Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTE...

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DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00372-4 1. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on disseminated intravascular coagulation. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation ..................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 11 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION ......................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Finding Nutrition Studies on Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation .................................... 57 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION .. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 61 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 64 General References ....................................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION ................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Chapters on Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation ................................................................ 67 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 71 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 73 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 75 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 77 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 79 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 81 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 81 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 81 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 87 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 89 DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION DICTIONARY........................... 91 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 133

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with disseminated intravascular coagulation is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about disseminated intravascular coagulation, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to disseminated intravascular coagulation, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on disseminated intravascular coagulation. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to disseminated intravascular coagulation, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on disseminated intravascular coagulation. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on disseminated intravascular coagulation.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and disseminated intravascular coagulation, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “disseminated intravascular coagulation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Syndromes with Renal Failure and Shock Source: Pediatric Nephrology. 8(2): 223-229. April 1994. Contact: Available from Springer-Verlag. Service Center Secaucus, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094. (201) 348-4033. Summary: Renal failure occurs commonly in children with shock, coagulopathy, and multi-organ failure. This article reviews the clinical and epidemiological features of the syndromes with shock and renal failure, focusing on the more recently recognized syndromes such as staphylococcal and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome, and viral hemorrhagic fevers. The author stresses

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that successful management of these patients requires not only management of the renal failure but recognition and treatment of the underlying process. One chart summarizes the conditions associated with each disease. Information is noted on age; presence of fever, rash, shock, encephalopathy, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), thrombocytopenia, and renal pathology; geographic localization; and predisposing factors. 1 table. 49 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to disseminated intravascular coagulation. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to disseminated intravascular coagulation. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore disseminated intravascular coagulation. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for disseminated intravascular coagulation: •

Project Title: A CHEMICALLY SYNTHETIC ANTI-TOXIC VACCINE AGAINST MALARI Principal Investigator & Institution: Schofield, Louis; Walter and Eliza Hall Inst Medical Res of Medical Research Victoria, Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Plasmodium falciparum is a global health problem because of the morbidity and mortality associated with infection. Much of this morbidity and mortality is believed to arise from the actions of a malaria toxin. The toxin initiates a systemic inflammatory cascade involving cytokine excess, which may result in disseminated intravascular coagulation, hepatic dysfunction, acute renal failure, multi-organ inflammation, hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis and death. The toxin may further contribute to organ-specific and cerebral disease syndromes by hyperactivation of the vascular endothelium. Clinical immunity to malaria is acquired considerably earlier than anti-parasite immunity, and it is possible that this is mediated by anti-toxin mechanisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Project Title: EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS SURFACE PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Walker, David H.; Professor; Pathology; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1991; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract):The long-term goal of this research project is the elucidation of the mechanisms of protective immunity against Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (HME). Achievement of this goal requires knowledge of the ehrlichial antigens that stimulate protective immunity and of the humoral and cellular immune mechanisms that are effective in the clearance of ehrlichiae from the infected macrophages throughout the body. HME is a life-threatening tick-borne infection that has been associated with toxic shock syndrome-like manifestations, adult respiratory distress syndrome, meningitis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation in immunocompetent patients, overwhelming opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients, and a fatality rate of 2.7%. The specific aims, designed to test the hypothesis that the immunodominant, surface-exposed p 120 and p28-family stimulate protective immunity by a combination of antibodies and cellular mechanisms, are 1) to determine the roles of proteins of the p28 family and pl2O in stimulating protective immunity in a mouse model of HME against an organism closely related to E. chaffeensis, an Ehrlichia species isolated from Japanese Ixodes ovatus ticks (IOE); 2) to determine the importance and mechanism(s) of antibodies in protective immunity against IOE in the mouse model of HME; and 3) to identify the cellular immune mechanisms that are critical in protective immunity against IOE in the mouse model of HME. The research design includes purification of recombinant pl2O and each member of the p28 family of IOE, production of DNA vaccines expressing each of these proteins, and testing the DNA and recombinant protein vaccines in the highly pathogenic IOE C57BL/6 mouse model. The hypothesis of humorally mediated immunity will be examined by passive immunization studies with specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to p I 2O and the p28 family in IOE-challenged immunocompetent, SCID, and Fc-receptor knockout mice. Opsonization will be investigated in murine and human macrophages in vitro with E. chaffeensis and specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Cellular immune mechanisms will be elucidated using gene knockout mice (MHC Class I, MHC Class II, 8 T-cell receptor, IFN-Y, perforin, INOS), immunodeficient SCID and Beige, and TNFalpha depleted mice, immunohistochemical and flow cytometric analyses of the cell subsets and their cytokine profiles, adoptive transfer of T-lymphocytes and their subsets including antigen-specific T-cell lines, and determination of the chemokines that are important for immunity to the IOE in an outstanding new mouse model of HME. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY OF LPS INDUCED SHOCK AND DIC Principal Investigator & Institution: Ulevitch, Richard J.; Chairman & Professor; Scripps Research Institute Tpc7 La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1981; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Sepsis may result in to 250,000 deaths annually in the United States. The development of septic shock in sepsis accounts for many of these deaths. Septic shock results from dysregulation of the innate immune response to infection. Past studies have focused on Gram- negative (G-) bacteria emphasizing the role of bacterial endotoxin (LPS) in the pathogenesis of the disease. Basic and clinical studies with LPS have revealed many fundamental mechanisms of the innate immune system. In contrast few

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studies mechanistic studies have been performed with Gram-positive (G+) organisms. This has primarily occurred because of doubts about the importance of G+ bacteria in septic shock. Now leaders in the field recognize that G+ infection is likely to be an important cause of septic shock. A currently held view is that there are overlapping an distinct immune/inflammatory responses to G- and G+ organisms. Unfortunately few efforts have been made to dissect the molecular mechanisms of the innate immune response to G+ bacteria. Here we describe experiments to bridge this significant gap in out knowledge. To do this we propose a series of studies to define the structure and function of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), the receptor for G+ bacteria. We will use quantitative biochemical and molecular biological approaches in studies to address the four Specific Aims proposed herein. Our Aims speak to our major long-term goal; to fully define the composition of TLR2 receptor complex and to identify key steps in the earliest signaling events that ultimately control gene expression. In addition we will also use mice containing gene deletions of key TLR family members in the cecal ligation model of bacteremia. The goal of the latter studies is to better understand the interrelationships among the various TLRs in the setting of bacteremia. The data provided by our studies will lead to a new understanding of the pathophysiogical responses to sepsis through an understanding of the basic mechanisms of the innate immune response. By doing this we hope to identify new therapeutic targets and to highlight proteins to consider in future studies investigating the genetic basis of septic shock. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MORPHINE ACTIONS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Chang, Sulie L.; Professor and Chair; Biology; Seton Hall University 400 S Orange Ave South Orange, Nj 07079 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application for a K02 Independent Scientist Award is submitted to enable me to devote additional time to my research projects and other research-related activities and to further my research career in the field of neuroimmunology of drug abuse. The primary goal of my research is to define the influence of drugs of abuse, such as morphine, on immune responses and their progression. We have previously reported that chronic exposure to morphine suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in vivo by desensitizing interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-induced neuronal activation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, an area of the brain involved in the activation of the HPA axis, thus, inhibiting IL-1beta-induced transcription of corticotropin releasing factor mRNA by the hypothalamus and decreasing the production of anti-inflammatory agents, such as corticosterone, by the adrenal gland. Conversely, we have found that morphine potentiates IL-1beta-induced immune responses, such as leukocyte-endothelial adhesion (LEA), in mesenteric venules. Thus, it appears that chronic morphine exposure can promote a potentially damaging inflammatory reaction by disrupting the balance between IL-1?-mediated local inflammatory responses, such as LEA, and the antiinflammatory effects of the HPA axis. Recently, my R01 grant (DA07058-12) entitled, "Morphine actions on the immune system", was renewed for an additional five years (3/15/02-1/31/07), and I was also awarded an equipment grant by the New Jersey Commission on Higher Education to purchase a sequence detection system, a fluorescent imager, and a fluorescent plate reader. The studies in my R01 project are designed to extend our previous findings to define the mechanisms by which morphine influences the progression of bacterial infection. The Specific Aims are to define the

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molecular and cellular processes by which bacterial endotoxins modulate mu opioid receptor (MOR)-dependent pathways and how such modulation is related to the progression of endotoxin shock. This K02 award will enable me to devote maximum time to: 1) working on the aims of my research projects, 2) gaining experience in the use of state-of-the-art methodologies, including real time PCR, fluorescence-based biological assays, and microarray technology, 3) mentoring research students and junior researchers, and 4) establishing an ongoing formal training program in the responsible conduct of research for my lab staff and students. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PATHOPHYSIOLOGIES INVOLVING HEMOSTASIS-RELATED GENES Principal Investigator & Institution: Castellino, Francis J.; Dean, College of Science; Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Notre Dame 511 Main Bldg Notre Dame, in 46556 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAY-2004; Project End 30-APR-2009 Summary: It is becoming increasingly clear that genes traditionally associated with hemostasis function in many other diverse pathophysiologic processes. Examples are the involvement of gene products related to fibrinolysis, e.g., plasminogen, plasminogen activators, and plasminogen activator inhibitors, with their roles in cancer, wound healing, and angiogenesis. These same genes, as well as products of genes of relevance to coagulation, e.g., Tissue Factor, and anticoagulation, e.g., Protein C, also function in embryogenesis, cancer, and acute and chronic inflammatory-based processes, among others. Thus, hemostasis-related genes serve as links between different pathways in health and disease. This Program Project Grant (PPG) builds on existing strengths and integrates the research efforts of experienced investigators who have made major contributions to our understanding of the protein chemistry, molecular and cell biology, gene targeting, and pathophysioiogies of proteins and genes associated with hemostasis. The focus of this PPG is the definition of the in vivo roles of hemostasis-related genes in: the relationships between disseminated intravascular coagulation, systemic inflammation, and organ damage during the progression of sepsis (Project by Castellino); tumorigenesis, metastasis, and angiogenesis (Project by Ploplis); and embryonic and perinatal survival of offspring, as well as in vivo thrombus formation (Project by Rosen). Three core units are proposed as necessary to centrally support this group of projects: (1) an Administrative Core, (2) an Anatomic Pathology Core, and (3) a Mouse Breeding and Husbandry Core. The Project and Core Leaders have a long history of productive interactions with each other and are all based in an infrastructure-rich center devoted to in vivo and in vitro studies of coagulation, anticoagulation, and fibrinolysis. The projects proposed will utilize the same administrative, histopathology, and mouse cores. The PPG will allow increased interactions and collaborations to occur between the laboratories of the Project Leaders in studying the functional roles of hemostasis-related genes, and the overall program that results from these combined efforts will exceed the sum of the individual parts. The research efforts and productivity of students and postdoctorals will benefit greatly from the interactions of the individual laboratories and cores that will result from the PPG, and will serve as a resource for a continual flow of independent investigations in these research areas. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PROTEIN Z DEPENDENT PROTEINASE INHIBITOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Broze, George J.; Professor; Barnes-Jewish Hospital Ms 90-94-212 St. Louis, Mo 63110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 08-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Protein Z (PZ) is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein whose function was previously unknown. Our work has shown that PZ serves as a cofactor to enhance (1000-fold) the inhibition of coagulation factor Xa bound at a phospholipid surface by a previously unidentified plasma protein called PZ-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI). ZPI is a member of the SERPIN superfamily of protease inhibitors and not only inhibits factor Xa in a PZ-, Ca2+- and phospholipid-dependent manner, but also directly inhibits coagulation factor XIa. The aims of this proposal are to carefully characterize the biochemical mechanisms responsible for the actions of PZ and ZPI (Aim A) and to assess the physiologic relevance of the regulation of coagulation produced by PZ and ZPI through the use of human clinical materials (Aim B) and mouse models (Aim C). Experiments under Aim A will: 1) Define the kinetics of factor Xa and factor XIa inhibition by ZPI; 2) Characterize the interactions between factor Xa, PZ and ZPI at phospholipid surfaces; 3) Characterize the interaction between PZ and ZPI; and 4) Determine the structures within the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid domain of PZ and the amino-terminal extension in ZPI that may effect these functional properties. In Aim B, PZ and ZPI will be measured in a variety of populations/patient groups to determine the effect of age, gender, ethnic background, and hormonal therapy on their plasma levels and to evaluate their potential relationship to thrombotic disease. In Aim C, PZ and ZPI gene-deleted mice and mouse models of human disease will be used to explore the physiologic importance of these proteins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MONOCYTES

REGULATION

OF

INDUCIBLE

GENE

EXPRESSION

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Mackman, Nigel; Associate Professor; Scripps Research Institute Tpc7 La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1992; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: Gram-negative sepsis is a major cause of death in intensive care units in the United States. Sepsis is induced by the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the blood. Monocytes of the host innate immune system orchestrate a rapid response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS [endotoxin]) by expressing various cytokines and by expressing the procoagulant protein tissue factor (TF), which initiates disseminated intravascular coagulation. Recent studies indicate that administration of anticoagulants reduces mortality in patients with severe sepsis. The long-term objectives of this proposal are to elucidate the mechanism by which coagulation proteases contribute to inflammation during sepsis. Our central hypothesis is that FXa activation of protease activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) enhances IL-6 expression and increases lethality during sepsis. We will also determine the role of thrombin (FIIa) -PAR- 1 signaling in sepsis. We will employ selective inhibitors of FXa and FIIa and analyze PAR-1- and PAR-2-dependent mice in a lethal mouse model of sepsis. In addition, we will use bone marrow transplantation to determine the role of TF and PAR-1 expression on monocytes versus endothelial cells in sepsis. Finally, we will generate mice that constitutively or inducibly express PAR-2 in endothelial cells to directly test our central hypothesis that PAR-2 is a key component of a pathogenic pathway involved in lethal sepsis. These studies should define the mechanism by which coagulation proteases enhance inflammation during

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sepsis. The clinical relevance of these studies is that they may provide new insight that can be used to develop improved therapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients with severe sepsis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REGULATORY ROLES OF LACTOFERRIN IN HEMOSTASIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wu, Haifeng M.; Pathology; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Lactoferrin is a prominent component of neutrophil secondary granules and can be released when neutrophils are activated. The concentration of lactoferrin in blood has been demonstrated to be increased in certain inflammatory diseases. In contrast to a well described biochemical characterization of lactoferrin as an iron-binding protein, its physiological role in the regulation of inflammation and other host defense mechanisms is unclear. The current proposed study will test three hypotheses: (i) lactoferrin derived from neutrophils is an important physiological mediator in the down-regulation of blood anticoagulation; (ii) the significant elevation of lactoferrin in blood, or at sites of inflammation can contribute significantly to the development of prothrombotic sequelae as seen in the disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) associated with bacterial infections; and (iii) the structural determinant(s) of lactoferrin involved in heparin binding is located within a specific sequence (residues 25-31) of the N-terminus. Thus, specific aims of this proposal are: (1) to determine the relationship between the elevation of plasma lactoferrin and the development of prothrombotic complications in patients with bacterial infections. The plasma lactoferrin concentration in patients with DIC resulting from different underlying diseases or with different inflammatory diseases will be examined; (2) to define the structural determinant(s) of lactoferrin involved in heparin binding. Both site- specific and domain-replacement mutagenesis will be used to determine the contribution of N-terminal basic residues (25 to 31) in heparin binding; (3) to study the activity of lactoferrin in the regulation of protein C anticoagulant pathway. Both the effect of lactoferrin on the generation of activated protein C and the specific binding of lactoferrin to chondroitin sulfate moiety of thrombomodulin will be examined. The completion of these studies will enable us to understand the biological role of lactoferrin in the regulation of inflammation and blood coagulation, and will provide new scientific background for the clinical evaluation and management of infectious diseases with thrombotic complications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SUPERANTIGEN-INDUCED VASCULAR INJURY AND DIC Principal Investigator & Institution: Hawiger, Jack J.; Distinguished Chair and Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Superantigens are extremely potent stimulators of T lymphocytes that produce a myriad of proinflammatory cytokines known to induce vascular injury, collapse of vascular system (toxic shock syndrome), and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The mechanisms by which superantigens induce cytokine production in T cells and subsequent cytokine-evoked injury of vascular system and DIC remain to be elucidated. This highly focused and integrated research plan evolves from recent advances made by us in studying superantigen-induced

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vascular injury, DIC, and apoptotic organ damage. We propose a series of interrelated studies focused on the mechanism of superantigen-induced signaling in T cells subsets, Th1 and Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells). Superantigen-induced signaling mediated by NF-kappaB and other stress-responsive transcription factors will be studied in T cells and NKT cells to delineate the mechanisms responsible for their death or survival. Their interaction with endothelial cells that express superantigen-binding MHC Class II molecules will be elucidated. Cytokine-induced expression of genes encoding procoagulant proteins, tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor, and their role in superantigen-induced microvascular thrombosis manifested by DIC will be delineated. Finally, cell-permeable peptides and proteins that affect superantigeninduced signaling will be designed and tested in animal models for their efficiency to ameliorate vascular injury, DIC, and apoptotic organ damage. Based on this overall workscope, this grant application is submitted in response to RFA HL-01-003 entitled "Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Immunobiology in Health and Disease". Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THROMBOREGULATORY XENOTRANSPLANTATION

BARRIERS

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Principal Investigator & Institution: Robson, Simon C.; Associate Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Xenotransplantation may become a clinical reality once we more fully understand the mechanisms of rejection and can consistently obtain xenograft survival without systemic toxicity. Although hyperacute rejection can now be abrogated, vascularized xenografts are still subject to acute vascular rejection, alternatively referred to as delayed xenograft rejection. This latter mode of rejection is associated with vascular-based inflammation, thrombocytopenia and the consumption of coagulation factors that may evolve to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). In addition, cellular xenotransplantation procedures to induce tolerance by mixed chimerism are associated with widespread thrombotic vascular injury. The mechanisms underlying DIC and thrombotic microangiopathy in these settings are unclear. The mechanisms underlying DIC and thrombotic microangiopathy in these settings are unclear. Low levels of inflammatory mediators within vascularized xenografts, or potentially within the recipient vasculature after the infusion of xenogeneic cells, could promote vascular thrombosis. Molecular incompatibilities can also be shown between primate coagulation factors e.g. thrombin, and natural anti-coagulants e.g. thrombomodulin on xenogeneic leukocytes and endothelium We plan to identify and further characterize mechanisms underlying the development of coagulation disturbances and thrombotic responses in primates, temporally related to the transplantation of vascularized xenografts and/or infusion of xenogeneic cells from swine. Initially, xenoreactive antibody mediated procoagulant responses in the absence of complement will be defined in vitro and then studied in vivo. We will also demonstrate how xenogeneic cells cause platelet-aggregate formation. Molecular barriers relating to excessive thrombin generation, heightened platelet interactions with porcine sub-endothelial matrix associated von Willebrand factor the potential failure to regulate fibrinolysis will be then investigated in depth. Our data should indicate suitable pharmacological measures and gene therapeutic modalities for the control of thrombotic complications associated with organ and cellular xenotransplantation. This approach should establish whether disordered regulation of coagulation between discordant species will present yet another barrier to xenograft survival. Control of vascular inflammation and thrombosis should also

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promote establishment of mixed xenogeneic chimerism; to facilitate rigorous testing of mechanisms of immunological tolerance to vascularized xenografts. These studies will be judged successful if novel and clinically relevant pharmacological and genetic antithrombotic strategies develop from our future experimental observations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “disseminated intravascular coagulation” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for disseminated intravascular coagulation in the PubMed Central database: •

Depletion of extrinsic pathway inhibitor (EPI) sensitizes rabbits to disseminated intravascular coagulation induced with tissue factor: evidence supporting a physiologic role for EPI as a natural anticoagulant. by Sandset PM, Warn-Cramer BJ, Rao LV, Maki SL, Rapaport SI.; 1991 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=50882

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Fibrinopeptide A in plasma of normal subjects and patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation and systemic lupus erythematosus. by Cronlund M, Hardin J, Burton J, Lee L, Haber E, Bloch KJ.; 1976 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=333165

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Inhibitor of the factor VIIa-tissue factor complex is reduced in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation but not in patients with severe hepatocellular disease. by Bajaj MS, Rana SV, Wysolmerski RB, Bajaj SP.; 1987 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=424532

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Potentiation of Endotoxin-Induced Consumptive Coagulopathy by Lead Acetate Administration. by Jones RB, Kiesow LA.; 1974 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=423109

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The contact system contributes to hypotension but not disseminated intravascular coagulation in lethal bacteremia. In vivo use of a monoclonal anti-factor XII antibody to block contact activation in baboons. by Pixley RA, De La Cadena R, Page JD, Kaufman N, Wyshock EG, Chang A, Taylor FB Jr, Colman RW.; 1993 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=329995

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with disseminated intravascular coagulation, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “disseminated intravascular coagulation” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for disseminated intravascular coagulation (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of acute renal failure, rhabdomyolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with scrub typhus. Author(s): Lee S, Kang KP, Kim W, Kang SK, Lee HB, Park SK. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2003 July; 60(1): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12872861

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A case of disseminated intravascular coagulation probably arising from sudden infant death syndrome. Author(s): Hayase T, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto K, Abiru H, Minowa Y, Matsumoto H, Fukui Y. Source: Nippon Hoigaku Zasshi. 1997 December; 51(6): 438-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9545758

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A case of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Yamada T, Shinohara K, Katsuki K. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1998 September; 59(1): 100-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9723589

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A case of Salmonella enteritidis septicemia complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation, severe hepatitis, rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. Author(s): Retornaz F, Fournier PE, Seux V, Jacomo V, Soubeyrand J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 November; 18(11): 830-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10614962

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A case of Salmonella paratyphi B septicaemia complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation, severe hepatitis rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. Author(s): Sirmatel F, Balci I, Sirmatel O, Bayazit N, Hocaoglu S. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2001 July; 43(1): 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11597152

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A comparative double-blind randomized trial of activated protein C and unfractionated heparin in the treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Aoki N, Matsuda T, Saito H, Takatsuki K, Okajima K, Takahashi H, Takamatsu J, Asakura H, Ogawa N; CTC-111-IM Clinical Research Group. Source: International Journal of Hematology. 2002 June; 75(5): 540-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12095157

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A patient who survived total colonic type ulcerative colitis complicated by toxic megacolon, disseminated intravascular coagulation, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection and bilateral femoral phlebothrombosis. Author(s): Arai H, Hanai H, Furuta T, Sato Y, Yamada M, Kaneko E, Baba S, Sugimura H. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 June; 34(3): 395-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10433020

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A shock toxin that produces disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiple organ failure. Author(s): Hardaway RM, Vasquez Y. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2001 October; 322(4): 222-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11678520

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Action stat. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Atassi KA, Harris ML. Source: Nursing. 2001 March; 31(3): 64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11288555

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Activated protein C is effective for disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with placental abruption. Author(s): Kobayashi T, Terao T, Maki M, Ikenoue T. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1999 October; 82(4): 1363. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10544932

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Activity and antigen levels of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor in plasma of patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Watanabe R, Wada H, Watanabe Y, Sakakura M, Nakasaki T, Mori Y, Nishikawa M, Gabazza EC, Nobori T, Shiku H. Source: Thrombosis Research. 2001 October 1; 104(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11583733

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Acute disseminated intravascular coagulation developed during menstruation in an adenomyosis patient. Author(s): Nakamura Y, Kawamura N, Ishiko O, Ogita S. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2002 December; 267(2): 110-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12439560

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Acute myeloid leukaemia with giant granules: association with t(10; 11)(p13; q14) and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Ma SK, Yip SF, Wan TS, Shek TW, Ching LM, Yeung YM. Source: Clinical and Laboratory Haematology. 2000 October; 22(5): 303-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11122274

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Adrenal cortical carcinoma initially presented with overwhelming disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Lee KW, Chon SB, Kim DY, Yun T, Yoon SS, Park S, Kim BK, Kim NK. Source: Annals of Hematology. 2003 September; 82(9): 596-8. Epub 2003 June 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14504813

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Adult-onset Still's disease with respiratory distress syndrome, polyserositis and disseminated intravascular coagulation: a case with a fatal outcome. Author(s): Manganelli P, Fietta P, Zuccoli P. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003 January-February; 21(1): 139. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12673909

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Advances in the understanding of the pathogenetic pathways of disseminated intravascular coagulation result in more insight in the clinical picture and better management strategies. Author(s): Levi M, de Jonge E, van der Poll T, ten Cate H. Source: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 2001 December; 27(6): 569-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11740680

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Amniotic fluid embolism and isolated disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Davies S. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1999 May; 46(5 Pt 1): 456-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10349924

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An enhanced fibrinolysis prevents the development of multiple organ failure in disseminated intravascular coagulation in spite of much activation of blood coagulation. Author(s): Asakura H, Ontachi Y, Mizutani T, Kato M, Saito M, Kumabashiri I, Morishita E, Yamazaki M, Aoshima K, Nakao S. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2001 June; 29(6): 1164-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11395595

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Anticoagulant factor concentrates in disseminated intravascular coagulation: rationale for use and clinical experience. Author(s): de Jonge E, van der Poll T, Kesecioglu J, Levi M. Source: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 2001 December; 27(6): 667-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11740690

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Aprotinin therapy and disseminated intravascular coagulation after hip replacement. Author(s): Higgins DJ, Brayshaw S. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1998 December; 81(6): 995-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10211043

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Bacteroidaceae bacteremia with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Yoshikawa TT, Chow AW, Guze LB. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1974 May; 56(5): 725-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4825607

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Bilateral renal artery thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with fat embolism. Author(s): Svane S. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1971; 137(2): 141-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5149488

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Biphasic transmittance waveform in the APTT coagulation assay is due to the formation of a Ca(++)-dependent complex of C-reactive protein with very-low-density lipoprotein and is a novel marker of impending disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Toh CH, Samis J, Downey C, Walker J, Becker L, Brufatto N, Tejidor L, Jones G, Houdijk W, Giles A, Koschinsky M, Ticknor LO, Paton R, Wenstone R, Nesheim M. Source: Blood. 2002 October 1; 100(7): 2522-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12239165

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Blood Clot: gaming to reinforce learning about disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Wargo CA. Source: Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing. 2000 July-August; 31(4): 149-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11261156

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Blood levels of endothelin-1 and thrombomodulin in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation and sepsis. Author(s): Endo S, Inada K, Nakae H, Takakuwa T, Kasai T, Yamada Y, Suzuki T, Taniguchi S, Yoshida M. Source: Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 1995 November; 90(2): 277-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8747795

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Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome with disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombocytopenia: successful treatment with high-dose intravenous gammaglobulin. Author(s): Aihara M, Konuma Y, Okawa K, Komai R, Kudo I, Morioka R, Kariya K, Takami H, Sawada Y, Munakata A, et al. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1991 February; 163(2): 111-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2048121

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Bone lesions in a child with meningococcal meningitis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Tochen ML. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 August; 91(2): 342-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=874700

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Bone marrow necrosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation in disseminated carcinoma. Author(s): Scudla V, Dusek J, Hrckova Y, Scudlova M, Frysak Z. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1992 May; 85(5): 301-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1433101

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Bone marrow necrosis associated with tumor emboli and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Laso FJ, Gonzalez-Diaz M, Paz JI, De Castro S. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1983 November; 143(11): 2220. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6639254

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Brain injury disseminated intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis syndrome in children. Author(s): Nelson CM, Miner ME. Source: J Neurosurg Nurs. 1983 April; 15(2): 72-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6551421

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Brain ischaemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Anderson JM, Brown JK. Source: Lancet. 1972 February 12; 1(7746): 373-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4109752

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Bullous pyoderma gangrenosum complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation with subsequent myelodysplastic syndrome (chronic myelomonocytic leukemia). Author(s): Rogalski C, Paasch U, Glander HJ, Haustein UF. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 January; 30(1): 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12598711

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Can advanced hemostatic parameters detect disseminated intravascular coagulation more accurately in patients with cirrhosis of the liver? Author(s): Ho CH, Hou MC, Lin HC, Lee SD, Liu SM. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1998 June; 61(6): 332-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9684509

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Changes in plasma tissue factor pathway inhibitor levels during the clinical course of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Yamamuro M, Wada H, Kumeda K, Inoue A, Tsuji I, Nakasaki T, Shimura M, Hiyoyama K, Gabazza EC, Nishikawa M, Deguchi K, Shiku H, Kato H. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 1998 September; 9(6): 491-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9818999

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Characterization of cancer-related disseminated intravascular coagulation in relation to tumor necrosis factor-alpha blood concentrations: possible therapeutic role of pentoxifylline. Author(s): Lissoni P, Ardizzoia A, Barni S, Pittalis S, Rossini F, Porta A, Tancini G. Source: Tumori. 1996 January-February; 82(1): 78-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8623512

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Choriocarcinoma with diffuse intraabdominal abscess and disseminated intravascular coagulation. A case report. Author(s): Chao A, Lin CT, Chang TC, Hsueh S, Lai CH. Source: J Reprod Med. 2002 August; 47(8): 689-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12216440

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Chronic aortic dissection complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation: successful treatment with endovascular stent-grafting. Author(s): Sakamoto I, Matsuyama N, Fukushima A, Hayashi H, Nishida A, Hazama S, Noguchi M, Eishi K, Hayashi K. Source: Journal of Endovascular Therapy : an Official Journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists. 2003 October; 10(5): 953-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14656174

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Chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation after surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm: clinical and haemostatic response to dalteparin. Author(s): Cummins D, Segal H, Hunt BJ, Awad R, Maddox A. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2001 June; 113(3): 658-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11380454

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Chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation and childhood-onset skin necrosis resulting from homozygosity for a protein C Gla domain mutation, Arg15Trp. Author(s): Steinkamp M, Geva A, Joffe S, Lapp CN, Neufeld EJ. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2002 November; 24(8): 685-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12439046

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Clinical aspects of DIC--disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Matsuda T. Source: Polish Journal of Pharmacology. 1996 January-February; 48(1): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9112631

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Clinical study of disseminated intravascular coagulation in oral and maxillofacial regions--predictors of onset and prognosis. Author(s): Morimoto Y, Ikeuchi M, Yamamoto K, Kirita T, Sugimura M. Source: Oral Diseases. 2001 September; 7(5): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12117204

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Coagulation inhibitors in sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Lee WL, Downey GP. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2000 November; 26(11): 1701-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11193281

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Coagulation patterns of disseminated intravascular coagulation in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Author(s): Higuchi T, Shimizu T, Mori H, Niikura H, Omine M. Source: Hematological Oncology. 1997 November; 15(4): 209-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9722892

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Comparison of diagnostic criteria for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): diagnostic criteria of the International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis and of the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare for overt DIC. Author(s): Wada H, Gabazza EC, Asakura H, Koike K, Okamoto K, Maruyama I, Shiku H, Nobori T. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2003 September; 74(1): 17-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12949885

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Compartment syndrome of the arm and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Bacal D, Lampman RM, Hogikyan JV, Wolk SW. Source: Am J Orthop. 2001 May; 30(5): 422-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11370950

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Complete gastric outlet obstruction following acid ingestion complicated by acute pancreatitis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Ahmed Z, Mohyuddin Z. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1997 July; 73(861): 421-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9338029

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Continuous hemodiafiltration for disseminated intravascular coagulation and shock due to amniotic fluid embolism: report of a dramatic response. Author(s): Kaneko Y, Ogihara T, Tajima H, Mochimaru F. Source: Intern Med. 2001 September; 40(9): 945-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11579962

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Current clinical practice. DIC 2002: a review of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Toh CH, Dennis M. Source: Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2003 April; 8(2): 65-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12745654

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Current drug treatment strategies for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): de Jonge E, Levi M, Stoutenbeek CP, van Deventer SJ. Source: Drugs. 1998 June; 55(6): 767-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9617592

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Current management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Levi M, de Jonge E. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 2000 August 15; 35(8): 59-66; Quiz 92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10955034

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Current understanding of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Levi M. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2004 March; 124(5): 567-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14871243

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Decreased plasma activity of antithrombin or protein C is not due to consumption coagulopathy in septic patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Asakura H, Ontachi Y, Mizutani T, Kato M, Ito T, Saito M, Morishita E, Yamazaki M, Aoshima K, Takami A, Yoshida T, Suga Y, Miyamoto K, Nakao S. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 2001 September; 67(3): 170-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11737250

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Defining disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Strauss R, Wehler M. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2004 January; 32(1): 312. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14707612

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Diagnosis and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Bakhshi S, Arya LS. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2003 August; 40(8): 721-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12951374

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Direct antithrombin agents ameliorate disseminated intravascular coagulation in suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia thrombosis syndrome. Author(s): Mukundan S, Zeigler ZR. Source: Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis : Official Journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis. 2002 July; 8(3): 287-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12361208

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in the critical illness. Author(s): Gullo A. Source: Minerva Anestesiol. 2001 December; 67(12): 831-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11815743

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation and massive obstetric hemorrhage. Management dilemma. Author(s): Al-Nuaim LA, Mustafa MS, Abdel Gader AG. Source: Saudi Med J. 2002 June; 23(6): 658-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12070542

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation as a manifestation of abacavir hypersensitivity reaction. Author(s): Dargere S, Verdon R, Bouhier K, Bazin C. Source: Aids (London, England). 2002 August 16; 16(12): 1696-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12172098

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation current concepts of etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Author(s): Bick RL. Source: Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 2003 February; 17(1): 149-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12627667

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation during total hip replacement. Author(s): Zappoli FA, Brizio L, Alfonso C, Laus M. Source: Chir Organi Mov. 2002 April-June; 87(2): 125-31. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12508712

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation following transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. Author(s): Al-Otaibi MF, Al-Taweel W, Bin-Saleh S, Herba M, Aprikian AG. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 January; 171(1): 346. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14665920

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation in acute leukemia. Author(s): Barbui T, Falanga A. Source: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 2001 December; 27(6): 593-604. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11740683

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation in meningococcal sepsis. Case 7. Author(s): Zeerleder S, Zurcher Zenklusen R, Hack CE, Wuillemin WA. Source: Hamostaseologie. 2003 August; 23(3): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12923582

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation in sepsis. Author(s): Hardaway RM, Williams CH, Vasquez Y. Source: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 2001 December; 27(6): 577-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11740681

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation in trauma patients. Author(s): Gando S. Source: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 2001 December; 27(6): 585-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11740682

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Slofstra SH, Spek CA, ten Cate H. Source: The Hematology Journal : the Official Journal of the European Haematology Association / Eha. 2003; 4(5): 295-302. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14502252

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Krimmel T. Source: Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2003 July-August; 7(4): 479-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12929286

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Gobel BH. Source: Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2003 May-June; 7(3): 339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12894793

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation: a review of etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management: guidelines for care. Author(s): Bick RL. Source: Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis : Official Journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis. 2002 January; 8(1): 1-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11991236

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation: old disease, new hope. Author(s): Toh CH, Dennis M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 October 25; 327(7421): 974-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14576251

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E2A/HLF fusion gene in an acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient with disseminated intravascular coagulation and a normal karyotype. Author(s): Daheron L, Brizard F, Millot F, Cividin M, Lacotte L, Guilhot F, Brizard A. Source: The Hematology Journal : the Official Journal of the European Haematology Association / Eha. 2002; 3(3): 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12111652

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Early identification and prognostic implications in disseminated intravascular coagulation through transmittance waveform analysis. Author(s): Downey C, Kazmi R, Toh CH. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1998 July; 80(1): 65-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9684787

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Early, fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation in a patient with 60 per cent burns. Author(s): Padubidri AN, Rayner CR. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 1996 May; 22(3): 246-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8726269

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Effect of activated human protein C on disseminated intravascular coagulation induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats. Author(s): Aoki Y, Ota M, Katsuura Y, Komoriya K, Nakagaki T. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2000 September; 50(9): 809-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11050697

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Effect of FR128998, a novel PAF receptor antagonist, on endotoxin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Yokota Y, Inamura N, Asano M, Yamamoto Y, Nakahara K, Notsu Y, Ono T, Watanabe M. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1994 June 13; 258(3): 239-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8088357

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Effect of FR167653, a cytokine suppressive agent, on endotoxin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Yamamoto N, Sakai F, Yamazaki H, Nakahara K, Okuhara M. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1996 October 24; 314(1-2): 137-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8957229

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Effect of urinary protein C inhibitor on lipopolysaccharide-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation in rats. Author(s): Fujita M, Izutani W, Komurasaki Y. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2000 July; 84(1): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10928470

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Effects of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (rhs-TM) on a rat model of disseminated intravascular coagulation with decreased levels of plasma antithrombin III. Author(s): Aoki Y, Ohishi R, Takei R, Matsuzaki O, Mohri M, Saitoh K, Gomi K, Sugihara T, Kiyota T, Yamamoto S, et al. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1994 April; 71(4): 452-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8052962

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Elevated levels of free tissue factor pathway inhibitor antigen in cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation caused by various underlying diseases. Author(s): Asakura H, Ontachi Y, Mizutani T, Kato M, Saito M, Morishita E, Yamazaki M, Suga Y, Takami A, Miyamoto K, Nakao S. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 2001 January; 12(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11229821

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Elevated levels of thrombin-heparin cofactor II complex in plasma from patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Andersson TR, Sie P, Pelzer H, Aamodt LM, Nustad K, Abildgaard U. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1992 June 1; 66(5): 591-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1523613

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Elevated levels of tissue factor pathway inhibitor in acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Velasco F, Lopez-Pedrera C, Borrell M, Fontcuberta J, Torres A. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 1997 January; 8(1): 70-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9105641

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Emergency treatment with ketoconazole in disseminated intravascular coagulation due to metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Author(s): Bhadoria DP, Mukhopadhyay DK, Mehta S, Mittal D, Rao YV, Malhotra KK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1989 December; 37(12): 792-3. Erratum In: J Assoc Physicians India 1990 March; 38(3): 205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2636587

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End-stage cytomegalic inclusions retinitis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Pearce WG, Mielke BM. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 1981 April; 16(2): 88-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6272956

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Epidural hematoma in a parturient who developed disseminated intravascular coagulation after epidural anesthesia. Author(s): Okuda Y, Kitajima T. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2001 July-August; 26(4): 383-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11464365

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Epilogue: disseminated intravascular coagulation and antithrombin III in intensive care medicine: pathophysiological insights and therapeutic hopes. Author(s): Schuster HP. Source: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 1998; 24(1): 81-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9515783

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Erythrocyte fragmentation in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in acute leukaemia. Author(s): Rodeghiero F, Castaman G, Tonellato L, Dini E. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1985 November; 61(3): 593-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4063213

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Erythrocyte fragmentation in disseminated intravascular coagulation and other diseases. Author(s): Visudhiphan S, Piankijagum A, Sathayapraseart P, Mitrchai N. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1983 July 14; 309(2): 113. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6855865

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Etiopathophysiology of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Bakhshi S, Arya LS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2003 August; 51: 796-800. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14651143

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Exchange transfusion in the treatment of endotoxic shock with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Paramjothy M, Chua CP. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1982 September; 37(3): 215-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7177000

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Falciparum malaria in an overseas traveler complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation and pulmonary edema. Author(s): Hashimoto H, Toshima S, Hashimoto H, Takahashi H. Source: Intern Med. 1993 May; 32(5): 395-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8400501

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False-negative D-dimer test in a patient with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Rudensky B, Zevin S, Heyd J, Hershko C. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1995 April; 48(4): 295. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7717388

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Fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation after autologous islet transplantation. Author(s): Froberg MK, Leone JP, Jessurun J, Sutherland DE. Source: Human Pathology. 1997 November; 28(11): 1295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9385936

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Fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Chryssanthopoulos C, Eboriadou M, Monti K, Soubassi V, Sava K. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 June; 20(6): 634-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11419512

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Fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating dental extraction. Author(s): Marshall DA, Berry C, Brewer A. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 1993 June; 31(3): 178-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8512913

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Fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation secondary to streptococcal cervicitis. Author(s): Paraskevaides EC, Wilson MC. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1988 September; 29(1): 39-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3066659

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Fatal intraoperative disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Urbanowicz JH, Brodsky JB. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1989 December; 151(6): 663-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2618044

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Fatal phenolphthalein poisoning with fulminant hepatic failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Sidhu PS, Wilkinson ML, Sladen GE, Filipe MI, Toseland PA. Source: Hum Toxicol. 1989 September; 8(5): 381-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2807307

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Fatal pneumococcal bacteremia with disseminated intravascular coagulation and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in a vaccinated splenectomized adult. Case report. Author(s): Lindblad BE, Lindblad LN. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1990 June-July; 156(6-7): 487-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2368552

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Fatality from disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating total hip arthroplasty: a case report. Author(s): Sporer SM, Callaghan JJ. Source: Iowa Orthop J. 1997; 17: 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9234974

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Fibrin degradation products, fibrin monomer and soluble fibrin in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Horan JT, Francis CW. Source: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 2001 December; 27(6): 657-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11740689

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Fibrin detected in plasma of patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation by fibrin-specific antibodies consists primarily of high molecular weight factor XIIIacrosslinked and plasmin-modified complexes partially containing fibrinopeptide A. Author(s): Pfitzner SA, Dempfle CE, Matsuda M, Heene DL. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1997 September; 78(3): 1069-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9308756

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Fibrinolysis and fibrinogenolysis in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Takahashi H, Tatewaki W, Wada K, Niwano H, Shibata A. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1990 June 28; 63(3): 340-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2402738

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Fibrinolysis as a feature of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) after Pseudonaja textilis textilis envenomation. Author(s): Masci PP, Rowe EA, Whitaker AN, de Jersey J. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1990 September 1; 59(5): 859-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2237840

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Fibrinolysis in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Hack CE. Source: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 2001 December; 27(6): 633-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11740686

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Fibrinopeptide A in liver cirrhosis: evidence against a major contribution of disseminated intravascular coagulation to coagulopathy of chronic liver disease. Author(s): Mombelli G, Fiori G, Monotti R, Haeberli A, Straub PW. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1993 January; 121(1): 83-90. Erratum In: J Lab Clin Med 1993 July; 122(1): 115. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8426084

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Fragmented red cells, thrombocytopaenia and elevated D-dimers do not always indicate the presence of disseminated intravascular coagulation, even in the presence of a bleeding tendency. Author(s): Kurukulasuriya AP. Source: Ceylon Med J. 2003 June; 48(2): 61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12971214

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Fresh frozen plasma in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation or in patients with liver diseases. Author(s): Mueller MM, Bomke B, Seifried E. Source: Thrombosis Research. 2002 October 31; 107 Suppl 1: S9-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12379287

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Fulminant disease simulating bacterial sepsis with disseminated intravascular coagulation after a trip to East Africa. Author(s): Sanner BM, Doberauer C, Tepel M, Zidek W. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2000 May; 26(5): 646-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10923746

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Fulminant disseminated intravascular coagulation revealing an advanced stage IV poorly differenciated rhabdomyosarcoma. Author(s): Stephan JL, Massoubre C, Bertheas MF, Mosnier JF, Freycon F. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1996 July; 155(7): 622-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8831094

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Gabexate as a therapy for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Umeki S, Adachi M, Watanabe M, Yaji S, Soejima R. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1988 June; 148(6): 1409-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3132124

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Gabexate mesilate (FOY) therapy of disseminated intravascular coagulation due to sepsis. Author(s): Taenaka N, Shimada Y, Hirata T, Nishijima MK, Takezawa J, Yoshiya I, Kambayashi J. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1983 September; 11(9): 735-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6411432

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Gastric adenocarcinoma with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation: a case report. Author(s): Jiang CF, Chen HC, Ng KW, Tan SW, Wu CS, Hsueh SC, Chung MT. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1997 March; 59(3): 204-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9198298

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Gastric cancer presenting with acute disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Deshpande AA, Gandhi JA, Shetty G, Deshmukh S, Joshi AS, Hardikar JV. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2002 July-August; 21(4): 164-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12385553

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Giant hepatic angiomyolipoma associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Ukai K, Fuji A, Nishiwaki J, Yamada T, Hotta N, Kobayashi Y, Kondo C, Miyajima K, Takada T, Kinoshita Y, Hanai S. Source: Intern Med. 1997 March; 36(3): 186-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9144010

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Glomeruloid structures in thrombohemolytic thrombocytopenic purpura, glomerulonephritis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Umlas J. Source: Human Pathology. 1972 September; 3(3): 437-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5065328

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Good or poor responses of hemostatic molecular markers in patients with hematopoietic disorders after treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Watanabe R, Wada H, Yamamuro M, Inoue A, Watanabe M, Kumeda K, Sakakura M, Okugawa Y, Nakasaki T, Deguchi H, Gabazza EC, Mori Y, Nishikawa M, Nobori T, Shiku H. Source: Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis : Official Journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis. 2003 January; 9(1): 71-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12643327

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Group A beta-haemolytic Streptococcus causing disseminated intravascular coagulation and maternal death. Author(s): Kavi J, Wise R. Source: Lancet. 1988 April 30; 1(8592): 993-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2896852

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Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus causing disseminated intravascular coagulation and maternal death. Author(s): Acharya U, Lamont CA, Cooper K. Source: Lancet. 1988 March 12; 1(8585): 595. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2894535

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Gynecological malignancies and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Shinagawa S, Kagiya A, Kikuchi M, Takano A. Source: Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi. 1984 January; 36(1): 108-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6538211

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Haemoperitoneum induced by fine-needle aspiration of liver in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Edoute Y, Kaplan J, Ben-Haim SA, Baruch Y. Source: Lancet. 1992 January 11; 339(8785): 121-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1345839

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Haemorrhage into chronic plaque psoriasis as a consequence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Short KA, Groves RW, Novelli MR. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 September; 27(6): 471-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12372088

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Haemostasis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Rutherford IA. Source: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing : the Official Journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. 1996 June; 12(3): 161-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8717817

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Hemoperitoneum and disseminated intravascular coagulation in two neonates with congenital bilateral neuroblastoma. Author(s): Vora D, Slovis TL, Boal DK. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2000 June; 30(6): 394-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10876823

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Hemorrhagic problems in obstetrics, exclusive of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Nizzi FA Jr, Mues G. Source: Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 2000 October; 14(5): 1171-82, X. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11005040

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Hemostatic molecular markers before onset of disseminated intravascular coagulation in leukemic patients. Author(s): Wada H, Sakuragawa N, Shiku H. Source: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 1998; 24(3): 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9701463

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Hemostatic molecular markers before the onset of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Wada H, Sakuragawa N, Mori Y, Takagi M, Nakasaki T, Shimura M, Hiyoyama K, Nisikawa M, Gabazza EC, Deguchi K, Kazama M, Shiku H. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1999 April; 60(4): 273-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10203100

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Hemostatic study before onset of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Wada H, Minamikawa K, Wakita Y, Nakase T, Kaneko T, Ohiwa M, Tamaki S, Deguchi A, Mori Y, Deguchi K, et al. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1993 July; 43(3): 190-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8352234

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Heparin therapy in Russell's viper bite victims with disseminated intravascular coagulation: a controlled trial. Author(s): Tin Na Swe, Myint Lwin, Khin Ei Han, Tin Tun, Tun P. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1992 June; 23(2): 282-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1345132

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Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with pulmonary embolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with low-molecular-weight heparin. Author(s): Betrosian AP, Theodossiades G, Lambroulis G, Kostantonis D, Balla M, Papanikolaou M, Georgiades G. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2003 January; 325(1): 45-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544086

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Heterogeneity in the incidence and clinical manifestations of disseminated intravascular coagulation: a study of 204 cases. Author(s): Okajima K, Sakamoto Y, Uchiba M. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2000 November; 65(3): 215-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11074538

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High dose of intravenous antithrombin III without heparin in the treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation and organ failure in four children. Author(s): Fuse S, Tomita H, Yoshida M, Hori T, Igarashi C, Fujita S. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1996 September; 53(1): 18-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8813091

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High fever, renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation and myelodysplasia accompanied with enhanced angiogenesis possibly due to overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor. Author(s): Murata H, Yoshimoto H, Ryu T, Masuo M, Toyama J, Tokuda H, Kitamura S, Miura Y. Source: Intern Med. 2000 July; 39(7): 570-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10888214

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High incidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation during remission induction of adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Author(s): Sarris AH, Kempin S, Berman E, Michaeli J, Little C, Andreeff M, Gee T, Straus D, Gansbacher B, Filippa D, et al. Source: Blood. 1992 March 1; 79(5): 1305-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1536954

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High lactoferrin levels in disseminated intravascular coagulation and its possible negative role in coagulation. Author(s): Ozsan HG, Pehlivan M, Demirkan F, Undar B, Sayan M, Cehreli C. Source: Thrombosis Research. 2000 April 1; 98(1): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10706939

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High prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Karmochkine M, Mazoyer E, Marcelli A, Boffa MC, Piette JC. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1996 June; 75(6): 971. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8822595

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HIV infection presenting as severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia with disseminated intravascular coagulation in an infant. Author(s): Rheingold SR, Burnham JM, Rutstein R, Manno CS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2004 January; 26(1): 9-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14707703

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Human urinary soluble thrombomodulin (MR-33) improves disseminated intravascular coagulation without affecting bleeding time in rats: comparison with low molecular weight heparin. Author(s): Takahashi Y, Hosaka Y, Imada K, Adachi T, Niina H, Watanabe M, Mochizuki H. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1997 April; 77(4): 789-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9134660

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Hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with baclofen pump catheter failure. Author(s): Reeves RK, Stolp-Smith KA, Christopherson MW. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1998 March; 79(3): 353-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9523793

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Hypothesis: disseminated intravascular inflammation as the inflammatory counterpart to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Bull BS, Bull MH. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1994 August 16; 91(17): 8190-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8058778

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Iliopsoas muscle bleeding as a complication of septic disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Turk EE, Tsokos M. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 2003 July; 443(1): 106-7. Epub 2003 May 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12743816

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Immune hemolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and serum sickness after large doses of immune globulin given intravenously for Kawasaki disease. Author(s): Comenzo RL, Malachowski ME, Meissner HC, Fulton DR, Berkman EM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1992 June; 120(6): 926-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1593353

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Improved or fatal acute disseminated intravascular coagulation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Shimamoto Y, Ohta A, Sano M, Suga K, Yamaguchi M. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1993 February; 42(2): 191-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8438879

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Incidence of pulmonary thromboembolism, infarction and haemorrhage in disseminated intravascular coagulation: a necroscopic analysis. Author(s): Katsumura Y, Ohtsubo K. Source: Thorax. 1995 February; 50(2): 160-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7701455

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Increased but highly dispersed levels of plasma glycocalicin in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Kunishima S, Kobayashi S, Naoe T. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 1996 March; 56(3): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8598238

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Increased plasma level of interleukin-6 in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Wada H, Tanigawa M, Wakita Y, Nakase T, Minamikawa K, Kaneko T, Ohiwa M, Kageyama S, Kobayashi T, Noguchi T, et al. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 1993 August; 4(4): 583-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8218855

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Increased plasma levels of tissue factor pathway inhibitor-activated factor X complex in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Okugawa Y, Wada H, Noda T, Sakakura M, Nakasaki T, Watanabe R, Deguchi H, Gabazza EC, Mori Y, Nishikawa M, Deguchi K, Nobori T, Shiku H. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2000 November; 65(3): 210-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11074537

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Increased plasma-soluble fibrin monomer levels in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Wada H, Wakita Y, Nakase T, Shimura M, Hiyoyama K, Nagaya S, Deguchi H, Mori Y, Kaneko T, Deguchi K, Fujii J, Shiku H. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1996 April; 51(4): 255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8602623

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Increased serum levels of thrombopoietin in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, or disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Hiyoyama K, Wada H, Shimura M, Nakasaki T, Katayama N, Nishikawa M, Shiku H, Tahara T, Kato T. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 1997 September; 8(6): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9351524

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Increased soluble fibrin in plasma of patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Wada H, Sase T, Matsumoto T, Kushiya F, Sakakura M, Mori Y, Nishikawa M, Ohnishi K, Nakatani K, Gabazza EC, Shiku H, Nobori T. Source: Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis : Official Journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis. 2003 July; 9(3): 233-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14507112

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Increased truncated form of plasma tissue factor pathway inhibitor levels in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Shimura M, Wada H, Nakasaki T, Hiyoyama K, Mori Y, Nishikawa M, Deguchi H, Deguchi K, Gabazza EC, Shiku H. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1999 February; 60(2): 94-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9929099

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Increased warfarin sensitivity as an early manifestation of occult prostate cancer with chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Munter G, Hershko C. Source: Acta Haematologica. 2001; 105(2): 97-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11408712

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Indium 111-labeled platelets accumulation over abdominal aortic graft with chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation--a case history. Author(s): Kanda T, Kaneko K, Yamauchi Y, Kanazawa N, Sasaki T, Takeuchi H. Source: Angiology. 1993 May; 44(5): 420-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8480923

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Indium-111 platelet scintigraphy in a patient with chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Nakanishi E, Isaka Y, Etani H, Furukawa S, Ooe Y, Imaizumi M. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2000 August; 25(8): 588-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10944011

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Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm followed by disseminated intravascular coagulation and immune thrombocytopenia. Author(s): Machida H, Kobayashi M, Taguchi H. Source: Intern Med. 2002 November; 41(11): 1032-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12487185

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Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus showing microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Aoki Y, Yazaki K, Shirotori K, Oguchi H, Kiyosawa K, Furuta S. Source: Intern Med. 1992 November; 31(11): 1310-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1295630

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Interferon alpha-2a therapy for disseminated intravascular coagulation in a patient with blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. A case report. Author(s): Kunishige M, Azuma H, Masuda K, Shigekiyo T, Arii Y, Kawai H, Saito S. Source: Angiology. 1997 March; 48(3): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9071205

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Interleukin 11 levels in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Endo S, Inada K, Arakawa N, Yamada Y, Nakae H, Takakuwa T, Namiki M, Inoue Y, Shimamura T, Suzuki T, Taniguchi S, Yoshida M. Source: Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 1996 February; 91(2): 253-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8832918

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Invasive Group C Streptococcus infection associated with rhabdomyolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation in a previously healthy adult. Author(s): Ojukwu IC, Newton DW, Luque AE, Kotb MY, Menegus M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(3): 227-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11303816

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Is protease inhibitor a choice for the treatment of pre- or mild disseminated intravascular coagulation? Author(s): Nishiyama T, Matsukawa T, Hanaoka K. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2000 May; 28(5): 1419-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10834689

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Kala-azar as a cause of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Blount ER, Hartmann R, Nernoff J. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1980 February; 19(2): 139-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7351105

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Kawasaki disease presenting with disseminated intravascular coagulation: report of one case. Author(s): Huang LW, Sun W, Huang FY. Source: Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1994 July-August; 35(4): 3414. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8085458

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Klebsiella septicaemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation and ulcerative colitis in an Australian Aboriginal. Author(s): Lo D. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1971 June 12; 1(24): 1279-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5565148

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Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome associated with chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation and massive osteolysis. Author(s): D'Amico JA, Hoffman GC, Dyment PG. Source: Cleve Clin Q. 1977 Winter; 44(4): 181-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=201397

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Laboratory methods for detecting disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): new aspects. Author(s): Bredbacka S, Blomback M, Wiman B, Pelzer H. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1993 February; 37(2): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8447202

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Laboratory testing in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Toh CH. Source: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 2001 December; 27(6): 653-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11740688

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Lack of correlation between delayed traumatic intracerebral haematoma and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Sawada Y, Sadamitsu D, Sakamoto T, Ikemura K, Yoshioka T, Sugimoto T. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1984 October; 47(10): 11257. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6502169

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Large-cell anaplastic (Ki-1-positive) lymphoma complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Arber D, Bilbao J, Bassion S. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1991 February; 115(2): 188-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1847037

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Late osteoarticular lesions following meningococcemia with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Santos E, Boavida JE, Barroso A, Seabra J, Carmona da Mota H. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1989; 19(3): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2717254

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Late skeletal deformities following meningococcal sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Barre PS, Thompson GH, Morrison SC. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1985 September-October; 5(5): 584-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4044819

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Legionella longbeachae and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Fumarola D, Miragliotta G. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1983 April 1; 128(7): 782. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6831321

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Leukotoxin, 9, 10-epoxy-12-octadecenoate: a possible responsible factor in circulatory shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Hanaki Y, Kamiya H, Ohno M, Hayakawa M, Sugiyama S, Ozawa T. Source: Jpn J Med. 1991 May-June; 30(3): 224-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1920962

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Level of protein C determined by combined assays during disseminated intravascular coagulation and oral anticoagulation. Author(s): Mimuro J, Sakata Y, Wakabayashi K, Matsuda M. Source: Blood. 1987 June; 69(6): 1704-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3580575

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Levels of activated factor VII in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Saito M, Asakura H, Yoshida T, Jokaji H, Uotani C, Kumabashiri I, Morishita E, Yamazaki M, Aoshima K, Matsuda T. Source: Blood. 1995 June 15; 85(12): 3770-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7780163

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Life-threatening hemorrhagic diathesis due to disseminated intravascular coagulation during elective brain tumor surgery. Author(s): Berger MM, Ravussin P, Vielle G, Fankhauser H. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. 1995 January; 7(1): 26-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7881237

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Liver abscess and disseminated intravascular coagulation in tuberculosis. Author(s): Nampoory MR, Halim MM, Sreedharan R, al-Sweih NA, Gupta RK, Constandi JN, Johny KV. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1995 August; 71(838): 490-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7567759

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Lobectomy for traumatic pulmonary pseudocysts with disseminated intravascular coagulation: case report. Author(s): Saito A, Yagi N, Nakagawa S, Iinuma Y, Miura K, Takano Y. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1995 March; 38(3): 364-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7897716

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Low beta 2-glycoprotein I levels in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Matsuda J, Wakasugi K, Saitoh N, Tsukamoto M, Miyajima Y, Kazama M, Asami K, Hashimoto M. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1993 February; 42(2): 234-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8438890

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Low molecular weight heparin in the prophylaxis and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Author(s): Gillis S, Dann EJ, Eldor A. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 1995 January; 54(1): 59-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7859878

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Low utilisation of unactivated protein C in a patient with meningococcal septic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Lignell A, Siegbahn A, Stridsberg M, Pauksen K, Gedeborg R, Sjolin J. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003 August; 47(7): 897-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12859313

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Lower leg fracture with Parkes-Weber syndrome complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Yamamoto H, Muneta T, Asahina S, Furuya K, Suzuki K. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 1995; 9(5): 449-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8537852

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Lower-extremity gangrene secondary to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Cafengiu AM, Hommel BL, Demarco M, Slim J. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1999 June; 89(6): 323-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10384761

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Lung and renal uptake of technetium Tc 99m sulphur colloid related to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Teertstra HJ, Ras GJ, Verdegaal WP. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1985; 10(1-2): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3979407

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Lupus anticoagulant and protein S deficiency in a child who developed disseminated intravascular coagulation in association with varicella. Author(s): Kurugol Z, Vardar F, Ozkinay F, Kavakli K, Cetinkaya B, Ozkinay C. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 2001 April-June; 43(2): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11432493

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Malaria with disseminated intravascular coagulation and peripheral tissue necrosis successfully treated with streptokinase. Author(s): Edwards IR. Source: British Medical Journal. 1980 May 24; 280(6226): 1252-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7388492

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Malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the small intestine: rare complication of acute disseminated intravascular coagulation without hematogenous metastasis. Author(s): Nishimura M, Komori A, Matsushita M, Fukutani A, Fujiyama Y, Bamba T. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1998 October; 43(10): 2271-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9790465

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Management of disseminated intravascular coagulation in obstetrics. Author(s): Brandjes DP, Schenk BE, Buller HR, ten Cate JW. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1991 December; 42 Suppl: S87-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1809615

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Management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Maxson JH. Source: Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America. 2000 September; 12(3): 341-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11855238

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Management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Colvin BT. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1998 May; 101 Suppl 1: 15-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9607737

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Management of leukaemia-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Author(s): Williams CK, Fernbach B, Cuttner J, Holland JF, Essien EM. Source: Haematologia. 1982; 15(3): 287-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7185647

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Massive disseminated intravascular coagulation and hyperfibrinolysis in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Fiegl M, Weltermann A, Stindl R, Fonatsch C, Lechner K, Gisslinger H. Source: Annals of Hematology. 1999 July; 78(7): 335-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10466447

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Massive pulmonary embolism presenting as disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Hart WT, Hallenborg CP. Source: Hawaii Med J. 1992 May; 51(5): 121, 125, 134. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1601644

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Measurement of thrombus precursor protein in septic patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation and liver disease. Author(s): Song KS, Kim HK, Song JW. Source: Haematologica. 2002 October; 87(10): 1062-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12368161

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Meningococcal septicemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation affecting the premaxillary permanent tooth germs. Author(s): Walton AG, Meechan JG, Welbury RR. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1998 May-June; 65(3): 191-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9668948

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Meningoencephalitis, myocarditis and disseminated intravascular coagulation in a patient with scrub typhus. Author(s): Ben RJ, Feng NH, Ku CS. Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 1999 March; 32(1): 57-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11561571

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Microscopic polyangiitis associated with marked systemic bleeding tendency caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Saito T, Tsuchiya M, Shikata C, Yamaguchi H, Miyata S, Matsuo S, Ishizawa S, Yoshimura K. Source: Intern Med. 2003 September; 42(9): 850-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14518675

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Microvascular coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): ten Cate H, Schoenmakers SH, Franco R, Timmerman JJ, Groot AP, Spek CA, Reitsma PH. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2001 July; 29(7 Suppl): S95-7; Discussion S97-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11445741

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Migratory thrombophlebitis with disseminated intravascular coagulation due to an occult bronchogenic carcinoma. Author(s): Sharma SK, Pande JN, Guleria JS. Source: Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 1981 April-June; 23(2): 100-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7298076

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Modulation of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) by steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Author(s): Latour JG. Source: Agents Actions. 1983 August; 13(5-6): 487-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6356816

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Monoclonal antibody specific for tissue factor pathway inhibitor-factor Xa complex: its characterization and application to plasmas from patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation and pre-disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Ohkura N, Soe G, Kohno I, Kumeda K, Wada H, Kamikubo Y, Shiku H, Kato H. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 1999 September; 10(6): 309-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10493212

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MRI evaluation and follow-up of bone necrosis after meningococcal infection and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Damry N, Schurmans T, Perlmutter N. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1993; 23(6): 429-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8255643

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Multiorgan dysfunction and disseminated intravascular coagulation in children receiving lamotrigine and valproic acid. Author(s): Chattergoon DS, McGuigan MA, Koren G, Hwang P, Ito S. Source: Neurology. 1997 November; 49(5): 1442-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9371937

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Multiorgan failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation in severe convulsive seizures. Author(s): Yuen AW, Bihari DJ. Source: Lancet. 1992 September 5; 340(8819): 618. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1355200

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection complicated by lung abscess, pleural effusion, thrombocytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Chiou CC, Liu YC, Lin HH, Hsieh KS. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1997 March; 16(3): 327-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9076825

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Neonatal disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Kuehl J. Source: The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing. 1997 December; 11(3): 69-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9451193

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Neonatal spinal-cord dysfunction associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Hershenson MB, Hageman JR, Brouillette RT. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1982 October; 24(5): 686-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7141124

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Neonatal tuberculosis associated with shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemophagocytic syndrome, and hypercalcemia: a case report. Author(s): Okascharoen C, Nuntnarumit P, Sirinavin S. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2003 January; 23(1): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12556935

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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Eles GR, Songer JE, DiPette DJ. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1984 June; 144(6): 1296-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6732389

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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome presenting as adult respiratory distress syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Johnson MD, Newman JH, Baxter JW. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1988 April; 81(4): 543-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3358184

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Neurologic complications of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Schwartzman RJ, Hill JB. Source: Neurology. 1982 August; 32(8): 791-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7201575

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Neuroradiologic aspects of cerebral disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Buonanno FS, Cooper MR, Moody DM, Laster DW, Ball MR, Toole JF. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1980 May-June; 1(3): 245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6779603

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Neutrophil elastase may play a key role in developing symptomatic disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiple organ failure in patients with head injury. Author(s): Takahasi H, Urano T, Nagai N, Takada Y, Takada A. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2000 July; 49(1): 86-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10912863

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New treatment strategies for disseminated intravascular coagulation based on current understanding of the pathophysiology. Author(s): Levi M, de Jonge E, van der Poll T. Source: Annals of Medicine. 2004; 36(1): 41-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15000346

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Non-overt disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients during treatment with antithymocyte globulin for unrelated allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Author(s): Weber M, Kroger N, Langer F, Hansen A, Zabelina T, Eifrig B, Hossfeld DK, Zander AR. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2003 May; 31(9): 817-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12732891

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Non-overt disseminated intravascular coagulation: definition and pathophysiological implications. Author(s): Hoots WK. Source: Blood Reviews. 2002 December; 16 Suppl 1: S3-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12918781

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Non-overt disseminated intravascular coagulation: introduction. Author(s): Giles AR. Source: Blood Reviews. 2002 December; 16 Suppl 1: S1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12918780

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Novel and diagnostically applicable information from optical waveform analysis of blood coagulation in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Downey C, Kazmi R, Toh CH. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1997 July; 98(1): 68-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9233566

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Novel approaches to the management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Levi M, de Jonge E, van der Poll T, ten Cate H. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2000 September; 28(9 Suppl): S20-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11007192

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Nursing care study: septicaemia proceeding to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Eagle M. Source: Nurs Times. 1978 January 5; 74(1): 17-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=622313

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Nursing management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Rooney A, Haviley C. Source: Oncology Nursing Forum. 1985 January-February; 12(1): 15-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3844244

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Occult fatal pulmonary embolism with disseminated intravascular coagulation. An unusual case masquerading as miliary tuberculosis. Author(s): Wong CK, Lau CP, Cheng CH, Ng WF. Source: Chest. 1990 November; 98(5): 1288-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2225985

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Ocular manifestations of disseminated intravascular coagulation in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Lertsumitkul S, Whitcup SM, Chan CC. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1997 May; 115(5): 676-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9152141

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One-stage method for assay of tissue factor activity of leukemic cell with special reference to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Andoh K, Sadakata H, Uchiyama T, Narahara N, Tanaka H, Kobayashi N, Maekawa T. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1990 May; 93(5): 679-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2327367

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Optical waveform analysis is a very sensitive indicator of disseminated intravascular coagulation but not 100% specific. Author(s): Luddington R, Peters J, Baker P. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1997 November; 99(2): 469-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9375779

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Oral submucous fibrosis--a chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome with local coagulopathy. Author(s): Phatak AG. Source: Gut. 1993 May; 34(5): 713. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8504977

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Organ damage in shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and stroke. Author(s): Hardaway RM. Source: Compr Ther. 1992 November; 18(11): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1478053

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Osteonecrosis after meningococcemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Seipolt B, Dinger J, Rupprecht E. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 November; 22(11): 1021-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14628777

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Osteonecrosis following meningococcemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation in an adult: case report and review. Author(s): Campbell WN, Joshi M, Sileo D. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 March; 24(3): 452-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9114199

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Outcome of disseminated intravascular coagulation in relation to the score when treatment was begun. Mie DIC Study Group. Author(s): Wada H, Wakita Y, Nakase T, Shimura M, Hiyoyama K, Nagaya S, Mori Y, Shiku H. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1995 September; 74(3): 848-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8571309

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Oxidative stress in septic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Salvemini D, Cuzzocrea S. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2002 November 1; 33(9): 1173-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12398925

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Pathogenesis and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation in the septic patient. Author(s): Levi M. Source: Journal of Critical Care. 2001 December; 16(4): 167-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11815902

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Pathologic quiz case. A 30-year-old woman with severe disseminated intravascular coagulation during delivery. Author(s): Rufforny-Doudenko I, Sipp C, Shehata BM. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2002 July; 126(7): 869, 870. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12125649

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Pedal gangrene secondary to disseminated intravascular coagulation with gastric carcinoma. Author(s): Gragasin-Saviano L, Isaacson E, Stuck RM. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2002 March; 92(3): 14952. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11904327

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Plasma levels of heparin cofactor II (HCII) and thrombin-HCII complex in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Noda A, Wada H, Kusiya F, Sakakura M, Onishi K, Nakatani K, Gabazza EC, Asahara N, Tsukada M, Nobori T, Shiku H. Source: Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis : Official Journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis. 2002 July; 8(3): 265-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12361205

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Plasmodium falciparum cerebral malaria complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation and symmetrical peripheral gangrene: case report and review. Author(s): Liechti ME, Zumsteg V, Hatz CF, Herren T. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 September; 22(9): 551-4. Epub 2003 August 21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12938006

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Postabortal haemorrhage and disseminated intravascular coagulation due to placenta accreta. Author(s): Lapresta Moros M, Conte Martin P, Perez Perez P, Azua Romeo J, Oro Fraile J, Lapresta Ferrandez C. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003 October; 268(4): 329-30. Epub 2003 February 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14504880

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Post-transfusion purpura (PTP) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Author(s): Welling KL, Taaning E, Lund BV, Rosenkvist J, Heslet L. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 2003 July; 71(1): 68-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12801301

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Pregnancy complicated by acute pulmonary lymphangitic adenomatosis, metastasis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. A case report. Author(s): Almanza-Marquez R, Jurado-Jurado MB, Steta-Mondragon J, Prado-Perez J, Sanchez-de Leon A. Source: J Reprod Med. 2002 May; 47(5): 421-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12063883

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Pulmonary embolism presenting as disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Choi SS, Pang SY, Mak WP, Ko A. Source: Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi / Hong Kong Academy of Medicine. 2002 April; 8(2): 142-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11937670

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Quantitative analysis of platelet-activating factor in human plasma. Application to patients with liver cirrhosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Sugatani J, Miwa M, Komiyama Y, Murakami T. Source: Journal of Immunological Methods. 1993 December 3; 166(2): 251-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8288878

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Quinine-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation and haemolytic-uraemic syndrome. Author(s): Morton AP. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2002 April 1; 176(7): 351. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12013332

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Quinine-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Spearing RL, Hickton CM, Sizeland P, Hannah A, Bailey RR. Source: Lancet. 1990 December 22-29; 336(8730): 1535-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1979368

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Quinine-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Knower MT, Bowton DL, Owen J, Dunagan DP. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2003 June; 29(6): 1007-11. Epub 2003 April 08. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12682720

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Quinine-mediated disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Kedia RK, Wright AJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1999 July; 75(885): 429-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10474732

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Rapid improvement of disseminated intravascular coagulation by donor leukocyte infusions in a patient with promyelocytic crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia after reduced-intensity stem cell transplantation from an HLA 2-antigen-mismatched mother. Author(s): Matsue K, Yamada K, Takeuchi M, Tabayashi T. Source: International Journal of Hematology. 2003 May; 77(4): 408-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12774933

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Rationale for restoration of physiological anticoagulant pathways in patients with sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Levi M, de Jonge E, van der Poll T. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2001 July; 29(7 Suppl): S90-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11445740

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Recombinant activated factor VII in children with acute bleeding resulting from liver failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Chuansumrit A, Chantarojanasiri T, Isarangkura P, Teeraratkul S, Hongeng S, Hathirat P. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 2000 April; 11 Suppl 1: S101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10850573

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Recombinant thrombomodulin and activated protein C in the treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Maruyama I. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1999 August; 82(2): 718-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10605773

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Regulatory role of cytokines in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): van der Poll T, de Jonge E, Levi M. Source: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 2001 December; 27(6): 639-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11740687

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Renal involvement in Russell's viper bite patients without disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Win-Aung, Khin-Pa-Pa-Kyaw, Baby-Hla, Saw-Sandar-Aye, Saw-PhoneNaing, Aye-Kyaw, Tin-Nu-Swe. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998 MayJune; 92(3): 322-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9861409

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Resolved splenic accumulation of Tc-99m HMDP after recovery of disseminated intravascular coagulation in a patient with rhabdomyosarcoma. Author(s): Suga K, Matsunaga N, Kawamura T, Hara A, Kume N. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1999 June; 24(6): 414-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10361936

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Response of anticoagulant pathways in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Taylor FB Jr. Source: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 2001 December; 27(6): 619-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11740685

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Rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation: association with acetaminophen and ethanol. Author(s): Riggs JE, Schochet SS Jr, Parmar JP. Source: Military Medicine. 1996 November; 161(11): 708-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8961731

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Right atrial thrombus presenting in a patient with heart failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Lo SS, Sutton GC. Source: European Heart Journal. 1996 October; 17(10): 1605-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8909927

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Screening tests of disseminated intravascular coagulation: guidelines for rapid and specific laboratory diagnosis. Author(s): Yu M, Nardella A, Pechet L. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2000 June; 28(6): 1777-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10890618

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Serial measurement of arterial lactate concentrations as a prognostic indicator in relation to the incidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Author(s): Kobayashi S, Gando S, Morimoto Y, Nanzaki S, Kemmotsu O. Source: Surgery Today. 2001; 31(10): 853-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11759877

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Shwartzman phenomenon in a patient with active systemic lupus erythematosus preceding fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Riemekasten G, Ziemer S, Haupl T, Melzer C, Loddenkemper K, Hauptmann S, Burmester GR, Hiepe F. Source: Lupus. 2002; 11(4): 204-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12043882

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Splenomegaly and chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation in Osler-WeberRendu disease: a case report. Author(s): Notoya A, Bohgaki T, Mukai M, Kohno M, Sato H, Sawada K. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2000 December; 65(4): 315-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11074562

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Successful kidney transplantation using organs from a donor with disseminated intravascular coagulation and impaired renal function: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Pastural M, Barrou B, Delcourt A, Bitker MO, Ourahma S, Richard F. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2001 February; 16(2): 412-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11158425

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Successful treatment of severe intra-abdominal bleeding associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation using recombinant activated factor VII. Author(s): Moscardo F, Perez F, de la Rubia J, Balerdi B, Lorenzo JI, Senent ML, Aznar I, Carceller S, Sanz MA. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2001 July; 114(1): 174-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11472364

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Successful use of Samarium 153 for emergency treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation due to metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer. Author(s): Ruffion A, Manel A, Valignat C, Lopez JG, Perrin-Fayolle O, Perrin P. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 September; 164(3 Pt 1): 782. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10953152

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Symmetrical peripheral gangrene due to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Davis MP, Byrd J, Lior T, Rooke TW. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 February; 137(2): 139-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11176684

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Syndromes of disseminated intravascular coagulation in obstetrics, pregnancy, and gynecology. Objective criteria for diagnosis and management. Author(s): Bick RL. Source: Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 2000 October; 14(5): 999-1044. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11005032

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Systemic lupus erythematosus associated with massive ascites and pleural effusion in a patient who presented with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Kageyama Y, Yagi T, Miyairi M. Source: Intern Med. 2002 February; 41(2): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11868607

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The diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Taylor FB Jr, Kinasewitz GT. Source: Curr Hematol Rep. 2002 September; 1(1): 34-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12901123

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The diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Levi M, de Jonge E, Meijers J. Source: Blood Reviews. 2002 December; 16(4): 217-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12350365

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The pathophysiology of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): ten Cate H, Timmerman JJ, Levi M. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1999 August; 82(2): 713-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10605772

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The tissue factor pathway in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Osterud B, Bjorklid E. Source: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 2001 December; 27(6): 605-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11740684

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Therapeutic intervention in disseminated intravascular coagulation: have we made any progress in the last millennium? Author(s): Levi M, de Jonge E, van der Poll T. Source: Blood Reviews. 2002 December; 16 Suppl 1: S29-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12918785

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Tiger snake envenomation and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Author(s): Tibballs J, Monagle P. Source: Pathology. 2002 October; 34(5): 481-2; Author Reply 482-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12408355

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Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) in disseminated intravascular coagulation: low levels of the activated factor X-TFPI complex. Author(s): Iversen N, Strekerud FG, Abildgaard U. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 2000 October; 11(7): 591-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11085278

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Tissue factor pathway inhibitor response does not correlate with tissue factorinduced disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in trauma patients. Author(s): Gando S, Nanzaki S, Morimoto Y, Ishitani T, Kemmotsu O. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2001 February; 29(2): 262-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11246303

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Towards definition, clinical and laboratory criteria, and a scoring system for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Taylor FB Jr, Toh CH, Hoots WK, Wada H, Levi M; Scientific Subcommittee on Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH). Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2001 November; 86(5): 1327-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11816725

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Transmittance waveform of routine coagulation tests is a sensitive and specific method for diagnosing non-overt disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Toh CH. Source: Blood Reviews. 2002 December; 16 Suppl 1: S11-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12918782

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Ulcerative colitis complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Muller S, Chesner IM, Sheridan J, Newman J. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1987 August; 63(742): 689-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3422874

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Ultrasound case of the day. Twin pregnancy, intrauterine death of one twin with disseminated intravascular coagulation resulting in the development of a cerebral infarct in the surviving twin. Author(s): Cole-Beuglet C, Aufrichtig D, Cohen A, Harrison L, Miller EI, Crade M. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 1987 March; 7(2): 389-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3329360

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Ultrasound image of massive inferior vena cava thrombosis causing asymptomatic subclinical disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Cavanna L, Civardi G, Vallisa D. Source: Haematologica. 1998 November; 83(11): 1041-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9864927

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Unrecognized pulmonary embolism presenting as disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Stahl RL, Javid JP, Lackner H. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1984 May; 76(5): 772-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6720724

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Unusual association of bone marrow necrosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and a rare 8;16 chromosomal translocation in an adult patient with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Author(s): Ritter HL Jr, Weiden PL. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 1987 February; 24(2): 243-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3791177

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Use of 125I-fibrinogen kinetic data to detect disseminated intravascular coagulation and deposition of fibrin in patients with metastatic cancer. Author(s): Robson EB, Murawski GF, Bettigole RE. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1977 June 30; 37(3): 484-508. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=578029

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Use of a coagulation analyzer in managing disseminated intravascular coagulation after midtrimester pregnancy termination. A case report. Author(s): Wasson AW, Stubblefield PG. Source: J Reprod Med. 1994 October; 39(10): 835-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7837135

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Use of heparin in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Waxman B, Gambrill R. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1972 February 1; 112(3): 434-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5060389

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Utility of activated partial thromboplastin time waveform analysis for identification of sepsis and overt disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients admitted to a surgical intensive care unit. Author(s): Dempfle CE, Lorenz S, Smolinski M, Wurst M, West S, Houdijk WP, Quintel M, Borggrefe M. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2004 February; 32(2): 520-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14758173

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Variability in the degree of opsonization and phagocytosis of strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Tuazon CU, Sheagren JN, Quie PG. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1981 December; 98(6): 949-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7310231

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Variant translocation t(8;22) and abnormalities of chromosome 15(q22) and 17(q12-21) in a Burkitt's lymphoma/leukaemia with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Daly P, Brito-Babapulle V, Lawlor E, Blaney C, Parreira A, Catovsky D. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1986 November; 64(3): 561-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3790445

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Vascular occlusion and disseminated intravascular coagulation in falciparum malaria. Author(s): Mohanty D, Marwaha N, Ghosh K, Chauhan AP, Shah S, Sharma S, Das KC. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1985 January 12; 290(6462): 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3917706

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Venous infarction of the myocardium in a newborn child: an unusual effect of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): McCormack M. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1973 May; 26(5): 364-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4123532

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Viral hepatitis in pregnancy with disseminated intravascular coagulation and hypoglycemia. Author(s): Shabot JM, Jaynes C, Little HM Jr, Alperin JB, Snyder N. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1978 April; 71(4): 479-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=635635

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Viral pneumonia in pregnancy: report of a case complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation and acute renal failure. Author(s): Griffith ER. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1974 September 15; 120(2): 2012. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4416868

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Vitreous hemorrhages and disseminated intravascular coagulation in the newborn. Author(s): Wiznia RA, Price J. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1976 August; 82(2): 222-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=949072

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Waveform analysis of clotting test optical profiles in the diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Author(s): Toh CH, Giles AR. Source: Clinical and Laboratory Haematology. 2002 December; 24(6): 321-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12452811

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Wernicke's encephalopathy in early pregnancy complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Watanabe K, Tanaka K, Masuda J. Source: Virchows Arch a Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1983; 400(2): 213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6412434

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What role does the measurement of fibrinogen and its derivatives have in the diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation? Author(s): Dempfle CE. Source: Blood Reviews. 2002 December; 16 Suppl 1: S23-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12918784

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When to remove an epidural catheter in a parturient with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Sprung J, Cheng EY, Patel S. Source: Reg Anesth. 1992 November-December; 17(6): 351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1286057

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Widespread bone infarction complicating meningococcal septicaemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Duncan JS, Ramsay LE. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1984 January 14; 288(6411): 111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6419810

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Wilson's disease: disseminated intravascular coagulation? Author(s): Feiner A, Roche-Sicot J, Benhamou JP. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1977 June; 86(6): 831. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=869375

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CHAPTER

2.

NUTRITION AND DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION

Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “disseminated intravascular coagulation” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “disseminated intravascular coagulation” (or a synonym): •

All-trans retinoic acid is partially effective against lipopolysaccharide-induced but not against tissue-factor-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation in rat models. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine (III), Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan. [email protected] Source: Asakura, H Aoshima, K Ichino, T Suga, Y Saito, M Morishita, E Yamazaki, M Ontachi, Y Mizutani, T Kato, M Miyamoto, K I Nakao, S Blood-Coagul-Fibrinolysis. 2001 June; 12(4): 301-6 0957-5235

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Beneficial effect of JTV-803, a new synthetic inhibitor of activated factor X, against both lipopolysaccharide-induced and tissue factor-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation in rat models. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine (III), Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan. [email protected] Source: Asakura, H Ichino, T Yoshida, T Suga, Y Ontachi, Y Mizutani, T Kato, M Ito, T Yamazaki, M Aoshima, K Morishita, E Saito, M Miyamoto, K I Nakao, S Blood-CoagulFibrinolysis. 2002 April; 13(3): 233-9 0957-5235

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Coincidence of acquired factor-X deficiency and disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Author(s): First Department of Medicine, University of Vienna, Austria. Source: Pabinger, I Bettelheim, P Dudczak, R Hinterberger, W Kyrle, P A Niessner, H Schwarzinger, I Speiser, W Lechner, K Ann-Hematol. 1991 May; 62(5): 174-9 0939-5555

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Effects of DX-9065a, an orally active, newly synthesized and specific inhibitor of factor Xa, against experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation in rats. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine (III), Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Yamazaki, M Asakura, H Aoshima, K Saito, M Jokaji, H Uotani, C Kumabashiri, I Morishita, E Ikeda, T Matsuda, T Thromb-Haemost. 1994 September; 72(3): 392-6 03406245

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Endotoxin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation in vitamin E deficient rats [Alpha tocopherol]. Source: Yoshikawa, T. Murakami, M. Kondo, M. Toxicol-Appl-Pharmacol. New York, N.Y. : Academic Press. June 30, 1984. volume 74 (2) page 173-178. 0041-008X

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Failure of Kupffer cell blockade to prevent disseminated intravascular coagulation in endotoxemic rats despite improved survival. Author(s): Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich, Germany. Source: Ruttinger, D VollMarch, B Kempter, B Messmer, K Langenbecks-Arch-Surg. 1998 Mar; 383(1): 75-80 1435-2443

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Prompt resolution of acute disseminated intravascular coagulation with docetaxel and cisplatin in hormone refractory prostate cancer. Author(s): Department of Medical Oncology, CRLC Val d'Aurelle, Montpellier, France. Source: Avances, C Jacot, W Senesse, P Culine, S J-Urol. 2002 October; 168(4 Pt 1): 1496 0022-5347

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Protective effects of DX-9065a, an orally active, novel synthesized and selective inhibitor of factor Xa, against thromboplastin-induced experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation in rats. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine (III), Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Japan.

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Source: Yamazaki, M Asakura, H Aoshima, K Saito, M Jokaji, H Uotani, C Kumabashiri, I Morishita, E Ikeda, T Matsuda, T Semin-Thromb-Hemost. 1996; 22(3): 255-9 0094-6176 •

The effects of danaparoid, dalteparin and heparin on tissue factor-induced experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation and bleeding time in the rat. Author(s): Pharmacology Group, Research & Development Division, Nippon Organon K. K., Osaka, Japan. Source: Miyake, Y Yokota, K Fujishima, Y Sukamoto, T Blood-Coagul-Fibrinolysis. 2001 July; 12(5): 349-57 0957-5235

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The effects of higenamine on LPS-induced experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in rats. Author(s): Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. [email protected] Source: Yun Choi, Hye Sook Pyo, Mi Kyung Chang, Ki Churl Lee, Duck Hyung PlantaMed. 2002 April; 68(4): 326-9 0032-0943

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Tissue factor initiation of disseminated intravascular coagulation in filovirus infection. Author(s): State University At Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. Source: Grob, C Med-Hypotheses. 1995 October; 45(4): 380-2 0306-9877

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Treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with all-trans retinoic acid in an endotoxin-induced rat model. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine (III), Kanazawa University, School of Medicine, Kanazawa City, Ischikawa-Ken, Japan. Source: Aoshima, K Asakura, H Yamazaki, M Saito, M Kumabashiri, I Morishita, E Ontachi, Y Mizutani, T Ichino, T Matsuda, T Semin-Thromb-Hemost. 1998; 24(3): 227-31 0094-6176

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to disseminated intravascular coagulation. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to disseminated intravascular coagulation and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “disseminated intravascular coagulation” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to disseminated intravascular coagulation: •

Challenging problems in advanced malignancy: Case 2. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Author(s): Kampel LJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 August 15; 21(16): 3170-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12915609

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Author(s): Stewart C. Source: Aust Crit Care. 2001 May; 14(2): 71-5. Review. Erratum In: Aust Crit Care 2001 August; 14(3): 91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11899444

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation and decrease in fibrinogen levels induced by vincristine/prednisolone therapy of lymphoid blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia. Author(s): Sunder-Plassmann G, Speiser W, Korninger C, Stain M, Bettelheim P, Pabinger-Fasching I, Lechner K. Source: Annals of Hematology. 1991 May; 62(5): 169-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2049463

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation and PC-SPES: a case report and literature review. Author(s): Lock M, Loblaw DA, Choo R, Imrie K. Source: Can J Urol. 2001 August; 8(4): 1326-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11564276

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia with poor prognostic features. Author(s): Champion LA, Luddy RE, Schwartz AD. Source: Cancer. 1978 April; 41(4): 1642-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=273470

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation--a complication of chemotherapy in acute myelomonocytic leukemia. Author(s): Leavey RA, Kahn SB, Brodsky I. Source: Cancer. 1970 July; 26(1): 142-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5268978

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Effects of soyasaponin on experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation. I. Author(s): Kubo M, Matsuda H, Tani T, Namba K, Arichi S, Kitagawa I. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1984 April; 32(4): 1467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6540629

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Enhanced ex vivo proteolysis of plasma von Willebrand factor in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Takahashi H, Tatewaki W, Wada K, Niwano H, Shibata A. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 1992 October; 3(5): 583-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1450324

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Erythema multiforme major and disseminated intravascular coagulation in a dog following application of a d-limonene-based insecticidal dip. Author(s): Rosenbaum MR, Kerlin RL.

Alternative Medicine 63

Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1995 November 15; 207(10): 1315-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7591926 •

Gastric cancer associated with acute disseminated intravascular coagulation: successful initial treatment with weekly 24-hour infusion of high-dose 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin. Author(s): Yeh KH, Cheng AL. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1998 March; 100(4): 769-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9531347

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Pharmacological study on Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. III. Effects of red ginseng on experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation. (2). Effects of ginsenosides on blood coagulative and fibrinolytic systems. Author(s): Matsuda H, Namba K, Fukuda S, Tani T, Kubo M. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1986 March; 34(3): 1153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3731336

•

Pharmacological study on Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. IV. Effects of red ginseng on experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation. (3). Effect of ginsenoside-Ro on the blood coagulative and fibrinolytic system. Author(s): Matsuda H, Namba K, Fukuda S, Tani T, Kubo M. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1986 May; 34(5): 2100-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3742652

•

Prompt resolution of acute disseminated intravascular coagulation with docetaxel and cisplatin in hormone refractory prostate cancer. Author(s): Avances C, Jacot W, Senesse P, Culine S. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 October; 168(4 Pt 1): 1496. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352431

•

Sicarius (six-eyed crab spider): a homeopathic treatment for Ebola haemorrhagic fever and disseminated intravascular coagulation? Author(s): Richardson-Boedler C. Source: Br Homeopath J. 1999 January; 88(1): 24-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10228601

•

Staphylococcal septicaemia with disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with acupuncture. Author(s): Izatt E, Fairman M. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1977 May; 53(619): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=876942

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•

Study of various rhubarbs regarding the cathartic effect and endotoxin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Harima S, Matsuda H, Kubo M. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1994 November; 17(11): 1522-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7703978

•

Successful initial treatment with weekly etoposide, epirubicin, cisplatin, 5fluorouracil and leucovorin chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Chao Y, Teng HC, Hung HC, King KL, Li CP, Chi KH, Yen SH, Chang FY. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2000 March; 30(3): 122-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10798538

•

The aggregation of human platelets by ascitic fluid: a possible mechanism for disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating LeVeen shunts. Author(s): Salem HH, Koutts J, Handley C, van Der Weyden MB, Dudley FJ, Firkin BG. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1981 September; 11(2): 153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6272573

•

The effects of higenamine on LPS-induced experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in rats. Author(s): Yun-Choi HS, Pyo MK, Chang KC, Lee DH. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 April; 68(4): 326-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11988856

•

Use of a synthetic protease inhibitor for the treatment of L-asparaginase-induced acute pancreatitis complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Murakawa M, Okamura T, Shibuya T, Harada M, Otsuka T, Niho Y. Source: Annals of Hematology. 1992 May; 64(5): 249-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1623061

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•


•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

Alternative Medicine 65

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to disseminated intravascular coagulation. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on disseminated intravascular coagulation include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation In order to find chapters that specifically relate to disseminated intravascular coagulation, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and disseminated intravascular coagulation using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “disseminated intravascular coagulation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on disseminated intravascular coagulation: •

Management of Sequelae, Voiding Dysfunction and Renal Failure Source: in Hamdy, F.C, et al. Management of Urologic Malignancies. New York, NY: Elsevier Science, Inc. 2002. p. 259-269. Contact: Available from Elsevier Science, Inc. Journal Information Center, 655 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010. (212) 633-3750. Fax (212) 633-3764. Website: www.elsevier.com. PRICE: $149.00. ISBN: 443054789. Summary: A small but significant percentage of men with prostate cancer present with or progress to a metastatic and terminal stage of the disease. After attempts to control the cancer with surgery, radiation, or hormonal therapy, the urologist must also know how to treat complications related to the progression of incurable cancer. Most commonly, these complications are bone pain and pathologic fractures related to bone

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metastases, urethral and ureteral obstruction with progression to renal (kidney) failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Long-term complications of previous attempts at controlling the cancer through hormone therapy, radiation therapy, and surgery must also be addressed in providing care for these men. This chapter on the management of sequelae, voiding dysfunction, and renal failure associated with prostate cancer is from a reference guide to all urologic cancers; the textbook features a strong emphasis on best practice management choices. The authors of this chapter stress that because there is no known treatment capable of curing patients who are refractory to hormone therapy, treatment is aimed at preventing or minimizing they symptoms from these complications and prolonging survival where possible and desirable. A patient care algorithm is provided. 1 table. 81 references. •

Abdominal Abscesses Source: in Snape, W.J., ed. Consultations in Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1996. p. 117-121. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. PRICE: $125.00. ISBN: 0721646700. Summary: This chapter from a gastroenterology textbook covers abdominal abscesses. The authors define abscess as a collection of pus; and abdominal includes intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal sites. Abscesses within viscera (i.e., liver, gallbladder, pancreas) are not considered. Common sites for the occurrence of abscesses include both right and left subphrenic spaces, the pelvis, and intrahepatic space. Topics include the development of abscesses; the organisms usually responsible; characteristic clinical manifestations; subphrenic abscesses; confirming the diagnosis; and treatment options. The principal local manifestations include fever and abdominal pain, accompanied often by abdominal distension and ileus. Profound endotoxemia or bacteremia may result in septic shock. The cornerstone of the effective treatment of an abdominal abscess is adequate drainage of the purulent contents. Antibiotic treatment is therefore adjunctive. Without draining, mortality approaches 90 percent. The general medical condition of the patient with an abdominal abscess must also be closely monitored. Complications of sepsis include disseminated intravascular coagulation, adult respiratory distress syndrome, acute tubular necrosis, decreased systemic vascular resistance with shock, and hyperbilirubinemia. The author stresses that these conditions must be recognized and promptly corrected with the appropriate supportive measures, preferably in an intensive care setting. 2 figures. 12 references. (AA-M).

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “disseminated intravascular coagulation” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 10932 101 93 10 304 11440

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “disseminated intravascular coagulation” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on disseminated intravascular coagulation can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to disseminated intravascular coagulation. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “disseminated intravascular coagulation”:

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Bacterial Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bacterialinfections.html Bleeding Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bleedingdisorders.html Laboratory Tests http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/laboratorytests.html Meningitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/meningitis.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on disseminated intravascular coagulation. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Low Platelet Count Contact: National AIDS Treatment Information Project, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Beth Israel Hospital, 330 Brookline Ave Libby Bldg 317, Boston, MA, 02215, (617) 667-5520, http://www.natip.org. Summary: This fact sheet, for person with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), discusses low platelet count. Platelets are cell fragments from the bone marrow that circulate through the bloodstream helping the blood to clot. A low platelet count can be diagnosed through tests such as a complete blood count, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, a bone marrow aspiration, and a platelet count. The symptoms of a low platelet count include bruising or bleeding easily from the mouth or rectum. In HIV-positive individuals, low platelet counts can be caused by opportunistic infections such as immune-related thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in which platelets are destroyed by antibodies created by the immune system. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) can also cause a low platelet count. HIV-positive individuals who discover that they have a low platelet count should not take any new medications without consulting a physician. Most cases of ITP require no treatment but can be controlled through the use of anti-HIV antiretroviral drugs, and if necessary, removal of the spleen.

Patient Resources

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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to disseminated intravascular coagulation. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to disseminated intravascular coagulation. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with disseminated intravascular coagulation. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about disseminated intravascular coagulation. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “disseminated intravascular coagulation” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “disseminated intravascular coagulation”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “disseminated intravascular coagulation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “disseminated intravascular coagulation” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

87

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on disseminated intravascular coagulation: •

Basic Guidelines for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Renal failure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000501.htm SLE Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000435.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Bullae Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003239.htm Dyspnea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Epistaxis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003106.htm

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GI bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003133.htm Oliguria Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003147.htm Petechiae Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003235.htm Purpura Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003232.htm Rales Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003323.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Blood smear Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003665.htm Chest X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003804.htm Fibrin split products Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003655.htm Fibrinogen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003650.htm Platelet count Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003647.htm PT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003652.htm PTT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003653.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm

•

Nutrition for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Vitamin K Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002407.htm

•

Background Topics for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm

Online Glossaries 89

Hepatic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002378.htm Peripheral Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002273.htm Renal Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002289.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

91

DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abacavir: A nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NARTIs) developed by Glaxo Wellcome. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH]

92


Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acute tubular: A severe form of acute renal failure that develops in people with severe illnesses like infections or with low blood pressure. Patients may need dialysis. Kidney function often improves if the underlying disease is successfully treated. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form

Dictionary 93

proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino-terminal: The end of a protein or polypeptide chain that contains a free amino group (-NH2). [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]

Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaplastic: A term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and bear little or no resemblance to normal cells. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anthracycline: A member of a family of anticancer drugs that are also antibiotics. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective

94


against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antithymocyte globulin: A protein used to reduce the risk of or to treat graft-versus-host disease. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthralgia: Pain in the joint. [NIH] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Ascitic Fluid: The serous fluid which accumulates in the peritoneal cavity in ascites. [NIH] Asparaginase: A hydrolase enzyme that converts L-asparagine and water to L-aspartate and NH3. EC 3.5.1.1. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU]

Dictionary 95

Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autologous bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person after intensive treatment. [NIH] Baclofen: A GABA derivative that is a specific agonist at GABA-B receptors. It is used in the treatment of spasticity, especially that due to spinal cord damage. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioassay: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Assay: A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin,

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quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blast Crisis: Rapid increase in the proportion of blast cells in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bleeding Time: Duration of blood flow after skin puncture. This test is used as a measure of capillary and platelet function. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone marrow aspiration: The removal of a small sample of bone marrow (usually from the hip) through a needle for examination under a microscope. [NIH] Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells, megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bone metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone. [NIH]

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Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Chloride: A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capital Financing: Institutional funding for facilities and for equipment which becomes a part of the assets of the institution. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH]

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Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chondroitin sulfate: The major glycosaminoglycan (a type of sugar molecule) in cartilage. [NIH]

Chorioretinitis: Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic granulocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic myeloid leukemia. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH]

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Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clot Retraction: Retraction of a clot resulting from contraction of platelet pseudopods attached to fibrin strands that is dependent on the contractile protein thrombosthenin. Used as a measure of platelet function. [NIH] Coagulants: Exogenous substances used to promote blood coagulation. The endogenous blood coagulation factors are considered to be coagulants only when administered as drugs. [NIH]

Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative

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pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsion: A violent involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the voluntary muscles. [EU] Convulsive: Relating or referring to spasm; affected with spasm; characterized by a spasm or spasms. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right

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atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Critical Illness: A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH]

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Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diathesis: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Docetaxel: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. [NIH]

Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the

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chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Ellagic Acid: A fused four ring compound occurring free or combined in galls. Isolated from the kino of Eucalyptus maculata Hook and E. Hemipholia F. Muell. Activates Factor XII of the blood clotting system which also causes kinin release; used in research and as a dye. [NIH]

Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood

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capillaries. [NIH] Endotoxemia: A condition characterized by the presence of endotoxins in the blood. If endotoxemia is the result of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, shock may occur. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epirubicin: An anthracycline antibiotic which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA. Clinical studies indicate activity in breast cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, ovarian cancer, soft-tissue sarcomas, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, small-cell lung cancer and acute leukemia. It is equal in activity to doxorubicin but exhibits less acute toxicities and less cardiotoxicity. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH]

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Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH]

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Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filovirus: A genus of the family Filoviridae containing two species: Ebola virus and Marburg virus. Both were originally associated with African monkeys but are capable of causing severe hemorrhagic disease in humans. The natural host of either virus is unknown. Transmission is by close personal contact. [NIH] Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Fulminant Hepatic Failure: Liver failure that occurs suddenly in a previously healthy person. The most common causes of FHF are acute hepatitis, acetaminophen overdose, and liver damage from prescription drugs. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gangrene: Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Outlet Obstruction: The hindering of output from the stomach to the small intestine. The source varies: peptic ulcer, foreign bodies, aging, neoplasms, etc. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: GIST. A type of tumor that usually begins in cells in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. It can be benign or malignant. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA,

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bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus. [NIH] Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Targeting: The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH]

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Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gynecology: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hematogenous: Originating in the blood or spread through the bloodstream. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: The transference of stem cells from one animal or human to another (allogeneic), or within the same individual (autologous). The source for the stem cells may be the bone marrow or peripheral blood. Stem cell transplantation has been used as an alternative to autologous bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of a variety of neoplasms. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH]

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Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormonal therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called hormone therapy or endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1

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isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hypereosinophilic Syndrome: A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs. It is often referred to as idiopathic. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileus: Obstruction of the intestines. [EU] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience

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with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inferior vena cava: A large vein that empties into the heart. It carries blood from the legs and feet, and from organs in the abdomen and pelvis. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as

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a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Intensive Care Units: Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrahepatic: Within the liver. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Karyotype: The characteristic chromosome complement of an individual, race, or species as defined by their number, size, shape, etc. [NIH]

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Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leucovorin: The active metabolite of folic acid. Leucovorin is used principally as its calcium salt as an antidote to folic acid antagonists which block the conversion of folic acid to folinic acid. [NIH] Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH]

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Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile

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paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megacolon: Pathological enlargement of the colon. [NIH] Megakaryocytes: Very large bone marrow cells which release mature blood platelets. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Metastatic cancer: Cancer that has spread from the place in which it started to other parts of the body. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living

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organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mitotic inhibitors: Drugs that kill cancer cells by interfering with cell division (mitostis). [NIH]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multiple Organ Failure: A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myelodysplasia: Abnormal bone marrow cells that may lead to myelogenous leukemia. [NIH]

Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary

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arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroretinitis: Inflammation of the optic nerve head and adjacent retina. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU]

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Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Osteolysis: Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium. [NIH]

Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Partial Thromboplastin Time: Test of the intrinsic (factors VIII, IX, XI, and XII) and common (fibrinogen, prothrombin, factors V and X) pathways of coagulation in which a mixture of plasma and phospholipid platelet substitute (e.g., crude cephalins, soybean phosphatides) is recalcified and the time required for the appearance of fibrin strands

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measured. Activation may be provided by contact with the glass tube or exposure to activators (e.g., ellagic acid, particulate silicates such as diatomaceous earth or kaolin) before addition of the calcium chloride. It is used as a screening test and to monitor heparin therapy. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic fracture: A broken bone caused by disease, often by the spread of cancer to the bone. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Pentoxifylline: A methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH]

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Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH]

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Platelet Count: A count of the number of platelets per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pleural Effusion: Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Practice Management: Business management of medical and dental practices that may include capital financing, utilization management, and arrangement of capitation agreements with other parties. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is

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indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

Prothrombin Time: Measurement of clotting time of plasma recalcified in the presence of excess tissue thromboplastin. Factors measured are fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factors V, VII, and X. It is used for monitoring anticoagulant therapy with coumarins. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH]

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Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Pseudocysts: A collection of enzyme-rich pancreatic fluid and tissue debris arising within areas of necrosis or an obstructed smaller duct. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Puerperium: Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Pyoderma: Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Pyoderma Gangrenosum: An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH]

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Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Remission Induction: Therapeutic act or process that initiates a response to a complete or partial remission level. [NIH] Renal Artery: A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The

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outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Rhabdomyolysis: Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. [NIH] Rhabdomyosarcoma: A malignant tumor of muscle tissue. [NIH] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH]

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Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Sickness: Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. When they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sonogram: A computer picture of areas inside the body created by bouncing sound waves off organs and other tissues. Also called ultrasonogram or ultrasound. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU]

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Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Streptokinase: Streptococcal fibrinolysin . An enzyme produced by hemolytic streptococci. It hydrolyzes amide linkages and serves as an activator of plasminogen. It is used in thrombolytic therapy and is used also in mixtures with streptodornase (streptodornase and streptokinase). EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by

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clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Submucous: Occurring beneath the mucosa or a mucous membrane. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Superantigens: Microbial antigens that have in common an extremely potent activating effect on T-cells that bear a specific variable region. Superantigens cross-link the variable region with class II MHC proteins regardless of the peptide binding in the T-cell receptor's pocket. The result is a transient expansion and subsequent death and anergy of the T-cells with the appropriate variable regions. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Supraspinal: Above the spinal column or any spine. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of uranium. The stablest isotope has a mass number 99 and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thromboembolism: Obstruction of a vessel by a blood clot that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombolytic Therapy: Use of infusions of fibrinolytic agents to destroy or dissolve thrombi

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in blood vessels or bypass grafts. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombophlebitis: Inflammation of a vein associated with thrombus formation. [NIH] Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. [NIH] Thrombopoietin: A humoral factor that controls blood platelet production through stimulation of megakaryocyte populations. Bone marrow megakaryocytes increase in both size and number in response to exposure to thrombopoietin. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person

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earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transrectal ultrasound: A procedure used to examine the prostate. An instrument is inserted into the rectum, and sound waves bounce off the prostate. These sound waves create echoes, which a computer uses to create a picture called a sonogram. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH]

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Urologist: A doctor who specializes in diseases of the urinary organs in females and the urinary and sex organs in males. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GABA levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage dependent sodium channels. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Vena: A vessel conducting blood from the capillary bed to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU]

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Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abacavir, 21, 91 Abdominal, 18, 35, 51, 68, 91, 102, 112, 115, 118, 119, 124, 125, 130 Abdominal Pain, 68, 91, 130 Abscess, 17, 38, 42, 68, 91 Acetaminophen, 49, 91, 106 Acidosis, 4, 91 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 45, 91 Acrylonitrile, 91, 125 Acute leukemia, 21, 91, 104 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 22, 32, 91 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 62, 91 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 91 Acute myeloid leukemia, 91, 122 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 53, 91 Acute renal, 4, 12, 13, 49, 55, 92, 109 Acute tubular, 68, 92 Adenocarcinoma, 29, 92 Adoptive Transfer, 5, 92 Adrenal Glands, 92, 124 Agar, 92, 120 Agonist, 92, 95 Albumin, 92, 120 Algorithms, 92, 96 Alkaline, 91, 92, 97, 119 Alkaloid, 92, 116 Allogeneic, 44, 92, 108 Alpha Particles, 92, 123 Alternative medicine, 92 Amino Acid Sequence, 92, 93 Amino Acids, 92, 93, 119, 121, 122, 130 Amino-terminal, 8, 93 Amnion, 93 Amniotic Fluid, 19, 93 Analgesic, 91, 93, 116, 118 Analog, 91, 93, 106 Anaphylatoxins, 93, 100 Anaplastic, 37, 93 Anemia, 29, 32, 35, 93, 106, 114 Anergy, 93, 128 Anesthesia, 25, 93 Animal model, 10, 93 Anthracycline, 93, 104 Antibiotic, 68, 93, 102, 104, 127 Antibodies, 5, 27, 32, 78, 93, 108, 109, 110, 116, 120

Antibody, 10, 11, 42, 93, 94, 99, 108, 109, 110, 111, 115, 116, 124, 126 Anticoagulant, 9, 11, 15, 39, 48, 49, 93, 122, 132 Anticonvulsant, 93, 131 Antidote, 93, 97, 113 Antifungal, 93, 113 Antigen, 5, 14, 24, 48, 93, 94, 99, 109, 110, 111, 115 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 94, 99 Anti-inflammatory, 6, 41, 91, 94, 101, 107 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 6, 94, 101 Antimetabolite, 94, 106 Antineoplastic, 94, 101, 102, 106, 121, 131 Antipyretic, 91, 94 Antithymocyte globulin, 44, 94 Aorta, 94, 124, 131 Aortic Aneurysm, 18, 35, 94 Arterial, 50, 94, 100, 122 Arteries, 94, 96, 114, 117, 123 Arterioles, 94, 96, 97, 115, 131 Artery, 94, 103 Arthralgia, 94, 126 Arthroplasty, 27, 94 Ascites, 51, 94 Ascitic Fluid, 64, 94 Asparaginase, 64, 94 Aspartate, 94 Aspiration, 94 Assay, 15, 45, 94 Asymptomatic, 53, 94, 118 Atrial, 50, 94, 100, 130, 132 Atrial Fibrillation, 94, 132 Atrioventricular, 94, 100 Atrium, 94, 95, 100, 130, 131 Attenuated, 95, 131 Autodigestion, 95, 118 Autologous, 26, 95, 108 Autologous bone marrow transplantation, 95, 108 B Baclofen, 33, 95 Bacteremia, 6, 11, 15, 27, 68, 95 Bacteria, 5, 8, 93, 94, 95, 103, 104, 108, 109, 115, 116, 125, 127, 129, 131 Bacterial Infections, 9, 78, 95 Bactericidal, 95, 104 Bacterium, 95, 109

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Base, 95, 113, 119, 130 Benign, 95, 106, 117, 124 Bilateral, 13, 15, 30, 95, 125 Bile, 95, 106, 109, 112, 113 Biliary, 95, 118 Biliary Tract, 95, 118 Bilirubin, 92, 95, 110 Bioassay, 95 Biochemical, 6, 8, 9, 94, 95 Biological Assay, 7, 95 Biopsy, 21, 96 Biosynthesis, 96, 122 Biotechnology, 11, 12, 73, 96 Bladder, 96, 122, 130 Blast Crisis, 62, 96 Blastocyst, 96, 120 Bleeding Time, 32, 59, 96 Blood Coagulation, 9, 15, 17, 24, 34, 42, 44, 49, 52, 62, 96, 97, 99, 129 Blood Coagulation Factors, 96, 99 Blood Platelets, 96, 115, 128 Blood pressure, 92, 96, 110, 116, 123, 126 Blood vessel, 96, 100, 103, 108, 109, 114, 115, 120, 126, 127, 129, 131 Bone Marrow, 8, 44, 53, 78, 91, 95, 96, 98, 108, 110, 114, 115, 116, 122, 127 Bone marrow aspiration, 78, 96 Bone Marrow Cells, 96, 115, 116 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 8, 44, 96 Bone metastases, 68, 96 Bowel, 97, 102, 112, 119, 130 Brachytherapy, 97, 112, 124 Bradykinin, 97, 120 Buccal, 97, 114 C Calcium, 97, 99, 110, 113, 118, 119, 122 Calcium Chloride, 97, 119 Callus, 97, 103 Capillary, 96, 97, 131 Capital Financing, 97, 121 Carbon Dioxide, 97, 120, 131 Carcinogenic, 97, 111 Carcinoma, 14, 16, 24, 41, 46, 97 Cardiac, 94, 97, 100, 108, 117 Cardiotoxicity, 97, 104 Carrier Proteins, 97, 120 Case report, 17, 27, 29, 35, 38, 40, 43, 46, 47, 48, 50, 54, 62, 97, 105 Catheter, 33, 55, 97 Caudal, 97, 110, 121 Causal, 97, 109, 125 Cause of Death, 8, 97

Cell Cycle, 98, 99, 105 Cell Division, 95, 98, 105, 116, 120 Cell Transplantation, 48, 98, 108 Central Nervous System, 98, 110, 116, 118 Cerebral, 4, 43, 47, 53, 98, 114, 128 Cerebrum, 98 Chemokines, 5, 98 Chemotactic Factors, 98, 100 Chemotherapy, 62, 64, 98 Cholesterol, 95, 98, 113, 114 Chondroitin sulfate, 9, 98 Chorioretinitis, 98, 125 Choroid, 98, 124, 125 Chromatin, 98, 104, 114 Chromosomal, 53, 98 Chromosome, 54, 98, 112, 113 Chronic, 6, 7, 17, 18, 28, 30, 35, 36, 45, 48, 50, 62, 88, 98, 99, 111, 113, 118, 123, 127, 128, 130 Chronic Disease, 98, 113 Chronic granulocytic leukemia, 98 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 48, 98 Cirrhosis, 17, 99 Cisplatin, 58, 63, 64, 99 Clinical Medicine, 28, 54, 99, 121 Clinical trial, 4, 73, 99, 102, 124 Cloning, 96, 99 Clot Retraction, 99, 120 Coagulants, 10, 99 Cofactor, 8, 24, 47, 99, 122, 129 Colitis, 99 Collapse, 9, 99 Colon, 99, 113, 115, 130 Complement, 10, 93, 99, 100, 112, 120 Complementary and alternative medicine, 61, 65, 100 Complementary medicine, 61, 100 Complete remission, 100, 124 Computational Biology, 73, 100 Connective Tissue, 96, 100, 106, 128 Constitutional, 100, 125 Contraindications, ii, 100 Convulsion, 95, 100 Convulsive, 42, 100 Cor, 6, 100 Cortex, 101 Cortical, 14, 101, 105, 125 Corticosteroid, 101, 121 Coumarins, 101, 122 Critical Illness, 20, 101 Cutaneous, 101, 114 Cysteine, 98, 101

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Cytokine, 4, 5, 9, 23, 101, 119 Cytoplasm, 101, 104, 114, 116 Cytotoxicity, 99, 101 D Decidua, 101, 120 Defense Mechanisms, 9, 101 Degenerative, 101, 109 Deletion, 101, 107 Dementia, 91, 101 Diabetes Mellitus, 35, 102, 107, 108, 112 Diagnostic procedure, 102 Diaphragm, 102, 121 Diathesis, 38, 102 Digestion, 95, 97, 102, 112, 113, 119, 127 Digestive system, 102, 106 Digestive tract, 102, 126 Direct, iii, 20, 99, 102, 124 Disinfectant, 102, 104 Dissection, 18, 102 Docetaxel, 58, 63, 102 Double-blind, 13, 102 Doxorubicin, 102, 104 Drug Tolerance, 102, 129 Duct, 102, 105, 123 Dura mater, 102, 115, 118 E Effector, 99, 102, 120 Elective, 38, 102 Electrocoagulation, 99, 102 Electrons, 95, 102, 112, 123, 124 Ellagic Acid, 103, 119 Emaciation, 91, 103 Emboli, 16, 103, 132 Embolism, 14, 15, 19, 47, 103, 123, 132 Embolization, 103, 132 Embolus, 103, 111 Embryo, 93, 96, 103 Embryogenesis, 7, 103 Emergency Treatment, 51, 103 Encephalopathy, 3, 55, 103 Endemic, 103, 114 Endocrinology, 103, 108 Endogenous, 96, 99, 103, 129 Endothelial cell, 8, 10, 103, 129 Endothelium, 4, 10, 103, 120 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 103 Endothelium, Vascular, 103 Endotoxemia, 68, 104 Endotoxic, 25, 104 Endotoxin, 5, 7, 8, 11, 23, 58, 59, 64, 104, 130 Environmental Health, 72, 74, 104

Enzymatic, 97, 100, 104, 105 Enzyme, 94, 102, 104, 120, 122, 123, 127, 128, 129, 132 Enzyme Inhibitors, 104, 120 Eosinophilia, 104, 110 Eosinophilic, 104, 110 Eosinophils, 104, 110 Epidemiological, 3, 104, 105 Epidermis, 104, 123 Epidural, 25, 55, 104 Epigastric, 104, 118 Epirubicin, 64, 104 Epithelial, 92, 101, 104, 109 Epithelium, 103, 104 Erythrocytes, 93, 96, 104, 109, 124 Esophagus, 102, 104, 106, 119, 127 Ethanol, 49, 104 Etoposide, 64, 105 Excitatory, 95, 105 Exhaustion, 105, 114 Exocrine, 105, 118 Exogenous, 99, 103, 105, 107 Extensor, 105, 123 External-beam radiation, 105, 124 Extraction, 26, 105 Extravasation, 105, 108 Extremity, 39, 105 F Family Planning, 73, 105 Fat, 15, 96, 100, 101, 103, 105, 113, 126 Fatal Outcome, 14, 105 Fatigue, 105, 108 Femoral, 13, 105 Femur, 105 Fetus, 105, 120, 131 Fibrin, 27, 34, 53, 88, 96, 99, 105, 118, 120, 128 Fibrinogen, 53, 55, 62, 88, 105, 118, 120, 122, 128 Fibrinolysis, 7, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 24, 27, 34, 42, 49, 52, 58, 59, 62, 105 Fibrinolytic, 63, 105, 128 Fibroblasts, 105, 112 Fibrosis, 45, 106 Filovirus, 59, 106 Fine-needle aspiration, 30, 106, 117 Fluorescence, 7, 106 Fluorouracil, 63, 64, 106 Fold, 8, 106, 115 Folic Acid, 106, 113 Fulminant Hepatic Failure, 26, 106

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G Gallbladder, 68, 91, 95, 102, 106 Gamma Rays, 106, 124 Gangrene, 39, 46, 47, 51, 106 Gastric, 19, 29, 46, 63, 64, 95, 104, 106, 119 Gastric Outlet Obstruction, 19, 106 Gastrin, 106, 109 Gastroenterology, 13, 68, 106 Gastrointestinal, 40, 97, 104, 106, 110, 114, 127 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor, 40, 106 Gastrointestinal tract, 104, 106, 110, 127 Gene, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 22, 96, 106, 107 Gene Deletion, 6, 106 Gene Expression, 6, 107 Gene Targeting, 7, 107 Genital, 107, 108 Gestation, 107, 119, 120 Ginseng, 63, 107 Gland, 6, 101, 107, 118, 122 Glomerular, 107, 124 Glomeruli, 107 Glomerulonephritis, 29, 107 Glucocorticoid, 107, 121 Glucose, 102, 107, 108, 111 Glucose Intolerance, 102, 107 Glucuronic Acid, 107, 109 Glycoprotein, 38, 105, 107, 129, 130 Glycosaminoglycan, 98, 107 Governing Board, 107, 121 Graft, 35, 94, 107, 108, 111 Grafting, 18, 107 Graft-versus-host disease, 94, 108 Gram-negative, 8, 104, 108 Gram-positive, 6, 108, 127 Gynecology, 14, 26, 40, 47, 51, 54, 55, 108 H Haematoma, 37, 108 Haemorrhage, 30, 33, 47, 108 Haptens, 108, 126 Heart failure, 50, 108 Hematogenous, 40, 108 Hematoma, 25, 108 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, 44, 108 Hemodiafiltration, 19, 108 Hemodialysis, 108 Hemofiltration, 108 Hemoglobin, 93, 104, 108 Hemolysis, 33, 109 Hemolytic, 29, 32, 35, 109, 127 Hemorrhage, 20, 102, 109, 123, 127

Hemostasis, 7, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 27, 29, 31, 34, 37, 47, 49, 52, 109 Heparin, 9, 13, 20, 24, 31, 32, 39, 47, 54, 59, 109, 119 Hepatic, 4, 29, 89, 92, 109, 113 Hepatitis, 12, 13, 55, 106, 109 Hepatocellular, 11, 109 Hepatocytes, 109 Heredity, 106, 109 Homologous, 107, 109 Hormonal, 8, 67, 96, 101, 109 Hormonal therapy, 8, 67, 109 Hormone, 51, 58, 61, 63, 68, 95, 101, 106, 109, 111 Hormone therapy, 68, 109 Humoral, 5, 109, 129 Humour, 109 Hybridomas, 109, 112 Hydrogen, 91, 95, 109, 116, 117, 122 Hydrolysis, 99, 110, 121, 122 Hyperbilirubinemia, 68, 110, 112 Hypercalcemia, 43, 110 Hypereosinophilic Syndrome, 12, 110 Hypersensitivity, 21, 110 Hypertrophy, 101, 110, 130 Hypoglycemia, 4, 55, 110 Hypotension, 11, 110 Hypothalamic, 6, 110 Hypothalamus, 6, 110, 128 I Idiopathic, 12, 34, 110, 123 Ileus, 68, 110 Immune response, 5, 6, 93, 94, 101, 108, 110, 111, 132 Immune Sera, 110 Immune system, 5, 6, 8, 78, 110, 111, 114, 132 Immunity, 4, 5, 91, 110, 129 Immunization, 5, 92, 110, 111 Immunocompromised, 5, 110 Immunodeficiency, 78, 91, 110 Immunoglobulins, 110, 120 Immunologic, 92, 98, 110, 119, 124 Immunosuppressant, 106, 111 Immunosuppression, 111, 118 Immunotherapy, 92, 111 Implant radiation, 111, 112, 124 In vitro, 5, 7, 10, 95, 111 In vivo, 6, 7, 10, 11, 95, 109, 111 Infarction, 33, 54, 56, 111 Infection, 4, 5, 6, 13, 32, 36, 42, 59, 91, 98, 110, 111, 114, 118, 125, 127, 131, 132

137

Inferior vena cava, 53, 111 Infiltration, 107, 110, 111 Infusion, 10, 63, 111, 129 Ingestion, 19, 111, 121 Inhalation, 111, 121 Initiation, 59, 111, 129 Initiator, 96, 111 Inorganic, 99, 111, 116 Insight, 9, 14, 111 Insulin, 35, 95, 111 Intensive Care, 8, 18, 25, 28, 48, 54, 68, 112 Intensive Care Units, 8, 112 Interleukin-1, 6, 112 Interleukin-2, 112 Interleukin-6, 34, 112 Internal Medicine, 16, 28, 43, 56, 58, 59, 103, 106, 112 Internal radiation, 112, 124 Interstitial, 97, 112, 124 Intestine, 97, 112, 113, 127 Intracellular, 111, 112, 125 Intrahepatic, 68, 112 Intraperitoneal, 68, 112 Intravenous, 16, 31, 111, 112 Intrinsic, 112, 118 Invasive, 36, 110, 112 Involuntary, 100, 112, 117, 126 Ions, 95, 109, 112, 122, 126 J Jaundice, 110, 112 K Karyotype, 22, 112 Kb, 72, 113 Ketoconazole, 24, 113 Kidney Transplantation, 50, 113 Kinetic, 53, 113 L Labile, 99, 113 Large Intestine, 102, 112, 113, 124, 126 Lesion, 113, 114 Lethal, 8, 11, 95, 113 Leucocyte, 113, 114 Leucovorin, 63, 64, 113 Leukaemia, 14, 25, 40, 54, 113 Leukemia, 17, 24, 58, 62, 98, 102, 110, 113, 116 Ligament, 113, 122 Ligation, 6, 113 Linkages, 108, 113, 127 Lipid, 111, 113 Lipopolysaccharide, 8, 23, 58, 108, 113 Lipoprotein, 108, 113, 114

Liver, 17, 28, 30, 38, 41, 48, 49, 68, 91, 92, 95, 99, 102, 106, 107, 109, 112, 113, 116 Liver Cirrhosis, 28, 48, 113 Localization, 4, 114 Localized, 91, 108, 111, 114, 120, 131 Low-density lipoprotein, 15, 113, 114 Lupus, 39, 50, 114, 128 Lymph, 103, 109, 114, 126 Lymphadenopathy, 114, 126 Lymphatic, 103, 111, 114, 127, 129 Lymphatic system, 114, 127, 129 Lymphoblastic, 24, 114 Lymphoblasts, 91, 114 Lymphocyte Count, 91, 114 Lymphocytes, 5, 9, 91, 94, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 127, 129, 132 Lymphocytic, 114 Lymphoid, 62, 93, 113, 114 Lymphoma, 37, 54, 114 M Macrophage, 112, 114 Malaria, 4, 25, 39, 47, 54, 114 Malaria, Falciparum, 114 Malaria, Vivax, 114 Malignancy, 61, 115 Malignant, 40, 43, 91, 92, 94, 106, 115, 117, 124, 125 Malignant tumor, 115, 125 Mediator, 9, 112, 115 MEDLINE, 73, 115 Megacolon, 13, 115 Megakaryocytes, 96, 115, 129 Melanocytes, 115, 117 Membrane, 93, 98, 100, 108, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 126, 128 Meninges, 98, 102, 115 Meningitis, 5, 16, 78, 115 Menstruation, 14, 101, 115 Mesenteric, 6, 115 Mesentery, 115, 119 Metabolite, 113, 115 Metastasis, 7, 40, 47, 115, 117 Metastatic, 24, 51, 53, 61, 67, 115, 125 Metastatic cancer, 53, 115 Microbe, 115, 129 Microcirculation, 113, 115, 120 Microorganism, 99, 115, 132 Micro-organism, 116, 125 Mitochondrial Swelling, 116, 117 Mitotic, 102, 105, 116 Mitotic inhibitors, 102, 116

138


Molecular, 6, 7, 10, 27, 29, 31, 32, 39, 73, 75, 96, 100, 105, 108, 109, 116, 120, 125, 129, 130 Molecule, 94, 95, 98, 99, 102, 107, 110, 116, 124, 129 Monitor, 116, 117, 119 Monoclonal, 5, 11, 42, 109, 116, 124 Monoclonal antibodies, 5, 116 Monocytes, 8, 112, 116 Mononuclear, 116, 130 Morphine, 6, 116, 117, 118 Mucosa, 114, 116, 128 Mucus, 116, 130 Multiple Organ Failure, 13, 15, 43, 116 Mutagenesis, 9, 116 Mutagens, 116 Myelodysplasia, 32, 116 Myelogenous, 116 Myocardial infarction, 116, 132 Myocarditis, 41, 117 Myocardium, 54, 116, 117 N Narcotic, 116, 117 Necrosis, 16, 18, 39, 42, 53, 68, 111, 116, 117, 123, 125 Needle biopsy, 106, 117 Neoplasms, 91, 92, 94, 106, 108, 117, 124 Nervous System, 98, 115, 117 Neural, 109, 117, 126 Neuroblastoma, 30, 117 Neuronal, 6, 117 Neurons, 105, 117 Neuroretinitis, 117, 125 Neutrons, 92, 117, 123, 124 Neutrophil, 9, 43, 117 Nevus, 16, 35, 117 Nuclear, 35, 39, 49, 103, 106, 117, 130 Nucleus, 6, 98, 101, 104, 106, 114, 116, 117, 122 O Obstetrics, 14, 26, 30, 40, 47, 51, 54, 55, 117 Occult, 35, 41, 45, 117 Opiate, 116, 117 Opium, 116, 117, 118 Opportunistic Infections, 78, 91, 118 Optic Chiasm, 110, 118 Optic Nerve, 117, 118, 124, 125 Organelles, 101, 115, 116, 118 Osteolysis, 36, 118 Overdose, 106, 118 P Pachymeningitis, 115, 118

Pancreas, 68, 91, 102, 106, 111, 118 Pancreatic, 104, 118, 123 Pancreatic cancer, 104, 118 Pancreatitis, 19, 64, 118 Parasite, 4, 118 Parietal, 118, 119, 121 Partial remission, 118, 124 Partial Thromboplastin Time, 54, 78, 118 Parturition, 117, 119 Pathologic, 46, 67, 91, 96, 110, 119, 123 Pathologic fracture, 67, 119 Pathophysiology, 21, 22, 44, 52, 119 Patient Education, 78, 82, 84, 89, 119 Pelvic, 119, 122 Pelvis, 68, 111, 119, 131 Pentoxifylline, 17, 119 Peptic, 106, 119 Peptic Ulcer, 106, 119 Peptide, 119, 121, 122, 128 Pericardium, 119, 128 Perinatal, 7, 42, 43, 119 Peripheral blood, 108, 119 Peritoneal, 94, 112, 119 Peritoneal Cavity, 94, 112, 119 Peritoneum, 115, 119, 125 Petechiae, 88, 108, 119 Phagocytosis, 54, 119 Pharmacologic, 93, 119, 129 Phenolphthalein, 26, 119 Phenotype, 107, 120 Phosphodiesterase, 119, 120 Phospholipids, 105, 113, 120 Photocoagulation, 99, 120 Physiologic, 8, 11, 92, 96, 115, 120, 124 Physiology, 103, 106, 108, 120 Placenta, 47, 120, 123 Plants, 92, 97, 107, 120, 129, 130 Plaque, 30, 120 Plasma cells, 93, 120 Plasma protein, 8, 92, 103, 120, 122 Plasmin, 27, 120 Plasminogen Activators, 7, 120 Platelet Aggregation, 93, 119, 120 Platelet Count, 78, 121 Platelets, 35, 64, 78, 120, 121, 128 Pleura, 121 Pleural, 42, 51, 121 Pleural cavity, 121 Pleural Effusion, 42, 51, 121 Pneumonia, 55, 100, 121 Podophyllotoxin, 105, 121 Poisoning, 26, 97, 121, 125

139

Polypeptide, 92, 93, 105, 120, 121, 132 Polysaccharide, 94, 107, 121 Posterior, 98, 118, 121 Postoperative, 116, 121 Potentiates, 6, 112, 121 Potentiating, 96, 121 Practice Guidelines, 74, 121 Practice Management, 68, 121 Precursor, 41, 102, 104, 121, 122 Prednisolone, 62, 121 Prevalence, 32, 122 Progression, 6, 7, 67, 93, 122 Progressive, 99, 101, 102, 116, 117, 122, 124 Projection, 101, 118, 122 Promyelocytic leukemia, 18, 39, 122 Prophylaxis, 39, 122, 132 Prostate, 21, 35, 51, 58, 61, 63, 67, 122, 130 Protease, 8, 36, 64, 122 Protease Inhibitors, 8, 122 Protein C, 7, 8, 92, 113, 122, 126 Protein S, 96, 122 Proteolytic, 99, 105, 120, 122 Prothrombin, 78, 118, 122, 128 Prothrombin Time, 78, 122 Protons, 92, 109, 122, 123 Protozoa, 115, 122, 123, 131 Protozoan, 114, 123 Pseudocysts, 38, 123 Psoriasis, 30, 123 Psychic, 123, 125 Public Policy, 73, 123 Publishing, 11, 123 Puerperium, 117, 123 Pulmonary, 25, 31, 33, 38, 40, 45, 47, 53, 96, 101, 104, 108, 123, 131, 132 Pulmonary Artery, 96, 123, 131 Pulmonary Edema, 25, 123 Pulmonary Embolism, 31, 40, 45, 53, 123, 132 Pulmonary hypertension, 101, 123 Purpura, 29, 34, 47, 78, 88, 108, 123 Purulent, 68, 123 Putrefaction, 106, 123 Pyoderma, 17, 123 Pyoderma Gangrenosum, 17, 123 Pyogenic, 123, 125 R Race, 112, 123 Radiation, 67, 105, 106, 111, 112, 123, 124, 132 Radiation therapy, 68, 105, 112, 124

Radioactive, 110, 111, 112, 116, 117, 124, 128, 130 Radiolabeled, 124 Radiotherapy, 97, 124 Randomized, 13, 124 Receptor, 5, 6, 7, 8, 23, 94, 124, 128 Recombinant, 5, 24, 49, 51, 124 Recombination, 107, 124 Rectum, 78, 99, 102, 113, 122, 124, 130 Red blood cells, 104, 109, 124 Refer, 1, 97, 99, 114, 117, 124, 129 Refractory, 51, 58, 61, 63, 68, 102, 124 Remission, 32, 124 Remission Induction, 32, 124 Renal Artery, 15, 124 Renal failure, 3, 32, 68, 87, 124, 130 Research Design, 5, 124 Respiratory distress syndrome, 5, 14, 43, 68, 124 Retina, 98, 117, 118, 124, 125 Retinitis, 24, 125 Retroperitoneal, 68, 92, 125 Rhabdomyolysis, 12, 13, 33, 36, 49, 125 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 28, 40, 49, 125 Rheology, 119, 125 Rickettsiae, 125, 131 Rod, 95, 104, 125 Rubber, 16, 35, 91, 125 S Screening, 50, 99, 119, 125 Secondary tumor, 115, 125 Seizures, 42, 125 Semen, 122, 125 Semisynthetic, 105, 125 Sepsis, 5, 7, 8, 16, 18, 21, 28, 37, 48, 54, 68, 125 Septic, 5, 20, 33, 39, 41, 46, 68, 125 Septicaemia, 13, 36, 44, 56, 63, 125 Septicemia, 12, 41, 125 Serous, 94, 103, 121, 125 Serum, 33, 34, 92, 93, 99, 110, 114, 125, 126, 130 Serum Sickness, 33, 126 Shock, 3, 5, 7, 9, 13, 19, 25, 38, 39, 43, 45, 46, 68, 104, 126, 130 Side effect, 126, 129 Signs and Symptoms, 124, 126, 130 Skeletal, 37, 125, 126 Skeleton, 105, 126 Small intestine, 40, 106, 109, 112, 126 Smooth muscle, 93, 116, 126 Sodium, 126, 131

140


Sodium Channels, 126, 131 Soft tissue, 96, 126 Solvent, 104, 126 Somatic, 103, 109, 126 Sonogram, 126, 130 Sound wave, 126, 130 Spasm, 100, 126 Spasticity, 95, 126 Specialist, 79, 127 Species, 5, 10, 92, 98, 106, 112, 114, 116, 118, 123, 127, 128, 130, 132 Spectrum, 113, 127 Sperm, 98, 127 Spinal cord, 95, 98, 102, 104, 115, 117, 118, 127 Spleen, 78, 114, 127 Stem Cells, 108, 127 Stent, 18, 127 Stimulants, 107, 127 Stomach, 91, 95, 96, 102, 104, 106, 109, 119, 126, 127 Streptococcal, 3, 26, 127 Streptococci, 127 Streptococcus, 29, 30, 36, 127 Streptokinase, 39, 127 Stress, 10, 46, 68, 125, 127, 131 Stroke, 45, 72, 127 Stromal, 96, 127 Styrene, 125, 127 Subacute, 111, 127 Subclinical, 53, 111, 125, 127 Submucous, 45, 128 Subspecies, 127, 128 Superantigens, 9, 128 Suppression, 101, 128 Suppressive, 23, 128 Supraspinal, 95, 128 Symphysis, 122, 128 Symptomatic, 43, 118, 128 Systemic, 4, 7, 10, 11, 33, 41, 50, 51, 68, 94, 96, 111, 121, 124, 125, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 11, 33, 50, 51, 128 T Tachycardia, 95, 128 Tachypnea, 95, 128 Technetium, 39, 128 Thigh, 105, 128 Third Ventricle, 110, 128 Thrombin, 8, 10, 14, 24, 47, 105, 120, 122, 128, 129

Thrombocytes, 121, 128 Thrombocytopenia, 4, 10, 16, 20, 31, 35, 42, 128 Thromboembolism, 33, 128 Thrombolytic, 127, 128 Thrombolytic Therapy, 127, 128 Thrombomodulin, 9, 10, 16, 24, 32, 49, 122, 129 Thrombophlebitis, 41, 129 Thromboplastin, 58, 122, 129 Thrombopoietin, 34, 129 Thymus, 110, 114, 129 Ticks, 5, 129 Tolerance, 10, 107, 129 Tonicity, 109, 129 Topical, 104, 129 Torsion, 111, 129 Toxic, iv, 3, 5, 9, 13, 101, 110, 121, 127, 129 Toxicity, 10, 97, 129 Toxicology, 74, 129 Toxin, 4, 13, 104, 129 Transcriptase, 91, 129 Transcription Factors, 10, 129 Transfection, 96, 129 Transfer Factor, 110, 129 Transfusion, 25, 47, 129 Translocation, 53, 54, 130 Transmitter, 115, 130 Transplantation, 10, 26, 50, 110, 130 Transrectal ultrasound, 21, 130 Trauma, 22, 38, 39, 43, 52, 117, 118, 130 Trees, 125, 130 Tricuspid Atresia, 100, 130 Tuberculosis, 38, 43, 45, 114, 130 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 17, 130 U Ulcerative colitis, 13, 36, 53, 123, 130 Uraemia, 118, 130 Uranium, 128, 130 Uremia, 124, 130 Ureters, 124, 130 Urethra, 122, 130 Urinary, 23, 32, 130, 131 Urine, 96, 130 Urologist, 67, 131 Urticaria, 126, 131 Uterus, 101, 115, 131 V Vaccines, 5, 131, 132 Vagina, 115, 131 Valproic Acid, 42, 131 Varicella, 39, 131

141

Vascular, 4, 9, 10, 32, 54, 68, 98, 103, 111, 113, 115, 120, 131 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 32, 131 Vascular Resistance, 68, 131 Vasculitis, 118, 131 Vein, 111, 112, 117, 129, 131 Vena, 131 Venous, 54, 121, 122, 130, 131, 132 Venous blood, 121, 131 Venous Thrombosis, 131, 132 Ventricle, 94, 100, 123, 128, 130, 131 Ventricular, 100, 130, 131 Venules, 6, 96, 97, 103, 115, 131 Veterinary Medicine, 73, 131 Vinca Alkaloids, 131 Vincristine, 62, 131

Viral, 3, 55, 131 Virulence, 95, 129, 132 Virus, 78, 91, 106, 120, 131, 132 Viscera, 68, 115, 126, 132 Vitro, 109, 132 Vivo, 7, 62, 132 W Warfarin, 35, 132 White blood cell, 91, 93, 98, 114, 116, 117, 120, 132 Wound Healing, 7, 132 X Xenograft, 10, 93, 132 X-ray, 88, 106, 117, 124, 132 Z Zymogen, 122, 132

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