A CONCISE HISTORICAL GRAMMAR OF THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian
VLADIMIR OREL
BRILL
Orel 1.v...
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A CONCISE HISTORICAL GRAMMAR OF THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian
VLADIMIR OREL
BRILL
Orel 1.vw
14-03-2000 11:05
Pagina 1
A CONCISE HISTORICAL GRAMMAR OF THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE
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Orel 1.vw
14-03-2000 11:05
Pagina 3
A CONCISE HISTORICAL GRAMMAR OF THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian
BY
VLADIMIR OREL
BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON • KÖLN 2000
Orel 1.vw
14-03-2000 11:05
Pagina 4
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Orel, Vladimir E. A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language : reconstruction of Proto-Albanian / by Vladimir Orel. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9004116478 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Albanian language—Grammar, Historical. I. Title. PG9519 .O74 2000 491'.9915—dc21 99-053799 CIP
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Orel, Vladimir E.: A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language : reconstruction of Proto-Albanian / by Vladimir Orel. - Leiden ; Boston ; Köln : Brill, 2000 ISBN 90-04-11647-8
ISBN 90 04 11647 8
© Copyright 2000 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands
To Dad
“The question is,” said Humpty Dumpty, “which is to be master—that’s all … [Words have] a temper, some of them—particularly verbs, they’re the proudest—adjectives you can do anything with, but not verbs—however, I can manage the whole lot!” Lewis Carroll
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contents
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35()$&( The present book was started in 1982, in Mikhalevo (Russia), and its first (Russian) variant was finished in 1989 when it was submitted as a second doctoral dissertation to the linguistic department of the Institute for Slavic and Balkan studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (OREL Alb.). At the same time, the typescript was smuggled across the border to the United States (as some other works of the present writer) but, unfortunately, got lost on way to its destination. I continued my work on the historical grammar of Albanian while simultaneously writing an etymological dictionary as well: one project fostered the other. Until 1996, I had to concentrate on the etymological dictionary which eventually saw the light in 1998 (OREL AED). Meanwhile, the English text was quickly finished in 19971998. The present grammar was used as the basis of several courses in the historical grammar of Albanian (Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies, Moscow, 1987 and V.A. Dybo’s Nostratic Seminar, 1988) and of a graduate seminar at UCLA in 1999. The main objective of the book is to analyze the lexical material of the new etymological dictionary (the latter should be used as a data base immediately connected with the grammar), and to give a new detailed description of the linguistic development from ProtoIndoEuropean to ProtoAlbanian to modern Albanian. Different stages of this development were not of equal interest to the writer. The history of the Albanian language understood as a description of its evolution from the earliest attested monuments (Old Albanian) to its present form remained beyond the reach of this study. For that—perfectly legitimate—kind of linguistic history of Albanian we will need another book. In my work, I deal with the transition from IndoEuropean to ProtoAlbanian and the correspondences between ProtoAlbanian and modern Albanian. Therefore, many important features of modern Albanian are not discussed here: they are relatively recent and therefore irrelevant for my main task, the reconstruction of ProtoAlbanian. Not all important features of the ProtoAlbanian structure can be revealed and properly described today. Our knowledge is still very insufficient, especially in the field of ProtoAlbanian morphology. The study of Proto-Albanian syntax remains in its infancy. Hence, there are natural limitations to the present work: I give a relatively full description of historical phonetics but the third chapter of the book («Morphology») is only a very brief and incomplete sketch, in particular, as far as the
xii
preface
ProtoAlbanian verb is concerned. Two central notions of my work are ProtoIndoEuropean and ProtoAlbanian. As far as Proto-IndoEuropean is concerned, its definitions or descriptions are beyond the scope of this work. The phonetic and morphological reconstruction of ProtoIndoEuropean used here delineates a late stage in the development of the language, a stage in which certain areal changes have already occurred, such as the loss of Indo-Europen laryngeals. ProtoAlbanian is viewed as a language already possessing several features typical of the Albanian linguistic type. We reconstruct it in two forms: Early ProtoAlbanian—immediately before the beginning of linguistic contacts with speakers of Latin/ProtoRomance (1st century CE), and Late ProtoAlbanian—following the contacts with ProtoRomance and ancient Slavic dialects still close to ProtoSlavic (6th-7th centuries CE). Major changes shattered the structure of ProtoAlbanian during this short but eventful period. The work is based on the results of my own research (including the data of the Albanian Etymological Dictionary and numerous papers on the reconstruction of ProtoAlbanian) as well as existing literature, including studies by such outstanding students of Albanian from its IndoEuropean perspective as MEYER, PEDERSEN, JOKL, ÇABEJ, and HAMP. In many cases, the book suggests new solutions for complicated problems of Albanian historical phonetics, and sometimes proposes revisions of my earlier studies. An attentive reader will easily notice them, especially if the literature I have adduced has been properly studied. However, references are very far from being complete; the reader should consult my etymological dictionary for more infromation. The book contains four chapters—«Phonetics», «Morphonology and wordformation», «Morphology» and «Vocabulary». My knowledge of the Proto-Albanian syntax is so insufficient that a separate chapter on the subject would be totally irrelevant. Inside each chapter, the text is divided into sections and paragraphs. The beginning paragraph of every section (its number always ending in zero) includes a brief list of relevant literature, some of it—with very short summaries. The book concludes with an index of Albanian forms. Whenever Tosk and Geg forms coincide, one Albanian form is quoted. If there are phonetic differences between Tosk and Geg, two forms are adduced separated by a tilda, with the Tosk form coming first, e.g. OO¬U¬ ~ OODQ¬If the word only exists in Tosk or in Geg, it is marked correspondingly. Forms from the various IndoEuropean daughter languages are given according to their traditional transliterations. The
preface
xiii
same applies to Proto-IndoEuropean reconstruction. As the reader will notice, I tend to use what could be labelled as «late» or «Brugmannian» IndoEuropean. Such a reconstruction does not take into account the comparative evidence provided by Hittite and Tocharian. Albanian is a product of this «late IndoEuropean» and it seemed counterproductive to make our reconstruction deeper than really necessary. I use three types of arrows in the text in order to distinguish between historical development, borrowing and morphological derivation. I do not have any illusions as to the future of this little innovation—it won’t be taken up. However, I want to give it a try. Usual arrows > < are reserved for historical change as they are normally used today. Thus, !Rmeans the development of
in time. Arrows ÖÕ are used to describe the act of borrowing. The formula WHUUDH PAWXP Ö W¬UPHW deals with loanwords. Finally, arrows ¾½ appear in my description of wordformation. They indicate «derived from», e.g. bir ¾ birth. While working on the book, I was able to use the excellent facilities of the Greek-Slavonic Annexe of the Taylor Institute (Oxford), McMaster University Library (Hamilton, Ontario) and the Hebrew University Libraries (Jerusalem). I am indebted to all the above institutions as well as to my former university (Bar-Ilan University in Ramat-Gan) for their support of my research. I am also grateful to the Egged Bus Co-operative (Israel) in whose buses and coaches I wrote substantial parts of this work. I want to express my gratitude to several people whose combination of advice, help and fierce criticism were important at various stages of my research in the field of the historical grammar of Albanian during the last seventeen years: Çlirim Bidollari (Tirana), Vladimir Dybo (Moscow), D. Ellis Evans (Oxford), John Greppin (Cleveland), Viacheslav Ivanov (Los Angeles), Irina Kalu°skaia (Moscow), Evgenii Khelimski (Moscow), Alexander Rusakov (St. Petersburg), Vitaly Shevoroshkin (Ann Arbor), Vladimir Toporov (Moscow), Brent Vine (Los Angeles), Charles Xu (Calgary) and Andrei Zalizniak (Moscow). I am also grateful to Susan Rothstein and Adam Wyner of Bar-Ilan University (Ramat-Gan). Some of my advisors and friends have passed away. My gratitude to Leonid Gindin (Moscow) is mixed with the bitter taste of remembrance. I am particularly indebted to my friend Jay Friedman (Los Angeles) who has edited the whole text (but not this sentence) and encouraged me to make numerous important changes in it. Calgary, Alberta November 30, 1999
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phonology
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chapter one
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phonology
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120
chapter one
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