Buckwheat protein extract suppression of the growth depression in rats induced by feeding amaranth (Food Red No. 2). Author(s): Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nagano, Japan. Source: Kayashita, J Nagai, H Kato, N Biosci-Biotechnol-Biochem. 1996 September; 60(9): 1530-1 0916-8451
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Changes in carbohydrate and nitrogenous components and amylase activities during germination of grain amaranth. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India. Source: Balasubramanian, T Sadasivam, S Plant-Foods-Hum-Nutr. 1989 December; 39(4): 325-30 0921-9668
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Characterization of soluble amaranth and soybean proteins based on fluorescence, hydrophobicity, electrophoresis, amino Acid analysis, circular dichroism, and differential scanning calorimetry measurements. Author(s): Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, P.O.B. 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
[email protected] Source: Gorinstein, S Delgado Licon, E Pawelzik, E Permady, H H Weisz, M Trakhtenberg, S J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2001 November; 49(11): 5595-601 0021-8561
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Chemical composition of grain amaranth cultivars and effects of processing on their nutritional quality. Source: Bressani, R. Sanchez Marroquin, A. Morales, E. Food-Rev-Int. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker. 1992. volume 8 (1) page 23-49. 8755-9129
•
Cloning and characterization of a trypsin inhibitor cDNA from amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) seeds. Author(s): Unidad de Biotecnologia e Ingenieria Genetica de Plantas, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. Source: Valdes Rodriguez, S Blanco Labra, A Gutierrez Benicio, G Boradenenko, A Herrera Estrella, A Simpson, J Plant-Mol-Biol. 1999 September; 41(1): 15-23 0167-4412
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Computational analysis of the amino acid residue sequences of amaranth and some other proteins. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
[email protected] Source: Gorinstein, S Zemser, M Fliess, A Shnitman, I Paredes Lopez, O Yamamoto, K Kobayashi, S Taniguchi, H Biosci-Biotechnol-Biochem. 1998 October; 62(10): 1845-51 0916-8451
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Determination and toxicity of saponins from Amaranthus cruentus seeds. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, ul. Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland. Source: Oleszek, W Junkuszew, M Stochmal, A J-Agric-Food-Chem. 1999 September; 47(9): 3685-7 0021-8561
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Development and evaluation of a low-cost amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) containing food for preschool children. Author(s): Fundacion de Investigaciones en Ciencias Alimentarias y Nutricion Chihuahua, Mexico. Source: del Valle, F R Sanchez Marroquin, A Escobedo, M Avitia, R Bourges, H Maya, S Vega, M Becker, R Arch-Latinoam-Nutr. 1987 September; 37(3): 480-93 0004-0622
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Digestibility and protein quality of raw and heat-processed defatted and nondefatted flours prepared with three amaranth species. Source: Garcia, L.A. Alfaro, M.A. Bressani, R. J-Agric-Food-Chem. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society. July/August 1987. volume 35 (4) page 604-607. 0021-8561
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Dry heat popping of amaranth seed might damage some of its essential amino acids. Author(s): Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Depto. de Alimentos, Facultad de Quimica, D.F. Source: Tovar, L R Brito, E Takahashi, T Miyazawa, T Soriano, J Fujimoto, K PlantFoods-Hum-Nutr. 1989 December; 39(4): 299-309 0921-9668
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Effect of dietary fiber and starch on fecal composition in preschool children consuming maize, amaranth, or cassava flours. Author(s): Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional, La Molina, Lima, Peru. Source: Hamaker, B R Rivera, K Morales, E Graham, G G J-Pediatr-Gastroenterol-Nutr. 1991 July; 13(1): 59-66 0277-2116
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Effect of domestic processing and cooking methods on total, hcl extractable iron and in vitro availability of iron in spinach and amaranth leaves. Author(s): Department of Foods and Nutrition, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. Source: Yadav, S K Sehgal, S Nutr-Health. 2002; 16(2): 113-20 0260-1060
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Effect of feeding amaranth (food red no. 2) on the jejunal sucrase and digestionabsorption capacity of the jejunum in rats. Author(s): Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan. Source: Takeda, H Kiriyama, S J-Nutr-Sci-Vitaminol-(Tokyo). 1991 December; 37(6): 61123 0301-4800
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Effect of feeding crude red palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) and grain amaranth (Amaranthus paniculatus) to hens on total lipids, cholesterol, PUFA levels and acceptability of eggs. Author(s): Department of Foods & Nutrition, PG & Research Centre, ANGR Agricultural University, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, India. Source: Punita, A Chaturvedi, A Plant-Foods-Hum-Nutr. 2000; 55(2): 147-57 0921-9668
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Effect of home processing on ascorbic acid and beta-carotene content of spinach (Spinacia oleracia) and amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor) leaves. Author(s): Department of Foods and Nutrition, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. Source: Yadav, S K Sehgal, S Plant-Foods-Hum-Nutr. 1995 February; 47(2): 125-31 09219668
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Effects of amaranth on F1 generation mice. Author(s): Department of Toxicology, Tokyo Metropolitan Research Laboratory of Public Health, Japan. Source: Tanaka, T Toxicol-Lett. 1992 May; 60(3): 315-24 0378-4274
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Effects of feeding extruded grain amaranth to laying hens. Author(s): Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701. Source: Tillman, P B Waldroup, P W Poult-Sci. 1987 October; 66(10): 1697-701 0032-5791
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Evaluation of amaranth grains for ogi manufacture. Author(s): Department of Food Technology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Source: Akingbala, J O Adeyemi, I A Sangodoyin, S O Oke, O L Plant-Foods-Hum-Nutr. 1994 July; 46(1): 19-26 0921-9668
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Evaluation of the nutritional value of the amaranth plant. I. Raw and heat-treated grain tested in experiments on growing rats. Author(s): Department of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, University of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary. Source: Andrasofszky, E Szocs, Z Fekete, S Jelenits, K Acta-Vet-Hung. 1998; 46(1): 47-59 0236-6290
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Extraction and purification of squalene from amaranthus grain. Author(s): Department of Botany and Department of Zoology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong. Source: He, Han Ping Cai, Yizhong Sun, Mei Corke, Harold J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2002 January 16; 50(2): 368-72 0021-8561
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First report of the characterization of the threatened plant species Amaranthus pumilus (Seabeach amaranth). Author(s): Department of Food Science, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
[email protected] Source: Marcone, M F J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2000 February; 48(2): 378-82 0021-8561
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Food uses of grain Amaranth. Source: Breene, W.M. Cereal-Foods-World. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists. May 1991. volume 36 (5) page 426-430. 0146-6283
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Glycemic index of grain amaranth, wheat and rice in NIDDM subjects. Author(s): Department of Foods and Nutrition, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Hyderabad, Pakistan. Source: Chaturvedi, A Sarojini, G Nirmala, G Nirmalamma, N Satyanarayana, D PlantFoods-Hum-Nutr. 1997; 50(2): 171-8 0921-9668
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Iron bioavailability from Amaranthus species. 2. Evaluation using haemoglobin repletion in anaemic rats. Source: RangaraJanuary, A. Chenoweth, W.A. Kelly, J.F. Agee, K.M. J-sci-food-agric. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. October 1998. volume 78 (2) page 274-280. 00225142
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Isolation, characterization, and properties of a trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitor from amaranth seeds. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel. Source: Tamir, S Bell, J Finlay, T H Sakal, E Smirnoff, P Gaur, S Birk, Y J-Protein-Chem. 1996 February; 15(2): 219-29 0277-8033
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Limiting amino acids in raw and processed amaranth grain protein from biological tests. Author(s): Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala. Source: Bressani, R Elias, L G Garcia Soto, A Plant-Foods-Hum-Nutr. 1989 September; 39(3): 223-34 0921-9668
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Long-term toxicity study of amaranth in rats using animals exposed in utero. Author(s): British Industrial Biological Research Association, Carshalton, Surrey, England. Source: Clode, S A Hooson, J Grant, D Butler, W H Food-Chem-Toxicol. 1987 December; 25(12): 937-46 0278-6915
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Microbiological, nutritional and sensory aspects of stored amaranth biscuits and amaranth crackers. Author(s): Slovak Technical University, Department of Milk, Fats and Foods Hygiene, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Source: Hozova, B Buchtova, V Dodok, L Zemanovic, J Nahrung. 1997 June; 41(3): 155-8 0027-769X
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Mycotoxin-producing potential of fungi isolated from amaranth seeds in Argentina. Author(s): Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Source: Bresler, G Brizzio, S B Vaamonde, G Int-J-Food-Microbiol. 1995 March; 25(1): 101-8 0168-1605
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Natural occurrence of zearalenone and toxicogenic fungi in amaranth grain. Author(s): Laboratorio de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Departamento de Quimica Organica, Area Bromatologia, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Argentina. Source: Bresler, G Vaamonde, G Brizzio, S Int-J-Food-Microbiol. 1991 May; 13(1): 75-80 0168-1605
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Nitrogen balance in infants fed formulas containing amaranth or a soy-oats formula. Source: Valle, F.R. del Escobedo, M. Sanchez Marroquin, A. Bourges, H. Bock, M.A. Biemer, P. Cereal-Chem. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists. Mar/April 1992. volume 69 (2) page 156-159. 0009-0352
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Nitrogen fertilization and light intensity affects the agronomic performance and leaf blade oxalate and nutrient concentrations of vegetable amaranth. Source: Makus, D.J. Hettiarachchy, N.S. Subtrop-plant-sci. [Weslaco, Texas] : Rio Grande Valley Horticultural Society. 2001. volume 53 page 27-33.
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Nutrient and antinutrient composition of Amaranthus muricatus. Author(s): Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Quimica, Bioquimica y Farmacia, Ejercito de los Andes 950, San Luis, Argentina. Source: Escudero, N L Albarracin, G Fernandez, S De Arellano, L M Mucciarelli, S PlantFoods-Hum-Nutr. 1999; 54(4): 327-36 0921-9668
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Nutritional and functional characteristics of extrusion-cooked amaranth flour. Source: Mendoza M, C. Bressani, R. Cereal-Chem. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists. July/August 1987. volume 64 (4) page 218-222. 00090352
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Nutritional evaluation of grain amaranth for growing chickens. Author(s): Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616. Source: Acar, N Vohra, P Becker, R Hanners, G D Saunders, R M Poult-Sci. 1988 August; 67(8): 1166-73 0032-5791
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Nutritional value for young children of grain amaranth and maize-amaranth mixtures: effect of processing. Author(s): Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional, Lima, Peru. Source: Morales, E Lembcke, J Graham, G G J-Nutr. 1988 January; 118(1): 78-85 00223166
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Nutritive value of a vegetable amaranth cultivar for growing lambs. Author(s): Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, NE 68933. Source: Pond, W G Lehmann, J W J-Anim-Sci. 1989 November; 67(11): 3036-9 0021-8812
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Nutritive value of three amaranth grains fed either processed or raw to growing rats. Source: Fadel, J.G. Pond, W.G. Harrold, R.L. Calvert, C.C. Lewis, B.A. Can-j-anim-sci. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada, 1957. June 1996. volume 76 (2) page 253-257. 0008-3984
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Performance and yields of broilers fed extruded grain amaranth and grown to market weight. Author(s): Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701. Source: Tillman, P B Waldroup, P W Poult-Sci. 1988 May; 67(5): 743-9 0032-5791
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Physical properties and some nutritional characteristics of an extrusion product with defatted amaranth seeds and defatted maize gluten meal (80:20 ratio). Source: Koeppe, S.J. Harris, P.L. Hanna, M.A. Rupnow, J.H. Walker, C.E. Cuppett, S.L. Cereal-Chem. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists. Sept/October 1987. volume 64 (5) page 332-336. ill. 0009-0352
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Physiological effects of dietary amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) on rats. Source: Danz, R.A. Lupton, J.R. Cereal-Foods-World. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists. July 1992. volume 37 (7) page 489-490, 492, 494. 01466283
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Possible nutritional implications of varietal influence on the 7S/11S seed globulin ratios in amaranth. Author(s): Department of Food Science, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Canada. Source: Marcone, M F Plant-Foods-Hum-Nutr. 1999; 54(4): 375-80 0921-9668
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Post-prandial plasma aminograms in the assessment of protein quality for young children: maize and grain amaranth, alone and combined. Author(s): Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional, Lima, Peru. Source: Graham, G G Lembcke, J Morales, E Eur-J-Clin-Nutr. 1990 January; 44(1): 35-43 0954-3007
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Preparation, composition, and nutritional implications of amaranth seed oil. Source: Becker, R. Cereal-Foods-World. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists. November 1989. volume 34 (11) page 950-953. charts. 0146-6283
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Protein value for children of soft-endosperm maize, alone and with toasted amaranth floor. Source: Graham, G.G. Lembcke, J. Morales, E. Nutr-Res. Elmsford, N.Y. : Pergamon Press. August 1989. volume 9 (8) page 859-866. charts. 0271-5317
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Purification of a heterodimeric betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from wild amaranth plants subjected to water deficit. Author(s): Direccion de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora, CP 83100, Mexico. Source: Figueroa Soto, C G Valenzuela Soto, E M Biochem-Biophys-Res-Commun. 2001 July 27; 285(4): 1052-8 0006-291X
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Serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic men and women consuming oat bran and amaranth products. Source: Maier, S.M. Turner, N.D. Lupton, J.R. Cereal-chem. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists, 1924-. May/June 2000. volume 77 (3) page 297-302. 0009-0352
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Solution structure of the main alpha-amylase inhibitor from amaranth seeds. Author(s): High Resolution NMR Centrum (HNMR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
[email protected] Source: Martins, J C Enassar, M Willem, R Wieruzeski, J M Lippens, G Wodak, S J Eur-JBiochem. 2001 April; 268(8): 2379-89 0014-2956
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Some compositional properties of seeds and oils of eight Amaranthus species. Source: Budin, J.T. Breene, W.M. Putnam, D.H. J-Am-Oil-Chem-Soc. Champaign, IL : AOCS Press. April 1996. volume 73 (4) page 475-481. 0003-021X
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Structure-function relationships of folded and unfolded amaranth proteins. Author(s): Technische Universitat Berlin, Germany. Source: Salnikow, J Zemser, M Gorinstein, S Friedman, M Scheler, C Paredes Lopez, O JProtein-Chem. 1998 August; 17(6): 543-5 0277-8033
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Synthesis and cystine/cysteine-catalyzed oxidative folding of the amaranth alphaamylase inhibitor. Author(s): International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy. Source: LozaNovember, V Guarnaccia, C Patthy, A Foti, S Pongor, S J-Pept-Res. 1997 July; 50(1): 65-72 1397-002X
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The chemical composition and protein quality of amaranth grain germ plasm in Guatemala. Author(s): Division of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP), Guatemala, C.A. Source: Bressani, R Elias, L G Gonzalez, J M Gomez Brenes, R Arch-Latinoam-Nutr. 1987 June; 37(2): 364-77 0004-0622
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The nutritional quality and acceptability of weaning foods incorporating amaranth. Source: Rathod, P. Udipi, S.A. Food-Nutr-Bull. Tokyo, Japan. : United Nations University Press. March 1991. volume 13 (1) page 58-64. charts. 0379-5721
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The nutritive value of amaranth grain (Amaranthus caudatus). 3. Energy and fibre of raw and processed grain. Author(s): Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Valby, Denmark. Source: Pedersen, B Knudsen, K E Eggum, B O Plant-Foods-Hum-Nutr. 1990 January; 40(1): 61-71 0921-9668
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to amaranth; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Food and Diet Amaranth Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amaranth Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,69,00.html
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Feingold Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Flour Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gluten-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Grains Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-allergen Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Multi-grain Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinoa Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,74,00.html Wheat-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND AMARANTH Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to amaranth. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to amaranth and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “amaranth” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to amaranth: •
Betalains of Celosia argentea. Author(s): Schliemann W, Cai Y, Degenkolb T, Schmidt J, Corke H. Source: Phytochemistry. 2001 September; 58(1): 159-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11524126&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol composition of plant oils using high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Author(s): Holcapek M, Jandera P, Zderadicka P, Hruba L. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2003 August 29; 1010(2): 195-215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12974290&dopt=Abstract
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Chenopod and amaranth pollen: electron-microscopic identification. Author(s): Tsukada M.
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Source: Science. 1967 July 7; 157(784): 80-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6067410&dopt=Abstract •
Cholesterol-lowering properties of amaranth grain and oil in hamsters. Author(s): Berger A, Gremaud G, Baumgartner M, Rein D, Monnard I, Kratky E, Geiger W, Burri J, Dionisi F, Allan M, Lambelet P. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2003 February; 73(1): 39-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690910&dopt=Abstract
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Crop damage and livestock depredation by wildlife: a case study from Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, India. Author(s): Rao KS, Maikhuri RK, Nautiyal S, Saxena KG. Source: Journal of Environmental Management. 2002 November; 66(3): 317-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12448409&dopt=Abstract
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DNA damage induced by red food dyes orally administered to pregnant and male mice. Author(s): Tsuda S, Murakami M, Matsusaka N, Kano K, Taniguchi K, Sasaki YF. Source: Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2001 May; 61(1): 92-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11294979&dopt=Abstract
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Hypersensitivity reactions to food colours with special reference to the natural colour annatto extract (butter colour). Author(s): Mikkelsen H, Larsen JC, Tarding F. Source: Arch Toxicol Suppl. 1978; (1): 141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=150265&dopt=Abstract
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Identification and quantitation of major carotenoids in selected components of the Mediterranean diet: green leafy vegetables, figs and olive oil. Author(s): Su Q, Rowley KG, Itsiopoulos C, O'Dea K. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 November; 56(11): 1149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428183&dopt=Abstract
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Ion pairing high pressure liquid chromatographic determination of amaranth in licorice products. Author(s): Hurst WJ, McKim JM, Martin RA Jr. Source: J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1981 November; 64(6): 1411-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7309662&dopt=Abstract
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Iron food supplement. Author(s): Sood M, Sharada D.
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Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2002 November; 69(11): 943-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503656&dopt=Abstract •
Microwave drying of selected greens and their sensory characteristics. Author(s): Fathima A, Begum K, Rajalakshmi D. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 2001; 56(4): 303-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678436&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effects of cholestyramine in rats fed a low-fiber diet containing toxic doses of sodium cyclamate or amaranth. Author(s): Ershoff BH. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1976 June; 152(2): 253-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=935190&dopt=Abstract
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Proximate composition and mineral content of selected Tanzanian vegetables and the effect of traditional processing on the retention of ascorbic acid, riboflavin and thiamine. Author(s): Mosha TC, Pace RD, Adeyeye S, Mtebe K, Laswai H. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1995 October; 48(3): 235-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8833430&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of air-borne allergic pollens in North China: contamination with ragweed. Author(s): Li WK, Wang CS. Source: N Engl Reg Allergy Proc. 1986 March-April; 7(2): 134-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3475544&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of alkali-cooking of corn and supplementation with amaranth seed on its deficiencies in lysine and tryptophan. Author(s): Tovar LR, Carpenter KJ. Source: Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1982 December; 32(4): 961-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6821148&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to amaranth; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Chinese Medicine Chuanniuxi Alternative names: Medicinal Cyathula Root; Radix Cyathulae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiguanhua Alternative names: Cockcomb Flower; Flos Celosiae Cristatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Niuxi Alternative names: Twotoothed Achyranthes Root; Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingxiangzi Alternative names: Feather Cockscomb Seed; Semen Celosiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Herbs and Supplements Arctium Alternative names: Burdock, Gobo; Arctium lappa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
Alternative Medicine 23
Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Kochia Alternative names: Summer Cypress, Fireweed; Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Passiflora Alternative names: Passion Flower; Passiflora alata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Taraxacum Alternative names: Dandelion; Taraxacum officinale (Dhudhal) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON AMARANTH Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to amaranth. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “amaranth” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on amaranth, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Amaranth ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to amaranth. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Characterization of a Linuron-resistant Biotype of Green Pigweed (amaranthus Powellii S. Wats) by Dumont, Melanie; Msc from University of Guelph (canada), 2002, 56 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ71780
•
Identification, Isolation and Characterization of a 57 Kda Polyamine Oxidase from Amaranth That Interacts with Amaranth Rbcl 3' Utr and Other Rnas by Wang, Jianxin; Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 2002, 199 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3039935
26 Amaranth
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON AMARANTH Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “amaranth” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on amaranth, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Amaranth By performing a patent search focusing on amaranth, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
28 Amaranth
will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on amaranth: •
Apparatus and process for expanding raw amaranth Inventor(s): Guanella; Terry J. (Bricelyn, MN), Hubbard; Edward S. (Wells, MN) Assignee(s): American Amaranth, Inc. (Bricelyn, MN) Patent Number: 5,069,923 Date filed: September 17, 1990 Abstract: An apparatus and process are disclosed for expanding raw, wholeseed amaranth and extruded half products of cereal grains. Amaranth (for example), after tempering to a predetermined moisture content, is fed at a steady rate to a cylindrical popping drum having perforations sufficiently small to contain both raw and expanded amaranth. Popping is accomplished with air heated to a temperature of from 450 to 500 degrees F., forced into the popping drum from below to provide a fluid bed for supporting the amaranth. An auger in the popping container is rotated to move the amaranth through the container as it is being popped, further agitating the amaranth. Following expansion, the expanded amaranth is separated from unexpanded amaranth and other unwanted matter, either in a perforated, revolving separating drum, or on an inclined, vibrating screen. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to processing grains, and more particularly to a means for expanding raw, wholeseed amaranth and extruded half products of cereal grains such as corn, wheat and oats. Amaranth is a pseudo grain in the nature of buckwheat, used for many years in certain regions of Asia and South America. Just recently introduced into the United States, amaranth is rapidly gaining acceptance, particularly among consumers interested in health and the nutritional value of food products. In particular, amaranth is high in protein content, whereby amaranth flour can be combined with wheat flour to provide enriched flours and pancake mixes. While not a true cereal grain, amaranth is used in cereal products as well. Another amaranth product is based upon the fact that amaranth, in the raw, wholeseed form, includes entrapped moisture. Upon a sufficiently rapid heating, the moisture expands the seed. This puffs or pops the amaranth, much in the same manner as popping corn is expanded or popped. Popped or puffed amaranth is generally spherical and about oneeighth of an inch in diameter, approximately six times (or more) the size of the raw, unpopped grain. Accordingly, puffed amaranth tends to be used as a filler to add nutrition to certain baked goods, to garnish salads, and the like. The conventional approach to popping amaranth is on a small batch basis, e.g. stove-top popping with oil, in a frying pan or the like. This must be done with care, as there is a narrow range of tolerance between insufficient heating of the amaranth to achieve popping, and excessive heating leading to charring or burning. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05069923__
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•
Flour, bread, milk, and other products from white sweet potatoes cassava, edible aroids, amaranth, yams, and lotus Inventor(s): Slimak; Karen M. (9207 Shotgun Ct., Springfield, VA 22153) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,244,689 Date filed: August 1, 1988 Abstract: Flours prepared from white sweet potatoes, cassava, edible aroids, tropical yams, lotus, arrowhead, buckbean, and amaranth, and a variety of different food products prepared from them, are substitutes for wheat and other grains, legumes, milk, eggs, and a partial substitute for nuts. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with the utilization of white sweet potatoes and all other light-fleshed tubers of the family Convolvulaceae, with the purpose of producing various flours from the tubers, and other valuable edible products and industrial products. Similarly, the present invention is concerned with producing flours and other valuable edible and industrial products from: 1) the tubers of the cassava and all other plants producing tubers of the family Euphorbiaceae; 2) tubers of malanga and all other plants producing tubers of the family Araceae; 3) the seeds of the amaranth, quinoa and all other seeds from the families Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae, 4) the tubers of the yam and all plants producing tubers in the family Dioscoreaceae; and 5) the tubers of the lotus, arrowhead, buckbean and all other plants producing tubers in the families Nymphaeaceae, Alismataceae, and Gentianaceae. Having food products available from as many different food sources as possible is of the greatest importance to persons with food allergies, and will become of even greater importance as food allergies are diagnosed in increasing numbers of people. As the potential problems of food allergies are more recognized, increasing numbers of people are looking for non-wheat items to include in their diets, to increase variety and aid in the prevention of food allergies. Food allergies and intolerances have been known to exist for hundreds of years. The symptoms vary with each individual, and can include congestion, asthma, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness, joint pains, hives, eczema and in the most severe cases can cause anaphylaxis and even death. In recent decades, along with most other diseases related to the immune or auto-immune system, the incidence of food allergies has increased. In addition the number of foods to which a given individual reacts, and the severity of the reactions seems to be increasing. Indications are that food allergies will continue to become increasingly more common and severe. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05244689__
•
Method and apparatus for the extraction of oils from grain materials and grain-based food products Inventor(s): Finelt; Stanley (The Woodlands, TX), Langley; Charles E. (Jennings, LA) Assignee(s): Food Sciences, Inc. (Jennings, LA) Patent Number: 5,620,728 Date filed: November 17, 1994 Abstract: The present invention pertains to a method of obtaining oil from grain materials such as rice bran, wheat mill feed, rapeseed, amaranth, and similar grains. The method includes an apparatus for use in extracting oil from vegetable matter,
30 Amaranth
comprising: a horizontally extending pressure-tight container having an inlet end and an outlet end, a horizontally extending porous endless belt in said container having upper and lower runs, a belt driver for continuously moving the upper run of said belt from near the inlet end of the container to near said outlet end, a feed inlet near the inlet end of the container, positioned to deposit the vegetable matter feed on the belt near said inlet end, to create a continuously moving bed of vegetable material on the belt, a solvent vapor inlet positioned to allow solvent vapor to flow through said bed to extract oil from said vegetable matter, a condenser positioned to condense solvent vapor that passes through said bed and to allow said condensate to fall back onto said bed, a liquid applicator positioned to apply liquid solvent to said bed downstream of said solvent inlet, an outlet from said container for the vegetable matter from which the oil has been extracted, and an outlet from said container for extracted oil and solvent. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to a process and apparatus for the extraction of oils from grain materials such as rice bran, wheat mill feed, rapeseed, amaranth and similar grain. A specially designed apparatus and process is used to achieve this separation. Use of the apparatus and process not only provides the extracted oil, but also enables production of a number of grain products having low residual oil content, which products have particularly desirable food and feed characteristics. The process for oil extraction from grain materials can also be applied to crushed or flaked vegetable matter and to grain-based food products that are somewhat porous, such as chips, noodles and crackers. It is known that the best and easiest oilseed to process is soy bean. Rapeseed has also been processed on the kind of equipment used to process soy bean; however, it must be ground, cooked, and rolled into flakes to provide an extractable bed. Generally flakes can be run only at a much slower rate than soy beans. The resultant rapeseed residual material after oil removal, called "marc", cannot readily be used as meal for animal feeding due to the presence of trypsin inhibitors, high euric acid and high glucosinolates. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05620728__ •
Microwave expandable half product and process for its manufacture Inventor(s): Levine; Leon (Plymouth, MN), Guanella; Terry J. (Bricelyn, MN), Bennet; William L. (Plymouth, MN), Boehmer; Edward W. (Bloomington, MN) Assignee(s): American Amaranth, Inc. (Bricelyn, MN) Patent Number: 5,165,950 Date filed: August 28, 1991 Abstract: A process is disclosed for preparing a shelf stable half product expandable in microwave ovens. A chlorinated soft wheat flour, corn starch, modified corn starch and whole grain amaranth flour are combined to form a dry starch mixture. Salt and flavoring additives (if desired) are combined with the dry starch mixture. These ingredients are thoroughly mixed in a ribbon blender, then preconditioned in a paddle mixer with injection of steam and water, to form a mixture with moisture at 22-24 percent by weight. This mixture is provided to a twin screw extruder where it is worked and heated to substantially gelatinize the starches, vented for rapid cooling and moisture release, conveyed and lightly worked at reduced temperature, then forced through a shaping die and cut into pieces of the desired shape. The pieces are dried in a drying enclosure, at an air temperature of 43 degrees C., for about three and one-half to four hours.
Patents 31
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to foods formed of extruded half products of cereal grains such as wheat and corn, and more particularly to half products suitable for expansion or puffing in microwave ovens. Foods suitable for expanding (i.e. puffing or popping) have been made from extruded flours of cereal grains such as corn, wheat and oats. Other expandable foods include popping corn and amaranth grain. Traditionally, such products have been puffed by deep-fat frying. In recent years, concern about the greasy texture and calorie content of foods prepared by frying in fats or oils, has lead to increasing use of alternatives to deep-fat frying. Among these alternatives is the microwave oven. The widespread household use of microwave ovens has inspired efforts to provide half products and other foods suitable for microwave expansion. For example, Van Hulle et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,409,250 discloses sugar coated, microwave puffable snacks. Pellets are formed from gelatinized farinaceous doughs, formed from waxy maize, millet, sorghum, milo and rice starches, as well as potato or tapioca starch. Optionally, sucrose and common salt can be added to the dough, to enhance expanding or puffing when the pellets are subject to microwave energy. The pellets are formed by extrusion under pressure and heat, then dried. Before they can be puffed, the pellets much be placed in a puffing medium of water and a carbohydrate sweetening agent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05165950__ •
Non-gelling waxy starch hydrolyzates for use in foods Inventor(s): Jeffcoat; Roger (Bridgewater, NJ), Mason; William R. (Somerville, NJ), Huang; David P. (Bound Brook, NJ) Assignee(s): National Starch and Chemical Investment Holding Corporation (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 5,643,627 Date filed: December 29, 1995 Abstract: A non-gelling starch having good freeze-thaw stability and good mouthfeel making it suitable for use as a food additive is provided by selected waxy starch which has greater than 30% by weight of short chains with a DP of less than 13 and has been converted to a WF of from about 10 to 80, preferably 20 to 45. Particularly useful waxy starches are a hybrid waxy starch from a plant of wxsu2 genotype, waxy rice, waxy barley and amaranth. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to non-gelling, freeze-thaw stable starches for use in foods. More particularly, this invention involves selected, hydrolyzed waxy starches which provide good mouthfeel properties and are non-gelling, even at low temperatures, making them especially useful in food products. In recent years, food manufacturers have worked to develop technology for reducing the lipid and caloric content of processed foods. The genesis of this technology is the growing consumer awareness of the nutritional value and caloric content of foods, and heightened consumer desire to reduce overall fat content of the diet, as well as to reduce or maintain body weight by selection of low-fat or low-calorie foods. Because starch has a caloric content of only 4 Kcal/g and lipid has a caloric content of 9 Kcal/g, research efforts have been directed towards the use of starch as a lipid mimetic or fat replacer in foods. In order to meet the critical needs of the food industry and especially the various functional and property requirements that must be satisfied, native starches are often modified by numerous known techniques to change the behavioral characteristics yet still essentially retain the caloric value of the native (unmodified) starch.
32 Amaranth
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05643627__ •
Polymer stabilizers Inventor(s): Lorenz; Donald H. (Basking Ridge, NJ), Williams; Earl P. (Pen Argyl, PA) Assignee(s): GAF Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,396,734 Date filed: March 20, 1981 Abstract: Polymer thickeners having a viscosity of at least 10 K, employed in acid media are stabilized with Redox indicators having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, such as, for example, methylene blue, phenosafranine, pyronine Y, tartrazine, amaranth, methyl orange, an alkali metal salt of diphenylamine sulfonate and malachite green oxalate, which stabilizers are combined with the polymer in a concentration of between about 0.005 to about 1 weight %. Excerpt(s): In the one aspect, this invention relates to novel polymer stabilizers for use in an acidic environment. In another aspect, the invention relates to the composition of a stabilized hydrophilic or water-swellable polymer such as vinyl polymers, copolymers, interpolymers in an acid medium, which may or may not be cross-linked, to guarantee the acidic mucilages of said polymers against viscosity decrease and graining. Acid solutions have long been employed in a variety of applications including acid pickling, etching, oil well rock fracturing, scale and stain removal solutions, paint strippers, metal preconditioners for painting and rust removal, etc. However, the acid solutions generally require the addition of thickeners to improve their application and sustain their effect on the applied substrate. Polymers have been recommended to provide the increased viscosity desired; however, many excellent polymer thickeners are disqualified for this application because of instability by attack of the acid on their molecular structures or by oxidative or photochemical degradation. When polymer degradation occurs, the polymeric thickener is not retained in solution and the viscosity rapidly declines. Although polyvinyl pyrrolidone is stable to acid attack, some loss of effectiveness on storage of the acidic solutions is caused by oxidative and/or photochemical degradation. Additionally, aqueous gels of polyvinyl pyrrolidone tend to become grainy on aging so that non-uniform applications of the acid medium result. Most other polymer thickeners are unstable in strong acid solution and rapidly loose thickening effectiveness over a period of several weeks to several months in storage, so that although these polymers form excellent mucilages, gels, emulsifying and suspending agents when freshly prepared, they have the disadvantage of requiring immediate use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04396734__
•
Processes for products from amaranth Inventor(s): Slimak; Karen M. (9207 Shotgun Ct., Springfield, VA 22153) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,911,943 Date filed: January 31, 1986
Patents 33
Abstract: A variety of different food products, prepared from amaranth and quinoa varieties of the families, Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae, are substitutes for wheat and other grains, milk, eggs, and a partial substitute for nuts. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with the utilization of seeds of the amaranth, quinoa and all other seeds from in the families Chenopodiaceae, and Amaranthaceae, with the purpose of producing various flours and other valuable edible products and industrial products. The present invention is concerned with the utilization of flour from amaranth with the purpose of producing valuable products such as highly nutritious food products that are complete substitutes for wheat, milk, eggs, and some uses of nuts. To increase the number of food products and forms of food products is of the greatest importance to persons with food allergies, and will become of even greater importance as food allergies are diagnosed in increasing numbers of people. As the potential problems of food allergies are more recognized, increasing numbers of people are looking for non-wheat items to include in their diets, to increase variety and aid in the prevention of food allergies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04911943__ •
Therapeutic dietary composition containing amaranth Inventor(s): Howman; Karen (733 Cedar Run, Waldorf, MD 20603) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,186,963 Date filed: January 7, 1992 Abstract: A high potency dietary composition for treating patients suffering from malnutrition and other related disorders. The dietary compositions comprise sufficient protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins, minerals and trace elements to meet the nutritional requirements of the patient, wherein the protein ingredient is derived from amaranth. The amaranth content and proportions of other nutrients of the compositions can be varied, depending on the particular condition to be treated, to provide better patient tolerance and a lower incidence of side effects. The amaranth-containing dietary compositions are suitable for use by low birthrate infants, malnourished children suffering from a nutrient deficiency, as well as by adult patients having a chronic illness. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a high potency dietary composition for the treatment of malnutrition and other related diseases. More particularly, this invention pertains to nutritionally complete dietary compositions containing amaranth which are suitable for use by low birthrate infants, malnourished children suffering from a nutrient deficiency, as well as by adult patients having a gastrointestinal disease or chronic illness. A deficiency of protein causes the malnutrition disease kwashiorkor which is usually seen in children in the postweaning years, ages 1 to 4. The classic syndrome of kwashiorkor is one of retarded growth and development with mental apathy, edema and muscular wasting. Marasmus is another such disease that occurs mainly in children and is caused by chronic dietary undernutrition, both of protein and kilocalories. This disease is most common in infants 6 to 18 months of age and is characterized by gross underweight. There is atrophy of both muscle mass and subcutaneous fat, giving its victims an almost cadaverous appearance. Growth rate declines progressively in marasmus victims, emotional impairment is also present, and diarrhea is common. Treatment for these nutritional deficiency diseases usually involves immediate therapy and follow-up care during the first 24 hours of therapy. Correction
34 Amaranth
of water and potassium depletion takes priority, especially if diarrhea and consequent dehydration have been severe. Diuresis occurring after about 7 days of treatment indicates a favorable response to initial therapy. Thereafter, the kilocalorie content of the diet is increased by the addition of mixed foods that supply sufficient vitamins and minerals. However, kwashiorkor and marasmus usually occur in underdeveloped regions of the world where socioeconomic factors combine to make nutritious food products unavailable to the child. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05186963__
Patent Applications on Amaranth As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to amaranth: •
Combined plant coagulate composition, process for the manufacture thereof and uses thereof Inventor(s): Mathur, Beena; (Rajasthan, IN), Duggal, Ramesh Kumar; (Delhi, IN), Saravanakumar, Kottaiappan; (Ghaziahad, IN) Correspondence: STAAS & HALSEY LLP; 700 11TH STREET, NW; SUITE 500; WASHINGTON; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20020022060 Date filed: March 23, 2001 Abstract: A combined plant coagulate composition, a process for manufacturing a combined plant coagulate composition and uses thereof. The composition comprises a plant coagulate from a combination of two or more plants comprising of mainly green leaves matter, preferably among Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), Berseem (Trifolium alexandrium) and Cowpea (Vigna sinensis) for the treatment of iron deficiency related problems in both the sex and all ages. The process includes collection of juice from combined plant source, preferably expressing the juice from individual plant, mixing them and to effect coagulation in the combined juice to give plant coagulate which unexpectedly performs better in improving the blood profile than plant coagulate from individual sources. Excerpt(s): This application is based upon and claims priority of Indian Patent Application No. 340/Del/2000 filed Mar. 28, 2000, the contents being incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to a Combined Plant Coagulate Composition, a process for manufacturing a Combined Plant Coagulate composition and uses thereof. The composition comprises a plant coagulate from any combination of two or more plants comprising of mainly green leaves matter, preferably among Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), Berseem (Trifolium alexandranum) and Cowpea (Vigna sinensis) for the treatment of iron deficiency related problems in both the sex and all ages. The process includes collection of juice from combined plant source, preferably expressing the juice from individual plant, mixing them and to effect coagulation in the combined juice to give plant coagulate which
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
Patents 35
unexpectedly performs better in improving the blood profile than plant coagulate from individual sources. The present invention relates to a Combined Plant Coagulate Composition and a method of preparing plant coagulate from combination of plants. More particularly, the present invention relates to collection of juice from selected plants preferably those specified plants individually and mixing them followed by effecting coagulation from the combined juice. The resulting plant coagulate (and thereby the formulations containing plant coagulate alone or in combination with other ingredients) has been envisaged to be more effective in treating iron deficiency related conditions in humans than the plant coagulate prepared from individual plants. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with amaranth, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “amaranth” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on amaranth. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning amaranth. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON AMARANTH Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to amaranth. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on amaranth include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “amaranth” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “amaranth” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “amaranth” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Aggregate resources inventory of Amaranth Township, Dufferin County, southern Ontario; ISBN: 0774360003; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0774360003/icongroupinterna
•
Amaranth by Nella Benson; ISBN: 0380887657; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0380887657/icongroupinterna
•
Amaranth by Anne I. Dawson (2002); ISBN: 0595224822; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595224822/icongroupinterna
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Amaranth Ritual; ISBN: 0685194647; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0685194647/icongroupinterna
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Amaranth Ritual by Robert Macoy; ISBN: 0880533013; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880533013/icongroupinterna
38 Amaranth
•
Amaranth to Zai Holes: Ideas for Growing Food Under Difficult Conditions by Laura S. Meitzner, et al (1996); ISBN: 096533600X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096533600X/icongroupinterna
•
Amaranth, from the Past for the Future by John N. Cole; ISBN: 0878572406; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878572406/icongroupinterna
•
Amaranth: Biology, Chemistry, and Technology by Octavio, Ph.D. Paredes-Lopez (Editor); ISBN: 0849353742; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849353742/icongroupinterna
•
Amaranth: Modern Prospects for an Ancient Crop by National Research Council, Rich Huttner (Editor); ISBN: 087857560X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087857560X/icongroupinterna
•
Amaranth-Sage Epiphanies of Dusk-Weaving Paradise: Selected Poems of Hugo G. Walter by Hugo G. Walter; ISBN: 1564741095; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1564741095/icongroupinterna
•
Arachne-Amaranth-Amaranth-Arachne by Joan A. Wolbier; ISBN: 0961088001; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961088001/icongroupinterna
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Grain amaranth: expanding consumption through improved cropping, marketing, and crop development : proceedings of the Third Amaranth Conference; ISBN: 0878576622; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878576622/icongroupinterna
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Grain amaranth--an overview of research and production methods by Peggy Wagoner Haas; ISBN: 091310700X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/091310700X/icongroupinterna
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Proceedings of Second Amaranth Conference; ISBN: 0878573275; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878573275/icongroupinterna
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Stalking the Wild Amaranth: Gardening in the Age of Extinction by Janet Marinelli (1998); ISBN: 0805044159; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805044159/icongroupinterna
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The Amaranth Genes by Richard Noll (1997); ISBN: 0375500405; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0375500405/icongroupinterna
•
The New Book of Whole Grains: More Than 200 Recipes Featuring Whole Grains, Including Amaranth, Quinoa, Wheat, Spelt, Oats, Rye, Barley, and Millet by Marlene Anne Bumgarner, Johanna Roy (Illustrator) (1997); ISBN: 0312156014; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312156014/icongroupinterna
•
The roots of Amaranth by Elizabeth Anne Kelling; ISBN: 091982241X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/091982241X/icongroupinterna
•
Vegetables from Amaranth to Zucchini: The Essential Reference: 500 Recipes, 275 Photographs by Elizabeth Schneider; ISBN: 0688152600; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0688152600/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Amaranth In order to find chapters that specifically relate to amaranth, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and amaranth using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink:
Books
39
http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “amaranth” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on amaranth: •
Gluten-Free Cooking Source: in Case, S. Gluten-Free Diet: A Comprehensive Resource Guide. Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada: Case Nutrition Consulting. 2002. p. 48-82. Contact: Available from Case Nutrition Consulting. 1940 Angley Court, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4V 2V2 Canada. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling. (306)7511000. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.glutenfreediet.ca. ISBN: 1894022793. Summary: This chapter, from a comprehensive resource guide on the gluten-free diet, offers an introduction to gluten-free cooking, specifically baking. The author cautions that while the gluten in wheat flour provides the structure for baked goods, tasty and satisfying baked goods can be created without gluten. Gluten-free products tend to be more compact and drier than wheat products. Baking with different GF flours can result in a wide variety of tastes and textures. For the beginner, muffins, pancakes, and cookies are the easiest to prepare. The author reviews how to choose an adaptable recipe, the different types of gluten-free flours, substitutions, general baking hints, and gluten-free alternatives, including amaranth, buckwheat, flax, quinoa, sorghum, teff, and wild rice. The chapter includes some gluten-free recipes, including a gluten-free flour mix, a basic pizza dough recipe, and many others.
41
CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON AMARANTH Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover amaranth.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on amaranth is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “amaranth” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to amaranth. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “amaranth” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date
42 Amaranth
at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “amaranth” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “amaranth” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to amaranth, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “amaranth” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “amaranth” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on amaranth:
Periodicals and News
•
43
Overview of 'Other Grains' Source: Gluten-Free Living. p. 1-3. May-June 1998. Contact: Available from Gluten-Free Living. P.O. Box 105, Hastings-on-Hudson, NY 10706. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: Gluten, a grain protein, is found primarily in wheat, but also in rye, barley, spelt, kamut, triticale, and possibly oats. People who are genetically predisposed to gluten sensitivity have trouble eating foods that contain gluten. Their small intestine reacts as if the food were poison. The reaction damages the small intestine, causing malabsorption of vital nutrients, including iron, calcium, folic acid, and fat soluble vitamins. This article describes some of the many 'other grains' that can be used by people who follow a gluten free diet. These items include quinoa, buckwheat, amaranth, millet, wild rice, teff, ragi, and Job's tears. Some of the foods described are grains, but most are in a completely different branch of the plant kingdom, although they seem 'grainlike.' The article covers the basics of taxonomy (classification of the plant kingdom by degree of similarity of properties), the distant relatives of wheat and oats, the differences between sensitivity and toxicity, contamination concerns, and overall health and comfort. The author stresses that the variety that alternative grains add to the limited celiac diet is enormous. Buckwheat, amaranth, millet, and quinoa can be prepared as breakfast cereals, used in place of rice or potato at dinner, or ground into flour for baking or thickening. Quinoa is also used to make a tasty pasta that is not difficult to find on grocery store shelves. The article includes one figure of the classification of the plant kingdom, and a sidebar of the guidelines suggested by national support groups. The reprinted article also offers a form with which readers can subscribe to the newsletter.
Academic Periodicals covering Amaranth Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to amaranth. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering amaranth that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
45
APPENDICES
47
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
10
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
48 Amaranth
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “amaranth” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 362 6 357 0 0 725
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “amaranth” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
18 Adapted 19
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on amaranth can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to amaranth. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to amaranth. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “amaranth”:
54 Amaranth
•
Other guides Food Allergy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodallergy.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on amaranth. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Basic Guide to the Gluten-Free Diet: Your Prescription for Health Source: Hastings-on-Hudson, NY: Gluten-Free Living. 2000. 7 p. Contact: Available from Gluten-Free Living. P.O. Box 105, Hastings-on-Hudson, NY 10706. (914) 969-2018. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $2.95 plus shipping and handling. Summary: For people diagnosed with celiac disease, the need to follow a gluten free diet may seem like an overwhelming challenge. This booklet discusses strategies to begin and maintain a healthy, nutritious, enjoyable gluten free diet. Readers are encouraged to give themselves time to adjust, to connect with a support group, and to learn about the disease. The booklet reviews basic unsafe foods (those made from a grain that is harmful to celiacs), safe grains and grain like ingredients, contamination concerns, and how to handle conflicting information. Unsafe foods include wheat in all of its forms (semolina, farina, bulgar, couscous, wheat germ, etc.), spelt and kamut, triticale, rye and barley (including malt), and oats. Safe grains and grain like ingredients include rice, corn, sorghum, millet, wild rice, buckwheat, quinoa, amaranth, tef, soybeans, tapioca, potato flour, garbanzo bean flour, and arrowroot. Contamination can be avoided by preparing some separate food storage and preparation areas in the home kitchen, by careful reading of food labels, by talking with or asking questions of the chef at a restaurant, and by gathering information from food processors (contact the company). The booklet lists a few resources and the contact information for three national support groups for people with celiac disease. The booklet also includes a form with which readers can subscribe to the newsletter Gluten Free Living.
•
Vegetables for Health in Hawai'i Source: Honolulu, HI: Hawai'i Department of Health. 1993. 4 p.
Patient Resources
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Contact: Available from Hawai'i Department of Health, Nutrition Branch. (808) 586-4671 (O'ahu), (808) 933-4675 (Hawai'i), (808) 243-5373 (Maui), (808) 241-3650 (Kaua'i). PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure describes various vegetables available in Hawaii and their role in a healthy diet. The brochure includes a chart listing the vitamin A content of each of the vegetables; guidelines for storing fresh vegetables; and a chart of the food groups and the recommended daily amount for each group. The bulk of the brochure consists of a description of each vegetable and its uses; vegetables included are bean sprouts, breadfruit, Chinese cabbage, green mustard cabbage, white stem cabbage (Bok Choi), carrots, Chinese spinach (amaranth), lu'au or taro, manoa lettuce, swamp cabbage (Ung Choi), sweet potato, sweet potato leaves, taro, taro stalks, tomato, and watercress. •
FAN Flashbacks: Wheat Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 1996. 7 p. Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030. (800) 929-4040 or (703) 691-3179. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail:
[email protected]. Web site: http://www.foodallergy.org/. Price: $2.00 each. Summary: This brochure reprints relevant information on specific topics from previous issues of Food Allergy News, the newsletter of the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. This brochure focuses on wheat allergies, particularly in children. Articles are reprinted on topics including altering a child's diet to accommodate a wheat allergy; the differences between celiac disease and wheat allergy; reading food labels; cooking tips for people following a wheat-free diet; the different types of grains and pseudo-grains, including durum and semolina, hard red winter wheat, hard red spring wheat, soft red winter wheat, white wheats, spelt, kamut, triticale, buckwheat, quinoa, amaranth, groats, hominy, and grits; finding substitutions for ice cream and desserts; and resources for wheat-free cooking. The brochure includes the address, telephone numbers, and email addresses for the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network, a national nonprofit organization established to help families living with food allergies and to increase public awareness about food allergies and anaphylaxis. (AA-M).
•
Grains and Flours Source: Omaha, NE: Celiac Sprue Association/United States of America, Inc. 199x. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Celiac Sprue Association-United States of America, Inc. P.O. Box 31700, Omaha, NE 68131. (402) 558-0600. Website: www.csaceliacs.org. PRICE: $1.00. Summary: This fact sheet offers a list of grains and flours as a reference for patients who are concerned with problems of malabsorption and sensitivities for the conditions of celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis. The alphabetical list includes items underlined and capitalized which are allowed on a gluten free diet, and items in lower case, which are to be avoided. Cautionary notes are added to some allowed items. Allowed items include acorn, almond, arrowroot, artichoke, cassava, chestnut, corn, cornmeal, cornstarch, cottonseed, fava bean, flax, garbanzo, grits, hominy, maize, manioc, milo, peas (beans, mung beans, lentils), peanut, potato, rice, sago, sesame, sorghum, soy, starch, sunflower, sweet potato, sweet rice flour, tapioca, and wild rice. Disallowed items include amaranth, barley, buckwheat, bulgur, couscous, groats, kamut, kasha, mir, oats, quinoa, rye, rye buckwheat, semolina, spelt, tef, triticale, wheat,
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and wheat starch. The fact sheet includes the contact information for the Celiac Sprue Association (CSA USA, Inc.). •
Gluten and Gluten-Free At A Glance Source: Flourtown, PA: Greater Philadelphia Celiac-Sprue Support Group. 1994. 1 p. Contact: Available from Greater Philadelphia Area Celiac-Sprue Support Group. 6318 Farmar Lane, Flourtown, PA 19031-1308. (215) 836-7518. PRICE: $20.00 for full information packet. Summary: This one-page fact sheet lists food items in two columns: those items containing gluten and those that are gluten-free. The protein portion of gluten, called gliadin, causes damage to the small intestinal lining. It is found in wheat, rye, oats, barley and probably millet. Special notes are included for monosodium glutamate (MSG), starch, amaranth, quinoa, buckwheat, processed cheese, and vegetable proteins. The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to amaranth. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to amaranth. By consulting all of associations listed in
Patient Resources
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this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with amaranth. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about amaranth. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “amaranth” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “amaranth”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “amaranth” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “amaranth” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
58 Amaranth
59
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
62 Amaranth
•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
63
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
64 Amaranth
•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
65
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
67
AMARANTH DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70. [NIH]
Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alpha-Amylase: An enzyme that catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glycosidic linkages in starch, glycogen, and related polysaccharides and oligosaccharides containing 3 or more 1,4-alpha-linked D-glucose units. EC 3.2.1.1. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in
68 Amaranth
determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight
Dictionary 69
of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH]
70 Amaranth
Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholestyramine: Strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium as Cl(-) anion. It exchanges chloride ions with bile salts, thus decreasing their concentration and that of cholesterol. It is used as a hypocholesteremic in diarrhea and biliary obstruction and as an antipruritic. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, chymotrypsinogen and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by trypsin. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Claviceps: A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Clavicipitaceae, order Hypocreales, parasitic on various grasses. The sclerotia contain several toxic alkaloids. Claviceps purpurea on rye causes ergotism. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic
Dictionary 71
engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and
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theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]
Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH]
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Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the essential amino acids. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the
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chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]
Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH]
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Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ plasm: The material constituting the physical basis of inheritance, i. e. the aggregate of self-propagating particles that are transmitted to the offspring through the gametes. [NIH] Gliadin: Simple protein, one of the prolamines, derived from the gluten of wheat, rye, etc. May be separated into 4 discrete electrophoretic fractions. It is the toxic factor associated with celiac disease. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucosinolates: Substituted thioglucosides. They are found in rapeseed (Brassica campestris) products and related Cruciferae. They are metabolized to a variety of toxic products which are most likely the cause of hepatocytic necrosis in animals and humans. [NIH]
Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH]
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Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormones: Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various endocrine glands and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH]
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Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German
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scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits Guanylate cyclase, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of methemoglobin. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a
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molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mung bean: A type of bean grown in warm climates. It is usually used for its seed and for bean sprouts. Mung bean may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU]
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Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which vegetable proteins is available. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU]
Dictionary 81
Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pyronine: Xanthene dye used as a bacterial and biological stain. Synonyms: Pyronin; Pyronine G; Pyronine Y. Use also for Pyronine B. which is diethyl-rather than
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dimethylamino-. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rye: A hardy grain crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent host to ergot (claviceps), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with wheat is triticale, another grain. [NIH]
Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral
Dictionary 83
upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Socioeconomic Factors: Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to
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cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]
hydroxyethyl)-4-
Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tome: A zone produced by a number of irregular spaces contained in the outermost layer of denture of the root of a tooth. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Trypsin Inhibitors: Serine proteinase inhibitors which inhibit trypsin. They may be
Dictionary 85
endogenous or exogenous compounds. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vegetable Proteins: Proteins which are present in or isolated from vegetables or vegetable products used as food. The concept is distinguished from plant proteins which refers to nondietary proteins from plants. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
87
INDEX A Adverse Effect, 67, 83 Aerobic, 67, 78 Affinity, 67, 83 Albumin, 4, 10, 67, 80 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, 15, 67 Algorithms, 67, 69 Alimentary, 67, 72 Alkaline, 67, 69 Allergen, 18, 67 Alpha-Amylase, 16, 67 Alternative medicine, 42, 67 Amino Acid Sequence, 4, 67 Amino Acids, 12, 13, 67, 68, 70, 73, 80, 81, 82 Amylase, 11, 68 Anabolic, 68, 85 Analogous, 68, 81, 84 Anaphylaxis, 29, 55, 68 Anatomical, 68, 77 Anemia, 68, 75 Anionic, 68, 84 Anions, 67, 68, 77 Anticoagulant, 68, 81 Antigen, 67, 68, 71, 76 Anti-infective, 68, 70 Antioxidant, 11, 68 Antipruritic, 68, 70 Apathy, 33, 68 Aqueous, 32, 68, 69 Arginine, 68, 84 Aromatic, 68, 70 Arteries, 68, 69, 72, 78 Ascorbic Acid, 12, 21, 68 Atmospheric Pressure, 19, 68 Atrophy, 33, 69 Autoantibodies, 69, 72 B Base, 69, 77 Bile, 69, 70, 78, 83 Biliary, 69, 70 Bilirubin, 67, 69 Bioavailability, 13, 69 Biosynthesis, 10, 69, 82 Biotechnology, 3, 4, 16, 42, 49, 69 Blood Coagulation, 69, 84 Blood pressure, 69, 83 Body Fluids, 69, 83
Bowel, 69, 77 Branch, 43, 55, 63, 69, 83, 84 Breakdown, 69, 73 Bullous, 69, 72 C Calcium, 43, 69, 71, 79 Calcium Oxalate, 69, 79 Capsules, 70, 74, 75 Carbohydrate, 11, 31, 33, 70, 76, 79 Carcinogenic, 70, 77, 83 Carotene, 5, 12, 70 Carotenoids, 20, 70 Celiac Disease, 5, 54, 55, 70, 75 Cell, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 84 Cell Division, 70, 80 Cell Respiration, 70, 78 Cellulose, 70, 75, 80 Character, 70, 75 Chlorhexidine, 7, 70 Cholesterol, 6, 10, 12, 20, 69, 70, 83 Cholestyramine, 21, 70 Chronic, 33, 70, 72 Chymotrypsin, 13, 70 Citrus, 68, 70 Claviceps, 70, 82 Clinical trial, 3, 49, 70 Cloning, 5, 11, 69, 70 Coagulation, 34, 69, 71, 80 Coenzyme, 68, 71 Collapse, 68, 69, 71 Colloidal, 67, 71, 74 Complement, 71, 80 Complementary and alternative medicine, 19, 23, 71 Complementary medicine, 19, 71 Computational Biology, 49, 71 Congestion, 29, 72 Connective Tissue, 68, 72, 75 Consumption, 38, 72 Contamination, 21, 43, 54, 72 Contraindications, ii, 72 Coronary, 72, 78 Coronary Thrombosis, 72, 78 Cortisol, 67, 72 Curative, 72, 79, 84 Cyanide, 72, 78 Cysteine, 10, 16, 72 Cystine, 16, 72
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D Databases, Bibliographic, 49, 72 Dehydration, 34, 72 Dermatitis, 55, 72, 73 Dermatitis Herpetiformis, 55, 72 Diagnostic procedure, 27, 42, 72 Diarrhea, 29, 33, 70, 72 Dietary Fats, 10, 72 Dietary Fiber, 6, 12, 72 Dietary Proteins, 73, 85 Digestion, 12, 67, 69, 72, 73, 77, 78, 83 Digestive tract, 73, 83 Dihydroxy, 73, 85 Diphenylamine, 32, 73 Diploid, 73, 80 Direct, iii, 73, 82 Dissociation, 67, 73, 77 Dizziness, 29, 73 Drug Interactions, 73 Drug Tolerance, 73, 84 Duodenum, 69, 70, 73, 77, 80, 83 Dyes, 20, 73 E Eczema, 29, 73 Edema, 33, 73 Electrocoagulation, 71, 73 Electrolyte, 73, 81, 83 Electrons, 68, 69, 73, 77, 79, 82 Electrophoresis, 11, 74 Embryo, 74, 81 Endotoxic, 74, 78 Enteropeptidase, 74, 84 Environmental Health, 48, 50, 74 Enzymatic, 69, 70, 71, 74 Enzyme, 4, 5, 67, 68, 71, 74, 80, 83, 84, 85 Ergot, 74, 82 Estrogen, 74, 85 Ethanol, 74 Exogenous, 73, 74, 85 Extracellular, 72, 74, 83 Extraction, 13, 29, 30, 74 F Family Planning, 49, 74 Fat, 31, 33, 43, 70, 74, 78, 79, 84 Fatty acids, 67, 74 Fermentation, 10, 74 Filler, 28, 74 Fluorescence, 11, 74 Folate, 74, 75 Folic Acid, 43, 74, 75 Fungi, 14, 70, 75, 76, 78, 85 Fungus, 74, 75, 82, 85
G Gastrointestinal, 33, 74, 75, 82 Gelatin, 75 Gels, 32, 75 Gene, 4, 69, 75 Genotype, 31, 75 Germ plasm, 16, 75 Gliadin, 56, 75 Glucose, 67, 68, 70, 75, 76, 82 Glucosinolates, 30, 75 Glutamate, 56, 75 Glutamic Acid, 75 Gluten, 15, 18, 39, 43, 54, 55, 56, 70, 75 Glycine, 10, 75, 82 Glycogen, 67, 76 Glycoside, 76, 82 Glycosidic, 67, 76, 79 Governing Board, 76, 81 Grasses, 70, 75, 76 Growth, 11, 33, 76, 80, 85 H Haploid, 76, 80 Hepatic, 67, 76 Heredity, 75, 76 Heterotrophic, 75, 76 Hormonal, 69, 76 Hormones, 67, 74, 76, 79, 83 Host, 76, 82, 85 Hybrid, 31, 76, 82 Hydrogen, 69, 70, 76, 79 Hydrolysis, 76, 81, 84 Hydrophilic, 32, 76, 84 Hypersensitivity, 20, 67, 68, 76 I Ice Cream, 55, 76 Id, 17, 21, 56, 62, 64, 76 Ileum, 77 Immune system, 29, 77 Immunogenic, 77, 78 Impairment, 33, 77 In vitro, 10, 12, 77 In vivo, 77 Indicative, 37, 77, 85 Infarction, 72, 77, 78 Infestation, 73, 77 Inflammation, 67, 72, 77 Initiation, 4, 77 Intestinal, 56, 70, 74, 77, 78 Intestine, 43, 69, 77 Intracellular, 77, 81 Ionization, 19, 77 Ions, 69, 70, 73, 76, 77, 78
Index 89
Ischemia, 69, 77 J Jejunum, 12, 77 Joint, 29, 77 K Kb, 48, 77 Kidney stone, 77, 79 L Large Intestine, 73, 77, 83 Levo, 77, 85 Library Services, 62, 78 Life cycle, 75, 78 Linkages, 67, 78 Lipid, 31, 78, 84 Lipid A, 31, 78 Lipopolysaccharides, 78 Liver, 10, 67, 69, 75, 76, 78, 82 Localized, 78, 80, 85 Locomotion, 78, 80 Lysine, 21, 78, 84 M Malabsorption, 43, 55, 70, 78 Malnutrition, 33, 67, 69, 78 Meat, 6, 15, 72, 78 Meat Products, 72, 78 MEDLINE, 49, 78 Megaloblastic, 75, 78 Membrane, 71, 78, 79, 80, 82, 84 Methylene Blue, 32, 78 MI, 65, 78 Microbe, 78, 84 Mitochondria, 4, 5, 78 Molecular, 32, 49, 51, 69, 72, 78 Molecular Structure, 32, 78 Molecule, 68, 69, 71, 73, 76, 79 Mucins, 79, 82 Mucosa, 70, 79 Mung bean, 55, 79 Myocardium, 78, 79 N Necrosis, 75, 77, 78, 79 Need, 38, 42, 54, 57, 67, 76, 79, 84 Niacin, 79, 85 Nitrogen, 14, 79, 85 Nutritive Value, 4, 16, 79 O Oligosaccharides, 67, 79 Osmotic, 4, 67, 79 Ovary, 79, 81 Oxalate, 14, 32, 79 Oxidation, 68, 72, 79
P Palliative, 79, 84 Pancreas, 70, 80, 84 Pancreatic, 70, 80 Pancreatic Juice, 70, 80 Patient Education, 54, 60, 62, 65, 80 Peptide, 74, 80, 81 Pharmacologic, 80, 84 Phospholipids, 74, 80 Phosphorus, 69, 80 Photocoagulation, 71, 80 Physiologic, 69, 80 Physiology, 80 Pigments, 70, 80 Plant Proteins, 80, 85 Plants, 15, 29, 34, 70, 75, 76, 80, 81, 82, 85 Plaque, 70, 80 Plasma, 7, 15, 67, 75, 80 Plasma protein, 67, 80 Poisoning, 73, 74, 78, 81 Pollen, 19, 81 Polymers, 32, 81 Polypeptide, 67, 81, 85 Potassium, 34, 81 Practice Guidelines, 50, 81 Precursor, 74, 81, 85 Progressive, 73, 76, 79, 81 Protein C, 28, 33, 67, 68, 81 Protein Conformation, 68, 81 Protein S, 69, 81 Proteins, 10, 11, 16, 67, 68, 71, 73, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85 Pruritic, 72, 73, 81 Public Policy, 49, 81 Publishing, 4, 81 Pyronine, 32, 81 R Radiation, 74, 82 Radioactive, 76, 77, 82 Red blood cells, 82 Refer, 1, 71, 73, 75, 78, 82 Retina, 82 Riboflavin, 21, 82 Rigidity, 80, 82 Rye, 38, 43, 54, 55, 56, 70, 74, 75, 82 S Saliva, 7, 82 Salivary, 82 Salivary glands, 82 Saponins, 11, 82, 83 Screening, 70, 82 Sequence Homology, 10, 82
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Serine, 70, 82, 84 Serotonin, 82, 85 Serum, 10, 16, 67, 71, 82 Shock, 68, 82 Side effect, 33, 67, 83, 84 Skeleton, 77, 83 Small intestine, 43, 73, 77, 83, 84 Socioeconomic Factors, 34, 83 Sodium, 21, 83 Solvent, 30, 74, 79, 83 Spatial disorientation, 73, 83 Specialist, 57, 83 Species, 12, 13, 16, 76, 82, 83, 85 Sperm, 81, 83 Spinal cord, 70, 83 Steroid, 72, 82, 83 Stomach, 73, 75, 83 Subcutaneous, 33, 73, 83 Subspecies, 83 Substrate, 10, 32, 83 Supplementation, 21, 83 Support group, 43, 54, 83 Suppression, 11, 84 Systemic, 68, 69, 84 T Tartrazine, 6, 32, 84 Therapeutics, 84 Thiamine, 21, 84 Thrombin, 81, 84 Thrombomodulin, 81, 84 Thyroxine, 67, 84 Tissue, 4, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84 Tolerance, 28, 33, 84
Tome, 84 Topical, 70, 73, 74, 84 Toxic, iv, 21, 70, 72, 75, 76, 82, 84 Toxicity, 11, 14, 43, 73, 84, 85 Toxicology, 12, 20, 50, 84 Trace element, 33, 84 Transfection, 69, 84 Translational, 4, 84 Triglyceride, 84 Trypsin, 4, 11, 13, 30, 70, 74, 84, 85 Trypsin Inhibitors, 30, 84 Tryptophan, 21, 82, 85 Tuberculosis, 72, 85 U Unconscious, 76, 85 Urine, 69, 77, 79, 82, 85 Urticaria, 68, 85 V Vascular, 68, 77, 85 Vegetable Proteins, 56, 80, 85 Vesicular, 72, 85 Veterinary Medicine, 49, 85 Villous, 70, 85 Virulence, 84, 85 Viscosity, 32, 85 Vitro, 85 W Weight Gain, 85 Y Yeasts, 75, 85 Z Zearalenone, 10, 14, 85 Zymogen, 70, 81, 85
Index 91
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