Allergens - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ALLERGENS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Allergens: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00045-8 1. Allergens-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on allergens. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ALLERGENS ............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Allergens ..................................................................................... 11 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 69 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 71 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ALLERGENS ................................................................................... 117 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 117 Finding Nutrition Studies on Allergens.................................................................................... 117 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 119 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 120 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ALLERGENS ............................................................. 123 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 123 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 123 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 131 General References ..................................................................................................................... 138 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ALLERGENS ............................................................................... 139 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139 Dissertations on Allergens......................................................................................................... 139 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 140 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ALLERGENS ......................................................................................... 141 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 141 Patents on Allergens .................................................................................................................. 141 Patent Applications on Allergens .............................................................................................. 166 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 196 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ALLERGENS ............................................................................................. 199 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 199 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 199 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 200 Chapters on Allergens................................................................................................................ 201 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ALLERGENS ............................................................... 207 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 207 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 207 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 209 Academic Periodicals covering Allergens .................................................................................. 212 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 213 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 213 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 213 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 214 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 219 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 219 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 219 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 221 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 223 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 225 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 225 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 225 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 232 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 235 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 235

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Preparation................................................................................................................................. 235 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 235 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 235 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 241 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 242 ALLERGENS DICTIONARY....................................................................................................... 243 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 319

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with allergens is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about allergens, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to allergens, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on allergens. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to allergens, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on allergens. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ALLERGENS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on allergens.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and allergens, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “allergens” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Dental Professionals: Effective Diagnosis and Treatment Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 134(2): 185-194. February 2003. Contact: Available from American Dental Association. ADA Publishing Co, Inc., 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2867. Website: www.ada.org. Summary: Dental professionals are at risk of developing allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) after exposure to allergenic chemicals. Common allergens include antimicrobials, preservatives, rubber additives, and methacrylates. In this article, the authors describe an orthodontic assistant with severe skin disease, whose symptoms included redness, cracking and bleeding that persisted for 10 years. The patient had

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previously received an incomplete diagnosis. After performing patch testing, assessing symptoms, and evaluating the patient's medical history, the authors diagnosed ACD resulting from exposure to several dental allergens. The patient received appropriate treatment and counseling to better manage her allergies; this resulted in resolution of all symptoms and averted permanent occupational disability. The authors conclude that not all skin reactions are related to gloves or natural rubber latex. Dental professionals should be aware of common chemical allergens, symptoms of ACD, and the appropriate treatment of occupational skin disease. 3 figures. 3 tables. 26 references. •

Forbidden Foods Source: Digestive Health and Nutrition. p. 16-19. January-February 2000. Contact: Available from American Gastroenterological Association. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, 7th Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (877) DHN-4YOU or (301) 654-2055, ext. 650. Email: [email protected]. Summary: For the 5.2 million Americans suffering from food allergies, one wrong food choice could trigger a host of reactions ranging from abdominal cramps to hives and swelling and, in extreme cases, even death. This article reviews the problem of food allergies, first defining the differences between food allergy and food intolerance. A true food allergy triggers the immune system; with food intolerances, the problem arises from the metabolism (the body may not be able to adequately digest some components of the foods). For example, people with lactose intolerance have trouble digesting lactose (the sugar in milk) and therefore may have cramping and diarrhea after drinking or eating dairy products. Whereas people with food allergies must totally avoid certain foods, those with intolerances can sometimes eat small quantities of offending foods without any side effects. Food allergies are classically diagnosed with a thorough health history; sometimes a food diary is also used. The next step is to institute a diet that eliminates suspected allergens. Only a few foods account for most allergic reactions (soy products, fish, shellfish, nuts, eggs). The author considers the role of food additives (aspartame, MSG, sulfites, food coloring) as possible food allergens. Food labeling requirements make it easier to readily identify offending ingredients. The author also reviews the difficulties inherent in eating at restaurants, the problems of cross reactivity (being sensitive to foods similar to the primary offending food), and exercise induced food allergies (probably triggered by the rise in body temperature that accompanies exercise). A brief concluding section discusses what to do for food allergy reactions. An information resource noted is the Food Allergy Network (800 929 4040, www.foodallergy.org).

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What to Do About Pruritus Scroti Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 88(6): 95-96, 99, 100. November 1, 1990. Summary: Pruritis scroti is a common clinical disorder with many causes. It has received little attention in the literature compared with its counterpart in women, pruritis vulvae. This article reviews the various causes of pruritis scroti and discusses diagnostic techniques and therapy. Causes of the condition discussed include various inflammatory disorders, infections, infestations, and neoplasms. The author notes that laboratory evaluation, including bacterial and fungal cultures, microscopic examination, skin biopsies, and measurement of blood glucose levels, is useful in establishing the diagnosis. Management of pruritis scroti includes avoidance of irritants, allergens, and restrictive clothing, and use of topical and systemic agents that provide both symptomatic relief and specific treatment of the underlying cause. 10 figures. (AA-M).

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Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Possible Etiologic Role for Local Contact Hypersensitivity Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 26(6): 935-940. June 1992. Summary: The pathogenesis of burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is not yet understood. This article reports on a study of 22 patients (19 women, 3 men) classified with BMS, in which clinical and laboratory investigations were performed with particular emphasis on the role of contact hypersensitivity. Twenty of the 22 patients wore a complete or partial denture. Folate, iron, pyridoxine deficiency, and Candida infections were found, but correction of the deficiency or treatment of the infections were of no benefit. Contact allergy to allergens used in the production of acrylate-based dentures was observed in six (27 percent) of the cases. In six cases (27 percent), a possible relevant sensitization was seen to dental metals and, in particular, to gold chloride (four cases). The authors conclude that the possible role of local hypersensitivity reactions to denture or dental components must be considered as etiologic factors in BMS. 1 figure. 2 tables. 33 references. (AA-M).

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Dental Metal Allergy in Patients with Oral, Cutaneous, and Genital Lichenoid Reactions Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis. 12(3): 146-150. September 2001. Contact: Available from American Journal of Contact Dermatitis. W.B. Saunders Company, Periodicals Department, P.O. Box 628239, Orlando, FL 32862-8239. (800) 6542452. Summary: The subject of lichen planus (LP) and dental metal allergy has long been debated. An overwhelming majority of the existing literature focuses on mercury and gold salts in relation to oral lichen planus. This article reports on a study undertaken to expand current knowledge regarding LP and lichenoid lesions (LL) and dental metal allergy by investigating more metals and investigating cutaneous (skin) and genital disease in addition to oral disease. The study included 51 patients with known LP or LL who were patch tested to a series of dental metals. Patients chose to replace their dental metals or make no revision. A telephone survey was conducted after 1 year to determine disease state. The results showed that 38 of 51 patients (74.5 percent) had at least 1 positive reaction; 25 of 51 patients (49 percent) showed sensitivity to at least 1 mercurial allergen. Prevalence data for patients patch tested by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) from 1996 to 1998 was available for chromate, cobalt, gold, nickel, and thimerosal. The prevalence of positive reactions was higher in this study group than in the NSCDG group for all 5 of these allergens; statistical significant was achieved for chromate, gold, and thimerosal. Of patients who had a positive patch test reaction to 1 or more metals, 100 percent (9 of 9 patients) reported improvement after metal replacement, whereas 62.5 percent (15 of 24 ) reported improvement without metal replacement. The authors conclude that sensitization to dental metals is more common among LP and LL patients than in routinely tested patients, and might be an etiologic or triggering factor in the disease. 2 figures. 4 tables. 25 references.

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Allergies and Vocal Fold Edema: A Preliminary Report Source: Journal of Voice. 13(1): 113-122. March 1999. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com.

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Summary: This article describes different tools that can be used to determine the etiology of vocal fold edema. The authors report on the complete voice assessment that is used in their Voice Center. This includes patient history, acoustic analysis, laryngeal videostroboscopy, otolaryngology consultation, allergy testing (from a companion Allergy Clinic), and gastroenterology consultation as appropriate. Inhalant allergy can be a hidden, yet very common cause of chronic laryngitis. Respiratory allergies can also cause decreased pulmonary function; excessive secretions in either the lower airway, trachea, bronchi, or in the upper airway of the pharynx; edema of the vocal folds themselves; and unusual resonance characteristics of the pharynx or nasal cavity due to congestion of the membrane in those areas. Voice patients with a history of seasonal hay fever, a history of allergic reactions around cats or dogs, or a strong family history of allergies should be allergy tested. Screening tests for allergies are available. Once specific allergens are identified, recommendations for therapy or other intervention can be made. Straining the voice, in combination with the above conditions, can increase the voice problem. The authors describe the histories, allergy test results, and voice laboratory evaluations of several patients. Identifying these voice patients and treating their allergies are important in keeping these patients healthy and maintaining a clear, good voice quality. The authors conclude that the multidisciplinary approach in voice disorders is indispensable in diagnosis and treatment of these disorders. •

Emergency Medicine: Beyond the Basics Source: JADA. Journal of American Dental Association. 128(7): 843-854. July 1997. Summary: This article describes the appropriate management of two common emergency situations that may arise in the dental office: allergy and chest pain. The author stresses that preparedness for medical emergencies depends on the ability to rapidly recognize a problem and to effectively institute prompt and proper management. In all emergency situations, management is based on implementation of basic life support, as needed. The author begins with an overview of general emergency preparedness, including an outline of the roles of the emergency team and emergency drugs and equipment to have available. The author then addresses allergic reactions, including delayed reactions (localized and systemic) and emergency reactions that can include anaphylaxis, which is immediately life-threatening. The next section reviews in detail the in-office management of a patient with chest pain. Charts outline common allergens in dentistry, chemical mediators of allergy, the usual progression of anaphylaxis, dosages of injectable emergency drugs, cardiac versus noncardiac chest pain, the etiology of acute anginal episodes, and patient activity at the onset of clinical signs of myocardial infarction. The author concludes that both allergy and chest pain, though usually readily recognized and easily managed without significant sequelae, may prove to be situations that can lead to morbidity or even death. 1 figure. 6 tables. 27 references. (AA-M).

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Sleep Apnea in End Stage Renal Disease Source: ANNA Journal. American Nephrology Nurses Association Journal. 24(6): 645654. December 1997. Contact: Available from American Nephrology Nurses Association. Box 56, East Holly Avenue, Pitman, NJ 08071. (609) 256-2320. Summary: This article familiarizes nephrology nurses with the sleep apnea syndrome, a disorder that is characterized by repetitive episodes of the cessation of breathing (apneas) or diminished airflow (hypopneas) that occur during sleep, and is usually,

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although not always, associated with a reduction in the oxygen saturation of the blood. The author reviews risk factors, clinical features, diagnostic strategies, and treatments. The author also discusses recent research linking sleep apnea with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In diagnosing sleep apnea syndrome, the total number of apneas and hypopneas that occur during a sleep period are usually added together and then divided by the number of hours spent sleeping to obtain a respiratory disturbance index (RDI). While disrupted sleep and daytime sleepiness are significant problems, cardiopulmonary abnormalities are also important complications associated with sleep apnea. Risk factors for sleep apnea include obesity, craniofacial abnormalities, male gender, certain medical illnesses, lifestyle factors (use of alcohol and central nervous system depressants, smoking, exposure to allergens), and cardiovascular diseases. The author reviews nine studies of ESRD and sleep apnea, all of which demonstrated that sleep apnea has a prominent presence in ESRD, that both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients are vulnerable to it, and that dialysis itself seems to have little effect on its clinical expression. These studies showed that the incidence of sleep apnea is most likely much higher in this group than in the general population, but they did not succeed in determining the exact prevalence of sleep apnea in chronic renal failure because of subject selection bias and small sample sizes. The author concludes that patients with ESRD who have symptoms related to sleep-wake problems should be evaluated. Treatment of a sleeping disorder thus revealed is likely to have a drastic impact on the quality of life experienced by these patients. 4 figures. 2 tables. 26 references. (AA-M). •

Allergic Management of Meniere's Disease: An Outcome Study Source: Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 122(2): 174-182. February 2000. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. Subscription Services, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-3318. (800) 453-4351 or (314) 453-4351. Fax (314) 432-1158. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This article reports on a study in which the effect of allergy immunotherapy and elimination of suspected food allergens was evaluated in patients with Meniere's disease. A total of 137 patients with Meniere's disease for whom allergy treatment had been recommended were identified and were mailed and returned a symptoms questionnaire. One hundred thirteen had received allergy treatment; 24 did not have treatment and served as a control group. Information regarding history, signs and symptoms, allergy test results, and audiologic data were obtained by chart review. The 113 patients treated with desensitization and diet showed a significant improvement from pretreatment to posttreatment in both allergy and Meniere's symptoms. Ratings of frequency, severity, and interference with everyday activities of their Meniere's symptoms also appeared better after allergy treatment (compared to controls). Hearing was stable or improved in 61.4 percent. The author concludes that patients with Meniere's disease can show improvement in their symptoms of tinnitus and vertigo when receiving specific allergy therapy. The inner ear may be the target, directly or indirectly, of an allergic reaction. 4 figures. 4 tables. 26 references.

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Food Allergies Source: Nutrition Action Healthletter. 28(3): 10-13. April 2001. Contact: Available from CSPI. 1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20009. Fax (202) 265-4954. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.cspinet.org.

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Summary: This article reviews food allergies and food intolerances. Food allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to certain proteins in food. Although more than 200 food ingredients can provoke an allergic reaction, the vast majority are caused by eight ingredients: nuts (like walnuts and almonds), peanuts (which are legumes), milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, soybeans, and wheat. Typical symptoms are nausea, hives, skin rash, nasal congestion, and wheezing. For most people with food allergies, allergic reactions to food are a temporary discomfort, but for many the result is anaphylactic shock, a quick reaction in which their throats may swell enough to cut off breathing. The author reviews the typical pattern of a study of 32 fatal reactions; all but two reactions were triggered by peanuts or nuts. Most of the victims were teenagers or young adults who had asthma, and most knew that they suffered from food allergies; 27 ate the food away from home, and only three were carrying emergency self injectable epinephrine. Most reactions to food are caused not by allergies but by intolerances, which are less severe. The author reviews intolerances to lactose (milk sugar), sulfites, monosodium glutamate (MSG), red wine, chocolate, and food colors. The article concludes with a discussion of four reminders regarding food allergies: offending foods may show up where they are not expected; trace amounts can trigger a reaction; foods can be contaminated with allergens; and labels do not have to disclose allergens in flavors. Appended to the article is a list of websites and resource organizations for readers wishing to obtain additional information. 1 figure. 6 references. •

Latex Allergy: Everyone's Concern Source: Journal of the Michigan Dental Association. 80(5): 30-42. June 1998. Contact: Available from Michigan Dental Association. 230 North Washington Square, Suite 208, Lansing, MI 48933-1392. (517) 372-9070. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This article reviews the problem of latex allergy, particularly in the health care setting. The author emphasizes that all health care professionals need to know about latex allergy, the potential hazards it poses, and how to manage it effectively if encountered. The article begins with a series of questions to elicit information from the patient about potential latex allergy; the author notes that merely asking if the person is allergy to latex is not sufficient. The author then briefly considers the many theories that have been posed to explain the increasing prevalence of latex allergies. The main theory states that the cause is increased exposure to latex gloves, due to the increased demand for personal protection in response to the AIDS crisis. Other topics include the types of latex reactions, including irritant contact dermatitis, delayed hypersensitivity, and immediate hypersensitivity; risk factors; latex allergens and diagnosis; how to treat the latex allergic patients; consumer products that often contain latex; items used in dentistry that may contain latex; treating the latex-allergic dental worker; proper hand care; glove selection; and potential legislation, Federal guidelines, and research in this area. One chart summarizes reactions to natural rubber latex, including the cause, intervention strategies, percentage of population affected (prevalence), time to onset of symptoms, potential for respiratory involvement, facial involvement, systemic involvement, and recommended action. 3 tables. 34 references.

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When Your Food Bites Back: Food Allergies and Intolerances Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 16(4): 106, 108, 110, 112. July-August 1999. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923.

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Summary: This article, written for people who have diabetes, describes food allergies and intolerances. The author notes that the obvious treatment for food allergies and sensitivities is to avoid the food in question. However, eliminating a food or entire group of foods from one's diet without making appropriate dietary substitutions can create nutrient or calorie imbalances or deficits. A food allergy, also known as a food hypersensitivity, is a reaction by the immune system to a substance that is generally regarded as harmless. Symptoms of a food allergy often involve the skin, respiratory system, and intestinal tract. A food intolerance, in comparison, does not involve the immune system. Food intolerance is generally described as a metabolic disorder in which the body has difficulty digesting or tolerating a certain food or food group. The physical symptoms of food intolerance usually involve the gastrointestinal tract and may include abdominal pain or diarrhea. There is no evidence to suggest that people with diabetes have a higher incidence of food allergy than the general population, although people with type 1 diabetes are at greater risk for developing an intolerance to gluten, a protein in wheat and other grains. The author reviews the diagnostic tests that may be used to confirm a food sensitivity or allergy, and offers basic strategies for coping with a food allergy. The author stresses that people with a food allergy should work with a nutrition professional to learn how to eat healthfully and avoid food allergens that cause symptoms. The article is appended with a list of resource organizations that can offer more information about food allergies, gluten intolerance, and related issues. •

Allergy Tests For Milk Source: Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. 1992. p. 6. Contact: Available from Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. P.O. Box 3129, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-3129. (313) 572-9134. Summary: This brief article reviews the current thinking about allergy testing in children, particularly those used for identifying food allergens. The author conveys the information that, while allergy testing for food allergens is unreliable, testing for environmental allergies is both reliable and useful. Identifying and treating environmental allergies, thereby reducing sensitivity to known allergens, will have a very positive effect on general health that will strengthen the immune system.

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Is Your Skin A Little, Uh, Sensitive? Source: Healthy Skin and Hair. p. 9-10. Winter 2001. Contact: Available from Quadrant HealthCom, Inc. 26 Main Street, Chatham, NJ 079282402. (973) 701-8900. Fax: (973) 701-8892. Summary: This journal article discusses sensitive skin. Sensitive skin is easily irritated by perfumes, soaps, weather conditions, and chemicals. Other irritants of sensitive skin include poison ivy and oak, wool, rough towels, and cosmetics. Some people are born with sensitive skin and others develop sensitivity after being exposed to allergens or chemicals. People who develop rashes easily or have itching after exposure to irritants should use mild products without added perfumes, bar soaps, products that contain petroleum jelly, sunscreen, and avoid chemical fragrances.

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Nail Psoriasis Often Misdiagnosed as Onychomycosis Source: Skin and Allergy News. 28(10):32; October 1997.

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Summary: This journal article for health professionals reports on the misdiagnosis of nail psoriasis as onychomycosis. Nail psoriasis is difficult to diagnosis, and it may be caused by reactions to various irritants and allergens. A method of treating limited nail psoriasis is to inject triamcinolone acetonide into the proximal and lateral nail folds every four weeks until the nails are clear. In addition, other inflammatory nail conditions, such as alopecia universalis, can improve with intralesional injections. 1 photograph. •

Acute and Chronic Urticaria: Challenges and Considerations for Primary Care Physicians Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 109(2): 107-108,111-114,119-123. February 2001. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria. This common dermatologic problem may be classified as either acute or chronic. Lesions that last less than 6 weeks are referred to as acute urticaria. They are usually caused by exposure to food allergens, food additives, certain medications, or radiocontrast media. Chronic urticaria occurs most frequently in middle aged women, and it is likely to coexist with the physical urticarias. Before a diagnosis of chronic idiopathic urticaria is made, several specific urticarial syndromes need to be considered and excluded, including autoimmune mast cell disease, urticarial vasculitis, physical urticaria, and exercise induced urticaria. Urticaria is fairly easy to diagnose, and its symptoms include raised, erythematous wheals accompanied by intense pruritus. Laboratory tests should be performed to exclude systemic disease. Specific allergy or provocative tests may be needed to further clarify the diagnosis. Punch biopsy of an urticarial lesion often provides useful information that can help guide patient management. Management involves patient education, avoidance of known triggers, and pharmacotherapy. Patients need to be educated about their disease and given specific instructions on crisis management. When a specific trigger has been identified, the patient must avoid any exposure to it. Drugs that may be beneficial include traditional antihistamines such as hydroxyzine, cyproheptadine hydrochloride, and azatadine. The newer generation antihistamines, such as cetirizine hydrochloride, loratadine, and fexofenadine hydrochloride, have a rapid onset of action, are very effective, and have minimal side effects. Patients who have an angioedema component should be provided with an epinephrine autoinjector for use in case of respiratory distress. Drugs that may be used to treat patients with urticarial vasculitis syndrome include prednisone, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide. 5 figures, 2 tables, and 23 references.

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Managing Atopic Dermatitis in Children and Adults Source: Nurse Practitioner. 25(4): 58-59,63-64,69-70,73,76,79-81. April 2000. Summary: This journal article provides nurse practitioners with information on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, complications, and treatment of atopic dermatitis. This common skin inflammation, which is characterized by intense pruritus, is most common in children. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis has tripled in the past 30 years, and the condition affects about 10 percent of the U.S. population at some point in their lifetime. Although the etiology of atopic dermatitis is not well understood, it appears to be linked to a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and it is usually associated with other atopic diseases such as asthma and hay fever. The initial clinical feature of atopic dermatitis is skin dryness and roughness. Erythema, papules, and pruritus may develop after additional irritation. The pattern of atopic dermatitis lesions varies by age. A definitive diagnosis in children and adults

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depends on identifying the nature and distribution of the lesions and on eliciting a personal or family history of the disease. Although no cure exists, atopic dermatitis often resolves spontaneously and can be controlled through proper management. Avoiding factors that precipitate or exacerbate inflammation, including aeroallergens, food allergens, and irritants, is key to preventing disease flares. In children and adults, hydration and topical corticosteroids are the mainstays of therapy. Recalcitrant disease may be treated with ultraviolet light therapy or psoralen phototherapy and cyclosporin. Current advances in understanding the immunologic basis of the disease have led to the development of highly effective new treatments. Using patient education and support, the clinician can help adults and children successfully manage their disease. The article includes a continuing education test. 2 figures, 4 tables, and 42 references. (AA-M). •

Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Nonspecific Mucosal Lesions Source: CDA Journal. Journal of the California Dental Association. 27(4): 290-297, 299. April 1999. Contact: Available from California Dental Association (CDA). 1201 K Street, Sacramento, CA 95814. (916) 443-0505. Summary: This journal article reviews the diagnosis and management of chronic nonspecific mucosal lesions. The author notes that chronic lichenoid or leukoplakic oral mucosal lesions are a common cause of morbidity and concern. Many of these are reactive or inflammatory lesions, but they can also represent other disorders, including dysplasia. These lesions are caused by a variety of irritants and allergens such as systemic drugs, dental restorations and prostheses, oral health care products, foods, habits, and candida (which causes thrush). Indiscriminate use of steroids to treat these lesions empirically is contraindicated; management should be aimed at discovery and removal of the cause. The proposed sequence of investigation is initially intended to eliminate any obvious etiology and, if that is unsuccessful, to rule out candida or determine a histologically diagnosable disease. If a biopsy shows nonspecific or lichenoid mucositis and the lesions are symptomatic, the investigation is directed to the more obscure and speculative causes that require expensive and time consuming trial and error elimination of various agents. 9 figures. 2 tables. 21 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Allergens The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to allergens. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to allergens.

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore allergens. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for allergens: •

Project Title: ADULT ASTHMA: BIOLOGY, SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Blanc, Paul D.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Environmental, biological, and psychosocial factors can all separately influence the disease burden in asthma. As yet, no studies have taken into account all three categories of factors together, to examine their relative contributions to the disease burden and investigate whether their cumulative effects can explain the health disparities of at-risk populations, either additively or synergistically. Asthma is an ideal chronic condition in which to delineate the potential linkages among biological mechanisms, social factors, and physical environments and, more specifically, to show how these linkages may lead to health disparities. Study Hypotheses: 1) There are socioeconomic status (SES) differentials in the disease burden of asthma; 2) Environmental, biological, and psychosocial factors are linked to the asthma disease burden additively, if not synergistically; and 3) The variance in SES differentials of disease burden will be substantially explained by modeling that takes specific environmental, biological, and psychosocial factors into account. Methods: This proposed study will make use of an established panel of 590 adults with asthma of varying severity. We propose to supplement these survey data with 500 home site visits in which we will directly gather environmental, biological, and psychosocial data. Specific environmental risk factors we will quantify include: allergen sensitization, home allergens, ETS exposure, and indoor air quality. We will also assess perceived stress and social support. In addition, we will link subjects to other potential exposures through external data sets. We will also administer a follow-up survey to investigate the combined influence of environmental, biological, and psychosocial exposures in explaining SES disparities in the disease burden of asthma. This study combines a multidisciplinary team of researchers with expertise in clinical medicine, social sciences, epidemiology, psychology, endocrinology, asthma treatment and prevention, and biostatistics. Anticipated Results and Significance: The proposed investigation will have sufficient power to detect differences in the proportions of outcomes between two groups in the range of 10-15 percent at the 0.05 level for dichotomous outcomes. This project addresses a major research need and can be a basis for the development of public policies to address environmentally related and other health disparities in adult asthma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AIRWAY-CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROL Principal Investigator & Institution: Haxhiu, Musa A.; Physiology and Biophysics; Howard University Washington, Dc 20059 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JAN-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chronic airway diseases such as bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive bronchitis share the salient features of inflammation, hyperresponsiveness to various inhalants, and airway narrowing. Although these two conditions result in enormous morbidity and social cost, the central nervous system mechanisms involved in airway hyperreactivity remain poorly understood. In the prior

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funding cycle of this proposal we have characterized the primary neurochemical(s) and receptor subtypes involved in transmission of excitatory inputs from the respiratory tract to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons; from these second order sensory cells to airway-related vagal preganglionic motor neurons (AVPNs); and from AVPNs back down to the airways. As a natural continuation of this work, we now focus on inhibitory pathways that regulate cholinergic drive to the airways. Neuroanatomical studies will define the normal neural circuitry between inhibitory GABAergic, catecholaminergic, or serotonergic cell groups and AVPNs. In these studies, retrograde tracing will be used to define AVPNs projecting to the trachea. Dual or triple labeling immunocytochemistry will be used to simultaneously locate neurotransmitters, their receptors, and AVPNs. Tissues will be examined using light microscopy, confocal microscopy, and electron microscopy. Protein levels will be measured by Western blotting. In physiological studies, we will microinject uptake inhibitors, specific agonists, or antagonists into the rostral nucleus ambiguus (rNA, where AVPNs are abundant), to define the functional roles of specific inhibitory neurotransmitters and their receptors on basal and reflex-induced changes in tracheal tone and airway resistance. Subsequently, we will test the hypothesis that repeated exposure to allergens in sensitized animals induces morphological and physiological changes in central inhibitory influences, resulting in a shift from inhibitory to excitatory transmission. These changes lead to a hyperexcitable state of AVPNs and to airway hyperreactivity. The results of these studies will provide necessary knowledge in the neural control of the airways and will support the development of novel pharmaceutical strategies which target the central nervous system for the treatment of airway disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: AIRWAYS EOSINOPHILS AS ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLSASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Weller, Peter F.; Professor; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Description (provided by applicant): Studies will investigate the ability of eosinophils to serve as antigen-presenting cells that contribute to propagating lymphocyte-dependent, IgE-mediated response to inhaled antigens in the respiratory tract. Eosinophils are prominent cellular components of allergic airway responses. While many cells function as antigen-presenting cells, eosinophils have distinct capabilities within the airway. First, eosinophils are present in the airway lumina of asthmatics; and these eosinophils in vivo express requisite class II MHC proteins and critical lymphocyte costimulatory proteins. Second, eosinophils contain preformed stores of cytokines that may be rapidly mobilized for extra cellular release to modulate lymphocyte-dependent responses. Third, unlike B cells and dendritic cells that are capable of presenting soluble protein antigens, eosinophils, like macrophages, are especially able to degrade particulate antigens. Alveolar macrophages are poor antigen-presenting cells. In contrast, eosinophils could present peptides derived from particulate inhaled allergens. Fourth, antibodies of several classes, by Fc receptor-mediated mechanisms, can dramatically enhance antigen uptake and presentation by antigen-presenting cells. Eosinophils with their IgE, IgA, and IgG antibodies receptors are well suited to internalize and present allergens recognized by allergen-specific IgE, IgA, and IgG antibodies present in the respiratory tract. Fifth, eosinophil trafficking from the airway lumen into lymphocytes provides a mechanism for antigens inhaled into the airways to be processed and transported into tissues for presentation to lymphocytes. Hypotheses are that

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eosinophils are effective at presenting inhaled antigens to lymphocytes, that this eosinophil antigen processing and trafficking occur in vivo within the airways, that eosinophil high affinity IgE receptors function to enhance eosinophil antigen presentation of allergens, and that antigen presentation by eosinophils, perhaps based on their release of preformed, cytokines, skews Th2-mediated responses to inhaled antigens. Studies aim to define the capacity of human eosinophils in vitro to function as antigen-presenting cells and to define the role of eosinophil IgE receptors in facilitating antigen presentation by eosinophils. These studies of eosinophils active in asthma focus on the roles of eosinophils in propagating the chronic airway inflammation of asthma. Roles for eosinophils as antigen-presenting cells in sustaining allergic responses to inhaled particulate allergens would provide insights into the characteristically chronic nature of allergic diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ALLERGY PEPTIDE(ECP)VACCINE

PREVENTION

BY

LGE

CYTOTOXIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Chen, Swey-Shen A.; Ige Therapeutics, Inc. 6827 Nancy Ridge Dr San Diego, Ca 92121 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Provided by the applicant): IgE-mediated allergic asthma, rhinitis, food allergy, atopic dermatitis, anaphylaxis cost annual 18 billions in medical costs and loss of productivity in this country. Regulation of IgE production by B cells is orchestrated by Th2 cytokines. This paradigm dictates a treatment modality of IgE-mediated hypersensitive diseases that diminishes endogenous levels of IL-4, thereby IgE production by IgE-committed B cells. Alternatively, studies initiated by PI indicated that following IgE immunization, CD8 T cells play an important role in inhibiting IgE production by IgE-committed B cells, and profound IgE deficiency ensued and is maintained in IgE-immunized mice. This observation leads to the current passive antiIgE therapeutic product concept. However, this treatment modality suffers drawbacks in failing to inhibit IgE synthesis as well as to remove circulating IgE-anti-IgE complexes, which accumulates to levels 10 fold higher, compared to the levels prior to treatment. And it is yet to be determined whether patients may be given a second heavy dose without eliciting neutralizing antibodies, including internal image-type of antibodies that potentially can cause mast cell degranulation. It is imperative to design alternative therapeutic modality based on active IgE immunization with higher safety standards. Herein, we provide a long-term strategy of reducing IgE levels by active immunization with IgE cytotoxic peptides (ECP) that are independent of requirement of conformation. Since B cells and plasma cells of the IgE lineage exhibiting natural ECP onto the binding site pocket of MHC class I, these targets are Iysed by ECP-specific CTL due to active vaccination. The advantages of this commercial vaccine are: (i) ECP is sequence-dependent, and does not elicit anti-IgE; (ii) ECP is economic and its effect long-lasting. To achieve this immediate goal, our two Aims are: Aim I: To Determine the Structure of Natural Human IgE (huIgE) CTL Epitopes Restricted To HLA-A2.1 and Ascertain Their Efficacies with huIgE-Producing Cells. Aim II: To Determine Whether ECP-specific CTL Elicited By Active Immunization Inhibit Human IgE Production In A Pre-clinical Model of huIgE/HLA-A2.1 Transgenic Mice. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: IgE cytotoxic peptide (ECP) vaccine aims at an open market of active allergy immunization. Unlike the conventional allergen-desensitization, ECP technology based on targeting the universal IgE epitope can desensitize allergic syndromes caused by a myriad of allergens with a booser dose. Furthernore, unlike the current passive

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anti-IgE therapy, ECP is economic for one or two injections; risk-free since it is directed to linear sequence not recognize by anti-IgE, as compared to the current anti-IgE therapy that may actually cause mast cell degranulation due to induction of anti-idiotype. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANTIGEN IMMUNOSUPPRESSION BY KILLER LANGERHANS CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Takashima, Akira; Professor; Dermatology; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Langerhans cells (LC) ordinarily deliver activation signals to T cells. We hypothesized that LC genetically modified to over-express CD95L (Fas ligand) termed "killer" LC, would deliver apoptotic signals to T cells upon antigen-specific interaction. To test this, we introduced CD95L cDNA into our LC line XS106 (derived from A/J mice) and selected a stable clone (XS 10-6-CD95L) that expressed abundant surface CD95L. This killer LC clone, when pulsed with ovalbumin (OVA), triggered apoptosis of OVA-reactive CD4+ T cells in vitro by an antigen-specific and CD95L-dependent mechanism. OVA-pulsed killer LC, when injected into A/J mice before or after sensitization, suppressed ear swelling responses to DNFB. Importantly, OVA-pulsed killer LC suppressed OVA responses, but not responses to the irrelevant antigen HEL, whereas HEL- pulsed killer LC inhibited only the HEL responses, establishing antigenspecificity. We will define mechanisms, under the new hypothesis that killer LC suppress diverse immunological responses by triggering apoptosis of putative effector T cells that recognize respective antigens. Specifically, we will study the impact of killer LC using five-established animal models: 1) Delayed type hypersensitivity: We will inject OVA- pulsed killer LC before or after sensitization to study the impact of CD4+ effect T cells and memory T cells, the fate of effector cells (adoptive transfer of OVAreactive, naive CD4+ T cells from the D011.10 transgenic mice), and the critical timing for cytotoxic interaction of killer LC with T cells (drug-inducible suicide system). 2) Contact hypersensitivity. We will inject DNFB-pulsed killer LC before or after sensitization to study the impact of CD8+ effector T cells and on Th2-like regulatory T cells, killer LC interaction with CD8+ T cells and antigen- specificity. 3) Th2-biased immune responses. Mice will be sensitized epicutaneously with an OVA-absorbed "patch" to produce OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 antibodies and atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions. We will inject OVA-pulsed killer LC to study the impact on Th2-biased effector and helper T cells and "therapeutic" efficacy for skin lesions. 4) Experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Mice will be sensitized with cardiac myosin (CM) to produce autoimmune myocarditis. We will inject CM-pulsed killer LC to study the impact on CD4+ pathogenic T cells that recognize tissue-specific autoantigen, the fate of pathogenic T cells, and therapeutic efficacy and safety. 5) Skin graft rejection. We will study the impact of killer LC and "killer LC hybrids" on allo-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which are ordinary activated via "direct" and "indirect" pathways. These studies will form the framework for establishing an entirely new immunosuppressive therapy for inflammatory skin diseases, the therapy designed to eliminate selectively the effector T cells that recognize pathogenic antigens (e.g., haptens, allergens, autoantigens, and alloantigens). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ANTIGEN PRESENTATION--MODEL OF ALLERGIC EYE DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Benichou, Gilles A.; Schepens Eye Research Institute Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Immediate hypersensitivity or allergy is the most widespread immunological disorder in humans. We have recently developed a mouse model of allergic conjunctivitis to cat dander (Fel dl), and characterized the T helper responses in susceptible animals. Approximately 25% of the world's population suffer from allergies; with ocular symptoms contributing a significant proportion of the discomfort and patient care costs associated with allergic disease. There is considerable interest among ophthalmologists for the development of new anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory compounds that can be used safely in the eye. A novel and promising approach to management of ongoing allergic disease is that of peptide immunotherapy. Identification of defined T cell epitopes containing peptides, based on the primary structure of major allergens may provide an effective tool for modification of human immediate hypersensitivity to allergens. Since functional and biochemical studies have demonstrated that the generation of T cell responses depends upon antigen receptors on T cells (TCR) recognizing peptide fragments of foreign proteins associated with products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), that are expressed on the membranes of accessory cells, any examination of T cell epitopes must also include MHC analysis. Therefore, the goal of this proposal is to use our mouse model of allergic conjunctivitis to clearly define the molecular interaction in the ternary complex of immunodominant peptide, the MHC on the antigen presenting cell (APC), and the T cell receptor. After we have define the specific T cell/peptide/APC interaction, we will use this information to develop a novel T cell vaccine my making an antigenized MHC-Ig chimera, and then to test this T cell vaccine in our mouse model of allergic conjunctivitis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ASTHMA AND LEAD PREVENTION IN CHICAGO PUBLIC HOUSING Principal Investigator & Institution: Knight, John Q.; Senior Program Associate; Safer Pest Control Project 25 E Washington St, Ste 1515 Chicago, Il 60602 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) African Americans, Puerto Ricans, and persons living in low income neighborhoods have at least five times the death rates from asthma as non- Hispanic whites. Many environmental variables have been shown to increase symptoms in persons predisposed to the disease, including exposure to cockroach allergens, furry/feathered pets, dust mites, rodents, endotoxins, and pesticide sprays. The purpose of the current study is to examine the effects of peer education and modification of the home environment on the incidence and severity of asthma, lead dust exposure, and lead poisoning in Chicago public housing residents over a four-year period. The project will build upon a network of community groups, healthcare providers, specialists, and Chicago Housing Authority (CHA) personnel committed to improving public health in Chicago public housing. A total of six peer educators will be recruited from Ogden Courts, Henry Homer, and Robert Taylor developments who will work with a total of 600 families with asthmatics from the three developments to assess and modify pest problems and other asthma triggers and lead hazards. A total of fifteen residents from the three developments will additionally be recruited to carry out small unit repairs (caulking and sealing of cracks and crevices) for cockroach and rodent

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management in all 600 units. The specific aim of this study is to reduce the incidence and severity of asthma and lead poisoning in Chicago Public Housing. Long-term objectives are to implement and formalize Integrated Pest Management (effective pest control while minimizing the use and hazards of pesticides) Authority-wide, to improve the self-sufficiency of CHA residents, and to enable CHA residents to direct environmental improvements in their own developments leading to better health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ASTHMA COALITION ON COMMUNITY, ENVIRONMENT AND STRESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Piltch, Cynthia; Ctr for Community Health Educ Res & Srv Education Research and Service Boston, Ma 02120 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our proposed Center for Reducing Asthma Disparities involves partnership between researchers at Harvard University (Charming Laboratory, BWH and HSPH) and a network of Boston-area Community Health Centers (CHCs) affiliated with the non-profit community-based organization CCHERS (Center for Community Health Education, Research and Service). Broad specific aims are (see Section D for more detailed aims):I. Conduct a community needs assessment to assess differences in perceptions about asthma etiology, disparities, and effective treatment between community representatives, CHC patients, and CHC providers. 2. Determine the role of socio/environmental exposures (psychosocial stress, indoor allergens, cigarette smoking and diesel-related air pollutants) on asthma onset through study of a prenatally enrolled birth cohort. 3.Determine the role of genetics in modifying the risk of the social/physical environment by concurrent assessment of the following genetic factors thought to influence immune development and airway inflammation in early life: stress (corticosteroid regulatory genes, adrenergic system regulatory genes), diesel exhaust and smoking (biotransformation genes), indoor allergens (cytokine pathway genes). 4. Use a quasiexperimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of the research, training, and outreach components of our project in leading to significant changes in the ability of particular stakeholders to design and implement sound asthma intervention strategies. 5. Development of training programs at Harvard that provide masters and predoctoral students as well as postdoctoral fellows with experience and expertise in Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) focused on reducing asthma disparities. 6. Develop training and information dissemination materials for health center staff and community members (especially caregivers of children with asthma). CCHERS will take the lead in implementing Specific Aims 1, 4 and 6, while the Harvard group will take the lead on Aims 2, 3 and 5. In addition to building needed infrastructure to support partnership-based research and interventions aimed at reducing health disparities, this proposal has the potential to make significant contributions to the scientific literature with respect to health disparities and asthma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ASTHMA INDUCTION BY DENDRITIC CELLS AND TH2 CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sung, Sun-Sang J.; Associate Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JAN-2004; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Asthma is an important disease that afflicts 5% of the general population. Atopic asthma is caused by biased-T helper 2 (Th2) responses to

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allergens. In a mouse model, mice primed intratracheally with Ag-pulsed dendritic cells and challenged with Ag developed airway hyperresponsiveness, and lung eosinophilia and inflammation. Lungs have a more Th2-biased environment and primed T cells seem to divide faster in the lungs than lymph nodes in Ag-challenged mice, although the lymph node is believed to be the site of T cell activation and development. In this study, lung DC have been found to be composed of multiple subset. Studies on DC migration suggest that secondary lymphoid chemokine (SLC/CCL21) may be a key chemokine for DC migration to draining LN. In the lung but not lymph nodes of lung-immunized mice, large numbers of interferon-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells (Tc1) were present, resulting in a more Th2-baised environment in the lungs. These results support the hypothesis that: "a DC subset that presents antigen in lungs and mediates a Th2-biased response occurs in lungs. For T lymphocyte and DC migration to lymph nodes, SLC is a major mediator. Because Th1 and Tc1 cell numbers are very low in the inflammatory lungs, activated T cells readily develop into Th2 cells." In this proposal, experiments are designed to support this hypothesis. The aims consist of: (1) the isolation and functional studies of DC subsets in lungs; (2) the studies of CCR7/SLC interaction as a key chemokine receptor/chemokine interaction for lung DC and T cell migration to lymph nodes. The roles of other important candidate chemokine receptors such as CCR2 in mediating DC migration will also be examined; and (3) the studies of the migration of IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells away from lungs during asthma pathogenesis. These studies will clarify the roles of DC and CD8+ T cells in the biased-Th2 lung response in asthma and provide a novel mechanism for Th2-biased responses during asthma pathogenesis. The results may provide additional therapeutic strategies in asthma by the interference of SLC functions and by regulating the migration of DC, Th1, and IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CALCIUM SIGNALING IN DENDRITIC CELL FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Ahern, Gerard P.; Pharmacology; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dendritic cells (DC) are a heterogeneous population of rare leukocytes highly specialized for immune-surveillance, and the induction and regulation of primary immune responses. This unique capacity reflects their ability to continuously sample the microenvironment and ingest foreign and self-antigens. After encountering a "danger" stimulus in the form of microbes, inflammatory molecules or allergens, DC transform into potent stimulatory cells and migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues, where they trigger the activation of antigen-specific effector T cells. The signaling pathways that underlie these processes are undoubtedly complex, but intracellular calcium appears to play a crucial role. We have recently characterized two novel calcium signaling pathways in DC. First, we have identified the skeletal muscletype ryanodine receptor (RyR1) in DC. RyR1 is a massive intracellular channel that can amplify small calcium transients within a cell to produce much larger, sustained calcium rises. Second, we have demonstrated that calcium fluxes trigger rapid secretion by DC. Such pathways enable DC to respond rapidly to external stimuli, and release autocrine and paracrine signaling factors including exosomes and leaderless secretory proteins. The goal of this proposal is to determine the RyRl-calcium regulated pathways in DC. We hypothesize that RyR1 integrates diverse cellular stimuli, and mediates the calcium pathways that drive DC function. An inter-disciplinary approach is outlined to investigate the properties of these calcium signaling mechanisms and understand how

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they participate in DC biology. We will accomplish the objectives of this proposal by pursuing the following specific aims: Aim 1 is designed to determine the role of RyR1 during DC development and function. Aim 2 tests the impact of endogenous and pharmacologic activators of RyR1 on DC. In Aim 3, we will elucidate the role of calcium-triggered secretion in DC. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CARDIOVASCULAR LUNG, AND BLOOD IMMUNOBIOLOGY IN HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Corry, David B.; Assistant Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long- term objectives of this laboratory are to elucidate the immunopathologic basis of airway obstruction in a murine model of asthma. This proposal will investigate the role the epithelium plays in allergic lung inflammation and focus specifically on an epithelium- derived immunoregulatory molecule, Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP), that potentially limits deleterious allergic inflammation of the airway. Work from this laboratory has identified proteases derived from fungi and pollen as critical regulators of T helper activation and allergic inflammation. The dominant role played by proteases raises the intriguing possibility that the lung immune system has evolved mechanisms that limit tissue injury in the setting of allergic inflammation. Clara cells are non- ciliated respiratory epithelial cells that secrete one of the most abundant proteins contained in the respiratory lining fluid, CCSP. Although the biological functions of CCSP remain unclear, it is an antiprotease potentially capable of neutralizing exogenous proteases implicated in allergic airway disease. CCSP may also regulate adaptive immune responses of the airway by influencing epithelium-derived factors necessary for growth and survival of T and B cells. Studies from this laboratory provide preliminary evidence that CCSP downregulates airway Th2 responses provoked by exogenous proteases. Thus, CCSP is immunosuppressive with regard to allergic lung inflammation but its precise mechanisms of action remain uncertain. Aim 1 of this proposal will define the allergic settings relevant to CCSP- dependent regulation. We will investigate whether the potency of both protease- containing and protease- deficient (ovalbumin/alum) allergens is inhibited by CCSP in vivo. The role of CCSP will be evaluated using mice overexpressing CCSP in the airway and CCSP-deficient mice. In part based on the results of Aim 1, we will dissect in Aim 2 the major mechanism by which CCSP attenuates allergic inflammation. We will focus specifically on T cell-dependent effects and explore, with and without CCSP, T helper effector differentiation in vitro and in vivo, Th2 homing to lung and Th2 activation and cytokine production in vitro. Where effects are observed, we will correlate immunosuppressive activities with the antiprotease potential of CCSP. Finally, we will explore the potential of CCSP in the prevention and amelioration of allergic lung disease. Mice will be challenged intranasally with recombinant CCSP during immune induction with proteasecontaining allergens and following established allergic lung inflammation to evaluate these two endpoints. Efficacy of CCSP will be compared to a specific protease inhibitor, streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor (SSI). Together, these data will elucidate an epitheliumdependent immunomodulatory mechanism of the lung mediated through CCSP, and potentially identify novel means for the therapy of allergic lung disorders such as asthma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHEMOKINES AND LYMPHOID TISSUE ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Cyster, Jason G.; Associate Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Secondary lymphoid organs promote cell-cell and cell-antigen interactions that are necessary for the initiation of adaptive immune responses. Chemokines have recently been established to have a central role in the development and organization of secondary lymphoid tissues. The long-term objective of this proposal is to define how secondary lymphoid organs become organized and to determine how this organization fosters the cell-cell encounters that are necessary for adaptive immunity. The first of three aims seeks to determine the role of CXCR5 in guiding helper T cells to B cell areas, and to determine the importance of this chemokine receptor for T helper cell function. A second part of this aim will use 2-photon microscopy to study interactions between B cells and T cells within viable lymphoid tissue. B-cell derived chemokine(s) involved in promoting encounters between activated T and B cells will also be characterized. Lymphoid chemokine induction in the spleen is lymphotoxin (LT) dependent and occurs during the first few weeks after birth. In aim 2 the major cell types functioning as sources of LT within the neonatal spleen will be characterized. The role of lymphoid chemokines in organizing the developing whitepulp will be investigated, including an analysis of newly generated ELC knockout mice. In addition, a BLC reporter mouse strain will be generated to permit the appearance of BLC expressing cells to be tracked. Many of the cells within lymphoid organs are in a state of continual motility, a behavior that facilitates their surveillance for antigen. The third aim will explore the role of chemokines and integrins in promoting cell motility within lymphoid organs. By improving our understanding of the factors that promote lymphoid tissue development and organization and by further developing understanding of how B and T lymphocytes interact to mount antibody responses, these studies should lead to approaches to augment immune responses against pathogens and vaccine antigens, and to thwart unwanted responses against allergens or autoantigens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHICAGO INNER CITY ASTHMA STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Evans, Richard; Children's Memorial Hospital (Chicago) Chicago, Il 606143394 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Data from NCICAS indicate that a multiplicity of risk factors interact to increase the severity of asthma in poor, urban minority children. Any intervention to reduce morbidity in this Medicaid-dependent population should not only be multifaceted but also reasonably priced. Therefore, the Chicago Inner-City Asthma Study (CICAS) proposes to identify a cost- effective intervention that will reduce asthma morbidity in 4- to 12-year- old minority/low-income urban children with severe/moderately severe asthma. Primary outcome measures are reduction in mean symptom days and cost-effectiveness. Secondary measures include other morbidity measures (reductions in hospitalization, unscheduled acute-care visits including to ER, and school absences); improved patient/caretaker knowledge of asthma management, medications, and use of delivery devices/peak flow meters; increased primary-care physicians' practice effectiveness and asthma-care knowledge (including written asthma

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management plans); improved communication between physician and patient/caretaker leading to greater adherence; decrease in indoor allergens; and a reduction in behavior problems. The CICAS will evaluate three HMO-based interventions and compare them to a control group (Group I) in which patients receive usual care. The intervention groups are designed on an add-on principle. Each succeeding group receives all the interventions of the previous group(s) plus one additional intervention. Eight physician-provider clinic sites affiliated with United Health Care of Illinois (an HMO that serves a large proportion of Chicago's Medicaid population) will be randomized to one of the four groups. Children/families from these sites will be screened and recruited for the study. Patients will receive skin testing and spirometry, and they/caretakers will complete various written assessments of asthma risk and asthma knowledge. Groups II-IV will receive patient education taught by a clinic-based asthma mentor, including the proper use of medications and devices. Primary-care physicians in these groups will participate in a case-based physician education program that will also stress use of asthma-care guidelines and written management plans. An inspector will visit homes of patients in Groups III and IV to assess environmental risk factors. Targeted interventions will be provided for patients who are dust-mite (e.g., pillow, mattress covers) or cockroach (extermination) sensitive. Selected patients in Group IV (those with behavioral or other intractable problems) will receive intensive case management. Throughout the interventions, patients will be monitored bimonthly by telephone. The asthma mentor will also play a key role in problem-solving in each clinic. A successful cost-effective intervention that reduces morbidity among inner-city minority children would be a significant health benefit, and it would provide economic relief to the overburdened urban healthcare system. The CICAS believes that its study design permits the determination of the most effective intervention that is also cost-effective. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHITOSAN IFNGAMMA-PDNA NANOSPHERE THERAPY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY OF ALLERGIC ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Mohapatra, Shyam S.; Professor of Medicine; Internal Medicine; University of South Florida 4202 E Fowler Ave Tampa, Fl 33620 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 25-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): With an intent to develop effective prophylaxis or treatment of allergic diseases including allergic asthma, our goal is to examine the safety and efficacy of chitosan IFN-gamma-pDNA nanosphere (CIN) Therapy and the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying its effectiveness in a mouse model of asthma. Deviation of immune response to allergens from a pathogenic T helper-2 type response to T helper-1 type may provide a practical approach to modifying the course of disease. Administration of IFN-gamma, and IL-12 DNA plasmids significantly decreased airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in a mouse model of grass allergic asthma. In addition, Adenoviral-mediated IFN-gamma, gene transfer effectively reversed established asthma in BALB/c mouse model. While these studies aid in the mechanistic understanding of IFN-gamma, action in the lung, acute inflammation and immunogenicity to virus remains the major obstacle for the application of viralmediated gene transfer for treating human asthma. We therefore developed a non-viral strategy that involves the development of chitosan nanospheres containing IFN-gamma, pDNA (CIN), intranasally (i.n.) delivered to the lung, as a strategy for asthma treatment. Our working hypothesis is that i.n. CIN therapy provides for effective prophylaxis or treatment of asthma by inducing changes in expression of cytokine and chemokine

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genes which result in altered antigen presentation, decreased migration of effector cells into the lung, and apoptosis of inflammatory cells, leading to a global decrease in inflammation and airway remodeling. The specific aims of this research program are as follows: Aim #1. Evaluate chitosan-IFN-gamma-pDNA nanospheres (CIN) as a prophylactic or a therapeutic modality for allergic disease in BALB/c mice. We plan to evaluate the role of CIN in prophylaxis/therapy of allergic asthma in BALB/c mice with respect to magnitude of acute inflammation, duration of protection from asthma and its potential in a chronic asthma model. We will analyze different asthma phenotypes, such as immune deviation of allergic response revealed by a change in T-cell cytokine secretion and antibody response profiles, the airway hyperreactivity and eosinophils in broncho-alveolar lavage, and lung pathology. Aim #2. Elucidate the cellular/molecular mechanism of CIN-induced immunomodulation. We plan to examine the role of T cells, CIN modulation of specific T cell response in the lung including apoptosis of Th2 cells and modulation of the number and activity of dendritic cells in the lung. Aim #3. Elucidate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of CIN-induced protection. We plan to examine the genes, which mediate the effects of CIN, whether CIN affects airway inflammation and airway remodeling in lungs of mice, and whether CIN induces apoptosis of mucus producing goblet cells. It is anticipated that the results of these studies will contribute significantly to our knowledge of asthma and CIN therapy may provide a major breakthrough in management of asthma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COLLABORATIVE STUDIES ON THE GENETICS OF ASTHMA (CSGA) Principal Investigator & Institution: Blumenthal, Malcolm N.; Professor; Medicine; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 31-AUG-2002 Summary: Asthma is a respiratory disease characterized by variable airways obstruction, airways inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). There are increases in asthma mortality and prevalence in the US, especially in AfricanAmericans. Multiple studies suggest that both genetic and environmental factors are important in asthma susceptibility. The aim of the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Asthma (CSGA) is to identify asthma susceptibility loci. The CSGA is composed of four centers (Johns Hopkins University, university of Chicago, University of Maryland, University of Minnesota, and a data coordinating center at Bowman Gray). At each center, families were ascertained through two siblings with asthma. All family members were characterized with spirometry, bronchial responsiveness to methacholine or reversibility testing, skin-tests and questionnaire data. The initial genome screen has been completed on the first 237 sib pairs from three racial groups (African-American, Caucasian, and Hispanic), and genotyping on the remaining family members and families will be completed before the start of the renewal proposal. Therefore, the initial aim of the CSGA to map susceptibility regions has been completed, with detection of several novel chromosomal regions, and replication of several regions previously linked to associated phenotypes. In order to determine the importance of these regions in asthma susceptibility, and the impact of environmental risk factors, we propose to 1) evaluate the evidence for linkage in the complete CSGA data using 2-point, multipoint and multilocus approaches for asthma and associated phenotypes (including BHR, total serum IgE and skin test reactivity to standardized allergens); 2)perform fine mapping studies of regions using additional genetic markers to obtain a 95% of infectious agents that

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enter through mucosal surfaces, as well as a barrier to allergens and other noxious agents. Mucosal infectious diseases include such high priority agents as AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, numerous opportunistic infections and emerging and reemerging diseases, and bio-terrorist agents. Second, in response to these pathologic agents, inflammatory and immune cells are recruited and cross the epithelial barrier, following a chemotactic gradient. This Program Project presents a multidisciplinary and highly interactive approach to these problems. The Project and Core leaders combine a great deal of experience and diverse insights and techniques. Our experimental systems range from in vitro cell culture to genetically modified whole animals, though we focus on lung epithelium as an exemplary mucosal, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as an exemplary mucosal pathogen. The integrity of the epithelial monolayer is essential to its mucosal immune function. The epithelial monolayer has sophisticated wound-healing mechanisms to maintain its integrity. Project 1 concentrates on the basic mechanisms of epithelial wound healing. Project 2 focuses on how wound healing is altered by P. aeruginosa and closely parallels Project 1. Projects 3 and 4 focus on the movement of inflammatory cells across the epithelial monolayer into the lumen. Project 3 considers the transmigration of the polymorphonuclear neutrophil, specifically the role of CD47 and the ligand for Mac-l. Project 4 focuses on the role of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) in chemotaxis of inflammatory cells into the lumen. All four projects are supported by all three cores. Core A is administrative. Core B, Cell Isolation and Culture, provides primary lung epithelial cells for all projects. Core C provides Live Cell Multiphoton and Confocal Imaging, which will be vital to all projects. There is very extensive interaction and collaboration through out. For instance, Projects 1, 2 and 4 all utilize mice knocked-out for certain MMPs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NATIONAL COOPERATIVE INNER CITY ASTHMA STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Kattan, Meyer L.; Professor of Pediatrics; Pediatrics; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2000; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The National Cooperative Inner City Asthma Study is a multicenter, controlled, randomized clinical intervention trial carried out in children with asthma. The study is designed to determine the impact of primary care, clinic-based interventions (asthma counselors, physician education, and control) on symptom days. In New York City, 150 children, 4 to 12 years, from inner city areas, who have moderate to severe asthma with symptoms or on chronic medications during the past year, will be eligible for the investigation. Primary care clinics will be randomized into the 3 intervention groups and the children in these clinics will be followed for 3 years (3 visits/year) after enrollment into the trial. The asthma counselor intervention will be ongoing for 3 years and include modules to reduce environmental (allergens, nitrogen dioxide, environmental tobacco smoke, molds) and psychosocial risks associated with asthma, to increase adherence and to improve asthma management skills. The physician education intervention will consist of 2 formal sessions on asthma management per year for 2 years with feedback on their management practices 3 times per year. An observational study will be done to assess the relation of ambient air pollution to asthma symptoms. A substudy will evaluate the effect of reducing indoor nitrogen dioxide by replacing stoves with pilot lights with ones with auto-ignition lights. Follow-up of symptoms in control and intervention groups will be done by telephone every 2 months. The groups will be compared with respect to symptom days. In addition, comparisons will be made with respect to utilization (unscheduled visits, hospitalizations),

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adherence, quality of life, physician knowledge and quality of asthma care, asthmarelated behavior skills and indoor and outdoor environmental exposures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NOVEL MICROARRAY SYSTEM FOR IN VITRO ALLERGEN TESTING Principal Investigator & Institution: Olejnik, Jerzy; Director of Research; Ambergen, Inc. 1106 Commonwealth Ave Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Fifty million Americans suffer from allergic diseases including asthma, rhinitis, sinusitis, dermatitis and food allergy. Allergies constitute the 6th leading cause of chronic disease and involve at least $20 billion in annual health care costs. For type I allergy, which manifests itself by elevated levels of IgE in the serum, there is a growing need for in vitro immunoassays capable of rapidly quantifying allergen-specific IgEs for the over 300 most common allergens using a single drop of blood. Such a testing modality could significantly improve the efficiency of allergy diagnosis by providing the clinician with data to design a patient-specific, cost effective program of symptom management and therapy. One promising candidate is an allergen microarray system. However, current microarray technology is not sufficiently developed to meet the rigorous demands of clinical diagnostics in terms of low cost, reliability and automation. During Phase I, AmberGen in collaboration with Clinical MicroArrays (CMA), a subcontractor on this project, plans to develop and evaluate an integrated microarray system for simultaneous in vitro measurements of hundreds of allergen-specific IgEs. This integrated system will be based on innovations in several areas of microarray technology including array substrates, method for allergen immobilization, array immunoassays and fluorescent readout. Ultra-low fluorescence array substrates will be produced and evaluated which will be based on polystyrene and nitrocellulose thin films. Novel methods of allergen attachment through covalent bonding to surfaces and by directed binding using biotin-streptavidin bridges will be evaluated. A microarray reader which features high sensitivity evanescent wave detection technology will be evaluated. The integrated system including cassette processing of disposable microarrays will be low-cost and highly automated. Dr. Lynda Schneider, an expert in the field of pediatric in vitro allergy diagnostics and Director of the Allergy/Clinical immunology Program at Boston Children's Hospital and Dr. Helen Hollingsworth, an expert in adult allergies and Director of the allergy unit at Boston University Medical Center will serve as consultants. During Phase II, a complete integrated system including a scanner and array processor, along with a prototype microarray containing several hundred antigens will be developed and evaluated in a clinical setting. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: OUTDOOR ALLERGEN EXPOSURE, SENSITIVITY, AND ACUTE ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Burge, Harriet A.; Associate Professor; Environmental Health; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) Asthma is a growing problem, and outdoor allergens play a role in exacerbation of many cases. A clearer

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understanding of this role and its magnitude, and a means of controlling the effects of outdoor allergen exposures are needed. We propose Poisson time-series and conditional panel studies to test these hypotheses: 1) the incidence of acute asthma attacks, as measured by urgent care inhalation treatments and hospitalizations for asthma, has a dose-dependent relationship with exposure to specific outdoor allergens; 2) specific sensitization to outdoor allergens is a risk factor for having an acute asthma attack; and 3) exposure conditions that lead to acute asthma attacks can be forecast, creating an opportunity to reduce asthma morbidity and mortality by targeted pretreatment and/or exposure controls. We will test Hypothesis I using Poisson time-series analysis of daily outdoor allergen levels and urgent asthma treatments in a large HMO population over 4 years, controlled for air pollution, and meteorological conditions. We will test Hypothesis 2 in a subset of 1,000 of the acute asthma patients by skin testing them with standard allergen preparations and with extracts of air samples. Analyses will be controlled for age, total IgE level, indoor allergen sensitivity and exposure, time spent outdoors, and occupational and cold air exposures. Finally, we will develop models to forecast outdoor allergen exposure, and validate them using general cross-validation techniques. We have demonstrated that this study design is feasible in preliminary work: a) showing a dose-dependent relationship between both total pollen and urgent asthma treatments, b) recruiting and skin testing a small panel of Fallon patients with extracts of outdoor air samples c) generating a predictive model for ragweed pollen. This work demonstrates that we have access to useable clinical data, that we can recruit and test patients, that the study design has sufficient power to be definitive, and that there is a reasonable likelihood that the hypotheses are true. This study will lay a foundation for controlling acute asthma exacerbations caused by outdoor allergens, by identifying the specific allergens responsible, the patients at risk, and providing a means of forecasting hazardous exposure that can provide a focus for targeted prophylactic therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OXIDATIVE STRESS IN ASTHMA INITIATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Sur, Sanjiv; Associate Professor of Internal Medicine; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Asthma is a major health problem in this country. Intrapulmonary allergen challenge in asthma induces a "late phase asthma phenotype," consisting of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), airway mucus production, and Th2 eosinophilic inflammation. A large body of literature has dissected out how peptides and epitopes of pollen-derived antigenic proteins interact with critical components of the adaptive immune system namely Class II MHC on antigen presenting cells, and Tcell receptor on Th2 cells, to induce late phase asthma phenotype. However, it has never been shown that pollens contain a second set of protein(s) with unique biochemical properties that vigorously augments late phase asthma phenotype. Ragweed pollens are known to induce allergic rhinitis and asthma in humans. We discovered that ragweed extract (RW) and many environmental pollen extracts contain potent pro-oxidant activity. Using RW as a prototypic pro-oxidant allergen, we demonstrated that this activity was due to a protein complex consisting of several distinct Pro-Oxidant Proteins (POP) tightly associated with Amb A1 (antigen E), the major antigenic component of RW. We coined a term" Pro-Oxidant Protein and Antigen Complex, (POPAC)" to describe this POP + antigen protein complex. Purified Arab A1, unlike whole RW or

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Amb A1 complexed in POPAC, did not possess pro-oxidant activity. Consistent with this difference in pro-oxidant activity, intrapulmonary challenge of sensitized mice with POPAC, but not Amb A1, potently induced allergic inflammation. We propose that RW (and many other pollen and mold allergens) contains POPAC, a protein complex of at least two physically associated components, the well-known antigenic component, and a novel POP. The overarching goal of this proposal is to determine the mechanism by which POP vigorously augments the late phase asthma phenotype induced by the antigenic component of POPAC. In this proposal, we will test the hypotheses that POPAC-induced immediate oxidative burst is independent of allergic sensitization and adaptive immunity (specific aim 1), and that pro-oxidant proteins augment allergic sensitization and antigen-induced late phase AHR, mucin production and Th2 allergic inflammation in mice (specific aim 2), pro-oxidant activity of RW augments immediate ROS production and late phase symptoms, mucus production and Th2 allergic inflammation in atopic patients (specific aim 3). These studies are designed to elucidate a novel paradigm of late phase asthma phenotype that is initiated by pro-oxidant protein complex (POPAC) present in many environmental pollen and mold allergens. Future studies of POPAC may identify novel therapeutic approaches in asthma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PEER EDUCATION IN PREGNANCY STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Persky, Victoria W.; Professor; Epidemiology and Biostatistics; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-APR-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of this project is to extend the investigators' previously funded Peer Education in Pregnancy Study. The overall goal of the study is to examine the effect of peer education aimed at modification of the home environment on the development of asthma in children at risk for the disease. Secondary goals are to examine the effect of environmental, psychosocial, and nutritional risk factors on the development of asthma in the overall cohort. Specific aims of this proposal are to increase the total recruitment to 500 pregnant women and their unborn infants; increase the time of follow-up of the children to age 3-5 years; expand the exposure assessment to include dust measurements of endotoxins, pyrethroids, and organophosphates and urine measurements of pesticide metabolites; extend the psychosocial and nutritional assessments to include measurements of family function stress and diet during years 1-5; and expand immune assessments to include measurements of interleukins (IL-4, IL-13, and interferon-gamma) at one year of age. The effect of peer education on the development of asthma by age 3-5, as well as the effect of peer education on intermediary endpoints such as smoking, exposure to indoor allergens (cat, cockroach, mite, mouse, beta-glucan, and endotoxins), exposure to pesticides (pyrethroids and organophosphates), and immune function (IgE levels, skin testing for allergens, and cytokines) will be examined. Relationships of exposure to passive smoke, allergens, and pesticides, as well as measures of psychosocial function and nutrition, with the development of asthma and respiratory symptoms in the overall cohort will also be explored. Results of this study will assist in elucidating the etiologic pathway by which asthma develops early in life, as well as assist in the development of effective intervention programs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PERMEABILITY OF THE LUNG TO WATER SOLUBLE SOLUTES Principal Investigator & Institution: Schneeberger, Eveline E.; Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-DEC-1990; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): The long term goal of this proposal is to define the interactions between tight junction (TJ) proteins and the factors regulating their activity in the lung. Four central questions in TJ biology are addressed. 1. What is the role of occludin, claudin-1 and ZO-1 in regulating the barrier function of TJs? This is assessed using unique inducible, doubly transfected epithelial cell clones to vary the relative expression of these proteins; the effect on TJ permeability is then examined. 2. How do specific domains of the claudins determine TJ barrier function? To examine this, specific amino acid sequences are deleted from cytoplasmic and extra-cellular domains of claudin-1 or -4. The TJ permeability properties of epithelial cell clones expressing these modified proteins are evaluated. 3. How is the profound effect of cholesterol (CH) efflux on TJ function related to detergent insoluble CH/glycolipid rafts and is CH closely associated with TJ proteins? A novel radiolabeled, photoactivatable CH analog is used to determine whether CH is bound to occludin and/or the claudins. Differences in the proportions of integral TJ proteins and the lipid composition of the TJ rafts in high and low resistance strains of epithelial cells will provide new clues as to their role in TJ permeability. Increased lipid 2M messenger generation by activation of phospholipases during CH efflux suggest that they are important regulators of TJ barrier function. These phospholipases will be identified and characterized. 4. To what extent are the permeability properties of pulmonary TJs dictated by their protein composition? Immunogold labeling of occludin and six lung-associated claudins is used to map their location to specific epitheliall endothelial TJs of the lung. An LPS-induced model of acute inflammation is used to explore how TJ proteins and the associated lipid rafts, isolated from airway epithelium, are modified during migration of inflammatory cells. The proposed studies will provide new insights into TJ biology and allow development of new strategies to regulate passage of therapeutic agents across lung epithelia and/or to prevent the penetration of allergens through the TJ barrier. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PGE2 REGULATION OF ALLERGIC INFLAMMATION IN THE LUNG Principal Investigator & Institution: Peebles, R. Stokes.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): One of the primary byproducts of acute allergic (IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity) reactions is the generation of arachidonic acid from inflammatory cell membranes. Work by several investigators in in vitro systems suggests that arachidonic acid metabolites, particularly PGE2, may have immunomodulatory effects. However, conflicting results from these in vitro studies have not yielded solid conclusions on the actual roles of these mediators in the development of allergic inflammation. Using an in vivo murine model of type I hypersensitivity to ovalbumin, we have recently reported that inhibition of the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, and therefore PGE2 production, during the development of allergic inflammation conclusively caused a substantial increase in the allergic phenotype. More recently, we found that antibody neutralization of PGE2 in our model increased allergic inflammation. Additionally, in the same model, mice that lacked the PGE2 receptor EP1 also had significantly increased

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allergic inflammation. Based on our preliminary data, we hypothesize that PGE2 downregulates and inhibits lung-specific immune responses. The long-term goal of this proposal is to explore how PGE2 regulates inflammation and immune responses to allergens in the lung. In Specific Aim 1 we will define the immunomodulatory effects of PGE2 on the development of allergic disease. We will define the time (either antigen presentation or effector cell development) at which PGE2 has the greatest influence on Type 2 CD4+ T cell development using antibody neutralization of PGE2, exogenous administration of PGE2, and PGE2 synthase overexpressing mice. We will also determine if the immunomodulatory effect of PGE2 on allergic disease is through PGE2's regulation of leukotriene synthesis. In Specific Aim 2, we will determine the effect of signaling through the four different PGE2 receptors on the development of allergic inflammation in the lung. We will also determine the effect of signaling through the four EP receptors at the initial presentation of antigen on Type 2 cytokine production in vivo and test the effect of signaling through the EP receptors on the antigenindependent development of CD4+ T lymphocytes in vitro. Defining the role of PGE2 and the cellular receptors for PGE2 in the immunobiology of allergic inflammation in the lung may result in novel targets for drug development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHASE I/II TRIAL OF HOKT3(1(ALA-ALA) IN TYPE 1 DIABETES Principal Investigator & Institution: Herold, Kevan C.; Associate Professor; Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center; Columbia University Health Sciences Po Box 49 New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's abstract): Type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease thought to be caused by a T cell mediated destruction of the insulin producing beta cells in the islets of Langerhans. Studies in animal models and limited human clinical studies demonstrate that modulation of T cell responses can alter the natural history of diabetes, but none of the currently available immune suppressive treatments induce a permanent remission of the disease. Animal studies, however, suggest that anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) can reverse diabetes and induce long term tolerance to recurrent autoimmunity. This application is for a Phase I/II trial of a new anti-CD3 mAb, hOKT3gamma1 (Ala-Ala) for treatment of new onset (T1DM). This mAb is a humanized form of OKT3 that does not bind the FcR receptor and thus, will not cause the cytokine release syndrome or development of neutralizing antibodies that preclude use of OKT3 in otherwise healthy patients with T1DM. These and other studies in mice suggest that the reagent can selectively inhibit previously activated cells that produce Th1 cytokines thought to be involved in diabetes. The aims of this phase I/II trial are to test the safety, tolerability, and immune effects of hOKT3gamma1(Ala-Ala). The investigators have designed their application to have sufficient statistical power to test whether treatment with the drug will alter the natural history of beta-cell destruction in T1DM. They will study the effects of the drug on depletion of peripheral T cells, activation of T cells using cellular approaches, T cell proliferative responses to common antigens, and stimulation of anti-Ig responses. They will also study the effects of the drug on diabetes specific immune responses including the titer and isotype of autoantibodies and cellular responses, including cytokine production, to islet antigens such as IA-2. They will compare the effects of the mAb on these responses, thought to be of a Th/Tc1 phenotype to responses to common allergens, which are of a Th2 phenotype. The hypothesis to be tested in this Project is that non-FcR binding mAb will inhibit islet antigen reactive Th1 cells that mediate the destruction of beta cells, and

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thereby alter the natural history of T1DM. Their studies will test a new immunologic approach to treatment that is based on the current understanding of the natural history of diabetes. As a result of these studies, future studies will be of broader scope with a focus on clinical efficacy of non-FcR binding anti-CD3 therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PILOT--INTRINSIC PROPERITES PRECURSORS IN ATOPIC DERMATITIS

OF

LANGERHANS

CELL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Gruchalla, Rebecca S.; Assistant Professor; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: The development of atopic dermatitis (AD), a common chronic inflammatory skin diseases, is thought to be influenced by both environmental factors (allergens) and by genetic factors that control immunological responsiveness to the relevant allergens. Because of their remarkable ability to initiate and regulate cutaneous immune responses, epidermal Langerhans cells (LC), the principal antigen presenting cells (APC) in skin, are thought to play a pivotal role in both the induction and amplification of the inflammation in AD. Moreover, recent evidence show that LC from AD skin differ, both phenotypically and functionally, from those isolated from the skin of normal individuals. These differences may exist at the level of LC precursors as well, since LClike DC precursor CD14+ cells of AD patients are phenotypically and functionally different from LC-like DC generated from counterpart precursors of healthy individuals. The goal of this pilot and feasibility (P&F) study is to characterize the intrinsic properties of LC precursors that govern their differentiation towards the abnormal phenotype characteristic of that seen in patients with AD. The proposed studies are related to, but nonetheless a distinct departure from the PI's previous research focus. The specific aims are: Aim 1. To determine whether phenotypic abnormalities exist at the level of DD14+ LC precursors in AD. Aim 2. To determine whether genetic polymorphisms reported for AD are present in CD14+ LC precursors of AD patients. Aim 3. To determine whether CD14+ precursors from AD patients vs. normal controls are differentially regulated by specific cytokines. Aim 4. To examine whether drugs used for treatment of AD modulate properties of LC CD14+ precursors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: POSITIONAL RESPONSIVENESS

CANDIDATE

GENES

FOR

AIRWAY

Principal Investigator & Institution: Ewart, Susan L.; Associate Professor; Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Michigan State University 301 Administration Bldg East Lansing, Mi 48824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): A genetic predisposition to the development of asthma along with exposure to environmental factors such as allergens are required for the development of clinical symptoms. Airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, and elevated serum IgE are integral components of the asthma phenotype. Abhr1(lod=4.2) and Abhr2(lod=3.7) are quantitative genes that control susceptibility to airway hyperresponsiveness in the progeny of inbred mouse strains(A/J and C3H/HeJ) with significantly different susceptibilities to allergeninduced airway hyperresponsiveness. These genes are located on murine chromosome 2 near the genes for GATA-3 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. GATA-3 is essential

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for Th2-driven inflammation and has been shown to be increased in the airways of asthmatics. Interleukin (IL-1) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine and has been implicated in chronic diseases, including asthma. Thus, based on compelling evidence for linkage and relevant mechanisms of action, we hypothesize that genes encoding GATA-3 and/or interleukin-1 receptor antagonist contribute to allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in our murine model. The overall objective of the current study is to understand the molecular mechanisms that cause airway hyperresponsiveness. The investigators will fine map the location of the gene(s) causing allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in our mouse model by refining quantitative associations between allergen-induced airway responsiveness and DNA marker genotypes using crosses between A/J and C3H/HeJ mice. They will investigate the role of positional candidate genes for antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness by 1) determining polymorphisms in genes encoding GATA-3 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; 2) determining whether these polymorphisms result in altered message or protein levels, and lastly determining whether polymorphisms are associated with allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness via consegregation and functional studies. The results of these studies may lead to better prevention and treatment of asthma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PREVENTION OF CHRONIC ASTHMA: AGE 7 FOLLOW UP Principal Investigator & Institution: Klinnert, Mary D.; Associate Professor; National Jewish Medical & Res Ctr and Research Center Denver, Co 80206 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of the proposed project is to follow up and evaluate at age 7 a cohort of low income urban children who have participated in the Childhood Asthma Prevention Study (CAPS) since their enrollment prior to age 2. CAPS is a Demonstration and Education randomized, controlled intervention study, now in its 5th year of funding, that has been aimed at reducing asthma prevalence, severity, and morbidity among low income, urban children. Children ages 9-24 months with documentation of multiple wheezing episodes and additional risk factors for childhood asthma were enrolled. They received a nurse home visitor intervention that targeted allergens in the home, environmental tobacco smoke exposure, and quality of maternal caregiving, particularly in relation to asthma prevention and management. Original study goals included following the children to age 4. At this time almost half of the children have reached their 4th birthday and have been evaluated for asthma. Preliminary data suggest that the intervention may have been effective in reducing asthma at age 4. However, asthma at age 4 is a mixture of asthma phenotypes that will become much more clear by the time the children reach age 7. Thus, evaluating the children for asthma at age 7 will provide valuable information regarding the effects of the intervention. Further, for 4-year-olds methods for obtaining objective assessments of pulmonary functions are still under development, whereas by age 7 children can perform spirometry adequately to derive objective measures. Besides evaluating the long-term effects of the intervention, follow-up of the cohort to age 7 will provide an opportunity for a detailed examination of psychosocial, environmental, and ethnicity factors that were shown in baseline analyses to be associated with initial outcomes. Finally, the follow-up provides a unique opportunity to investigate the role of concurrent caregiver mental health on asthma morbidity and related health care utilization among these low-income children. We plan to obtain objective evaluations of cigarette smoke exposure (cotinine) and asthma medication adherence (electronic monitoring) at age 7 in order to determine the extent to which poor medication

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adherence and cigarette smoke exposure mediate the relationship between caregiver mental health and child asthma morbidity. In addition, we will use the early data to identify developmental precursors for poor adherence and increased asthma morbidity at age 7. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROTEOMICS OF DEP-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Nel, Andre E.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) An urgent need exists for toxicological profiling of ambient air particulates. The investigators are studying the adjuvant effects of DEP and CAPS in allergic airway inflammation and asthma. In vivo studies in animals and humans have demonstrated that DEP enhance IgE production and allergic inflammation during challenges by common environmental allergens. This effect involves the generation of oxidative stress and can be reversed with thiol antioxidants. The prooxidative and pro-inflammatory effects of DEP can be reproduced in vitro with organic DEP extracts as well as aromatic and polar chemical groups prepared from these particles and fractionated by silica gel chromatography. The investigators hvpothesize that redox cycling polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxidized derivatives are responsible for oxidative stress effects in the respiratory tree, and that new biomarkers can be developed around this principle with a proteomics approach. Novel proteome display techniques have recently been developed to identify oxidatively modified proteins in tissue culture cells and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. The principal investigator's long-term goal is to use the comprehensive particle and proteomics infrastructure at UCLA to develop new biomarkers to follow the adverse health effects of particulate matter (PM) in susceptible populations. In order to accomplish this goal, the researchers will use a proteomics approach to identify newly induced as well as oxidatively modified proteins in macrophage and epithelial cell lines during exposure to organic DEP chemicals (Specific Aim 1). These cells will be exposed to crude DEP extracts as well as polar and aromatic chemical groups fractionated from these particles by silica gel chromatography. Whole cell extracts will be resolved by 2-D electrophoresis, followed by protein image analysis and generation of a 2-D database for identifying newly expressed proteins by in-gel digestion and mass spectrometry. The contribution of oxidative stress will be tested by the inclusion of thiol antioxidants in the culture medium, as well as by the implementation of novel techniques for the display of protein carbonyls and nitrotyrosines by 2-D electrophoresis. A complementary approach will be to use proteomics to identify oxidative stress and oxidatively modified proteins in the BAL fluid from an established murine model demonstrating the adjuvant effects of aerosolized DEP towards an inhaled antigen (ovalbumin)(Specific Aim 2). The investigators will determine whether treatment of these animals with a thiol antioxidant can suppress DEP-induced oxidative stress events in the BAL fluid. They will also use a display of protein carbonyls to identity oxidatively modified proteins in the BAL fluid. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: POLLUTANTS

PULMONARY

EFFECTS

OF

ENVIROMENTAL

OXIDANT

Principal Investigator & Institution: Plopper, Charles G.; Professor and Chairperson; Vet Anatomy/Physiol/Cell Biol; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 956165200 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1978; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Ozone is the principal oxidant air pollutant in most American cities. Our program has established that the pathobiologic response of the mammalian respiratory system to inhalation system to inhalation of ambient concentrations of ozone focuses on the epithelium and varies by species, position within the airway tree and duration of exposure. The focus of this renewal will be the cellular, physiologic, and molecular mechanisms by which exposure to oxidant air pollutant sin concern with allergens, contributes to the development of asthma. Our studies will be directed towards the impact of environmental exposures on children, a special population in which the incidence of asthma has been increasing in recent years. The program is organized around the premise that the cellular and acellular components in the walls of tracheobronchial airways form an interactive, trophic unit. The overall hypothesis being tested is that the episodic nature of environmental exposure to oxidant air pollutants: a) promotes the development of asthma and exacerbates the allergen response in asthmatics by altering the homeostasis of the airway epithelial mesenchymal trophic unit in adults; and b) elevates the severity of asthma in the young by fundamentally altering the postnatal development of these trophic interactions. These changes result from continual cycles of acute injury, inflammation and repair superimposed on the immune response to allergen exposure. Project 1 will address the change sin the epithelial and mesenchymal compartments of the trophic unit. Project 2 will address the impact of the immune response and inflammation on the organization of this unit Project 3 will address changes in the nervous components of this unit. All three projects will compare response in the same neonatal and adult rhesus monkeys following episodic exposure to ozone and repeated challenge with a human allergen, house dust mite, during either the injury inflammation phase of ozone exposure or the repair phase. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RAPID AND INEXPENSIVE BIOCHIP-BASED ALLERGY TESTING Principal Investigator & Institution: Strother, Todd C.; Gen Tell Biosurfaces, Inc. 510 Charmany Dr, Ste 160 Madison, Wi 53719 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-MAR-2004; Project End 30-SEP-2004 Summary: GenTel BioSurfaces (GenTel) seeks to establish the technical merit and feasibility of an allergen biochip for use as a rapid, inexpensive and easy-to-use in vitro method for identifying elevated allergen-specific IgE titers in serum. This biochip is based upon a uniform gold surface that is highly amenable to chemical modification and uses a unique microchannel technology (Array 2 Microchannels). On-chip microchannels enable many discreet interactions to be studied simultaneously and allow rapid, on-chip generation of a standard curve. Quantification is obtained in an analogous manner to an enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Together, these technologies allow GenTel to develop a robust allergen biochip that can be used to rapidly quantitate allergen-specific IgE titers in serum. This biochip will find applications in the clinical and research communities including, but not limited to, allergen-specific IgE profiling of human patients, monitoring vaccine and therapeutic antibody efficacy in animal models, antigenic determination and localization of

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antibody populations. The objectives of this proposal are to: (1) Select optimal surface chemistry for attachment of allergens as measure by the highest, specific binding of target IgE; (2) develop and determine optimal surface chemistry for blocking nonspecific adsorption of human serum components to the array surface as measured by the highest signal: noise ratio and (3) to validate the ability of the proposed allergen biochip to quantitatively determine the titer of an allergen-specific IgE using our innovative Array" Microchannels by comparing the results to those obtained by ELISA. A followup Phase II proposal will broaden the number of allergens tested and further develop our Array 2 Microfluidics technology by integrating sample purification with the biochip. This will enable direct application of whole blood to the biochip and an inexpensive chip-reading allergy test with a turnaround time of about one hour. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RAPID TEST FOR MONITORING DUST MITE AVOIDANCE IN HOMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Chapman, Martin D.; Associate Professor; Indoor Biotechnologies 1216 Harris St Charlottesville, Va 22903 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Allergens found in the home derived from dust mites, animal dander, cockroaches and fungi are commonly associated with the development of asthma. Reducing allergen exposure is a primary goal of asthma management, yet there are no simple tests that enable allergic patients and consumers to measure allergen exposure in the home. In Phase I, the feasibility of using a lateral flow test for mite Group 2 allergen as part of home based allergen detection kit was demonstrated. The test detected mite allergen in dust samples within 10 minutes, correlated with enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) results, and was used to monitor allergen levels in homes and changes in allergen levels following an intervention procedure (steam cleaning). The aims of Phase II are to optimize tests for mite allergen and to investigate the hypothesis that using the test as a tool to educate patients about allergen exposure will encourage implementation and compliance with allergen avoidance procedures. The predictive value of tests for mite Group 1 and Group 2 allergens will be compared to select the optimal test for allergen assessment. A randomized controlled trial will study allergic patients compliance with avoidance procedures, comparing patients who use the mite test on a regular basis, with those who have educational materials but no test. Rapid tests will be developed for cat, dog and cockroach allergens, with the aim of producing a single allergen test card for multiple allergens that can be used to screen for allergen exposure in the home. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: Effective consumer tests for allergens are not available. INDOOR Biotechnologies will market the test through distributors that sell allergen control products, indoor air quality testing services, and household cleaning products. Several companies have expressed strong interest in marketing the allergen tests. Our goals are to market 100,000 tests by the end of Phase II. Lateral flow technology will enable tests for food and latex allergens to be developed, as well as a new generation of rapid allergen diagnostic tests using genetically engineered allergens. The Phase II project will result in the development of consumer based allergen tests that will improve asthma management using environmental control procedures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: REDEFINING THE MAJOR PEANUT ALLERGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dreskin, Stephen C.; Medicine; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Allergic reactions to peanuts occur because susceptible individuals respond to exposure to peanuts by producing a plasma protein, IgE that binds to a high affinity receptor, FcepsilonRI on mast cells and basophils. This IgE can be cross-linked by specific allergens leading to activation of mast cells and basophils and subsequent allergic reactions. Three major peanut allergens have been described in detail based on their ability to bind IgE on Western blots and to interact with IgE in RAST-inhibition assays. These are Ara h1, Ara h2, and Ara h3. The degree to which these allergens contribute functionally to the activity in crude peanut extracts has never been documented. We propose to use in vitro functional assays to better define the major peanut allergens and will test our in vitro findings in vivo using a mouse model of peanut allergy. Our preliminary data suggests that most of our patients with hypersensitivity to peanuts react to Ara h2 at a 2 log or better sensitivity than to Ara h1. As part of this proposal, these observations will be correlated with independent analysis of these sera on immunoblot. We have further assessed the reactivity of our patients to Ara hl and Ara h2 by quantitating the reactivity to purified proteins and comparing that reactivity to the reactivity with crude peanut extracts. Based on our preliminary data, neither Ara hl nor Ara h2 appear to be major functional allergens in 6 of 7 patients we have examined, whereas Ara h2 may be of great importance in one of seven patients. In a preliminary study, we have separated peanut proteins by anion exchange chromatography and find that a significant portion of the functional allergic activity chromatographs in fractions that do not contain Ara hl or Ara h2. The contents of these fractions is unknown but will be analyzed by functional assays, 2d gels, mass spectroscopy, and IgE immunoblotting. Therefore, we propose to combine functional assays with standard immunoblotting techniques and the power of proteomics to define in molecular detail the peanut allergens quantitatively responsible for mast cell activation in patients with systemic reactions to peanuts. Employment of this approach to define novel, functional major allergens has the potential to completely change our thinking as to which peanut allergens are the most important in specific patients for allergic reactions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: REGULATION OF EXOCYTOSIS IN MAST CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Castle, John D.; Cell Biology; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Mast cells are specialized for responding to immunoglobulin E and associated allergens and play a key role in initiating allergic inflammation. They respond to stimulation by secreting a variety of inflammatory mediators and cytokines that alter vascular permeability, remodel extracellular matrix, and recruit other host defense cells that amplify the inflammatory response. Many of the secretory products are stored in membrane-bounded granules within the cytoplasm, and their release occurs by compound exocytosis, a massive cascade of granule-plasma membrane and granule-granule fusions involving most if not all of the storage granules. While much progress has been made in understanding the structure and early signaling of the IgE receptor (FceR), much less is known about the regulation and mechanisms of

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downstream events in the cascade that links stimulation to compound exocytosis. Understanding these events is of great medical interest as early occurrence in the hierarchical inflammatory response suggests an attractive site for intervention in developing therapies that control asthma, anaphylactic shock, and other acute host reactions to allergens and active peptides. Studies forming the basis of this proposal have shown that compound exocytosis in mast cells is regulated by a novel mechanism involving stimulus-dependent relocation within the cell of the protein SNAP-23 that is thought to comprise part of the fusion machinery. SNAP-23, one of the SNARE family of membrane fusion proteins, relocates in response to secretory stimulation from lamellipodia-like plasma membrane folds along the plasma membrane and intracellularly to granule surfaces. Relocation of SNAP-23 is essential for compound exocytosis and is hypothesized to involve distinct steps of mobilization, cytoskeletallyassisted relocation, and engagement with other SNARE proteins to promote membrane fusion. The overall goal of this proposal is to characterize the molecular mechanisms comprising each of these steps. Streptolysin-O permeabilized mast cells and rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells will be used to address how phosphorylation of SNAP-23 regulates mobilization; what proteins interact with SNAP-23 preceding and following mobilization; how Rho family GTPases and F-actin promote relocation; and how assembly of SNAP-23-containing SNARE complexes relates to engagement and secretion. In addition, a newly discovered inhibitor of compound exocytosis, a peptide derived from one of the secretory carrier membrane proteins (SCAMPs), will be used to analyze its effects on the relocation and function of SNAP-23. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RESPONSES TO RSV AND ALLERGENS AS ANTECEDENTS OF ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Halonen, Marilyn J.; Professor; None; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 17-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The long-term objective of this project is to elucidate the mechanisms by which allergen sensitization and viral respiratory illnesses mutually influence one another early in life so as to confer risk for asthma. The relationships of asthma to wheezing lower respiratory illnesses (wLRIs) early in life and to sensitization to certain asthma-related allergens have often been addressed but remain poorly defined. This project proposes and tests a mechanistic basis for these relationships. Three specific aims are proposed: 1) to identify the temporal patterns in and mechanisms of development of mitogen and RSV-specific T cytotoxic cell subsets (CD8+ Tc1 and Tc2) and mitogen and Alt-specific T helper cell subsets (CD4+ Th1 and Th2); 2) to determine the immune mechanisms for the absence of peripheral blood eosinopenic responses during viral respiratory infections in children at risk for asthma; and 3) to identify temporal pattern and the mechanisms of the induction of Alt-specific IgE and RSV-specific IgE in infancy in relation to the occurrence of LRIs and parental history of asthma. A unifying hypothesis is offered that children at risk for asthma may have wLRIs in the third year of life because of a persisting deficiency in cytotoxic function of the CD8+ Tc1 subset of cells, a deficiency which is suggested to originate differently in children with and without a parental history of asthma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RODENT ALLERGEN IN HOMES OF LATINO CHILDREN WITH ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Berg, Jill; None; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Asthma affects approximately 6 million American children (President's task force, 2000) and is the most common cause of school absences and the second leading cause of pediatric emergency room visits (Clark, 1998). Indoor environmental allergens contribute substantially to childhood asthma morbidity. Eggleston (2000) reported in his review of the National Cooperative Inner City Asthma Study, that children with sensitivity to indoor allergens, such as cockroach, had more asthma attacks and ER visits. Indoor environmental allergens such as cockroaches, dust mites, mold, pet dander, tobacco smoke and other agents can be effectively controlled and have been linked to a reduction in asthma symptoms (Kreiger et al., 2000). Recently, a study has been published that examined the effect of rodent allergen in inner city children with asthma (Phipatanakul et al., 2000). Rodent allergen had previously been implicated as an asthma trigger in occupational health settings but had not been the subject of study in indoor environments for children with asthma. The proposed research plan targets rodent allergen in Latino children with asthma residing in Los Angeles. The specific aims of the research plan are to: 1. Determine the presence of rodent allergen and examine the correlation between self-reported appearance of rodents and detectable rodent allergen levels in inner city homes in LA; 2. Examine the relationship between rodent allergen concentration, sensitization and asthma quality of life in Los Angeles inner-city Latino children with asthma; 3. Determine the effect of a standard rodent eradication protocol on levels of rodent allergen in the home and 4. Explore cultural and environmental barriers to effective rodent eradication in Latino inner city families with a child with asthma. To accomplish these aims, the applicant seeks further training in environmental allergen assessment for children with asthma. This is a natural extension of the applicant's background in nursing, asthma and behavioral science. The training portion of this application is designed to provide solid theoretical foundation, environmental allergen particle measurement skills, cultural competency skills related to influencing adherence to environmental changes and statistical knowledge to prepare the candidate for a research career in the area of environmental allergen exposure for Latino families with a child with asthma. The candidate's prior studies focused on asthma and adherence among non- Latino adults. Latinos are the most rapidly growing ethnic group in the nation and the candidate's long-term research plans target asthma intervention in this impoverished, underserved and vulnerable population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ROLE OF EXTRACELLULAR PROTEOLYSIS IN EPITHELIAL DEFENSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Werb, Zena; Professor and Vice Chair; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: Infectious agents, allergens and other noxious agents enter through exposed mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. In response to these pathological agents inflammatory and immune cells are recruited and cross the epithelial barrier in response to a chemotactic gradient. To maintain their function as a barrier to infection, an adequate number of inflammatory cells must cross

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into the lumenal spaces. In addition, if the mucosal epithelium is compromised, the defense against infection is lost. The epithelial barrier musttherefore be restored as quickly as possible, to minimize the opportunity for entry of infectious agents. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are upregulated during lung injury, repair and inflammation. Transgenic mouse models with altered proteolytic potential present unique opportunities to elucidate important cellular and genetic pathways by which extracellular proteolysis participates in these epithelial defenses a mechanism. The overall goal of this proposal is to identify the pathways impacting epithelial defense (inflammatory cell recruitment, epithelial repair) regulated by MMPs and to identify their ma.ior tissue substrates. We will address the characteristics and functional significance of MMP interactions by combined in vivo and in vitro approaches. We propose to determine the role of MMPs in regulating chemoattractants for inflammatory cells in the bronchioalveolar spaces. We hypothesize that dysregulated airway MMP activity modifies the synthesis or release of chemoattractants and/or antagonists of chemoattractant action, into the airspaces, and thus chemoattractant gradients needed to attract the cells out of the parenchymal space into the airspaces are not formed or maintained. We will study this in vivo using micro-organisms or their products in models of infection or allergic sensitization in mice that have genetic modifications in MMP expression or activity, or treat mice with MMP inhibitors. We will evaluate cell recruitment as well as analyse the production of chemoattractants in the spaces. We then propose to determine the mechanism of action and molecular targets of MMPs that regulate inflammatory cell recruitment into the airspaces using normal and genetically modified epithelial cell in culture in collaboration with Project 3 and Cores B and C. We use both candidate and unbiased biochemical approaches. In collaboration with Projects 1 and 2 we will also investigate the role of MMPs in epithelial wound healing using MMP mutant mice, and cells and MMP inhibitors. The immediate implications of this work are in its applications to use of instilled chemoattractant agents and other molecules that modify epithelial defense and will provide proof-of-principle that these critical MMP substrates are potentially efficacious in intervention in epithelial defense mechanisms. Only a thorough understanding of the actions and effects of MMPs and their major substrates will help mitigate the defense against infection so that recruitment of adequate numbers of inflammatory cells into the spaces beyond the epithelial barrier and the ability of the epithelial to repair itself can be accelerated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ROLE INFLAMMATION

OF

THE

IGE-FCERI

NETWORK

IN

ALLERGIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Kinet, Jean-Pierre M.; Director, Laboratory of Allergy & Immuno; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: This proposal outlines a project designed to meet the requirements for an Asthma and Allergic Diseases Research (AADRC). Role of the IgE-FceRi network in allergic inflammation. All are united by the central theme that three major steps lead to the development of the asthmatic disease: the initial immunization phase against allergens (step 1) the amplification of the Th2 response (step 2), and the development of the effector response and asthma (step3). The hypothesis of this project is that cells expressing high affinity IgE receptor in the form of alphagamma2 contributes to the regulation of the IgE immune response (step 2) and participates in the effector functions of the IgE- FcepsilonRI network in vivo (step 3). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SOCIO-CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON ALLERGIC SENSITIZATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Chew, Ginger L.; Assistant Professor; Environmental Health Sciences; Columbia University Health Sciences Po Box 49 New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The prevalence of asthma among children of Puerto Rican ethnicity residing in New York City (NYC) has already been reported as among the highest in the world. In addition, we understand that housing factors influence levels of indoor allergens, such that poor housing lends rise to cockroach and mouse allergens, and high humidity is associated with high house dust mite (HDM) allergen levels. What is NOT known is the critical period of exposure in early life, the level of allergen exposure, and the duration of the exposure that leads to sensitization to indoor allergens, and how socioeconomic status, level of acculturation, and travel between NYC and Puerto Rico among these families influences this critical exposure. Our hypothesis is that Puerto Rican children living in NYC are exposed to more indoor allergens early in life than other children in NYC because they do travel to tropical environments where different types of dust mites are more abundant than in NYC. We will assess socioeconomic status, level of acculturation, travel between NYC and Puerto Rico, and the indoor allergen levels in their home environment in NYC and in the homes in Puerto Rico that are visited by them during the first 4 years of life among a birth cohort of Puerto Rican ethnicity from families where the mother has inhalant allergy living in NYC. At two timepoints, 2 and 4 years, we will collect blood from the child and measure IgE specific for dust mite, cat, cockroach, and mouse allergens. At the 4 yr clinic visit, we will also assess whether the child has a diagnosis of probable persistent wheeze asthma or other allergic diseases. Our assembled team includes an aeroallergen scientist, asthma and social epidemiologists, a pediatric pulmonologist, and a statistician, all of which are experienced in conducting large-scale, population-based studies. If we show that travel to Puerto Rico is associated with sensitization to HDM, will this deter parents from taking their children with them to the island? We hope not, because familial and cultural relations are important. This is where the blend of social and environmental science is crucial. We must understand how the two lead to allergic sensitization and be cognizant that they both will be required for the most effective primary prevention of allergic asthma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY OF CEDAR POLLEN ALLERGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Midoro-Horiuti, Terumi; Pediatrics; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Candidate: The applicant, Terumi Midoro-Horiuti, M.D., Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB). Dr. Midoro completed her residency in pediatrics, her clinical fellowship in allergy/immunology in Japan, research fellowship in Child Health Research Center at the University of Texas Medical Branch. Dr. Midoro and her supervisors at the University of Texas Medical Branch realize additional training in structural and molecular biology will enhance Dr. Midoro's transition into independent investigator. Sponsor: Her mentor, Randall Goldblum, M.D. is a Professor in the Department of Pediatrics and Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics and a Director of Child Health Research Center. Co-mentor, Werner Braun, PhD. is a Professor in the

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Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics and a Senior Scientist of the Sealy Center for Structural Biology. Career Development Plan: The educational goal Dr. Midoro proposes here is to learn the theory and practice of structural biology through course work and an investigation of the mechanisms of allergen recognition and allergic sensitization. During the first two years Dr. Midoro will take formal courses: Structure and Function of Biomolecules, and Bioinformatics tools on the Web supported by the Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics. She will devote 80% of her time to her training and her research project. The hypothesis that will be tested by the proposed studies is that conformational IgE epitopes are structurally different from epitopes recognized by other isotypes and are, at least in part, responsible for the allergenicity of certain proteins. The specific aims that will test the hypothesis are to: (1) Identify conformational IgE and IgG epitopes by probing a phage display peptide library. (2) Identify critical elements of linear and conformational epitopes by comparing structures of sensitizing allergens with those of their phylogenetic homologues. (3) Design epitope mimics (mimotopes) of Jun a 1 epitopes that prevent IgE binding and cross-linking by allergens. Child Health Research Center and Searly Center for Structural Biology at the UTMB provide an ideal environment for training Dr. Midoro by incorporating expertise from diverse fields. Completion of this project should greatly enhance Dr. Midoro's chances of an independent research carrier. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TARGETED DELIVERY OF INTERLEUKIN-10 Principal Investigator & Institution: Ferkol, Thomas W.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): The respiratory epithelium is the first line of defense in the lung, and is constantly exposed to numerous airborne pathogens, allergens, and other noxious agents. Several innate host defenses have evolved to protect the lung, but a critical feature of pulmonary immunity is the ability of the airway to defend itself yet regulate the inflammatory response to avoid its injury and destruction. This inflammatory response is dysregulated in cystic fibrosis (CF), and similar defects may also exist in other airway diseases like asthma. Recent investigations suggest that an intrinsic, inhibitory mechanism is defective in chronic airway diseases and could account for exaggerated or persistent airway inflammation. Various effector cells that reside in the respiratory tract could be modulated by this inhibition, but we postulate that the respiratory epithelial cell is the primary target and is central to the airway's response to bacterial and antigenic stimuli. In this proposal, we will test this hypothesis by blocking the respiratory epithelium's response to such stimuli, using a novel delivery system that transports interleukin-10 (IL-10) to the epithelial lumen by exploiting the properties of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). We have constructed fusion proteins that consist of single-chain Fv antibodies directed against the extracellular portion of plgR, or secretory component (SC), linked to the antiinflammatory cytokine, human IL-10 (hIL-l0). Using this approach, we will be able to define the role(s) of the respiratory epithelial cell in the development of airway inflammation by concentrating the anti-inflammatory agent at the immediate epithelial surface. First, we will compare the penetration of free and "targeted" hIL-10 (i.e., anti-SC Fv/hIL-10 fusion protein) through epithelial monolayers in culture, and examine the immunomodulatory effects of these cytokines in model cell systems. We will then define the pharmacological and immunological properties of the targeted IL-10 in transgenic mice that express human pIgR in their airways, and establish that hIL-10 is effectively

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delivered to the respiratory epithelium. Finally, we will examine the effects of hIL-10 delivered specifically to the lumenal surface of the respiratory epithelium in disease models of endobronchial inflammation, and compare the anti-inflammatory effects of the fusion protein with free hIL-10. These investigations will allow us to define the mechanisms by which IL-l0 may act in the airway, and determine if such fusion proteins could potentially be used for therapeutic purposes in CF, asthma, and other airway diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TEAM TARGETING THE ENVIRONMENT AND ASTHMA MANAGEMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Crain, Ellen F.; Pediatrics; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2000; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (adapted from applicant's Abstract): Hospitalizations and deaths from asthma are highest among inner-city African-American and Latino children. These children may be at greatest risk because they have disproportionately worse access to health care and to quality asthma care, poor self-management skills, and increased exposure to environmental allergens and irritants, particularly ETS and cockroach allergens. The applicants propose to implement a culturally sensitive, cost-effective sixsite intervention for inner-city poor children with asthma aged 4 to 12 years of age called Targeting the Environment and Asthma Management (TEAM). This is a three-pronged intervention which includes the following: (1) the delivery of high-quality asthma care by primary care physicians trained in quality asthma management and behavioral strategies to enhance patient satisfaction; (2) a self- management component by a bilingual Asthma Counselor, who will reinforce the physicians' teaching, review the medication plan, and teach culturally-appropriate self-management skills; and (3) an environmental component in which all TEAM families will be taught environmental control, and TEAM patients who are skin-test positive to cockroach allergens will be offered cockroach eradication services. At each site, three cohorts of 60 subjects each will undergo a baseline interview and be randomly assigned to the TEAM intervention group or the control group. Data will be collected at baseline, at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months during the intervention, and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months following the intervention period. The intervention will be evaluated for its short- and long-term effectiveness. Primary outcomes include days of cough and wheeze, sleep and play disruption, school days missed, and disruption of caretaker plans. Health utilization outcomes include emergency room (ER) visits, unscheduled and scheduled visits, and hospitalizations. Costs of care for the intervention and control groups will also be monitored. It is hypothesized that functional morbidity and utilization will be significantly less for children in the TEAM intervention group compared with the control group. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: THE PATHOGENESIS AND GENETICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Schwartz, David A.; Professor of Medicine and Genetics; Medicine; Duke University Durham, Nc 27710 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: The overall theme of this Program Project Grant (P01) is to understand further the pathogenesis and genetics of asthma by studying environmental airway

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disease. We chose this theme for our PPG for the following reasons: 1) the symptoms and signs of asthma constitute a broad clinical phenotype; 2) asthma is a complex genetic disease caused by many biologically unique gene-gene and gene-environment interactions; 3) environmental models of airway disease serve to narrow the biological phenotype of asthma, providing an ideal opportunity to study the pathogenesis and genetics of this complex disease; and 4) this theme builds on existing scientific expertise and ensures a highly interactive program. Since acquired and innate mechanisms of immunity can function independently or interactively to cause or exacerbate asthma, we have chosen to use allergens and/or irritants (endotoxin and ozone) in the proposed projects to narrow the exposure-response phenotype and investigate the pathogenesis and genetics of environmental airway disease. The end result is a highly integrated and focused program that has the potential to make a number of novel, related observations. The primary hypothesis unifying this research program is that investigating environmental airway disease by modeling biologically unique gene-environmentasthma phenotypes will advance our understanding of the pathogenesis and genetics of asthma. The project-specific hypotheses proposal are: Project 1: Polymorphisms of genes expressed by airway cells in asthmatics following specific subsegmental airway challenges predispose individuals to the development of asthma. Project 2: Integrating the assessment of the environmental risk factors with an enhanced understanding of specific asthma susceptibility genes will lead to a coherent understanding of the relationship between genes, environment, and the development of asthma in an African American population. Project 3: Specific gene polymorphisms/mutations contribute to differential susceptibility to Oa-induced lung injury in asthmatic and normal subjects, and specific acquired host factors regulate injury from exposure to O3. Project 4: Alteration in airway SNO metabolism is important in the pathogenesis of asthma resulting in the dysregulation of airway cell apoptosis that contributes to the acute and chronic inflammatory changes seen in asthma. In aggregate, the coupled scientific findings in this program will substantially enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis and genetics of asthma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE ROLE OF TH CELL SUBSETS AND ALLERGIC LUNG INFLAMMATI Principal Investigator & Institution: Umetsu, Dale T.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The long term goals of this project are to determine and understand the role of CD4 Th cell subsets in the development, maintenance, reduction, and prevention of allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity. We and others have shown that Th2 cells play a major role in producing and exacerbating allergic inflammation, and it has been assumed that Th cells with the "alternative" cytokine profile (i.e., Th1 cells) inhibit and prevent allergic inflammation in nonallergic individuals. Preliminary data in our laboratory however, indicate that antigen-specific Th1 cell lines when transferred into recipient mice, do not down regulate airway hyperreactivity but instead cause severe lung disease. This suggests that cell types other than Th1 cells (e.g., those producing TGF-beta), and other cellular processes may be involved in protective immune responses to allergens that down regulate and prevent allergic inflammatory responses in normal nonallergic individuals. The goals therefore of this proposal are to directly examine the capacity of Th1 cells and other types of regulatory cells to mitigate allergic inflammation and allergen- induced airway hyperreactivity. We will directly examine: 1.

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the role of Th1 and ThO cells in allergic airway hyperreactivity (a model for asthma). 2. the role of TGF-beta producing cells (established by gene transfer) in the regulation of airway hyperreactivity. 3. specific mechanisms that induce tolerance and inhibit airway hyperreactivity in mice rendered unresponsive to ovalbumin (e.g., the role of antigen presentation by B cells and by alveolar macrophages, and the role of costimulation with CTLA-4). We have established several unique models for airway hyperreactivity and intranasal tolerance, have assembled a broad range of reagents, and have exciting preliminary data to perform the proposed experiments. These innovative studies will expand our understanding of the complexity and diversity of Th cells and of immune responses that protect against allergy and asthma. They will provide the basis for development of new disease-modifying strategies to treat and potentially cure patients with allergy and asthma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRIAL OF INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE ASTHMA MORBIDITY Principal Investigator & Institution: O'connor, George T.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2000; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (adapted from applicant's Abstract): Comprehensive case management by a specially trained nurse and home environmental evaluation and intervention by trained personnel have been proposed as interventions which can reduce childhood asthma morbidity. Both of these, however, are of unproven benefit among urban asthmatic children of low-income families. Furthermore, the impact if these interventions, which require an initial financial investment by health care organizations, on health care costs has not been established. The applicants propose to conduct a randomized, controlled trial of the effectiveness and cost impact of (a) case management by a specially trained nurse and (b) a home environment control intervention among four- to twelve-year-old children with moderate-to-severe asthma receiving care in five inner-city neighborhood health centers and in the Pediatric Clinic of Boston City Hospital (BCH). Using a factorial design, subjects will be randomized to receive one, both, or neither intervention. The following specific questions will be addressed: (1) Does case management by a nurse with special training in asthma care, working in concert with the primary care clinician, result in decreased utilization of acute care (i.e., hospitalization, emergency department care, and unscheduled clinic visits), decreased school absenteeism, and increased quality of life? (2) Does a home environment control intervention implemented by trained personnel visiting the patient's home result in the outcomes listed for Aim 1? (3) Does the combination of both interventions provide additional benefit beyond that provided by either intervention alone? (4) To what extent do these interventions lead to sustained reductions in the concentrations of important indoor allergens in house dust? To what extent are these reductions correlated with improvement in clinical outcomes? (5) What is the impact of these two interventions, alone or in combination, on direct health care costs? Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: WISCONSIN TRAINING PROG

ALLERGY

AND

IMMUNOLOGY

RESEARCH

Principal Investigator & Institution: Busse, William W.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005

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Summary: (adapted from the application): The proposed allergy/immunology training (Wisconsin Allergy Research Training) (WISCART) program will provide structured and interactive research training to researchers with either M.D. or Ph.D. degrees, and in doing so, will prepare the trainees for careers in academic medicine. In addition to postdoctoral training, the WISCART program will provide predoctoral trainees with an indepth summer research program in order to foster interest and gain experience in allergy/immunology research. The WISCART program is designed to provide 4-5 years of research training largely through mentored research. The faculty of the program has well-established and federally funded research programs with interdisciplinary research activities that emphasize the application of basic concepts of immunology, virology, molecular biology, and cell biology to clinically relevant questions pertaining to allergy and immunology. Projects available for trainee participation include: 1) biology of inflammatory cells: eosinophils, mast cells, T cells, and neutrophils; 2) cytokines/inflammatory mediators; 3) cell adhesion; 4) molecular biology of allergens; 5) viral immunology; 6) pulmonary physiology /pharmacology; 7) signal transduction; and 8) asthma clinical research. Training in the laboratory will be supplemented by additional courses and seminars pertaining to medical ethics, biostatistics, scientific writing and presentations, and preparation of grants for extramural funding. These activities and trainee evaluations will be coordinated with an established Clinical Investigator Preparatory Program (CIPP) at the University of Wisconsin. The objectives of the program include developing a research project, establishing a record of publication, obtaining extramural grant funding, and ultimately, preparing trainees to be independent research scientists in the area of allergy and immunology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “allergens” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for allergens in the PubMed Central database: •

Amino acid sequence of Fel dI, the major allergen of the domestic cat: protein sequence analysis and cDNA cloning. by Morgenstern JP, Griffith IJ, Brauer AW, Rogers BL, Bond JF, Chapman MD, Kuo MC.; 1991 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=52784

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Chaperone Coexpression Plasmids: Differential and Synergistic Roles of DnaK-DnaJGrpE and GroEL-GroES in Assisting Folding of an Allergen of Japanese Cedar

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Pollen, Cryj2, in Escherichia coli. by Nishihara K, Kanemori M, Kitagawa M, Yanagi H, Yura T.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106217 •

Conformational and Linear B-Cell Epitopes of Asp f 2, a Major Allergen of Aspergillus fumigatus, Bind Differently to Immunoglobulin E Antibody in the Sera of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis Patients. by Banerjee B, Greenberger PA, Fink JN, Kurup VP.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=115968

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Endobronchial allergen challenge in asthma. Demonstration of cellular source of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor by in situ hybridization. by Broide DH, Firestein GS.; 1991 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=295519

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Group I allergens of grass pollen as cell wall-loosening agents. by Cosgrove DJ, Bedinger P, Durachko DM.; 1997 Jun 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21089

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Immunological Characterization of Asp f 2, a Major Allergen from Aspergillus fumigatus Associated with Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis. by Banerjee B, Greenberger PA, Fink JN, Kurup VP.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108645

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Mass spectrometric analysis of electrophoretically separated allergens and proteases in grass pollen diffusates. by Raftery MJ, Saldanha RG, Geczy CL, Kumar RK.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=239031

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Mast cells are required for experimental oral allergen --induced diarrhea. by Brandt EB, Strait RT, Hershko D, Wang Q, Muntel EE, Scribner TA, Zimmermann N, Finkelman FD, Rothenberg ME.; 2003 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=281649

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Natural Immunity to Ascaris lumbricoides Associated with Immunoglobulin E Antibody to ABA-1 Allergen and Inflammation Indicators in Children. by McSharry C, Xia Y, Holland CV, Kennedy MW.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96345

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Peripheral T-Cell Tolerance Induced in Naive and Primed Mice by Subcutaneous Injection of Peptides from the Major Cat Allergen Fel d I. by Briner TJ, Kuo M, Keating KM, Rogers BL, Greenstein JL.; 1993 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47191

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Recombinant peanut allergen Ara h I expression and IgE binding in patients with peanut hypersensitivity. by Burks AW, Cockrell G, Stanley JS, Helm RM, Bannon GA.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185807

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Synergism between allergens and viruses and risk of hospital admission with asthma: case-control study. by Green RM, Custovic A, Sanderson G, Hunter J, Johnston SL, Woodcock A.; 2002 Mar 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=100316

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Use of ultramolecular potencies of allergen to treat asthmatic people allergic to house dust mite: double blind randomised controlled clinical trial. by Lewith GT, Watkins AD, Hyland ME, Shaw S, Broomfield JA, Dolan G, Holgate ST.; 2002 Mar 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=67767

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with allergens, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “allergens” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for allergens (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of allergy to airborne, heat-labile shrimp allergens. Author(s): Asero R, Mistrello G, Roncarolo D, Amato S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 February; 109(2): 371-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11842314

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A comparison of two skin test methodologies and allergens from two different manufacturers. Author(s): Rhodius R, Wickens K, Cheng S, Crane J. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 April; 88(4): 374-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11991555

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A recombinant fragment of human SP-D reduces allergic responses in mice sensitized to house dust mite allergens. Author(s): Strong P, Townsend P, Mackay R, Reid KB, Clark HW. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2003 November; 134(2): 181-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616775

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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•

Abatement of cockroach allergens (Bla g 1 and Bla g 2) in low-income, urban housing: month 12 continuation results. Author(s): Arbes SJ Jr, Sever M, Mehta J, Gore JC, Schal C, Vaughn B, Mitchell H, Zeldin DC. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004 January; 113(1): 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14713915

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Age-related T cell responses to allergens in childhood. Author(s): Smart JM, Suphioglu C, Kemp AS. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 March; 33(3): 317-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12614445

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Allergic sensitization to indoor and outdoor allergens and relevance to bronchial hyperresponsiveness in younger and older subjects. Author(s): Kerkhof M, Postma DS, Schouten JP, de Monchy JG. Source: Allergy. 2003 December; 58(12): 1261-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616101

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Allergy to asticot maggots. Identification of allergens. Author(s): Porcel Carreno S, Jimenez-Timon S, Camara Hijon C, Rodriguez Trabado A, Rodriguez Martin E, Fletes Peral C, Hernandez Arbeiza J, Cobo Lopez R. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 2003 September-October; 31(5): 265-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572415

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Allergy to fungal allergens in northern Italy. Author(s): Zauli D, Grassi A, Vukatana G, Ballardini G, Bianchi FB. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2004 January; 92(1): 92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14756471

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Ammonium thiolactate and thiolactic acid: important hairdressers' allergens? Author(s): Uter W, Geier J, Pirker C, Aberer W, Kranke B, Richter G, John SM, Becker D, Koch P, Szliska C, Fartasch M, Frosch PJ; German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG). Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 April; 46(4): 242-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12081707

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•

An ELISA for recombinant Lepidoglyphus destructor, Lep d 2, and the monitoring of exposure to dust mite allergens in farming households. Author(s): Parvaneh S, Johansson E, Elfman LH, van Hage-Hamsten M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 January; 32(1): 80-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12002743

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Animal allergens and their control. Author(s): Phipatanakul W. Source: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2001 September; 1(5): 461-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11892073

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Antenatal determinants of neonatal immune responses to allergens. Author(s): Devereux G, Barker RN, Seaton A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 January; 32(1): 43-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12002736

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Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies, and specific IgE to food allergens in children with inflammatory bowel diseases. Author(s): Bartunkova J, Kolarova I, Sediva A, Holzelova E. Source: Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 2002 February; 102(2): 162-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11846458

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Approaches based on mutated or modified recombinant grass pollen allergens--in vivo evaluation of the constructs. Author(s): Lepp U, Eberhardt F, Schramm G, Zabel P, Suck R, Meyer H, Fiebig H, Cromwell O, Becker WM. Source: Arb Paul Ehrlich Inst Bundesamt Sera Impfstoffe Frankf a M. 2003; (94): 188-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15119038

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Are we closer to developing threshold limit values for allergens in the workplace? Author(s): Heederik D. Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 April; 1(2): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11964688

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Assessment and control of fungal allergens. Author(s): Dziadzio L, Bush RK. Source: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2001 September; 1(5): 455-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11892072

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Associations of Fc epsilon R1-beta polymorphisms with immunoglobin E antibody responses to common inhalant allergens in a rural population. Author(s): van Hage-Hamsten M, Johansson E, Kronqvist M, Loughry A, Cookson WO, Moffatt MF. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 June; 32(6): 838-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12047428

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Atopic allergens of plant foods. Author(s): Breiteneder H, Ebner C. Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 June; 1(3): 261-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11964699

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Atopy patch test reactions to Malassezia allergens differentiate subgroups of atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Johansson C, Sandstrom MH, Bartosik J, Sarnhult T, Christiansen J, Zargari A, Back O, Wahlgren CF, Faergemann J, Scheynius A, Tengvall Linder M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 March; 148(3): 479-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12653739

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Avoidance of hidden allergens in processed foods: a challenge for food chemists and manufacturers. Author(s): Vieths S. Source: Die Nahrung. 2003 April; 47(2): 73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12744281

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Baker's asthma: diversity of allergens. Author(s): Savolainen J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 October; 27(10): 1111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9383249

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Basidiomycete allergens. Author(s): Horner WE, Helbling A, Lehrer SB. Source: Allergy. 1998 December; 53(12): 1114-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9930586

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Beer-induced anaphylaxis: identification of allergens. Author(s): Figueredo E, Quirce S, del Amo A, Cuesta J, Arrieta I, Lahoz C, Sastre J. Source: Allergy. 1999 June; 54(6): 630-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10435480

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Beta(1-->3)-glucan in house dust of German homes: housing characteristics, occupant behavior, and relations with endotoxins, allergens, and molds. Author(s): Gehring U, Douwes J, Doekes G, Koch A, Bischof W, Fahlbusch B, Richter K, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J; INGA Study Group. Indoor Factors and Genetics in Asthma. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 February; 109(2): 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11266323

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Binding affinities of allergens from pollen, mites, and house dust for specific IgG subclass antibodies. Author(s): Boluda L, de la Cuadra B, Berrens L. Source: Allergy. 1996 October; 51(10): 706-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8904998

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Biochemical characterization and surfactant properties of horse allergens. Author(s): Goubran Botros H, Poncet P, Rabillon J, Fontaine T, Laval JM, David B. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 2001 May; 268(10): 3126-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11358533

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Biochemistry of food allergens. Author(s): Stanley JS, Bannon GA. Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 1999 Fall; 17(3): 279-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10597368

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Bioinformatics for characterisation of allergens, allergenicity and allergic crossreactivity. Author(s): Brusic V, Petrovsky N. Source: Trends in Immunology. 2003 May; 24(5): 225-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12738409

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Biologic activity of Dermatophagoides siboney and Blomia tropicalis allergens in exposed and unexposed mite-allergic individuals. Effect of patient selection on the biologic standardization of mite extracts. Author(s): Casas R, Ferrandiz R, Wihl JA, Fernandez B, Dreborg S. Source: Allergy. 1999 April; 54(4): 392-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10371100

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Biological activity of recombinant Der p 2, Der p 5 and Der p 7 allergens of the housedust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Author(s): Lynch NR, Thomas WR, Garcia NM, Di Prisco MC, Puccio FA, L'opez RI, Hazell LA, Shen HD, Lin KL, Chua KY. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1997 September; 114(1): 5967. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9303332

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Biological reference preparations for allergens. Author(s): Dorpema JW. Source: Arb Paul Ehrlich Inst Bundesamt Sera Impfstoffe Frankf a M. 1997; (91): 111-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9383898

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Birch and ragweed pollinosis north of Milan: a model to investigate the effects of exposure to "new" airborne allergens. Author(s): Asero R. Source: Allergy. 2002 November; 57(11): 1063-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12359005

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Biting-insect allergens. Author(s): Hoffman DR. Source: Clin Allergy Immunol. 2004; 18: 355-68. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15042924

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Blomia tropicalis: more than just another source of mite allergens. Author(s): Thomas WR, Hales BJ, Smith W. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 April; 33(4): 416-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12680854

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Booster immunization of children with an acellular pertussis vaccine enhances Th2 cytokine production and serum IgE responses against pertussis toxin but not against common allergens. Author(s): Ryan EJ, Nilsson L, Kjellman N, Gothefors L, Mills KH. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2000 August; 121(2): 193-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10931131

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Bronchial allergen challenge in subjects with low levels of allergic sensitization to indoor allergens. Author(s): Witteman AM, Mulder M, Aalberse RC, Jansen HM, van der Zee JS. Source: Allergy. 1999 April; 54(4): 366-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10371096

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Bronchial allergen challenge with isolated major allergens of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus: the role of patient characteristics in the early asthmatic response. Author(s): van der Veen MJ, Lopuhaa CE, Aalberse RC, Jansen HM, van der Zee JS. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 July; 102(1): 24-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9679844

Studies

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Bronchial responsiveness to adenosine-5'-monophosphate and methacholine as predictors for nasal symptoms due to newly introduced allergens. A follow-up study among laboratory animal workers and bakery apprentices. Author(s): de Meer G, Postma DS, Heederik D. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 June; 33(6): 789-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12801314

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Can knowledge of the molecular structure of allergens improve immunotherapy? Author(s): Pomes A, Chapman MD. Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 December; 1(6): 54954. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11964740

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cDNA cloning and heterologous expression of the major allergens from peach and apple belonging to the lipid-transfer protein family. Author(s): Diaz-Perales A, Garcia-Casado G, Sanchez-Monge R, Garcia-Selles FJ, Barber D, Salcedo G. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 January; 32(1): 87-92. Erratum In: Clin Exp Allergy. 2002 September; 32(9): 1387. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12002744

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Characterisation of pollen allergens. Author(s): Puc M. Source: Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine : Aaem. 2003; 10(2): 143-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14677904

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Characteristics and immunobiology of grass pollen allergens. Author(s): Andersson K, Lidholm J. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2003 February; 130(2): 87107. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12673063

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Characterization of allergens of Anisakis simplex. Author(s): Arlian LG, Morgan MS, Quirce S, Maranon F, Fernandez-Caldas E. Source: Allergy. 2003 December; 58(12): 1299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616106

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Characterization of allergens secreted by Anisakis simplex parasite: clinical relevance in comparison with somatic allergens. Author(s): Baeza ML, Rodriguez A, Matheu V, Rubio M, Tornero P, de Barrio M, Herrero T, Santaolalla M, Zubeldia JM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004 February; 34(2): 296-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14987311

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Characterization of specific IgE response in vitro against protein and drug allergens using atopic and normal donors. Author(s): Akesson A, Ingvarsson S, Karlsson F, Leyva L, Blanca M, Cuerden SA, Smith JA, Coleman JW, Borrebaeck CA. Source: Allergy. 2002 March; 57(3): 193-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11906332

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Characterization of the major allergens purified from the venom of the paper wasp Polistes gallicus. Author(s): Pantera B, Hoffman DR, Carresi L, Cappugi G, Turillazzi S, Manao G, Severino M, Spadolini I, Orsomando G, Moneti G, Pazzagli L. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2003 October 13; 1623(2-3): 72-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572904

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Childhood asthma and indoor allergens: the classroom may be a culprit. Author(s): Epstien BL. Source: J Sch Nurs. 2001 October; 17(5): 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11885341

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Cockroach allergens: environmental distribution and relationship to disease. Author(s): Arruda LK, Ferriani VP, Vailes LD, Pomes A, Chapman MD. Source: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2001 September; 1(5): 466-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11892074

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Cockroach and other inhalant insect allergens. Author(s): Helm RM, Pomes A. Source: Clin Allergy Immunol. 2004; 18: 271-96. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15042920

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Common environmental allergens causing respiratory allergy in India. Author(s): Singh AB, Kumar P. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2002 March; 69(3): 245-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12003301

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Common shoe allergens undetected by commercial patch-testing kits: dithiodimorpholine and isocyanates. Author(s): Belsito DV. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2003 June; 14(2): 95-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14749029

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Comparative prevalence of sensitization to common animal, plant and mould allergens in subjects with asthma, or atopic dermatitis and/or allergic rhinitis living in a tropical environment. Author(s): Montealegre F, Meyer B, Chardon D, Vargas W, Zavala D, Hart B, Bayona M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004 January; 34(1): 51-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14720262

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Comparison of two dust collection methods for reservoir indoor allergens and endotoxin on carpets and mattresses. Author(s): Wickens K, Lane J, Siebers R, Ingham T, Crane J. Source: Indoor Air. 2004 June; 14(3): 217-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15104790

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Contact allergens in shoe leather among patients with foot eczema. Author(s): van Coevorden AM, Coenraads PJ, Pas HH, van der Valk PG. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 March; 46(3): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12000322

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Controlling indoor allergens. Author(s): Custovic A, Murray CS, Gore RB, Woodcock A. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 May; 88(5): 432-41; Quiz 442-3, 529. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12027062

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Current mite, cat, and dog allergen exposure, pet ownership, and sensitization to inhalant allergens in adults. Author(s): Custovic A, Simpson BM, Simpson A, Hallam CL, Marolia H, Walsh D, Campbell J, Woodcock A; National Asthma Campaign Manchester Asthma and Allergy Study Group. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 February; 111(2): 402-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12589363

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Current understanding of cross-reactivity of food allergens and pollen. Author(s): Vieths S, Scheurer S, Ballmer-Weber B. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 May; 964: 47-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12023194

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Current understanding of food allergens. Author(s): Lehrer SB, Ayuso R, Reese G. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 May; 964: 69-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12023195

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Date palm and sandstorm-borne allergens. Author(s): Kwaasi AA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 April; 33(4): 419-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12680855

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Detection and clinical characterization of patients with oral allergy syndrome caused by stable allergens in Rosaceae and nuts. Author(s): Asero R. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1999 November; 83(5): 377-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10582717

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Detection of allergens in plantain (Plantago lanceolata) pollen. Author(s): Asero R, Mistrello G, Roncarolo D, Casarini M. Source: Allergy. 2000 November; 55(11): 1059-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11097317

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Detection of cross-reactivity for atopic immunoglobulin E against multiple allergens. Author(s): Chiou YH, Yuo CY, Wang LY, Huang SP. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2003 March; 10(2): 229-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12626447

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Detection of IgA antibodies to cat, beta-lactoglobulin, and ovalbumin allergens in human milk. Author(s): Casas R, Bottcher MF, Duchen K, Bjorksten B. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 June; 105(6 Pt 1): 1236-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10856160

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Detection of peanut allergens in breast milk of lactating women. Author(s): Vadas P, Wai Y, Burks W, Perelman B. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 April 4; 285(13): 1746-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11277829

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Detection of specific IgE antibodies in the sera of patients allergic to birch pollen using recombinant allergens Bet v 1, Bet v 2, Bet v 4: evaluation of different IgE reactivity profiles. Author(s): Rossi RE, Monasterolo G, Monasterolo S. Source: Allergy. 2003 September; 58(9): 929-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12911423

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Detection of trace amounts of hidden allergens: hazelnut and almond proteins in chocolate. Author(s): Scheibe B, Weiss W, Rueff F, Przybilla B, Gorg A. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 May 25; 756(1-2): 229-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11419715

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Detection of workers sensitised to high molecular weight allergens: a diagnostic study in laboratory animal workers. Author(s): Meijer E, Grobbee DE, Heederik D. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2002 March; 59(3): 189-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11886950

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Determinants of clinical allergic disease. The relevance of indoor allergens to the increase in asthma. Author(s): Platts-Mills TA, Blumenthal K, Perzanowski M, Woodfolk JA. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2000 September; 162(3 Pt 2): S128-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10988167

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Different IgE reactivity profiles in birch pollen-sensitive patients from six European populations revealed by recombinant allergens: an imprint of local sensitization. Author(s): Moverare R, Westritschnig K, Svensson M, Hayek B, Bende M, Pauli G, Sorva R, Haahtela T, Valenta R, Elfman L. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2002 August; 128(4): 325-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12218371

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Digestibility of allergens extracted from natural rubber latex and vegetable foods. Author(s): Yagami T, Haishima Y, Nakamura A, Osuna H, Ikezawa Z. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 October; 106(4): 752-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11031347

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Dissociation of allergen-specific IgE and IgA responses in sera and tears of pollenallergic patients: a study performed with purified recombinant pollen allergens. Author(s): Aghayan-Ugurluoglu R, Ball T, Vrtala S, Schweiger C, Kraft D, Valenta R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 April; 105(4): 803-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10756233

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Distribution of dust-mite allergens (Lep d 2, Der p 1, Der f 1, Der 2) in pig-farming environments and sensitization of the respective farmers. Author(s): Radon K, Schottky A, Garz S, Koops F, Szadkowski D, Radon K, Nowak D, Luczynska C. Source: Allergy. 2000 March; 55(3): 219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10753011

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Distribution variations of multi allergens at asthmatic children's homes. Author(s): Chen HL, Su HJ, Lin LL. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2002 April 22; 289(1-3): 249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12049401

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Do allergens play a role in early childhood asthma? Author(s): Kemp AS. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2002 September 16; 177 Suppl: S52-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12225259

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Dosage considerations in patch testing with liquid allergens. Author(s): Shaw DW, Zhai H, Maibach HI, Niklasson B. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 August; 47(2): 86-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12423405

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Dose-dependent and preterm- accentuated diaplacental transport of nutritive allergens in vitro. Author(s): Edelbauer M, Loibichler C, Witt A, Gerstmayr M, Putschogl B, Urbanek R, Szepfalusi Z. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2003 January; 130(1): 25-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12576732

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Drug allergens, haptens, and anaphylatoxins. Author(s): Hernandez-Trujillo VP, Lieberman PL, Chowdhury BA. Source: Clin Allergy Immunol. 2004; 18: 387-419. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15042926

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Dust mites: update on their allergens and control. Author(s): Arlian LG. Source: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2001 November; 1(6): 581-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11892088

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Early life exposure to dietary and inhalant allergens. Author(s): Vance GH, Holloway JA. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2002; 13 Suppl 15: 14-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12688618

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Effect and correlation of serum total IgE, eosinophil granule cationic proteins and sensitized allergens in atopic dermatitis patients with or without rhinitis. Author(s): Wu CS, Yu CL, Chang CH, Kuo WR, Lin HJ, Yu HS. Source: Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2002 May; 18(5): 229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12197429

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Effect of airborne allergens on emergency visits by children for conjunctivitis and rhinitis. Author(s): Cakmak S, Dales RE, Burnett RT, Judek S, Coates F, Brook JR. Source: Lancet. 2002 March 16; 359(9310): 947-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11918918

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Effect of bedding control on amount of house dust mite allergens, asthma symptoms, and peak expiratory flow rate. Author(s): Lee IS. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 2003 April 30; 44(2): 313-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12728474

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Effect of montelukast on exhaled NO in asthmatic children exposed to relevant allergens. Author(s): Piacentini GL, Peroni DG, Del Giudice MM, Bodini A, Costella S, Vicentini L, Boner AL. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2002 April; 13(2): 137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12000487

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Egg white proteins as inhalant allergens associated with baker's asthma. Author(s): Escudero C, Quirce S, Fernandez-Nieto M, Miguel J, Cuesta J, Sastre J. Source: Allergy. 2003 July; 58(7): 616-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12823120

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Environmental allergens and asthma in urban elementary schools. Author(s): Amr S, Bollinger ME, Myers M, Hamilton RG, Weiss SR, Rossman M, Osborne L, Timmins S, Kimes DS, Levine ER, Blaisdell CJ. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 January; 90(1): 34-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12546335

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Environmental allergens and irritants in schools: a focus on asthma. Author(s): Tortolero SR, Bartholomew LK, Tyrrell S, Abramson SL, Sockrider MM, Markham CM, Whitehead LW, Parcel GS. Source: The Journal of School Health. 2002 January; 72(1): 33-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11865797

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Environmental allergens in Kuwait. Author(s): al Mousawi M, Behbehani N, Arifhodzic N, Lovel H, Woodcock A, Custovic A. Source: Allergy. 2001 December; 56(12): 1237-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11736766

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Eotaxin represents the principal eosinophil chemoattractant in a novel murine asthma model induced by house dust containing cockroach allergens. Author(s): Kim J, Merry AC, Nemzek JA, Bolgos GL, Siddiqui J, Remick DG. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2001 September 1; 167(5): 280815. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11509626

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Epidermal Langerhans cell migration and sensitisation to chemical allergens. Author(s): Cumberbatch M, Dearman RJ, Griffiths CE, Kimber I. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2003 July-August; 111(7-8): 797-804. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12974781

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Estimating the incidence of occupational asthma and rhinitis from laboratory animal allergens in the UK, 1999-2000. Author(s): Draper A, Newman Taylor A, Cullinan P. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 August; 60(8): 604-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12883023

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Evaluation of a rule base for identifying contact allergens by using a regulatory database: Comparison of data on chemicals notified in the European Union with "structural alerts" used in the DEREK expert system. Author(s): Zinke S, Gerner I, Schlede E. Source: Alternatives to Laboratory Animals : Atla. 2002 May-June; 30(3): 285-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12106006

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Evaluation of contact sensitization in vulvar lichen simplex chronicus. A proposal for a battery of selected allergens. Author(s): Virgili A, Bacilieri S, Corazza M. Source: J Reprod Med. 2003 January; 48(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12611092

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Evidence for the genetic control of immunoglobulin E reactivity to the allergens of Alternaria alternata. Author(s): Karihaloo C, Tovey ER, Mitakakis TZ, Duffy DL, Britton WJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 September; 32(9): 1316-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12220470

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Exposure and sensitization to indoor allergens: association with lung function, bronchial reactivity, and exhaled nitric oxide measures in asthma. Author(s): Langley SJ, Goldthorpe S, Craven M, Morris J, Woodcock A, Custovic A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 August; 112(2): 362-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12897743

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Exposure to airborne allergens: a review of sampling methods. Author(s): Renstrom A. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 2002 October; 4(5): 619-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12400904

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Exposure to indoor allergens in homes of patients with asthma and/or rhinitis in southeast Brazil: effect of mattress and pillow covers on mite allergen levels. Author(s): Tobias KR, Ferriani VP, Chapman MD, Arruda LK. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2004 April; 133(4): 365-70. Epub 2004 March 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15031610

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Exposure to inhalable dust, wheat flour and alpha-amylase allergens in industrial and traditional bakeries. Author(s): Bulat P, Myny K, Braeckman L, van Sprundel M, Kusters E, Doekes G, Possel K, Droste J, Vanhoorne M. Source: The Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 2004 January; 48(1): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14718346

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Expression and cloning of recombinant indoor allergens. Author(s): Chapman MD. Source: Arb Paul Ehrlich Inst Bundesamt Sera Impfstoffe Frankf a M. 1999; (93): 233-8; Discussion 238-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11487880

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Fagales pollen sensitization in a birch-free area: a respiratory cohort survey using Fagales pollen extracts and birch recombinant allergens (rBet v 1, rBet v 2, rBet v 4). Author(s): Mari A, Wallner M, Ferreira F. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 October; 33(10): 1419-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14519150

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FDA targets snack foods industry over allergens. Author(s): Josefson D. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2001 June; 174(6): 380. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11380996

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First National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing: survey design and methods for the allergen and endotoxin components. Author(s): Vojta PJ, Friedman W, Marker DA, Clickner R, Rogers JW, Viet SM, Muilenberg ML, Thorne PS, Arbes SJ Jr, Zeldin DC. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 May; 110(5): 527-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12003758

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First report on sensitization to allergens of a house dust mite, Suidasia pontifica (Acari: Saproglyphidae). Author(s): Mariana A, Ho TM, Gendeh BS, Iskandar H, Zainuldin-Taib M. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000 December; 31(4): 722-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11414419

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Food allergens and blood transfusions: a cause for concern? Author(s): Erick M. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 August 11-25; 163(15): 1861. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12912726

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Food allergens and the mucosal immune system. Author(s): Kaminogawa S. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2000; 12(1-4): 29-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11216499

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Food allergens as the possible cause of asthma and anaphylaxis. Author(s): Nakagawa T. Source: Intern Med. 1998 January; 37(1): 5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9510391

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Food allergens. Author(s): Burks W. Source: Clin Allergy Immunol. 2004; 18: 319-37. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15042922

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Food allergens. Author(s): Burks W, Helm R, Stanley S, Bannon GA. Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 June; 1(3): 243-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11964696

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Food allergies in Spain: causal allergens and diagnostic strategies. Author(s): Martin Esteban M, Pascual CY. Source: Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl. 1999; 18: 154-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10093129

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Food hypersensitivity in children: clinical aspects and distribution of allergens. Author(s): Rance F, Kanny G, Dutau G, Moneret-Vautrin DA. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1999 February; 10(1): 33-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10410915

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Foot dermatitis in children: causative allergens and follow-up. Author(s): Cockayne SE, Shah M, Messenger AG, Gawkrodger DJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 April; 38(4): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9565291

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Formulation of therapeutic allergen mixtures problems associated with the number, proportion, and enzymatic activities of allergens. Author(s): Esch RE. Source: Arb Paul Ehrlich Inst Bundesamt Sera Impfstoffe Frankf a M. 1999; (93): 57-61; Discussion 73-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11487896

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Frequency and specific sensitization to inhalant allergens within nuclear families of children with asthma and/or rhinitis. Author(s): Silvestri M, Oddera S, Crimi P, Rossi GA. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 December; 79(6): 512-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9433366

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Frequency of delayed-type hypersensitivity to contact allergens in psoriatic patients. Author(s): Stinco G, Frattasio A, De Francesco V, Bragadin G, Patrone P. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 June; 40(6): 323-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10385335

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Fungal allergens. Author(s): Vijay HM, Kurup VP. Source: Clin Allergy Immunol. 2004; 18: 223-49. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15042918

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Fungal allergens. Author(s): Kurup VP. Source: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2003 September; 3(5): 416-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12906780

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Further characterization of IgE-binding antigens in kiwi, with particular emphasis on glycoprotein allergens. Author(s): Fahlbusch B, Rudeschko O, Schumann C, Steurich F, Henzgen M, Schlenvoigt G, Jager L. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1998 November-December; 8(6): 325-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10028478

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Fusarium culmorum causes strong degradation of pollen allergens in extract mixtures. Author(s): Hoff M, Krail M, Kastner M, Haustein D, Vieths S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 January; 109(1): 96-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11799372

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Gastrointestinal stability of baker's yeast allergens: an in vitro study. Author(s): Kortekangas-Savolainen O, Savolainen J, Einarsson R. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1993 July; 23(7): 587-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8221259

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Generation and characterization of cDNA clones from Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis for an expressed sequence tag library: identification of homologues of house dust mite allergens. Author(s): Fischer K, Holt DC, Harumal P, Currie BJ, Walton SF, Kemp DJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2003 January; 68(1): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12556150

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Genes, factor X, and allergens: what causes allergic diseases? Author(s): Wjst M, Dold S. Source: Allergy. 1999 July; 54(7): 757-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10442534

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Genetic engineering of allergens: future therapeutic products. Author(s): Ferreira F, Wallner M, Breiteneder H, Hartl A, Thalhamer J, Ebner C. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2002 July; 128(3): 171-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12119498

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Genetic engineering of pollen allergens for hayfever immunotherapy. Author(s): Bhalla PL. Source: Expert Review of Vaccines. 2003 February; 2(1): 75-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12901599

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Genetic influences of chromosomes 5q31-q33 and 11q13 on specific IgE responsiveness to common inhaled allergens among African American families. Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Asthma (CSGA). Author(s): Hizawa N, Freidhoff LR, Ehrlich E, Chiu YF, Duffy DL, Schou C, Dunston GM, Beaty TH, Marsh DG, Barnes KC, Huang SK. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 September; 102(3): 44953. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9768587

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Genetic variation of Der p 2 allergens: effects on T cell responses and immunoglobulin E binding. Author(s): Hales BJ, Hazell LA, Smith W, Thomas WR. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 October; 32(10): 1461-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12372126

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Genetically engineered plant allergens with reduced anaphylactic activity. Author(s): Singh MB, de Weerd N, Bhalla PL. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1999 June; 119(2): 75-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10394098

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Glucosides as unexpected allergens in cosmetics. Author(s): Goossens A, Decraene T, Platteaux N, Nardelli A, Rasschaert V. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 March; 48(3): 164-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12755735

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Glycidyl methacrylate and ethoxyethyl acrylate: new allergens in emulsions used to impregnate paper and textile materials. Author(s): Matura M, Poesen N, de Moor A, Kerre S, Dooms-Goossens A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 August; 33(2): 123-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8549129

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Grass group I allergens (beta-expansins) are novel, papain-related proteinases. Author(s): Grobe K, Becker WM, Schlaak M, Petersen A. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1999 July; 263(1): 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10429184

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Grass pollen allergens. Author(s): Esch RE. Source: Clin Allergy Immunol. 2004; 18: 185-205. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15042916

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Grass pollen allergens: new developments. Author(s): Wissenbach M, Holm J, Van Neerven RJ, Ipsen H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 July; 28(7): 784-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9720810

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Group 13 grass allergens: structural variability between different grass species and analysis of proteolytic stability. Author(s): Petersen A, Suck R, Hagen S, Cromwell O, Fiebig H, Becker WM. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 May; 107(5): 856-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11344353

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Group 5 allergens of timothy grass (Phl p 5) bear cross-reacting T cell epitopes with group 1 allergens of rye grass (Lol p 1). Author(s): Muller WD, Karamfilov T, Bufe A, Fahlbush B, Wolf I, Jager L. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1996 April; 109(4): 352-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8634519

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Group V allergens in grass pollens: IV. Similarities in amino acid compositions and NH2-terminal sequences of the group V allergens from Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis and Dactylis glomerata. Author(s): Klysner S, Welinder KG, Lowenstein H, Matthiesen F. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1992 April; 22(4): 491-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1611548

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Grouping strategies for exposure to inhalable dust, wheat allergens and alphaamylase allergens in bakeries. Author(s): Houba R, Heederik D, Kromhout H. Source: The Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 1997 June; 41(3): 287-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9204756

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Guidelines for the clinical evaluation of occupational asthma due to high molecular weight (HMW) allergens. Report of the Subcommittee on the Clinical Evaluation of Occupational Asthma due to HMW Allergens. Author(s): Novey HS, Bernstein IL, Mihalas LS, Terr AI, Yunginger JW. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1989 November; 84(5 Pt 2): 829-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2809032

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Guidelines for the preparation and characterization of high molecular weight allergens used for the diagnosis of occupational lung disease. Report of the Subcommittee on Preparation and Characterization of High Molecular Weight Allergens. Author(s): Bush RK, Kagen SL. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1989 November; 84(5 Pt 2): 814-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2809029

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Guidelines for the standardization of bronchial provocation tests with allergens. An update by an international committee. Author(s): Melillo G, Aas K, Cartier A, Davies RJ, Debelic M, Dreborg S, Kerrebijn KF, Lassen A, Pinto Mendes J, Rizzo A, et al. Source: Allergy. 1991 July; 46(5): 321-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1928655

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Heterogeneity of atopic dermatitis defined by the immune response to inhalant and food allergens. Author(s): Fabrizi G, Romano A, Vultaggio P, Bellegrandi S, Paganelli R, Venuti A. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 1999 July-August; 9(5): 380-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10417442

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Heterogeneity of banana allergy: characterization of allergens in banana-allergic patients. Author(s): Grob M, Reindl J, Vieths S, Wuthrich B, Ballmer-Weber BK. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 November; 89(5): 513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12452211

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Hidden food allergens. Author(s): Hefle SL. Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 June; 1(3): 269-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11964700

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Hidden peanut allergens detected in various foods: findings and legal measures. Author(s): Schappi GF, Konrad V, Imhof D, Etter R, Wuthrich B. Source: Allergy. 2001 December; 56(12): 1216-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11736754

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High-molecular-weight allergens of the house dust mite: an apolipophorin-like cDNA has sequence identity with the major M-177 allergen and the IgE-binding peptide fragments Mag1 and Mag3. Author(s): Epton MJ, Dilworth RJ, Smith W, Hart BJ, Thomas WR. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1999 November; 120(3): 18591. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10592463

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HLA associations with occupational sensitization to rat lipocalin allergens: a model for other animal allergies? Author(s): Jeal H, Draper A, Jones M, Harris J, Welsh K, Taylor AN, Cullinan P. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 April; 111(4): 795-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12704360

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HLA DPB1*0201 allele is negatively associated with immunoglobulin E responsiveness specific for house dust mite allergens in Taiwan. Author(s): Hu C, Hsu PN, Lin RH, Hsieh KH, Chua KY. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 April; 30(4): 538-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10718851

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HLA-DQ/human CD4-restricted immune response to cockroach allergens in transgenic mice. Author(s): Papouchado BG, Chapoval SP, Marietta EV, Weiler CR, David CS. Source: Tissue Antigens. 2000 April; 55(4): 303-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10852381

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HLA-DRB1*01 alleles are associated with sensitization to cockroach allergens. Author(s): Donfack J, Tsalenko A, Hoki DM, Parry R, Solway J, Lester LA, Ober C. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 May; 105(5): 960-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10808177

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House dust mite allergen in US beds: results from the First National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing. Author(s): Arbes SJ Jr, Cohn RD, Yin M, Muilenberg ML, Burge HA, Friedman W, Zeldin DC. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 February; 111(2): 408-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12589364

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House dust mite allergens in Turkish homes. Author(s): Gulbahar O, Mete N, Kokuludag A, Sin A, Sebik F. Source: Allergy. 2004 February; 59(2): 231. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14763941

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House dust mite allergens induce proinflammatory cytokines from respiratory epithelial cells: the cysteine protease allergen, Der p 1, activates protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 and inactivates PAR-1. Author(s): Asokananthan N, Graham PT, Stewart DJ, Bakker AJ, Eidne KA, Thompson PJ, Stewart GA. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2002 October 15; 169(8): 4572-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12370395

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House dust mites and their allergens at selected locations in the homes of house dust mite-allergic patients. Author(s): Sidenius KE, Hallas TE, Brygge T, Poulsen LK, Mosbech H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 September; 32(9): 1299-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12220467

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House dust mites and their allergens in Danish mattresses -- results from a population based study. Author(s): Sidenius KE, Hallas TE, Poulsen LK, Mosbech H. Source: Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine : Aaem. 2002; 9(1): 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12088395

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House-dust mite allergens in Italy and Spain. Author(s): Moscato G, Perfetti L. Source: Allergy. 2003 January; 58(1): 83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12580813

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How good are carbohydrates as allergens? Author(s): Thomas WR, Smith W. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 May; 32(5): 658-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11994086

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Human monoclonal antibody-based quantification of group 2 grass pollen allergens. Author(s): Marth K, Focke M, Flicker S, Valenta R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004 March; 113(3): 470-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15007349

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Hymenoptera allergens. Author(s): King TP, Guralnick M. Source: Clin Allergy Immunol. 2004; 18: 339-53. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15042923

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Hypoallergenic derivatives of major grass pollen allergens for allergy vaccination. Author(s): Singh MB, Bhalla PL. Source: Immunology and Cell Biology. 2003 February; 81(1): 86-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12534952

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I are we closer to developing threshold limit values for allergens in the workplace? Author(s): Baur X. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 May; 90(5 Suppl 2): 11-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12772945

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Identification and characterization of the allergens in the tomato fruit by immunoblotting. Author(s): Kondo Y, Urisu A, Tokuda R. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2001 December; 126(4): 2949. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11815736

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Identification of cross-reactive and genuine Parietaria judaica pollen allergens. Author(s): Stumvoll S, Westritschnig K, Lidholm J, Spitzauer S, Colombo P, Duro G, Kraft D, Geraci D, Valenta R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 May; 111(5): 974-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12743560

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Identification of grape and wine allergens as an endochitinase 4, a lipid-transfer protein, and a thaumatin. Author(s): Pastorello EA, Farioli L, Pravettoni V, Ortolani C, Fortunato D, Giuffrida MG, Perono Garoffo L, Calamari AM, Brenna O, Conti A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 February; 111(2): 350-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12589356

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Identification of hazelnut major allergens in sensitive patients with positive doubleblind, placebo-controlled food challenge results. Author(s): Pastorello EA, Vieths S, Pravettoni V, Farioli L, Trambaioli C, Fortunato D, Luttkopf D, Calamari M, Ansaloni R, Scibilia J, Ballmer-Weber BK, Poulsen LK, Wutrich B, Hansen KS, Robino AM, Ortolani C, Conti A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 March; 109(3): 563-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11898007

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Identification of the soybean hull allergens involved in sensitization to soybean dust in a rural population from Argentina and N-terminal sequence of a major 50 KD allergen. Author(s): Codina R, Ardusso L, Lockey RF, Crisci CD, Jaen C, Bertoya NH. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 July; 32(7): 1059-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12100054

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IgE antibody to Aspergillus fumigatus recombinant allergens in cystic fibrosis patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Knutsen AP, Hutcheson PS, Slavin RG, Kurup VP. Source: Allergy. 2004 February; 59(2): 198-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14763934

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IgE-mediated allergy to fungal allergens in Finland with special reference to Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium herbarum. Author(s): Reijula K, Leino M, Mussalo-Rauhamaa H, Nikulin M, Alenius H, Mikkola J, Elg P, Kari O, Makinen-Kiljunen S, Haahtela T. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 September; 91(3): 280-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14533661

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IgE-mediated anaphylaxis to Thiomucase, a mucopolyssacharidase: allergens and cross-reactivity. Author(s): Caballero T, Alonso A, De Miguel S, Martin-Esteban M, Varga B, Pascual CY, Lopez-Serrano MC. Source: Allergy. 2002 March; 57(3): 254-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11906341

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IL-10 and TGF-beta cooperate in the regulatory T cell response to mucosal allergens in normal immunity and specific immunotherapy. Author(s): Jutel M, Akdis M, Budak F, Aebischer-Casaulta C, Wrzyszcz M, Blaser K, Akdis CA. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 2003 May; 33(5): 1205-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12731045

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Immediate skin reactivity to histamine and to allergens in cohorts of 9-year-old schoolchildren studied 16 years apart. Author(s): Ronchetti R, Villa MP, Pagani J, Martella S, Guglielmi F, Paggi B, Bohmerova Z, Falasca C, Barreto M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 September; 33(9): 1232-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12956744

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Immune reactivity of recombinant group 2 allergens of house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, and Dermatophagoides farinae. Author(s): Jin HS, Yong TS, Park JW, Hong CS, Oh SH. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2003; 13(1): 36-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12861849

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Immune responses to allergens early in life: when and why do allergies arise? Author(s): Hamelmann E, Wahn U. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 December; 32(12): 1679-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12653155

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Individual allergens as risk factors for asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in Chinese children. Author(s): Wong GW, Li ST, Hui DS, Fok TF, Zhong NS, Chen YZ, Lai CK. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2002 February; 19(2): 288-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11871366

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Influence of sensitization to inhalative allergens on adenotonsillar disease. Author(s): Hofmann T, Lackner A, Berghold A, Lang-Loidolt D. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 July; 129(1): 11-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12869910

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Inhalant allergens as risk factors for the development and severity of mild-tomoderate asthma in Hong Kong Chinese children. Author(s): Leung TF, Lam CW, Chan IH, Li AM, Ha G, Tang NL, Fok TF. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2002 June; 39(4): 323-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12095182

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Inhalation challenge with bovine dander allergens: who needs it? Author(s): Koskela H, Taivainen A, Tukiainen H, Chan HK. Source: Chest. 2003 July; 124(1): 383-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12853550

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Injection immunotherapy with different airborne allergens did not prevent de novo sensitization to ragweed and birch pollen north of Milan. Author(s): Asero R. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2004 January; 133(1): 49-54. Epub 2003 November 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14646378

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Intracutaneous tests with recombinant allergens in cystic fibrosis patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and Aspergillus allergy. Author(s): Nikolaizik WH, Weichel M, Blaser K, Crameri R. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2002 April 1; 165(7): 916-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11934714

98

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Key pollen allergens in North America. Author(s): White JF, Bernstein DI. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 November; 91(5): 425-35; Quiz 435-6, 492. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14692424

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Laboratory animal allergens. Author(s): Wood RA. Source: Ilar J. 2001; 42(1): 12-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11123185

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Lack of human IgE cross-reactivity between mite allergens Blo t 1 and Der p 1. Author(s): Cheong N, Soon SC, Ramos JD, Kuo IC, Kolatkar PR, Lee BW, Chua KY, Kolortkar PR. Source: Allergy. 2003 September; 58(9): 912-20. Erratum In: Allergy. 2003 October; 58(10): 1070. Kolortkar Pr [corrected to Kolatkar Pr]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12911421

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Langerhans-like dendritic cells generated from cord blood progenitors internalize pollen allergens by macropinocytosis, and part of the molecules are processed and can activate autologous naive T lymphocytes. Author(s): Noirey N, Rougier N, Andre C, Schmitt D, Vincent C. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 June; 105(6 Pt 1): 1194201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10856155

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Large scale production and quality criteria of recombinant allergens. Author(s): Valenta R, Twardosz A, Vrtala S, Kraft D. Source: Arb Paul Ehrlich Inst Bundesamt Sera Impfstoffe Frankf a M. 1999; (93): 211-24; Discussion 224-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11487878

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Latex allergens. Author(s): Slater JE. Source: Clin Allergy Immunol. 2004; 18: 369-86. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15042925

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Lipid transfer proteins and 2S albumins as allergens. Author(s): Pastorello EA, Pompei C, Pravettoni V, Brenna O, Farioli L, Trambaioli C, Conti A. Source: Allergy. 2001; 56 Suppl 67: 45-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11298008

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Lipocalin allergens. Author(s): Virtanen T. Source: Allergy. 2001; 56 Suppl 67: 48-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11298009

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Lipocalins as allergens. Author(s): Mantyjarvi R, Rautiainen J, Virtanen T. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2000 October 18; 1482(1-2): 308-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11058771

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Low domestic exposure to house dust mite allergens (Der p 1) is associated with a reduced non-specific bronchial hyper-responsiveness in mite-sensitized asthmatic subjects under optimal drug treatment. Author(s): Maestrelli P, Zanolla L, Puccinelli P, Pozzan M, Fabbri LM; Regione Veneto Study Group. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 May; 31(5): 715-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422130

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Low-flow, long-term air sampling under normal domestic activity to measure house dust mite and cockroach allergens. Author(s): Park JW, Kim CW, Kang DB, Lee IY, Choi SY, Yong TS, Shin DC, Kim KE, Hong CS. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2002; 12(4): 293-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12926189

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Low-molecular-weight contact allergens in p-tert-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin. Author(s): Zimerson E, Bruze M. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2002 December; 13(4): 190-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12478534

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Lung surfactant, asthma, and allergens: a story in evolution. Author(s): Baritussio A. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2004 March 1; 169(5): 550-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14982818

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Lymphoproliferative responses in cord blood and at one year: no evidence for the effect of in utero exposure to dust mite allergens. Author(s): Smillie FI, Elderfield AJ, Patel F, Cain G, Tavenier G, Brutsche M, Craven M, Custovic A, Woodcock A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 August; 31(8): 1194-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11529888

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Mammalian allergens. Author(s): Virtanen T, Jarvi RM. Source: Clin Allergy Immunol. 2004; 18: 297-317. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15042921

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Maternal history, sensitization to allergens, and current wheezing, rhinitis, and eczema among children in Costa Rica. Author(s): Soto-Quiros ME, Silverman EK, Hanson LA, Weiss ST, Celedon JC. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2002 April; 33(4): 237-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11921451

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Maternally delivered nutritive allergens in cord blood and in placental tissue of term and preterm neonates. Author(s): Edelbauer M, Loibichler C, Nentwich I, Gerstmayr M, Urbanek R, Szepfalusi Z. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004 February; 34(2): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14987296

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Measurement of airborne latex allergens. Author(s): Baur X. Source: Methods (San Diego, Calif.). 2002 May; 27(1): 59-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12079418

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Mechanisms of immunotherapy with allergoids: lessons for the development of recombinant allergens with reduced IgE-binding activity. Author(s): Cromwell O, Kahlert H, Schramm G, Suck R, Nandy A, Weber B, Fiebig H. Source: Arb Paul Ehrlich Inst Bundesamt Sera Impfstoffe Frankf a M. 2003; (94): 156-61; Discussion 161-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15119034

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Mite allergens. Author(s): Fernandez-Caldas E, Puerta L, Caraballo L, Lockey RF. Source: Clin Allergy Immunol. 2004; 18: 251-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15042919

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Modifying allergens and using adjuvants for specific immunotherapy. Author(s): Larche M, Ferreira F, Mohapatra SS. Source: Clin Allergy Immunol. 2004; 18: 641-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15042940

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Molecular cloning and immunological characterisation of potential allergens from the mould Fusarium culmorum. Author(s): Hoff M, Ballmer-Weber BK, Niggemann B, Cistero-Bahima A, San MiguelMoncin M, Conti A, Haustein D, Vieths S. Source: Molecular Immunology. 2003 May; 39(15): 965-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12695122

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Molecular cloning of Aspergillus fumigatus allergens and their role in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Crameri R. Source: Chem Immunol. 2002; 81: 73-93. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12102006

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Molecular, structural, and immunologic relationships between different families of recombinant calcium-binding pollen allergens. Author(s): Tinghino R, Twardosz A, Barletta B, Puggioni EM, Iacovacci P, Butteroni C, Afferni C, Mari A, Hayek B, Di Felice G, Focke M, Westritschnig K, Valenta R, Pini C. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 February; 109(2): 314-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11842303

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National rates and regional differences in sensitization to allergens of the standard series. Population-adjusted frequencies of sensitization (PAFS) in 40,000 patients from a multicenter study (IVDK). Author(s): Schnuch A, Geier J, Uter W, Frosch PJ, Lehmacher W, Aberer W, Agathos M, Arnold R, Fuchs T, Laubstein B, Lischka G, Pietrzyk PM, Rakoski J, Richter G, Rueff F. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 November; 37(5): 200-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9412746

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Natural course of sensitization to food and inhalant allergens during the first 6 years of life. Author(s): Kulig M, Bergmann R, Klettke U, Wahn V, Tacke U, Wahn U. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 June; 103(6): 1173-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10359902

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Natural rubber pharmaceutical vial closures release latex allergens that produce skin reactions. Author(s): Primeau MN, Adkinson NF Jr, Hamilton RG. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 June; 107(6): 958-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11398071

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New allergens in fruits and vegetables. Author(s): Pastorello EA, Incorvaia C, Pravettoni V, Farioli L, Conti A, Vigano G, Rivolta F, Ispano M, Rotondo F, Ortolani C. Source: Allergy. 1998; 53(46 Suppl): 48-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9825998

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New mattresses: how fast do they become a significant source of exposure to house dust mite allergens? Author(s): Custovic A, Green R, Smith A, Chapman MD, Woodcock A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 November; 26(11): 1243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8955572

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Nonallergenic peptides from surface-exposed areas or B-cell epitopes of allergens for specific immunotherapy. Author(s): Focke M, Mahler V, Ball T, Kraft D, Valenta R. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2001 January-March; 124(13): 398-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11307027

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Nonspecific binding of IgE to allergens. Author(s): Jensen-Jarolim E, Vogel M, Zavazal V, Stadler BM. Source: Allergy. 1997 August; 52(8): 844-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9284984

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North American Contact Dermatitis Group patch test results for the detection of delayed-type hypersensitivity to topical allergens. Author(s): Marks JG, Belsito DV, DeLeo VA, Fowler JF Jr, Fransway AF, Maibach HI, Mathias CG, Nethercott JR, Rietschel RL, Sherertz EF, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 June; 38(6 Pt 1): 911-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9631997

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Novel predictive assay for contact allergens using human skin explant cultures. Author(s): Pistoor FH, Rambukkana A, Kroezen M, Lepoittevin JP, Bos JD, Kapsenberg ML, Das PK. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1996 July; 149(1): 337-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8686758

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N-terminal sequences of high molecular weight allergens from celery tuber. Author(s): Ganglberger E, Radauer C, Grimm R, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Breiteneder H, Scheiner O, Jensen-Jarolim E. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 April; 30(4): 566-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10718855

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Occupational allergens. Author(s): Lachowsky F, Lopez M. Source: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2001 November; 1(6): 587-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11892089

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Occurrence of dog, cat, and mite allergens in public transport vehicles. Author(s): Partti-Pellinen K, Marttila O, Makinen-Kiljunen S, Haahtela T. Source: Allergy. 2000 January; 55(1): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10696858

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Ole e 4 and Ole e 5, important allergens of Olea europaea. Author(s): Carnes J, Fernandez-Caldas E. Source: Allergy. 2002; 57 Suppl 71: 24-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12173265

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On allergens and asthma (again): does exposure to allergens in homes exacerbate asthma? Author(s): Custovic A, Woodcock A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 May; 31(5): 670-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422124

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On early sensitization to allergens and development of respiratory symptoms. Author(s): Sherrill D, Stein R, Kurzius-Spencer M, Martinez F. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 July; 29(7): 905-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10383590

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On the physiology of airway absorption of allergens. Author(s): Greiff L, Persson CG. Source: Allergy. 1999; 54 Suppl 57: 31-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10565478

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Optimization of electrophoresis for the identification of low molecular mass allergens in hazelnuts. Author(s): Schocker F, Becker WM. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 May 25; 756(1-2): 105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11419700

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Optimized allergen extracts and recombinant allergens in diagnostic applications. Author(s): Vieths S, Scheurer S, Reindl J, Luttkopf D, Wangorsch A, Kastner M, Haase T, Haustein D. Source: Allergy. 2001; 56 Suppl 67: 78-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11298016

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Outdoor allergens. Author(s): Burge HA, Rogers CA. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 August; 108 Suppl 4: 653-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10931783

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Par j 1 and Par j 2, the major allergens from Parietaria judaica pollen, have similar immunoglobulin E epitopes. Author(s): Asturias JA, Gomez-Bayon N, Eseverri JL, Martinez A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 April; 33(4): 518-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12680870

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Patch testing with the irritant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is useful in interpreting weak reactions to contact allergens as allergic or irritant. Author(s): Geier J, Uter W, Pirker C, Frosch PJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 February; 48(2): 99-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12694214

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Pattern of sensitization to common environmental allergens amongst atopic Singapore children in the first 3 years of life. Author(s): Khoo J, Shek L, Khor ES, Wang DY, Lee BW. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2001 December; 19(4): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12009071

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Phenotypic alterations and IL-1beta production in CD34(+) progenitor- and monocyte-derived dendritic cells after exposure to allergens: a comparative analysis. Author(s): De Smedt AC, Van Den Heuvel RL, Van Tendeloo VF, Berneman ZN, Schoeters GE, Weber E, Tuschl H. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2002 May; 294(3): 109-16. Epub 2002 April 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12029496

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Pigeon allergens in indoor environments: a preliminary study. Author(s): Curtis L, Lee BS, Cai D, Morozova I, Fan JL, Scheff P, Persky V, Einoder C, Diblee S. Source: Allergy. 2002 July; 57(7): 627-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12100304

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Positive patch tests with a dermatophagoides mix relate to an increased responsiveness to standard patch test allergens. Author(s): Brasch J, Uter W, Dibo M, Stockfleth E, Swensson O, Christophers E. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 May; 46(5): 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12084076

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Principles and methodology for identification of fragrance allergens in consumer products. Author(s): Gimenez-Arnau A, Gimenez-Arnau E, Serra-Baldrich E, Lepoittevin JP, Camarasa JG. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 December; 47(6): 345-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12581281

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Production of lymphocyte-derived cytokines by whole umbilical cord blood cultures stimulated with mitogens and allergens. Author(s): Miles EA, Bakewell L, Calder PC. Source: Cytokine. 2003 January 21; 21(2): 74-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12670446

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Progress in the development of new methods of immunotherapy: potential application of immunostimulatory DNA-conjugated to allergens for treatment of allergic respiratory conditions. Author(s): Creticos PS, Lichtenstein LM. Source: Arb Paul Ehrlich Inst Bundesamt Sera Impfstoffe Frankf a M. 2003; (94): 304-12; Discussion 312-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15119051

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Protective effects of a recombinant fragment of human surfactant protein D in a murine model of pulmonary hypersensitivity induced by dust mite allergens. Author(s): Singh M, Madan T, Waters P, Parida SK, Sarma PU, Kishore U. Source: Immunology Letters. 2003 May 1; 86(3): 299-307. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12706535

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Quantification of birch and grass pollen allergens in indoor air. Author(s): Holmquist L, Vesterberg O. Source: Indoor Air. 1999 June; 9(2): 85-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10390933

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Quantification of group 5 grass pollen allergens in house dust. Author(s): Fahlbusch B, Hornung D, Heinrich J, Dahse HM, Jager L. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 November; 30(11): 1645-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11069575

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Quantification of house dust mite allergens in ambient air. Author(s): Paufler P, Gebel T, Dunkelberg H. Source: Rev Environ Health. 2001 January-March; 16(1): 65-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11354542

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Quantification of major insect and animal allergens by protease assay. Author(s): Berrens L. Source: Arb Paul Ehrlich Inst Bundesamt Sera Impfstoffe Frankf a M. 1992; (85): 161-9; Discussion 169-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1540288

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Quantification of major peanut allergens Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 in the peanut varieties Runner, Spanish, Virginia, and Valencia, bred in different parts of the world. Author(s): Koppelman SJ, Vlooswijk RA, Knippels LM, Hessing M, Knol EF, van Reijsen FC, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA. Source: Allergy. 2001 February; 56(2): 132-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11167373

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Quantitation of latex allergens. Author(s): Palosuo T, Alenius H, Turjanmaa K. Source: Methods (San Diego, Calif.). 2002 May; 27(1): 52-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12079417

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Quantitation of major allergens in dust samples from urban populations collected in different seasons in two climatic areas of the Basque region (Spain). Author(s): Echechipia S, Ventas P, Audicana M, Urrutia I, Gastaminza G, Polo F, Fernandez de Corres L. Source: Allergy. 1995 June; 50(6): 478-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7573840

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Quantitative assessment of exposure to dog (Can f 1) and cat (Fel d 1) allergens: relation to sensitization and asthma among children living in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Author(s): Ingram JM, Sporik R, Rose G, Honsinger R, Chapman MD, Platts-Mills TA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 October; 96(4): 449-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7560654

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Quantitative assessment of immediate cutaneous hypersensitivity in a mouse model exhibiting an IgE response to Timothy grass allergens. Author(s): Seitzer U, Bussler H, Kullmann B, Petersen A, Becker WM, Ahmed J. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2003 December; 9(12): Br407-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14646968

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Quantitative IgE inhibition experiments with purified recombinant allergens indicate pollen-derived allergens as the sensitizing agents responsible for many forms of plant food allergy. Author(s): Kazemi-Shirazi L, Pauli G, Purohit A, Spitzauer S, Froschl R, HoffmannSommergruber K, Breiteneder H, Scheiner O, Kraft D, Valenta R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 January; 105(1 Pt 1): 11625. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10629461

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Recombinant allergens for immunotherapy. Author(s): Chapman MD, Smith AM, Vailes LD, Pomes A. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2002 January-February; 23(1): 5-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11894735

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Recombinant allergens/allergen standardization. Author(s): Lowenstein H, Larsen JN. Source: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2001 September; 1(5): 474-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11892075

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Recombinant birch allergens (Bet v 1 and Bet v 2) and the oral allergy syndrome in patients allergic to birch pollen. Author(s): De Amici M, Mosca M, Vignini M, Quaglini S, Moratti R. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 November; 91(5): 490-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14692434

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Recombinant food allergens in the diagnosis of pollen-related food allergy. Author(s): Ballmer-Weber BK, Wangorsch A, Scheurer S. Source: Arb Paul Ehrlich Inst Bundesamt Sera Impfstoffe Frankf a M. 2003; (94): 192-6; Discussion 197. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15119039

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Recombinant Hymenoptera venom allergens. Author(s): Muller UR. Source: Allergy. 2002 July; 57(7): 570-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12100296

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Recombinant marker allergens: diagnostic gatekeepers for the treatment of allergy. Author(s): Kazemi-Shirazi L, Niederberger V, Linhart B, Lidholm J, Kraft D, Valenta R. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2002 April; 127(4): 259-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12021544

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Recombinant mite allergens: validation strategies and clinical trials. Author(s): Chapman MD. Source: Arb Paul Ehrlich Inst Bundesamt Sera Impfstoffe Frankf a M. 2003; (94): 205-10; Discussion 210-2. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15119041

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Reduction of exposure to laboratory animal allergens in a research laboratory. Author(s): Thulin H, Bjorkdahl M, Karlsson AS, Renstrom A. Source: The Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 2002 January; 46(1): 61-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12005134

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Regulation of the adaptive immune response to inhaled allergens. Author(s): Roberts K, Jaffar Z. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 March; 32(3): 343-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11940060

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Response of furniture factory workers to work-related airborne allergens. Author(s): Skorska C, Krysinska-Traczyk E, Milanowski J, Cholewa G, Sitkowska J, Gora A, Dutkiewicz J. Source: Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine : Aaem. 2002; 9(1): 91-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12088404

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Seafood allergy and allergens: a review. Author(s): Lehrer SB, Ayuso R, Reese G. Source: Marine Biotechnology (New York, N.Y.). 2003 July-August; 5(4): 339-48. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14719162

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Sensitisation to occupational allergens in bakers' asthma and rhinitis: a case-referent study. Author(s): Brisman J, Lillienberg L, Belin L, Ahman M, Jarvholm B. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2003 March; 76(2): 167-70. Epub 2002 November 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12733091

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Sensitization to food or inhalant allergens in pediatric patients. Clinical usefulness of first-level panel tests for specific IgE. Author(s): Altrinetti V, Salmaso C, Montagna P, Castellano E, Cosentino C, Pesce G, Bagnasco M. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2003; 13(4): 286-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14989121

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Serum IgE reactivity to Malassezia furfur extract and recombinant M. furfur allergens in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Zargari A, Eshaghi H, Back O, Johansson S, Scheynius A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 November-December; 81(6): 418-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11859945

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Something old, something new: indoor endotoxin, allergens and asthma. Author(s): Liu AH. Source: Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 2004; 5 Suppl A: S65-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14980246

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Soybean allergy in patients allergic to birch pollen: clinical investigation and molecular characterization of allergens. Author(s): Mittag D, Vieths S, Vogel L, Becker WM, Rihs HP, Helbling A, Wuthrich B, Ballmer-Weber BK. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004 January; 113(1): 148-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14713921

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Specific sensitization to common allergens and pulmonary function in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Author(s): Jaen A, Sunyer J, Basagana X, Chinn S, Zock JP, Anto JM, Burney P; European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 December; 32(12): 1713-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12653161

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Suitability of the European standard series of patch test allergens in Pakistani patients. Author(s): Hussain I, Rani Z, Rashid T, Haroon TS. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 January; 46(1): 50-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11918589

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Surfactants enhance the tight-junction permeability of food allergens in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. Author(s): Mine Y, Zhang JW. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2003 February; 130(2): 13542. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12673067

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Synergism between allergens and viruses and risk of hospital admission with asthma: case-control study. Author(s): Green RM, Custovic A, Sanderson G, Hunter J, Johnston SL, Woodcock A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 March 30; 324(7340): 763. Erratum In: Bmj 2002 May 11; 324(7346): 1131. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11923159

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The allergen profile of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) pollen: cross-reactivity with allergens from various plant species. Author(s): Niederberger V, Purohit A, Oster JP, Spitzauer S, Valenta R, Pauli G. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 June; 32(6): 933-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12047442

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The allergens of Cladosporium herbarum and Alternaria alternata. Author(s): Breitenbach M, Simon-Nobbe B. Source: Chem Immunol. 2002; 81: 48-72. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12102004

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The allergens of Parietaria. Author(s): Colombo P, Bonura A, Costa M, Izzo V, Passantino R, Locorotondo G, Amoroso S, Geraci D. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2003 March; 130(3): 173-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12660421

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The British standard series of contact dermatitis allergens: validation in clinical practice and value for clinical governance. Author(s): Britton JE, Wilkinson SM, English JS, Gawkrodger DJ, Ormerod AD, Sansom JE, Shaw S, Statham B. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 February; 148(2): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12588377

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The CREATE project: a new beginning of allergen standardization based on mass units of major allergens. Author(s): van Ree R. Source: Arb Paul Ehrlich Inst Bundesamt Sera Impfstoffe Frankf a M. 2003; (94): 70-3; Discussion 74-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15119023

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The interaction between particulate air pollution and allergens in enhancing allergic and airway responses. Author(s): Polosa R. Source: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2001 March; 1(2): 102-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11899291

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The role of allergens in the induction of asthma. Author(s): Platts-Mills TA. Source: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2002 March; 2(2): 175-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11892098

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The role of patch testing for chemical and protein allergens in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nedorost ST, Cooper KD. Source: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2001 July; 1(4): 323-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11892054

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The seasonal variation in allergic rhinitis and its correlation with outdoor allergens in Kuwait. Author(s): Behbehani N, Arifhodzic N, Al-Mousawi M, Marafie S, Ashkanani L, Moussa M, Al-Duwaisan A. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2004 February; 133(2): 164-7. Epub 2004 February 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14764943

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Tree pollen allergens. Author(s): Mothes N, Westritschnig K, Valenta R. Source: Clin Allergy Immunol. 2004; 18: 165-84. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15042915

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Ubiquitous structures responsible for IgE cross-reactivity between tomato fruit and grass pollen allergens. Author(s): Petersen A, Vieths S, Aulepp H, Schlaak M, Becker WM. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 October; 98(4): 805-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8876557

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Uncommon allergens. Author(s): Munoz-Lopez F. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 2001 September-October; 29(5): 181-4. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11720649

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Uneasy breather: the implications of dust mite allergens. Author(s): Sharma S, Lackie PM, Holgate ST. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 February; 33(2): 163-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12580906

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Unique role of allergens and the epithelium in asthma. Author(s): Thompson PJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 November; 28 Suppl 5: 110-6; Discussion 117-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9988456

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Unusual responses to contact allergens. Author(s): Slavin RG. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 1999 July-August; 20(4): 229-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10476321

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Use of differential display-polymerase chain reaction to identify genes selectively modulated by chemical allergens in reconstituted human epidermis. Author(s): Corsini E, Sheasgreen J, Marinovich M, Galli CL. Source: Toxicology in Vitro : an International Journal Published in Association with Bibra. 2002 August; 16(4): 427-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12110282

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Use of liposomes for standardized therapeutic allergens. Author(s): Tran XT, Millet-Genin I. Source: Arb Paul Ehrlich Inst Bundesamt Sera Impfstoffe Frankf a M. 1994; (87): 203-9; Discussion 209-10. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7873060

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Use of modified BL21(DE3) Escherichia coli cells for high-level expression of recombinant peanut allergens affected by poor codon usage. Author(s): Kleber-Janke T, Becker WM. Source: Protein Expression and Purification. 2000 August; 19(3): 419-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10910733

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Use of recombinant group 5 allergens to investigate IgE-mediated sensitization to Blomia tropicalis and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Author(s): Arruda LK, Vailes LD, Fernandez-Caldas E, Naspitz CK, Montealegre F, Chapman MD. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1996; 409: 173-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9095238

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Use of specific IgE in assessing the relevance of fungal and dust mite allergens to atopic dermatitis: a comparison with asthmatic and nonasthmatic control subjects. Author(s): Scalabrin DM, Bavbek S, Perzanowski MS, Wilson BB, Platts-Mills TA, Wheatley LM. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 December; 104(6): 1273-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10589012

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Vacuum cleaning does not sufficiently reduce mite allergens from beddings. Author(s): Vichyanond P, Visitsuntorn N, Ruengruk S, Malainual N. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 August; 85 Suppl 2: S586-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12403236

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Value of immunoglobulin E density in predicting nasal and bronchial response to inhaled allergens in rhinitic and asthmatic subjects with multiple sensitizations. Author(s): Crimi E, Voltolini S, Minale P, Falagiani P. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 December; 29(12): 1663-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10594543

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Variability of crossreactivity of IgE antibodies to group I and V allergens in eight grass pollen species. Author(s): Van Ree R, Driessen MN, Van Leeuwen WA, Stapel SO, Aalberse RC. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1992 June; 22(6): 611-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1382820

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Variable effects of chemical allergens on serum IgE concentration in mice. Preliminary evaluation of a novel approach to the identification of respiratory sensitizers. Author(s): Dearman RJ, Basketter DA, Kimber I. Source: Journal of Applied Toxicology : Jat. 1992 October; 12(5): 317-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1447476

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Variation in skin reactivity inhalant allergens estimated by the end-point technique. Author(s): Bordignon V, Parmiani S. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2001; 11(3): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11831447

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Vitiligo and topical allergens. Author(s): Orecchia G, Perfetti L. Source: Dermatologica. 1989; 179(3): 137-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2591620

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Weed pollen allergens. Author(s): Mohapatra SS, Lockey RF, Polo F. Source: Clin Allergy Immunol. 2004; 18: 207-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15042917

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Western blot analysis of water-soluble wheat flour (Triticum vulgaris) allergens. Author(s): Pfeil T, Schwabl U, Ulmer WT, Konig W. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1990; 91(3): 224-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1693911

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What are allergens? Author(s): Cromwell O. Source: Allergy. 1999; 54 Suppl 56: 7-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10532288

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What are the important allergens in grass pollen that are linked to human allergic disease? Author(s): Suphioglu C. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 October; 30(10): 1335-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10998006

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Where are we in risk assessment of food allergens? The regulatory view. Author(s): Madsen C. Source: Allergy. 2001; 56 Suppl 67: 91-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11298019

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Why are nasal and bronchial symptoms mostly perennial in patients with monosensitization to Olea europaea pollen allergens? Author(s): Liccardi G, Kordash TR, Russo M, Noschese P, Califano C, D'Amato M, D'Amato G. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1996 November-December; 6(6): 371-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9015781

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Why are some proteins allergens? Author(s): Huby RD, Dearman RJ, Kimber I. Source: Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2000 June; 55(2): 235-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10828254

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Wipe test for the detection of indoor allergens. Author(s): Polzius R, Wuske T, Mahn J. Source: Allergy. 2002 February; 57(2): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11929417

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Working out the asthma allergens. Author(s): Hartley J. Source: Nurs Times. 1999 July 21-27; 95(29): 53-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10568978

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Workshop overview. Identification of respiratory allergens. Author(s): Kimber I, Bernstein IL, Karol MH, Robinson MK, Sarlo K, Selgrade MK. Source: Fundamental and Applied Toxicology : Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 1996 September; 33(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8812200

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ALLERGENS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and allergens.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Allergens The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “allergens” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on allergens: •

Biochemical features of grain legume allergens in humans and animals. Author(s): INRA, Laboratoire du Jeune Ruminant, Rennes, France. Source: Lalles, J P Peltre, G Nutr-Revolume 1996 April; 54(4 Pt 1): 101-7 0029-6643

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “allergens” (or a synonym): •

Expression of Bet v 1, the major birch pollen allergen during anther development: an in situ hybridization study. Source: Swoboda, I. Dang, T.C.H. Heberle Bors, E. Vicente, O. Protoplasma. Wien : Springer-Verlag. 1995. volume 187 (1/4) page 103-110. 0033-183X

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Four recombinant isoforms of Cor a I, the major allergen of hazel pollen, show different IgE-binding properties. Source: Breiteneder, H. Ferreira, F. Hoffmann Sommergruber, K. Ebner, C. Breitenbach, M. Rumpold, H. Kraft, D. Scheiner, O. Eur-J-Biochem. New York, NY : Springer-Verlag New York Inc. March 1993. volume 212 (2) page 355-362. 0014-2956

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Industry labelling guidelines for allergens and food safety advice. Source: Sadler, M. Gatenby, S. Nutr-food-sci. Bradford, West Yorkshire, England : MCB University Press. Mar/June 2001. volume 31 (2/3) page 79-83. 0034-6659

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Isolation and characterization of allergens from the seeds of Vigna sinensis. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India. Source: Rao, T R Rao, D N Kotilingam, K Athota, R R Asian-Pac-J-Allergy-Immunol. 2000 March; 18(1): 9-14 0125-877X

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Modulation of IgE-binding properties of tree pollen allergens by site-directed mutagenesis. Source: Ferreira, F. Rohlfs, A. Hoffmann Sommergruber, K. Schenk, S. Ebner, C. Briza, P. Jilek, A. Kraft, D. Breitenbach, M. Scheiner, O. New horizons in allergy immunotherapy /. New York : Plenum Press, c1996. page 127-135. ISBN: 030645498X

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Phenylcoumaran benzylic ether and isoflavonoid reductases are a new class of crossreactive allergens in birch pollen, fruits and vegetables. Author(s): Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Davos Platz, Switzerland. Source: Karamloo, F Wangorsch, A Kasahara, H Davin, L B Haustein, D Lewis, N G Vieths, S Eur-J-Biochem. 2001 October; 268(20): 5310-20 0014-2956

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Seasonal changes of humoral and cellular immune responses to Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen allergens in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) with pollinosis. Author(s): Department of Immunology, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, Tokyo, Japan. [email protected] Source: Sakaguchi, M Yamada, T Hirahara, K Shiraishi, A Saito, S Miyazawa, H Taniguchi, Y Inouye, S Nigi, H J-Med-Primatol. 2001 April; 30(2): 112-20 0047-2565

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Sensitization to common food allergens is a risk factor for asthma in young Chinese children in Hong Kong. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR. [email protected] Source: Leung, T F Lam, C W Chan, I H Li, A M Tang, N L J-Asthma. 2002 September; 39(6): 523-9 0277-0903

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Structure of food allergens in relation to allergenicity. Author(s): CLB and Laboratory for Experimental and Clinical Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Source: Aalberse, R C Stapel, S O Pediatr-Allergy-Immunol. 2001; 12 Suppl 14: 10-4 09056157

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The crystal structure of a major dust mite allergen Der p 2, and its biological implications. Author(s): Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. [email protected] Source: Derewenda, U Li, J Derewenda, Z Dauter, Z Mueller, G A Rule, G S Benjamin, D C J-Mol-Biol. 2002 April 19; 318(1): 189-97 0022-2836

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The evaluation of allergens and allergic diseases in children. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, ROC. Source: Lee, C S Tang, R B Chung, R L J-Microbiol-Immunol-Infect. 2000 December; 33(4): 227-32

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The role of allergens and pseudoallergens in urticaria. Author(s): Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charite, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. [email protected] Source: Zuberbier, T J-Investig-Dermatol-Symp-Proc. 2001 November; 6(2): 132-4 10870024

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The use of image analysis to study the allergens in foods. Source: Morgan, N.L. Albert, C.J. Spears, K. Tech-Ser-Soc-Appl-Bacteriol. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications. 1987. (24) page 153-161. ill. 0300-9610

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Time course study on the development of allergen-induced airway remodeling in mice: the effect of allergen avoidance on established airway remodeling. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Japan. Source: Tanaka, H Masuda, T Tokuoka, S Takahashi, Y Komai, M Nagao, K Nagai, H Inflamm-Res. 2002 June; 51(6): 307-16 1023-3830

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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) allergens in pollen-allergic patients. Source: Foetisch, K. Son, D.Y. Altmann, F. Aulepp, H. Conti, A. Haustein, D. Vieths, S. Eur-food-res-technol. Berlin : Springer, c1999-. October 2001. volume 213 (4/5) page 259266. 1438-2377

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to allergens; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin B6 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin C Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin C Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,904,00.html

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Minerals Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Food and Diet Barley Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chocolate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coffee Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Corn-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dairy-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Egg-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gluten-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Grapefruit Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kumquat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lamb and Mutton Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lemons Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Limes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Allergen Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oranges Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rabbit Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Rye Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Special Diets Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tangerines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Turkey Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ugli Tangelo Fruit Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Weight Management Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wheat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ALLERGENS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to allergens. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to allergens and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “allergens” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to allergens: •

A novel inhalation allergen present in the working environment of beekeepers. Author(s): Rudeschko O, Machnik A, Dorfelt H, Kaatz HH, Schlott B, Kinne RW. Source: Allergy. 2004 March; 59(3): 332-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14982517

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A simple washing procedure with eucalyptus oil for controlling house dust mites and their allergens in clothing and bedding. Author(s): Tovey ER, McDonald LG. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 October; 100(4): 464-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9338538

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Allergen avoidance in the primary prevention of asthma. Author(s): Simpson A, Custovic A.

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Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004 February; 4(1): 4551. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15090919 •

Allergen-immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotide conjugate: a novel allergoid for immunotherapy. Author(s): Spiegelberg HL, Horner AA, Takabayashi K, Raz E. Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 December; 2(6): 54751. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14752340

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Allergens in pepper and paprika. Immunologic investigation of the celery-birchmugwort-spice syndrome. Author(s): Leitner A, Jensen-Jarolim E, Grimm R, Wuthrich B, Ebner H, Scheiner O, Kraft D, Ebner C. Source: Allergy. 1998 January; 53(1): 36-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9491227

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Allergens, dysbiosis and immune dysregulation: case studies on inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Lukaczer D, Lerman RH. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2003 May-June; 9(3): 136, 130-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12776484

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Allergic contact dermatitis caused by Lithraea molleoides and Lithraea brasiliensis: identification and characterization of the responsible allergens. Author(s): Ale SI, Ferreira F, Gonzalez G, Epstein W. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1997 September; 8(3): 144-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9249282

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Allergic contact dermatitis elicitation thresholds of potent allergens in humans. Author(s): Jerschow E, Hostynek JJ, Maibach HI. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2001 November; 39(11): 1095-108. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11527569

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Allergic contact dermatitis from common ivy confirmed with stored allergens. Author(s): Sanchez-Perez J, Cordoba S, Hausen BM, De Vega MJ, Aragues M, GarciaDiez A.

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Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 November; 39(5): 259-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9840266 •

Allergy to date fruits: characterization of antigens and allergens of fruits of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Author(s): Kwaasi AA, Harfi HA, Parhar RS, Al-Sedairy ST, Collison KS, Panzani RC, Al-Mohanna FA. Source: Allergy. 1999 December; 54(12): 1270-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10688430

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Are contact allergens stable in patch test preparations? Investigation of the degradation of d-limonene hydroperoxides in petrolatum. Author(s): Nilsson U, Magnusson K, Karlberg O, Karlberg AT. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 March; 40(3): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10073439

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Bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) express allergens (profilin, pathogenesis-related protein P23 and Bet v 1) depending on the horticultural strain. Author(s): Jensen-Jarolim E, Santner B, Leitner A, Grimm R, Scheiner O, Ebner C, Breiteneder H. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1998 June; 116(2): 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9652302

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Biochemical features of grain legume allergens in humans and animals. Author(s): Lalles JP, Peltre G. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1996 April; 54(4 Pt 1): 101-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8710238

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Biologic allergen assay for in vivo test allergens with an in vitro model of the murine type I reaction. Author(s): Hoffmann A, Vieths S, Haustein D. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 February; 99(2): 227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9042050

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Characterization of allergens in plant-derived spices: Apiaceae spices, pepper (Piperaceae), and paprika (bell peppers, Solanaceae). Author(s): Ebner C, Jensen-Jarolim E, Leitner A, Breiteneder H. Source: Allergy. 1998; 53(46 Suppl): 52-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9825999

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Class I chitinases, the panallergens responsible for the latex-fruit syndrome, are induced by ethylene treatment and inactivated by heating.

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Author(s): Sanchez-Monge R, Blanco C, Perales AD, Collada C, Carrillo T, Aragoncillo C, Salcedo G. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 July; 106(1 Pt 1): 190-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10887324 •

Cloning and molecular and immunological characterisation of two new food allergens, Cap a 2 and Lyc e 1, profilins from bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) and Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Author(s): Willerroider M, Fuchs H, Ballmer-Weber BK, Focke M, Susani M, Thalhamer J, Ferreira F, Wuthrich B, Scheiner O, Breiteneder H, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2003 August; 131(4): 245-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12915767

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Cross-reactivity of IgE antibodies to allergens. Author(s): Aalberse RC, Akkerdaas J, van Ree R. Source: Allergy. 2001 June; 56(6): 478-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11421891

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Delayed-type hypersensitivity to contact allergens in psoriasis. A clinical evaluation. Author(s): Heule F, Tahapary GJ, Bello CR, van Joost T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 February; 38(2): 78-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9506219

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Endogenous function and biological significance of aeroallergens: an update. Author(s): Stewart GA, McWilliam AS. Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 February; 1(1): 95103. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11964676

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Fragrance and contact allergens in vitro modulate the HLA-DR and E-cadherin expression on human epidermal Langerhans cells. Author(s): Verrier AC, Schmitt D, Staquet MJ. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1999 September; 120(1): 5662. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10529589

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Human skin absorption and metabolism of the contact allergens, cinnamic aldehyde, and cinnamic alcohol. Author(s): Smith CK, Moore CA, Elahi EN, Smart AT, Hotchkiss SA. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2000 November 1; 168(3): 189-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11042091

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Identification and immunologic characterization of an allergen, alliin lyase, from garlic (Allium sativum). Author(s): Kao SH, Hsu CH, Su SN, Hor WT, Chang T WH, Chow LP. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004 January; 113(1): 161-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14713923

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Identification by immunoblot of venom glycoproteins displaying immunoglobulin Ebinding N-glycans as cross-reactive allergens in honeybee and yellow jacket venom. Author(s): Hemmer W, Focke M, Kolarich D, Dalik I, Gotz M, Jarisch R. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004 March; 34(3): 460-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15005742

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Identification of serine protease as a major allergen of Curvularia lunata. Author(s): Gupta R, Sharma V, Sridhara S, Singh BP, Arora N. Source: Allergy. 2004 April; 59(4): 421-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15005766

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Identification of soyabean allergens and immune mechanisms of dietary sensitivities in preruminant calves. Author(s): Lalles JP, Dreau D, Salmon H, Toullec R. Source: Research in Veterinary Science. 1996 March; 60(2): 111-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8685530

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Identification of unique peanut and soy allergens in sera adsorbed with crossreacting antibodies. Author(s): Eigenmann PA, Burks AW, Bannon GA, Sampson HA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 November; 98(5 Pt 1): 969-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8939161

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Interaction of human lung surfactant proteins A and D with mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) allergens. Author(s): Wang JY, Kishore U, Lim BL, Strong P, Reid KB. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1996 November; 106(2): 367-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8918587

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Isolated colophony allergens as screening substances for contact allergy. Author(s): Karlberg AT, Gafvert E. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 October; 35(4): 201-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8957638

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Isolation and characterization of relevant allergens from boiled lentils. Author(s): Sanchez-Monge R, Pascual CY, Diaz-Perales A, Fernandez-Crespo J, MartinEsteban M, Salcedo G. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 November; 106(5): 95561. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11080720

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Kiwi allergens and their cross-reactivity with birch, rye, timothy, and mugwort pollen. Author(s): Rudeschko O, Fahlbusch B, Steurich F, Schlenvoigt G, Jager L. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1998 March-April; 8(2): 78-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9615299

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Multiple contact allergens in a violinist. Author(s): Alvarez MS, Brancaccio RR. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 July; 49(1): 43-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641123

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Nitric oxide production by alveolar macrophages in response to house dust mite fecal pellets and the mite allergens, Der p 1 and Der p 2. Author(s): Peake HL, Currie AJ, Stewart GA, McWilliam AS. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 September; 112(3): 531-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13679812

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Occupational asthma caused by exposure to asparagus: detection of allergens by immunoblotting. Author(s): Lopez-Rubio A, Rodriguez J, Crespo JF, Vives R, Daroca P, Reano M. Source: Allergy. 1998 December; 53(12): 1216-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9930601

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Occupational rhinitis and asthma by Lathyrus sativus flour: characterization of allergens. Author(s): Porcel S, Leon F, Valero AM, Calderin PM, Cuevas M, Cuesta EA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 April; 107(4): 743-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11295670

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Patch testing with allergens from modified rosin (colophony) discloses additional cases of contact allergy. Author(s): Gafvert E, Bordalo O, Karlberg AT. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 November; 35(5): 290-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9007375

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Pectin and cashew nut allergy: cross-reacting allergens? Author(s): Rasanen L, Makinen-Kiljunen S, Harvima RJ. Source: Allergy. 1998 June; 53(6): 626-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9689352

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Pistachio nut hypersensitivity: identification of pistachio nut allergens. Author(s): Parra FM, Cuevas M, Lezaun A, Alonso MD, Beristain AM, Losada E. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1993 December; 23(12): 996-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10779292

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Pollen mixtures used as health food may be a harmful source of allergens. Author(s): Angiola Crivellaro M, Senna G, Riva G, Cislaghi C, Falagiani P, Walter Canonica G, Passalacqua G. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2000 September-October; 10(5): 310-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11108445

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Prevalence of sensitization to food allergens in adult Swedes. Author(s): Bjornsson E, Janson C, Plaschke P, Norrman E, Sjoberg O. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1996 October; 77(4): 327-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8885811

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Quantification of allergenic urushiols in extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves, in simple one-step extracts and refined manufactured material (EGb 761). Author(s): Schotz K. Source: Phytochemical Analysis : Pca. 2004 January-February; 15(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14979519

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Recalls of foods containing undeclared allergens reported to the US Food and Drug Administration, fiscal year 1999. Author(s): Vierk K, Falci K, Wolyniak C, Klontz KC. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 June; 109(6): 1022-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12063535

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Recombinant allergens for skin testing. Author(s): Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Crameri R. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2001 June; 125(2): 96-111. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11435726

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Sensitization to grass, ragweed, mugwort pollen allergens in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata): preliminary report. Author(s): Sakaguchi M, Kobayashi C, Inouye S, Konaka A, Yamada T, Nigi H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 December; 29(12): 1692-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10594546

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Sensitization to soybean hull allergens in subjects exposed to different levels of soybean dust inhalation in Argentina. Author(s): Codina R, Ardusso L, Lockey RF, Crisci C, Bertoya N. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 March; 105(3): 570-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10719309

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Serological characterization of allergens in poppy seeds. Author(s): Jensen-Jarolim E, Gerstmayer G, Kraft D, Scheiner O, Ebner H, Ebner C. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 August; 29(8): 1075-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10457111

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Structural biology of allergens. Author(s): Aalberse RC. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 August; 106(2): 228-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10932064

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Systemic allergic reaction to coconut (Cocos nucifera) in 2 subjects with hypersensitivity to tree nut and demonstration of cross-reactivity to legumin-like seed storage proteins: new coconut and walnut food allergens. Author(s): Teuber SS, Peterson WR. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 June; 103(6): 1180-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10359903

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The allergens of Dendropanax trifidus Makino and Fatsia japonica Decne. et Planch. and evaluation of cross-reactions with other plants of the Araliaceae family. Author(s): Oka K, Saito F, Yasuhara T, Sugimoto A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 April; 40(4): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10208509

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The utility of patch tests using larger screening series of allergens. Author(s): Larkin A, Rietschel RL.

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Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1998 September; 9(3): 142-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9744905

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to allergens; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Acne Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergic Rhinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergies Alternative names: Hay Fever Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Anaphylaxis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angioedema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anxiety Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Asthma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Autism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bronchitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Candida/Yeast Hypersensitivity Syndrome Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Canker Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Celiac Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colic Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Conjunctivitis and Blepharitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crohn's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Crohn's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ear Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eczema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eczema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endometriosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Epilepsy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Allergy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gallbladder Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gallstones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gastritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glaucoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hay Fever Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hay Fever Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lupus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ménière's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Migraine Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Migraine Headaches Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Muscular Dystrophy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Otitis Media Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Sarcoidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Seborrheic Dermatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Shock Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Sinus Congestion Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sinus Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinusitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sinusitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spastic Colon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stomach Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Urethral Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urethritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vertigo Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Water Retention Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yeast Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •

Alternative Therapy Ionized Air (negative Ions) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Lepore Technique of M.r.t. Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/l.html Magnet Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,715,00.html Naturopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,722,00.html Nutrition Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nutrition Kinesiology Alternative names: NK Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/n.html •

Herbs and Supplements Achillea Alternative names: Yarrow; Achillea millefolium L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Australian Fevertree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bee Products Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,756,00.html Betula Alternative names: Birch; Betula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Chamomile Alternative names: Matricaria recutita Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Chamomile Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Eucalyptus Alternative names: Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus fructicetorum, polybractea, smithii, Australian Fevertree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eucalyptus globulus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Foeniculum Alternative names: Fennel; Foeniculum vulgare Mill Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ginkgo Biloba Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,788,00.html Goldenrod Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Juniperus Alternative names: Juniper; Juniperus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Kochia Alternative names: Summer Cypress, Fireweed; Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Luffa Alternative names: Luffa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Matricaria Alternative names: Chamomile; Matricaria chamomilla Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

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Nettle Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10048,00.html Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Picrorhiza Alternative names: Picrorhiza kurroa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Plantago Major Alternative names: Plantain; Plantago major/lanceolata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Plantago Psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tanacetum Alternative names: Feverfew; Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thuja Plicata Alternative names: Western Red Cedar Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ALLERGENS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to allergens. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “allergens” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on allergens, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Allergens ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to allergens. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Home environments and allergen avoidance practices in a hot, humid climate by Kutintara, Benjamas; PhD from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2002, 106 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3047983

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The distribution of the neural components within the airway epithelium in healthy animals and animals exposed to allergens and/or ozone by Larson, Shawnessy Dawn; PhD from University of California, Davis, 2003, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3108000

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ALLERGENS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “allergens” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on allergens, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Allergens By performing a patent search focusing on allergens, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on allergens: •

Allergy test strip Inventor(s): McLernon, III; William J. (22-57 78th St., Astoria Heights, NY 11370) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,319,467 Date filed: April 19, 1994 Abstract: A single allergy test strip is used in determining if a person has allergic reactions to allergens. A perforated layer of non-allergenic material has an adhesive layer on a back side thereof. The perforated layer has a top side with at least one perforation extending from the top side through the material and through the back side adhesive layer. A multilayer pad of allergy test strips contains several test strips each having an adhesive perimeter around the back edges thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an allergy test strip for use in determining if a person has allergic reactions to allergens. It is known to test individuals for allergic reactions to various substances that produce these reactions and which are known as allergens. In the past, the testing protocols included applying to a selected area of the person's skin, one or more allergens and to determine what reaction, if any, did occur. Examples of these allergens include dust, mold spores, pollens (i.e., trees and grasses), foods, and insect bites. Occasionally the medical person conducting the testing loses track of the location for some of the various allergens previously applied to the skin of the person being tested. This places into jeopardy the accuracy of the tests being conducted. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06319467__

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Antiallergenic covering for receiving objects contaminated with allergens and/or fine dust absorbed into the lung Inventor(s): Baumgartel; Falko (Steinfurt, DE), Vopel; Ulrich (Flammersfeld, DE) Assignee(s): Lohmann GmbH & Co. KG (Neuwied, DE) Patent Number: 6,363,553 Date filed: September 1, 2000 Abstract: The allergen-inhibiting encasing for receiving objects contaminated with respirable fine and extremely fine dust, house dust, moulds and allergens, e.g. excretions of house dust mites, together with air, especially bedding and/or upholstery of all kinds, comprising at least a web of woven fabric or a nonwoven and a mechanical closure, such as a zip fastener, in a configuration blocking the passage of allergens and extremely fine particles. The encasing is characterized in that the web includes a fabric which is coated with polyurethane-acrylate copolymer foam and is equipped with increased density, by calendering, up to a degree of filtration of almost 100% for particles smaller than 1.mu.m. Also, the zip fastener is sealed on the inner face of the encasing by overlapping with a sealing strip comprising at least three plies of fabric. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an allergen-inhibiting encasing for receiving objects contaminated with respirable fine dust and extremely fine dust, house dust, moulds and

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allergens, e.g. excretions of house dust mites, together with air, especially bedding and/or upholstery of all kinds. The encasing has at least one web of woven fabric or nonwoven and a mechanical closure such as a zip fastener, in a configuration blocking the passage of allergens and extremely fine dust. With allergen-inhibiting encasings intended to receive the aforementioned objects, the encasings must on the one hand be air-permeable to a limited extent and on the other hand are to prevent contamination of the surrounding air with respirable fine or extremely fine dust and allergens. It is, inter alia, necessary to clean the encasing in regular intervals. For this reason, such encasings must be provided with a suitable closure system which is easy to handle, suitable for repeated use and likewise allergen-inhibiting. It must be capable of diminishing the excess pressure, which occasionally occurs within the encasing upon volume reduction such as that caused by pushing or kneading movements. Preferably, the diminishing of the excess pressure should be gradual enough for the sudden change of pressure both in the region of the textile web as well as of the closure systems to be uniformly low, so that no respirable fine dust and allergens may be emitted thereby. It is known to provide an almost air-impermeable encasing for bedding and upholstery with a zip fastener which can, in addition, be sealed by means of a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape suitable for multiple repeated closing. To this end, the constitution of the web material must have comparatively satisfactory air permeability with simultaneous particle impermeability to respiratory fine dust in the range of