Aloe - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES J AMES N. P ARKER , ...

Author: Icon Health Publications

286 downloads 873 Views 1MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright Ó2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright Ó2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Aloe: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83689-2 1. Aloe-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on aloe. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v

About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications.

Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ALOE ......................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Aloe ............................................................................................... 7 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 9 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ALOE ............................................................................................... 11 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 11 Finding Nutrition Studies on Aloe .............................................................................................. 11 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 18 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ALOE ......................................................................... 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 21 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 52 General References ....................................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ALOE...................................................................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Patents on Aloe ............................................................................................................................ 59 Patent Applications on Aloe ........................................................................................................ 88 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 109 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ALOE ....................................................................................................... 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 111 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 112 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 114 Chapters on Aloe ........................................................................................................................ 114 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON ALOE............................................................................................. 117 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 117 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 117 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ALOE.......................................................................... 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 119 Academic Periodicals covering Aloe .......................................................................................... 120 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................... 123 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 123 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 123 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 124 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 127 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 127 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 127 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 129 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 132 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 133 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 133 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 133 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 136 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 139 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 139

viii Contents

Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 139 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 139 ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................ 145 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 146 ALOE DICTIONARY .................................................................................................................... 147 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 197

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with aloe is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about aloe, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to aloe, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on aloe. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to aloe, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on aloe. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ALOE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on aloe.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and aloe, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “aloe” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: ·

Overview of Herbal Supplement Utilization with Particular Emphasis on Possible Interactions with Dental Drugs and Oral Manifestations Source: Journal of Dental Hygiene. 77(1): 37-46. Winter 2003. Contact: Available from American Dental Hygienists' Association. 444 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-8900. Website: www.adha.org. Summary: Herbal medication in the United States is a popular form of therapy. This article provides an overview of the utilization of herbal supplements with particular emphasis on possible interactions with oral health drugs and oral manifestations. Herbal supplements are regulated by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA), which limits their regulation by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The majority of consumers of these products are white, middle-

4

Aloe

aged women who have some college education. Many of the consumers use pharmaceutical drugs concurrently, but most do not inform their health care providers about their use of herbal supplements. Various herbal supplements have been reported or are suspected to interact with certain oral health drugs, the most important being bromelain, cayenne, chamomile, feverfew, dong quai, eleuthro or Seberiean ginseng, garlic, ginkgo, and licorice interacting with aspirin; aloe latex, ephedra, ginseng, rhubarb, cascara sagrada, licorice, and senna interacting with corticosteroids; kava, St. John's wort, chamomile, and valerian interacting with central nervous system (CNS) depressant drugs; and herbs acting on the gastrointestinal system, altering the absorption of several orally administered drugs. Further, the use of some herbal supplements has been reported to be associated with oral manifestations, including aphthous ulcers, lip and tongue irritation, and swelling with feverfew; gingival bleeding with feverfew and ginkgo; tongue numbness with Echinacea; xerostomia (dry mouth) with St. John's wort; oral and lingual dyskinesia with kava; and salivation with yohimbe. The author concludes that dental hygienists should inform themselves about herbal supplements in order to offer appropriate oral health care to individuals who take these substances. 2 tables. 53 references. ·

Biological Complementary Therapies: A Focus on Botanical Products in Diabetes Source: Diabetes Spectrum. 14(4): 199-208. October, 2001. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: Several botanical (plant-based) and biological (animal based) products claim to lower blood glucose or decrease complications of diabetes, and some of these are being used by people with diabetes. This author focuses on the use of botanical products in managing diabetes. Products thought to lower blood glucose include gymnema, fenugreek, bitter melon, ginseng, and nopal. Claims have also been made for aloe, bilberry, and milk thistle, but there is less evidence in support of these. Botanical products thought to decrease diabetes complications include y-linolenic acid, ginkgo biloba, and garlic. A vitamin-like substance, alpha-lipoic acid, had been used to treat neuropathic complications. The author concludes that although these biological complementary therapies have been studied in human clinical trials, there are many problems with study design, study endpoints, numbers of patients, and study duration. There is insufficient evidence to recommend generalized use for patients with diabetes. Furthermore, these produces have many side effects and may potentially interact with traditional diabetes medications. 78 references.

·

Dieter's brew make tea time a dangerous affair Source: FDA Consumer. December 1997. Contact: Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 37154, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. (202) 512-1800. Summary: So-called dieter's teas, such as herbal teas containing senna, aloe, buckthorn, and other plant-derived laxatives, when consumed in excessive amounts, can cause diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps, chronic constipation, fainting and perhaps death. Kurtzweil discusses adverse effects of stimulant laxative teas.

·

Herbal Remedies, Nephropathies, and Renal Disease Source: Nephrology Nursing Journal. 27(5): 473-478. October 2000.

Studies

5

Contact: Available from American Nephrology Nurses' Association. East Holly Avenue, Box 56, Pitman, NJ 08071-0056. (856) 256-2320. Fax (856) 589-7463. Website: www.annanurse.org. Summary: The use of herbal remedies is becoming increasingly popular in the United States. Research has shown that herbal remedy use may be associated with acute renal (kidney) failure (ARF). In addition, the use of herbal remedies may be detrimental for the patient with compromised kidney function. This article describes the escalating use of herbal therapy and the potential hazards of herbal remedy use among patients with renal disease. The author cautions that patients with renal insufficiency or renal failure may be at risk for further kidney damage as well as complications related to interactions of herbal remedies with complex renal therapy regimens. Nephrology nurses must be aware of patients' use of herbal remedies. Questions related to use of herbal remedies should be addressed with initial patient interviews. In addition, promoting open, honest dialogue allows patients to feel comfortable sharing concerns related to the use of herbal remedies and allows the practitioner to be involved in the patient's decision whether or not to use herbal treatments. One chart summarizes the uses, adverse effects, and renal effects (where known) of commonly used herbal remedies, including aloe, aristolochic acid, asparagus root, buckthorn bark or berry, Cascara Sagrada bark, cat's claw, cianidanol, echinacea, garlic, ginkgo biloba, ginger, juniper berry, licorice root, lovage root, parsley herb or root, rhubarb root, St. John's Wort, senna leaf or pod, valerian, and white sandalwood. The article can be used to obtain continuing education credits (1.3 contact hours). 1 table. 30 references. ·

Natural Products and Diabetes Treatment Source: Diabetes Educator. 24(2): 201-202, 205-206, 207. March-April 1998. Contact: Available from American Association of Diabetes Educators. 100 West Monroe Street, 4th Floor, Chicago, IL 60603-1901. (312) 424-2426. Summary: This article provides information about natural products as diabetes treatment. The authors point out that some natural products are potentially damaging to people with chronic diseases, especially if they are used instead of proven scientific treatment regimens. However, Americans spend about 14 billion dollars each year on alternative medicines and treatments. The authors briefly discuss the following natural products that have been promoted in relation to diabetes: ackee fruit, alfalfa, aloe vera, argimony, artichokes, barley, bitter melon, burdock root, capsaicin (cayenne pepper), carrot oil, charcoal, chromium, coriander, dandelion root, devil's club, eucalyptus, ephedra, evening primrose, fenugreek seeds, fo-ti, garlic, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, glucomannan, grape seed, guayusa, guar gum (karaya gum), gymnena, juniper, licorice, mushrooms, neem seed oil, onions, pectin (apples), periwinkle, potatoes, yellow root (golden seal), and yohimbine. The authors note that the few products that do have a mild impact on lowering blood glucose levels are significantly less effective than standard treatments. In order to ensure that no toxic effects occur and that treatment objectives are achieved, health professionals should closely monitor any person who decides to use a natural product for diabetes. The article includes general guidelines for counseling people who use herbs. 39 references. (AA-M).

·

Herbal Medicine: Some Do's and Don't's for Dialysis Patients Source: For Patients Only. 11(2): 22-23. March-April 1998. Contact: Available from For Patients Only. 18 East 41st Street, New York, NY 10017. (818) 704-5555. Fax (818) 704-6500.

6

Aloe

Summary: This article provides some general guidelines regarding herbal medicine. Designed for readers with kidney disease, the article encourages patients to educate themselves adequately before trying any alternative or complementary medicine while they are on dialysis. The author emphasizes the importance of informing health care providers of any supplements or products that one is using in an adjunctive fashion while on dialysis. The author lists a few herbal medicines that can cause a significant decrease in potassium levels and pose a risk to dialysis patients: castor bean oil, aloe ferox resin, cascara sagrada bark, senna leaves or pods, and licorice root. The article includes brief guidelines to follow to ensure the safe use of herbal supplements or other over-the-counter products. The article concludes with information about the U.S. Government's Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM) and how to reach this office (800531-1794 or http://altmed.od.nih.gov). ·

Quick Tour Through The World of Echinacea and Other Herbal Medications: Should Dialysis And Transplant Patients Use Them? Source: For Patients Only. 14(2): 10-12. March-April 2001. Contact: Available from For Patients Only. 18 East 41st Street, New York, NY 10017. (818) 704-5555. Fax (818) 704-6500. Summary: This article reviews herbal medications, including Echinacea, and their use by people on dialysis or who have received a kidney transplant. Echinacea is an herb that claims to assist in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections and flu and that is used to increase the immune system. The author notes that increasing the immune system of a transplant recipient could cause the patient to enter a rejection episode; therefore Echinacea is not recommended. The author stresses that although herbs may have unpleasant side effects for the general population, for dialysis and transplant recipients they could cause dangerous medical problems, or worse, death. The data on how the body excretes herbs is limited at best. This becomes even more of a concern in the renal patient population since it is not known how reduced kidney function, dialysis, and various prescribed medications can impact their effectiveness and safety. In addition, due to lack of regulation, the herbs that patients can purchase may not have a consistent level of potency, meaning that one tablet may contain more of the desired herb than another tablet. The author briefly reviews a group of herbs, noting their health claims and any special issues for patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). Herbs covered include aloe, Echinacea, ephedra (Ma Hung, Ephedrin, ultimate xphoria), ginkgo biloba, garlic, ginseng, kava kava, licorice root, and St. John's wort.

·

Unfreezing the Frozen Shoulder Source: Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine. 15(11): 47-56. November 1998. Summary: This journal article, the second in a series of overview articles on major areas of musculoskeletal medicine, provides health professionals with information on the capsular problems that cause painful, stiff, frozen shoulder. The focus is on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of frozen shoulder syndrome, a disorder of middle age that is particularly common in people with diabetes. Underlying fibroplasia causes shrinking of the axillary portion of the glenohumeral capsule and thickening of the glenohumeral ligaments. The distinctive clinical presentation is a shoulder that resists active and passive movement in all directions. Pain, particularly during extension and internal rotation, makes it difficult for the patient to reach up behind his or her back. By contrast, the pain of rotator cuff disease usually limits motion in only one or two planes. The diagnosis of frozen shoulder can

Studies

7

typically be made on the basis of the history and physical examination. Imaging studies are usually reserved for ruling out other conditions that may be causing shoulder pain. Management begins with local modalities and a consistent program of passive stretching exercises. Effective local modalities include injecting an anesthetic and applying lotions containing such topical preparations as aloe vera, methyl salicylate, capsaicin, or other cooling analgesic agents. Persistent pain calls for closed manipulation or arthroscopy to release the contracted capsule. A patient education guide illustrating exercises to loosen the shoulder joint accompanies the article. 6 figures, 1 table, and 13 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Aloe The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to aloe. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to aloe. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore aloe. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for aloe: ·

Project Title: OLIGOSACCHORIDE TECHNOLOGY TO PREVENT SKIN CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Waller, Todd A.; Pangea Phytoceuticals 306 E Jackson, Ste 119 Harlingen, Tx 78550 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 26-FEB-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: Skin cancer, the most frequently diagnosed malignancy, with over 800,000 new cases per year, has a steadily rising incidence. The major environmental carcinogen, solar UV radiation, causes skin tumors in two ways: (i) as a mutagen for skin cells and (ii) as a suppressant of tumor surveillance. Exposure of skin to UV radiation suppresses T-cell responses to antigens encountered in the skin and permits the growth of highly immunogenic skin cancers in laboratory animals. Although sunscreens reduce inflammation, they often lead to increased exposure. We have previously shown that crude extracts of Aloe barbadensis protect T-cell responses in mice when applied up to 24 hours following exposure to UV radiation. Aloe does this by virtue of at least two chemically and mechanistically different pharmacological systems one of which involves a cleavage oligosaccharide that downregulates the production of an immunosuppressive cytokine, Interleukin-10, by UV injured keratinocytes. In Phase I we established parameters and procedures for the controlled cleavage of the cytoprotective oligosaccharide from the native polysaccharide. In Phase II we will scale-

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

8

Aloe

up the process, develop real time quality control procedures and chemically characterize the biologically active oligosaccharide. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: Oligosaccharides will be isolated by cellulose cleavage from native Aloe barbadensis gel. These will be suitable as therapeutic agents for use in a post sun car preparation designed to prevent injury by UV radiation to the skin immune system. Such a preparation has potential for the prevention of sun- induced skin cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: STRATEGIES FOR THE SYNTHESES OF BIOACTIVE TARGETS Principal Investigator & Institution: Martin, Stephen F.; Professor; Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Texas Austin 101 E. 27Th/Po Box 7726 Austin, Tx 78712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-1990; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This research program is directed toward the design and development of general tactics and strategies for the efficient syntheses of natural and unnatural products that exhibit significant biological activities. Specific objectives include the syntheses of the aloe-derived natural product 5-hydroxyaloin A, the anticancer agents vineomycinone B 2, kidamycin and rubiflavin A, the farnesyl transferase inhibitors solandelactone E and solandelactone F, and tremulenediol A, which was isolated from a fungal pathogen. Unnatural analogues of rubiflavin A will be prepared to determine the effects of modifying the sugars and side chain stereochemistry upon DNA binding properties; these compounds will also be used as probes of TATA box dependent transcription. The potential of unnatural C-aryl glycosides as glycoepitope mimics will be evaluated by preparing and testing Cglycoside analogues as antagonists of sialyl LewisX-selectin interactions. The synthetic plan for each target involves development and application of new synthetic methodology. For example, the approaches to the C-aryl glycosides 5-hydroxyaloin A, vineomycinone B 2, kidamycin and rubiflavin A feature intramolecular [4+2] cycloadditions of sugar-substituted furans with benzynes to give oxabicycloheptadienes that undergo acid-catalyzed rearrangements to furnish C-glycosylated naphthols. New catalytic protocols for introducing sugars onto benzyne-furan adducts via SN2' opening/oxidation will also be developed. The unified strategy for the syntheses of solandelactones E and F is stereoselective and convergent and allows access to all solandelactones from a common intermediate. The synthesis of tremulenediol A features a novel series of reactions involving an enantioselective cyclopropanation to give a vinyl cyclopropyl lactone that undergoes SN2' opening giving a product that may be transformed via [5+2] cycloaddition to deliver the requisite bicyclo[5.3.0] ring system. In the context of this work, new catalytic processes involving metal-catalyzed allylic SN2 substitutions followed by tandem cycloisomerizations and Pauson-Khand reactions will be developed. Quantities of the natural products and selected congeners will be prepared for submission to Merck Research Laboratories, Abbott Laboratories, Wyeth, Pfizer, Inc., and Professor Laurence Hurley (University of Arizona) for biological testing and evaluation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies

9

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “aloe” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for aloe in the PubMed Central database: ·

In Vitro Susceptibilities of Shigella flexneri and Streptococcus pyogenes to Inner Gel of Aloe barbadensis Miller. by Ferro VA, Bradbury F, Cameron P, Shakir E, Rahman SR, Stimson WH.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=149334

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with aloe, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “aloe” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for aloe (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): ·

3 4

Effects and mechanisms of aloe-emodin on cell death in human lung squamous cell carcinoma. Author(s): Lee HZ, Hsu SL, Liu MC, Wu CH. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 November 23; 431(3): 287-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11730720&dopt=Abstract

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

10 Aloe

·

Protein kinase C involvement in aloe-emodin- and emodin-induced apoptosis in lung carcinoma cell. Author(s): Lee HZ. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 November; 134(5): 1093-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11682458&dopt=Abstract

·

Signaling pathway for aloe-emodin-induced apoptosis in human H460 lung nonsmall carcinoma cell. Author(s): Yeh FT, Wu CH, Lee HZ. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2003 August 10; 106(1): 26-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12794753&dopt=Abstract

11

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ALOE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and aloe.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Aloe The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “aloe” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

12 Aloe

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “aloe” (or a synonym): ·

Antiseptic and healing properties of indigenous plants [Philippines]. Author(s): Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State Univ., San Fernando City, La Union (Philippines) Source: Bernardo, G.Q. Oliver, N. Highlights-'99 (Philippines). (2000). page 62. Issued August 2000.

·

Ethnomedicinal properties of Aloe barbadensis Mill. with particular reference to the people of Nara desert [Pakistan]. Author(s): Shah Abdul Latif Univ., Khairpur (Pakistan). Dept. of Botany Source: Qureshi, R. Bhatti, G.R. Shah, M. Hamdard-Medicus (Pakistan). (Jul-September 2001). volume 44(3) page 46-50.

·

Medicinal plants heal wounds faster. Source: Pagcaliwagan, B.S. PCARRD-Monitor (Philippines). (Apr-June 2000). volume 28(2) page 8. Issued August 2000.

·

The iNtelezi plants of the Eastern Cape [South Africa]: traditional and contemporary medicines. Author(s): Rhodes Univ., Grahamstown (South Africa) Selmar Schonland Herbarium Source: Dold, T. Cocks, M. Aloe (South Africa). (2000). volume 37(1) page 10-13.

Additional physician-oriented references include: ·

A 35 kDa mannose-binding lectin with hemagglutinating and mitogenic activities from “Kidachi Aloe” (Aloe arborescens Miller var. natalensis Berger). Author(s): Institute of Pharmacognosy, Fujita Health University, Mie. Source: Koike, T Beppu, H Kuzuya, H Maruta, K Shimpo, K Suzuki, M Titani, K Fujita, K J-Biochem-(Tokyo). 1995 December; 118(6): 1205-10 0021-924X

·

A contribution to the phytochemistry of the East African tetraploid shrubby aloes and their diploid allies. Source: Reynolds, T. Bot-J-Linn-Soc. London : Academic Press. June 1986. volume 92 (4) page 383-392. maps. 0024-4074

·

A drug for all seasons. Medical and pharmacological history of aloe. Author(s): Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver. Source: Haller, J S Bull-N-Y-Acad-Med. 1990 Nov-December; 66(6): 647-59 0028-7091

·

A Phase III study on the efficacy of topical aloe vera gel on irradiated breast tissue. Author(s): Queensland Radium Institute, Division of Oncology, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Australia. [email protected] Source: Heggie, S Bryant, G P Tripcony, L Keller, J Rose, P Glendenning, M Heath, J Cancer-Nurs. 2002 December; 25(6): 442-51 0162-220X

·

A two-year study monitoring several physical and chemical properties of field-grown Aloe barbadensis Miller leaves. Source: Wang, Y.T. Strong, K.J. Subtrop-plant-sci. [Weslaco, Texas] : Rio Grande Valley Horticultural Society. 1995. volume 47 page 34-38.

·

Aloe barbadensis extracts reduce the production of interleukin-10 after exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Author(s): Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.

Nutrition

13

Source: Byeon, S W Pelley, R P Ullrich, S E Waller, T A Bucana, C D Strickland, F M JInvest-Dermatol. 1998 May; 110(5): 811-7 0022-202X ·

Aloe L.--a second plant family without (TTTAGGG)n telomeres. Author(s): School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, UK. Source: Adams, S P Leitch, I J Bennett, M D Leitch, A R Chromosoma. 2000 June; 109(3): 201-5 0009-5915

·

Aloe vera aspirations. Source: Walters, P. AgVentures. Blackwell, OK : Schatz Pub. Group, c1997-. Oct/November 1998. volume 2 (5) page 34-36.

·

Aloe vera does not affect cutaneous erythema and blood flow following ultraviolet B exposure. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida. Source: Crowell, J Hilsenbeck, S Penneys, N Photodermatol. 1989 October; 6(5): 237-9 0108-9684

·

Aloe vera found beneficial to poultry. Source: Agriculture (Philippines). (November 2001). volume 5(11) page 19. Received January 2002. aloe barbadensis leaves plant extracts poultry medicinal properties growth 0118-857-7

·

Aloe: The living first aid kit. Source: Bezuidenhout, R. Farmer's-Weekly (South Africa). (30 July 1999). page 28-29. aloe vera medicinal properties south africa

·

Aloe-emodin effects on arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Source: Wang, H.H. Chung, J.G. Ho, C.C. Wu, L.T. Chang, S.H. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. March 1998. volume 64 (2) page 176-178. 0032-0943

·

An anti-complementary polysaccharide with immunological adjuvant activity from the leaf parenchyma gel of Aloe vera. Source: t'Hart, L A van den Berg, A J Kuis, L van Dijk, H Labadie, R P Planta-Med. 1989 December; 55(6): 509-12 0032-0943

·

An examination of phytochemical variation in Aloe elgonica Bullock. Source: Reynolds, T. Nicholls, E. Bot-J-Linn-Soc. London : Academic Press. June 1986. volume 92 (4) page 393-397. ill. 0024-4074

·

Anti-leukaemic and anti-mutagenic effects of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate isolated from Aloe vera Linne. Author(s): Animal Resource Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea. Source: Lee, K H Kim, J H Lim, D S Kim, C H J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 2000 May; 52(5): 593-8 0022-3573

·

Antioxidant, free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects of aloesin derivatives in Aloe vera. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Gakuen-cho, Fukuyama, Japan. [email protected] Source: Yagi, A Kabash, A Okamura, N Haraguchi, H Moustafa, S M Khalifa, T I PlantaMed. 2002 November; 68(11): 957-60 0032-0943

14 Aloe

·

Biodisposition of FITC-labeled aloemannan in mice. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Japan. [email protected] Source: Yagi, A Hamano, S Tanaka, T Kaneo, Y Fujioka, T Mihashi, K Planta-Med. 2001 June; 67(4): 297-300 0032-0943

·

Biotherapy with the pineal immunomodulating hormone melatonin versus melatonin plus aloe vera in untreatable advanced solid neoplasms. Author(s): Division of Radiation Oncology, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Milan, Italy. Source: Lissoni, P Giani, L Zerbini, S Trabattoni, P Rovelli, F Nat-Immun. 1998; 16(1): 2733 1018-8916

·

Bradykinin-degrading glycoprotein in Aloe arborescens var. natalensis. Source: Yagi, A Harada, N Shimomura, K Nishioka, I Planta-Med. 1987 February; 53(1): 19-21 0032-0943

·

Chemomodulatory action of Aloe vera on the profiles of enzymes associated with carcinogen metabolism and antioxidant status regulation in mice. Author(s): Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. Source: Singh, R P Dhanalakshmi, S Rao, A R Phytomedicine. 2000 June; 7(3): 209-19 0944-7113

·

Constituents of Aloe rubroviolacea. Author(s): Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany. Source: Blitzke, T Masaoud, M Schmidt, J Fitoterapia. 2001 January; 72(1): 78-9 0367326X

·

Consumer acceptance of tropical wines from aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) and cashew apples (Anacardium occidentale L.) in the British Virgin Islands. Source: Muir Beckford, M. Badrie, N. Foodserv-res-int. Trumbull, Conn. : Food & Nutrition Press, c1999-. December 2000. volume 12 (3) page 185-196. 1524-8275

·

Decreased levels of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline-DNA adducts in rats treated with beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and freeze-dried aloe. Author(s): Chemotherapy Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Uehara, N Iwahori, Y Asamoto, M Baba Toriyama, H Iigo, M Ochiai, M Nagao, M Nakayama, M Degawa, M Matsumoto, K Hirono, I Beppu, H Fujita, K Tsuda, H JpnJ-Cancer-Res. 1996 April; 87(4): 342-8 0910-5050

·

Distribution of verectin in Aloe vera leaves and verectin contents in clonally regenerated plants and the commercial gel powders by immunochemical screening. Source: Yagi, A. Sato, Y. Shimomura, K. Akasaki, K. Tsuji, H. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. March 2000. volume 66 (2) page 180-182. 0032-0943

·

Effect of Aloe extract on peripheral phagocytosis in adult bronchial asthma. Source: Shida, T. Yagi, A. Nishimura, H. Nishioka, I. Plant-Med-J-Med-Plant-Res. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Thieme-Stratton. June 1985. (3) page 273-275. 0032-0943

·

Effect of aloe vera gel to healing of burn wound a clinical and histologic study. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Source: Visuthikosol, V Chowchuen, B Sukwanarat, Y Sriurairatana, S Boonpucknavig, V J-Med-Assoc-Thai. 1995 August; 78(8): 403-9 0125-2208

Nutrition

15

·

Effect of amino acids in Aloe extract on phagocytosis by peripheral neutrophil in adult bronchial asthma. Source: Yagi, A Shida, T Nishimura, H Arerugi. 1987 December; 36(12): 1094-101 00214884

·

Effect of water extracts of aloe and some herbs in decreasing blood ethanol concentration in rats. II. Source: Sakai, K Saitoh, Y Ikawa, C Nishihata, T Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 1989 January; 37(1): 155-9 0009-2363

·

Geographical variation in the major compounds of Aloe ferox leaf exudate. Author(s): Department of Botany, Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg, South Africa. Source: van Wyk, B E van Rheede van Oudtshoorn, M C Smith, G F Planta-Med. 1995 June; 61(3): 250-3 0032-0943

·

Hypotensive Effect of Chemical Constituents from Aloe barbadensis. Author(s): Dr. H.M.I. Institute of Pharmacology and Herbal Sciences, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan. [email protected] Source: Saleem, R Faizi, S Shaheen Siddiqui, B Ahmed, M Hussain, S A Qazi, A Dar, A Ahmad, S I Qazi, M H Akhtar, S Hasnain, S N Planta-Med. 2001 November; 67(8): 75760 0032-0943

·

In vivo metabolism of aloemannan. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Japan. [email protected] Source: Yagi, A Nakamori, J Yamada, T Iwase, H Tanaka, T Kaneo, Y Qiu, J Orndorff, S Planta-Med. 1999 June; 65(5): 417-20 0032-0943

·

Influence of Aloe vera on collagen turnover in healing of dermal wounds in rats. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, India. Source: Chithra, P Sajithlal, G B Chandrakasan, G Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 1998 September; 36(9): 896-901 0019-5189

·

Inhibition of mushroom-tyrosinase by Aloe extract. Source: Yagi, A. Kanbara, T. Morinobu, N. Plant-Med-J-Med-Plant-Res. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag. 1987. volume 53 (6) page 515-517. 0032-0943

·

Inhibitory mechanism of aloe single component (alprogen) on mediator release in guinea pig lung mast cells activated with specific antigen-antibody reactions. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. [email protected] Source: Ro, J Y Lee, B C Kim, J Y Chung, Y J Chung, M H Lee, S K Jo, T H Kim, K H Park, Y I J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 2000 January; 292(1): 114-21 0022-3565

·

Isolation and characterization of the glycoprotein fraction with a proliferationpromoting activity on human and hamster cells in vitro from Aloe vera gel. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima, Japan. Source: Yagi, A Egusa, T Arase, M Tanabe, M Tsuji, H Planta-Med. 1997 February; 63(1): 18-21 0032-0943

16 Aloe

·

Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of arborans A and B, glycans of Aloe arborescens var. natalensis leaves. Source: Hikino, H. Takahashi, M. Murakami, M. Konno, C. Mirin, Y. Karikura, M. Hayashi, T. Int-J-Crude-Drug-Res. Lisse : Swets & Zeitlinger. December 1986. volume 24 (4) page 183-186. 0167-7314

·

Isolation of a human intestinal bacterium capable of transforming barbaloin to aloeemodin anthrone. Author(s): Research Institute for Wakan-Yaku (Traditional Sino-Japanese Medicines), Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan. Source: Che, Q M Akao, T Hattori, M Kobashi, K Namba, T Planta-Med. 1991 February; 57(1): 15-9 0032-0943

·

Isolation of cDNA for an NADP-malic enzyme from Aloe arborescens. Author(s): Life Science Institute, Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., Mobara, Japan. Source: Honda, H Shimada, H Akagi, H DNA-Res. 1997 December 31; 4(6): 397-400 1340-2838

·

Isozymes of superoxide dismutase from Aloe vera. Author(s): Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton 76203, USA. Source: Sabeh, F Wright, T Norton, S J Enzyme-Protein. 1996; 49(4): 212-21 1019-6773

·

Lichen planus--report of successful treatment with aloe vera. Source: Hayes, S M Gen-Dent. 1999 May-June; 47(3): 268-72 0363-6771

·

Microdontin A and B: two new aloin derivatives from Aloe microdonta. Source: Farah, M.H. Andersson, R. Samuelsson, G. Plant-Med. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag. December 1990. volume 56 (6) page 563. 0032-0943

·

Modified Aloe barbadensis polysaccharide with immunoregulatory activity. Author(s): Department of Drug Discovery and Screening, Univera Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Broomfield, CO, USA. [email protected] Source: Qiu, Z Jones, K Wylie, M Jia, Q Orndorff, S Planta-Med. 2000 March; 66(2): 152-6 0032-0943

·

Multiparameter analysis of commercial “Aloe Vera” materials and comparison of Aloe barbadensis Miller extracts. Source: Pelley, R.P. Martini, W.J. Liu, D.Q. Yang, Z. Rachui, S. Li, K.M. Waller, T.A. Strickland, F.M. Subtrop-plant-sci. [Weslaco, Texas] : Rio Grande Valley Horticultural Society. 1998. volume 50 page 1-14.

·

Observations on the phytochemistry of the Aloe leaf-exudate compounds. Source: Reynolds, T. Bot-J-Linn-Soc. London : Academic Press. April 1985. volume 90 (3) page 179-199. 0024-4074

·

Oestrogenicity and effect on hepatic metabolism of the aqueous extract of the leaf mixture of Aloe buettneri, Dicliptera verticillata, Hibiscus macranthus and Justicia insularis. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon. [email protected] Source: Telefo, P B Moundipa, P F Tchouanguep, F M Fitoterapia. 2002 October; 73(6): 472-8 0367-326X

·

Peroxidase activity in Aloe barbadensis commercial gel: probable role in skin protection. Author(s): Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidad de Alcala, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain.

Nutrition

17

Source: Esteban, A Zapata, J M Casano, L Martin, M Sabater, B Planta-Med. 2000 December; 66(8): 724-7 0032-0943 ·

Physicochemical and microbiological properties as well as stability of ointments containing aloe extract (Aloe arborescens Mill.) or aloe extract associated to neomycin sulphate. Author(s): Department of Drug Form Technology, Karol Marcinkowski Medical Academy, Poznan. Source: Kodym, A Bujak, T Pharmazie. 2002 December; 57(12): 834-7 0031-7144

·

Prevention of ultraviolet radiation-induced suppression of contact and delayed hypersensitivity by Aloe barbadensis gel extract. Author(s): Department of Immunology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030. Source: Strickland, F M Pelley, R P Kripke, M L J-Invest-Dermatol. 1994 February; 102(2): 197-204 0022-202X

·

Purification and characterization of a glutathione peroxidase from the Aloe vera plant. Author(s): Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton 76201. Source: Sabeh, F Wright, T Norton, S J Enzyme-Protein. 1993; 47(2): 92-8 1019-6773

·

Radioprotective efficacy of Aloe vera leaf extract. Source: Pande, S. KuMarch, M. Kumar, A. Pharm-biol. Lisse, the Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger, c1998-. July 1998. volume 36 (3) page 227-232. 1388-0209

·

Some pharmacological actions of aloe extracts and Cassia abbreviata on rats and mice. Author(s): Department of Physiology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare. Source: Parry, O Matambo, C Cent-Afr-J-Med. 1992 October; 38(10): 409-14 0008-9176

·

Studies of aloe. III. Mechanism of cathartic effect. (2). Author(s): School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan. Source: Ishii, Y Tanizawa, H Takino, Y Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 1990 January; 38(1): 197-200 0009-2363

·

Studies of aloe. IV. Mechanism of cathartic effect. (3). Author(s): School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan. Source: Ishii, Y Tanizawa, H Takino, Y Biol-Pharm-Bull. 1994 April; 17(4): 495-7 09186158

·

Studies of aloe. V. Mechanism of cathartic effect. (4). Author(s): School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan. Source: Ishii, Y Tanizawa, H Takino, Y Biol-Pharm-Bull. 1994 May; 17(5): 651-3 09186158

·

Studies of aloe. VI. Cathartic effect of isobarbaloin. Author(s): School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan. Source: Ishii, Y Takino, Y Toyo'oka, T Tanizawa, H Biol-Pharm-Bull. 1998 November; 21(11): 1226-7 0918-6158

·

Studies on the composition of lipid, amino acid and dietary fiber from functional food source - Platycodi radix, perilla seed, evening primrose seed and aloe vera. Author(s): Kyungsan University, Kyungsan (Korea Republic). Department of Food Science Source: Hwang, S.W. Park, M.H. Shim, H.K. Bae, M.J. Journal-of-The-Korean-Society-ofFood-and-Nutrition (Korea Republic). (August 1994). volume 23(4) page 647-653. 02533154

18 Aloe

·

The clinical effects of saline and aloe vera rinses on periodontal surgical sites. Author(s): Department of Dental Hygiene, University of Oklahoma, College of Dentistry, USA. Source: Rieger, Lisa Carson, Robert E J-Okla-Dent-Assoc. 2002 Winter; 92(3): 40-3 01649442

·

The effect of aloe vera gel/mild soap versus mild soap alone in preventing skin reactions in patients undergoing radiation therapy. Author(s): Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, USA. Source: Olsen, D L Raub, W Jr Bradley, C Johnson, M Macias, J L Love, V Markoe, A Oncol-Nurs-Forum. 2001 April; 28(3): 543-7 0190-535X

·

The influence of moisture content on the dry matter intake of American aloe (Agave americana). Author(s): Department of Agriculture, Middelburg Cape (South Africa). Grootfontein Agricultural Development Inst. Source: King, B.R. Hoon, J.H. Grootfontein-Afric (South Africa). (1995). volume 1(1) page 18-19. sheep agave moisture content feed intake dry matter content south africa 1024-6037

·

The M and M's of aloe vera--is it for dentistry? Source: Moore, T E J-Okla-Dent-Assoc. 2001 Winter; 91(3): 30-1, 36 0164-9442

·

The use of genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) to show transmission of recombinant chromosomes by a partially fertile bigeneric hybrid, Gasteria lutzii x Aloe aristata (Aloaceae), to its progeny. Author(s): Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK. Source: Takahashi, C Leitch, I J Ryan, A Bennett, M D Brandham, P E Chromosoma. 1997 April; 105(6): 342-8 0009-5915

·

Therapeutic effects of Aloe vera on cutaneous microcirculation and wound healing in second degree burn model in rats. Author(s): Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Source: Somboonwong, J Thanamittramanee, S Jariyapongskul, A Patumraj, S J-MedAssoc-Thai. 2000 April; 83(4): 417-25 0125-2208

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: ·

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

·

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

·

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

·

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

Nutrition

19

·

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

·

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

·

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

·

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: ·

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

·

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

·

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

·

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

·

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

·

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

·

WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

·

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to aloe; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: ·

Food and Diet Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

21

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ALOE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to aloe. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to aloe and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “aloe” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to aloe: ·

6'-O-Coumaroylaloesin from Aloe castanea--a taxonomic marker for Aloe section Anguialoe. Author(s): van Heerden FR, Viljoen AM, van Wyk BE. Source: Phytochemistry. 2000 September; 55(2): 117-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11065286&dopt=Abstract

·

A 35 kDa mannose-binding lectin with hemagglutinating and mitogenic activities from “Kidachi Aloe” (Aloe arborescens Miller var. natalensis Berger). Author(s): Koike T, Beppu H, Kuzuya H, Maruta K, Shimpo K, Suzuki M, Titani K, Fujita K. Source: Journal of Biochemistry. 1995 December; 118(6): 1205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8720136&dopt=Abstract

·

A chlorinated amide and piperidine alkaloids from Aloe sabaea. Author(s): Blitzke T, Porzel A, Masaoud M, Schmidt J.

22 Aloe

Source: Phytochemistry. 2000 December; 55(8): 979-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11140536&dopt=Abstract ·

A comparative investigation of methods used to estimate aloin and related compounds in Aloes. Author(s): McCarthy TJ, Mapp RK. Source: Planta Medica. 1970 January; 18(1): 36-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5441604&dopt=Abstract

·

A double-blind trial of a celandin, aloevera and psyllium laxative preparation in adult patients with constipation. Author(s): Odes HS, Madar Z. Source: Digestion. 1991; 49(2): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1800188&dopt=Abstract

·

A drug for all seasons. Medical and pharmacological history of aloe. Author(s): Haller JS Jr. Source: Bull N Y Acad Med. 1990 November-December; 66(6): 647-59. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2282445&dopt=Abstract

·

A novel angiogenic factor derived from Aloe vera gel: beta-sitosterol, a plant sterol. Author(s): Moon EJ, Lee YM, Lee OH, Lee MJ, Lee SK, Chung MH, Park YI, Sung CK, Choi JS, Kim KW. Source: Angiogenesis. 1999; 3(2): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14517429&dopt=Abstract

·

A Phase III study on the efficacy of topical aloe vera gel on irradiated breast tissue. Author(s): Heggie S, Bryant GP, Tripcony L, Keller J, Rose P, Glendenning M, Heath J. Source: Cancer Nursing. 2002 December; 25(6): 442-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464836&dopt=Abstract

·

A phase III trial comparing an anionic phospholipid-based (APP) cream and aloe vera-based gel in the prevention and treatment of radiation dermatitis. Author(s): Bosley C, Smith J, Baratti P, Pritchard DL, Xiong X, Li C, Merchant TE. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2003 October 1; 57(2 Suppl): S438. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12965848&dopt=Abstract

·

Acceleration of the alcohol oxidation rate in rats with aloin, a quinone derivative of Aloe. Author(s): Chung JH, Cheong JC, Lee JY, Roh HK, Cha YN.

Alternative Medicine 23

Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1996 November 8; 52(9): 1461-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8937458&dopt=Abstract ·

Acemannan purified from Aloe vera induces phenotypic and functional maturation of immature dendritic cells. Author(s): Lee JK, Lee MK, Yun YP, Kim Y, Kim JS, Kim YS, Kim K, Han SS, Lee CK. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2001 July; 1(7): 1275-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11460308&dopt=Abstract

·

Activation of a mouse macrophage cell line by acemannan: the major carbohydrate fraction from Aloe vera gel. Author(s): Zhang L, Tizard IR. Source: Immunopharmacology. 1996 November; 35(2): 119-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8956975&dopt=Abstract

·

Adverse reactions to vitamin E and aloe vera preparations after dermabrasion and chemical peel. Author(s): Hunter D, Frumkin A. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1991 March; 47(3): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2022130&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe arborescens extract inhibits TPA-induced ear oedema, putrescine increase and tumour promotion in mouse skin. Author(s): Shimpo K, Ida C, Chihara T, Beppu H, Kaneko T, Kuzuya H. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 August; 16(5): 491-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12203274&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe barbadensis extracts reduce the production of interleukin-10 after exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Author(s): Byeon SW, Pelley RP, Ullrich SE, Waller TA, Bucana CD, Strickland FM. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1998 May; 110(5): 811-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9579551&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe exudate: characterization by reversed phase HPLC and headspace GC-MS. Author(s): Saccu D, Bogoni P, Procida G. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 October; 49(10): 4526-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11599983&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe L.--a second plant family without (TTTAGGG)n telomeres. Author(s): Adams SP, Leitch IJ, Bennett MD, Leitch AR.

24 Aloe

Source: Chromosoma. 2000 June; 109(3): 201-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10929199&dopt=Abstract ·

Aloe mannan, ploysaccharide, from Aloe arborescens var. natalensis. Author(s): Yagi A, Makino K, Nishioka I, Kuchino Y. Source: Planta Medica. 1977 February; 31(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=840922&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe polymannose enhances anti-coxsackievirus antibody titres in mice. Author(s): Gauntt CJ, Wood HJ, McDaniel HR, McAnalley BH. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2000 June; 14(4): 261-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10861969&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe spp.--plants with vertebrate-like telomeric sequences. Author(s): Weiss H, Scherthan H. Source: Chromosome Research : an International Journal on the Molecular, Supramolecular and Evolutionary Aspects of Chromosome Biology. 2002; 10(2): 155-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11993936&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe vera and burn wound healing. Author(s): Kaufman T, Newman AR, Wexler MR. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1989 June; 83(6): 1075-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2727155&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe vera and gibberellin. Anti-inflammatory activity in diabetes. Author(s): Davis RH, Maro NP. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1989 January; 79(1): 24-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2724102&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe vera and the inflamed synovial pouch model. Author(s): Davis RH, Stewart GJ, Bregman PJ. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1992 March; 82(3): 140-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1578350&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe vera and wound healing. Author(s): Davis RH, Kabbani JM, Maro NP. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1987 April; 77(4): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2438402&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe vera as a biologically active vehicle for hydrocortisone acetate. Author(s): Davis RH, Parker WL, Murdoch DP.


Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1991 January; 81(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1993971&dopt=Abstract ·

Aloe vera dermal wound gel is associated with a delay in wound healing. Author(s): Schmidt JM, Greenspoon JS. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 July; 78(1): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2047051&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe vera does not affect cutaneous erythema and blood flow following ultraviolet B exposure. Author(s): Crowell J, Hilsenbeck S, Penneys N. Source: Photodermatol. 1989 October; 6(5): 237-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2616366&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe vera for burns. Author(s): Kivett WF. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1989 January; 83(1): 195. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2909066&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe vera gel hindered wound healing of experimental second-degree burns: a quantitative controlled study. Author(s): Kaufman T, Kalderon N, Ullmann Y, Berger J. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 1988 March-April; 9(2): 156-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3360818&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe vera gel in peptic ulcer therapy: preliminary report. Author(s): BLITZ JJ, SMITH JW, GERARD JR. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1963 April; 62: 731-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13971654&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe Vera in dentistry. Author(s): Sturm PG, Hayes SM. Source: J Bergen Cty Dent Soc. 1984 May; 50(8): 11-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6590551&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe vera leaf gel: a review update. Author(s): Reynolds T, Dweck AC. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999 December 15; 68(1-3): 3-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10624859&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe vera, fiction or fact. Author(s): Natow AJ.

26 Aloe

Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1986 February; 37(2): 106, 108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3956253&dopt=Abstract ·

Aloe vera, hydrocortisone, and sterol influence on wound tensile strength and antiinflammation. Author(s): Davis RH, DiDonato JJ, Johnson RW, Stewart CB. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1994 December; 84(12): 614-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7853156&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe vera, salicylic acid, and aspirin for burns. Author(s): Frumkin A. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1989 January; 83(1): 196. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2909067&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe Vera, true and false. Author(s): Felts JH. Source: N C Med J. 1983 September; 44(9): 599. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6579379&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe vera. Author(s): Klein AD, Penneys NS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 April; 18(4 Pt 1): 714-20. Review. Erratum In: J Am Acad Dermatol 1988 July; 19(1 Pt 1): 82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3286692&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe vera. A natural approach for treating wounds, edema, and pain in diabetes. Author(s): Davis RH, Leitner MG, Russo JM. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1988 February; 78(2): 608. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3367289&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe vera. Its chemical and therapeutic properties. Author(s): Shelton RM. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1991 October; 30(10): 679-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1823544&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe vera: a systematic review of its clinical effectiveness. Author(s): Vogler BK, Ernst E.


Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1999 October; 49(447): 823-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10885091&dopt=Abstract ·

Aloe vera: magic or medicine? Author(s): Atherton P. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1998 July 1-7; 12(41): 49-52, 54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9776900&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe vera--fact or quackery. Author(s): Spoerke DG, Ekins BR. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1980 December; 22(6): 418-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7210473&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe-emodin effects on arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Wang HH, Chung JG, Ho CC, Wu LT, Chang SH. Source: Planta Medica. 1998 March; 64(2): 176-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9525111&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe-emodin glycosides of senna leaf. Author(s): Fairbairn JW, Shrestha AB. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1966 July; 18(7): 467-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4381729&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloe-emodin is a new type of anticancer agent with selective activity against neuroectodermal tumors. Author(s): Pecere T, Gazzola MV, Mucignat C, Parolin C, Vecchia FD, Cavaggioni A, Basso G, Diaspro A, Salvato B, Carli M, Palu G. Source: Cancer Research. 2000 June 1; 60(11): 2800-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10850417&dopt=Abstract

·

Aloesin up-regulates cyclin E/CDK2 kinase activity via inducing the protein levels of cyclin E, CDK2, and CDC25A in SK-HEP-1 cells. Author(s): Lee KY, Park JH, Chung MH, Park YI, Kim KW, Lee YJ, Lee SK. Source: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1997 February; 41(2): 285-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9063568&dopt=Abstract

·

An anti-complementary polysaccharide with immunological adjuvant activity from the leaf parenchyma gel of Aloe vera. Author(s): t'Hart LA, van den Berg AJ, Kuis L, van Dijk H, Labadie RP.

28 Aloe

Source: Planta Medica. 1989 December; 55(6): 509-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2616669&dopt=Abstract ·

An isozyme of the NADP-malic enzyme of a CAM plant, Aloe arborescens, with variation on conservative amino acid residues. Author(s): Honda H, Akagi H, Shimada H. Source: Gene. 2000 February 8; 243(1-2): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10675616&dopt=Abstract

·

Anthraquinone drugs. I. Thin-layer chromatographic identification of aloes, cascara, senna, and certain synthetic laxatives in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Author(s): Gyanchandani ND, Yamamoto M, Nigam IC. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1969 February; 58(2): 197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5779859&dopt=Abstract

·

Anthraquinone drugs. II. Inadvertent acetylation of aloe-emodin during preparation of aglycones from crude drugs--UV, IR, and NMR spectra of the products. Author(s): Gyanchandani ND, Nigam IC. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1969 July; 58(7): 833-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5810201&dopt=Abstract

·

Antiarthritic activity of anthraquinones found in aloe for podiatric medicine. Author(s): Davis RH, Agnew PS, Shapiro E. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1986 February; 76(2): 616. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3941379&dopt=Abstract

·

Antibradykinin active material in Aloe saponaria. Author(s): Yagi A, Harada N, Yamada H, Iwadare S, Nishioka I. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1982 October; 71(10): 1172-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7143219&dopt=Abstract

·

Antifungal effects of different plant extracts and their major components of selected aloe species. Author(s): Ali MI, Shalaby NM, Elgamal MH, Mousa AS. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 1999 August; 13(5): 401-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10441780&dopt=Abstract

·

Anti-inflammatory activity of Aloe vera against a spectrum of irritants. Author(s): Davis RH, Leitner MG, Russo JM, Byrne ME.


Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1989 June; 79(6): 263-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2746485&dopt=Abstract ·

Antiinflammatory activity of extracts from Aloe vera gel. Author(s): Vazquez B, Avila G, Segura D, Escalante B. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1996 December; 55(1): 69-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9121170&dopt=Abstract

·

Anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity of a growth substance in Aloe vera. Author(s): Davis RH, Donato JJ, Hartman GM, Haas RC. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1994 February; 84(2): 7781. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8169808&dopt=Abstract

·

Antiinflammatory C-glucosyl chromone from Aloe barbadensis. Author(s): Hutter JA, Salman M, Stavinoha WB, Satsangi N, Williams RF, Streeper RT, Weintraub ST. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1996 May; 59(5): 541-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8778246&dopt=Abstract

·

Anti-leukaemic and anti-mutagenic effects of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate isolated from Aloe vera Linne. Author(s): Lee KH, Kim JH, Lim DS, Kim CH. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2000 May; 52(5): 593-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10864149&dopt=Abstract

·

Antioxidant, free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects of aloesin derivatives in Aloe vera. Author(s): Yagi A, Kabash A, Okamura N, Haraguchi H, Moustafa SM, Khalifa TI. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 November; 68(11): 957-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12451482&dopt=Abstract

·

Aroma chemicals isolated and identified from leaves of Aloe arborescens Mill. Var. Natalensis Berger. Author(s): Umano K, Nakahara K, Shoji A, Shibamoto T. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 September; 47(9): 3702-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552708&dopt=Abstract

·

Bacteriostatic property of aloe vera. Author(s): LORENZETTI LJ, SALISBURY R, BEAL JL, BALDWIN JN.

30 Aloe

Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1964 October; 53: 1287. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14252823&dopt=Abstract ·

Beneficial effect of Aloe on wound healing in an excisional wound model. Author(s): Heggers JP, Kucukcelebi A, Listengarten D, Stabenau J, Ko F, Broemeling LD, Robson MC, Winters WD. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 1996 Summer; 2(2): 271-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9395659&dopt=Abstract

·

Biodisposition of FITC-labeled aloemannan in mice. Author(s): Yagi A, Hamano S, Tanaka T, Kaneo Y, Fujioka T, Mihashi K. Source: Planta Medica. 2001 June; 67(4): 297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11458442&dopt=Abstract

·

Biologically active constituents of leaves and roots of Aloe arborescens var. natalensis. Author(s): Hirata T, Suga T. Source: Z Naturforsch [c]. 1977 September-October; 32(9-10): 731-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=145111&dopt=Abstract

·

Biopharmaceutical assessment of eye drops containing aloe (Aloe arborescens Mill.) and neomycin sulphate. Author(s): Kodym A, Grzeskowiak E, Partyka D, Marcinkowski A, Kaczynska-Dyba E. Source: Acta Pol Pharm. 2002 May-June; 59(3): 181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230244&dopt=Abstract

·

Biotherapy with the pineal immunomodulating hormone melatonin versus melatonin plus aloe vera in untreatable advanced solid neoplasms. Author(s): Lissoni P, Giani L, Zerbini S, Trabattoni P, Rovelli F. Source: Natural Immunity. 1998; 16(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9789122&dopt=Abstract

·

Bradykinase activity of aloe extract. Author(s): Fujita K, Teradaira R, Nagatsu T. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1976 January 15; 25(2): 205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1259782&dopt=Abstract

·

Bradykinin-degrading glycoprotein in Aloe arborescens var. natalensis. Author(s): Yagi A, Harada N, Shimomura K, Nishioka I.


Source: Planta Medica. 1987 February; 53(1): 19-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3575507&dopt=Abstract ·

Cardiac stimulant action of constituents of Aloe saponaria. Author(s): Yagi A, Shibata S, Nishioka I, Iwadare S, Ishida Y. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1982 July; 71(7): 739-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7120054&dopt=Abstract

·

Characterization of Aloeride, a new high-molecular-weight polysaccharide from Aloe vera with potent immunostimulatory activity. Author(s): Pugh N, Ross SA, ElSohly MA, Pasco DS. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 February; 49(2): 1030-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11262067&dopt=Abstract

·

Chemomodulatory action of Aloe vera on the profiles of enzymes associated with carcinogen metabolism and antioxidant status regulation in mice. Author(s): Singh RP, Dhanalakshmi S, Rao AR. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2000 June; 7(3): 209-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11185732&dopt=Abstract

·

Chemopreventive effects of Aloe arborescens on N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amineinduced pancreatic carcinogenesis in hamsters. Author(s): Furukawa F, Nishikawa A, Chihara T, Shimpo K, Beppu H, Kuzuya H, Lee IS, Hirose M. Source: Cancer Letters. 2002 April 25; 178(2): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11867195&dopt=Abstract

·

Chromones and anthrones from Aloe marlothii and Aloe rupestris. Author(s): Bisrat D, Dagne E, van Wyk BE, Viljoen A. Source: Phytochemistry. 2000 December; 55(8): 949-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11140530&dopt=Abstract

·

Chromones in aloe species. I. Aloesin--a C-glucosyl-7-hydroxychromone. Author(s): Holdsworth DK. Source: Planta Medica. 1971 April; 19(4): 322-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5573544&dopt=Abstract

·

Chromones in aloe species. II. Aloesone. Author(s): Holdsworth DK.

32 Aloe

Source: Planta Medica. 1972 August; 22(1): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5083248&dopt=Abstract ·

Clinical trials with Myron and Aloes Compound in cases of bovine infertility. Author(s): Dange BN. Source: Indian Vet J. 1978 August; 55(8): 657-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=570176&dopt=Abstract

·

Comparative evaluation of aloe vera in the management of burn wounds in guinea pigs. Author(s): Rodriguez-Bigas M, Cruz NI, Suarez A. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1988 March; 81(3): 386-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3340673&dopt=Abstract

·

Components of the gel of Aloe vera (L.) burm. f. Author(s): Yamaguchi I, Mega N, Sanada H. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1993 August; 57(8): 1350-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7764018&dopt=Abstract

·

Constituents of Aloe rubroviolacea. Author(s): Blitzke T, Masaoud M, Schmidt J. Source: Fitoterapia. 2001 January; 72(1): 78-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11163949&dopt=Abstract

·

Contact dermatitis from aloe arborescens. Author(s): Nakamura T, Kotajima S. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1984 July; 11(1): 51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6744846&dopt=Abstract

·

Contact dermatitis to Aloe arborescens. Author(s): Shoji A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1982 May; 8(3): 164-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7094571&dopt=Abstract

·

Current status of aloe as a cure-all. Author(s): Gjerstad G, Riner TD. Source: Am J Pharm Sci Support Public Health. 1968 March-April; 140(2): 58-64. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5656044&dopt=Abstract


·

Cytotoxicity of a low molecular weight fraction from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) gel. Author(s): Avila H, Rivero J, Herrera F, Fraile G. Source: Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 1997 September; 35(9): 1423-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9403965&dopt=Abstract

·

Decreased levels of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline-DNA adducts in rats treated with beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and freeze-dried aloe. Author(s): Uehara N, Iwahori Y, Asamoto M, Baba-Toriyama H, Iigo M, Ochiai M, Nagao M, Nakayama M, Degawa M, Matsumoto K, Hirono I, Beppu H, Fujita K, Tsuda H. Source: Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann. 1996 April; 87(4): 342-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8641964&dopt=Abstract

·

Determination of aloenin, barbaloin and isobarbaloin in aloe species by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Author(s): Kuzuya H, Tamai I, Beppu H, Shimpo K, Chihara T. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 March 5; 752(1): 91-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11254203&dopt=Abstract

·

Determination of the position of the O-acetyl group in a beta-(1-->4)-mannan (acemannan) from Aloe barbardensis Miller. Author(s): Manna S, McAnalley BH. Source: Carbohydrate Research. 1993 March 17; 241: 317-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8472257&dopt=Abstract

·

Distribution of glycosyl compounds in South African Aloe species. Author(s): McCarthy TJ. Source: Planta Medica. 1969 February; 17(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5772272&dopt=Abstract

·

Distribution of verectin in Aloe vera leaves and verectin contents in clonally regenerated plants and the commercial gel powders by immunochemical screening. Author(s): Yagi A, Sato Y, Shimomura K, Akasaki K, Tsuji H. Source: Planta Medica. 2000 March; 66(2): 180-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10763598&dopt=Abstract

·

Effect of Aloe barbedensis & clofibrate on serum lipids in triton-induced hyperlipidaemia in Presbytis monkeys. Author(s): Dixit VP, Joshi S.

34 Aloe

Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1983 September; 78: 417-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6674162&dopt=Abstract ·

Effect of Aloe extract on peripheral phagocytosis in adult bronchial asthma. Author(s): Shida T, Yagi A, Nishimura H, Nishioka I. Source: Planta Medica. 1985 June; (3): 273-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4034752&dopt=Abstract

·

Effect of aloe in O-T-C products sought. Author(s): Hollander S. Source: J Am Pharm Assoc. 1973 June; 13(6): 277. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4710073&dopt=Abstract

·

Effect of aloe lectin on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in baby hamster kidney cells. Author(s): Yagi A, Machii K, Nishimura H, Shida T, Nishioka I. Source: Experientia. 1985 May 15; 41(5): 669-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3996544&dopt=Abstract

·

Effect of aloe vera gel to healing of burn wound a clinical and histologic study. Author(s): Visuthikosol V, Chowchuen B, Sukwanarat Y, Sriurairatana S, Boonpucknavig V. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1995 August; 78(8): 403-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7561562&dopt=Abstract

·

Effect of Aloe vera leaves on blood glucose level in type I and type II diabetic rat models. Author(s): Okyar A, Can A, Akev N, Baktir G, Sutlupinar N. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2001 March; 15(2): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11268118&dopt=Abstract

·

Effect of aloes on blood glucose levels in normal and alloxan diabetic mice. Author(s): Ajabnoor MA. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1990 February; 28(2): 215-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2109811&dopt=Abstract

·

Effect of amino acids in Aloe extract on phagocytosis by peripheral neutrophil in adult bronchial asthma. Author(s): Yagi A, Shida T, Nishimura H. Source: Arerugi = [allergy]. 1987 December; 36(12): 1094-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3451730&dopt=Abstract


·

Effect of leaf extracts of Aloe arborescens Mill subsp. natalensis Berger on growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Author(s): Fujita K, Yamada Y, Azuma K, Hirozawa S. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1978 July; 14(1): 132-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=686703&dopt=Abstract

·

Effect of the combination of Aloe vera, nitroglycerin, and L-NAME on wound healing in the rat excisional model. Author(s): Heggers JP, Elzaim H, Garfield R, Goodheart R, Listengarten D, Zhao J, Phillips LG. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 1997 Summer; 3(2): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9395704&dopt=Abstract

·

Effect of water extracts of aloe and some herbs in decreasing blood ethanol concentration in rats. II. Author(s): Sakai K, Saitoh Y, Ikawa C, Nishihata T. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1989 January; 37(1): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2720844&dopt=Abstract

·

Effectiveness of a medicament containing silicon dioxide, aloe, and allantoin on aphthous stomatitis. Author(s): Garnick JJ, Singh B, Winkley G. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1998 November; 86(5): 550-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9830646&dopt=Abstract

·

Effects of an aqueous extract of Aloe buettneri, Justicia insularis, Hibiscus macranthus, Dicliptera verticillata on some physiological and biochemical parameters of reproduction in immature female rats. Author(s): Telefo PB, Moundipa PF, Tchana AN, Tchouanguep Dzickotze C, Mbiapo FT. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1998 December; 63(3): 193-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10030723&dopt=Abstract

·

Effects of low molecular constituents from Aloe vera gel on oxidative metabolism and cytotoxic and bactericidal activities of human neutrophils. Author(s): 't Hart LA, Nibbering PH, van den Barselaar MT, van Dijk H, van den Berg AJ, Labadie RP. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1990; 12(4): 427-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2167880&dopt=Abstract

·

Efficacy of crude extract of Aloe secundiflora against Salmonella gallinarum in experimentally infected free-range chickens in Tanzania. Author(s): Waihenya RK, Mtambo MM, Nkwengulila G, Minga UM.

36 Aloe

Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 March; 79(3): 317-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11849835&dopt=Abstract ·

Efficacy of dietary aloe vera supplementation on hepatic cholesterol and oxidative status in aged rats. Author(s): Lim BO, Seong NS, Choue RW, Kim JD, Lee HY, Kim SY, Yu BP, Jeon TI, Park DK. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2003 August; 49(4): 292-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14598919&dopt=Abstract

·

Evaluation of aloe vera gel gloves in the treatment of dry skin associated with occupational exposure. Author(s): West DP, Zhu YF. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 2003 February; 31(1): 40-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548256&dopt=Abstract

·

Evaluation of the efficacy of the crude extract of Aloe secundiflora in chickens experimentally infected with Newcastle disease virus. Author(s): Waihenya RK, Mtambo MM, Nkwengulila G. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 March; 79(3): 299-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11849832&dopt=Abstract

·

Experimental acute radiodermatitis following beta irradiation. V. Histopathological study of the mode of action of therapy with Aloe vera. Author(s): LUSHBAUGH CC, HALE DB. Source: Cancer. 1953 July; 6(4): 690-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13059762&dopt=Abstract

·

Experimental use of aloe vera extract in clinical practice. Author(s): Northway RB. Source: Vet Med Small Anim Clin. 1975 January; 70(1): 89. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1039210&dopt=Abstract

·

Fluorophotometry of barbaloin in Aloe. Author(s): Ishii Y, Tanizawa H, Takino Y. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1984 December; 32(12): 4946-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6534543&dopt=Abstract

·

Gas chromatographic and mass spectral determination of aloenin in skin-care cosmetics. Author(s): Nakamura H, Okuyama T.


Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1990 June 22; 509(2): 377-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2211901&dopt=Abstract ·

Genotoxicity of the laxative drug components emodin, aloe-emodin and danthron in mammalian cells: topoisomerase II mediated? Author(s): Muller SO, Eckert I, Lutz WK, Stopper H. Source: Mutation Research. 1996 December 20; 371(3-4): 165-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9008718&dopt=Abstract

·

Geographical variation in the major compounds of Aloe ferox leaf exudate. Author(s): van Wyk BE, van Rheede van Oudtshoorn MC, Smith GF. Source: Planta Medica. 1995 June; 61(3): 250-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7617769&dopt=Abstract

·

Gloves and aloe vera. Author(s): Watts TL. Source: British Dental Journal. 2002 July 27; 193(2): 62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12199122&dopt=Abstract

·

Glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II from Aloe vera: purification, characterization and comparison with animal glyoxalases. Author(s): Norton SJ, Talesa V, Yuan WJ, Principato GB. Source: Biochem Int. 1990 November; 22(3): 411-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2076100&dopt=Abstract

·

Growth, soluble carbohydrates, and aloin concentration of Aloe vera plants exposed to three irradiance levels. Author(s): Paez A, Michael Gebre G, Gonzalez ME, Tschaplinski TJ. Source: Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2000 October 1; 44(2): 133-139. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10996366&dopt=Abstract

·

Herbal remedy-associated acute renal failure secondary to Cape aloes. Author(s): Luyckx VA, Ballantine R, Claeys M, Cuyckens F, Van den Heuvel H, Cimanga RK, Vlietinck AJ, De Broe ME, Katz IJ. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2002 March; 39(3): E13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11877593&dopt=Abstract

·

High-performance liquid chromatographic profiles of aloe constituents and determination of aloin in beverages, with reference to the EEC regulation for flavouring substances. Author(s): Zonta F, Bogoni P, Masotti P, Micali G.

38 Aloe

Source: J Chromatogr A. 1995 December 1; 718(1): 99-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8556168&dopt=Abstract ·

Hypersensitivity to aloe. Author(s): Morrow DM, Rapaport MJ, Strick RA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1980 September; 116(9): 1064-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7416761&dopt=Abstract

·

Hypotensive effect of chemical constituents from Aloe barbadensis. Author(s): Saleem R, Faizi S, Siddiqui BS, Ahmed M, Hussain SA, Qazi A, Dar A, Ahmad SI, Qazi MH, Akhtar S, Hasnain SN. Source: Planta Medica. 2001 November; 67(8): 757-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11731923&dopt=Abstract

·

Immunochemical distinction of Aloe vera, A. arborescens, and A. chinensis gels. Author(s): Yagi A, Tsunoda M, Egusa T, Akasaki K, Tsuji H. Source: Planta Medica. 1998 April; 64(3): 277-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9581527&dopt=Abstract

·

In vitro angiogenic activity of Aloe vera gel on calf pulmonary artery endothelial (CPAE) cells. Author(s): Lee MJ, Lee OH, Yoon SH, Lee SK, Chung MH, Park YI, Sung CK, Choi JS, Kim KW. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 1998 June; 21(3): 260-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9875441&dopt=Abstract

·

In vitro chemopreventive effects of plant polysaccharides (Aloe barbadensis miller, Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum and Coriolus versicolor). Author(s): Kim HS, Kacew S, Lee BM. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1999 August; 20(8): 1637-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10426820&dopt=Abstract

·

In vitro susceptibilities of Shigella flexneri and Streptococcus pyogenes to inner gel of Aloe barbadensis Miller. Author(s): Ferro VA, Bradbury F, Cameron P, Shakir E, Rahman SR, Stimson WH. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 March; 47(3): 1137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604556&dopt=Abstract

·

In vivo macrophage activation in chickens with Acemannan, a complex carbohydrate extracted from Aloe vera. Author(s): Djeraba A, Quere P.


Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 2000 May; 22(5): 365-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10708884&dopt=Abstract ·

In vivo metabolism of aloemannan. Author(s): Yagi A, Nakamori J, Yamada T, Iwase H, Tanaka T, Kaneo Y, Qiu J, Orndorff S. Source: Planta Medica. 1999 June; 65(5): 417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10418327&dopt=Abstract

·

Induced expression of the gene for NADP-malic enzyme in leaves of Aloe vera L. under salt stress. Author(s): Sun SB, Shen QR, Wan JM, Liu ZP. Source: Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao Acta Biochimica Et Biophysica Sinica. 2003 May; 35(5): 423-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12766802&dopt=Abstract

·

Induction of apoptosis in human leukaemic cell lines K562, HL60 and U937 by diethylhexylphthalate isolated from Aloe vera Linne. Author(s): Lee KH, Hong HS, Lee CH, Kim CH. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2000 August; 52(8): 1037-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11007077&dopt=Abstract

·

Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats. Author(s): Chithra P, Sajithlal GB, Chandrakasan G. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 1998 April; 181(1-2): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9562243&dopt=Abstract

·

Influence of Aloe vera on collagen turnover in healing of dermal wounds in rats. Author(s): Chithra P, Sajithlal GB, Chandrakasan G. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1998 September; 36(9): 896-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9854430&dopt=Abstract

·

Influence of Aloe vera on the glycosaminoglycans in the matrix of healing dermal wounds in rats. Author(s): Chithra P, Sajithlal GB, Chandrakasan G. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1998 January; 59(3): 179-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9507902&dopt=Abstract

·

Influence of aloe vera on the healing of dermal wounds in diabetic rats. Author(s): Chithra P, Sajithlal GB, Chandrakasan G.

40 Aloe

Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1998 January; 59(3): 195-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9507904&dopt=Abstract ·

Inhibition of azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci formation in rat colorectum by whole leaf Aloe arborescens Miller var. natalensis Berger. Author(s): Shimpo K, Chihara T, Beppu H, Ida C, Kaneko T, Nagatsu T, Kuzuya H. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2001 December; 15(8): 705-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11746864&dopt=Abstract

·

Inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adduct formation by Aloe barbadensis Miller. Author(s): Kim HS, Lee BM. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1997 April; 18(4): 771-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9111213&dopt=Abstract

·

Inhibition of collagenase and metalloproteinases by aloins and aloe gel. Author(s): Barrantes E, Guinea M. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 January 3; 72(7): 843-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479983&dopt=Abstract

·

Inhibitory mechanism of aloe single component (alprogen) on mediator release in guinea pig lung mast cells activated with specific antigen-antibody reactions. Author(s): Ro JY, Lee BC, Kim JY, Chung YJ, Chung MH, Lee SK, Jo TH, Kim KH, Park YI. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2000 January; 292(1): 114-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10604937&dopt=Abstract

·

Initial characterization of the effects of Aloe vera at a crayfish neuromuscular junction. Author(s): Friedman RN, Si K. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 1999 November; 13(7): 580-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10548750&dopt=Abstract

·

Investigations of antibacterial activity in the aloe. Author(s): Bruce WG. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1967 October 7; 41(38): 984. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4964813&dopt=Abstract

·

Is aloe vera effective for healing chronic wounds? Author(s): Gallagher J, Gray M.


Source: Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing : Official Publication of the Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society / Wocn. 2003 March; 30(2): 68-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12658233&dopt=Abstract ·

Isolation and characterization of the glycoprotein fraction with a proliferationpromoting activity on human and hamster cells in vitro from Aloe vera gel. Author(s): Yagi A, Egusa T, Arase M, Tanabe M, Tsuji H. Source: Planta Medica. 1997 February; 63(1): 18-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9063091&dopt=Abstract

·

Isolation and identification of a phenolic antioxidant from Aloe barbadensis. Author(s): Lee KY, Weintraub ST, Yu BP. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2000 January 15; 28(2): 261-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11281293&dopt=Abstract

·

Isolation of a cDNA for a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from a monocot CAMplant, Aloe arborescens: structure and its gene expression. Author(s): Honda H, Okamoto T, Shimada H. Source: Plant & Cell Physiology. 1996 September; 37(6): 881-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8888625&dopt=Abstract

·

Isolation of a human intestinal bacterium capable of transforming barbaloin to aloeemodin anthrone. Author(s): Che QM, Akao T, Hattori M, Kobashi K, Namba T. Source: Planta Medica. 1991 February; 57(1): 15-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2062951&dopt=Abstract

·

Isolation of a new aloe-emodin dianthrone diglucoside from senna and its potentiating effect on the purgative activity of sennoside A in mice. Author(s): Nakajima K, Yamauchi K, Kuwano S. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1985 October; 37(10): 703-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2867138&dopt=Abstract

·

Isolation of a stimulatory system in an Aloe extract. Author(s): Davis RH, Parker WL, Samson RT, Murdoch DP. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1991 September; 81(9): 473-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1748962&dopt=Abstract

·

Isolation of cDNA for an NADP-malic enzyme from Aloe arborescens. Author(s): Honda H, Shimada H, Akagi H.

42 Aloe

Source: Dna Res. 1997 December 31; 4(6): 397-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9501996&dopt=Abstract ·

Isozymes of superoxide dismutase from Aloe vera. Author(s): Sabeh F, Wright T, Norton SJ. Source: Enzyme Protein. 1996; 49(4): 212-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9030888&dopt=Abstract

·

Lichen planus--report of successful treatment with aloe vera. Author(s): Hayes SM. Source: Gen Dent. 1999 May-June; 47(3): 268-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10687438&dopt=Abstract

·

Management of psoriasis with Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: a placebocontrolled, double-blind study. Author(s): Syed TA, Ahmad SA, Holt AH, Ahmad SA, Ahmad SH, Afzal M. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1996 August; 1(4): 505-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8765459&dopt=Abstract

·

Maryland man, Virginia physician sentenced for illegally marketing aloe vera 'treatments'. Author(s): Meadows M. Source: Fda Consumer. 2002 May-June; 36(3): 34-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12085811&dopt=Abstract

·

Metabolism of 1,8-dihydroxy 3-hydroxy methyl anthraquinone (aloe-emodin) isolated from the leaves of Cassia tora in albino rats. Author(s): Maity TK, Mandal SC, Bhakta T, Pal M, Saha BP. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2001 August; 15(5): 459-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11507746&dopt=Abstract

·

Modified Aloe barbadensis polysaccharide with immunoregulatory activity. Author(s): Qiu Z, Jones K, Wylie M, Jia Q, Orndorff S. Source: Planta Medica. 2000 March; 66(2): 152-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10763590&dopt=Abstract

·

Modulation of Immune Response of BALB/Mice Bearing Lymphoma L5178Y Treated with Bitter Yellow Juice of Aloe vera (L) in vivo. Author(s): Oronzo-Barocio A, Zaitseva G, Chavez-Anaya A, Arceta-Gonzalez VI, Puebla-Perez AM, Alfaro-Bustamante F, Zimina IV, Arion VY.


Source: Russ J Immunol. 1999 April; 4(1): 43-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12687115&dopt=Abstract ·

Nitric oxide production by chicken macrophages activated by Acemannan, a complex carbohydrate extracted from Aloe vera. Author(s): Karaca K, Sharma JM, Nordgren R. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1995 March; 17(3): 183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7558512&dopt=Abstract

·

Oestrogenicity and effect on hepatic metabolism of the aqueous extract of the leaf mixture of Aloe buettneri, Dicliptera verticillata, Hibiscus macranthus and Justicia insularis. Author(s): Telefo PB, Moundipa PF, Tchouanguep FM. Source: Fitoterapia. 2002 October; 73(6): 472-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385869&dopt=Abstract

·

Peroxidase activity in Aloe barbadensis commercial gel: probable role in skin protection. Author(s): Esteban A, Zapata JM, Casano L, Martin M, Sabater B. Source: Planta Medica. 2000 December; 66(8): 724-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11199129&dopt=Abstract

·

Phase III double-blind evaluation of an aloe vera gel as a prophylactic agent for radiation-induced skin toxicity. Author(s): Williams MS, Burk M, Loprinzi CL, Hill M, Schomberg PJ, Nearhood K, O'Fallon JR, Laurie JA, Shanahan TG, Moore RL, Urias RE, Kuske RR, Engel RE, Eggleston WD. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1996 September 1; 36(2): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8892458&dopt=Abstract

·

Photochemistry and phototoxicity of aloe emodin. Author(s): Vath P, Wamer WG, Falvey DE. Source: Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2002 April; 75(4): 346-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12003123&dopt=Abstract

·

Photodermatitis to aloe vera. Author(s): Dominguez-Soto L. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1992 May; 31(5): 372. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1587675&dopt=Abstract

·

Physicochemical and microbiological properties as well as stability of ointments containing aloe extract (Aloe arborescens Mill.) or aloe extract associated to neomycin

44 Aloe

sulphate. Author(s): Kodym A, Bujak T. Source: Pharmazie. 2002 December; 57(12): 834-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12561247&dopt=Abstract ·

Prevention of ultraviolet radiation-induced suppression of accessory cell function of Langerhans cells by Aloe vera gel components. Author(s): Lee CK, Han SS, Mo YK, Kim RS, Chung MH, Park YI, Lee SK, Kim YS. Source: Immunopharmacology. 1997 October; 37(2-3): 153-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9403333&dopt=Abstract

·

Prevention of ultraviolet radiation-induced suppression of contact and delayed hypersensitivity by Aloe barbadensis gel extract. Author(s): Strickland FM, Pelley RP, Kripke ML. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1994 February; 102(2): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7906286&dopt=Abstract

·

Prevention of ultraviolet radiation-induced suppression of contact hypersensitivity by Aloe vera gel components. Author(s): Lee CK, Han SS, Shin YK, Chung MH, Park YI, Lee SK, Kim YS. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1999 May; 21(5): 303-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10408627&dopt=Abstract

·

Processed Aloe vera administered topically inhibits inflammation. Author(s): Davis RH, Rosenthal KY, Cesario LR, Rouw GA. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1989 August; 79(8): 3957. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2810076&dopt=Abstract

·

Properties of a carboxypeptidase from aloe. Author(s): Fujita K, Ito S, Teradaira R, Beppu H. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1979 April 1; 28(7): 1261-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=36094&dopt=Abstract

·

Protective effect of aloe extract against the cytotoxicity of 1,4-naphthoquinone in isolated rat hepatocytes involves modulations in cellular thiol levels. Author(s): Norikura T, Kennedy DO, Nyarko AK, Kojima A, Matsui-Yuasa I. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 2002 May; 90(5): 278-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12076309&dopt=Abstract

·

Purification and characterization of a glutathione peroxidase from the Aloe vera plant. Author(s): Sabeh F, Wright T, Norton SJ.


Source: Enzyme Protein. 1993; 47(2): 92-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8193675&dopt=Abstract ·

Purification and characterization of two lectins from Aloe arborescens Mill. Author(s): Suzuki I, Saito H, Inoue S, Migita S, Takahashi T. Source: Journal of Biochemistry. 1979 January; 85(1): 163-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=104986&dopt=Abstract

·

Radical scavenging glycoprotein inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 and thromboxane A2 synthase from aloe vera gel. Author(s): Yagi A, Kabash A, Mizuno K, Moustafa SM, Khalifa TI, Tsuji H. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 March; 69(3): 269-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12677534&dopt=Abstract

·

Radical-scavenging effects of Aloe arborescens Miller on prevention of pancreatic islet B-cell destruction in rats. Author(s): Beppu H, Koike T, Shimpo K, Chihara T, Hoshino M, Ida C, Kuzuya H. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 November; 89(1): 37-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14522430&dopt=Abstract

·

Rhein and aloe-emodin kinetics from senna laxatives in man. Author(s): Krumbiegel G, Schulz HU. Source: Pharmacology. 1993 October; 47 Suppl 1: 120-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8234418&dopt=Abstract

·

Separation and some properties of Aloe vera L. leaf pulp lectins. Author(s): Akev N, Can A. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 1999 September; 13(6): 489-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10479759&dopt=Abstract

·

Some pharmacological actions of aloe extracts and Cassia abbreviata on rats and mice. Author(s): Parry O, Matambo C. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1992 October; 38(10): 409-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1308715&dopt=Abstract

·

Specific reaction of aloe extract with serum proteins of various animals. Author(s): Fujita K, Suzuki I, Ochiai J, Shinpo K, Inoue S, Saito H. Source: Experientia. 1978 April 15; 34(4): 523-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=76572&dopt=Abstract

·

Structure determination of polysaccharides in Aloe saponaria (Hill.) Haw. (Liliaceae). Author(s): Yagi A, Hamada K, Mihashi K, Harada N, Nishioka I.

46 Aloe

Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1984 January; 73(1): 62-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6694085&dopt=Abstract ·

Studies of aloe. III. Mechanism of cathartic effect. (2). Author(s): Ishii Y, Tanizawa H, Takino Y. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1990 January; 38(1): 197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2159853&dopt=Abstract

·

Studies of aloe. IV. Mechanism of cathartic effect. (3). Author(s): Ishii Y, Tanizawa H, Takino Y. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1994 April; 17(4): 495-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8069255&dopt=Abstract

·

Studies of aloe. V. Mechanism of cathartic effect. (4). Author(s): Ishii Y, Tanizawa H, Takino Y. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1994 May; 17(5): 651-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7920425&dopt=Abstract

·

Studies of aloe. VI. Cathartic effect of isobarbaloin. Author(s): Ishii Y, Takino Y, Toyo'oka T, Tanizawa H. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1998 November; 21(11): 1226-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9853419&dopt=Abstract

·

Studies on the constituents of Aloe arborescens Mill. var. natalensis Berger. II. The structures of two new aloesin esters. Author(s): Makino K, Yagi A, Nishioka I. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1974 July; 22(7): 1565-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4434578&dopt=Abstract

·

Studies on the photostability and phototoxicity of aloe-emodin, emodin and rhein. Author(s): Vargas F, Fraile G, Velasquez M, Correia H, Fonseca G, Marin M, Marcano E, Sanchez Y. Source: Pharmazie. 2002 June; 57(6): 399-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12116877&dopt=Abstract

·

Study of silicone vehicles for Aloe vera. Author(s): Gallardo V, Montoya R, Ruiz MA. Source: J Cosmet Sci. 2001 September-October; 52(5): 255-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11567207&dopt=Abstract


·

Technology of eye drops containing aloe (Aloe arborescens Mill.--Liliaceae) and eye drops containing both aloe and neomycin sulphate. Author(s): Kodym A, Marcinkowski A, Kukula H. Source: Acta Pol Pharm. 2003 January-February; 60(1): 31-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12848365&dopt=Abstract

·

The Aloe vera phenomenon: a review of the properties and modern uses of the leaf parenchyma gel. Author(s): Grindlay D, Reynolds T. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1986 June; 16(2-3): 117-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3528673&dopt=Abstract

·

The antidiabetic activity of aloes: preliminary clinical and experimental observations. Author(s): Ghannam N, Kingston M, Al-Meshaal IA, Tariq M, Parman NS, Woodhouse N. Source: Hormone Research. 1986; 24(4): 288-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3096865&dopt=Abstract

·

The antiproliferative activity of aloe-emodin is through p53-dependent and p21dependent apoptotic pathway in human hepatoma cell lines. Author(s): Kuo PL, Lin TC, Lin CC. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 September 6; 71(16): 1879-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12175703&dopt=Abstract

·

The assessment of purgative principles in aloes. Author(s): Mapp RK, McCarthy TJ. Source: Planta Medica. 1970 August; 18(4): 361-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5469396&dopt=Abstract

·

The clinical effects of saline and aloe vera rinses on periodontal surgical sites. Author(s): Rieger L, Carson RE. Source: J Okla Dent Assoc. 2002 Winter; 92(3): 40-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11915398&dopt=Abstract

·

The complete amino acid sequence of a mannose-binding lectin from “Kidachi Aloe” (Aloe arborescens Miller var. natalensis Berger). Author(s): Koike T, Titani K, Suzuki M, Beppu H, Kuzuya H, Maruta K, Shimpo K, Fujita K. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1995 September 5; 214(1): 163-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7669035&dopt=Abstract

48 Aloe

·

The development of a new method to detect the adulteration of commercial aloe gel powders. Author(s): Kim KH, Lee JG, Kim DG, Kim MK, Park JH, Shin YG, Lee SK, Jo TH, Oh ST. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 1998 October; 21(5): 514-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9875487&dopt=Abstract

·

The distribution of aloesin in some South African Aloe species. Author(s): McCarthy TJ, Haynes LJ. Source: Planta Medica. 1967 August; 15(3): 342-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5618645&dopt=Abstract

·

The effect of aloe emodin on the proliferation of a new merkel carcinoma cell line. Author(s): Wasserman L, Avigad S, Beery E, Nordenberg J, Fenig E. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2002 February; 24(1): 17-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11803275&dopt=Abstract

·

The effect of aloe vera gel/mild soap versus mild soap alone in preventing skin reactions in patients undergoing radiation therapy. Author(s): Olsen DL, Raub W Jr, Bradley C, Johnson M, Macias JL, Love V, Markoe A. Source: Oncology Nursing Forum. 2001 April; 28(3): 543-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11338761&dopt=Abstract

·

The effects of prednisolone, indomethacin, and Aloe vera gel on tissue culture cells. Author(s): Brasher WJ, Zimmermann ER, Collings CK. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1969 January; 27(1): 122-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5248724&dopt=Abstract

·

The glucomannan system from Aloe vahombe (liliaceae). III. Comparative studies on the glucomannan components isolated from the leaves. Author(s): Vilkas E, Radjabi-Nassab F. Source: Biochimie. 1986 September; 68(9): 1123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3096390&dopt=Abstract

·

The influence of long-term Aloe vera ingestion on age-related disease in male Fischer 344 rats. Author(s): Ikeno Y, Hubbard GB, Lee S, Yu BP, Herlihy JT. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 December; 16(8): 712-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12458471&dopt=Abstract

·

The isolation of an active inhibitory system from an extract of aloe vera. Author(s): Davis RH, Parker WL, Samson RT, Murdoch DP.


Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1991 May; 81(5): 258-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2061823&dopt=Abstract ·

The M and M's of aloe vera--is it for dentistry? Author(s): Moore TE. Source: J Okla Dent Assoc. 2001 Winter; 91(3): 30-1, 36. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11314178&dopt=Abstract

·

The metabolism of anthracene derivatives and organic acids in selected Aloe species. Author(s): McCarthy TJ. Source: Planta Medica. 1968 August; 16(3): 348-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5734284&dopt=Abstract

·

The role of nitric oxide in aloe-induced diarrhoea in the rat. Author(s): Izzo AA, Sautebin L, Borrelli F, Longo R, Capasso F. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1999 February 26; 368(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10096768&dopt=Abstract

·

The stimulation of postdermabrasion wound healing with stabilized aloe vera gelpolyethylene oxide dressing. Author(s): Fulton JE Jr. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1990 May; 16(5): 460-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2341661&dopt=Abstract

·

The therapeutic potential of Aloe Vera in tumor-bearing rats. Author(s): Corsi MM, Bertelli AA, Gaja G, Fulgenzi A, Ferrero ME. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1998; 20(4): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10093794&dopt=Abstract

·

The use of Aloe Vera in the treatment of thermal and irradiation burns in laboratory animals and humans. Author(s): ASHLEY FL, O'LOUGHLIN BJ, PETERSON R, FERNANDEZ L, STEIN H, SCHWARTZ AN. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1957 November; 20(5): 383-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13505124&dopt=Abstract

·

The use of genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) to show transmission of recombinant chromosomes by a partially fertile bigeneric hybrid, Gasteria lutzii x Aloe aristata (Aloaceae), to its progeny. Author(s): Takahashi C, Leitch IJ, Ryan A, Bennett MD, Brandham PE.

50 Aloe

Source: Chromosoma. 1997 April; 105(6): 342-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9087376&dopt=Abstract ·

The wound-healing effect of a glycoprotein fraction isolated from aloe vera. Author(s): Choi SW, Son BW, Son YS, Park YI, Lee SK, Chung MH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 October; 145(4): 535-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11703278&dopt=Abstract

·

Therapeutic effects of Aloe vera on cutaneous microcirculation and wound healing in second degree burn model in rats. Author(s): Somboonwong J, Thanamittramanee S, Jariyapongskul A, Patumraj S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2000 April; 83(4): 417-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10808702&dopt=Abstract

·

Topical anti-inflammatory activity of Aloe vera as measured by ear swelling. Author(s): Davis RH, Leitner MG, Russo JM. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1987 November; 77(11): 610-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3443918&dopt=Abstract

·

Topical effect of aloe with ribonucleic acid and vitamin C on adjuvant arthritis. Author(s): Davis RH, Shapiro E, Agnew PS. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1985 May; 75(5): 229-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2409266&dopt=Abstract

·

Topical use of aloe vera derived allantoin gel in otolaryngology. Author(s): Thompson JE. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1991 February; 70(2): 119. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2044477&dopt=Abstract

·

Topical use of aloe vera derived allantoin gel in otolaryngology. Author(s): Thompson JE. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1991 January; 70(1): 56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2065624&dopt=Abstract

·

Treatment of experimental frostbite with pentoxifylline and aloe vera cream. Author(s): Miller MB, Koltai PJ. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1995 June; 121(6): 678-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7772322&dopt=Abstract


·

Tumor inhibitors. 114. Aloe emodin: antileukemic principle isolated from Rhamnus frangula L. Author(s): Kupchan SM, Karim A. Source: Lloydia. 1976 July-August; 39(4): 223-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=957911&dopt=Abstract

·

Two functionally and chemically distinct immunomodulatory compounds in the gel of Aloe vera. Author(s): Hart LA, van Enckevort PH, van Dijk H, Zaat R, de Silva KT, Labadie RP. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1988 May-June; 23(1): 61-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2843719&dopt=Abstract

·

Use of aloe in treating leg ulcers and dermatoses. Author(s): Zawahry ME, Hegazy MR, Helal M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1973 January-February; 12(1): 68-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4266516&dopt=Abstract

·

Vitamin C and aloe vera supplementation protects from chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat. Author(s): Shamaan NA, Kadir KA, Rahmat A, Ngah WZ. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1998 November-December; 14(11-12): 846-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9834927&dopt=Abstract

·

Wild Aloe harvesting in South Africa. Author(s): Sachedina H, Bodeker G. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 1999 April; 5(2): 121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10328633&dopt=Abstract

·

Wound healing. Oral and topical activity of Aloe vera. Author(s): Davis RH, Leitner MG, Russo JM, Byrne ME. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1989 November; 79(11): 559-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2607423&dopt=Abstract

·

Zinc acetate and lyophilized aloe barbadensis as vaginal contraceptive. Author(s): Fahim MS, Wang M. Source: Contraception. 1996 April; 53(4): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8706441&dopt=Abstract

52 Aloe

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: ·

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

·


·

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

·

drkoop.comÒ: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

·

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

·

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

·

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

·

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

·

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

·

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

·

WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

·

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

·

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to aloe; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: ·

General Overview Abrasions and Injuries Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Burns Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Burns Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Canker Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Constipation Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com


Constipation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crohn's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Crohn's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cutaneous Drug Reactions Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diarrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Genital Herpes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hemorrhoids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Kidney Stones Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Psoriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Radiation Damage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

54 Aloe

Seborrheic Dermatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ulcers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Wound Healing Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wounds Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com ·

Chinese Medicine Awei Haupi Gao Alternative names: Awei Huapi Plaster Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Awei%20Haupi%20Gao&mh= 10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Danggui Longhui Wan Alternative names: Danggui Longhui Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Danggui%20Longhui%20Wan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Luhui Alternative names: Aloes; Luhui (Lu Hui); Aloe Source: Chinese Materia Medica

·

Herbs and Supplements Acanthopanax Senticosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera, Aloe barbadensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com


Aloe Alternative names: Aloe Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aloe Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Aloe Vera Alternative names: Aloe Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aloe Vera Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10001,00.html Boswellia Alternative names: Frankincense; Boswellia serrata Roxb. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Calendula Alternative names: Calendula officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Calendula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10011,00.html Cascara Sagrada Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10013,00.html Corticosteroids Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cynara Artichoke Alternative names: Artichoke; Cynara scolymus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Echinacea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,775,00.html Eleuthero Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng, Eleuthero; Acanthopanax/Eleutherococcus senticosus Rupr. & Maxim. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

56 Aloe

Eleuthero Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eleutherococcus Senticosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glyburide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hydrastis Alternative names: Goldenseal; Hydrastis canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Illicium Alternative names: Star Anise; Illicium verum (Hook, F.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lavender Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,799,00.html Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Mentha Alternative names: Pennyroyal; Mentha/Hedeoma pulegium Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Momordica Alternative names: Bitter Gourd, Karela; Momordica charantia Linn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Oral Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ruta Alternative names: Rue; Ruta graveolens L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Sanguinaria Alternative names: Bloodroot; Sanguinaria canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org


Siberian Ginseng Alternative names: Eleutherococcus senticosus, Acanthopanax senticosus, Eleuthero Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tanacetum V Alternative names: Tansy; Tanacetum vulgare (L.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Topical Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

59

CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ALOE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “aloe” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on aloe, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Aloe By performing a patent search focusing on aloe, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

60 Aloe

tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on aloe: ·

Aloe vera glove and manufacturing method Inventor(s): Chou; Belle L (Union City, CA) Assignee(s): Shen Wei (USA), Inc. (Union City, CA) Patent Number: 6,630,152 Date filed: August 23, 2001 Abstract: A protective glove includes a coating of dehydrated material on its inside surface. The dehydrated material, in contact with perspiration from a hand wearing the glove, soothes the hand. Some methods of placing the coating onto the inside surface of the glove include spraying or dipping with a solution that includes Aloe Vera. Excerpt(s): Disposable gloves, for example, disposable examination gloves, are widely used as a protective measure to insulate hands from the objects handled by the wearer of gloves. To allow ease in handling objects, disposable gloves are made of thin and elastic material to minimize the space between the skin and the glove. Due to poor air circulation resulting from tight insulation, hand sweating is a common problem among glove wearers. Prolonged wearing of disposable gloves causes a moist environment on the surface of the hand that allows viruses, bacteria, yeast and fungus to grow and multiply. Itchiness is a frequent result of wearing disposable examination gloves for extended periods. Powders are commonly used on the inner surface of gloves to alleviate sweating and to make donning, wearing and removal of gloves easier. However, continuous sweating can easily overwhelm the thin layer of powder that is commonly attached to the surface of the glove. This is especially the case when continuous and frequent wearing of gloves is required. For example, dentists may continuously wear gloves during a dental surgical procedure for up to 40 minutes. In addition, hand washing is necessary after the use of powdered gloves. Frequent hand washing to remove powders may also cause excess dryness of the skin. The need for disposable gloves that can prevent adverse side effects caused by extensive use is apparent. Various patents disclose different types of gloves that contain lotions. During glove use the lotions come into contact human skin and condition the skins. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,202 discloses a moisturizing glove that contains a middle layer saturated with lotion. The porous inner layer allows the lotion to pass through and contact the skin. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,186,445 and 4,185,330 disclose gloves that have inner lining made of a lotion absorbent material. By impregnating the lotion onto the absorbent material, the lotion can condition the hands during application of the gloves. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06630152__

·

Aloe vera impregnated elastomeric article and method of manufacture Inventor(s): Leong; Ronald Low Pew (Kuala Lumpur, MY) Assignee(s): Matang Manufacturing Sdn. Bhd. (Kuala Lampur, MY) Patent Number: 6,589,544 Date filed: August 7, 2001 Abstract: In a method for manufacturing a thin-walled, skin-contacting elastomeric article to be worn over a human body part, an article-shaped form is dipped into a latex

Patents 61

composition that has been mixed with the extract of the plant Aloe vera forming the article. The article is processed and cured so that the extract is present within the article as one or combination of a polymer, co-polymer and filler of the article. An Aloe vera coating may be applied to at least one surface of the article. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to polymeric products and the method for making the same. In particular, this invention concerns thin-walled elastomeric articles including gloves, condoms, masks, finger cots and like products. The method of manufacturing such articles is also disclosed. Elastomeric articles such as gloves and condoms are designed to be worn skin tight, but this required fit often results in discomfort to the wearer, particularly when the article is worn for extended periods of time. The industry has attempted to increase wearing comfort and convenience of the articles by coating the skin-contacting surface with lotions or powders, resulting in undesirable residues on the skin. Hence, there is a need for a new type of elastomeric article, which combines the qualities of thinness, durability, ease of use and comfort. Aloe vera, the gelatinous substance extracted from Aloe plants, has been known for centuries for its useful therapeutic properties. It has been used extensively in a wide range of beauty products, such as cosmetics, soaps, and lotions. However, its use in the production of mass manufactured articles designed to be worn against the skin, particularly elastomeric articles such as gloves, condoms, masks, finger cots and like articles, is little if at all known, as discussed in the following closest prior art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06589544__ ·

Antimicrobial agents isolated from Aloe vera Inventor(s): Coats; Billy C. (4433 Crooked La., Dallas, TX 75229), Shupe; Kathleen (Biology Department, University of Dallas, 1845 E. Northgate Dr., Irving, TX 75062) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,551,631 Date filed: February 20, 2001 Abstract: Antimicrobial agents and method for isolation thereof from the gel liquid of Aloe vera includes at least one antimicrobial agent isolated from the clear gel isolated from the whole leaf of the Aloe vera plant, wherein the antimicrobial agent is an agent produced by the Aloe vera and/or indigenous bacteria that colonize the Aloe vera plant, is disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates in general to the field of antimicrobial agents, and more particularly, to the characterization and isolation of agents that are responsible for antimicrobial activity of Aloe vera and its gel. Without limiting the scope of the invention, its background is described in connection with the identification of novel anti-microbial agents isolated from Aloe vera, as an example. Heretofore, in this field, organisms that cause infectious disease, namely, viruses, bacteria, fungi and multicellular parasites, humankind has sought to control their morbidity and mortality. With the isolation and characterization of powerful antibiotics, beginning over half a century ago, the balance of power between humans and microbes has been shifted toward humankind. For several decades after the introduction of penicillin in the 1940's, for example, the conquest of infectious disease appeared imminent. The widespread use of antibiotics, added to the evolutionary flexibility of microbes, has made that victory less than certain. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06551631__

62 Aloe

·

Aqueous disinfectant/sterilizing agent for foods Inventor(s): Iwai; Kazuo (1221-1, Oaza Koshinohara, Yasu-cho, Yasu-gun, Shiga-ken, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,554,620 Date filed: October 15, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a disinfectant/sterilizing composition which includes hinokitiol as the active ingredient. The composition has enhanced solubility of the hinokitiol in water without the need for alcohol as a solubilizing enhancing ingredient due to the presence of aloe vera extract, green tea extract, low striped bamboo extract and dokudami extract. In addition, the solubility of the hinokitiol in water is further enhanced by the additional inclusion of glycerin fatty acid ester surfactant and cara saponine emulsifier. In addition to enhancing the solubility of the hinokitiol in water, the above-noted plant extracts also serve to enhance the biocidal effect of hinokitiol and avoid the objectionable strong odor usually associated with hinokitiol compositions. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of disinfecting or sterilizing agents. More particularly this invention is a disinfectant/sterilizing agent, which is water soluble, safe to the human body and is intended for application to perishable foods such as poultry, beef, pork and cut vegetables for killing or stopping the growth of pathogenic microorganisms to thereby disinfect or sterilize the food. Before selling meat such as chicken, beef and pork for consumption, it is necessary to stop or retard the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and it is preferable to kill pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria or virus especially Salmonella, and E-coli 0-157, which may cause food poisoning due to their presence in the meat. In order to kill or stop or retard the growth of these pathogenic bacteria or otherwise render them harmless, conventional disinfectant or sterilizing materials are used. Conventional disinfectants or sterilizing include alcohol, sodium hypo chlorite liquid, and sodium phosphate which are applied by spraying or soaking the meat in a liquid containing one or more of the above chemicals. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06554620__

·

Bactericide against vancomycin resistant enterococcus Inventor(s): Iwai; Kazuo (1221-1, Oaza Koshinohara, Yasu-cho, Yasu-gun, Shiga-ken, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,387,417 Date filed: September 20, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides a method of sterilizing VRE using a composition which contains hinokitiol, a metal complex thereof or their salt as an effective component, and aloe extract and the like extracts as preferably used. The composition is administered to an animal infected with VRE, or a site contaminated with VRE. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a bactericide against vancomycin resistant Enterococcus for use in such applications as sterilization of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (hereinafter referred to as "VRE" simply) that is resistant to vancomycin hydrochloride, disinfection of a site contaminated with VRE, and intestinal sterilization

Patents 63

of VRE in animals (human, bovine, chicken, and the like) in which VRE is possible to grow at their intestines. The vancomycin hydrochloride exhibits bactericidal activity on most of bacteria and bacteriostatic activity on Enterococcus. The vancomycin hydrochloride is effective even against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (hereinafter referred to as "MRSA" simply) which has been at issue particularly recently as a bacterium causing nosocomial infection, and hence has been approved as an antibiotic against MRSA in many countries including Japan. As the vancomycin hydrochloride has been increasingly used as a remedy for diseases caused by the MRSA, there have appeared bacteria having a resistance to the vancomycin hydrochloride. Accordingly, a substance exhibiting bactericidal or antibacterial activity on VRE has now been desired. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06387417__ ·

Botanical composition for soothing skin Inventor(s): Hollenbeck; Brenda Jean (513 Suncreek Trail, Redding, CA 96003) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,294,205 Date filed: November 29, 1999 Abstract: A botanical composition for soothing irritated skin and method of producing the composition. The composition includes 90-97% by weight aloe juice; 1-5% by weight grapefruit seed and pulp extract; and 1-5% by weight vegetable glycerine. The aloe juice, grapefruit seed and pulp extract and vegetable glycerine are mixed together to form a liquid mixture for application to and covering the irritated skin. The grapefruit seed and pulp extract preferably has a pH of 3. A fragrance may be added to the composition to provide a desired odor to the composition and oils may be added to the composition for use in hydrating the irritated skin on which the composition is applied. The composition is stored in a spray bottle for creating a mist of the composition when applying the composition to the irritated skin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to botanical compositions and, more specifically, to a botanical composition able to soothe the skin of dogs infected with "hotspots" and soothe the skin of humans irritated by eczema and/or psoriasis. Numerous types of mixtures for soothing the skin have been provided in the prior art. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,830,913; 5,425,944; 5,814,031 and 5,916,573 all are illustrative of such prior art. While these units may be suitable for the particular purpose to which they address, they would not be as suitable for the purposes of the present invention as heretofore described. A composition effective as a biocidal agent is prepared by adding 2-phenoxy-ethanol to a grapefruit derivative prepared by reacting the pulps of fresh grapefruit with an organic alcohol or keystone in the presence of a free radical initiator and then successively adding n-alkyl substituted dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, isopropyl alcohol, and 1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane chloride. The filan composition is effective against a broad spectrum of gram positive and gram negative microorganisms. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06294205__

64 Aloe

·

Composition for repelling ticks Inventor(s): Partelow; Scott E. (P.O. Box 2235, Sag Harbor, NY 11963) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,300,324 Date filed: January 4, 1999 Abstract: A composition (10) for repelling ticks and other insects contains a combination of plant extracts (14) in a topical liquid carrier (12). The plant extracts (14) include lavender (26), rosemary (30), thyme (32), aloe vera (28) and eucalyptus (34). The composition can further include one or more vitamins (18) such as Vitamin B.sub.1 (36), Vitamin B.sub.6 (38), Vitamin B.sub.12 (40) and Vitamin C (42). Lecithin (16) may be included as an additional insect repelling component and also to assist dispersion of the various active components in the liquid carrier (12). Excerpt(s): Most commercial insect repellents contain, as the primary active component, the chemical diethytoluamide (DEET). Recently, however, many concerns have been raised regarding the topical administration of compositions containing DEET, particularly among children. These concerns have resulted in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announcing that it is now banning manufacturers from claiming any DEET-containing composition to be "safe for kids." Even when used properly by adults, DEET has been known to cause rashes, seizures and irritability. Accordingly, DEET-free insect repellents are finding favor with consumers. The instant invention relates generally to topically applied compositions for repelling insects and more specifically to compositions made from natural products for repelling ticks. Compositions for repelling or killing insects are known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,759,930 (Granirer, M. S. et al., Jul. 26, 1988) discloses an insecticidal composition which contains pyrethrum, rotenone, or both, and one or more of the following: eucalyptus, rosemary, peppermint and boric acid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06300324__

·

Conditioner that provides skin like an angel Inventor(s): Malmgren; Janice K. (8815 Woodbrook Dr., Dallas, TX 75243), Moreno; Sonya K. (304 Wedgewood Ln., Cedar Hill, TX 75104) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,544,534 Date filed: August 21, 2001 Abstract: A skin conditioner made of all natural ingredients that eliminates body dandruff leaving the skin able to breathe and feeling soft and supple; "skin like an angel". The conditioner can be heated prior to application in order to provide a more relaxing feel to the user and is massaged into the skin of all or part of the body. Thereafter, the conditioner is rinsed or showered off. The conditioner can also be massaged into the scalp to eliminate dandruff and condition the scalp and hair. Ingredients of the conditioner include sea salt, Epsom salt, almond oil, apricot kernel oil, avocado oil, jojoba oil, aloe vera gel, castor oil, vitamin E, vegetable glycerin and soap. Essential oils may optionally be included in the conditioner to add fragrance. The preferred soap is castile however other soaps such as antibacterial soap can be used. If

Patents 65

the product is heated prior to use, it should not be heated above 100.degree. F. in order to prevent a change in the molecular structure of some of the ingredients. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to skin conditioners and more particularly to a skin conditioner made of all natural ingredients that eliminates body dandruff and provides the user with skin like an angel. The skin is the largest organ in the human body. It is a protective organ covering the external surface of the body. The skin forms a protective barrier against the action of physical, chemical, and bacterial agents on the deeper tissues and contains the special sensitive end organs for the sense of touch. Through the activity of its sweat glands and blood vessels, it also plays an important role in maintaining body temperature. One square inch of skin contains up to 15 feet of blood vessels, which have as one of their functions the regulation of body temperature. Each square inch of skin also contains hundreds of sweat glands that are controlled by a heat regulation center in the brain. These glands secrete moisture, which evaporates, cools the body surface, and helps maintain normal body temperature. In this capacity the skin acts as an excretory organ. The skin is elastic, and except for a few areas such as the palms, soles, and ears, is loosely attached to the underlying tissues. The skin varies in thickness from 0.02 inches (in.) on the eyelids to 0.17 in. or more on the palms and soles. In structure the skin is composed of two distinct layers. The outer layer, called the epidermis is several cells thick and has an external, horny layer of dead cells that are constantly shedding from the surface. The dead cells, sometimes referred to as body dandruff, are replaced by new cells from a lower basal layer of cells called the stratum germinativum. The inner layer, called the dermis, is composed of a network of collagen and elastic fibers, blood vessels, nerves, fat lobules, and the bases of hair follicles and sweat glands. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06544534__ ·

Cosmetic composition and method of use Inventor(s): Abdullah; Sheikh Ahmed (1385 Elm Cir., Fargo, ND 58102) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,403,108 Date filed: March 31, 2000 Abstract: A cosmetic composition is provided including between about 25 wt. % and about 55 wt. % Aloe vera gel, an effective keratolytic amount of alpha hydroxy acid to provide the composition with a pH between about 2.3 and about 3.7, and between about 5 wt. % and about 20 wt. % Vitamin C. A preferred alpha hydroxy acid is glycolic acid. A method for using the cosmetic composition is provided. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a cosmetic composition and to a method of using a cosmetic composition. In particular, the cosmetic composition includes between about 25 wt. % and about 55 wt. % Aloe vera gel, an effective keratolytic amount of alpha hydroxy acid to provide the composition with a pH between about 2.3 and about 3.7, and between about 5 wt. % and about 20 wt. % Vitamin C. The Vitamin C is preferably provided as encapsulated Vitamin C. The skin is subject to abuse by many extrinsic and environmental factors, as well as coronal aging or intrinsic factors. Common extrinsic factors include ultra violet radiation, pollutants, trauma and other exogenous agents and radiation. These extrinsic and intrinsic factors lead to wrinkling of skin. To many people, skin wrinkles are a reminder of aging. As a result, elimination of wrinkles has become an important concern in societal thinking. Treatments for reducing wrinkles range from

66 Aloe

cosmetic creams and moisturizers to numerous forms of aesthetic surgery. Coronal aging results in the thinning and general degradation of skin. As the skin naturally ages, there is a reduction in the number of skin cells and blood vessels that supply the skin. There is also a flattening of the dermal-epidermal junction which results in weaker mechanical resistance to extraneous forces. As a consequence, aged people are more susceptive to blister formation, mechanical trauma and disease processes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06403108__ ·

Cosmetic firming formulation Inventor(s): Chong; Myong Hun (6114 Pennsylvania Ave., Arlington, TX 76017) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,426,081 Date filed: November 28, 2000 Abstract: A cosmetic formulation is shown which includes aloe vera and as well as Vitamins A,C and E as essential ingredients. The formulations penetrate the epidermis to aid in reducing pores, renewing the skin and create a smoother texture. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a cosmetic composition for rejuvenating the appearance of skin with reduced or minimal potential for skin irritation, preferably in the form of a lotion or serum which includes aloe vera as well as Vitamins A,C and E. Conventional treatment of, or attempted prevention of, normal tissue damage caused by, for example, UV radiation of the sun, over-exfoliated, peeled and lasered skin tissue, and the like, is currently confined to the application of bland moisturizing creams designed only to minimize infection to the damaged site or to prevent itching and subsequent scratching by the affected individual. Such treatment can at best only offer symptomatic relief and a barrier to assist prevention of secondary infection at the affected site. Additionally, conventional creams or ointments are designed to deliver an active component only to the epidermal surface of the skin or, at best, to provide limited delivery through the surface skin layers. Because these existing formulations are presented to the epidermal surface in a form likely to penetrate only into the outer layer of the epidermis, they fail to provide a deep healing effect. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06426081__

·

Cream formulation for topical application Inventor(s): Costello; Jeremiah (905 W. Chester Dr., Wexford, PA 15090) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,261,574 Date filed: February 9, 1999 Abstract: A cream formulation for topical application to an external portion of a human body. A one ounce preparation of such cream formulation includes active ingredients consisting essentially of a predetermined weight of an aloe vera gel compound present in the topical formulation generally in a weight range of between about 3 grams and about 10 grams. A predetermined weight of a preselected zinc compound present in the topical formulation generally in a weight range of between about 0.4 grams and about 1.5 grams. A predetermined weight, expressed as IU, of vitamin E present in the topical

Patents 67

formulation generally in a weight range of between about 200 IU and about 9000 IU. The balance of such one ounce preparation of the topical formulation being made up of water, organic solvents, carriers and emollients. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates, in general, to formulations utilized as topical applications to the skin for a variety of skin disorders and, more particularly, the present invention relates to a cream formulation which will exhibit enhanced soothing effects when utilized as a topical application to the skin for such variety of skin disorders and, still more specifically, this invention relates to a cream formulation which may provide temporary relief of minor pain. Prior to the conception and subsequent development of the present invention, as is generally well known in the prior art, there are a variety of skin creams and lotions today which are used to soften skin, repair lesions, combat dryness and redness, and reduce swelling and roughness in irritated skin. There are also a variety of creams or ointments that are used to reduce the itch from poison ivy and insect bites. Virtually everyone has endured the discomfort of dry, chapped hands at one time or another or experienced rough, sore hands with cracks at every joint on the fingers. Not only hands but other external portions of the body are susceptible to dryness, irritation and lesions. Despite all of the products on the market, there is still a need for a topical product which will not only soften and moisturize dry and chapped hands but also provide healing for skin cracks and lesions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06261574__ ·

Curved file apparatus Inventor(s): Schritz; Ronald D. (1038 E. Friar Dr., Apache Junction, AZ 85219) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,494,647 Date filed: June 10, 1999 Abstract: Curved file apparatus includes a base element having a straight file on a top surface and a curved element secured to the base element. The curved element includes a convex bottom file surface and a pair of flat file surfaces on the sides of the curved element. The curved element may stand aloe in a second embodiment, with its convex file surface and its flat file surfaces. Handle elements are secured to both embodiments. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to files and; more particularly, to a file having a straight portion and a curved portion, and the curved portion includes three file surfaces. U.S. Pat. No. 305,344 (Simons) discloses a file having a curved portion. There are two embodiments of the curved portion of the file, one of which includes a concave filing portion and the other embodiment which includes a convex filing portion. U.S. Pat. No. 1,727,690 (Anheuser) discloses another file having a curved surface. The curved surface is convex. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06494647__

68 Aloe

·

Detergent mixtures Inventor(s): Fabry; Bernd (Korschenbroich, DE), Blasquez Fernandez; Jose (Terrassa, ES), Weuthen; Manfred (Langenfeld, DE), Pi Subirana; Rafael (Granollers, ES) Assignee(s): Cognis Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG (Duesseldorf, DE) Patent Number: 6,494,920 Date filed: November 2, 2001 Abstract: A cleaning composition for use in cleaning textile, hair and skin, the composition containing: (a) an esterquat; and (b) aloe. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to detergent mixtures containing esterquats and aloe and to the use of the mixtures for the production of surface-active compositions. Numerous surfactant mixtures used in various fields are known from the prior art. In the field of detergent raw materials and cosmetics, however, there is a common demand for concentrated surfactant premixes distinguished by good cleaning and softening properties with respect on the one hand to synthetic fibers, i.e. textiles and their precursors, and on the other hand to natural (keratin) fibers, i.e. human hair. Another requirement the products are expected to satisfy is optimal dermatological compatibility so that there is virtually no risk of even particularly sensitive consumers suffering irritation of the skin either by direct contact with the products or by indirect contact via the treated fibers. Accordingly, the complex problem addressed by the present invention was to provide new detergent mixtures both for the detergent industry and for the cosmetics industry which would be distinguished by particularly high dermatological compatibility, by favorable skin and textile cleaning and rewetting performance and by excellent softening properties for synthetic and natural fibers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06494920__

·

Filter mask Inventor(s): Finch; Peter (Newport Beach, CA), Ellison; Eric (Orange, CA) Assignee(s): Xcaper Industries LLC (Newport Beach, CA) Patent Number: 6,338,340 Date filed: November 2, 1999 Abstract: A filter mask is provided for use in environments of smoke and toxic gas which includes a filter element having a filling of shiftable bodies coated with a flowable, aloe vera extract having a gel-like viscosity and a retainer for holding the filter element over the mouth and nose of the wearer. The coating has a pH level which is alkaline which aids in the reduction of toxic gases such as hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen chloride and acrolein inhaled by the wearer. The filter element is preferably replacably mounted to the retainer, and may be provided as a bag-like flexible fabric container adapted to shift so as to conform to the face of the wearer. The filter element itself is adaptable to a variety of different uses for removing smoke particulates and toxic gases from air flowing therethrough. Excerpt(s): The present invention broadly concerns a mask which is to be worn in conditions of fire and smoke to filter harmful particulates and gases. More particularly, it is concerned with a mask which includes a lightweight and disposable filter element which includes a carrier element and a coating of aloe gel for removing smoke particulates and toxic gas during breathing to permit temporary work and escape. The

Patents 69

danger to persons attendant to fire has long been recognized to include death and injury attributable to smoke inhalation. In addition to injuries attributable to burns, one of the major causes of death and injury during fire is smoke inhalation. In many fire and smoke environments, there is sufficient oxygen available to permit escape, but the individual is overcome by smoke inhalation or toxic gas. Devices which are directed to filtering smoke particulates include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,402,317 and 4,854,314. While the devices shown therein are useful in filtering smoke particulates during escape of occupants from a structure, they do not address the need for uses in other applications nor for the filtering of toxic gases such as hydrogen cyanide generated during building fires. Firefighters also need temporary protection from smoke and fire. Firefighters, and especially those encountering brush fires and forest fires, may need to carry a substantial amount of equipment which may not include respirators. They may also suddenly encounter a dangerous situation such as the reversal of direction of a fire which may expose them to unexpected smoke and fire hazards. While masks have been developed for use in these environments, such as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,628,308, they have been uncomfortable to wear and expensive. Moreover, they have failed to address the need for a lightweight, temporary filter to remove toxic gas such as hydrogen cyanide from the air breathed by the wearer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06338340__ ·

Hair and skin treatment product Inventor(s): Lizzi; Joseph (84 Patrician Court, Bradford, Ontario, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,264,930 Date filed: July 12, 1999 Abstract: A hair treating and skin care preparation for use alone or as a component in other preparations, for use in hair dyeing, bleaching, hair conditioning or skin treatments comprises a mixture of hydrogen peroxide, a silicon component selected from the group consisting of silica gel, silicic acid anhydride and mixtures thereof, and a relatively small amount of Aloe vera gel. Prior to use, at least 1.5 g of leaf material from an Aloe vera plant per liter of the hydrogen peroxide, silicon component and aloe vera mixture are placed in the mixture for at least 12 hours in order to dissolve active components from the leaf material and then the undissolved remnants are removed. The preparation can be used for treating skin conditions such as a rash or eczema. A similar preparation can also be combined with water and one or more herbs to provide a health providing remedy that is applied to the skin. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compounds and preparations used for the purpose of hair coloring, hair conditioning and skin care, and including preparations for good health and remedies for conditions affecting health. A variety of products and preparations are already known for both conditioning hair and for coloring the hair of humans. It is also well known to bleach or whiten hair using products such as hydrogen peroxide. Hair conditioners are commonly used to soften hair and to prevent hair from becoming damaged as a result of other types of hair treatments, such as hair shampoos. Hair coloring solutions and preparations have been used for years both by professionals and by end users at home. However, there are some known problems that exist with existing hair coloring products, including the difficulty that many of these products have in covering grey hair adequately. Another problem is that hair coloring preparations and solutions can dry out fairly quickly, rendering them unsuitable for use.

70 Aloe

A further difficulty with hair treating products, including hair colorants, bleaches and shampoos, is that they can cause scalp irritation, particularly, if the user has sensitive skin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06264930__ ·

Hair cleaner Inventor(s): Deane; Jeffrey Alan (6444 Fountain Ave., Hollywood, CA 90028) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,312,675 Date filed: September 14, 2000 Abstract: A hair cleanser of the following formula: 5.00 to 10.00% by weight aloe vera gel; 2.00 to 5.00% by weight glycerin; 1.00 to 3.00% by weight behentrimonium chloride; 1.00 to 3.00% by weight stearamidepropyl dimethyamine; 1.00 to 3.00% by weight cetyl alcohol; 1.00 to 3.00% by weight emulsifying wax; 0.10 to 1.00% by weight panthenol; 0.10 to 1.00% by weight trimethylsilylamodimethicone; 0.10 to 1.00% by weight hydrolyzed whole wheat protein 0.10 to 1.00% by weight PEG-60 almond glycerides; 0.10 to 0.50% by weight menthol; 0.10 to 0.50% by weight peppermint oil; 0.10 to 0.50% by weight sweet almond oil; 0.10 to 0.50% by weight chamomile extract; 0.10 to 0.50% by weight cherry bark extract; 0.10 to 0.50% by weight calendula extract; 0.10 to 0.50% by weight rosemary extract; 0.10 to 0.50% by weight citric acid; 0.10 to 0.50% by weight methylchoroisothiazolinone and methyliosothiazolinone; 0.10 to 0.50% by weight fragrance; and water. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of cosmetic treatments and more particularly to cleansers for the hair. It is common practice nowadays to wash the hair with a shampoo and then to apply what is called a conditioner or conditioning treatment. The shampoo is a mixture of chemicals intended to remove dirt, oil and sweat from the hair and scalp. The chemicals used in shampoos are necessarily harsh removing essential oils and leaving the hair dry, dull and unmanageable. Shampoos frequently contain sodium lauryl sulfonate. Conditioners or conditioning treatments are intended to replace the oils washed out of the hair by shampoos. It is the job of conditioners to make the cleaned hair shiny and manageable. It does not make much sense to harshly cleanse hair so that essential oils are removed and then to replace these oils. It would make much better sense to utilize a hair cleanser that does not remove oils in the first place. Development of a hair cleanser which can clean the hair without removing essential oils represents a great improvement in the field of hair treatments and satisfies a long felt need of the public. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06312675__

Patents 71

·

Herbal formulation useful as a therapeutic and cosmetic applications for the treatment of general skin disorders Inventor(s): Diwan; Prakash Vaman Rao (Hyderabad, IN), Sitaramam; Bhamidipalli Subrahmanya (Hyderabad, IN), Raghavan; Kondapuram Vijaya (Hyderabad, IN), Ramakrishna; Sistla (Hyderabad, IN) Assignee(s): Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Delhi, IN) Patent Number: 6,379,673 Date filed: October 18, 2000 Abstract: The invention provides a herbal formulation useful as a therapeutic and cosmetic applications for the treatment of general skin disorders, said composition comprising at least two or more plant extracts in the form of oil or powder or mixtures thereof, the said plants extracts being selected from the group consisting of Gymnena sylvestrae water extract 3 to 6 wt. %; Tridax procumbens water extract 3 to 6 wt. %; its methanolic extract 4 to 6 wt. %, Allium sativum oilhexane extract 1 to 3 wt. %; dried juice of Aloe vera 2 to 6 wt. %; Gum olibanum powder in the natural form 4 to 7 wt. %; Gum olibanum resinoid or its organic extract 3 to 8 wt. %; and resinoid free Gum olibanum meal 5 to 10 wt. %., optionally, including any drug having anti-inflammatory and wound healing property or mixture thereof, the said drug being selected from the group consisting of Disclofenac sodium 1-3 wt. %, Salicyclic acid 1 to 4 wt. %, Piroxicam 1 to 2 wt. %, Turmeric powder 0.1 to 1 wt. %, a base containing aqueous cream or a gel containing carbopol ranging between 1 to 4 wt. %, emulsifying ointment ranging between 20 to 40 wt. %, preservatives ranging between 0.05-0.3% and a humecant ranging between 1-4 wt. %, and remaining water to make 100 wt. %. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a herbal cream formulation useful for therapeutic and cosmetic applications: cracked heels, dry skin disorder, skin allergies, depigmentation and anti fungal activity. In the formulation of the present invention, the herbs that are used are known to possess anti-inflammatory, antiallergic and wound healing properties. The formulation may also be useful in treating chopped hands, hyperkeratosis and minor cuts and burn wounds. Skin acts as a barrier between body and its environment maintaining a controlled dynamic equilibrium. Stresses imposed by environment can cause changes in skin and major purpose of creams under consideration is to help reverse these changes and maintain a normal healthy skin. Cracking of heels is a common problem, which is observed in almost all individuals in extreme winter and summer seasons in tropical climates. Skin is a protein gel hydrated in its inner most layers and largely dehydrated in its surface layer. The purpose of water in the outer corneous layer of skin is of great physiological importance in that (1) certain amount of desiccation from skin surface minimises bacterial multiplication and assists in maintaining integrity. (2) The continual desquamation of skin is nature's method of removing debris and foreign matter, which are generally embedded in skin apertures. It is not desirable that drying of skin layer should proceed to such an extent that corneous layer prematurely flakes away and cracks develop on the skin surface. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06379673__

72 Aloe

·

Herbal formulation useful for treatment of skin disorders Inventor(s): Diwan; Prakash Vaman Rao (New Delhi, IN), Sitaramam; Bhamidipalli Subrahmanya (New Delhi, IN), Ramakrishna; Sistla (New Delhi, IN), Raghavan; Kondapuram Vijaya (New Delhi, IN) Assignee(s): Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (New Delhi, IN) Patent Number: 6,383,495 Date filed: September 11, 2000 Abstract: The invention provides a novel herbal formulation useful for the treatment of skin disorders and comprising two or more plant extracts selected from Tagetes erecta, Moringa oleifera, Ocimum sanctum, Tridax procumbens, Aloe vera, and Gum olibanum together with conventional additives. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a herbal formulation useful for treatment of skin disorders like dry eczema and corns on the feet and for alleviating muscular pain due to exertion. The herbs that are used in this invention are known to possess activity against eczema and corn and they also possess analgesic property. Eczema is a generic term for acute or chronic inflammatory condition of the skin, typically erythematous, edematous, papular, vascular and crusting followed by lichenification and scaling and occasionally by duskiness of erythema infrequently by hyper pigmentation, often accompanied by sensation of itching and burning. It is also called as dry tetter. Dermatitis is eczematous unless specifically stated to the contrary. The earliest sign of eczema is erythema, occasioned by dilatation of dermal blood vessels, and this persists to a greater or lesser degree until healing takes place. The next stage consists of invasion of epidermis by lymphocytes and an increase in its cellular and intercellular fluid. The latter collects in to minute vesicles. The vesicles soon rupture, leading to exudation of serum onto the surface, which after some time dry up and form crusts. As a result of these changes, the normal function of epidermis is interfered with. It: fails to form healthy horn cells, the surface of the skin becoming scaly (parakeratosis). Also, the cellular division may be increased leading to general thickening of the epidermis which when extreme, results in "lichenification". Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06383495__

·

Herbal skin care formulation and a process for the preparation thereof Inventor(s): Farooqi; Alaul Hasan Abad (Lucknow, IN), Kumar; Sushil (Lucknow, IN), Sharma; Srikant (Lucknow, IN) Assignee(s): Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Delhi, IN) Patent Number: 6,368,639 Date filed: March 24, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to a herbal skin care formulation comprising of beeswax, stearic acid, glycerol monostearate, olive oil, aloe gel, glycerine, triethanolamine, parabens, propylene glycol, essential oils, sandalwood oil, and the balance comprising rose water. The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of the formulation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel herbal skin care formulation and a process for the preparation thereof. More particularly, the present invention relates to a natural herbal skin care formulation in the form of a cream. The formulation is useful to clean and restore skin of the individual user by providing a formulation using aloe gel

Patents 73

and essential oils to repair damage and promote supple skin. The invention also relates to a cream formulation which may provide temporary relief of minor pain and in particular, dryness of skin. Everyone has faced the discomfort of dry, chapped hands at one time or another. Not only hands but other external portions of the body particularly foot are susceptible to dryness, irritation and lesions. Over the years, many different compounds and formulations have been used for cleaning and restoring skin. A variety of skin creams and lotions are used to soften skin, repair lesions, combat dryness and reduce roughness in irritated skin. There are also a variety of creams or ointments that are used to reduce the itch from insect bites. Prior art formulations however either act as moisturizers to soften the skin or provide healing for skin lesions and skin cracks. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06368639__ ·

Herbal tonic composition that improves respiration, aids in the elimination of toxins and improves overall vitality Inventor(s): Rigby; Alvin Foster (PO Box 285, Providenciales, TC) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,582,702 Date filed: July 10, 2001 Abstract: An herbal composition comprised of extracts from the following herbs: Garlic (Allium Sativum), Onion (Allium Cepa), Cat Claw (Macfadyena Unguis-cati), Rat Root (Chicocca Alba), Pear Leaf (Persea Americana), Billyweb Bark (Sweetia Panamensis), Strongback (Desmodium Abscendens), Aloe (Aloe Barbadensis), Life Leaf (Bryophyllum Pinnatum), Sarsaparilla (Smilax Officinalis), Bamboo (Aralia Mubicaulis), Geritout (Pluchea Symphytofolia), Hibiscus (Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis), Balsam (Myroxylon Balsamum). The composition acts as a tonic to improve respiration, aid in the elimination of toxins and improves overall vitality. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to ingestible herbal compositions for the improvement of respiration, to aid in the elimination of toxins and improvement of overall vitality. The use of herbs and plants to treat ailments and generally improve overall health has become commonplace. The use of the singular herbs comprising this invention has been documented. A summary of each herb's individual use is described hereafter. Garlic--(Allium Sativum)Commonly used as an antiseptic, anti-cough and promote circulation, as described in many herbal texts. Garlic cloves are obtained at the local supermarket and/or from local gardens. The plant is commonly available throughout North America and the Caribbean. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06582702__

·

Intradermal-penetration agents for topical local anesthetic administration Inventor(s): Fischer; Wilfried (Neubiberg, DE), Stoeger; Katharina (Schrobenhausen, DE), Huber; Petra (Munich, DE) Assignee(s): Epicept Corporation (Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Patent Number: 6,455,066 Date filed: March 10, 2000

74 Aloe

Abstract: A non-invasive and non-systemic method for administering a local anesthetic. The method comprises topical application of a local anesthetic in combination with an intradermal-penetration agent selected from the group consisting an aloe composition, a triglyceride, and a mixture thereof. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods and compositions for intradermal administration of local anesthetics with the aid of an intradermal-penetration agent. Drug administration by topical skin application offers distinct advantages over conventional administration methods. For example, some drugs cannot be absorbed in the digestive tract and intravenous and subcutaneous administration by injection is painful and invasive. Furthermore, when treating localized conditions by oral and intravenous administration, the drug is circulated systemically rather than restricted to the diseased area. But, unfortunately, because of the skin's drug penetration resistance, only a limited number of drugs are bioavailable via topical application (Ghosh, T. K.; Pfister, W. R.; Yum, S. I. Transdermal and Topical Drug Delivery Systems, Interpharm Press, Inc. p. 7). The skin is a complex multilayer organ with a total thickness of 2-3 mm. The panniculus adiposus, a variably thick fatty layer, is below the dermis. The dermis is a layer of dense connective tissue that supports the epidermis. The epidermis comprises a layer of epithelial cells and is about 100.mu.m thick. The epidermis is further classified into a number of layers, of which the outermost layer is the stratum corneum (1520.mu.m thick). The stratum corneum comprises highly dense, keratinized tissue and is the skin's main source of penetration and permeation resistance (Montagna, W. and Parakkal, P. F. (1974) The Structure and Function of Skin, Academic Press, New York and Holbrook, K. A. and Wolf, K. (1993) The Structure and Development of Skin, In: Dermatology in General Medicine, Vol 1, 4th ed., Eds. T. B. Fitzpatrick, A. Z. Eisen, K. Wolff, I. M. Feedberg, and K. F. Austen, McGraw Hill, Inc., New York, pp. 97-145). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06455066__ ·

Method and composition for treating Pseudofolliculitis barbae Inventor(s): Pye; Edward J. (3206 N. Ridge Rd., Tall, FL 32310), Owusu; Yaw A. (3400 Gallant Fox Trail, Tallahassee, FL 32308) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,306,381 Date filed: March 6, 2000 Abstract: A composition for conditioning the skin and for treating pseudofolliculitis barbae. Also disclosed is a method for making said composition. The composition is comprised of water, Aloe Vera juice, ammonium alum, glycerine, and ethanol. It can be made using relatively unsophisticated processing equipment. The process essentially comprises adding Aloe Vera juice to water, heating the water almost to its boiling point, adding glycerine and ammonium alum, allowing the mixture to cool, and adding a small amount of ethanol to avoid precipitation of the ammonium alum during prolonged storage. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of skin lotions, such as aftershave lotions. More specifically, the invention comprises a composition particularly suited to alleviating the occurrence of pseudofolliculitis barbae. Also disclosed is a method for making the composition. The epidermis (skin) reacts to the invading hair follicle as it would any other foreign object. The result is a swollen bump in the region. Secondary bacterial infection often results. Full blown pseudofolliculitis barbae ("PFB") is typically

Patents 75

characterized by irritating bumps, itchiness, and discoloration of the affected areas. PFB becomes part of an accelerating cycle. The bumps are present the next time shaving takes place, resulting in a cut of the raised area and further irritation. While present in all racial groups, PFB is particularly common in Black men. Published studies show that the condition affects over 80% of the Black male population. The only way to break the cycle is to cease shaving--an impractical alternative for most men. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06306381__ ·

Method for preparing aloin by extraction Inventor(s): Cohen; Avraham (Tel Aviv, IL) Assignee(s): Paxa N.V. (The Hague, NL) Patent Number: 6,506,387 Date filed: February 16, 2001 Abstract: The invention concerns a method for preparing aloin which consists in extracting from a substance containing aloe, in particular the yellow sap of aloe or a derived product, in the presence of an aliphatic diol or triol with low molecular weight, for instance glycerol or a glycol, followed by a purification by crystallization in an alcohol. The invention is useful for industrial preparation of aloin. Excerpt(s): The present invention refers to a method for the preparation of aloin, more particularly to a method for extracting aloin from aloe juice, or of derived products that is of industrial utility and gives a final product of good purity in satisfactory yields. Aloin is a natural substance that can be obtained in a classical way by extraction starting with aloe gel. It is a highly interesting substance owing to the pharmacological properties of several derivatives that are of utility in diverse medications. The rhein for instance, which can be obtained from aloin, has the properties of a laxative, antirheumatic, antiarthrosic, and antiarthritic useful in therapy. The methods that have most commonly been used over numerous years, generally consist in an extraction starting from hard gum, that is, from a hardened residue obtained when concentrating the juice by simple heating in the open air under atmospheric pressure. The extraction yields aloin that can be purified by recrystallization in an appropriate solvent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06506387__

·

Method for purification of aloesin Inventor(s): Farrow; Thomas M. (Denver, CO) Assignee(s): Unigen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Broomfield, CO) Patent Number: 6,451,357 Date filed: February 26, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates generally to a method for the purification of aloesin, a C-glucosylated 5-methylchromone, tyrosinase inhibitor isolated from Aloe. Specifically, the present invention relates to a method for the crystallization of aloesin, that produces highly pure, relatively colorless aloesin Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method for the purification of a tyrosinase inhibitor isolated from Aloe. Specifically, the present invention relates to a

76 Aloe

method for the purification of aloesin, a C-glucosylated 5-methylchromone. There is a world-wide demand for products able to inhibit or prevent excessive pigmentation of the skin. Melanin, the skin's natural pigment, is synthesized in the melanocytes in varying concentrations, depending on skin type (genetic disposition) and environmental effects. Melanocytes are cells which occur in the basal membrane of the epidermis, and account for between 5% and 10% of the cellular content (approximately 1200-1500 melanocytes per cm.sup.2). Melanocytes are stimulated by ultraviolet (UV) light, producing greater quantities of melanin. The melanin is then transported into the keratinocytes, where it becomes visible as skin color. The number of melanocytes in human skin is more or less the same, irrespective of skin color. The color of the skin is largely dependent on the quantity and type of melanin produced (black eumelanin or yellow to reddish-brown pheomelanin). Asians and light-skinned people have lower levels of eumelanin than dark-skinned people, and correspondingly less protection against the effects of radiation. People with red hair are characterized by pigmentation with pheomelanin, and have little or no photo-protection. Additionally, the distribution of melanin in the skin also varies. In people with light skin, the greater part of the pigment lies in the basal layer, whereas in those with dark skin, the melanin is spread throughout, reaching into the horny layer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06451357__ ·

Method for treating pre-malignant basal and squamous cell lesions of the epithelium Inventor(s): Rathmann; Richard R. (800 S. Harbor City Blvd., Melbourne, FL 32901), Terry; James M. (221 Espanola Way, Melbourne, FL 32901) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,235,788 Date filed: September 20, 1999 Abstract: A new use of the botanical substance Capsaicin entails application of Capsaicin to pre-malignant basal and squamous cell lesions of the epithelium. Advantageous treatment, including atrophication and de-coloration of such lesions is accomplished. The substance, which is applied topically, is employed in a potency, or concentration, of about 0.010% to 0.200% (w/w). Capsaicin in the same potency can also be employed in a base of aloe vera. Excerpt(s): The botanical substance Capsaicin, a derivative of Cayenne pepper and of other types of peppers, chilies and the like grow, in different areas of the world. As such, Capsaicin is a naturally occurring substance derived from plants of the Solanaceae family, and having a chemical name of trans 8, methyl-N-vanillyl 6-nonemamide. The same, in a chemical notation, corresponding to C.sub.18 H.sub.27 NO.sub.3. Capsaicin is a white crystalline power having a molecular weight of 305.4. It is substantially insoluble in water, however. is highly soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. While to the general public, Capsaicin is simply the chemical name for various forms of cayenne peppers, the biomedical community has recognized that Capsaicin provides a mechanism of action which is of value in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, certain forms of neuralgias and diabetic neurophepy. Commercial forms of Capsaicin exist as arthritis creams which are applied topically to joints where painful arthritis exists. Park, et al, in Cancer Letters (1977), 114 (1,2), 183-184, AN 1997:223231 CAPLUS). Dm 126:260335, teach use of Capsaicin, in rats, as a prophylaxis, that is, as a preventative measure to lower the incidence of skin cancer, not to treat an existing

Patents 77

lesion, that is, a lesion that has already come into existence as do the within inventors. In Parks, Capsaicin is applied entirely to nonnal (albeit non-human) epithelial tissue. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06235788__ ·

Method of preparing diacetyl rhein Inventor(s): Zaeske; Helga (Overath, DE), Grimminger; Wolf (Bergisch-Gladbach, DE), Carcasona; Alfons (Koln, DE), Hietala; Pentti (Helsinki, DE), Witthohn; Klaus (Overath, DE) Assignee(s): Laboratoire Medidom S.A. (Geneva, CH) Patent Number: 6,596,764 Date filed: November 10, 1994 Abstract: The present invention provides a process for treating arthritis utilizing substantially pure diacetylrhein having an aloe-emodin content of less than 20 ppm. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with a process for the preparation of diacetylrhein of pharmaceutically usable purity with a residual content of undesired aloe-emodin derivatives of, in all, less than 20 ppm, the diacetylrhein obtainable according to this process and a pharmaceutical composition which contains this compound. is a medicinally-active compound which possesses anti-arthritic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activity. Therefore, diacetylrhein is used for the treatment of arthritic diseases (cf., for example DE-A 27 11 493 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,244,968). Diacetylrhein can be prepared, for example, by the acetylation of barbaloin and oxidation of the peracetylated barbaloin obtained with chromium trioxide. Furthermore, diacetylrhein can be prepared by the acetylation of rhein which can be obtained, for example, from senna drug. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06596764__

·

Methods of hydrating mammalian skin comprising oral administration of a defined composition Inventor(s): Podbielski; Ute (Hofheim am Taunus, DE), Fischer; Christa-Marie (Eschborn, DE), Blumenstein-Stahl; Gabriele (Hofheim, DE) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Co. (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 6,375,992 Date filed: February 23, 2000 Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods of hydrating mammalian skin comprising orally administering a substantially decaffeinated composition comprising one or more flavanols, preferably through the presence of green tea solids. The present invention is further directed to kits comprising a substantially decaffeinated composition comprising one or more flavanols and information that oral administration of the composition provides one or more skin health benefits, particularly hydration of mammalian skin. Particularly preferred compositions suitable for oral administration comprise:a) aloe;b) glycerol;c) a further component comprising one or more flavanols; andd) at least about 50% water.Other particularly preferred embodiments which provide hydration of mammalian skin are described herein.

78 Aloe

Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to compositions which are suitable for oral administration, and kits and methods thereof useful for hydrating mammalian skin. The compositions are preferably food or beverage compositions, preferably beverage compositions. The cosmetic industry is replete with lotions, creams, gels, and other formulations which are intended for improving the appearance of human skin. Typically, such formulations are directed to alleviating flaky and dry skin conditions. Most recently, there has been a trend toward marketing such cosmetic formulations for improving the appearance of, or reducing, fine lines and wrinkles, particularly on the face and hands of the user. However, the beneficial effects of these formulations may not be achieved wherein the user consumes dehydrating foods and beverages, for example those containing significant amounts of caffeine or salt. Additionally, realization of the beneficial effects of these formulations depends upon continual application of the formulations to the affected areas, which translates into increased inconvenience and significant expense for the user. Accordingly, it would be highly beneficial to provide a composition which hydrates mammalian skin from within, for example, as an integral factor of the user's diet. Unfortunately, however, there is limited information in the art regarding how to achieve such hydration from within and, correspondingly, limited availability of optimized products which deliver hydration to the user together with information that such products will deliver a skin hydrating effect. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06375992__ ·

Multicomponent biological vehicle Inventor(s): Jia; Qi (Arvada, CO) Assignee(s): Univera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Broomfield, CO) Patent Number: 6,395,311 Date filed: April 29, 1999 Abstract: The present invention provides a novel vehicle for the delivery of biologically active agents. The vehicle, Maxcell.TM., is formulated from a novel combination of natural plant extracts and is comprised of Aloe vera polysaccharide fraction Immuno-10, cAMP, piperine, calcium phosphate and glycyrrhizinic acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a vehicle for the delivery of biologically active agents. In particular this invention includes a biological vehicle formulated from a novel combination of plant extracts that can be used for the delivery of a variety of biologically active agents. Also included in this invention are methods for using the vehicle and formulations containing the vehicle. A vehicle is a substance, usually without biological activity, which is used as a medium for the administration of pharmacologic agents. Ideally a vehicle should be nonirritating and compatible with common medications. Criteria for vehicle selection include solubility of the active agent in the vehicle and the ability of the vehicle to penetrate physical barriers such as the stratum corneum and the lipid portion of the cell membrane. Consideration must also be given to any interactions between the vehicle and the active agent, the efficiency with which the vehicle releases the incorporated active ingredient, the molecular size and the composition of the vehicle. Traditional vehicles for subcutaneous administration include oils which tend to be irritating. Occasionally, a vehicle will have a synergistic effect, such that the final sum total of the activity in each system is greater than the sum of the components. This is highly desirable in that less of the pharmacologic agent can be used to achieve the same effect, thereby reducing or eliminating any side effects associated with higher dosages.

Patents 79

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06395311__ ·

Nutritional composition, methods of producing said composition and methods of using said composition Inventor(s): Siskind; Harry J. (202 Bluffhollow, San Antonio, TX 78216) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,541,026 Date filed: December 18, 2000 Abstract: Nutritional compositions comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids are disclosed. Nutritional compositions comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia tea, fenugreek tea, coleus forskohli tea, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids are also disclosed. Methods for preparing and using these compositions are additionally provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides nutritional compositions comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids. The instant invention also provides nutritional compositions comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia tea, fenugreek tea, coleus forskohli tea, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids. The invention additionally contemplates methods for preparing these compositions and methods of using the compositions. It has now been discovered that a nutritional composition comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia tea, fenugreek tea, coleus forskohli tea, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids effectively assists in the reduction of body fat, enhancement of nutrient absorption, and formation and protection of lean muscle tissue. The composition may also possess antioxidant properties. The present invention provides a nutritional composition comprising aloe vera, collagen, preferably hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia, chromium polynicotinate (commercially available as ChromeMate.RTM.), chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids. The instant invention also provides a nutritional composition comprising aloe vera, collagen, preferably hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia tea, fenugreek tea, coleus forskohli tea, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids. The composition of the instant invention helps reduce body fat in humans and enhances the human body's use and absorption of nutrients. The composition of the present invention is also useful in promoting the formation and protection of lean muscle tissue in humans. The composition of the present invention may also possess antioxidant properties. The composition may possess additional beneficial properties. The composition of the instant invention can be provided in a variety of forms. Thus, beverages, foods, dietary supplements, and nutraceutical products containing the nutritional composition of the instant invention are included in the scope of the invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06541026__

80 Aloe

·

Nutritional system for nervous system disorders Inventor(s): Foreman; David J. (Chesterfield, VA) Assignee(s): C & D Foreman, Inc. (Chesterfield, VA) Patent Number: 6,399,114 Date filed: May 24, 2001 Abstract: A novel composition for treating nervous system disorders. The composition is formed by preparing a mixture comprising an effective amount of vitamin B-6, folic acid, vitamin C, magnesium, vitamin B-3, copper, probiotics, fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), betaine, pancreatin, papain, pepsin, vitamin B-1, vitamin B-2, vitamin B-12, biotin, pantothenic acid, chromium polynicotinate and a digestive support ingredient selected from the group consisting of dandelion root, juniper, aloe vera, burdock, ginger root, artichoke, and kelp. Other ingredients may include: beta carotene, vitamin E, selenium, zinc, sea vegetation, alfalfa, trace minerals and molybdenum. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to the field of nutritional formulas. Specifically, the present invention pertains to an improved formula for nervous system disorders. There are many disorders that affect the proper functioning of the nervous system. Examples of these disorders include autism, ADD, ADHD, hyperactivity disorder, and depression. People who suffer from these disorders often have common secondary symptoms including allergies, sluggish digestion, weak immune function and poor diet. Treatment for these various nervous system disorders include the use of synthetic drugs. Specifically, for ADD and ADHD mild central nervous system stimulant drugs such as Ritalin.RTM., Cylert.RTM. and Dexedrine.RTM. have been used. These drugs are not always successful. Moreover, such drugs may lead to undesirable side effects such as loss of appetite, insomnia, headaches, stomachaches, drowsiness and cardiac arrhythmia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06399114__

·

Pain relief composition and method of relieving pain Inventor(s): Weise; Richard (Fort Worth, TX) Assignee(s): General Cosmetics Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 6,444,238 Date filed: March 10, 2000 Abstract: A pain relief composition and a method of relieving pain in a human body. The method includes preparing a pain relief composition from a mixture of aloe vera oil, eucalyptus oil, lemon oil, orange oil, peppermint oil, and rosemary oil. The method also includes topically applying the pain relief composition to the human body proximate to where a person is experiencing discomfort. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a composition for relieving pain and the use of the same for relieving pain. More particularly, the present invention relates to a composition that contains a mixture of essential oils and that is used for treating pain in a human body. As people attempt to accomplish increasingly accomplish more things both professionally and personally in specified periods of time, people get frustrated when physical ailments prevent them from operating near peak efficiencies. For example, many women experience significant amounts of discomfort at selected times during their menstrual cycles. Such conditions are often identified as

Patents 81

premenstrual syndrome ("PMS"). Conventional pain relievers such as aspirin and acetaminophen have produced only moderate success in addressing the physical symptoms associated with PMS. There have been numerous attempts at preparing pain relievers that exhibit a greater efficacy in treating PMS. However, these treatments do not produce advantageous results on a significant proportion of the population. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06444238__ ·

Pectic substance as a growth factor stabilizer Inventor(s): Yates; Kenneth M. (Grand Prairie, TX), Ni; Yawei (College Station, TX) Assignee(s): Carrington Laboratories, Inc. (Irving, TX) Patent Number: 6,313,103 Date filed: July 24, 1998 Abstract: Pectic substance from Aloe Vera and other sources is used as a stabilizer and a delivery vehicle for pectin/heparin-binding proteins, such as pectin/heparin binding growth factors. Aloe pectin, a naturally occurring LM (low methoxyl) pectin, binds to pectin/heparin-binding growth factors, i.e., bFGF, aFGF, and KGF of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family and TGF-.beta.1 of transforming growth factor-.beta. (TGF-.beta.) family. Commercial LM or HM (high methoxyl) citrus pectins tested did not exhibit any binding activity with bFGF. A weak binding to bFGF was observed with a de-esterified pectin (polygalacturonic acid) prepared from citrus. The binding protected the growth factor from protease digestion. The calcium gel beads prepared with Aloe pectin also bound to these pectin/heparin-binding growth factors. The growth factor could also be encapsulated in the pectin calcium gel and Aloe pectin sodium gel. Pectin/heparinbinding growth factor stabilized by pectin is used for wound healing. A pectincontaining matrix is used for the isolation of a pectin/heparin-binding protein. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to using a pectic substance to stabilize a pectin/heparin-binding protein, the resultant composition and formulation, and the method of stabilizing the pectin/heparin-binding protein. Pectin is a plant cell wall component. The cell wall is divided into three layers, middle lamella, primary, and secondary cell wall. The middle lamella is the richest in pectin. Pectins are produced and deposited during cell wall growth and are particularly abundant in soft plant tissues under conditions of fast growth and high moisture content. In cell walls, pectins are present in the form of a calcium complex. The involvement of calcium cross-linking is substantiated by the fact that chelating agents facilitate the release of pectin from cell walls. Pectin is a complex polysaccharide. It consists of an.alpha.1-4 linked polygalacturonic acid backbone intervened by rhamnose residues and modified with neutral sugar side chains and non-sugar components such as acetyl, methyl, and ferulic acid groups. The neutral sugar side chains which include arabinan and arabinogalactans (Types I and II) are attached to the rhamnose residues in the backbone at the O-3 or O-4 position. The rhamnose residues tend to cluster together on the backbone. So with the side chains attached this region is referred as the hairy region and the rest of the backbone is hence named the smooth region. Rhamnose residues are 1-2 linked to Gal A residues in the backbone and the configuration of this linkage has now been determined to be.alpha. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06313103__

82 Aloe

·

Process for the preparation of immunomodulatory polysaccharides from aloe Inventor(s): Mahiou; Belaid (Westminster, CO), Qiu; Zhihua (Westminster, CO) Assignee(s): Univera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Broomfield, CO) Patent Number: 6,271,214 Date filed: April 21, 1999 Abstract: The present invention provides a rapid and efficient method for the preparation and isolation of biologically active polysaccharides from Aloe. The present invention includes the activated mixture of polysaccharides (referred to herein as "Inmuno-10"), produced by the methods of the invention. The invention also includes the use of the polysaccharides as immunostimulating, immunomodulating and wound healing agents. The resulting immunomodulatory complex has a higher activity and is more stable than bulk carbohydrates isolated using prior art alcohol precipitation schemes. Excerpt(s): The present application relates to methods for activating and purifying polysaccharides from Aloe. In particular, the invention relates to methods for isolating polysaccharides with immunomodulatory activity from Aloe. The present invention includes the activated mixture of polysaccharides (referred to herein as "Immuno-10" or "Immuno-10 polysaccharide"), produced by the methods of the invention. The invention also includes the use of the polysaccharides as immunostimulating, immunomodulating and wound healing agents. Aloe is an intricate plant which contains many biologically active substances. (Cohen et al. in Wound Healing/Biochemical and Clinical Aspects, 1st ed. W B Saunders, Philadelphia (1992)). Over 300 species of Aloe are known, most of which are indigenous to Africa. Studies have shown that the biologically active substances are located in three separate sections of the aloe leaf--a clear gel fillet located in the center of the leaf, in the leaf rind or cortex of the leaf and in a yellow fluid contained in the pericyclic cells of the vascular bundles, located between the leaf rind and the internal gel fillet, referred to as the latex. Historically, Aloe products have been used in dermatological applications for the treatment of burns, sores and other wounds. These uses have stimulated a great deal of research on identifying compounds from Aloe that have clinical efficacy, particularly anti-inflammatory activity. (See, e.g., Grindlay and Reynolds (1986) J. of Ethnopharmacology 16:117-151; Hart et al. (1988) J. of Ethnopharmacology 23:61-71). As a result of these studies there have been numerous reports of Aloe compounds having diverse biological activities, including anti-tumor activity, anti-acid activity (Hirata and Suga (1977) Z. Naturforsch 32c:731-734), antidiabetic activity, tyrosinase inhibiting activity (Yagi et al. (1987) Planta medica 515-517) and antioxidant activity (International Application Serial No. PCT/US95/07404, published Dec. 19, 1996, publication number WO 96/40182). It has also been reported that Aloe products can stimulate the immune system. The ability of Aloe to stimulate the immune system has been attributed to polysaccharides present in the gel. (See, e.g. Day et al. (1922) J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 11:462-463; Flagg (1959) American Perfumes and Aromatics 74:27-28, 61; Waller et al. (1978) Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 58:69-76; Shcherbukhin et al. (1979) Applied Biochemistry & Microbiology 15:892-896; Mandal et al. (1980) Carbohydrate Research 86:247-257; Mandal et al. (1980) Carbohydrate Research 87:249256; Winters et al. (1981) Eco. Botany 35:89-95; Robson et al. (1982) J. Burn Care Rehab. 3:157-163; Ivan et al. (1983) Drug & Cosmetic Ind. 52-54, 105-106; Smothers (1983) Drug & Cosmetic Ind. 40:77-80; Mandal et al. (1983) Indian J. of Chem. 22B:890-893; Vilkas et al. (1986) Biochimie 68:1123-1127; Waller et al. (1994) Cosmetic Toiletries Manufacturing Worldwide 64-80; U.S. Pat. No. 5,308,838 of McAnalley et al.).

Patents 83

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06271214__ ·

Skin cream Inventor(s): McElwain; Elizena A. (125 Picnic La., Hardinsburg, KY 40143) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,261,603 Date filed: April 10, 2000 Abstract: Topical skin rejuvenation cream and lotion compositions for dry, damaged or aging skin comprising deionized water, mink oil, vitamin E, retinol acetate (vitamin A), ginseng, aloe vera, glycerin, lanolin (hydrous), gotu kola, soybean oil, fish liver oil, hydrolyzed animal protein, dl-alpha tocopherol acetate, stearic acid, cetyl alcohol, citric acid, silicon, isopropylmyristate, propylene glycol, stearyl alcohol, glycerol stearate, dimethicone, lactic acid, quaternium-15, propylparaben, carbomer 934 and 940, triethanolamine, methylparaben, tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), DMDM hydantoin, diazolidinyl urea and fragrance. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a skin rejuvenation cream and lotion especially beneficial for dry, damaged or aging skin. The need for anti-aging creams/lotions and moisturizers without a prescription is strongly felt. RETIN-A is used to reduce wrinkles but has a high incidence of side effects and requires a prescription. Over-the-counter skin care preparations generally do not suffice, and often make the skin feel greasy. Their moisturizing qualities also tend to vanish quickly, resulting in dry, cracked skin. U.S. Pat. No. 5,153,230 issued to Jaffery on Oct. 6, 1992 discloses a topical skin cream composition. The skin cream of Jaffery is designed to prevent and treat aging skin. The active ingredient is glycolic acid in concentrations up to 3.5 weight percent. The composition also may include vitamin A palmitate and/or vitamin E acetate. Preservatives are included in the composition to increase shelf life. Other ingredients may be included in the composition but no natural ingredients such as mink oil, soybean oil, fish liver oil, or gotu kola are included in the composition. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06261603__

·

System and method for coloring and conditioning nails Inventor(s): Nastasi; Lisa Rose (118 W. 79th St., New York, NY 10024) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,238,652 Date filed: December 27, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved method for coloring and conditioning nails and an improved combination of agents for coating nails. In one preferred embodiment, a multi-compartment case is provided having multiple conditioning creams and multiple top coats whereby the conditioning creams and top coats are combined to provide different aesthetic appearances. In the preferred embodiment the conditioning cream is rubbed onto a nail surface and comprises aloe vera, collagen, jojoba oil, lanolin, vitamin E, mica and wheat germ oil. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to an improved method for coloring and conditioning nails and more specifically to a new combination and method for coloring

84 Aloe

and moisturizing nails which is characterized by ease of use and extended life. It is known that fingernails and toenails should be well maintained for reasons of health and aesthetic appearance. The common regiment used to attain desired aesthetic appearance, color and conditioning of nails, however, is not simple. The steps are numerous and cumbersome. The nails, cuticles and surrounding areas must be trimmed, smoothed and conditioned prior to treatment. This requires the use of numerous accessories in addition to tedious and time consuming application of products and treatments, i.e., soaking of nails in conditioning liquids, application of multiple base coats, colors and top coats. It is for this reason that nail salons are very popular in most urban areas. Unfortunately, processes used by these salons are also time consuming and expensive, and do not provide a simple and easy system with which customers can change the aesthetic appearance of their nails. To the extent a user desires to condition nails on her own, many conditioners require that the conditioner be permitted to stay overnight on the naked nail without the application of a nail polish. This is obviously a time consuming and inconvenient method requiring multiple steps extended over long periods of time. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06238652__ ·

Tableted product prepared by vacuum freeze-drying of a plant belonging to genus aloe of family Liliaceae and the method for producing same Inventor(s): Fujita; Keisuke (Toyoake, JP) Assignee(s): Yurika Incorporated (Mie-ken, JP) Patent Number: 6,399,095 Date filed: September 13, 1993 Abstract: A vacuum freeze-dried mass of a plant belonging to the genus Aloe of the family Liliaceae, a vacuum freeze-dried granule of the plant, a tablet formed by a vacuum freeze-dried mass of the plant, a medicine formed by the tablet, and the method for producing the vacuum freeze-dried mass, the vacuum freeze-dried granule, the tablet and the medicine. The vacuum freeze-dried product maintains the inherent properties of living aloe useful for medicine or health food. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a tablet prepared from a dried product obtained by pulverization under cooling and subsequent vacuum freeze-drying of a fresh entire aloe leaf, a method for preparing the tablet, and use thereof. The tablet according to the present invention is useful as a medicine or so-called health food, such as laxative, stomachics, anti-gastrointestinal ulcer drug, anti-inflammatory drug, anti-fungal drug, anti-hyperglycemia drug, anti-burn edema drug for oral administration, or immunomodulator. Aloe has been extensively used as folk medicine. Reference to aloe powders is also made in the Japanese Pharmacopeia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06399095__

Patents 85

·

Therapeutic after-shave care lotion Inventor(s): Ortiz; Robert (83-10 35th Ave. #1V, Jackson Heights, NY 11372), Fernandez; Veronica (83-10 35th Ave. #1V, Jackson Heights, NY 11372) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,352,691 Date filed: May 11, 2000 Abstract: A therapeutic after-shave care lotion composition for use in reducing inflammation and irritation of skin immediately following shaving, and for repairing skin damage resulting from shaving. The composition comprises Aloe Vera gel, Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid), Vitamin E (tocopherol), and Hydrocortisone Acetate. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a therapeutic after-shave care lotion. More particularly, the invention relates to a skin care lotion for use after shaving for repairing skin damage from shaving and alleviating irritation and discomfort associated with shaving. Modern society has dictated that hair removal in certain anatomical regions is a crucial part of grooming. Although waxing and electrolysis fulfill some hair removal needs, shaving is by far the most common hair removal operation--carried out by billions everyday, worldwide. Shaving typically involves scraping the skin with a sharp blade. The aim is to shear the hairs until flush with the skin surface, without cutting into the skin surface. Razors have been developed which seek to follow the contours of the skin, so as to maintain the blade in a position where it cannot easily cut the skin. Because the skin surface is not always uniformly smooth, it is sometimes cut, and is typically abraded by the shaving operation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06352691__

·

Therapeutic composition including plantain and aloe vera for treatment of arthritis and other afflictions Inventor(s): Sobczak; Nancy Laning (c/o Nancy Laning Sobczak Consulting, 2509 N. Humboldt, Milwaukee, WI 53212) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,514,540 Date filed: September 6, 2001 Abstract: A therapeutic composition for treating arthritis and other afflictions includes plantain and aloe vera constituents, which are approximately 0.01% to 0.1% and 0.1% to 1.0% by weight of the therapeutic composition, respectively. Other constituents, such as herbal tinctures, added for various purposes, may be approximately 5% to 10% by weight of the therapeutic composition. A joint compatible solution for injection directly into a human joint makes up approximately 99 to 99.9% by weight of the plantain constituent, and approximately 90 to 99.9% by weight of the aloe vera constituent, with the remaining approximately 0.1 to 1.0% by weight of the plantain constituent being extract from a plantain plant and the remaining approximately 0.1 to 10.0% by weight of the aloe vera constituent being extract from an aloe vera plant. The plantain extract acts as a medication, while the aloe vera extract acts as a vehicle to carry the plantain extract. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to compositions of matter and more particularly, to a therapeutic composition including plantain and aloe vera as its main ingredients in a particular percentage by weight arrangement with respect to each other

86 Aloe

in order for the therapeutic composition to be useful in the treatment and relief of the symptoms of arthritis and other afflictions. Plants and herbs have long been used for medicinal purposes. Indeed, native Americans have long known of the healing powers of certain herbs as remedies for various illnesses. However, much research still needs to be done in the area of herbal remedies and it is believed that present day healers have only begun to scratch the surface of the limitless possible cures offered by plants and herb. One recent inroad into herbal cures came with the discovery that aloe vera may be used as a biological vehicle for the delivery of drugs. U.S. Pat. No. 5,708,038 (the '038 patent) discloses an embodiment wherein aloe vera is used as a biological vehicle to deliver the estrogen,.beta.-estradiol and the androgen, testosterone propionate. The '038 patent also discloses a method of treating symptoms and diseases mediated by hormonal deficiencies or amenable to treatment by hormones using aloe vera as the biological vehicle for allowing penetration of drugs via a topical method. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06514540__ ·

Topical dermal anaesthetic Inventor(s): Van Engelen; Patricia A. (13921 W. Daimler Ct., Boise, ID 83713), Van Engelen; H. Wayne (13921 W. Daimler Ct., Boise, ID 83713) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,416,772 Date filed: January 12, 2001 Abstract: A liquid composition applied transdermally for relief of pain comprising alcohol in an amount by weight of about 57 to about 91 percent; glycerin in an amount by weight of about 1 to about 12 percent; an analgesic agent in an amount by weight of about 2 to about 28 percent, the analgesic agent comprising a derivative of salicylic acid; methylsulfonylmethane in an amount by weight of about 0.02 to 5 percent; and emu oil in an amount by weight of about 0.01 to 3 percent, the liquid composition permeating skin to relieve pain. The composition further comprising, as an additional feature, aloe vera in an amount by weight of at least about 0.05 percent and having an amount by weight of about 0.05 to 4 percent. The composition features transdermal pain relief such that a patient can apply the analgesic agent directly to an area of pain without such side effects as stomach irritation which is normally associated with aspirin. The composition may be sprayed or rolled directly onto the painful area. Because of the unique formula, the composition is safe to vital internal organs, requires no mixing before use, and is shelf stable for marketing purposes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to analgesics. Specifically, the present invention relates to an anagesic solution or liquid composition which is applied topically to the surface of the skin, or transdermally, for treatment of pain and irritation. The use of aspirin and other analgesic, anti-inflammatory agents is well known and has proven to be very valuable in the medical and scientific community. Aspirin has shown to have a variety of benefits in the treatment of aches and pains such as muscular aches, strains and cramps, arthritis, joint pain, lower back discomfort, bursitis, rheumatism, bums, insect bites and sports injuries. However, certain side effects of aspirin, such as stomach irritation, may cause individuals to discontinue the use of this useful pain killer and anti-inflammatory. The ability to apply aspirin to an area of discomfort without ingesting the aspirin is a need which has been long felt within the medical community. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06416772__

Patents 87

·

Topical skin sensitizer Inventor(s): Kent; Frances B. (The E-Gal Corp., 600 Central Ave., Highland Park, IL 60035), Birnholz; Jason C. (The E-Gal Corp., 600 Central Ave., Highland Park, IL 60035) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,365,200 Date filed: July 19, 2000 Abstract: A topically applied aphrodisiac dispersed in a manually applied vehicle which substantially increases tissue sensation. The active ingredients are benzalkonium chloride, aloe and vitamin E in a water soluble gel which includes sorbitol, glycerin, and hydroxethylcellulose. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the field of chemical aphrodisiacs, and more particularly to a topical medicament which is applied to sensitive tissue areas to produce increased sensitivity to physical contact. Internally taken aphrodisiacs are wellknown in the art as is the resultant psychological effect of using the same. The use of such preparations, in many cases, is accompanied by some disadvantages, including time delay before taking effect, various side effects resulting from ingestion, and often, the lack of useful effect. The use of benzalkonium chloride as a virucidal agent in the treatment of AIDS and related disease is known, as is the use of this compound as a spermicidal agent when incorporated into a suppository. It is also known to use this composition in aqueous, Quaternary ammonium antiseptics, and disinfectants. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06365200__

·

Topical treatment for skin and nails Inventor(s): Bailey; Mary L. (535 Plumosa Ave., Clearwater, FL 33756) Assignee(s): Bailey; Mary L. (Clearwater, FL) Patent Number: 6,627,182 Date filed: September 25, 2001 Abstract: The juice from a spider plant is useful in treating skin and nails. A useful composition preferably includes an admixture of the extract from the spider plant in combination with ALOE VERA. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract that will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope of meaning of the claims. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to treating skin and nail problems and/or improving the condition of skin and nails. Skin and nail problems have plagued mankind from time immemorial. In addition there is a desire to improve the appearance of skin and nails. It has been unexpectedly discovered that a therapeutic composition comprising a therapeutically useful extract of the spider plant can be used to improve the condition of skin and nails. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06627182__

88 Aloe

Patent Applications on Aloe As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to aloe: ·

Additive for a sanitary napkin and a method of adding the same Inventor(s): Lin, I Shan; (Taitung City, TW) Correspondence: BACON & THOMAS, PLLC; 625 SLATERS LANE; FOURTH FLOOR; ALEXANDRIA; VA; 22314 Patent Application Number: 20030028163 Date filed: November 14, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates to an additive for a sanitary napkin and a method of adding the same, and is directed to a liquid mixture containing Borneo camphor, menthol, alum, sodium salicylate, camphor and aloe vera at a specific proportion. In use, a face layer disposed between absorbent layer and surface layer of the sanitary napkin is immersed in the mixture such that the mixture can completely and evenly penetrate into the face layer. The mixture is further sprayed onto the surface layer of the sanitary napkin. After drying, the face and surface layers are coupled with a bottom layer and a high polymer body to thereby obtain a sanitary napkin that can promote blood circulation, enhance absorption power of the sanitary napkin, prevent breeding of germs, and make the user feel dry and comfortable. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an additive for a sanitary napkin and a method of adding the same, in which a mixture containing Borneo camphor, menthol, alum, sodium salicylate, camphor and aloe vera at a specific proportion is allow to penetrate into a sanitary napkin via immersion, spraying, spreading, and cold-drying so as to evenly distribute over the sanitary napkin. In use, due to effects of the medicines, blood circulation of the user and the absorption power of the sanitary napkin can be enhanced, breeding of germs can be prevented, and the user feels dry and comfortable. Sanitary napkins are used by female users during the menstrual cycle, and sanitary pads are used outside the menstrual cycle. Both of them are designed to prevent leakage and have a surface layer which is in contact with the user's skin and which should make the user feel dry. However, conventional sanitary napkins and pads do not have other functions than absorbing the menstrual discharge. For female users, their reproductive organs are more susceptible to germs during the menstrual cycle, and there may be undesirable odor as a result of prolonged contact with the sanitary napkin or pad. Moreover, conventional sanitary napkins and pads are not capable of killing germs or removing bad odor. The object of this invention is to provide an additive for a sanitary napkin, which is a liquid mixture containing 10-15% weight % of Borneo camphor, 15-20% weight % of menthol, 10-20% weight % of alum, 10-15% weight % of sodium salicylate, 10-15% wt % of camphor, and 10-15% wt % of aloe vera. In use, due to the effects of the medicines, the blood circulation and the absorption power of the sanitary napkin can be enhance, breeding of germs can be prevented, and the user can feel dry and comfortable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 89

·

Aloe vera glove and manufaturing method Inventor(s): Chou, Belle L.; (Union City, CA) Correspondence: Otto O. Lee, Esq.; Intellectual Property Law Group, LLP; Twelfth Floor; 12 South First Street; San Jose; CA; 95113; US Patent Application Number: 20010048937 Date filed: July 3, 2001 Abstract: A moisturizing and therapeutic glove is disclosed which includes a thin layer of Aloe Vera coated evenly and uniformly on an inside surface of the glove. Aloe Vera is attached to the surface through a dehydration process achieved with a controlled drying method. Aloe Vera soothes hand during the wearing of the glove. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation application of commonly-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/288,067, filed Apr. 7, 1999, which is hereby incorporated by reference. This invention relates generally to hand care products, and specifically relates to applying Aloe Vera on the inner surface of disposable gloves to protect and soothe the hands during and after application of disposable gloves. Disposable gloves are widely used as a protective measure to insulate hands from the objects handled by the wearer of gloves. To allow ease in handling objects, disposable gloves are made of thin and elastic material to minimize the space between the skin and the glove. Due to poor air circulation resulting from tight insulation, hand sweating is a common problem among glove wearers. Prolonged wearing of disposable gloves causes a moist environment on the surface of the hand that allows viruses, bacteria, yeast, and fungus to grow and multiply. Itchiness is a frequent result of wearing disposable examination gloves for extended periods. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

·

Aloe vera impregnated elastomeric article and method of manufacture Inventor(s): Leong, Ronald Low Pew; (Kuala Lumpur, MY) Correspondence: MERCHANT & GOULD PC; P.O. BOX 2903; MINNEAPOLIS; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20020114825 Date filed: August 7, 2001 Abstract: In a method for manufacturing a thin-walled, skin-contacting elastomeric article to be worn over a human body part, an article-shaped form is dipped into a latex composition that has been mixed with the extract of the plant Aloe vera forming the article. The article is processed and cured so that the extract is present within the article as one or combination of a polymer, co-polymer and filler of the article. An Aloe vera coating may be applied to at least one surface of the article. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to polymeric products and the method for making the same. In particular, this invention concerns thin-walled elastomeric articles including gloves, condoms, masks, finger cots and like products. The method of manufacturing such articles is also disclosed. Elastomeric articles such as gloves and condoms are designed to be worn skin tight, but this required fit often results in discomfort to the wearer, particularly when the article is worn for extended periods of time. The industry has attempted to increase wearing comfort and convenience of the articles by coating the skin-contacting surface with lotions or powders, resulting in undesirable residues on the

90 Aloe

skin. Hence, there is a need for a new type of elastomeric article, which combines the qualities of thinness, durability, ease of use and comfort. Aloe vera, the gelatinous substance extracted from Aloe plants, has been known for centuries for its useful therapeutic properties. It has been used extensively in a wide range of beauty products, such as cosmetics, soaps, and lotions. However, its use in the production of mass manufactured articles designed to be worn against the skin, particularly elastomeric articles such as gloves, condoms, masks, finger cots and like articles, is little if at all known, as discussed in the following closest prior art. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Antimicrobial agents isolated from Aloe vera Inventor(s): Shupe, Kathleen; (Irving, TX), Coats, Billy C.; (Fairview, TX) Correspondence: CHALKER FLORES, LLP; 12700 PARK CENTRAL, STE. 455; DALLAS; TX; 75251; US Patent Application Number: 20030175371 Date filed: December 21, 2002 Abstract: Antimicrobial agents and method for isolation thereof from the gel liquid of Aloe vera includes at least one antimicrobial agent isolated from the clear gel isolated from the whole leaf of the Aloe vera plant, wherein the antimicrobial agent is an agent produced by the Aloe vera and/or indigenous bacteria that colonize the Aloe vera plant, is disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates in general to the field of antimicrobial agents, and more particularly, to the characterization and isolation of agents that are responsible for antimicrobial activity of Aloe vera and its gel. This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/262,731, filed Mar. 4, 1999, and claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e) of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 06/077,145, filed Mar. 6, 1998. Without limiting the scope of the invention, its background is described in connection with the identification of novel anti-microbial agents isolated from Aloe vera, as an example. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

·

Composition including essential oils Inventor(s): Thrash, W. E.; (Tyler, TX) Correspondence: Ronald B. Sefrna; SEFRNA & ASSOCIATES; 505 South Bois D'Arc; P.O. Box 567; Tyler; TX; 75710-0567; US Patent Application Number: 20030039709 Date filed: August 20, 2002 Abstract: A composition for application to the skin includes a combination of essential oils consisting essentially of sweet almond essential oil, sweet orange essential oil, and lemon essential oil, and provides unexpectedly beneficial and effective treatment results. The proportion of each essential oil within the combination of essential oils ranges between about ten percent and about ninety percent. The essential oils are preferably suspended with moisturizing agents in water by an emulsifying agent to form a lotion

Patents 91

or gel base to facilitate application to the skin. Aloe Vera extract and vitamin E may also be added. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to compositions of matter, and more specifically relates to compositions including essential oils, principally for cosmetic uses as shaving gels and lotions and skin lotions. Essential oils are natural components of plants that are well known to mankind, and have been extracted and used for centuries to provide fragrance to a wide variety of preparations and formulations, including perfumes, cosmetics, and foods. Several essential oils, specifically menthol, eucalyptus oil, camphor, peppermint oil, and wintergreen oil, are used in topical preparations for pain relief. Essential oils are used in these preparations in high concentrations, up to about 30% of the preparation. Vapors from some essential oils are believed to be beneficial when inhaled, as in "aroma therapy", for the relief of various conditions. The use of essential oils known in the prior art for cosmetic products have been primarily for the purpose of fragrance or flavor to the products, rather than for any direct effect or benefit derived from the essential oils themselves. The properties of, and attributed to, specific essential oils and various combinations of essential oils have been studied and cataloged for many years, but the vast number of possible combinations has not been fully explored. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

CONDITIONER THAT PROVIDES SKIN LIKE AN ANGEL Inventor(s): Malmgren, Janice K.; (Dallas, TX), Moreno, Sonya K.; (Cedar Hill, TX) Correspondence: Seto Patents; 617 Tinkerbell Rd.; Chapel Hill; NC; 27514; US Patent Application Number: 20030039625 Date filed: August 21, 2001 Abstract: A skin conditioner made of all natural ingredients that eliminates body dandruff leaving the skin able to breathe and feeling soft and supple; "skin like an angel". The conditioner can be heated prior to application in order to provide a more relaxing feel to the user and is massaged into the skin of all or part of the body. Thereafter, the conditioner is rinsed or showered off. The conditioner can also be massaged into the scalp to eliminate dandruff and condition the scalp and hair. Ingredients of the conditioner include sea salt, Epsom salt, almond oil, apricot kernel oil, avocado oil, jojoba oil, aloe vera gel, castor oil, vitamin E, vegetable glycerin and soap. Essential oils may optionally be included in the conditioner to add fragrance. The preferred soap is castile however other soaps such as antibacterial soap can be used. If the product is heated prior to use, it should not be heated above 100.degree. F. in order to prevent a change in the molecular structure of some of the ingredients. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to skin conditioners and more particularly to a skin conditioner made of all natural ingredients that eliminates body dandruff and provides the user with skin like an angel. The skin is the largest organ in the human body. It is a protective organ covering the external surface of the body. The skin forms a protective barrier against the action of physical, chemical, and bacterial agents on the deeper tissues and contains the special sensitive end organs for the sense of touch. Through the activity of its sweat glands and blood vessels, it also plays an important role in maintaining body temperature. One square inch of skin contains up to 15 feet of blood vessels, which have as one of their functions the regulation of body temperature. Each square inch of skin also contains hundreds of sweat glands that are

92 Aloe

controlled by a heat regulation center in the brain. These glands secrete moisture, which evaporates, cools the body surface, and helps maintain normal body temperature. In this capacity the skin acts as an excretory organ. The skin is elastic, and except for a few areas such as the palms, soles, and ears, is loosely attached to the underlying tissues. The skin varies in thickness from 0.02 inches (in.) on the eyelids to 0.17 in. or more on the palms and soles. In structure the skin is composed of two distinct layers. The outer layer, called the epidermis is several cells thick and has an external, horny layer of dead cells that are constantly shedding from the surface. The dead cells, sometimes referred to as body dandruff, are replaced by new cells from a lower basal layer of cells called the stratum germinativum. The inner layer, called the dermis, is composed of a network of collagen and elastic fibers, blood vessels, nerves, fat lobules, and the bases of hair follicles and sweat glands. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Cover sheet for personal care products Inventor(s): Park, HyungWoo; (Kyung Ki-Do, KR), Kim, HyungByum; (TaeJon-city, KR), Hwang, EoYeon; (Seoul, KR), Kang, EunJung; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: KIMBERLY-CLARK WORLDWIDE, INC.; 401 NORTH LAKE STREET; NEENAH; WI; 54956 Patent Application Number: 20030093046 Date filed: November 14, 2001 Abstract: There is provided a liner for personal care products having a hydrophilic first apertured nonwoven layer laminated with a hydrophobic second apertured nonwoven layer. The apertures may be aligned. The first layer may, further, be made of durably hydrophilic fibers and the second of non-durably hydrophilic fibers. The liner may be made by a spunlace process. The liner may further have a treatment applied to the hydrophilic layer, where the treatment is aloe, vitamin E, mineral oil, baking soda and combinations thereof. Also provided is a pantiliner having a liquid permeable liner, a liquid impervious baffle, and an absorbent core positioned therebetween. The liner has a hydrophilic first apertured nonwoven layer laminated according to a spunlace process with a hydrophobic second apertured nonwoven layer. The apertures of the first layer and the second layer may be aligned. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns liners, top sheets or cover sheets for personal care products like feminine hygiene products, diapers, training pants and the like. Liners are designed to be permeable to liquid and to be non-irritating to the skin since they are the outermost layer of a personal care product and so in contact with the wearer. Liners feel soft to the skin and allow urine and menses to penetrate quite easily. Liners have been made from various materials including nonwoven webs, apertured films, foams and combinations thereof. The nonwovens and films may be made from synthetic polymers, including polyolefins like polyethylene and polypropylene. The nonwovens may also be made from natural fibers or combinations of natural and synthetic fibers. Liners may also be made from creped materials such as creped nonwoven webs. Liners have advanced significantly over the years, though rewet of the wearer's skin and leakage, especially in the case of feminine hygiene products, remains an important issue. There remains a need, therefore, for a liner that will rapidly take in fluids like urine and menses and retard or prevent it from moving upwardly towards the wearer again.

Patents 93

Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Detergent compositions Inventor(s): Hafkamp, Rudolfus Johannes; (Vlaardingen, NL), Beers, Olaf Cornelis; (Vlaardingen, NL) Correspondence: UNILEVER; PATENT DEPARTMENT; 45 RIVER ROAD; EDGEWATER; NJ; 07020; US Patent Application Number: 20030176309 Date filed: January 29, 2003 Abstract: Particulate laundry detergent compositions, especially high bulk density powders and tablets, contain low levels of aloe vera. The aloe vera is preferably present in the form of coloured, preferably, green, speckles having a 1% solution pH not exceeding 9. The detergent compositions preferably contain a mild surfactant system. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to laundry detergent compositions, especially built granular laundry detergent compositions. The invention is especially applicable to compositions exhibiting increased mildness to the skin. Heavy duty laundry detergent compositions have for many years contained an anionic sulphonate or sulphate surfactant, for example, linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) or primary alcohol sulphate (PAS), as the principal detergent-active ingredient. These anionic surfactants are frequently used in conjunction with ethoxylated alcohol nonionic surfactants which give improved detergency on hydrophobic soils. These anionic and anionic/nonionic surfactant systems are robust and highly efficient on a wide range of soils and under a wide range of conditions, for example, temperature and water hardness. However, the anionic surfactants are not noted for mildness to skin. These materials are designed to interact with fatty materials like body soil and protein residues on soiled laundry, and can therefore interact with the skin to give reactions such as dryness and erythema (redness). The milder surfactants used to formulate products intended for prolonged skin contact, for example, shampoos and shower gels, would not perform adequately in heavy duty laundry detergent compositions because of insufficient interaction with fatty materials occurring as soil. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

·

Dispersed solid-containing complex carbohydrate Inventor(s): Yates, Kenneth M.; (Grand Prairie, TX), Wang, Dongmei; (Irving, TX), Long, John; (Irving, TX) Correspondence: JACKSON WALKER LLP; 2435 NORTH CENTRAL EXPRESSWAY; SUITE 600; RICHARDSON; TX; 75080; US Patent Application Number: 20030175370 Date filed: March 7, 2002 Abstract: Substantially dry mixture having solid-containing complex carbohydrate and a water-soluble pharmaceutical auxiliary is dispersible in water. The dry mixture can also contain simple sugar and starch. A dispersible, or soluble, mixture having solidcontaining complex carbohydrate, originated or derived from a processed plant, and processes of preparation of the mixture. The processed plant can be Aloe vera.

94 Aloe

Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a substantially dry mixture dispersible in water of which the substantially dry mixture has solid-containing complex carbohydrate and a water-soluble pharmaceutical excipient or auxiliary. More specifically, the present invention relates to a dispersible, or soluble, mixture having solid-containing complex carbohydrate, originated or derived from a processed plant, and processes of preparation of the mixture. The processed plant can be Aloe vera. Aloe is a tropical or subtropical plant characterized by lance-shaped leaves with jagged edges and sharp points. For centuries, this plant has been considered to have, and has been used for its, medicinal and therapeutic properties without any clear understanding or scientific analysis of the bases for these properties. Further, it is known that the biological activities associated with the fresh plant decay very rapidly once harvested and the biological effectiveness can be impacted by current methods utilized in processing. Because of the varied activities and stability problems associated with Aloe vera, most methods employed for the processing of the plant result in end products that do not consistently achieve desired results. Further, Aloe leaves contain anthraquinones in its yellow sap. The anthraquinone-containing yellow sap is known to have a laxative effect with a reputation as an extremely irritating cathartic. Traditional processes for the production of various Aloe products typically involved crushing (pressure rollers), grinding (e.g., use of Thompson Aloe leaf slitter), or pressing (TCX pressure extruder) of the entire leaf of the Aloe plant to produce an Aloe vera juice, followed by various steps of filtration and stabilization of the juice. The resulting mixture is then incorporated in, or mixed with, other solutions or agents to produce the products which could be, for example, a cosmetic, a health food drink, or a topical ointment. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Feminine care products for the delivery of therapeutic substances Inventor(s): Koenig, David William; (Menasha, WI), Tyrrell, David John; (Appleton, WI), Dvoracek, Barbara Jo; (Appleton, WI), Minerath, Bernard Joseph; (Oshkosh, WI), Geiser, Kimberly Marie; (Appleton, WI), Krzysik, Duane Gerard; (Appleton, WI) Correspondence: KIMBERLY-CLARK WORLDWIDE, INC.; 401 NORTH LAKE STREET; NEENAH; WI; 54956 Patent Application Number: 20030120224 Date filed: December 21, 2001 Abstract: An absorbent personal care device, such as an interlabial pad, tampon, sanitary pad or liner, or incontinence product adapted to deliver a therapeutic agent to the vaginal epithelium for systemic and topical treatment, the tampon including absorbent material and a formulation including a therapeutic agent, wherein the therapeutic agent is a botanical. The botanical may be, but is not limited to, Agnus castus, aloe vera, comfrey, calendula, dong quai, black cohosh, chamomile, evening primrose, Hypericum perforatum, licorice root, black currant seed oil, St. John's wort, tea extracts, lemon balm, capsicum, rosemary, Areca catechu, mung bean, borage seed oil, witch hazel, fenugreek, lavender, soy, heath, cranberries, blueberries, azaleas, red onion skin, short red bell peppers, long red bell peppers, beet root extract, capsanthin, whortleberry, lingenberry, chokeberry, sweet rowan, rowanberry, seabuckhrouberry, crowberry, strawberries, or gooseberries. Excerpt(s): Many disease states and physiological conditions can occur in a woman, including symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome, menstruation, and menopause. These symptoms may include dysmenorrhea (menstrual cramping),

Patents 95

irritability, water retention, moodiness, depression, anxiety, skin changes, headaches, breast tenderness, tension, weight gain, cravings, fatigue, and hot flashes. Symptoms of conditions can include itching and other associated sensory maladies. Many of these symptoms are due to changes in hormonal levels throughout the menstrual cycle. Menstrual cramping is associated with increased levels of prostaglandin F2.alpha., prostaglandin E2, and in some cases leukotrienes in the endometrium and menstrual fluid. These eicosinoids lead to restricted blood flow to the uterus and increased uterine contractions, causing pain. One example is dysmenorrhea, which is the occurrence of painful uterine cramps during menstruation that affects a large number of postpubescent women. The pain of dysmenorrhea originates in the uterus. Various analgesics can be effective in limiting the pain from dysmenorrhea; some have used orally-delivered analgesics, while others have searched for alternative analgesic delivery methods. Attempts have been made to deliver analgesics in the vicinity of the cervix and the vaginal mucosa using various vaginally-inserted devices and methods. A similar situation exists with many other disease states and physiological conditions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Herbal tonic composition that improves respiration, aids in the elimination of toxins and improves overall vitality Inventor(s): Rigby, Alvin Foster; (Providenciales, TC) Correspondence: MARK WOODRING; P O BOX 43; PROVIDENCIALES; BWI; TC Patent Application Number: 20030012796 Date filed: July 10, 2001 Abstract: An herbal composition comprised of extracts from the following herbs: Garlic (Allium Sativum), Onion (Allium Cepa), Cat Claw (Macfadyena Unguis-cati), Rat Root (Chicocca Alba), Pear Leaf (Persea Americana), Billyweb Bark (Sweetia Panamensis), Strongback (Desmodium Abscendens), Aloe (Aloe Barbadensis), Life Leaf (Bryophyllum Pinnatum), Sarsaparilla (Smilax Officinalis), Bamboo (Aralia Mubicaulis), Geritout (Pluchea Symphytofolia), Hibiscus (Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis), Balsam (Myroxylon Balsamum). The composition acts as a tonic to improve respiration, aid in the elimination of toxins and improves overall vitality. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to ingestible herbal compositions for the improvement of respiration, to aid in the elimination of toxins and improvement of overall vitality. The use of herbs and plants to treat ailments and generally improve overall health has become commonplace. The use of the singular herbs comprising this invention has been documented. A summary of each herb's individual use is described hereafter. Garlic--(Allium Sativum)Commonly used as an antiseptic, anti-cough and promote circulation, as described in many herbal texts. Garlic cloves are obtained at the local supermarket and/or from local gardens. The plant is commonly available throughout North America and the Caribbean. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

96 Aloe

·

Ingestible laxative beverage Inventor(s): Yu, Chun; (Los Angeles, CA) Correspondence: James E. Brunton; Suite 860; P.O. Box 29000; 700 North Brand Blvd.; Glendale; CA; 91029; US Patent Application Number: 20020187235 Date filed: April 30, 2001 Abstract: A non-habit forming and ecologically beneficial laxative in beverage form that exhibits a novel synergistic effect in relieving and preventing both temporary and chronic constipation without pains or hurting the mucous lines in the colon. The primary constituents of the ingestible laxative beverage comprise a water-soluble, low viscosity fiber selected from a group consisting of fractocligosaccharides, maltodextrin and polydextrose and any qualified one and an herbal laxative selected from a group consisting of cascara sagrada and rhubarb extracts. The secondary active constituents of the ingestible beverage laxative are selected from a group consisting of chamomile, aloe vera and licorice extracts. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to ingestible laxative beverages. More particularly, the invention concerns beverages such as coffee and cocoa that have been fortified with water-soluble fiber and an herbal laxative such as cascara sagrada. Constipation, which is defined as the infrequent and difficult passage of stool, is suffered from time to time by both the young and old. To relieve constipation a number of different types of ingestible laxative compositions have been suggested in the past. These compositions include chemical laxative compositions and so called "natural" laxative compositions. Exemplary of the so called "natural" laxative compositions is a composition disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,524 issued to Kais et al. This composition comprises specified amounts of dioctyl sulfosuccinate and bulk fiber. Exemplary of the prior art chemical laxative compositions is a composition sold by Sterling Winthrop, Inc. of New York, N.Y. under the name and style "Phillips". The active constituents in this product comprise phenolphthalein and docusate sodium. By way of background, the frequency of bowel movements among healthy people varies greatly, ranging from three movements a day to three a week. As a rule, if more than three days pass without a bowel movement, the intestinal contents may harden, and a person may have difficulty or even pain during elimination. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

·

In-situ gel formation of pectin Inventor(s): Yates, Kenneth M.; (Grand Prairie, TX), Ni, Yawei; (College Station, TX) Correspondence: T. Ling Chwang; Jackson Walker L.L.P.; Suite 600; 2435 N. Central Expressway; Richardson; TX; 75080; US Patent Application Number: 20020119941 Date filed: February 28, 2001 Abstract: In-situ gelation of a pectic substance. Composition, method of preparation, and method of use of a pectin in-situ gelling formulation for the delivery and sustained release of a physiologically active agent to the body of an animal. The pectin can be isolated from Aloe vera.

Patents 97

Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to in-situ gelation of a pectic substance. Specifically, the invention relates to a pectin in-situ gelling formulation for the delivery and sustained release of a physiologically active agent to the body of an animal. More specifically, the pectic substance is derived from Aloe vera L. plant. CMC, carboxylmethyl cellulose; Da, dalton; DM, degree of methylation; Gal A, galacturonic acid; HEC, hydroxyethyl cellulose; HM, high methoxyl; HPMC, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose; kDa, kilodaltons; LM, low methoxyl; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; PEG-PLGA-PEG, polyethylene glycol-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)polyethylene glycol; PEO-PLLA, poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(L-lactide); PEO-PPO-PEO, poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide). Pectin is a biodegradable acidic carbohydrate polymer. Pectin is commonly found in plant cell walls. The cell wall of a plant is divided into three layers consisting of the middle lamella, the primary wall and the secondary cell wall. The middle lamella is richest in pectin. The chemistry and biology of pectin have been extensively reviewed (Pilnik and Voragen, Advances in plant biochemistry and biotechnology 1, 219-270, 1992; Voragen et al, In Food polysaccharides and their applications. pp 287-339. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 1995; Schols and Voragen, In Progress in Biotechnology 14. Pectins and pectinases, J. Visser and A. G. J.Voragen (eds.). pp. 3-20. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V. Amsterdam, 1996). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Intradermal-penetration agents for topical local anesthetic administration Inventor(s): Fischer, Wilfried; (Neubiberg, DE), Huber, Petra; (Muenchen, DE), Mason, Paul; (Flemington, NJ) Correspondence: PENNIE & EDMONDS LLP; 1667 K STREET NW; SUITE 1000; WASHINGTON; DC; 20006 Patent Application Number: 20030138505 Date filed: July 25, 2002 Abstract: A non-invasive and non-systemic method for administering a local anesthetic. The method comprises topical application of a local anesthetic in combination with an intradermal-penetration agent selected from the group consisting an aloe composition, a triglyceride, and a mixture thereof. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods and compositions for intradermal administration of local anesthetics with the aid of an intradermal-penetration agent. Drug administration by topical skin application offers distinct advantages over conventional administration methods. For example, some drugs cannot be absorbed in the digestive tract and intravenous and subcutaneous administration by injection is painful and invasive. Furthermore, when treating localized conditions by oral and intravenous administration, the drug is circulated systemically rather than restricted to the diseased area. But, unfortunately, because of the skin's drug penetration resistance, only a limited number of drugs are bioavailable via topical application (Ghosh, T. K.; Pfister, W. R.; Yum, S. I. Transdermal and Topical Drug Delivery Systems, Interpharm Press, Inc. p. 7). The skin is a complex multilayer organ with a total thickness of 2-3 mm. The panniculus adiposus, a variably thick fatty layer, is below the dermis. The dermis is a layer of dense connective tissue that supports the epidermis. The epidermis comprises a layer of epithelial cells and is about 100.mu.m thick. The epidermis is further classified into a number of layers, of which the outermost layer is the stratum corneum (1520.mu.m thick). The stratum corneum comprises highly dense, keratinized tissue and is

98 Aloe

the skin's main source of penetration and permeation resistance (Montagna, W. and Parakkal, P. F. (1974) The Structure and Function of Skin, Academic Press, New York and Holbrook, K. A. and Wolf, K. (1993) The Structure and Development of Skin, In: Dermatology in General Medicine, Vol 1, 4th ed., Eds. T. B. Fitzpatrick, A. Z. Eisen, K. Wolff, I. M. Feedberg, and K. F. Austen, McGraw Hill, Inc., New York, pp. 97-145). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Method of treatment of warts and moles Inventor(s): Terry, James M.; (Melbourne, FL) Correspondence: MELVIN K. SILVERMAN; 4901 N. FEDERAL HWY.; SUITE 410; FT. LAUDERDALE; FL; 33308; US Patent Application Number: 20020006449 Date filed: March 19, 2001 Abstract: A method of use of the Capsaicin in treatment and removal of warts and moles is disclosed. The method include applying a sufficient amount of Capsaicin topically on warts and moles daily for a period time, whereby treatment, including disappearance of the warts and the moles, atrophication and de-coloration of the treated area, can be achieved. The concentration of Capsaicin is in a range from about 0.010% to about 0.200% (w/w). The Capsaicin can be applied topically through the use of a transdermal patch, or as a cream, lotion or ointment. Additionally, the Capsaicin can be used in a base of aloe vera. Excerpt(s): This application corresponds in subject matter to that of Provisional Application Serial No. 60/101,114, filed Sep. 21, 1998, and is a Continuation-In-Part Application of co-pending patent application Ser. No. 09/399,322. The botanical substance Capsaicin, a derivative of Cayenne pepper and of other types of peppers, chilies and the like, grows in different areas of the world. As such, Capsaicin is a naturally occurring substance derived from plants of the Solanaceae family, and having a chemical name of trans 8, methyl-N-vanillyl 6-nonemamide. The same, in a chemical notation, corresponds to CH.sub.18H.sub.27NO.sub.3. This chemical family is known as vanilloids. Capsaicin is a white crystalline powder having a molecular weight of 305.4. It is substantially insoluble in water, however is highly soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. While to the general public, Capsaicin is simply the chemical name for various forms of cayenne peppers, the biomedical community has recognized that Capsaicin provides a mechanism of action which is of value in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, certain forms of neuralgias and diabetic neurophepy. Commercial forms of Capsaicin exist as arthritis creams which are applied topically to joints where painful arthritis exists. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,461,075 teaches the use of vaniloids in the prevention of lesions due to herpes simplex. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 99

·

Multicomponent biological vehicle Inventor(s): Jia, Qi; (Arvada, CO) Correspondence: SWANSON & BRATSCHUN L.L.C.; 1745 SHEA CENTER DRIVE; SUITE 330; HIGHLANDS RANCH; CO; 80129; US Patent Application Number: 20020071868 Date filed: December 19, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a novel vehicle for the delivery of biologically active agents. The vehicle, Maxcell.TM., is formulated from a novel combination of natural plant extracts and is comprised of Aloe vera polysaccharide fraction Immuno-10, cAMP, piperine, calcium phosphate and glycyrrhizinic acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a vehicle for the delivery of biologically active agents. In particular this invention includes a biological vehicle formulated from a novel combination of plant extracts that can be used for the delivery of a variety of biologically active agents. Also included in this invention are methods for using the vehicle and formulations containing the vehicle. A vehicle is a substance, usually without biological activity, which is used as a medium for the administration of pharmacologic agents. Ideally a vehicle should be nonirritating and compatible with common medications. Criteria for vehicle selection include solubility of the active agent in the vehicle and the ability of the vehicle to penetrate physical barriers such as the stratum corneum and the lipid portion of the cell membrane. Consideration must also be given to any interactions between the vehicle and the active agent, the efficiency with which the vehicle releases the incorporated active ingredient, the molecular size and the composition of the vehicle. Traditional vehicles for subcutaneous administration include oils which tend to be irritating. Occasionally, a vehicle will have a synergistic effect, such that the final sum total of the activity in each system is greater than the sum of the components. This is highly desirable in that less of the pharmacologic agent can be used to achieve the same effect, thereby reducing or eliminating any side effects associated with higher dosages. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

·

Nutrient chewing gum Inventor(s): Jenkins, Jeffrey; (Brooklyn, NY) Correspondence: RONALD B. SHERER; 103 SO. SHAFFER DRIVE; NEW FREEDOM; PA; 17349; US Patent Application Number: 20030157213 Date filed: February 19, 2002 Abstract: Chewing gum with a nutritionally beneficial additive, such as aloe vera, is disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of chewing gum, and more particularly, to chewing gum containing beneficial nutrients. Chewing gum comprised of one or other of many types of gum bases has been known since the time of the Greeks, and many gums have had additives including breath fresheners, aspirin, laxatives, antacids, pepsin and so-called "dietary" drugs about which there is much controversy. In essence, today's gums are composed of a natural or synthetic gum base, with approximately sixty percent of sugar added, and essentially no nutrients. For the first time, the present

100 Aloe

invention provides a gum with a significant nutritional value, and this nutritional value is preferably provided by the incorporation of aloe vera into the gum during its manufacture. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Nutritional composition, methods of producing said composition and methods of using said composition Inventor(s): Siskind, Harry J.; (San Antonio, TX) Correspondence: KENYON & KENYON; 1500 K STREET, N.W., SUITE 700; WASHINGTON; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030059482 Date filed: May 24, 2002 Abstract: Nutritional compositions comprising at least one of aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids are disclosed. Nutritional compositions comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia tea, fenugreek tea, coleus forskohli tea, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids are also disclosed. Methods for preparing and using these compositions are additionally provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/740,171 filed Dec. 18, 2000, which claimed priority to provisional application No. 60/171,267 filed Dec. 16, 1999. Both of the Ser. No. 09/740,171 and No. 60/171,267 applications are incorporated herein by reference for background information. The present invention claims priority to the subject matter disclosed in both of the Ser. No. 09/740,171 and No. 60/171,267 applications. It has now been discovered that a nutritional composition comprising at least one of aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia tea, fenugreek tea, coleus forskohli tea, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids effectively assists in the reduction of body fat, enhancement of nutrient absorption, and formation and protection of lean muscle tissue. The composition may also possess antioxidant properties. The present invention provides a nutritional composition comprising at least one of aloe vera, collagen and a chromium compound. The composition can further include at least one of fiber, conjugated lineolic acid, natural amino acids or garcinia cambogia. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

·

Nutritional system for nervous system disorders Inventor(s): Foreman, David J.; (Chesterfield, VA) Correspondence: Hillary W. Hawkins; P.O. Box 1320; Richmond; VA; 23219; US Patent Application Number: 20020001575 Date filed: May 24, 2001 Abstract: A novel composition for treating nervous system disorders. The composition is formed by preparing a mixture comprising an effective amount of vitamin B-6, folic

Patents 101

acid, vitamin C, magnesium, vitamin B-3, copper, probiotics, fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), betaine, pancreatin, papain, pepsin, vitamin B-1, vitamin B-2, vitamin B-12, biotin, pantothenic acid, chromium polynicotinate and a digestive support ingredient selected from the group consisting of dandelion root, juniper, aloe vera, burdock, ginger root, artichoke, and kelp. Other ingredients may include: beta carotene, vitamin E, selenium, zinc, sea vegetation, alfalfa, trace minerals and molybdenum. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/207,665, filed May 26, 2000. The present invention pertains to the field of nutritional formulas. Specifically, the present invention pertains to an improved formula for nervous system disorders. There are many disorders that affect the proper functioning of the nervous system. Examples of these disorders include autism, ADD, ADHD, hyperactivity disorder, and depression. People who suffer from these disorders often have common secondary symptoms including allergies, sluggish digestion, weak immune function and poor diet. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Portable thermal rescue/recovery system Inventor(s): Renfro, William Leonard; (Washington, DC) Correspondence: William L. Renfro; 1431 Thirty Third St NW; Washington; DC; 20007; US Patent Application Number: 20020193852 Date filed: February 28, 2002 Abstract: A light weight, portable thermal rescue/recovery system for mammals up to 300 lbs. In weight comprising of a mummy bag which contains a circulating liquid which is either heated when the mammal needs to be warmed as in the case of, for example, a mammal suffering from hypothernia, or cooled when the mammal's body temperature or skin temperature needs to be lowered as in the case of a burn, stroke and some heart attack victims. The mammal is placed into the mummy bag of the portable thermal rescue/recovery system which also has a pump to circulate the liquid and a heat exchanger to cool or heat the liquid. This portable thermal rescue/recovery system is suitable for all rescue vehicles including helicopters, boats, EMS ambulances, fire trucks, police cars, avalanche rescues, ice rescues and fair cushion vehicles, as well as stretchers and other manual transport means, among others. The system has, in addition to means to control the temperature of the circulating liquid, means to add chemicals such as salt oxygen, etc., and/or pharmaceuticals such as aloe, bacitracin, cortisone, topical circulatory stimulants, etc., and/or drugs such as antibiotics, nitroglycerin, pain killers, and other topical medications and/or medicines as indicated by the needs of the mammal. Excerpt(s): This application is a utility patent application having benefit of Provisional Application Serial No. 60/271730, filed on Feb. 28, 2001. The invention relates to portable thermal rescue systems designed to rapidly raise or rapidly lower and thereafter to control the body temperature of a mammal, particularly a human (or person) by thermal exchange between a liquid and the mammal via direct liquid-to-skin contact. The invention allows topical delivery of medicines to the mammal and is particularly apt for immediate treatment in the field of bum injuries, hypothermia, strokes, infarctions, heart attacks. Head injuries and other trauma where prompt temperature control a mammal's body is of therapeutic or medical value. The present

102 Aloe

invention generally relates to a water-proof mummy bag and related system for cooling and/or heating a mammal, particularly a human (or person) via thermal exchange with a liquid. The present invention is particularly apt for emergency, rapid treatment and also in situ emergency treatment for mammals suffering from hypothermia, exposure, strokes, heart attacks, infarctions, head injuries and other trauma. In medical emergencies where a mammal's body temperature is critical, techniques for raising or lowering a mammal's body temperature in a timely manner are limited by current technologies and means. The prior art, whether blankets, electric blankets, warming coats, hot water containers, heating pads or similar devices all transfer heat into a human (or other mammal) suffering hypothernia using an air medium and are limited by the low transfer rate of heat from air into the body through skin tissues. To increase heat transfer rates to an inanimate object, the temperature of the medium is simply increased. However, where the object is a mammal the temperature of the medium is limited to what the skin of the mammal can tolerate without bum damage. Since increasing the temperature of the air medium is limited, the rate of heat transfer is limited. Once the maximum tolerable air temperature has been reached increasing the rate of circulation of the air is the only way to increase the rate of transfer of heat to or from a mammal body. Sufficient air circulation is not practical or possible to reach the desired heat transfer rates. Since human skin (and most mammal skin) cannot tolerate the high temperatures of air that are required to achieve the heat transfer rates that are often required, it is often impossible to save the mammal's life. This result is due to the combination of three factors: first; the low heat capacity of medium of heat transfer--air, second, limitations on circulation of air and third, the low temperature tolerance for the skin of humans and mammals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Process for the preparation of immunomodulatory polysaccharides from aloe Inventor(s): Mahiou, Belaid; (Albany, OR), Qiu, Zhihua; (San Ramon, CA), Padmapriya, Abeysinghe A.; (Boulder, CO), Farrow, Tom; (Denver, CO) Correspondence: SWANSON & BRATSCHUN L.L.C.; 1745 SHEA CENTER DRIVE; SUITE 330; HIGHLANDS RANCH; CO; 80129; US Patent Application Number: 20030096378 Date filed: January 2, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a rapid and efficient method for the preparation and isolation of biologically active polysaccharides from Aloe. The present invention includes the activated mixture of polysaccharides (referred to herein as "Immuno-10"), produced by the methods of the invention. The invention also includes the use of the polysaccharides as immunostimulating, immunomodulating and wound healing agents. The resulting immunomodulatory complex has a higher activity and is more stable than bulk carbohydrates isolated using prior art alcohol precipitation schemes. Excerpt(s): The present application relates to methods for activating and purifying polysaccharides from Aloe. In particular, the invention relates to methods for isolating polysaccharides with immunomodulatory activity from Aloe. The present invention includes the activated mixture of polysaccharides (referred to herein as "Immuno-10"or "Immuno-10 polysaccharide"), produced by the methods of the invention. The invention also includes the use of the polysaccharides as immunostimulating, immunomodulating and wound healing agents. Aloe is an intricate plant which contains many biologically

Patents 103

active substances. (Cohen et al. in Wound Healing/Biochemical and Clinical Aspects, 1st ed. W B Saunders, Philadelphia (1992)). Over 300 species of Aloe are known, most of which are indigenous to Africa. Studies have shown that the biologically active substances are located in three separate sections of the aloe leaf--a clear gel fillet located in the center of the leaf, in the leaf rind or cortex of the leaf and in a yellow fluid contained in the pericyclic cells of the vascular bundles, located between the leaf rind and the internal gel fillet, referred to as the latex. Historically, Aloe products have been used in dermatological applications for the treatment of burns, sores and other wounds. These uses have stimulated a great deal of research on identifying compounds from Aloe that have clinical efficacy, particularly anti-inflammatory activity. (See, e.g., Grindlay and Reynolds (1986) J. of Ethnopharmacology 16:117-151; Hart et al. (1988) J. of Ethnopharmacology 23:61-71). As a result of these studies there have been numerous reports of Aloe compounds having diverse biological activities, including anti-tumor activity, anti-acid activity (Hirata and Suga (1977) Z. Naturforsch 32c:731-734), antidiabetic activity, tyrosinase inhibiting activity (Yagi et al. (1987) Planta medica 515-517) and antioxidant activity (International Application Serial No. PCT/US95/07404, published Dec. 19, 1996, publication number WO 96/40182). It has also been reported that Aloe products can stimulate the immune system. The ability of Aloe to stimulate the immune system has been attributed to polysaccharides present in the gel. (See, e.g., Day et al. (1922) J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 11:462-463; Flagg (1959) American Perfumes and Aromatics 74:27-28, 61; Waller et al. (1978) Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 58:69-76; Shcherbukhin et al. (1979) Applied Biochemistry & Microbiology 15:892-896; Mandal et al. (1980) Carbohydrate Research 86:247-257; Mandal et al. (1980) Carbohydrate Research 87:249256; Winters et al. (1981) Eco. Botany 35:89-95; Robson et al. (1982) J. Burn Care Rehab. 3:157-163; Ivan et al. (1983) Drug & Cosmetic Ind. 52-54, 105-106; Smothers (1983) Drug & Cosmetic Ind. 40:77-80; Mandal et al. (1983) Indian J. of Chem. 22B:890-893; Vilkas et al. (1986) Biochimie 68:1123-1127; Waller et al. (1994) Cosmetic Toiletries Manufacturing Worldwide 64-80; U.S. Pat. No. 5,308,838 of McAnalley et al.). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Product and process for stabilizing aloe vera gel Inventor(s): Phan, Banh Van; (Garland, TX), Poore, Roger A.; (Rockwall, TX), Maughan, Rex G.; (Paradise Valley, AZ) Correspondence: SCOTT T. GRIGGS; 12900 PRESTON ROAD; SUITE 1200, LB-15; DALLAS; TX; 75230; US Patent Application Number: 20030190380 Date filed: April 4, 2002 Abstract: A product and process for stabilizing Aloe vera gel is disclosed. The process includes the steps of rapidly heating the Aloe vera gel to a temperature in the range of from about 35.degree. C. to about 80.degree. C., adding to the heated Aloe vera gel one or more stabilizing antioxidants, and rapidly cooling the heated Aloe vera gel to a temperature in the range of from about 20.degree. C. to about 30.degree. C. The stabilizing antioxidants may be a tocotrienol/tocopherol blend, rosmarinic acid, polyphenols, or any combination thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the processing of Aloe vera gel, and more particularly to a product and controlled temperature process in which antioxidants and other stabilizing agents are used to stabilize the Aloe vera gel. Aloe vera is a tropical or subtropical plant of the lily (Liliaceae) family that has leaves growing in a spiral rosette

104 Aloe

pattern around a central stem. The leaves of the Aloe vera plant contain a viscous but essentially clear gel given structural rigidity by hair-like connective fibers that run therethrough. Freshly excised from the plant, Aloe vera gel has been used for centuries by those living where the plant naturally grows as a health and beauty aid. For example, Aloe vera is a traditional anti-inflammatory topical ointment used to combat the inflammation and pain caused by jelly fish stings, insect bites, sunburn and the like. Aloe vera soothes and cools the inflamed skin, numbs the pain associated with the inflammation and prevents itching. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

SENSE ENHANCING TOPICAL GEL Inventor(s): Denton, Michael G. JR.; (Dallas, TX), Denton, Michael G.; (Dallas, TX), Hurst, Gerry R.; (Dallas, TX) Correspondence: Jack A. Kanz; 502 So. Cottonwood Drive; Richardson; TX; 75080; US Patent Application Number: 20030077296 Date filed: October 24, 2001 Abstract: A composition for topical application to female genitalia to stimulate and enhance sensitivity during coitus is formed in a gel which includes propylene glycol, aloe barbadensis leaf juice, hydroxyethylcellulose, L'Arginine, menthol, methylparaben, Lepidium meyenii root extract and/or Anemopegma mirandum extract. Excerpt(s): Various compositions in the form of creams and the like have been developed for topical application to female genitalia to enhance sexual stimulation and sensitivity. Typically, such compositions comprise an emulsion or suspension of an L'Arginine, an amino acid, in a sterile lubricant such as propylene glycol. Such compositions are only minimally effective, however, because they are difficult to apply properly, do not promote direct absorption of L'Arginine, and are not adapted to condition the epithelial tissue of the clitoris and vaginal area to react to the active ingredients. The present invention obviates the shortcomings of prior art compositions. In accordance with the invention, sense enhancing compositions are produced in the form of gels which are readily and easily applied topically to female genitalia, primarily the clitoris, prior to coition. The gel is comprised of a humectant solvent such as propylene glycol and a binder such as hydroxyethylcellulose and contains a preservative such as is methylparaben, an analgesic stimulant such as menthol, a skinconditioning agent such as aloe barbadensis leaf juice, and L'Arginine. In the preferred embodiment the composition of the invention also includes aphrodisiacs such as ginseng root extract and catuaba extract. The composition of the invention is preferably formed in a batch process in which appropriate amounts of propylene glycol and hydroxyethylcellulose are combined to form a gel. Since these components are not soluble in each other the batch must be agitated and maintained at about 90.degree. C. for about eight (8) hours to form a satisfactory gel. The required portions of water, aloe barbadensis leaf juice, menthol, preservative and aphrodisiac extracts are mixed to form a solution which is added to the gel after the temperature of the gel has been reduced to less than 40.degree. C. L'Arginine (and alanine, if used) is added to the composition only after the temperature of the batch is reduced to less than 30.degree. C. to avoid decomposition of the amino acids. The final product is a stable creamy gel which is safe for human ingestion and has an indefinite shelf life. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 105

·

Skin healing, conditioning and enhancing lotion Inventor(s): Zayas, Janice; (Torrance, CA) Correspondence: Roger A. Marrs; Suite 1120; 15233 Ventura Blvd.; Sherman Oaks; CA; 91403; US Patent Application Number: 20020034553 Date filed: September 19, 2001 Abstract: A combination of ingredients and a method of combining the ingredients wherein the resultant product improves the healing of skin tissues, speeds healing time and enhances the skin's revitalization. The basic ingredients include a predetermined combination of food grade hydrogen peroxide combined with certified organic aloe vera gel and other ingredients chosen from a variety of substances, such as ultra-purified distilled water and Irish moss. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of medicinal skin products, and more particularly to a novel and unique blend of ingredients in the form of a stable, aqueous gel incorporating hydrogen peroxide that is particularly useful as an antiseptic in healing bedsores, easing pain and which enhances the skin's texture, condition and well being. In the past, there have been a variety of ointments, creams and lotions which were employed to improve the condition of a person's skin. In some instances, conventional ointments or creams are used for not only cleansing and revitalizing but for medicinal purposes in improving healing time of wounds and/or reducing or eliminating scarring. Problems and difficulties have been encountered when using such conventional products, which stem from the fact that such skin products do not include oxygen-carrying ingredients in their combination and further conventional products lack some of the ingredients which are necessary for healing, conditioning and revitalizing skin tissue. For example, bedsores can evolve into decubitus ulcers and these ulcers may cause a great deal of pain which eventually may evolve into a lifethreatening situation. Generally, these ulcers are caused by a lack of sufficient oxygen due to a closed environment, poor ambient circulation or tight dressings. Decubitus ulcers or pressure sores, as such are commonly referred to, are localized areas of infractured soft tissues reduced by pressure. Pressure is exerted on the skin and subcutaneous tissues by the object on which a patient must rest, such as a mattress, a chair seat, a cast or the like. There is compression of the small nutrient vessels of the skin and underlying tissues which results in tissue anoxia or ischemia. The cutaneous tissues become broken or destroyed which leads to progressive destruction of underlying soft tissue. Once the skin breaks, an ulcer may form which can be painful and very slow to heal. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

·

Skin-enhancing glove and method of manufacture Inventor(s): Chou, Belle L.; (Union City, CA) Correspondence: Otto O. Lee; Suite 1205; 12 South First Street; San Jose; CA; 95113; US Patent Application Number: 20030017193 Date filed: July 1, 2002 Abstract: A protective glove includes a coating of dehydrated material on its inside surface. The dehydrated material, in contact with perspiration from a hand wearing the

106 Aloe

glove, soothes the hand. Some methods of placing the coating onto the inside surface of the glove include spraying or dipping with a solution that includes Aloe Vera. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation of commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/938,715, filed Aug. 23, 2001, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/898,632, filed Jul. 3, 2001, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/288,067, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,274,154, filed Apr. 7, 1999. These prior patent application(s) are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. Disposable gloves, for example, disposable examination gloves, are widely used as a protective measure to insulate hands from the objects handled by the wearer of gloves. To allow ease in handling objects, disposable gloves are made of thin and elastic material to minimize the space between the skin and the glove. Due to poor air circulation resulting from tight insulation, hand sweating is a common problem among glove wearers. Prolonged wearing of disposable gloves causes a moist environment on the surface of the hand that allows viruses, bacteria, yeast and fungus to grow and multiply. Itchiness is a frequent result of wearing disposable examination gloves for extended periods. Powders are commonly used on the inner surface of gloves to alleviate sweating and to make donning, wearing and removal of gloves easier. However, continuous sweating can easily overwhelm the thin layer of powder that is commonly attached to the surface of the glove. This is especially the case when continuous and frequent wearing of gloves is required. For example, dentists may continuously wear gloves during a dental surgical procedure for up to 40 minutes. In addition, hand washing is necessary after the use of powdered gloves. Frequent hand washing to remove powders may also cause excess dryness of the skin. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

TOPICAL DERMAL ANAESTHETIC Inventor(s): Van Engelen, Patricia A.; (Boise, ID), Van Engelen, H. Wayne; (Boise, ID) Correspondence: Michael F. Krieger; KIRTON & McCONKIE; Suite 1800; 60 E. South Temple; Salt Lake City; UT; 84111; US Patent Application Number: 20020094343 Date filed: January 12, 2001 Abstract: A liquid composition applied transdermally for relief of pain comprising alcohol in an amount by weight of about 57 to about 91 percent; glycerin in an amount by weight of about 1 to about 12 percent; an analgesic agent in an amount by weight of about 2 to about 28 percent, the analgesic agent comprising a derivative of salicylic acid; methylsulfonylmethane in an amount by weight of about 0.02 to 5 percent; and emu oil in an amount by weight of about 0.01 to 3 percent, the liquid composition permeating skin to relieve pain. The composition further comprising, as an additional feature, aloe vera in an amount by weight of at least about 0.05 percent and having an amount by weight of about 0.05 to 4 percent. The composition features transdermal pain relief such that a patient can apply the analgesic agent directly to an area of pain without such side effects as stomach irritation which is normally associated with aspirin. The composition may be sprayed or rolled directly onto the painful area. Because of the unique formula, the composition is safe to vital internal organs, requires no mixing before use, and is shelf stable for marketing purposes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to analgesics. Specifically, the present invention relates to an anagesic solution or liquid composition which is applied topically to the

Patents 107

surface of the skin, or transdermally, for treatment of pain and irritation. The use of aspirin and other analgesic, anti-inflammatory agents is well known and has proven to be very valuable in the medical and scientific community. Aspirin has shown to have a variety of benefits in the treatment of aches and pains such as muscular aches, strains and cramps, arthritis, joint pain, lower back discomfort, bursitis, rheumatism, bums, insect bites and sports injuries. However, certain side effects of aspirin, such as stomach irritation, may cause individuals to discontinue the use of this useful pain killer and anti-inflammatory. The ability to apply aspirin to an area of discomfort without ingesting the aspirin is a need which has been long felt within the medical community. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Topical skin treatment for sea lice, insect bites and skin irritation Inventor(s): Schwarzman, Laura M.; (Boca Raton, FL) Correspondence: John C Smith Esquire; Suite A 207; 4800 North Federal Highway; Boca Raton; FL; 33431; US Patent Application Number: 20020045600 Date filed: July 7, 2000 Abstract: A topical treatment for skin irritation that uses a spray-on liquid or a rub-on lotion based papain skin treatment for relief of symptoms related to skin irritation. Papain is suspended in a water solution that is spread on the surface of the affected area. The liquid solution ensures that the active ingredient contacts the skin without missing spots as may occur when using dry or powdered skin treatments. The papain is an active ingredient extracted from papaya which relieves the skin irritation caused by sea lice, insect bites, etc. The water solution is used to suspend the papain such that it more completely contacts the affected area, and further to maintain the papain in a fresh and active state. Optionally, aloe vera is included in the solution to increase the soothing effect on the skin in combination with the papain. In another preferred embodiment, citric acid and sodium benzoate are also used to increase shelf life. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of the commonly owned copending application entitled "Topical Skin Treatment for Sea Lice, Insect Bites and Skin Irritation", filed Jul. 8, 1999, bearing U.S. Ser. No. 60/142,840 and naming Laura M. Schwarzman, the named inventor herein, as sole inventor, the contents of which is specifically incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The present invention relates to topical skin treatments. In particular, it relates to liquid and lotion skin treatments that are spread on the surface of the skin to alleviate the symptoms of skin irritation caused by sea lice, insect bites, and plant irritants such as poison oak and poison ivy. The prior art has provided a variety of treatments for skin irritation. For insect bites, such as mosquito bites, treatments such as Calamine lotion, have been used for many years. Cortisone treatment has also been used to treat numerous skin problems, including insect bites. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

108 Aloe

·

Topical treatment for skin and nails Inventor(s): Bailey, Mary L.; (Clearwater, FL) Correspondence: MASON & ASSOCIATES, PA; 17757 US HWY 19 N.; SUITE 500; CLEARWATER; FL; 33764; US Patent Application Number: 20030059486 Date filed: September 25, 2001 Abstract: The juice from a spider plant is useful in treating skin and nails. A useful composition preferably includes an admixture of the extract from the spider plant in combination with ALOE VERA. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract that will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope of meaning of the claims. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to treating skin and nail problems and/or improving the condition of skin and nails. Skin and nail problems have plagued mankind from time immemorial. In addition there is a desire to improve the appearance of skin and nails. It has been unexpectedly discovered that a therapeutic composition comprising a therapeutically useful extract of the spider plant can be used to improve the condition of skin and nails. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

·

Transparent shaving gel Inventor(s): Williams, Brian W.; (Grayson, GA) Correspondence: BRIAN WILLIAMS; 2490 TRIBBLE CREEK COVE; GRAYSON; GA; 30017; US Patent Application Number: 20030170198 Date filed: March 5, 2002 Abstract: A transparent shaving gel is disclosed comprising of in percent by weight with the balance being water, about 20% of a humectant(s) such as Glycerin, Propylene Glycol, and/or Glycereth-26. About 5% of a lubricant(s)/skin conditioners(s) such as Aloe Vera gel, vitamin "E" oil and/or PEG 600. About 0.8% of a gellant such as carbomers (such as Carbopol 940 available from BF Goodrich), hydroethylcellulose, or hydropropylcellulose. About 0.8% of a neutralizer such as Triethanolamine (TEA), Sodium hydroxide, or Potassium hydroxide, and about 0.5% of a preservative(s) such as Methylparaben, Propylparaben, and/or DMDM Hydantoin (such as Glydant available from Lonza). Excerpt(s): There are many shaving gel compositions available to consumers today. These are applied to the skin typically with the fingers, worked into a later that is then removed typically with a razor. The purpose of the present invention is to provide a unique shaving gel in that it remains transparent when applied to the skin. This will allow for visualization of the hairline while shaving, thereby facilitating a more accurate trace of the hairline, ultimately resulting in a faster shave, and more aesthetic post shave look. The present invention relates a shaving gel comprising of in percent by weight with the balance being water, about 20% of a humectant(s) such as Glycerin, Propylene Glycol, and/or Glycereth-26. About 5% of a lubricant(s)/skin conditioners(s) such as

Patents 109

Aloe Vera gel, vitamin "E" oil and/or PEG 600. About 0.8% of a gellant such as carbomers (such as Carbopol 940 available from BF Goodrich), hydroethylcellulose, or hydropropylcellulose. About 0.8% of a neutralizer such as Triethanolamine (TEA), Sodium hydroxide, or Potassium hydroxide, and about 0.5% of a preservative(s) such as Methylparaben, Propylparaben, and/or DMDM Hydantoin (such as Glydant available from Lonza). Fragrances and tints may be added as deemed necessary, further, one or more of the components may be substituted with equivalent ingredients. However, it will be understood that the premise of the composition is to remain transparent when applied to the skin and no ingredients that lather, or in any other way obscure the view of the hairline, will be used. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with aloe, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “aloe” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on aloe. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning aloe. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

111

CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ALOE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to aloe. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on aloe include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “aloe” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on aloe: ·

A Practical Guide to Herbal Therapies for People Living With HIV Contact: Community AIDS Treatment Information Exchange, PO Box 1104, Toronto, ON, (416) 203-7122, http://www.catie.ca. Summary: This monograph, for individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), provides information on the use of herbal therapy. It reviews the history of herbal therapies, how people with HIV have used these therapies, allergic reactions, and other general cautions; it describes herbs used by HIV-positive individuals including aloe, cat's claw, milk thistle, and peppermint; and it discusses herbs used for specific health problems including anti-HIV agents, immune stimulants, detoxifying substances, and agents for gastrointestinal problems. It provides information on choosing herbal therapies, how to prepare herb therapies, and where individuals can learn more about herbal therapies.

112 Aloe

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in PrintÒ). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “aloe” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “aloe” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “aloe” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): ·

Aloe Myth Magic Medicine: Aloe Vera Across Time by Odus M. Hennessee, et al (1990); ISBN: 1878491008; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1878491008/icongroupinterna

·

Aloe Sabila by Pedro Crea (1995); ISBN: 9507540202; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9507540202/icongroupinterna

·

Aloe Vera (1993); ISBN: 0317147293; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0317147293/icongroupinterna

·

Aloe Vera by Kent; ISBN: 0686239180; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0686239180/icongroupinterna

·

Aloe Vera by Julia Lawless, Judith Allan; ISBN: 0722538243; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722538243/icongroupinterna

·

Aloe Vera by Fit Magazine; ISBN: 0890372616; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890372616/icongroupinterna

·

Aloe Vera by Diane Gage; ISBN: 089281232X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089281232X/icongroupinterna

·

Aloe Vera by Alasdair Barcroft (1998); ISBN: 8477205949; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8477205949/icongroupinterna

·

Aloe vera by Neil Stevens (2001); ISBN: 8478082166; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8478082166/icongroupinterna

·

Aloe Vera (Woodland Health Series) by Deanne Tenney, Rita Elkins (1997); ISBN: 1885670605; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885670605/icongroupinterna

·

Aloe Vera : A Mission Discovered by Lee Ritter; ISBN: 0963860909; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963860909/icongroupinterna

·

Aloe Vera Handbook by Max B. Skousen; ISBN: 0960913807; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0960913807/icongroupinterna

·

Aloe Vera Heals by Karen Gottlieb; ISBN: 0918738059; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0918738059/icongroupinterna

·

Aloe Vera the New Millennium: The Future of Wellness in the 21st Century by Bill›C. Coats, Robert Ahola (Contributor) (2003); ISBN: 0595279457; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595279457/icongroupinterna

·

Aloe Vera, Jojoba and Yucca by John Heinerman; ISBN: 087983269X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087983269X/icongroupinterna

Books

113

·

Aloe Vera, Nature's Gift: Aloe Vera in Veterinary Practice by David Urch VetMB MRCVS (1999); ISBN: 095365690X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/095365690X/icongroupinterna

·

Aloe Vera: A Scientific Approach by Robert H. Davis; ISBN: 053312137X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/053312137X/icongroupinterna

·

Aloe Vera: Nature's Legendary Healer by Alasdair Barcroft (1997); ISBN: 028563352X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/028563352X/icongroupinterna

·

Aloe Vera: Nature's Soothing Healer by Diane Gage (1996); ISBN: 0892816279; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892816279/icongroupinterna

·

Aloe Vera: Science and Technology, 1980-1993 (1993); ISBN: 0937425265; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0937425265/icongroupinterna

·

Aloe Vera: Stabilization & Processing for the Cosmetic, Food & Beverage Industries by Esam M. Morsy; ISBN: 0911973001; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0911973001/icongroupinterna

·

Aloe Vera: The Miracle Plant by Fit Editors; ISBN: 0024988006; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0024988006/icongroupinterna

·

Aloes of Zimbabwe by Oliver West; ISBN: 0582641632; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0582641632/icongroupinterna

·

Aloes: The Genus Aloe (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles, 35) by Tom Reynolds (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0415306728; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415306728/icongroupinterna

·

Crown of Aloes by Norah Lofts; ISBN: 0340167599; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0340167599/icongroupinterna

·

First Field Guide to Aloes of Southern Africa by Gideon Smith, Gidron Smith (2003); ISBN: 1868728544; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1868728544/icongroupinterna

·

Guide to the aloes of South Africa by Ben-Erik Van Wyk; ISBN: 1875093044; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1875093044/icongroupinterna

·

Herbs for Common Ailments : How to Use Familiar Herbs--Such as Sage, Garlic, and Aloe--To Treat More Than 100 Common Health Problems by Anne McIntyre (Author) (2004); ISBN: 0743254112; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743254112/icongroupinterna

·

In A Nutshell: Aloe Vera by Jill Nice, Jill Rosemary Davies; ISBN: 186204709X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/186204709X/icongroupinterna

·

Miracle in Aloe Vera, the: The Facts About Polymannans by Neecie, Dr Moore (1999); ISBN: 0964754614; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964754614/icongroupinterna

·

Miracle Plants Aloe Vera by Frena Bloomfield, Frena Gray Davidson; ISBN: 0712610073; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0712610073/icongroupinterna

·

Myrrh, Aloes, Pollen and Other Traces by Silvano Scannerini (1996); ISBN: 0854395385; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0854395385/icongroupinterna

·

South African aloes by Barbara Jeppe; ISBN: 0360000185; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0360000185/icongroupinterna

114 Aloe

·

The Aloe [LARGE PRINT] by Katherine Mansfield; ISBN: 074517101X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/074517101X/icongroupinterna

·

The Aloes of South Africa by Gilbert Westacott Reynolds; ISBN: 0869611283; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0869611283/icongroupinterna

·

The Amazing Ancient to Modern Useful Plant Aloe Vera by Health Research Staff (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0787303976; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787303976/icongroupinterna

·

The Health and Medical Use of Aloe Vera by Lawrence G. Plaskett; ISBN: 0943685214; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943685214/icongroupinterna

·

The original aloe vera health & beauty guide by Deborah Chilton; ISBN: 0930977009; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0930977009/icongroupinterna

·

The Rediscovery of Aloe Vera by Diane Gage; ISBN: 0722510217; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722510217/icongroupinterna

·

Tissue Therapy, Aloe Therapy, Agave Healing System: The Turning Point for Many Ailments by Wolfgang Wirth (1996); ISBN: 3850682137; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3850682137/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “aloe” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 ·

Aloe: Aloe spp. Author: Goldberg, Alicia.; Year: 2000; Austin, TX: American Botanical Council, c1999

·

Silent healer: a modern study of aloe vera. Author: by Bill C. Coats with Robert Ahola; Year: 1979

Chapters on Aloe In order to find chapters that specifically relate to aloe, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and aloe using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and 10

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books

115

language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “aloe” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

117

CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON ALOE Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on aloe. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “aloe” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on aloe: ·

Aloe Vera: Advanced Immune Discoveries Symposium Contact: Human Energy Press, 493 Beach Park Blvd Ste 210, Foster City, CA, 94404, (415) 349-0718. Summary: This sound recording deals with the long-term survival of persons with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who receive a patented oral aloe vera extract. The speaker gives a brief history of the use of aloe vera in folk medicine, including how the extract is made, and of how his research began. He describes the patients treated, the means the researchers used to evaluate them, and their compliance rate. Difficulties in isolating the extract and maintaining it are also discussed.

119

CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ALOE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover aloe.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on aloe is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing.

PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “aloe” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance.

Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to aloe. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “aloe” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for aloe: ·

FDA to ban use of aloe, cascara sagrada in over-the-counter laxatives Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 08, 2002

·

Aloe's Benefits More Than Skin Deep Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 30, 1997

120 Aloe

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.

Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “aloe” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “aloe” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to aloe, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “aloe” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Aloe Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to aloe. In addition to these

Periodicals and News

121

sources, you can search for articles covering aloe that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

123

CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for aloe. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DIÒ Advice for the PatientÒ can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with aloe. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The following

124 Aloe

drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to aloe: Laxatives ·

Oral - U.S. Brands: Afko-Lube; Afko-Lube Lax 40; Agoral Marshmallow; Agoral Raspberry; Alaxin; Alophen; Alphamul; Alramucil Orange; Alramucil Regular; Bilagog; Bilax; Bisac-Evac; Black-Draught; Black-Draught Lax-Senna; Carter's Little Pills; Cholac; Chronulac; Cillium; Cit http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202319.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug ConsultÔ Mosby’s Drug ConsultÔ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.

Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

125

APPENDICES

127

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: ·

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

·

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

·

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

·

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

·

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

·

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

·

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

·

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

128 Aloe

·

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

·

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

·

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

·

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

·

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

·

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

·

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

·

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

·

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

·

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

·

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

·

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

·

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

·

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

·

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

·

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

·

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

·

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

129

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 ·

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

·

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

·

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

·

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

·

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

·

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

·

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

·

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

·

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

·

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

·

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

130 Aloe

·

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

·

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “aloe” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “aloe” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: ·

Aloe Vera and Acemannan Contact: AIDS Project Los Angeles, 3550 Wilshire Blvd Ste 300, Los Angeles, CA, 900102404, (213) 201-1600, http://www.apla.org. Summary: This report identifies aloe vera and acemannan by physical and chemical characteristics. It discusses the pharmacokinetics, bioavalability, pharmacodynamics, toxicology, and adverse reactions of acemannan. It features published and unpublished preclinical articles and clinical studies.

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “aloe” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.

14 15

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Physician Resources

131

Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 577 33 5 2 0 617

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “aloe” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

16

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

18

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 19 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 20

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story.

21

After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

132 Aloe

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: ·

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

·

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

133

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on aloe can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to aloe. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.

The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.

Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to aloe. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “aloe”:

134 Aloe

·

Other guides Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html Health Fraud http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthfraud.html Pressure Sores http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pressuresores.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on aloe. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: ·

Alternative Approaches Source: Portland, OR: National Psoriasis Foundation. 2001. 32 p. Contact: Available from National Psoriasis Foundation. 6600 SW 92nd Avenue, Suite 300, Portland, OR 97223-7195. (800) 723-9166 or (503) 244-7404. Fax (503) 245-0626. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.psoriasis.org. PRICE: Contact NPF for current pricing. Summary: This booklet provides people who have psoriasis with information on alternative approaches to treating psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis. The term alternative applies to any approach that is outside the mainstream of typical psoriasis treatments. There are several schools of medicine outside of Western medicine, including naturopathic medicine, homeopathic medicine, Ayurvedic medicine, Chinese medicine, acupuncture, and chiropractic. The booklet defines each of these disciplines and explains the manner in which each one treats disease. This is followed by a discussion of practices that promote relaxation and stress reduction, including meditation, hypnosis, massage, yoga, and biofeedback. The booklet then examines dietary regimens that have been promoted as treatments for psoriasis, including the Pagano diet and the consumption of sun sensitizing foods. Another topic is the use of dietary supplements such as fish oil, evening primrose oil, shark cartilage, herbal remedies, and vitamin supplements. The booklet also describes climatotherapy at the Dead Sea in Israel, the Blue Lagoon in Iceland, and Soap Lake in Washington State. Other therapies considered include the use of topical products made from apple cider vinegar, witch hazel, tea tree oil, neem oil, mahonia aquifolium, emu oil, aloe, capsaicin, oat extracts, and evening

Patient Resources

135

primrose oil. In addition, the booklet discusses substances or techniques reported to be beneficial for people with psoriatic arthritis, including glucosamine and chondroitin, methylsulfonylmethane, S-adenosylmethionine, magnet therapy, and balneotherapy. The booklet includes a list of additional resources on alternative therapies and a list of National Psoriasis Foundation resources, as well as information about the National Psoriasis Foundation. ·

Interstitial Cystitis and Over-the-Counter Products and Medications Source: Rockville, MD: Interstitial Cystitis Association (ICA). 2003. 2 p. Contact: Available from Interstitial Cystitis Association (ICA). 110 N. Washington Street, Suite 340, Rockville, MD 20850. (301) 610-5300. Fax (301) 610-5308. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.ichelp.org. PRICE: Full-text available online at no charge. Summary: This fact sheet considers the several over-the-counter (OTC) products and medications currently available that may be useful for interstitial cystitis (IC). Products are organized into four sections: to help reduce bladder symptoms, reduced acid foods and beverages, to help with sexual intimacy, and other helpful products. In the first section, the fact sheet briefly describes Prelief (dietary supplement), aloe vera, Cysta-Q and Prosta-Q (bioflavenoids), traditional Chinese herbal remedies, Algonot-Plus (glucosamine, chondroitin, and quercetin combination), and Tamer (natural supplements containing calcium carbonate, potassium and magnesium hydroxides). The second section includes Cafix (a coffee substitute), acid reduced coffees and teas, acidreduced orange juice, Puroast coffee (lower acid coffee), and Natural Touch Roma (a multigrain beverage). The fact sheet includes the contact information for the ICA (www.ichelp.org).

·

Herbal Medicines Source: Research Triangle Park, NC: National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health. 2001. 3 p. Contact: Available from National Toxicology Program. National Institute of Environmental Health, P.O. Box 12233, MD B3-10, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. PRICE: Free. Summary: This fact sheet from the National Toxicology Program (NTP) at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences reviews the herbs currently under study by the NTP. The fact sheet discusses the 1998 workshop on herbal medicines, in which recommendations were made for more research. The fact sheet includes a table that provides information about the herbs and active or toxic ingredients under study by the NTP, including aloe vera gel, black walnut extract, comfrey, echinacea purpurea extract, ginkgo biloba extract, ginseng and ginsenosides, goldenseal, grape seed extract, kava kava, milk thistle extract, pulegone, and thujone.

The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to aloe. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not

136 Aloe

organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

Additional Web Sources

A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: ·


·

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

·

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

·

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

·

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

·

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

·

WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to aloe. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with aloe.

The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about aloe. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/.

Patient Resources

137

Simply type in “aloe” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.

The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “aloe”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “aloe” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “aloe” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

139

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

140 Aloe

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: ·

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

·

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

·

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

·

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

·

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

·

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

·

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

·

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

·

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

·

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

·

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

·

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

·

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

·

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

·

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

·

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

·

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

·

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

141

·

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

·

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

·

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

·

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

·

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

·

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

·

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

·

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

·

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

·

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

·

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

·

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

·

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

·

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

·

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

·

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

·

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

·

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

·

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

·

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

142 Aloe

·

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

·

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

·

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

·

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

·

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

·

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

·

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

·

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

·

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

·

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

·

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

·

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

·

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

·

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

·

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

·

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

·

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

·

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

·

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

143

·

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

·

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

·

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

·

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

·

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

·

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

·

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

·

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

·

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

·

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

·

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

·

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

·

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

·

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

·

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

·

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

·

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

·

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

·

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

·

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

144 Aloe

·

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

·

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

·

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

·

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

145

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: ·

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

·

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

·

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

·

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

·

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

·

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

·

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on aloe: ·

Basic Guidelines for Aloe Aloe Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002709.htm

·

Signs & Symptoms for Aloe Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Blood in stool Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003130.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm Emesis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm

146 Aloe

·

Background Topics for Aloe Shock Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000039.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: ·

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

·

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

·

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

·

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

147

ALOE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine. [NIH] Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adduct: Complex formed when a carcinogen combines with DNA or a protein. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, or cell

148 Aloe

respiration. [NIH] Aerobic Respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and

Dictionary 149

atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Ambulances: A vehicle equipped for transporting patients in need of emergency care. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that is used as an expectorant and a diuretic. [NIH]

Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anoxia: Clinical manifestation of respiratory distress consisting of a relatively complete absence of oxygen. [NIH]

150 Aloe

Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthraquinones: An anthracene ring which contains two ketone moieties in any position. Can be substituted in any position except on the ketone groups. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antidiabetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates diabetes. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH]

Dictionary 151

Aphthous Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriosus: Circle composed of anastomosing arteries derived from two long posterior ciliary and seven anterior ciliary arteries, located in the ciliary body about the root of the iris. [NIH]

Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arthroscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy and surgery of the joint. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH]

152 Aloe

Bactericide: An agent that destroys bacteria. [EU] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Beta carotene: A vitamin A precursor. Beta carotene belongs to the family of fat-soluble vitamins called carotenoids. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and

Dictionary 153

clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bromelain: An enzyme found in pineapples that breaks down other proteins, such as collagen and muscle fiber, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a meat tenderizer in the food industry. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH]

154 Aloe

Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. [EU] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calendula: Genus of annuals in the family Asteraceae that contains carotenoids, essential oils (oils, volatile), flavonoids, mucilage, saponins, and sterols. It is used both topically and internally. [NIH] Camphor: A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plant (primarily the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora). Natural camphor is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsicum: A genus of Solanaceous shrubs that yield capsaicin. Several varieties have sweet or pungent edible fruits that are used as vegetables when fresh and spices when the pods are dried. [NIH] Capsular: Cataract which is initiated by an opacification at the surface of the lens. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH]

Dictionary 155

Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Cascara: Component of the dried bark of a buckthorn (Rhamnus purshiana) that contains the anthraquinone emodin. It is used as a laxative. [NIH] Castor Bean: Common name for Ricinus communis, a species in the family Euphorbiaceae. It is the source of castor oil. [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH]

156 Aloe

Chelating Agents: Organic chemicals that form two or more coordination bonds with a central metal ion. Heterocyclic rings are formed with the central metal atom as part of the ring. Some biological systems form metal chelates, e.g., the iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin and the magnesium-binding chlorophyll of plants. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed) They are used chemically to remove ions from solutions, medicinally against microorganisms, to treat metal poisoning, and in chemotherapy protocols. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenecity. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromatography, Ion Exchange: Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other

Dictionary 157

interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Coitus: Sexual intercourse. [NIH] Colchicum: A genus of poisonous, liliaceous plants. The roots (corms) of Colchicum autumnale, the fall crocus or meadow saffron, yield colchicine, which is used as a biochemical tool and to treat gout. Other members of this genus yield saffron dye, flavoring agents, and aromatics. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Comfrey: Perennial herb Symphytum officinale, in the family Boraginaceae, used topically for wound healing. It contains allantoin, carotene, essential oils (oils, volatile), glycosides, mucilage, resin, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, vitamin B12, and zinc. Comfrey also contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids and is hepatotoxic if ingested. [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials

158 Aloe

including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Conus: A large, circular, white patch around the optic disk due to the exposing of the sclera as a result of degenerative change or congenital abnormality in the choroid and retina. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH]

Dictionary 159

Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks.

160 Aloe

The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Hygienists: Persons trained in an accredited school or dental college and licensed by the state in which they reside to provide dental prophylaxis under the direction of a licensed dentist. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic acid: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleotides: A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a deoxyribose containing a bond to a phosphate group. [NIH] Depigmentation: Removal or loss of pigment, especially melanin. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatologic Agents: Drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin. [NIH] Desiccation: Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.). [NIH] Desquamation: The shedding of epithelial elements, chiefly of the skin, in scales or small sheets; exfoliation. [EU] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH]

Dictionary 161

Diacetyl: Carrier of aroma of butter, vinegar, coffee, and other foods. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or

162 Aloe

incomplete movements. [EU] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Echinacea: A genus of perennial herbs used topically and internally. It contains echinacoside, glycosides, inulin, isobutyl amides, resin, and sesquiterpenes. [NIH] Ectoderm: The outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH]

Dictionary 163

Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Enterococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria consisting of organisms causing variable hemolysis that are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Previously thought to be a member of the genus Streptococcus, it is now recognized as a separate genus. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Eucalyptus: A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excisional: The surgical procedure of removing a tumor by cutting it out. The biopsy is then

164 Aloe

examined under a microscope. [NIH] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]

Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Farnesyl: Enzyme which adds 15 carbon atoms to the Ras precursor protein. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or

Dictionary 165

vacuum (suction). [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Flush: Transient, episodic redness of the face and neck caused by certain diseases, ingestion of certain drugs or other substances, heat, emotional factors, or physical exertion. [EU] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Freeze-dried: A method used to dry substances, such as food, to make them last longer. The substance is frozen and then dried in a vacuum. [NIH] Frostbite: Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU]

166 Aloe

Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gibberellin: One of a class of plant hormones that promote elongation. Synthesis occurs mainly in leaves and roots. They function by stimulating cell division and the hydrolisis of sugars to glucose and fructose, and stimulate extensive growth, especially of internodes. [NIH]

Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used

Dictionary 167

therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH]

168 Aloe

Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]

Hair Color: Color of hair or fur. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Helianthus: A genus of tall, erect American herbs of the Compositae. The seeds yield oil and are used as food and animal feed; the roots of Helianthus tuberosum (Jerusalem artichoke) are edible. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatoma: A liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring.

Dictionary 169

2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrofluoric Acid: A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Cyanide: HCN. A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperkeratosis: 1. Hypertrophy of the corneous layer of the skin. 2a. Any of various conditions marked by hyperkeratosis. 2b. A disease of cattle marked by thickening and

170 Aloe

wringling of the hide and formation of papillary outgrowths on the buccal mucous membranes, often accompanied by watery discharge from eyes and nose, diarrhoea, loss of condition, and abortion of pregnant animals, and now believed to result from ingestion of the chlorinated naphthalene of various lubricating oils. [EU] Hyperlipidaemia: A general term for elevated concentrations of any or all of the lipids in the plasma, including hyperlipoproteinaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, etc. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]

Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune adjuvant: A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunological adjuvant: A substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine so that less vaccine is needed. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunomodulator: New type of drugs mainly using biotechnological methods. Treatment of cancer. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU]

Dictionary 171

In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insect Repellents: Substances causing insects to turn away from them or reject them as food. [NIH]

Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists

172 Aloe

of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-10: Factor that is a coregulator of mast cell growth. It is produced by T-cells and B-cells and shows extensive homology with the Epstein-Barr virus BCRFI gene. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the gastric glands that is required for the absorption of vitamin B 12. Deficiency of intrinsic factor results in pernicious anemia. [NIH]

Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irradiance: At a point of a surface, the quotient of the radiant flux incident on an element of the surface containing the point, by the area of that element. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH]

Dictionary 173

Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Juniper: A slow growing coniferous evergreen tree or shrub, genus Juniperus. The Juniper is cultivated for its berries, which take up to three years to ripen. The resinous, sweetly flavored berries are borne only by the female juniper, and can be found in various stages of ripeness on the same plant. [NIH] Karaya Gum: Polysaccharide gum from Sterculia urens, an Indian tree; it is used as suspending or stabilizing agent in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; also as bulkforming laxative, surgical lubricant and adhesive, and in the treatment of skin ulcers. [NIH] Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains alkaloids, lactones, kawain, methysticin, mucilage, starch, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Lamella: A layer of the iris containing the fibrils of the dilator pupillae muscle, exclusive of their cell bodies, located between the anterior pigment layer of Fuchs and the stroma. [NIH] Lanolin: A yellow fat obtained from sheep's wool. It is used as an emollient, cosmetic, and pharmaceutic aid. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH]

174 Aloe

Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leg Ulcer: Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (varicose ulcer), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Lichenification: Hypertrophy of the epidermis, resulting in thickening of the skin with exaggeration of the normal skin markings, giving the skin a leathery barklike appearance, which is caused by prolonged rubbing or scratching. It may arise on seemingly normal skin, or it may develop at the site of another pruritic cutaneous disorder. [EU] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Liliaceae: A monocot family within the order Liliales. Members include many common garden plants such as the lily, onion, yam, aloe, yucca, and colchicum. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH]

Dictionary 175

Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokines: Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Activation: The process of altering the morphology and functional activity of macrophages so that they become avidly phagocytic. It is initiated by lymphokines, such as the macrophage activation factor (MAF) and the macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MMIF), immune complexes, C3b, and various peptides, polysaccharides, and immunologic adjuvants. [NIH] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve

176 Aloe

or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanosomes: Melanin-containing organelles found in melanocytes and melanophores. [NIH]

Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Menthol: An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically. [NIH] Merkel: Neuroendocrine cell. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methyl salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms

Dictionary 177

include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milk Thistle: The plant Silybum marianum in the family Asteraceae containing the bioflavonoid complex silymarin. For centuries this has been used traditionally to treat liver disease. [NIH] Mineral Oil: A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mung bean: A type of bean grown in warm climates. It is usually used for its seed and for bean sprouts. Mung bean may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU]

178 Aloe

Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naphthols: Naphthalene derivatives carrying one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups at any ring position. They are often used in dyes and pigments, as antioxidants for rubber, fats, and oils, as insecticides, in pharmaceuticals, and in numerous other applications. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neomycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by inhibiting translation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroectodermal Tumors: Malignant neoplasms arising in the neuroectoderm, the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems, including some glial cells. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neurotic: 1. Pertaining to or characterized by neurosis. 2. A person affected with a neurosis. [EU]

Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14.

Dictionary 179

Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Manifestations: Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury. [NIH]

Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders

180 Aloe

of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxaloacetate: An anionic form of oxaloacetic acid. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatin: A mammalian pancreatic extract composed of enzymes with protease, amylase and lipase activities. It is used as a digestant in pancreatic malfunction. [NIH] Papain: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and chymopapain that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenchyma: The essential elements of an organ; used in anatomical nomenclature as a general term to designate the functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its framework, or stroma. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therpeutic uses including as antidiarreals,

Dictionary 181

where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pentoxifylline: A methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Pernicious: Tending to a fatal issue. [EU] Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Perspiration: Sweating; the functional secretion of sweat. [EU] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH]

182 Aloe

Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase: An enzyme with high affinity for carbon dioxide. It catalyzes irreversibly the formation of oxaloacetate from phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide. This fixation of carbon dioxide in several bacteria and some plants is the first step in the biosynthesis of glucose. EC 4.1.1.31. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized

Dictionary 183

by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation:

184 Aloe

convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the

es o55784.5(f)-4.5ny iso6curring.3(osan)7.9(0.5(n)30 PGF'1 s)6.s6 d4c.0274 Tw[(es)-5575fe so.4( f)-4.6(o)3.4(, e.g., PG

Dictionary 185

hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of

186 Aloe

pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purgative: 1. Cathartic (def. 1); causing evacuation of the bowels. 2. A cathartic, particularly one that stimulates peristaltic action. [EU] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Putrescine: A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. [NIH] Pyrethrins: The active insecticidal constituent of pyrethrum flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester. [NIH] Pyrethrum: Species cinerafolium vis. and coccineum willd. of the genus Chrysanthemum (Compositae). The flowers contain pyrethrins, cinerolones, and chrysanthemines which are powerful contact insecticides. [NIH] Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Alkaloids found in various species of Senecio and other plants. There are at least ten different chemicals, many of them hepatotoxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. The plants may cause damage in grazing herds, but no longer have medical use. [NIH] Quackery: The fraudulent misrepresentation of the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiodermatitis: A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH]

Dictionary 187

Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirators: These enable the wearer to breathe in atmospheres polluted by dust, poisonous vapors, smoke, etc., and are therefore used in certain industries or in warfare; they consist essentially of a mask, a metal frame with outlet and inlet valves, and a socket. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Rhamnose: A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. [NIH] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribonucleic acid: RNA. One of the two nucleic acids found in all cells. The other is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Ribonucleic acid transfers genetic information from DNA to

188 Aloe

proteins produced by the cell. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rotator: A muscle by which a part can be turned circularly. [NIH] Rotator Cuff: The musculotendinous sheath formed by the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor muscles. These help stabilize the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa and allow for rotation of the shoulder joint about its longitudinal axis. [NIH] Rotenone: A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. [NIH]

Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivation: 1. The secretion of saliva. 2. Ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva). [EU] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU]

Dictionary 189

Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Senna: Preparations of Cassia senna L. and C. angustifolia of the Leguminosae. They contain sennosides, which are anthraquinone type cathartics and are used in many different preparations as laxatives. [NIH] Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shoulder Pain: Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silicic: A mixture of gelatinous substances obtained by treating silicates with acids. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Silymarin: A mixture of flavonoids extracted from seeds of the milk thistle, Silybum marianum. It consists primarily of three isomers: silicristin, silidianin, and silybin, its major component. Silymarin displays antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activity. It protects various tissues and organs against chemical injury, and shows potential as an antihepatoxic agent. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects

190 Aloe

many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of benzoic acid. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function. [NIH]

Sodium salicylate: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Sodium salicylate may be tolerated by people who are sensitive to aspirin. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of

Dictionary 191

bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH]

Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. r7ie bot 607e0.1(n)1.7(ts use)-4.939.14(e)./3pot .96 607e0.1(n0ot7e0.1(no)6

192 Aloe

disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Surgical Instruments: Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tea Tree Oil: Essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). It is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol. [NIH] Tear Gases: Gases that irritate the eyes, throat, or skin. Severe lacrimation develops upon irritation of the eyes. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thinness: A state of insufficient flesh on the body usually defined as having a body weight less than skeletal and physical standards. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH]

Dictionary 193

Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH]

194 Aloe

Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Valerian: Valeriana officinale, an ancient, sedative herb of the large family Valerianaceae. The roots were formerly used to treat hysterias and other neurotic states and are presently used to treat sleep disorders. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Insufficiency: Inadequacy of the venous valves and impairment of venous return (venous stasis) usually from the legs, often with edema and sometimes with stasis ulcers at the ankle. [NIH]

Dictionary 195

Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac.

196 Aloe

[NIH]

Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]

197

INDEX A Abdomen, 147, 153, 172, 175, 181, 191 Abdominal, 145, 147, 180, 181, 184 Aberrant, 40, 147 Acceptor, 147, 180 Acetaminophen, 81, 147 Acetylcholine, 147, 156, 178 Acetylgalactosamine, 147, 167 Acetylglucosamine, 147, 167 Acute renal, 5, 37, 147 Adamantane, 63, 147 Adaptability, 147, 155 Adduct, 40, 147 Adenosine, 147, 154, 182 Adjuvant, 50, 147 Adrenal Cortex, 147, 159, 163, 169 Adrenergic, 147, 195 Adverse Effect, 4, 5, 147, 173, 189 Aerobic, 147, 148, 180 Aerobic Metabolism, 147, 148, 180 Aerobic Respiration, 147, 148, 180 Affinity, 148, 182, 190 Alanine, 104, 148 Alertness, 148, 154 Alfalfa, 5, 80, 101, 148 Algorithms, 148, 152 Alimentary, 148, 161, 181 Alkaline, 68, 148, 149, 154, 182 Alkaloid, 148, 154, 195 Allylamine, 148, 149 Alpha Particles, 148, 186 Alpha-helix, 148, 173 Alternative medicine, 5, 120, 148 Alum, 74, 88, 148 Aluminum, 148 Ambulances, 101, 149 Amine, 31, 149 Amino Acid Sequence, 47, 149, 150 Amino Acids, 15, 34, 79, 100, 104, 149, 181, 183, 185, 193, 194 Ammonia, 149, 192, 194 Ammonium Chloride, 63, 149 Amylase, 149, 180 Anaesthesia, 149 Anaesthetic, 86, 149 Analgesic, 7, 72, 77, 86, 95, 104, 106, 107, 147, 149 Anaplasia, 149

Anatomical, 85, 149, 162, 180 Anemia, 149, 165, 181 Anesthesia, 149 Anesthetics, 74, 97, 149 Angina, 149, 179 Anionic, 22, 93, 149, 180 Anions, 149, 172, 192 Anoxia, 105, 149 Antagonism, 150, 154 Anthraquinones, 28, 94, 150 Antiallergic, 71, 150, 159 Antibacterial, 40, 63, 64, 91, 150, 161, 191, 194 Antibiotic, 63, 150, 178, 181, 188, 191 Antibodies, 150, 168, 175 Antibody, 15, 24, 40, 148, 150, 157, 170, 171, 172, 176, 177, 186, 195 Antidiabetic, 47, 150 Antifungal, 28, 150, 190 Antigen, 15, 40, 148, 150, 157, 160, 170, 171, 176 Antigen-presenting cell, 150, 160 Anti-infective, 150, 154, 169, 190 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 86, 107, 150, 151, 159 Antimicrobial, 35, 38, 61, 90, 150, 160, 192 Antioxidant, 13, 14, 29, 31, 41, 79, 82, 100, 103, 150, 189 Antiproliferative, 47, 150 Antipruritic, 150, 154 Antipyretic, 77, 147, 150 Antiseptic, 12, 73, 95, 105, 150 Anus, 150, 153 Anxiety, 95, 150, 173 Aphthous Stomatitis, 35, 151 Apoptosis, 10, 39, 151 Aqueous, 16, 35, 43, 62, 71, 87, 105, 151, 152, 159, 162, 169, 174 Arachidonic Acid, 151, 174, 184 Arginine, 104, 151, 178, 179, 186 Arrhythmia, 80, 151 Arterial, 148, 151, 174, 179, 185 Arteries, 151, 153, 159, 176 Arterioles, 151, 153, 176 Arteriosus, 151, 185 Arteriovenous, 151, 176 Arthroscopy, 7, 151 Articular, 151, 174, 179

198 Aloe

Ascites, 151, 179 Aspirin, 4, 26, 81, 86, 99, 106, 107, 151, 190 Astringents, 151, 163 Atmospheric Pressure, 75, 151 Autacoids, 151, 171 Axillary, 6, 151 Azoxymethane, 40, 151 B Bactericidal, 35, 63, 151, 163 Bactericide, 62, 152 Bacteriostatic, 29, 63, 152 Bacterium, 13, 16, 27, 41, 63, 152 Base, 67, 71, 76, 84, 91, 98, 99, 152, 160, 173, 177, 181, 182 Benign, 152, 168, 178, 186, 195 Benzoic Acid, 152, 190 Beta carotene, 80, 101, 152 Bilateral, 152, 189 Bile, 152, 175, 191 Bioavailable, 74, 97, 152 Biochemical, 23, 30, 35, 44, 47, 82, 103, 152, 157, 174, 179, 182 Biological therapy, 152, 167 Biopsy, 152, 163 Biosynthesis, 151, 152, 182 Biotechnology, 9, 32, 97, 114, 120, 129, 152 Biotin, 80, 101, 152 Biotransformation, 152 Bladder, 135, 153, 159, 171, 194 Blastocyst, 153, 158, 182 Blister, 66, 153 Blood Coagulation, 153, 154, 188 Blood Glucose, 4, 5, 34, 153, 168, 170 Blood pressure, 153, 177, 190 Blood vessel, 65, 66, 72, 91, 153, 154, 162, 163, 164, 173, 190, 191, 192, 194 Body Fluids, 153, 161, 190 Bowel, 96, 153, 172, 174, 191 Bowel Movement, 96, 153, 191 Brachytherapy, 153, 172, 186, 195 Bradykinin, 14, 30, 153, 178 Branch, 143, 153, 180, 190, 192 Breakdown, 153, 161, 166 Breeding, 88, 153 Bromelain, 4, 153 Bronchi, 153, 164 Bronchial, 14, 15, 34, 153 Bronchitis, 153, 163 Buccal, 153, 170 Burns, 25, 26, 49, 52, 69, 82, 103, 153, 169 Burns, Electric, 153 Bursitis, 86, 107, 154

C Caffeine, 78, 154 Calcium, 78, 81, 99, 135, 154, 156, 157 Calcium Carbonate, 135, 154 Calendula, 55, 70, 94, 154 Camphor, 88, 91, 154 Capsaicin, 5, 7, 76, 98, 134, 154 Capsicum, 94, 154 Capsular, 6, 154 Capsules, 154, 161, 164 Carbohydrate, 23, 33, 38, 43, 82, 93, 94, 97, 103, 154, 159, 167, 183 Carbon Dioxide, 154, 160, 165, 182, 187 Carcinogen, 7, 14, 31, 147, 151, 154, 177 Carcinogenesis, 31, 38, 40, 154, 156 Carcinogenic, 154, 171, 186, 191 Carcinoma, 10, 48, 154 Cardiac, 31, 80, 148, 154, 166, 178, 191 Cardiovascular, 154, 174 Carotene, 14, 33, 152, 155, 157 Carotenoids, 152, 154, 155 Cascara, 4, 5, 6, 28, 55, 96, 119, 155 Castor Bean, 6, 155 Castor Oil, 64, 91, 155 Caustic, 155, 190 Cell, 7, 9, 10, 23, 39, 41, 44, 45, 47, 48, 76, 78, 81, 97, 99, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 188, 192, 193, 194, 195 Cell Cycle, 155, 159 Cell Death, 9, 151, 155, 178 Cell Division, 151, 155, 166, 167, 177, 183 Cell membrane, 78, 99, 155, 182 Cell Respiration, 148, 155, 180, 187 Cell Survival, 155, 167 Cellobiose, 155 Cellulose, 8, 97, 155, 165, 183 Central Nervous System, 4, 80, 147, 148, 154, 155, 166, 167, 168, 174 Cervix, 95, 155 Chamomile, 4, 70, 94, 96, 155 Chelating Agents, 81, 156 Chemopreventive, 31, 38, 156 Chemotherapy, 14, 35, 38, 156 Chiropractic, 134, 156 Chloroform, 76, 98, 156 Chlorophyll, 156, 165 Cholesterol, 36, 152, 156, 169, 191 Choline, 155, 156 Chromatin, 151, 156

Index 199

Chromatography, Ion Exchange, 155, 156 Chromium, 5, 77, 79, 80, 100, 101, 156 Chromosome, 24, 156, 168, 174 Chronic, 4, 5, 40, 72, 96, 156, 157, 171, 173, 185, 191, 195 Chronic Disease, 5, 156, 157 Chymopapain, 156, 180 Ciliary, 151, 156, 189 Ciliary Body, 151, 156, 189 Citric Acid, 70, 83, 107, 156 Citrus, 81, 156 Clinical trial, 4, 7, 32, 129, 156, 158, 186 Cloning, 152, 157 Cod Liver Oil, 157, 162 Cofactor, 157, 185 Coitus, 104, 157 Colchicum, 157, 174 Collagen, 15, 39, 65, 79, 83, 92, 100, 153, 157, 169, 183, 184 Collagen disease, 157, 169 Comfrey, 94, 135, 157 Communis, 155, 157 Complement, 157, 158 Complementary and alternative medicine, 21, 57, 158 Complementary medicine, 6, 21, 158 Computational Biology, 129, 158 Conception, 67, 158, 164, 191 Condoms, 61, 89, 158 Congestion, 158, 163 Conjugated, 79, 100, 152, 158 Connective Tissue, 74, 97, 157, 158, 166, 175, 187 Connective Tissue Cells, 158 Consciousness, 149, 158 Constipation, 4, 22, 52, 53, 96, 158 Constriction, 158, 173 Consumption, 62, 134, 158, 180 Contraceptive, 51, 158 Contraindications, ii, 158 Controlled study, 25, 158 Conus, 158, 185 Coordination, 156, 158 Corneum, 74, 78, 97, 99, 159, 163 Coronary, 159, 176, 179 Coronary Thrombosis, 159, 176 Cortex, 82, 103, 159 Cortical, 159, 189 Corticosteroid, 159, 184 Cortisone, 101, 107, 159 Coumarins, 155, 159 Crystallization, 75, 159

Curative, 159, 192 Cutaneous, 13, 18, 23, 25, 26, 50, 53, 105, 159, 173, 174, 186 Cyanide, 69, 159 Cyclic, 154, 159, 167, 178, 182, 184 Cyclin, 27, 159 Cystitis, 135, 159 Cytokine, 7, 159, 181 Cytoplasm, 151, 155, 159, 177 Cytotoxic, 35, 154, 159, 186 Cytotoxicity, 33, 44, 148, 159 D Databases, Bibliographic, 129, 159 Deamination, 160, 194 Decarboxylation, 160, 186 Decubitus, 105, 160, 190 Decubitus Ulcer, 105, 160, 190 Degenerative, 158, 160, 179 Dehydration, 89, 160 Deletion, 151, 160 Dendrites, 160 Dendritic, 23, 160, 176 Dendritic cell, 23, 160 Density, 93, 160, 179, 183 Dental Hygienists, 3, 4, 160 Dentists, 60, 106, 160 Deoxyribonucleic, 34, 160, 187 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 34, 160, 187 Deoxyribonucleotides, 160 Depigmentation, 71, 160 Dermal, 15, 25, 39, 66, 72, 86, 160 Dermatitis, 22, 32, 54, 72, 160, 162 Dermatologic Agents, 160 Desiccation, 71, 160 Desquamation, 71, 160 Detergents, 160, 190 Deuterium, 160, 169 Diacetyl, 77, 161 Diagnostic procedure, 59, 120, 161 Diarrhea, 4, 53, 145, 161, 163 Diarrhoea, 49, 161, 170 Dietary Fiber, 17, 161 Digestion, 22, 80, 81, 101, 148, 152, 153, 161, 172, 174, 175, 181, 191 Digestive tract, 74, 97, 161, 190, 191 Dihydroxy, 42, 161, 188 Dilatation, 72, 161, 194 Dilator, 161, 173, 179 Dimethyl, 63, 161 Diploid, 12, 161, 183 Direct, iii, 68, 91, 101, 104, 123, 161, 187 Disinfectant, 62, 161, 163

200 Aloe

Disinfection, 62, 161 Disposition, 76, 161 Diuresis, 154, 161 Diuretic, 149, 161, 190 Domesticated, 161, 168 Dosage Forms, 28, 161 Drug Interactions, 124, 161 Drug Tolerance, 161, 193 Duct, 161, 188, 192 Duodenum, 152, 161, 191 Dyes, 161, 178 Dyskinesia, 4, 161 Dysmenorrhea, 94, 162 E Echinacea, 4, 5, 6, 55, 135, 162 Ectoderm, 162, 178 Eczema, 63, 69, 72, 162 Edema, 26, 84, 162, 177, 179, 194 Efficacy, 12, 17, 22, 35, 36, 81, 82, 103, 162 Elastin, 157, 162 Electrolysis, 85, 149, 162 Electrolyte, 159, 162, 183, 190 Electrons, 150, 152, 162, 172, 180, 186 Embryo, 153, 162, 178, 183 Emergency Treatment, 102, 162 Emodin, 9, 10, 13, 16, 27, 28, 37, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 77, 148, 155, 162 Emollient, 162, 167, 173, 177, 179 Emulsion, 104, 162, 165 Enamel, 162, 173 Encapsulated, 65, 81, 162 Endometrium, 95, 162, 176 Endothelial cell, 162, 164 Endothelium, 163, 178 Endothelium-derived, 163, 178 Enterococcus, 62, 163 Environmental Health, 128, 130, 135, 163 Enzymatic, 154, 155, 158, 163, 180 Epidermal, 66, 163, 173, 176, 195 Epidermis, 65, 66, 72, 74, 76, 92, 97, 153, 159, 163, 169, 173, 174, 184 Epidermoid carcinoma, 163, 191 Epithelial, 74, 77, 97, 104, 156, 160, 163, 168 Epithelial Cells, 74, 97, 163, 168 Epithelium, 76, 94, 163, 166, 172 Erythema, 13, 25, 72, 93, 163, 192 Esophagus, 161, 163, 191 Estradiol, 86, 163 Estrogen, 86, 163 Ethanol, 15, 35, 63, 74, 163 Ether, 76, 98, 163

Eucalyptus, 5, 64, 80, 91, 163 Eukaryotic Cells, 163, 171, 179 Evacuation, 158, 163, 174, 186 Excipient, 94, 163 Excisional, 30, 35, 163 Exfoliation, 160, 164 Exogenous, 65, 152, 162, 164 Expectorant, 149, 164 Expiration, 164, 187 Extensor, 164, 185 External-beam radiation, 164, 172, 186, 195 Extracellular, 158, 164, 190 Extracellular Matrix, 158, 164 Extraction, 75, 164 Extremity, 164, 174 Exudate, 15, 16, 23, 37, 164 F Faecal, 161, 164 Family Planning, 129, 164 Farnesyl, 8, 164 Fat, 65, 79, 92, 100, 151, 152, 155, 159, 160, 164, 173, 174, 187, 190, 192, 193 Fatigue, 95, 164, 168 Fatty acids, 164, 175, 184, 190 Feces, 158, 164, 191 Fetus, 164, 182, 194 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 81, 164 Filler, 61, 89, 164 Filtration, 94, 164 Fixation, 165, 182 Flatus, 165, 166 Flavoring Agents, 157, 163, 165 Flush, 85, 165 Folate, 165 Folic Acid, 80, 101, 165 Follicles, 165 Fossa, 165, 188 Freeze-dried, 14, 33, 84, 165 Frostbite, 50, 165 Fructose, 165, 166, 167, 172 Fungi, 61, 150, 165, 167, 176, 177, 195 Fungus, 60, 89, 106, 165 G Gamma Rays, 166, 177, 186 Ganglia, 147, 166, 178, 181 Gas, 36, 68, 149, 154, 165, 166, 169, 177, 178, 179, 192 Gastric, 161, 166, 172, 181 Gastric Juices, 166, 181 Gastric Mucosa, 166, 181 Gastrin, 166, 169

Index 201

Gastrointestinal, 4, 84, 111, 153, 163, 166, 174 Gastrointestinal tract, 163, 166, 174 Gels, 38, 78, 91, 93, 104, 166 Gene, 28, 39, 41, 114, 152, 166, 172, 173 Gene Expression, 41, 166 Gibberellin, 24, 166 Ginger, 5, 80, 101, 166 Ginkgo biloba, 4, 5, 6, 135, 166 Ginseng, 4, 5, 6, 55, 56, 57, 83, 104, 135, 166 Gland, 147, 159, 166, 175, 180, 182, 188, 192 Glomerular, 166, 172, 187 Glucocorticoid, 166, 169, 184 Glucose, 4, 153, 155, 156, 166, 167, 168, 171, 182, 188, 190 Glucuronic Acid, 167, 168 Glutamic Acid, 165, 167, 184 Glutathione Peroxidase, 17, 44, 167, 189 Glycerol, 72, 75, 77, 83, 167, 182 Glycoprotein, 14, 15, 30, 41, 45, 50, 167, 172 Glycosaminoglycans, 39, 167 Glycoside, 8, 167, 188 Governing Board, 167, 183 Grade, 105, 167 Gram-negative, 167, 187 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 167, 187 Gram-positive, 163, 167 Granule, 84, 167 Grasses, 165, 167 Growth factors, 81, 167 Guanylate Cyclase, 167, 178 Guinea Pigs, 32, 168 H Hair Color, 69, 168 Hair follicles, 65, 92, 168, 195 Haploid, 168, 183 Headache, 154, 168, 184 Heart attack, 101, 168 Heart failure, 168, 179 Helianthus, 168 Hemodialysis, 154, 168 Hemoglobin, 149, 156, 168, 174 Hemoglobin A, 156, 168 Hemolysis, 163, 168 Hemorrhage, 168, 191 Heparin, 81, 168 Hepatic, 16, 36, 43, 168 Hepatocytes, 44, 168 Hepatoma, 47, 168 Hepatotoxic, 157, 168, 186

Heredity, 166, 168 Herpes, 53, 98, 169 Herpes Zoster, 169 Heterotrophic, 165, 169 Hormonal, 86, 95, 159, 169 Hormone, 14, 30, 47, 159, 163, 166, 169, 171, 187, 192 Horny layer, 65, 76, 92, 163, 169 Host, 169, 174, 195 Hybrid, 18, 49, 169 Hydration, 77, 78, 169 Hydrocortisone, 24, 26, 85, 169 Hydrofluoric Acid, 169, 189 Hydrogen, 68, 69, 105, 147, 149, 152, 154, 160, 167, 169, 177, 178, 180, 185, 192 Hydrogen Cyanide, 68, 69, 169 Hydrogen Peroxide, 69, 105, 167, 169, 192 Hydrophilic, 42, 92, 160, 169 Hydrophobic, 92, 93, 160, 169 Hydroxylysine, 157, 169 Hydroxyproline, 157, 169 Hygienic, 169, 190 Hypercholesterolemia, 169, 181 Hyperglycemia, 84, 169 Hyperkeratosis, 71, 169 Hyperlipidaemia, 33, 170 Hypersensitivity, 17, 38, 44, 170, 174, 187 Hypoglycemic, 16, 170 Hypothermia, 101, 170 I Id, 19, 52, 136, 142, 144, 170 Imidazole, 152, 170 Immersion, 88, 170 Immune adjuvant, 148, 170 Immune function, 80, 101, 170 Immune response, 147, 148, 150, 159, 170, 195 Immune system, 6, 8, 82, 103, 150, 152, 170, 174, 175, 194, 195 Immunity, 30, 148, 170, 175 Immunodeficiency, 111, 117, 170 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 117, 170 Immunogenic, 7, 170 Immunologic, 170, 175, 181, 186 Immunological adjuvant, 13, 27, 170 Immunology, 12, 17, 147, 148, 170 Immunomodulator, 84, 170 Immunosuppressive, 7, 166, 170 Implant radiation, 170, 172, 186, 195 Implantation, 158, 170 Impotence, 170, 195 In situ, 18, 49, 102, 170

202 Aloe

In Situ Hybridization, 18, 49, 171 In vitro, 15, 38, 41, 171, 188, 193 In vivo, 15, 38, 39, 42, 168, 171 Incision, 171, 172 Incontinence, 94, 171 Indicative, 112, 171, 180, 194 Indomethacin, 48, 171 Infarction, 159, 171, 176 Infection, 36, 63, 66, 74, 117, 152, 156, 170, 171, 175, 179, 181, 187, 191, 195 Infertility, 32, 171 Ingestion, 48, 87, 104, 165, 170, 171, 183 Inhalation, 69, 171, 183 Initiator, 63, 171 Inner ear, 171, 194 Inorganic, 171, 175 Insect Repellents, 64, 171 Insecticides, 171, 178, 186 Insomnia, 80, 171, 184 Insulin, 171, 173 Interleukin-1, 7, 12, 23, 171, 172 Interleukin-10, 7, 12, 23, 172 Interleukin-2, 172 Internal radiation, 172, 186, 195 Interstitial, 135, 153, 172, 187, 195 Intestinal, 16, 41, 62, 96, 155, 163, 172 Intestine, 153, 172, 173 Intracellular, 154, 171, 172, 178, 183, 184, 189 Intravenous, 74, 97, 172 Intrinsic, 65, 148, 172 Intrinsic Factor, 65, 172 Inulin, 162, 172 Invasive, 74, 97, 170, 172 Ionizing, 148, 172, 186 Ions, 152, 156, 162, 169, 172, 177 Iris, 151, 172, 173 Irradiance, 37, 172 Irradiation, 36, 49, 172, 195 Irritants, 28, 107, 173 Ischemia, 105, 160, 173 Islet, 45, 173 Isopropyl, 63, 173 J Joint, 7, 67, 85, 86, 107, 151, 173, 179, 188 Juniper, 5, 80, 101, 173 K Karaya Gum, 5, 173 Kava, 4, 6, 135, 173 Kb, 128, 173 Keratin, 68, 173 Keratinocytes, 7, 76, 173

Keratolytic, 65, 173 Kidney Disease, 6, 37, 128, 173 Kinetic, 172, 173 L Lamella, 81, 97, 173 Lanolin, 83, 173 Large Intestine, 161, 172, 173, 187, 190 Laxative, 4, 22, 37, 75, 84, 94, 96, 155, 162, 173, 174, 177, 190 Lectin, 12, 21, 34, 47, 174 Leg Ulcer, 51, 174 Lens, 154, 174 Lesion, 77, 174, 189, 194 Lethal, 151, 159, 174, 177 Leucine, 174, 181 Leukocytes, 171, 174, 177 Leukotrienes, 95, 151, 174 Library Services, 142, 174 Lice, 107, 174 Lichenification, 72, 174 Life cycle, 165, 174 Ligaments, 6, 159, 174 Liliaceae, 45, 47, 48, 84, 103, 148, 174 Linkage, 81, 155, 174 Lip, 4, 174 Lipase, 174, 180 Lipid, 17, 78, 99, 156, 167, 171, 174, 175, 193 Lipopolysaccharides, 175, 187 Lipoxygenase, 174, 175 Liver, 83, 147, 151, 152, 162, 164, 165, 167, 168, 175, 177, 190, 194 Localized, 74, 97, 105, 162, 165, 171, 175, 179, 183, 194 Locomotion, 175, 183 Lymph, 151, 162, 163, 175 Lymph node, 151, 175 Lymphatic, 163, 171, 175, 179 Lymphocyte, 150, 175, 176 Lymphoid, 150, 175 Lymphokines, 175 M Macrophage, 23, 38, 172, 175 Macrophage Activation, 38, 175 Magnesium Hydroxide, 135, 175 Malignancy, 7, 175 Malignant, 76, 175, 178, 186 Mannans, 165, 175 Meat, 62, 153, 175 Mediator, 15, 40, 172, 175 Medicament, 35, 87, 176 MEDLINE, 129, 176

Index 203

Megaloblastic, 165, 176 Melanin, 76, 160, 172, 176, 182 Melanocytes, 76, 176 Melanosomes, 176 Membrane, 76, 151, 155, 158, 163, 164, 167, 176, 177, 179, 182, 187, 189 Meninges, 155, 176 Menopause, 94, 176 Menstrual Cycle, 80, 88, 95, 176, 184 Menstruation, 94, 162, 176, 184 Menthol, 70, 88, 91, 104, 176 Merkel, 48, 176 Metabolite, 152, 161, 176 Metastasis, 176 Methionine, 161, 176 Methyl salicylate, 7, 176 MI, 28, 146, 176 Microbe, 176, 193 Microbiological, 17, 43, 176 Microbiology, 82, 103, 176 Microcirculation, 18, 50, 176 Microorganism, 157, 176, 180, 195 Migration, 175, 177 Milk Thistle, 4, 111, 135, 177, 189 Mineral Oil, 92, 177 Mitosis, 151, 177 Molecular, 24, 31, 33, 35, 39, 65, 75, 76, 78, 91, 98, 99, 129, 131, 152, 158, 168, 177, 180, 188, 192 Molecular Structure, 65, 91, 177 Molecule, 150, 152, 157, 159, 163, 167, 174, 177, 180, 186 Monitor, 5, 12, 177 Monoclonal, 172, 177, 186, 195 Monocytes, 171, 174, 177 Morphological, 162, 165, 176, 177 Morphology, 175, 177 Motility, 171, 177 Motion Sickness, 177, 178 Mucosa, 95, 166, 177 Mung bean, 94, 177 Mustard Gas, 173, 177 Mutagen, 7, 177 Mutagenic, 13, 29, 177 Mydriatic, 177, 195 Myocardium, 176, 178 N Naphthols, 8, 178 Nausea, 4, 161, 178, 184, 194 Necrosis, 151, 171, 176, 178 Need, 3, 60, 61, 62, 67, 69, 70, 83, 86, 90, 92, 107, 111, 114, 130, 137, 147, 149, 178, 193

Neomycin, 17, 30, 43, 47, 178 Neoplasm, 178, 194 Neoplastic, 149, 169, 178 Nephropathy, 173, 178 Nerve, 147, 149, 156, 160, 175, 178, 187, 193, 194 Nervous System, 80, 100, 101, 155, 175, 178, 181 Neuroectodermal Tumors, 27, 178 Neuromuscular, 40, 147, 178 Neuromuscular Junction, 40, 147, 178 Neurotic, 178, 194 Neurotoxic, 151, 178 Neutrons, 148, 172, 178, 186 Neutrophil, 15, 34, 178 Nitric Oxide, 49, 178 Nitrogen, 148, 149, 165, 169, 178, 193 Nitroglycerin, 35, 101, 179 Nosocomial, 63, 179 Nucleic acid, 171, 179, 187 Nucleus, 151, 156, 159, 160, 163, 166, 177, 178, 179, 185 O Occupational Exposure, 36, 179 Oedema, 23, 179 Ointments, 17, 43, 66, 67, 73, 105, 155, 161, 179, 190 Opacity, 160, 179 Oral Health, 3, 179 Oral Manifestations, 3, 179 Organ Culture, 179, 193 Organelles, 159, 176, 177, 179 Ornithine, 179, 186 Osteoarthritis, 76, 98, 179 Otolaryngology, 50, 179 Ovary, 163, 180, 183 Oxaloacetate, 180, 182 Oxidation, 8, 22, 77, 147, 150, 152, 167, 180 Oxidative metabolism, 35, 147, 148, 174, 180 Oxygen Consumption, 180, 187 P Palliative, 180, 192 Pancreas, 147, 152, 171, 173, 174, 180 Pancreatic, 31, 45, 180 Pancreatin, 80, 101, 180 Papain, 80, 101, 107, 180 Papillary, 170, 180 Parasitic, 174, 180 Parenchyma, 13, 27, 47, 180 Patch, 98, 158, 180, 193 Pathogen, 8, 180

204 Aloe

Pathologic, 151, 152, 159, 170, 180, 185, 189 Pathologic Processes, 151, 180 Pathophysiology, 6, 180 Patient Education, 7, 134, 140, 142, 146, 180 Pectins, 81, 97, 180 Penicillin, 61, 150, 181 Penis, 158, 181 Pentoxifylline, 50, 181 Pepsin, 80, 99, 101, 181 Pepsin A, 99, 181 Peptic, 25, 53, 181 Peptic Ulcer, 25, 53, 181 Peptide, 164, 173, 181, 183, 185 Perennial, 157, 162, 181, 193 Peripheral Nervous System, 178, 181 Peritoneal, 151, 179, 181 Peritoneal Cavity, 151, 179, 181 Pernicious, 172, 176, 181 Pernicious anemia, 172, 181 Peroxide, 69, 181 Perspiration, 60, 105, 181 Petrolatum, 162, 181 Petroleum, 177, 181 Phagocytosis, 14, 15, 34, 181 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 155, 163, 182, 184, 190 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 161, 182 Pharmacodynamics, 130, 182 Pharmacokinetic, 182 Pharmacologic, 78, 99, 149, 151, 182, 193 Phenolphthalein, 96, 162, 182 Phenylalanine, 181, 182 Phosphodiesterase, 181, 182 Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase, 41, 182 Phospholipids, 164, 182 Phosphorus, 154, 182 Physical Examination, 7, 182 Physiologic, 152, 172, 176, 182, 184, 186 Pigment, 76, 160, 173, 176, 182 Pigmentation, 72, 76, 182 Pituitary Gland, 159, 164, 182 Placenta, 163, 182 Plana, 182, 189 Plasma, 148, 150, 155, 168, 170, 183 Platelet Aggregation, 178, 181, 183 Platelets, 178, 183 Pleated, 173, 183 Pleural, 179, 183 Pleural cavity, 179, 183 Poisoning, 62, 156, 178, 183

Pollen, 113, 183, 186 Polyethylene, 49, 92, 97, 183 Polymers, 92, 183, 185 Polypeptide, 149, 157, 181, 183, 185 Polysaccharide, 7, 13, 16, 27, 31, 42, 78, 81, 82, 99, 102, 150, 155, 173, 183 Potassium, 6, 108, 109, 135, 183, 190 Potentiates, 171, 183 Potentiating, 41, 183 Practice Guidelines, 131, 183 Precancerous, 156, 184 Precipitation, 74, 82, 102, 184 Preclinical, 130, 184 Precursor, 151, 152, 156, 163, 164, 182, 184, 193 Prednisolone, 48, 184 Premenstrual, 81, 94, 184 Premenstrual Syndrome, 81, 94, 184 Prickle, 173, 184 Progeny, 18, 49, 184 Progressive, 105, 161, 167, 178, 179, 184, 187, 194 Proline, 157, 169, 184 Prophylaxis, 76, 160, 184, 187 Propylene Glycol, 72, 83, 104, 108, 184 Prostaglandin, 95, 184 Prostaglandins A, 171, 184 Protease, 81, 180, 185 Protein C, 149, 173, 185, 194 Protein Conformation, 149, 173, 185 Protein S, 114, 152, 178, 185 Proteolytic, 157, 180, 185 Protons, 148, 169, 172, 185, 186 Protozoa, 176, 177, 185 Pruritic, 162, 174, 185 Psoriasis, 42, 53, 63, 134, 177, 185, 187 Psychic, 185, 189 Psyllium, 22, 185 Public Policy, 129, 185 Publishing, 9, 185 Pulmonary, 38, 153, 158, 174, 185, 192, 195 Pulmonary Artery, 38, 153, 185, 195 Pulse, 177, 185 Purgative, 41, 47, 162, 174, 186 Purifying, 82, 102, 160, 186 Putrefaction, 186 Putrescine, 23, 186 Pyrethrins, 186 Pyrethrum, 64, 186 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, 157, 186 Q Quackery, 27, 186

Index 205

Quercetin, 135, 186 R Radiation, 7, 12, 14, 17, 18, 22, 23, 43, 44, 48, 53, 65, 66, 76, 164, 166, 172, 186, 192, 195 Radiation therapy, 18, 48, 164, 172, 186, 195 Radioactive, 169, 170, 172, 186, 195 Radiodermatitis, 36, 186 Radiolabeled, 172, 186, 195 Radiotherapy, 153, 172, 186, 195 Randomized, 162, 186 Receptor, 150, 186 Recombinant, 18, 49, 187 Rectum, 150, 153, 161, 165, 166, 171, 173, 187 Red blood cells, 187, 188 Refer, 1, 153, 157, 165, 166, 169, 175, 178, 179, 187 Refraction, 187, 190 Regeneration, 164, 187 Regimen, 162, 187 Renal failure, 5, 187 Respiration, 73, 95, 154, 177, 187 Respirators, 69, 187 Restoration, 187, 188, 195 Retina, 156, 158, 174, 187, 188, 189 Retinoids, 187 Retinol, 83, 187 Rhamnose, 81, 187 Rheology, 181, 187 Rheumatism, 86, 107, 187 Rheumatoid, 76, 98, 157, 187 Rheumatoid arthritis, 76, 98, 157, 187 Ribonucleic acid, 50, 187 Rigidity, 104, 183, 188 Ristocetin, 188, 194 Rod, 152, 188 Rotator, 6, 188 Rotator Cuff, 6, 188 Rotenone, 64, 188 Rubber, 178, 188 Rutin, 186, 188 S Salicylate, 88, 155, 188, 190 Salicylic, 26, 86, 106, 188 Saline, 18, 47, 97, 188 Saliva, 188 Salivary, 188, 195 Salivation, 4, 188 Sanitary, 88, 94, 188 Saponins, 154, 157, 188, 191

Scleroproteins, 173, 188 Screening, 14, 16, 33, 157, 188 Sebaceous, 173, 188, 195 Sebaceous gland, 173, 188, 195 Secretion, 159, 181, 188 Sedative, 173, 189, 194 Seizures, 64, 189 Selenium, 80, 101, 189 Senna, 4, 5, 6, 27, 28, 41, 45, 77, 124, 189 Serrata, 55, 156, 189 Serrated, 189 Serum, 33, 45, 66, 72, 157, 189 Sex Characteristics, 189, 192 Shedding, 65, 92, 160, 189 Shock, 146, 169, 189, 193 Shoulder Pain, 7, 189 Side effect, 4, 6, 60, 78, 80, 83, 86, 87, 99, 106, 107, 123, 147, 152, 189, 193 Silicic, 69, 189 Silicon, 35, 69, 83, 189 Silicon Dioxide, 35, 189 Silymarin, 177, 189 Skeletal, 189, 192 Skeleton, 173, 184, 189 Skin Care, 69, 72, 83, 85, 190 Small intestine, 161, 169, 172, 190 Smooth muscle, 148, 151, 154, 158, 179, 190 Sneezing, 189, 190 Soaps, 61, 64, 90, 91, 190 Sodium, 62, 70, 71, 81, 88, 96, 107, 108, 109, 190, 192 Sodium Benzoate, 107, 190 Sodium salicylate, 88, 190 Soft tissue, 105, 189, 190 Solvent, 75, 104, 156, 163, 167, 182, 184, 190 Sorbitol, 87, 190 Soybean Oil, 83, 190 Specialist, 136, 190 Spectrum, 4, 28, 63, 190 Spices, 154, 191 Spinal cord, 155, 156, 176, 178, 181, 191 Spinous, 163, 173, 191 Squamous, 9, 76, 163, 191 Squamous cell carcinoma, 9, 163, 191 Squamous cells, 191 Stabilization, 94, 113, 191 Stabilizer, 81, 191 Sterile, 104, 191 Sterility, 171, 191 Sterilization, 62, 191

206 Aloe

Steroid, 159, 188, 191 Stimulant, 4, 31, 80, 104, 154, 191 Stomach, 4, 86, 106, 107, 147, 161, 163, 166, 169, 178, 181, 190, 191 Stool, 96, 145, 171, 173, 191 Stress, 39, 134, 178, 187, 188, 191 Stroke, 101, 128, 191 Stroma, 172, 173, 180, 191 Subacute, 171, 191 Subclinical, 171, 189, 191 Subcutaneous, 74, 78, 97, 99, 105, 162, 179, 192 Subspecies, 190, 192 Suction, 165, 192 Sunburn, 104, 192 Superoxide, 16, 42, 192 Superoxide Dismutase, 16, 42, 192 Supplementation, 36, 51, 192 Suppression, 17, 44, 159, 192 Surfactant, 62, 68, 93, 192 Surgical Instruments, 192 Sweat, 65, 70, 91, 181, 192 Sweat Glands, 65, 91, 192 Symptomatic, 66, 192 Synergistic, 78, 96, 99, 192 Synovial, 24, 192 Systemic, 74, 94, 97, 153, 157, 171, 172, 179, 184, 186, 192, 195 T Tea Tree Oil, 56, 134, 192 Tear Gases, 173, 192 Testis, 163, 192 Testosterone, 86, 192 Therapeutics, 40, 124, 192 Thermal, 49, 101, 178, 192 Thinness, 61, 90, 192 Thrombosis, 185, 191, 192 Ticks, 64, 193 Tissue Culture, 48, 193 Tolerance, 102, 147, 193 Tonic, 73, 95, 193 Toxic, iv, 5, 68, 135, 159, 167, 168, 169, 170, 186, 189, 193, 194 Toxicity, 43, 161, 162, 188, 193 Toxicokinetics, 193 Toxicology, 44, 130, 135, 193 Toxins, 73, 95, 150, 167, 171, 193 Trace element, 156, 189, 193 Transdermal, 74, 86, 97, 98, 106, 193 Transfection, 152, 193 Translation, 178, 193 Transmitter, 147, 175, 193

Trauma, 65, 101, 168, 178, 193 Trees, 163, 188, 193 Triglyceride, 74, 97, 193 Tryptophan, 157, 193 Tuberculosis, 158, 188, 194 Tumour, 23, 194 U Ulcer, 84, 105, 160, 174, 181, 194 Ulceration, 160, 174, 194 Unconscious, 149, 170, 194 Urea, 83, 179, 192, 194 Uremia, 187, 194 Urethra, 181, 194 Urinary, 159, 171, 194 Urine, 92, 153, 161, 171, 194 Uterine Contraction, 95, 194 Uterus, 95, 155, 162, 176, 194 V Vaccine, 147, 148, 170, 194 Vagina, 155, 176, 194 Vaginal, 51, 94, 95, 104, 194 Valerian, 4, 5, 194 Valves, 187, 194 Vancomycin, 62, 194 Varicose, 174, 194 Vascular, 72, 82, 103, 148, 163, 171, 176, 178, 179, 182, 194 Vasodilators, 178, 194 Vein, 151, 172, 194 Venous, 151, 174, 179, 185, 194 Venous Insufficiency, 174, 194 Ventricle, 185, 186, 195 Venules, 153, 176, 195 Veterinary Medicine, 129, 195 Viral, 195 Virulence, 193, 195 Virus, 36, 62, 111, 117, 172, 195 Viscosity, 68, 96, 187, 195 Vitro, 9, 168, 195 Vivo, 195 Vulgaris, 57, 195 W Warts, 98, 195 Weight Gain, 95, 195 White blood cell, 150, 174, 175, 178, 195 Womb, 194, 195 Wound Healing, 18, 24, 25, 29, 30, 35, 49, 50, 54, 71, 81, 82, 102, 157, 164, 195 X Xerostomia, 4, 195 X-ray, 166, 172, 177, 186, 191, 195 X-ray therapy, 172, 195

Index 207

Y Yeasts, 165, 195 Yohimbine, 5, 195

Z Zygote, 158, 196

208 Aloe

Aloe - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Vioxx - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Aloe - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Vioxx - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Recommend Documents