Diplopia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

DIPLOPIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P...

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DIPLOPIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Diplopia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00370-8 1. Diplopia-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on diplopia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DIPLOPIA................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Diplopia......................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DIPLOPIA .................................................................. 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 45 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 50 General References ....................................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 3. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON DIPLOPIA ..................................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 51 Academic Periodicals covering Diplopia...................................................................................... 52 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 57 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 59 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 63 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 67 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 67 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 67 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 73 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 73 DIPLOPIA DICTIONARY ............................................................................................................. 75 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 103

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with diplopia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about diplopia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to diplopia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on diplopia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to diplopia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on diplopia. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DIPLOPIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on diplopia.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and diplopia, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “diplopia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Cherubism Source: Journal of Otolaryngology. 21(2): 84-87. April 1992. Summary: This article discusses cherubism, a rare benign inherited fibro-osseous disease that affects the jaws, producing a characteristic facial appearance. The authors describe the condition and present a case of cherubism in a 19-year-old male, complicated by severe orbital compression resulting in diplopia. The patient was diagnosed at 3 years of age when he developed the characteristic cherub facies and severe dental anomalies that required surgical correction. At age 14, he underwent facial contouring surgery of his jaws. Orbital compression later developed due to lesions growing in the floor of his orbits. The patient's facial appearance and visual function were markedly improved by the surgery. The authors also present a review of the literature detailing this rare disease. 3 figures. 14 references. (AA-M).

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Federally Funded Research on Diplopia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to diplopia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to diplopia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore diplopia.

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with diplopia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “diplopia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for diplopia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 24-year-old man with diplopia and frontal headache. Author(s): Katz DS, Morris WB, Joy SE, Corona RJ Jr, Santelli ED, Grossman ZD. Source: Clinical Imaging. 1995 April-June; 19(2): 138-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7773879

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A case of paradoxical diplopia in large-angle consecutive exotropia. Author(s): Deacon MA. Source: Strabismus. 2002 March; 10(1): 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12185644

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A clinical technique for correcting diplopia with prism. Author(s): Moradiellos DP, Parrish DE. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1986 October; 57(10): 740-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3771992

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A further study of fixation switch diplopia. Author(s): Boyd TA, Budd GE. Source: Am Orthopt J. 1978; 28: 113-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=749587

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A huge osteoma of paranasal sinuses with intraorbital extension presenting as diplopia. Author(s): Tsai CJ, Ho CY, Lin CZ. Source: J Chin Med Assoc. 2003 July; 66(7): 433-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14509407

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A new optical modality to overcome diplopia. Author(s): Veronneau-Troutman S. Source: Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1979; 77: 181-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=545826

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A prism is a useful tool in the treatment of vertical diplopia. Author(s): Roodhooft J, Van Rens G. Source: Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 1998; 268: 215-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9810106

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A rare case of diplopia: medial inferior pontine syndrome or Foville's syndrome. Author(s): Hubloue I, Laureys S, Michotte A. Source: European Journal of Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 1996 September; 3(3): 194-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9023501

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Acquired binocular horizontal diplopia. Author(s): Brazis PW, Lee AG. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1999 September; 74(9): 907-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10488795

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Acquired diplopia. Not always a neurologic problem. Author(s): Keltner JL, Burde RM, Miller NR, Gittinger JW Jr. Source: Survey of Ophthalmology. 1982 May-June; 26(6): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6896771

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Acute diplopia and a solitary lung mass: a unique presentation of light-chain myeloma. Author(s): Foresman BH, Friess G, Brown A, McIntosh W. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1996 June; 96(6): 371-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8690628

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An anatomical explantation for the infrequent occurrence of diplopia (double vision) following dental local anesthesia. Author(s): Liebgott B. Source: Univ Tor Dent J. 1987 Fall; 1(1): 36-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3503755

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An orbital roof fracture causing diplopia. Author(s): McClurg FL Jr, Swanson PJ. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1976 August; 102(8): 497-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=942327

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An unusual cause for a painful diplopia. Author(s): Barker RA, Molyneux PH, Riordan-Eva P, Moseley IF, Miller DH, McDonald WI. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1998 March; 74(869): 177-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9640448

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An unusual cause for diplopia: acquired Brown's syndrome. Author(s): Fuller GN, Matthews TD, Maini RN, Kennard C. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1995 April; 58(4): 506-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7738569

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An unusual cause of diplopia in a cancer patient. Author(s): van der Heijden A, Twijnstra A, Lamers WP, Hupperets PS, Freling G. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1991; 27(10): 1315-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1835605

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An unusual cause of intermittent vertical diplopia. Author(s): Bell RW, Mclwaine GG, Lueck CJ. Source: Eye (London, England). 1999 June; 13 ( Pt 3A): 387-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10624447

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Anaesthesia-related diplopia after cataract surgery. Author(s): Mather C, McSwiney M. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003 July; 91(1): 152; Author Reply 152-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12862027

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Anaesthesia-related diplopia after cataract surgery. Author(s): Lanigan LP, Hammond CJ. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003 July; 91(1): 152; Author Reply 152-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12821574

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Anaesthesia-related diplopia after cataract surgery. Author(s): Gomez-Arnau JI, Yanguela J, Gonzalez A, Andres Y, Garcia del Valle S, Gili P, Fernandez-Guisasola J, Arias A. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003 February; 90(2): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12538376

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Beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists and diplopia. Author(s): Weber JC. Source: Lancet. 1982 October 9; 2(8302): 826-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6126700

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Bilateral monocular diplopia associated with lid position during near work. Author(s): Ford JG, Davis RM, Reed JW, Weaver RG, Craven TE, Tyler ME. Source: Cornea. 1997 September; 16(5): 525-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9294682

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Bilateral monocular diplopia following near work. Author(s): Mandell RB. Source: Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom. 1966 August; 43(8): 500-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5221332

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Bilateral monocular diplopia secondary to occult diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Roberts DK. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1991 September; 68(9): 743-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1745502

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Binocular diplopia associated with retinal wrinkling. Author(s): Bixenman WW, Joffe L. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1984 November-December; 21(6): 215-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6502412

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Binocular diplopia associated with subretinal neovascular membranes. Author(s): Burgess D, Roper-Hall G, Burde RM. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1980 February; 98(2): 311-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6153263

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Binocular diplopia in unilateral aphakia: the role of botulinum toxin. Author(s): Hakin KN, Lee JP. Source: Eye (London, England). 1991; 5 ( Pt 4): 447-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1743360

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Binocular vertical diplopia. Author(s): Brazis PW, Lee AG. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1998 January; 73(1): 55-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9443680

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Botulinum toxin to the lateral rectus for the treatment of esotropia with paradoxical diplopia. Author(s): Harris G, Dawson E, Lee J. Source: Strabismus. 2001 June; 9(2): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11458296

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Brown's syndrome: an important cause of diplopia in systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Walters G, Bradbury JA. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1995 November; 54(11): 934. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7492246

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Case of cysticercosis presenting with persistent 'diplopia' and spontaneous extrusion. Author(s): Baskararajan G, Srinivasan A, Sivaramasubramanian P, Thiyagarajan S. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 1981 January; 28(4): 219-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7287115

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Causes of diplopia. Author(s): Dulayajinda D, Kosrirukvongs P, Songcharoen S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1991 August; 74(8): 323-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1791381

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Childhood strabismus as a cause of persistent diplopia in adolescents and adults. Author(s): Boyd TA, Ridgway CR, Budd GE. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 1966 July; 1(3): 199-205. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5914350

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Clinical images: Brown's syndrome: an unusual cause of diplopia in rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Lawson TM, Siebert S, Williams BD. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001 October; 44(10): 2460. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11665995

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Clinical microbiological case: a previously healthy woman presenting with headache and diplopia. Author(s): Mooty MY, Kanj SS, Araj GF, Khalifeh RR. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2001 September; 7(9): 498, 5179. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11678933

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Cluster of diplopia cases after periocular anesthesia without hyaluronidase. Author(s): Brown SM, Brooks SE, Mazow ML, Avilla CW, Braverman DE, Greenhaw ST, Green ME, McCartney DL, Tabin GC. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1999 September; 25(9): 1245-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10476509

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Confusion, diplopia, and suppression. Author(s): Fells P. Source: Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1979; 99(3): 386-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=298819

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Consequences of monocular diplopia for the contrast sensitivity function. Author(s): Woods RL, Bradley A, Atchison DA. Source: Vision Research. 1996 November; 36(22): 3587-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8976990

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Conservative treatment of vertical diplopia in a patient with silent sinus syndrome. Author(s): Iseli HP, Hafezi F, Mojon DS. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 2003 July-August; 217(4): 308-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12792140

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Corneal aberrations, monocular diplopia, and ghost images: analysis using corneal topographical data. Author(s): Campbell C. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1998 March; 75(3): 197-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9547801

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Corneal distortion and monocular diplopia. Author(s): Etkin B. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1991 June; 68(6): 482. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1891203

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Corneal topography and monocular diplopia following near work. Author(s): Bowman KJ, Smith G, Carney LG. Source: Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1978 December; 55(12): 818-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=753109

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Correcting diplopia with prism. Author(s): Harris P. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1987 June; 58(6): 458. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3624742

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presenting with visual blurring, diplopia and visual loss: Heidenhain's variant. Author(s): Lee KE, Loh NK, Tan AK, Lee WL, Tjia HT. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1998 November; 27(6): 854-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10101563

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Cyclotorsional diplopia following retinal detachment surgery. Author(s): Metz HS, Norris A. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1987 November-December; 24(6): 287-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3694384

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Decreased visual acuity and Diplopia in a patient with munchausen syndrome. Author(s): Numata-Watanabe K, Hayasaka S, Kadoi C, Ikeda N. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 1998; 212(5): 337-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9693293

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Dentist's diplopia. Author(s): Kosmorsky GS. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 1997 September; 17(3): 194. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9304533

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Depth perception during diplopia is direct. Author(s): Ziegler LR, Hess RF. Source: Perception. 1997; 26(10): 1125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9604060

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Diagnosis and management of monocular diplopia. Author(s): Amos JF. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1982 February; 53(2): 101-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7069102

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Differential diagnosis when the only symptom is diplopia. Author(s): Ibrahim KG. Source: Bull Ophthalmol Soc Egypt. 1971; 64(68): 495-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5154749

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Diplopia after cataract surgery using 4% lidocaine in the absence of Wydase (sodium hyaluronidase) Author(s): Troll G, Borodic G. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 1999 November; 11(7): 615-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10624651

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Diplopia after cataract surgery. Author(s): Rahman W, Gregson RM. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2004 January; 92(1): 153-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14665574

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Diplopia after cataract surgery. Author(s): Koide R, Honda M, Kora Y, Ozawa T. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 August; 26(8): 1198-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11008048

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Diplopia after cataract surgery. Author(s): Capo H. Source: Seminars in Ophthalmology. 1999 June; 14(2): 62-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10758213

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Diplopia

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Diplopia after cataract surgery: comparative results after topical or regional injection anesthesia. Author(s): Yanguela J, Gomez-Arnau JI, Martin-Rodrigo JC, Andueza A, Gili P, Paredes B, Porras MC, Gonzalez del Valle F, Arias A. Source: Ophthalmology. 2004 April; 111(4): 686-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15051199

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Diplopia after head injury. Author(s): Swischuk LE. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1999 June; 15(3): 233-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10389966

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Diplopia after labour. Case report. Author(s): Nucci P, Bianchi S, Pierro L, Brancato R, Conti E. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991 February; 98(2): 227-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2004063

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Diplopia after limited macular translocation surgery. Author(s): Buffenn AN, de Juan E, Fujii G, Hunter DG. Source: Journal of Aapos : the Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2001 December; 5(6): 388-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11753261

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Diplopia after peribulbar anesthesia for cataract surgery. Author(s): Cadera W. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1998 July-August; 35(4): 240-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9713801

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Diplopia after refractive surgery: occurrence and prevention. Author(s): Kushner BJ, Kowal L. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2003 March; 121(3): 315-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12617699

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Diplopia after retinal detachment surgery. Author(s): Maillette de Buy Wenniger-Prick L, van Mourik-Noordenbos A. Source: Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology. 1988 OctoberNovember; 70(2-3): 237-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3234191

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Diplopia after retinal detachment surgery. Author(s): Fison PN, Chignell AH. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1987 July; 71(7): 521-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3651365

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Diplopia after retinal detachment surgery. Author(s): Kanski JJ, Elkington AR, Davies MS. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1973 July; 76(1): 38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4717344

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Diplopia after surgical repair of orbital floor fractures. Author(s): Biesman BS, Hornblass A, Lisman R, Kazlas M. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1996 March; 12(1): 9-16; Discussion 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8652463

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Diplopia and diabetes insipidus secondary to type II fracture of the sella turcica: case report. Author(s): Leramo OB, Rao AB. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1987 January; 30(1): 53-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3815183

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Diplopia and diarrhea: ileal carcinoid metastatic to the central nervous system. Author(s): Raymond PL, Balaa MA. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1992 February; 87(2): 240-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1734706

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Diplopia and enophthalmos after surgical repair of blowout fracture. Author(s): Hosal BM, Beatty RL. Source: Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2002 March; 21(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12029579

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Diplopia and headaches associated with cerebellopontine angle arachnoid cyst. Author(s): Eslick GD, Chalasani V, Seex K. Source: Anz Journal of Surgery. 2002 December; 72(12): 915-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12485234

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Diplopia and involuntary eye closure in spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage. Author(s): Messert B, Leppik IE, Sato S. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 1976 May-June; 7(3): 305-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1273909

14

Diplopia

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Diplopia and loss of accommodation due to chloroquine. Author(s): Rubin ML, Thomas WC Jr. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1970 January-February; 13(1): 75-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5439316

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Diplopia and oral anticoagulants. Author(s): Penney JP, Jain VK. Source: British Medical Journal. 1967 May 6; 2(548): 375. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6023143

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Diplopia and pneumoencephalocoele after chest wall resection and intraoperative radiation therapy. Author(s): Greydanus WK, Morgan RJ, Ahuja RK, Dobelbower RR Jr. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1986 May; 91(5): 792-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3009999

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Diplopia and ptosis following injection of local anesthesia without hyaluronidase. Author(s): Jehan FS, Hagan JC 3rd, Whittaker TJ, Subramanian M. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 November; 27(11): 1876-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11709264

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Diplopia and sixth nerve palsies. Author(s): Savino PJ. Source: Seminars in Neurology. 1986 June; 6(2): 142-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3332418

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Diplopia and the fractured orbital floor. Author(s): Silva M. Source: Trans Aust Coll Ophthalmol. 1969; 1: 66-77. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5400532

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Diplopia as a complication of laser in situ keratomileusis surgery. Author(s): Yap EY, Kowal L. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2001 August; 29(4): 268-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11545431

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Diplopia as a complication of local anesthesia: a case report. Author(s): Koumoura F, Papageorgiou G. Source: Quintessence Int. 2001 March; 32(3): 232-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12066663

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Diplopia as a presenting sign of neoplasia. Author(s): Trimble R. Source: Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1980; 100(4): 498-500. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6947596

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Diplopia as a sign of basal skull fracture accompanying a fractured mandible: report of case. Author(s): Curran JB, Vogt P. Source: J Oral Surg. 1972 November; 30(11): 845-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4507241

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Diplopia as an initial manifestation of disseminated non-hodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Claeys A, Trullemans F, Maes J, Hennekes R, Salu P. Source: Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 2002; (286): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12564315

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Diplopia as an uncommon complication of cataract surgery. Author(s): D'Haens M, Evens PA, Tassignon MJ. Source: Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 1995; 257: 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8696523

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Diplopia as early sign of temporal arteritis. Report of two cases. Author(s): Lockshin MD. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1970 July-August; 13(4): 419-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5429640

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Diplopia as the first manifestation of relapsing polychondritis. Author(s): Marie I, Levesque H, Cailleux N, Courtois H, Mihout B, Iasci L. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1998 October; 57(10): 634-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9893578

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Diplopia associated with hyperparathyroidism: report of a case. Author(s): Forman BH, Ciardiello K, Landau SJ, Freedman JK. Source: Yale J Biol Med. 1996 September-December; 68(5-6): 215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8903046

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Diplopia at high altitude. Author(s): Shlim DR, Hackett P, Houston C, Steele P, Nelson D, Hultgren HN. Source: Wilderness Environ Med. 1995 August; 6(3): 341; Discussion 341-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11990097

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Diplopia cases after periocular anesthesia without hyaluronidase. Author(s): Hagan JC 3rd, Whittaker TJ, Byars SR. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1999 December; 25(12): 1560-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10609193

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Diplopia due to 4th nerve palsy and enlargement of the right medial rectus muscle. Author(s): Goldman JA, Spector RH. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1989 July; 16(7): 1010-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2769659

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Diplopia due to phenothiazine toxicity. Author(s): Mishra VN, Singh D. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1989 December; 37(12): 799. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2636596

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Diplopia following blepharoplasty. Author(s): Hayworth RS, Lisman RD, Muchnick RS, Smith B. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1984 May; 16(5): 448-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6742683

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Diplopia following head injury. Author(s): Kwartz J, Leatherbarrow B, Davis H. Source: Injury. 1990 November; 21(6): 351-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2276794

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Diplopia following ibuprofen administration. Author(s): Asherov J, Schoenberg A, Weinberger A. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1982 August 13; 248(6): 649. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7097917

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Diplopia following injection of a local anaesthetic. Author(s): Leopard PJ. Source: Dent Pract Dent Rec. 1971 November; 22(3): 92-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5289627

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Diplopia following intravenous administration of pamidronate. Author(s): Meaney TP, Musadiq M, Corridan PG. Source: Eye (London, England). 2004 January; 18(1): 103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14707987

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Diplopia following Jones tube placement. Author(s): Skov CM, Mazow ML. Source: Ophthalmic Surg. 1984 November; 15(11): 932-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6514270

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Diplopia following midfacial fractures. Author(s): al-Qurainy IA, Stassen LF, Dutton GN, Moos KF, el-Attar A. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 1991 October; 29(5): 302-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1742259

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Diplopia following porous polyethylene orbital rim onlay implant. Author(s): Goldberg RA, Li TG, Demer JL. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 January; 19(1): 83-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544800

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Diplopia following retinal detachment surgery. Author(s): Davies MS, Elkington AR, Kanski JJ. Source: Mod Probl Ophthalmol. 1974; 12(0): 470-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4423015

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Diplopia following subcutaneous injections of botulinum A toxin for facial spasms. Author(s): Wutthiphan S, Kowal L, O'Day J, Jones S, Price J. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1997 July-August; 34(4): 229-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9253737

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Diplopia following sub-Tenon's infiltration of local anesthesia. Author(s): Adams W, Morgan SJ. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 September; 28(9): 1694-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12231333

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Diplopia following transconjunctival blepharoplasty. Author(s): Ghabrial R, Lisman RD, Kane MA, Milite J, Richards R. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998 September; 102(4): 1219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9734448

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Diplopia following trauma to the orbit. Author(s): Fitt G. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1999 April; 28(4): 373-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10330765

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Diplopia from peribulbar ropivicaine. Author(s): Wells AP, Maslin K. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2000 February; 28(1): 32-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11345342

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Diplopia from skew deviation in Ramsey-Hunt syndrome. A case report. Author(s): Verhulst E, Van Lammeren M, Dralands L. Source: Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 2000; (278): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11761557

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Diplopia from skew deviation in unilateral peripheral vestibular lesions. Author(s): Vibert D, Hausler R, Safran AB, Koerner F. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1996 March; 116(2): 170-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8725507

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Diplopia in a patient under hydroxychloroquine for systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Sabbagh M. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1997 January; 64(1): 65. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9051865

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Diplopia in a patient with carcinomatous meningitis: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Chang AK. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2002 November; 23(4): 351-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12480013

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Diplopia in a swimmer due to badly fitting goggles. Author(s): Plaut GS. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1998 October; 74(876): 607. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10211356

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Diplopia in autoimmune thyroid disease. Author(s): Appen RE, Wendelborn D, Nolten WE. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1982 May; 142(5): 898-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6896274

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Diplopia in down-gaze after a blow-out fracture. Author(s): Kugelberg U. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 1998 October; 76(5): 629-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9826057

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Diplopia in facial fractures. Author(s): Siritongtaworn P, Tongsawas S, Siltharm S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2001 October; 84 Suppl 2: S491-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11853269

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Diplopia in myopia. Author(s): Scott AB. Source: Survey of Ophthalmology. 1974 November-December; 19(3): 166-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4439275

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Diplopia in the aged: etiology and management. Author(s): Cinotti A, Stephens E, Wilcox L, Stephens GM, Caputo A. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1980 February; 28(2): 84-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7351456

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Diplopia in the emergency department. Author(s): Richardson LD, Joyce DM. Source: Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 1997 August; 15(3): 649-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9255138

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Diplopia in thyroid eye disease. Author(s): Fells P, McCarry B. Source: Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1986; 105 ( Pt 4): 413-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3466462

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Diplopia resolution. Author(s): Novis CA, Rubin ML. Source: Survey of Ophthalmology. 1995 March-April; 39(5): 396-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7604362

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Diplopia resulting from a mandibular injection. Author(s): Goldenberg AS. Source: Journal of Endodontics. 1983 June; 9(6): 261-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6579181

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Diplopia secondary to aniseikonia associated with macular disease. Author(s): Benegas NM, Egbert J, Engel WK, Kushner BJ. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1999 July; 117(7): 896-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10408453

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Diplopia, plasmocytosis and myelomatosis. Author(s): Neetens A, Reyntjens A, Badaniova D. Source: Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 1975; 170: 683-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1225435

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Diplopia, ptosis, and hepatitis as presenting signs and symptoms of giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Killer HE, Holtz DJ, Kaiser HJ, Laeng RH. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 November; 84(11): 1319-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11203169

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Diplopia. Author(s): Lee J, Elston J. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1985 July; 34(1): 13, 17-18, 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4016404

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Diplopia. Author(s): Nolan J. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1968 February; 52(2): 166-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5642667

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Diplopia. A rare manifestation of chorea. Author(s): Schieken R, Anderson WT, Anthony CL. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1973 April; 125(4): 586-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4267004

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Diplopia. A review of 48 cases of isolated ocular cranial neuropathy. Author(s): Wortham E, Blumenthal H. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 1985 April; 78(4): 99-103. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3998889

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Diplopia: a complication of dural puncture. Author(s): Nishio I, Williams BA, Williams JP. Source: Anesthesiology. 2004 January; 100(1): 158-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695737

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Diplopia: a focal neurologic presentation of West Nile meningoencephalitis. Author(s): Miller AH, Liang IE. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2003 September; 42(3): 413-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12944896

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Diplopia: an unusual presentation of insulinoma. Author(s): Savion M, Deutsch AA, Reiss R. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1985 August; 78(8): 697. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2991516

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Diplopia: double the fun! Part 1: History taking. Author(s): Ottar WL. Source: Insight (American Society of Ophthalmic Registered Nurses). 1998 December; 23(4): 119-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11868938

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Diplopia: the role of the ophthalmic medical assistant. Author(s): Yardley CJ, Hedges TR 3rd. Source: J Ophthalmic Nurs Technol. 1995 November-December; 14(6): 259-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8537966

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Divergence paresis: a nonlocalizing cause of diplopia. Author(s): Lepore FE. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 1999 December; 19(4): 242-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10608677

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Does diplopia persist after blow-out fractures of the orbital floor in children? Author(s): Cope MR, Moos KF, Speculand B. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 1999 February; 37(1): 46-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10203222

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Early exploration of diplopia with magnetic resonance imaging after peribulbar anaesthesia. Author(s): Taylor G, Devys JM, Heran F, Plaud B. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2004 June; 92(6): 899-901. Epub 2004 April 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15096444

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Eclamptogenic Gerstmann's syndrome in combination with cortical agnosia and cortical diplopia. Author(s): Kasmann B, Ruprecht KW. Source: Ger J Ophthalmol. 1995 July; 4(4): 234-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7492936

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Elimination of monocular diplopia by corneal tattooing. Author(s): Reed JW, Beran RF. Source: Ophthalmic Surg. 1988 June; 19(6): 437-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3419782

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Elimination of paradoxical diplopia following treatment with botulinum toxin and prism. Author(s): Rutstein RP, Cogen MS. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2004 Winter; 19(1): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14998367

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Endoscopic orbital decompression with preservation of an inferomedial bony strut: minimization of postoperative diplopia. Author(s): Wright ED, Davidson J, Codere F, Desrosiers M. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1999 October; 28(5): 252-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10579153

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Enophthalmos and diplopia in orbital floor fractures. Author(s): Crumley RL, Leibsohn J. Source: Trans Pac Coast Otoophthalmol Soc Annu Meet. 1976; 57: 105-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1029087

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ENT pathology and diplopia. Author(s): Muneer A, Jones NS, Bradley PJ, Downes R. Source: Eye (London, England). 1998; 12 ( Pt 4): 672-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9850263

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Etiology of monocular diplopia. Author(s): Keller JT. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1986 June; 57(6): 422. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3722684

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Evaluating diplopia with the Maddox rod, Risley's prism, and red glass. Author(s): Garber N. Source: J Ophthalmic Nurs Technol. 1995 September-October; 14(5): 224-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7473795

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Evaluation of motor vehicle driving performance in patients with chronic diplopia. Author(s): White JE, Marshall SC, Diedrich-Closson KL, Burton AL. Source: Journal of Aapos : the Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2001 June; 5(3): 184-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11404746

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Evidence of direct damage to extraocular muscles as a cause of diplopia following orbital trauma. Author(s): Lyon DB, Newman SA. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1989; 5(2): 81-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2487211

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Exercise induced diplopia as a presentation of midline cerebral tumour. Author(s): Shinton RA, Jamieson DG. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1989 July; 52(7): 916-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2769290

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Face pain and diplopia in a patient with breast cancer. Author(s): Kay MC. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1985 August 15; 100(2): 344-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4025483

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Familial intermittent diplopia: a report of two cases. Author(s): Flynn SF, Welsh KW, Dille JR. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1982 July; 53(7): 704-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7115260

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Fixation switch diplopia. Author(s): Boyd TA, Karas Y, Budd GE, Wyatt HT. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 1974 July; 9(3): 310-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4844584

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Fixation switch diplopia. Author(s): Kushner BJ. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1995 July; 113(7): 896-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7605281

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Fixation switch: an unusual cause for adolescent and adult onset diplopia. Author(s): Rutstein RP. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1985 November; 56(11): 862-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4078210

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Foveal diplopia thresholds and fixation disparities. Author(s): Duwaer AL, van den Brink G. Source: Perception & Psychophysics. 1981 October; 30(4): 321-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7322809

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Fresnel prism correction for trauma-induced diplopia. Author(s): Woo GC, Lovasik JV. Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 1985; 5(1): 59-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3975046

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Fresnel prism for constant diplopia. Author(s): Bader DA. Source: Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1983 May; 60(5): 410-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6881270

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Functional scoring of the field of binocular single vision in patients with diplopia. Author(s): Woodruff G, O'Reilly C, Kraft SP. Source: Ophthalmology. 1987 December; 94(12): 1554-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3431826

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Glomus jugulare tumor and diplopia. Author(s): Parnes SM, May M. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1977 November; 56(11): 428-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=200409

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Grand rounds #57: a case of torsional diplopia after three previous strabismus surgical procedures. Author(s): Kushner BJ, Stager DR, Sato M, Plut M, Freedman SF, Brodsky MC. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2000 Spring; 15(1): 48-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10767682

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Grand rounds #60: a case of persistent diplopia after four surgical procedures for Duane's syndrome. Author(s): Ainsworth JR, Campos EC, Good WV, Gupta B, Kowal L. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2000 Winter; 15(4): 344-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11093094

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Grand rounds #63: a case of a bilateral gaze limitation with diplopia for reading after two surgical procedures to treat a right medical rectus muscle paresis. Author(s): Kushner BJ, Hunter DG, Freeman RS, Cruz OA, Castanera de Molina A, Brodsky MC, Siatkowski RM. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2001; 16(3): 192-200. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11511286

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Graves' ophthalmopathy: eye muscle involvement in patients with diplopia. Author(s): Nagy EV, Toth J, Kaldi I, Damjanovich J, Mezosi E, Lenkey A, Toth L, Szabo J, Karanyi Z, Leovey A. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2000 June; 142(6): 591-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10832104

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Headache, vomiting and diplopia. Author(s): Canton A, Simo R, Gil L, Ortega A, Mesa J. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1997 June; 73(860): 357-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9246341

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Headaches, vomiting and diplopia in a 16-year-old boy. Author(s): Abbassioum K. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1979 March; 18(3): 191-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=284874

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Hemifield slide diplopia from altitudinal visual field defects. Author(s): Borchert MS, Lessell S, Hoyt WF. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 1996 June; 16(2): 107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8797166

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Heroin use, diplopia, largactil. Author(s): Iqbal N. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 December; 21(12): 1194. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11360100

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Hyaluronidase and diplopia. Author(s): Miller RD. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 April; 26(4): 478. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10819632

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Hyaluronidase omission and diplopia. Author(s): Miller RD. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 January; 26(1): 7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10646134

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Hydatid cyst: an unusual cause of diplopia. Author(s): Crompton JL, Iyer PV, Merry DJ, Tomich J, Perrett LV. Source: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology. 1985 May; 13(2): 195203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4052270

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Incidence of ocular misalignment and diplopia after uneventful cataract surgery. Author(s): Golnik KC, West CE, Kaye E, Corcoran KT, Cionni RJ. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 August; 26(8): 1205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11008049

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Intermittent diplopia and strabismus caused by ocular neuromyotonia. Author(s): Yee RD, Purvin VA, Azzarelli B, Nelson PB. Source: Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1996; 94: 207-23; Discussion 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8981697

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Intermittent diplopia in chordoma. Author(s): Aydin P, Ozek M, Kansu T. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1994 January-February; 26(1): 20-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8198364

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Interpreting the cause of diplopia after dental injection. Author(s): Himmelfarb R. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1980 March; 98(3): 575. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7362517

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Intracranial pathology and diplopia. Author(s): de Villiers JC. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1971 April 10; 45(15): 418-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5579350

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Intractable diplopia after overcorrection of vertical strabismus. Author(s): Simon JW, Paskowski JR. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1994 May 15; 117(5): 675-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8172281

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Intractable diplopia after strabismus surgery in adults. Author(s): Kushner BJ. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 November; 120(11): 1498-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12427063

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Intractable diplopia after vision restoration in unilateral cataract. Author(s): Pratt-Johnson JA, Tillson G. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1989 January 15; 107(1): 23-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2912112

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Intractable diplopia: a clinical perspective. Author(s): Gruzensky WD, Palmer EA. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 1988; 226(2): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2452120

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Is abnormal focal steepening of the cornea related to persistent monocular diplopia? Author(s): Takei K. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2002 May-June; 18(3): 25362. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12051381

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Large subconjunctival emphysema causing diplopia and lagophthalmos. Author(s): Kaiserman I. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2003 January-February; 13(1): 86-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12635680

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Late migration of an orbital implant causing orbital hemorrhage with sudden proptosis and diplopia. Author(s): Rosen CE. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1996 December; 12(4): 260-2; Discussion 263. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8944386

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Late onset diplopia with congenital esotropia. Author(s): Rutstein RP. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1985 April; 56(4): 280-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3989209

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Letter: bilateral monocular diplopia after near work. Author(s): Knoll HA. Source: Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1975 February; 52(2): 139-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1130476

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Lid swelling and diplopia as presenting features of orbital sarcoid. Author(s): Biswas J, Krishnakumar S, Raghavendran R, Mahesh L. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 2000 September; 48(3): 231-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11217257

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Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with diplopia. A review. Author(s): Ruff RL, Wiener SN, Leigh RJ. Source: Investigative Radiology. 1986 April; 21(4): 311-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3700044

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Management of diplopia limited to down gaze. Author(s): Kushner BJ. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1995 November; 113(11): 1426-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7487605

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Management of diplopia on down-gaze following orbital trauma. Author(s): Lipton JR, Page AB, Lee JP. Source: Eye (London, England). 1990; 4 ( Pt 4): 535-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2226980

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Management of intractable diplopia in small angle, non-fusing squint. Author(s): Birnbaum MH. Source: Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1976 August; 53(8): 424-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=984168

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Management of ocular torsion and diplopia after macular translocation for agerelated macular degeneration: prospective clinical study. Author(s): Freedman SF, Holgado S, Enyedi LB, Toth CA. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 October; 136(4): 640-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14516803

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Mazetal, diplopia and epilepsy. Author(s): Jauhari J, Jauhari S. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1994 January; 42(1): 83. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7836263

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Migraine as an organic cause of monocular diplopia. Author(s): Drake ME Jr. Source: Psychosomatics. 1983 November; 24(11): 1024-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6657896

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Monocular central-field occlusion for intractable diplopia. Author(s): Kirschen D, Flom MC. Source: Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1977 May; 54(5): 325-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=900254

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Monocular diplopia accompanying ordinary refractive errors. Author(s): Girard LJ. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1988 September 15; 106(3): 369. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3262309

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Monocular diplopia accompanying ordinary refractive errors. Author(s): Coffeen P, Guyton DL. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1988 May 15; 105(5): 451-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3369513

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Monocular diplopia associated with retinal detachment surgery. Author(s): Landesman KP, Bornstein L. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1985 December; 56(12): 926-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4093534

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Monocular diplopia caused by ocular aberrations and hyperopic defocus. Author(s): Woods RL, Bradley A, Atchison DA. Source: Vision Research. 1996 November; 36(22): 3597-606. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8976991

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Monocular diplopia following excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy after radial keratotomy. Author(s): Hersh PS, Shah SI, Durrie D. Source: Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers. 1996 April; 27(4): 315-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8705747

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Monocular diplopia in flying personnel. Author(s): Stampfer KA, Tredici TJ. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1975 October; 80(4): 759-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1180311

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Monocular diplopia of retinal origin. Author(s): Lepore FE, Yarian DL. Source: J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1986 September; 6(3): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2946728

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Monocular diplopia related to asymmetric corneal topography after laser in situ keratomileusis. Author(s): Takei K, Sano Y, Achiron LR, Carr JD, Stulting RD, Thompson KP, Waring GO 3rd. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2001 November-December; 17(6): 652-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11758983

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Monocular diplopia. Author(s): Smith JL. Source: J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1986 September; 6(3): 184-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2946729

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Monocular diplopia. Author(s): Records RE. Source: Survey of Ophthalmology. 1980 March-April; 24(5): 303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7368077

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Monocular diplopia: contact lens related warpage? Author(s): Hostetter TA. Source: J Ophthalmic Nurs Technol. 1995 May-June; 14(3): 112-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7616583

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Monocular diplopia: its characteristics and response to guanethidine. Author(s): Hales RH. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1967 March; 63(3): 459-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6019532

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Monovision correction for diplopia. Author(s): London R. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1987 July; 58(7): 568-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3668154

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Monovision therapy in patients with presbyopia and binocular diplopia. Author(s): Ing E. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1997 August; 115(8): 1086. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9258243

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae meningoencephalitis complicated by diplopia. Author(s): Agustin ET, Gill V, Cunha BA. Source: Heart & Lung : the Journal of Critical Care. 1994 September-October; 23(5): 4367. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7989212

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Neurogenic diplopia: paralysis of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI. Author(s): Sowka J. Source: Optom Clin. 1996; 5(3-4): 53-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8972509

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New aspects of diplopia. Author(s): Lasher BJ. Source: Am Orthopt J. 1966; 16: 80-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5936925

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New technique to correct strabismus and diplopia. Author(s): Azar DT. Source: Clin Laser Mon. 1994 April; 12(4): 55-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10147140

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Non-axial proptosis without diplopia secondary to maxillary pyomucocele. Author(s): Sharp JF. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1989 August; 82(8): 506-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2778787

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Observations on a case of monocular diplopia of cerebral origin. Author(s): Meadows JC. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1973 February; 18(2): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4690643

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On the amount of prismatic correction in cases of angular ametropia and diplopia: a preliminary communication. Author(s): Knoche H. Source: Strabismus. 2000 December; 8(4): 271-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11421233

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Opaque iris claw lens in a phakic eye to correct acquired diplopia. Author(s): Landesz M, Worst JG, Van Rij G, Houtman WA. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1997 January-February; 23(1): 137-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9100123

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Operative approach to persistent trigeminal artery producing facial pain and diplopia. Case report. Author(s): Merry GS, Jamieson KG. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1977 October; 47(4): 613-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=903816

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Optic nerve involvement and diplopia as initial manifestations of multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Leibowitz U, Alter M. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1968; 44(1): 70-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5706985

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Optic neuropathy, headache, and diplopia with MRI suggestive of cerebral arteritis in relapsing polychondritis. Author(s): Massry GG, Chung SM, Selhorst JB. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 1995 September; 15(3): 171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8574363

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Orbital diplopia. Author(s): Bleeker GM. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 1971 Winter; 11(4): 187-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5155065

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Orbital emphysema and diplopia following thoracotomy. Author(s): Fox RJ, Teener JW, Liu GT. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 1999 October-December; 9(4): 309-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10651196

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Painless diplopia caused by extraocular muscle sarcoid. Author(s): Patel AS, Kelman SE, Duncan GW, Rismondo V. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1994 July; 112(7): 879-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8031265

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Patent stereopsis with diplopia in random-dot stereograms. Author(s): Duwaer AL. Source: Perception & Psychophysics. 1983 May; 33(5): 443-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6877990

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Permanent cerebral diplopia in a migraineur. Author(s): Sinoff SE, Rosenberg M. Source: Neurology. 1990 July; 40(7): 1138-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2356017

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Permanent diplopia following cataract surgery. Author(s): Hagan JC 3rd. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 March; 27(3): 341-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11322138

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Persistent binocular diplopia after cataract surgery. Author(s): Hamed LM, Helveston EM, Ellis FD. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1987 June 15; 103(6): 741-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3591871

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Persistent binocular diplopia following cataract surgery: aetiology and management. Author(s): Wylie J, Henderson M, Doyle M, Hickey-Dwyer M. Source: Eye (London, England). 1994; 8 ( Pt 5): 543-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7835450

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Persistent diplopia after retrobulbar anesthesia. Author(s): Han SK, Kim JH, Hwang JM. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2004 June; 30(6): 1248-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15177599

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Persistent diplopia associated with strabismus surgery. Author(s): Eskridge JB. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1993 October; 70(10): 849-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8247489

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Persistent diplopia following streptococcus suis type 2 meningitis. Author(s): Meecham JS, Worth RC. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1992 September; 85(9): 579-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1433136

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Persistent sensory disturbances and diplopia following fractures of the zygoma. Author(s): Nordgaard JO. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1976 February; 102(2): 80-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1247423

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Persistent vertical binocular diplopia after cataract surgery. Author(s): Hagan JC 3rd. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 June; 133(6): 860; Author Reply 860-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12036698

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Persistent vertical binocular diplopia after cataract surgery. Author(s): Johnson DA. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 December; 132(6): 831-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11730645

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Persisting diplopia after bilateral laser in situ keratomileusis. Author(s): Holland D, Amm M, de Decker W. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 October; 26(10): 1555-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11033407

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Postoperative diplopia and ptosis. A clinical hypothesis based on the myotoxicity of local anesthetics. Author(s): Rainin EA, Carlson BM. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1985 September; 103(9): 1337-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4038126

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Postoperative diplopia, also in children. Author(s): Van Lammeren M, Apers R, De Clippeleir L, Janssens H. Source: Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 1989; 232: 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2490384

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Posttraumatic enophthalmos and diplopia. Author(s): Mathog RH, Archer KF, Nesi FA. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1986 January; 94(1): 69-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3081860

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Pre- and postoperative evaluation of diplopia and ocular motility in patients with orbital fractures. Author(s): Brabant P. Source: Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 1987; 224: 111-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3509013

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Prolonged diplopia following a mandibular block injection. Author(s): van der Bijl P, Lamb TL. Source: Anesthesia Progress. 1996 Fall; 43(4): 116-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10323117

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Proptosis and diplopia following traumatic asphyxia. Author(s): Macnab AJ, Baldwin GA, McCormick AQ, Flodmark O. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1987 November; 16(11): 1289-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3662192

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Prospective analysis of diplopia after anterior temporal lobectomy for mesial temporal lobe sclerosis. Author(s): Cohen-Gadol AA, Leavitt JA, Lynch JJ, Marsh WR, Cascino GD. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 September; 99(3): 496-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12959436

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Prospects of Goswami's theory for false projection and diplopia screen. Author(s): Prasad VN. Source: J All India Ophthalmol Soc. 1970 December; 18(4): 183-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5524573

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Proximal left subclavian artery aneurysm presenting hemoptysis, hoarseness, and diplopia: repair through partial cardiopulmonary bypass and perfusion of the left common carotid artery. Author(s): Takagi H, Mori Y, Umeda Y, Fukumoto Y, Yoshida K, Shimokawa K, Hirose H. Source: Annals of Vascular Surgery. 2003 July; 17(4): 461-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14670028

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Recalcitrant diplopia after implantation of a Krupin valve with disc. Author(s): Cardakli UF, Perkins TW. Source: Ophthalmic Surg. 1994 April; 25(4): 256-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8015780

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Recently acquired diplopia in adults with long-standing strabismus. Author(s): Kushner BJ. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2001 December; 119(12): 1795-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11735789

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Recurrent diplopia after vestibular nerve section. Author(s): Whittaker CK. Source: J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1988 December; 8(4): 278-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2977145

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Recurrent orbital pain and diplopia in a 12 year old boy. Author(s): Falcini F, Simonini G, Resti M, Cimaz R. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002 January; 61(1): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11779779

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Recurrent proptotic diplopia due to congestive expansion of cavernous haemangioma with relapsing right-sided cardiac failure. Author(s): O'Mahony D, O'Neill E. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1999 October; 75(888): 607-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10621902

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Reduction of diplopia following endoscopic orbital decompression: the orbital sling technique. Author(s): Metson R, Samaha M. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 October; 112(10): 1753-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12368609

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Refractive surgery and diplopia. Author(s): Kowal L. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2000 October; 28(5): 344-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11097279

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Results of bone grafting for diplopia in fractures of the malar. Author(s): Harrison SH. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1968 May; 61(5): 493-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4871779

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Results of immediate and delayed surgical treatment of facial fractures with diplopia. Author(s): Hakelius L, Ponten B. Source: J Maxillofac Surg. 1973 September; 1(3): 150-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4589182

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Segment edge diplopia. Author(s): Remole A. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1981 May; 52(5): 405-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7252035

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Silent sinus syndrome as a cause of diplopia in a child. Author(s): Yip CC, McCulley TJ, Kersten RC, Tami TA, Kulwin DR. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2003 September-October; 40(5): 309-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14560843

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Spontaneous foveal diplopia with peripheral fusion. The coexistence of two angles of anomaly. Consequences for the theory of abnormal retinal correspondence. Author(s): Crone RA, van de Gaer L, Bonants EL. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1970 August; 84(2): 143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5449632

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Spontaneous reversal of vertical diplopia in Graves' eye disease. Author(s): Frueh BR, Benger RS. Source: Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1985; 83: 387-96. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3841699

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Squints and diplopia seen after brain damage. Author(s): Fowler MS, Wade DT, Richardson AJ, Stein JF. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1996 January; 243(1): 86-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8869393

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Strabismus surgery in the management of diplopia caused by myasthenia gravis. Author(s): Morris OC, O'Day J. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004 June; 88(6): 832. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15148221

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Superior oblique myokymia: a treatable cause of monocular diplopia. Author(s): Frens DB. Source: Wis Med J. 1980 April; 79(4): 30-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7385908

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Surgical correction of enophthalmos and diplopia. A report of 38 cases. Author(s): Mathog RH, Hillstrom RP, Nesi FA. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1989 February; 115(2): 16978. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2643973

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Surgical management of persistent diplopia in blowout fractures of the orbit. Author(s): Harley RD. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1975 December; 7(12): 1621-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1225104

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Surgical treatment of malunited fracture of zygoma with diplopia and with comments on blow-out fracture. Author(s): Tajima S, Sugimoto C, Tanino R, Oshiro T, Harashina T. Source: J Maxillofac Surg. 1974 December; 2(4): 201-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4531471

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Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion and diplopia: oat cell (small cell) rectal carcinoma metastatic to the central nervous system. Author(s): Khansur TK, Routh A, Mihas TA, Underwood JA, Smith GF, Mihas AA. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995 July; 90(7): 1173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7611224

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Tactile diplopia (diplesthesia) on the human fingers. Author(s): Benedetti F. Source: Perception. 1986; 15(1): 83-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3774481

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Taking a history of the patient with diplopia. Author(s): Kutschke PJ. Source: Insight (American Society of Ophthalmic Registered Nurses). 1996 September; 21(3): 92-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8954377

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Television-induced formed visual hallucinations and cerebral diplopia. Author(s): Safran AB, Kline LB, Glaser JS, Daroff RB. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1981 October; 65(10): 707-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7317323

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Temporal arteritis presenting with diplopia. Author(s): Moreland LW, Brick JE, McKenzie R. Source: W V Med J. 1986 December; 82(12): 481-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3468677

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The correction of diplopia after cataract extraction. Author(s): Poland PJ, Hiatt RL. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1993 March; 25(3): 110-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8460883

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The effect of presentation time on detection and diplopia thresholds for vertical disparities. Author(s): Duwaer AL, van den Brink G. Source: Vision Research. 1982; 22(1): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7101744

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The effect of pupil size on chromostereopsis and chromatic diplopia: interaction between the Stiles-Crawford effect and chromatic aberrations. Author(s): Ye M, Bradley A, Thibos LN, Zhang X. Source: Vision Research. 1992 November; 32(11): 2121-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1304089

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The eye in neurology: evaluation of sudden visual loss and diplopia--diagnostic pointers and pitfalls. Author(s): Loong SC. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2001 March; 30(2): 143-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11379411

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The incidence of diplopia following coronal and translid orbital decompression in Graves' orbitopathy. Author(s): Paridaens D, Hans K, van Buitenen S, Mourits MP. Source: Eye (London, England). 1998; 12 ( Pt 5): 800-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10070513

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The neural locus of binocular rivalry and monocular diplopia in intermittent exotropes. Author(s): Ramachandran VS, Cobb S, Levi L. Source: Neuroreport. 1994 May 9; 5(9): 1141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8080975

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The neuronal basis for diplopia following local anesthetic injections. Author(s): Kronman JH, Kabani S. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984 November; 58(5): 533-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6595612

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The problem of postoperative diplopia after squint operations. Author(s): Zaki HA. Source: Bull Ophthalmol Soc Egypt. 1972; 65(69): 445-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4666804

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The relationship between duration of superior oblique palsy and vertical fusional vergence, cyclodeviation, and diplopia. Author(s): Rutstein RP, Corliss DA. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1995 July; 66(7): 442-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7560733

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The risk of diplopia following orbital floor and medial wall decompression in subtypes of ophthalmic Graves' disease. Author(s): Nunery WR, Nunery CW, Martin RT, Truong TV, Osborn DR. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1997 September; 13(3): 153-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9306434

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The role of corneal distortion in the occurrence of monocular diplopia. Author(s): Carney LG, Liubinas J, Bowman KJ. Source: Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1981 April; 59(2): 271-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7257745

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The significance and management of diplopia. Author(s): Fells P. Source: The Practitioner. 1969 June; 202(212): 769-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5796537

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The weedicide 2,4-D as a cause of headaches and diplopia. Author(s): Sare WM. Source: N Z Med J. 1972 March; 75(478): 173-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4502755

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Thunderclap headache with diplopia and anorexia. Author(s): Rozen TD. Source: Neurology. 2002 August 13; 59(3): 461. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12177389

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Tolerance for aniseikonia. I. Diplopia thresholds in the vertical and horizontal meridians of the visual field. Author(s): Crone RA, Leuridan OM. Source: Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1973 July 31; 188(1): 1-16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4542355

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Torsional diplopia after transantral orbital decompression and extraocular muscle surgery associated with Graves' orbitopathy. Author(s): Kushner BJ. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1992 August 15; 114(2): 239-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1642313

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Torsional diplopia after transantral orbital decompression and extraocular muscle surgery associated with Graves' orbitopathy. Author(s): Garrity JA, Saggau DD, Gorman CA, Bartley GB, Fatourechi V, Hardwig PW, Dyer JA. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1992 April 15; 113(4): 363-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1558109

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Torsional diplopia in Graves' orbitopathy. Three case reports. Author(s): Vandelanotte S, De Clippeleir L, Dieltiens M, Van Lammeren M. Source: Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 2003; (288): 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12879723

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Transient diplopia as a result of block injections. Mandibular and posterior superior alveolar. Author(s): Goldenberg AS. Source: The New York State Dental Journal. 1997 May; 63(5): 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9188262

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Transient diplopia from a posterior alveolar injection. Author(s): Goldenberg AS. Source: Journal of Endodontics. 1990 November; 16(11): 550-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2084214

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Transient vertical diplopia and silent sinus disorder. Author(s): Borruat FX, Jaques B, Durig J. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 1999 September; 19(3): 173-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10494945

•

Transsphenoidal diplopia. Author(s): Foroozan R. Source: Survey of Ophthalmology. 2004 May-June; 49(3): 349-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15110671

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•

Treating types of diplopia using ophthalmic prisms. Author(s): Ebner R, Pfortner T. Source: J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1991 September; 11(3): 218-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1836809

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Treatment of decompensating strabismic who had diplopia and vertex headaches. Author(s): Cooper J. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1977 December; 48(12): 1557-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=599250

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Unifocal Langerhans' cell histiocytosis in the clivus of a child with abducens palsy and diplopia. Author(s): Lederman CR, Lederman ME. Source: Journal of Aapos : the Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1998 December; 2(6): 378-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10532730

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Use of Vicryl (polyglactin-910) mesh implant for repair of orbital floor fracture causing diplopia: a study of 28 patients over 5 years. Author(s): Mauriello JA Jr, Wasserman B, Kraut R. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1993; 9(3): 191-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8217960

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Using diplopia as a warning of an inappropriate visual (ocular) accommodative response (WIVAR). Author(s): Wolffsohn JS, Edgar GK, McBrien NA. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2001 July; 72(7): 652-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11471909

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Value of oculomyodynamometry in traumatic diplopia. Direct ocular muscle force measurements. Author(s): Madroszkiewicz A, Madroszkiewicz M, Krzystkowa K, Bartkowski SB. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1982 March; 100(3): 445-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7065964

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Variable diplopia and blepharoptosis after orbital floor fracture repair. Author(s): Vaughn GL, Hass AN, Bosley TM, Flanagan JC. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1994 March 15; 117(3): 407-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8129023

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Vertical diplopia following local anaesthetic cataract surgery: predominantly a left eye problem? Author(s): Pearce IA, McCready PM, Watson MP, Taylor RH. Source: Eye (London, England). 2000 April; 14 ( Pt 2): 180-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10845013

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Vertical diplopia following peribulbar anesthesia: the role of hyaluronidase. Author(s): Strouthidis NG, Sobha S, Lanigan L, Hammond CJ. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2004 January-February; 41(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14974831

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Vertical diplopia onset with first-time bifocal. Author(s): Erickson GB, Caloroso EE. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1992 August; 69(8): 645-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1513561

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Vertical diplopia. Author(s): Keane JR. Source: Seminars in Neurology. 1986 June; 6(2): 147-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3332419

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Vertical diplopia. Author(s): Spector RH. Source: Survey of Ophthalmology. 1993 July-August; 38(1): 31-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8235994

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Vertical diplopia. Author(s): Acierno MD. Source: Seminars in Neurology. 2000; 20(1): 21-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10874774

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Video-camera vision: transient monocular diplopia. Author(s): Levine SD. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1988 April 7; 318(14): 932. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3352683

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What is the diplopia threshold? Author(s): Duwaer AL, van den Brink G. Source: Perception & Psychophysics. 1981 April; 29(4): 295-309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7279552

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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DIPLOPIA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to diplopia. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to diplopia and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “diplopia” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to diplopia: •

A childhood cavernous conundrum. Author(s): Lee AG, Quick SJ, Liu GT, Rheingold SR. Source: Survey of Ophthalmology. 2004 March-April; 49(2): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14998694

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Acquired central fusion disruption following cataract extraction. Author(s): Sharkey JA, Sellar PW. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1994 November-December; 31(6): 391-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7714704

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Adult leigh syndrome: treatment with intravenous soybean oil for acute central respiratory failure. Author(s): Kumagai R, Ichikawa K, Yasui T, Kageyama Y, Miyabayashi S.

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Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 1999 September; 6(5): 613-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10457398 •

Auditory biofeedback and intermittent exotropia. Author(s): Afanador AJ. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1982 June; 53(6): 481-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7108096

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Auditory saccade impairment after central thalamus lesions. Author(s): Versino M, Beltrami G, Uggetti C, Cosi V. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 February; 68(2): 2347. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10644797

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Biofeedback reinforcement in the training of limitation of gaze: a case report. Author(s): Letourneau JE, Ludlam WM. Source: Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1976 October; 53(10): 672-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1015523

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Brainstem auditory evoked responses in 200 patients with multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Chiappa KH, Harrison JL, Brooks EB, Young RR. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1980 February; 7(2): 135-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7369720

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Brown's syndrome with cyclic characteristic: case report and review of physiopathologic mechanism. Author(s): Can I, Yarangumeli A, Kural G. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1995 July-August; 32(4): 243-7. Erratum In: J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1996 January-February; 33(1): 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7494162

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Cerebral polyopia with extrastriate quadrantanopia: report of a case with magnetic resonance documentation of V2/V3 cortical infarction. Author(s): Jones MR, Waggoner R, Hoyt WF. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 1999 March; 19(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10098539

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Chiropractic management of a patient with myasthenia gravis and vertebral subluxations. Author(s): Alcantara J, Steiner DM, Plaugher G, Alcantara J.

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Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1999 June; 22(5): 333-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10395436 •

Choroidal involvement in lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Author(s): Pearson AD, Craft AW, Howe JM. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1991 November; 75(11): 688-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1751466

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Chronic electrical stimulation of the gasserian ganglion for the relief of pain in a series of 34 patients. Author(s): Taub E, Munz M, Tasker RR. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1997 February; 86(2): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9010419

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Diplopia thresholds and the initiation of vergence eye-movements. Author(s): Duwaer AL, van den Brink G. Source: Vision Research. 1981; 21(12): 1727-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7336609

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Exacerbation of a case of myasthenia gravis during therapeutic electric stimulation. Author(s): Pease WS, Lagattuta FP. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1987 September; 68(9): 568-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3498464

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Fusion ability lost and regained in visual adults. Author(s): Pratt-Johnson JA. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 1988; 226(2): 111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3360334

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Hypnosis for pain and neuromuscular rehabilitation with multiple sclerosis: case summary, literature review, and analysis of outcomes. Author(s): Dane JR. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1996 July; 44(3): 208-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8690534

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Intracranial and intraspinal dissemination from pineal yolk sac tumor treated by PVB therapy--case report. Author(s): Asano N, Oka H, Takase K, Hondo H, Ueda S, Matsumoto K, Hirose T. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1990 July; 30(7): 483-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1701859

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Intracranial hypotension after chiropractic manipulation of the cervical spine. Author(s): Beck J, Raabe A, Seifert V, Dettmann E. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2003 June; 74(6): 821-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12754366

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Isolated abducens nerve palsy induced by vincristine therapy. Author(s): Toker E, Yenice O, Ogut MS. Source: Journal of Aapos : the Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2004 February; 8(1): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14970804

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Medical memoranda. Toxic effect of podophyllum application in pregnancy. Author(s): Chamberlain MJ, Reynolds AL, Yeoman WB. Source: British Medical Journal. 1972 August 12; 3(823): 391-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5070166

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Nonsurgical management of binocular diplopia induced by macular pathology. Author(s): Silverberg M, Schuler E, Veronneau-Troutman S, Wald K, Schlossman A, Medow N. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1999 July; 117(7): 900-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10408454

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Phacoemulsification and opaque intraocular lens implantation for the treatment of intractable diplopia. Author(s): Sandy CJ, Wilson S, Brian Page A, Frazer DG, McGinnity FG, Lee JP. Source: Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers. 2000 September-October; 31(5): 429-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11011714

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Phenytoin-diazepam interaction. Author(s): Murphy A, Wilbur K. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 May; 37(5): 659-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12708941

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Prolonged cytogenetic and hematologic remission of blastic transformation in chronic granulocytic leukemia. Author(s): Canellos GP, Whang-Peng J, Schnipper L, Brown CH 3rd. Source: Cancer. 1972 July; 30(1): 288-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4504772

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Relative right temporal-lobe theta activity correlates with Vingiano's hemispheric quotient and the “sensed presence”. Author(s): Munro C, Persinger MA.

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Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1992 December; 75(3 Pt 1): 899-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1454493 •

Reorganization of tactile perception following the simulated amputation of one finger. Author(s): Benedetti F. Source: Perception. 1991; 20(5): 687-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1806910

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Residual binocular interactions in the striate cortex of monkeys reared with abnormal binocular vision. Author(s): Smith EL 3rd, Chino YM, Ni J, Cheng H, Crawford ML, Harwerth RS. Source: Journal of Neurophysiology. 1997 September; 78(3): 1353-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9310426

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Stroke following chiropractic manipulation of the spine. Author(s): Miller RG, Burton R. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1974 July 8; 229(2): 18990. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4406830

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The loss of fusion in adults with intractable diplopia (central fusion disruption). Author(s): Pratt-Johnson JA, Tillson G. Source: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology. 1988 May; 16(2): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3179043

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Transient monocular diplopia resulting from the treatment of amblyopia. Author(s): Cackett P, Weir C, Houston CA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2003 July-August; 40(4): 245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12908542

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Treatment of diabetic eye disease. Author(s): Hill DW. Source: Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1972 November; 1(3): 789-807. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4129709

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 3. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON DIPLOPIA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover diplopia.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on diplopia is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “diplopia” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to diplopia. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “diplopia” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for diplopia: •

Partially occlusive foil treats binocular diplopia secondary to macular disease Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 26, 1999

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “diplopia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “diplopia” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to diplopia, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “diplopia” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Diplopia Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to diplopia. In addition to these

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sources, you can search for articles covering diplopia that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute4: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

4

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.5 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:6 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

5 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 6 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The NLM Gateway7

The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.8 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “diplopia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 4570 26 431 2 143 5172

HSTAT9 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.10 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.11 Simply search by “diplopia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 9 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 10 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 11 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 7 8

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists12 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.13 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.14 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 14 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 12

13

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on diplopia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to diplopia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to diplopia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “diplopia”:

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Bell's Palsy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bellspalsy.html Degenerative Nerve Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/degenerativenervediseases.html Eye Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyeinjuries.html Facial Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/facialinjuriesanddisorders.html Hydrocephalus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hydrocephalus.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to diplopia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to diplopia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with diplopia. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about diplopia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “diplopia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “diplopia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “diplopia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “diplopia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.15

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

15

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)16: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

16

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

73

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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DIPLOPIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abducens: A striated, extrinsic muscle of the eyeball that originates from the annulus of Zinn. [NIH] Abducens Nerve: The 6th cranial nerve. The abducens nerve originates in the abducens nucleus of the pons and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the eye. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control. [NIH] Abducens Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the sixth cranial (abducens) nerve or its nucleus in the pons. The nerve may be injured along its course in the pons, intracranially as it travels along the base of the brain, in the cavernous sinus, or at the level of superior orbital fissure or orbit. Dysfunction of the nerve causes lateral rectus muscle weakness, resulting in horizontal diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is abducted and esotropia. Common conditions associated with nerve injury include intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; ischemia; and infratentorial neoplasms. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH]

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenoreceptor: Receptors specifically sensitive to and operated by adrenaline and/or noradrenaline and related sympathomimetic drugs. Adrenoreceptor is an alternative name. [NIH]

Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agnosia: Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of

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various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amblyopia: A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivationinduced amblopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. Strabismus and refractive errors may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the optic nerve which is associated with alcoholism, tobacco smoking, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Aniseikonia: A condition in which the ocular image of an object as seen by one eye differs in size and shape from that seen by the other. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anterior Cerebral Artery: Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the caudate nucleus, internal capsule, putamen, septal nuclei, gyrus cinguli, and surfaces of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe. [NIH] Anterior chamber: The space in front of the iris and behind the cornea. [NIH]

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Anticoagulants: Agents that prevent blood clotting. Naturally occurring agents in the blood are included only when they are used as drugs. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aphakia: Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of lens dislocation and subluxation. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Axillary Vein: The venous trunk of the upper limb; a continuation of the basilar and brachial veins running from the lower border of the teres major muscle to the outer border of the first rib where it becomes the subclavian vein. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance

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whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Binocular vision: The blending of the separate images seen by each eye into a single image; allows images to be seen with depth. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blepharoplasty: Plastic surgery of the eyelid. [NIH] Blepharoptosis: Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachiocephalic Trunk: The first and largest artery branching from the aortic arch. It distributes blood to the right side of the head and neck and to the right arm. [NIH] Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH]

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Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoid: A type of tumor usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the appendix), and sometimes in the lungs or other sites. Carcinoid tumors are usually benign. [NIH]

Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellopontine: Going from the cerebellum (the part of the brain responsible for coordinating movement) to the pons (part of the central nervous system located near the base of the brain.) [NIH] Cerebellopontine Angle: Junction between the cerebellum and the pons. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the

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brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]

Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses. [NIH] Chordoma: A type of bone cancer that usually starts in the lower spinal column. [NIH] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Choreatic Disorders: Acquired and hereditary conditions which feature chorea as a primary manifestation of the disease process. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic granulocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic myeloid leukemia. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening,

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prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]

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Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Sensitivity: The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneal Diseases: Diseases of the cornea. [NIH] Corneal Topography: Measurement of the anterior surface of the cornea, its curvature and shape. It is used often to diagnose keratoconus and other corneal diseases, and corneal changes after keratotomy and keratoplasty. A significant application is in the fitting of contact lenses. In performing corneal topography, many different techniques can be employed: keratometry, keratoscopy, photokeratoscopy, profile photography, computerassisted image processing, videokeratography, etc. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially

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death. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]

Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion

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medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Endoderm: The inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Enophthalmos: Recession of the eyeball into the orbit. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esotropia: A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze. [NIH] Ethmoid: An unpaired cranial bone which helps form the medial walls of the orbits and contains the themoidal air cells which drain into the nose. [NIH] Excimer laser: An ultraviolet laser used in refractive surgery to remove corneal tissue. [NIH] Exophthalmos: Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye. [NIH] Exotropia: A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extraocular: External to or outside of the eye. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Pain: Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are

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referred to as facial pain syndromes. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Ghost Image: A fainter second image of the object you are viewing. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and

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afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair Cells: Mechanoreceptors located in the organ of Corti that are sensitive to auditory stimuli and in the vestibular apparatus that are sensitive to movement of the head. In each case the accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hemoptysis: Bronchial hemorrhage manifested with spitting of blood. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food

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or water. [NIH] Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hyaluronidase: An enzyme that splits hyaluronic acid and thus lowers the viscosity of the acid and facilitates the spreading of fluids through tissues either advantageously or disadvantageously. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypophysis: A remnant of the entodermal pouch of Rathke beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx, which shows pituitary tissue. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins,

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intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Capsule: White matter pathway, flanked by nuclear masses, consisting of both afferent and efferent fibers projecting between the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. It consists of three distinct parts: an anterior limb, posterior limb, and genu. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraoperative radiation therapy: IORT. Radiation treatment aimed directly at a tumor during surgery. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratectomy: The surgical removal of corneal tissue. [NIH] Keratoconus: A disorder characterized by an irregular corneal surface (cone-shaped) resulting in blurred and distorted images. [NIH]

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Keratotomy: A surgical incision (cut) of the cornea. [NIH] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphoma, Follicular: Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the lymph nodes. The nodules resemble to some extent the germinal centers of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-lymphocytes. This class of lymphoma usually occurs in older persons, is commonly multinodal, and possibly extranodal. Patients whose lymphomas present a follicular or nodular pattern generally have a more indolent course than those presenting with a diffuse pattern. [NIH] Lymphoma, Lymphoblastic: A high-grade malignant lymphoma composed of a diffuse, relatively uniform proliferation of cells with round or convoluted nuclei and scanty cytoplasm. The cells are cytologically similar to the lymphoblasts seen in acute lymphocytic leukemia, and in some cases, the disease may evolve into a leukemic phase morphologically indistinguishable from acute T-lymphocytic leukemia. Lymphoblastic lymphoma represents approximately one-third of the cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in children and 5% of the cases in adults. It is more prevalent in males. [NIH] Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis: An angiocentric and angiodestructive lymphoreticular proliferative disorder primarily involving the lungs. Histologically it simulates malignant

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lymphoma and in some cases may progress to lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malar: Paired facial bones that help form the lateral und lower orbita. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Meningoencephalitis: An inflammatory process involving the brain (encephalitis) and meninges (meningitis), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH]

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Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Monocular: Diplopia identified with one eye only; it may be induced with a double prism, or it may occur either as a result of double imagery due to an optical defect in the eye, or as a result of simultaneous use of normal and anomalous retinal correspondence. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Munchausen Syndrome: A factitious disorder characterized by habitual presentation for hospital treatment of an apparent acute illness, the patient giving a plausible and dramatic history, all of which is false. [NIH] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycosis Fungoides: A chronic malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages the lymph nodes and viscera are affected. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myelomatosis: Multiple myeloma. [EU] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nearsightedness: The common term for myopia. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH]

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Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurosyphilis: A late form of syphilis that affects the brain and may lead to dementia and death. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: A group of cancers of the lymphoid system, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, diffuse cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, immunoblastic large cell lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder, small non-cleaved cell lymphoma, and T-cell lymphoma. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain

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and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Oculomotor Nerve: The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Orbital Fractures: Fractures of the bones in the orbit, which include parts of the frontal, ethmoidal, lacrimal, and sphenoid bones and the maxilla and zygoma. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Overcorrection: A complication of refractive surgery where the achieved amount of correction is more than desired. [NIH] Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pamidronate: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates. Pamidronate is used as treatment for abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Paradoxical: Occurring at variance with the normal rule. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Paraparesis: Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; muscular diseases; intracranial hypertension; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness,

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occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral vision: Side vision; ability to see objects and movement outside of the direct line of vision. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Photokeratoscopy: Determination of corneal curvatines and topography by observing or photographing the corneal image of the target of a photokeratoscope. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family Berberidaceae. The roots yield podophyllotoxins and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European Mandrake (Mandragora). [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile

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strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Pontine: A brain region involved in the detection and processing of taste. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Presbyopia: The normal decreasing elasticity of the crystalline lens that leads to loss of accommodation. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proptosis: Forward projection or displacement especially of the eyeball : exophthalmos. [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Ptosis: 1. Prolapse of an organ or part. 2. Drooping of the upper eyelid from paralysis of the third nerve or from sympathetic innervation. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radial Keratotomy: Commonly referred to as RK; a surgical procedure designed to correct myopia (nearsightedness) by flattening the cornea using radial cuts. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons,

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alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractive Errors: Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus. [NIH] Refractive Power: The ability of an object, such as the eye, to bend light as light passes through it. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Detachment: Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12). [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous

Dictionary 97

membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrobulbar: Behind the pons. [EU] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Sarcoid: A cutaneus lesion occurring as a manifestation of sarcoidosis. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sella: A deep depression in the shape of a Turkish saddle in the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone in the deepest part of which is lodged the hypophysis cerebri. [NIH] Sella Turcica: A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the pituitary gland. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH]

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Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Streptococcus suis: A species of streptococcus isolated from pigs. It is a pathogen of swine but rarely occurs in humans. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striate: Recurrent branch of the anterior cerebral artery which supplies the anterior limb of the internal capsule. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclavian: The direct continuation of the axillary vein at the lateral border of the first rib. It passes medially to join the internal jugular vein and form the brachiocephalic vein on each side. [NIH] Subclavian Artery: Artery arising from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and from the arch of the aorta on the left side. It distributes to the neck, thoracic wall, spinal cord, brain, meninges, and upper limb. [NIH] Subconjunctival: Situated or occurring beneath the conjunctiva. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.

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[NIH]

Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systemic therapy: Treatment that uses substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thoracotomy: Surgical incision into the chest wall. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and

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pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trochlear Nerve: The 4th cranial nerve. The trochlear nerve carries the motor innervation of the superior oblique muscles of the eye. [NIH] Trochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the fourth cranial (trochlear) nerve or its nucleus in the midbrain. The nerve crosses as it exits the midbrain dorsally and may be injured along its course through the intracranial space, cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, or orbit. Clinical manifestations include weakness of the superior oblique muscle which causes vertical diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is adducted and directed inferiorly. Head tilt may be seen as a compensatory mechanism for diplopia and rotation of the visual axis. Common etiologies include craniocerebral trauma and infratentorial neoplasms. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU]

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Vestibular Nerve: The vestibular part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The vestibular nerve fibers arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project peripherally to vestibular hair cells and centrally to the vestibular nuclei of the brain stem. These fibers mediate the sense of balance and head position. [NIH] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Visual Cortex: Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. [NIH] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vitelline Membrane: The plasma membrane of the egg. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Humor: The transparent, colorless mass of gel that lies behind the lens and in front of the retina and fills the center of the eyeball. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH]

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Yolk Sac: An embryonic membrane formed from endoderm and mesoderm. In reptiles and birds it incorporates the yolk into the digestive tract for nourishing the embryo. In placental mammals its nutritional function is vestigial; however, it is the source of most of the intestinal mucosa and the site of formation of the germ cells. It is sometimes called the vitelline sac, which should not be confused with the vitelline membrane of the egg. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abducens, 42, 48, 75 Abducens Nerve, 48, 75 Abducens Nerve Diseases, 75 Accommodation, 14, 75, 91, 93, 95 ACE, 23, 75 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 75, 92 Adrenaline, 75 Adrenergic, 75, 86, 99 Adrenoreceptor, 7, 75 Adverse Effect, 75, 76, 97 Aetiology, 33, 75 Afferent, 75, 82, 88 Affinity, 75, 98 Agnosia, 21, 75 Algorithms, 76, 78 Alternative medicine, 52, 76 Amblyopia, 49, 76 Ampulla, 76, 84 Amputation, 49, 76 Anaesthesia, 7, 11, 21, 76 Anaesthetic, 16, 43, 76 Anal, 76, 85 Analgesic, 76, 87 Anatomical, 6, 76, 77, 87, 97 Anesthesia, 6, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 33, 34, 43, 76, 95 Anesthetics, 34, 76 Aneurysm, 35, 76 Aniseikonia, 19, 40, 76 Anomalies, 3, 76 Anorexia, 40, 76 Anterior Cerebral Artery, 76, 80, 98 Anterior chamber, 76, 88 Anticoagulants, 14, 77 Antihypertensive, 77, 86 Anti-inflammatory, 77, 87 Anus, 76, 77, 96 Aorta, 77, 79, 98 Aphakia, 8, 77, 96 Aponeurosis, 77, 85 Aqueous, 77, 84, 89 Arteritis, 15, 20, 32, 38, 77 Artery, 32, 35, 76, 77, 78, 83, 85, 98 Asphyxia, 35, 77 Ataxia, 77, 87 Atrium, 77, 79 Auditory, 46, 77, 86

Autoimmune disease, 77, 91 Axillary, 77, 98 Axillary Vein, 77, 98 B Bacteria, 77, 83, 86, 91, 98, 100 Basal Ganglia, 77, 78, 80, 85 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 77, 80 Base, 75, 77, 79, 88, 99 Benign, 3, 78, 79, 85, 86, 92 Bilateral, 7, 25, 28, 34, 78, 93, 94 Binocular vision, 49, 78 Biotechnology, 4, 52, 59, 78 Bladder, 78, 87, 91, 100 Blepharoplasty, 16, 17, 78 Blepharoptosis, 42, 78 Blood pressure, 77, 78, 87, 98 Blood vessel, 75, 78, 94, 100 Body Fluids, 78, 98 Bone Marrow, 75, 78, 80, 91 Brachiocephalic Trunk, 78, 98 Brain Neoplasms, 78, 87 Brain Stem, 78, 80, 101 Bupivacaine, 78, 89 C Calcium, 78, 81, 93 Carbon Dioxide, 79, 85 Carcinogenic, 79, 88 Carcinoid, 13, 79 Carcinoma, 38, 79 Cardiac, 36, 79, 89 Cardiopulmonary, 35, 79 Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 35, 79 Carotene, 79, 96 Case report, 12, 13, 14, 18, 32, 41, 46, 47, 79, 80 Case series, 79, 80 Cataract, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 25, 26, 27, 31, 33, 34, 38, 43, 45, 77, 79, 96 Caudal, 79, 95 Cell, 20, 38, 42, 77, 78, 79, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92, 94, 101 Central Nervous System, 13, 38, 78, 79, 83, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91, 93, 95 Central Nervous System Infections, 79, 86, 87 Cerebellar, 13, 77, 79 Cerebellopontine, 13, 79 Cerebellopontine Angle, 13, 79

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Cerebellum, 78, 79, 95 Cerebral, 13, 23, 31, 32, 33, 38, 46, 76, 77, 78, 80, 87, 88, 92, 99 Cerebral Infarction, 80, 87 Cerebrospinal, 80, 87 Cerebrospinal fluid, 80, 87 Cerebrum, 80 Cervical, 48, 80 Cervix, 80 Chest wall, 14, 80, 99 Chiropractic, 46, 48, 49, 80 Chloroquine, 14, 80 Chordoma, 26, 80 Chorea, 20, 80 Choreatic Disorders, 80 Chronic, 23, 47, 48, 80, 83, 88, 91, 99 Chronic granulocytic leukemia, 48, 80 CIS, 80, 96 Clinical study, 28, 80 Clinical trial, 4, 59, 80 Cloning, 78, 81 Complement, 81 Complementary and alternative medicine, 45, 50, 81 Complementary medicine, 45, 81 Complete remission, 81, 96 Computational Biology, 59, 81 Cones, 81, 96 Conjunctiva, 81, 98, 100 Connective Tissue, 78, 81, 82, 85, 89, 99 Constitutional, 82, 91 Contamination, 82, 86 Contraindications, ii, 82 Contrast Sensitivity, 9, 82 Coordination, 80, 82, 91 Cornea, 7, 27, 76, 82, 89, 95, 98 Corneal Diseases, 82 Corneal Topography, 30, 82 Cortex, 49, 76, 77, 82, 88 Cortical, 21, 46, 76, 82 Cranial, 20, 31, 75, 79, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 92, 93, 94, 98, 100, 101 Cranial Nerves, 31, 82 Craniocerebral Trauma, 75, 77, 82, 86, 87, 100 Curative, 82, 99 Cyclic, 46, 82 Cyst, 13, 26, 82 D Decompression, 22, 36, 39, 40, 41, 82 Decompression Sickness, 82 Degenerative, 64, 83, 86, 90, 96

Deprivation, 76, 83 Diabetes Insipidus, 13, 83 Diabetes Mellitus, 7, 83, 86 Diagnostic procedure, 52, 83 Diarrhea, 13, 83 Diffusion, 83, 88 Digestive tract, 83, 98, 102 Dilation, 83, 87 Direct, iii, 11, 23, 42, 83, 94, 96, 98 Dislocation, 77, 83 Dorsal, 83, 95 Dorsum, 83, 85 Drug Interactions, 83 Duodenum, 83, 84 Dura mater, 83, 90, 93 E Efferent, 82, 83, 88 Elasticity, 83, 95 Electrolyte, 83, 98 Embolus, 83, 87 Embryo, 83, 84, 90, 102 Emphysema, 27, 32, 83 Emulsion, 83, 85 Encephalitis, 84, 90 Endoderm, 84, 102 Endoscope, 84 Endoscopic, 22, 36, 84 Enophthalmos, 13, 22, 34, 37, 84 Environmental Health, 58, 60, 84 Enzymatic, 78, 79, 81, 84, 96 Enzyme, 75, 84, 87, 90 Epithelium, 84, 88, 96 Esotropia, 8, 27, 75, 84 Ethmoid, 84, 93 Excimer laser, 29, 84 Exophthalmos, 84, 95 Exotropia, 4, 46, 84 Extracellular, 81, 82, 84, 98 Extraction, 38, 45, 77, 84, 96 Extraocular, 23, 32, 41, 84 Extremity, 84, 93, 94 F Facial, 3, 17, 19, 32, 36, 64, 84, 90 Facial Pain, 32, 84 Family Planning, 59, 85 Fat, 78, 79, 83, 85, 89, 91 Femoral, 79, 85 Femoral Artery, 79, 85 Fibrosis, 85, 97 Fixation, 5, 23, 24, 85 Fovea, 85

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G Ganglion, 47, 85, 93, 101 Gas, 79, 82, 83, 85, 92, 96 Gas exchange, 85, 96 Gastrointestinal, 79, 85, 98 Gene, 78, 85 Germ Cells, 85, 102 Ghost Image, 10, 85 Gland, 84, 85, 89, 94, 97, 98, 99 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 84, 85 Glucose, 83, 86 Glucose Intolerance, 83, 86 Governing Board, 86, 95 Grafting, 36, 86, 87 Gram-positive, 86, 98 Gravis, 37, 46, 47, 86 Guanethidine, 30, 86 H Habitual, 86, 91 Hair Cells, 86, 101 Headache, 4, 9, 25, 32, 40, 86, 87 Headache Disorders, 86 Hemoptysis, 35, 86 Hemorrhage, 13, 27, 82, 86 Hepatitis, 20, 86 Hepatitis A, 20, 86 Hepatocytes, 86 Hepatovirus, 86 Histiocytosis, 42, 87 Hoarseness, 35, 87 Hormone, 75, 87, 97, 99 Hyaluronidase, 9, 11, 14, 16, 25, 26, 43, 87 Hydrocephalus, 64, 87, 88 Hypersensitivity, 87, 97 Hypertension, 87, 88 Hypophysis, 87, 97 Hypotension, 48, 87 I Ibuprofen, 16, 87 Ileal, 13, 87 Ileum, 87 Impairment, 46, 76, 77, 87 Implantation, 35, 48, 87 In situ, 14, 30, 34, 87 Incision, 87, 88, 89, 99 Incontinence, 87 Infarction, 46, 80, 87 Infection, 9, 84, 87, 89, 92, 97, 101 Infiltration, 17, 88, 95 Inflammation, 77, 84, 85, 86, 88, 90, 93, 94, 99 Initiation, 47, 88

Innervation, 88, 95, 100 Insulator, 88, 91 Intermittent, 6, 23, 26, 39, 46, 88 Internal Capsule, 76, 88, 98 Intestinal, 79, 88, 102 Intestinal Mucosa, 88, 102 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 87, 88 Intracranial Hypertension, 75, 86, 87, 88, 93 Intraocular, 48, 88 Intraoperative radiation therapy, 14, 88 Intravenous, 16, 45, 88 Invasive, 88, 90 Involuntary, 13, 77, 80, 88 Iris, 31, 76, 82, 88, 95 K Kb, 58, 88 Keratectomy, 29, 88 Keratoconus, 82, 88 Keratotomy, 82, 89 L Lacrimal, 89, 93 Large Intestine, 83, 89, 96, 98 Lens, 30, 31, 48, 77, 79, 89, 95, 101 Lesion, 89, 97 Lethargy, 87, 89 Leukemia, 75, 80, 89 Lidocaine, 11, 89 Lipid, 89, 91 Liver, 80, 84, 86, 89, 97 Lobe, 35, 48, 76, 80, 89 Localized, 85, 88, 89, 94 Lupus, 89, 99 Lymph, 77, 80, 89, 91, 97 Lymph node, 77, 80, 89, 91, 97 Lymphoid, 89, 90, 92 Lymphoma, 89, 90, 91, 92 Lymphoma, Follicular, 89, 92 Lymphoma, Lymphoblastic, 89, 92 Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis, 47, 89 Lymphoproliferative, 90, 92 M Macula, 85, 90 Macula Lutea, 90 Macular Degeneration, 28, 90 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 21, 90 Malar, 36, 90 Malignant, 78, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92 Mandible, 15, 90, 96 Mastication, 90, 100 Maxillary, 31, 90, 93 Medial, 5, 16, 40, 84, 90, 98

106

Diplopia

Mediate, 90, 101 MEDLINE, 59, 90 Melanin, 88, 90 Membrane, 81, 87, 90, 96, 101, 102 Memory, 76, 90 Meninges, 79, 82, 83, 90, 98 Meningitis, 18, 33, 90 Meningoencephalitis, 20, 31, 90 Mesoderm, 90, 102 Metabolic disorder, 83, 90 Metastasis, 90 Metastatic, 13, 38, 78, 90 Microbe, 91, 99 Microbiological, 9, 91 Microbiology, 9, 91 Migration, 27, 91 Molecular, 59, 61, 78, 81, 91, 100 Monocular, 7, 9, 10, 11, 22, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 37, 39, 40, 43, 49, 91 Morphology, 79, 91 Motility, 34, 91 Mucinous, 85, 91 Multiple sclerosis, 32, 46, 47, 91 Munchausen Syndrome, 10, 91 Myasthenia, 37, 46, 47, 91 Mycosis, 91, 92 Mycosis Fungoides, 91, 92 Myelin, 91 Myelogenous, 80, 91 Myeloma, 6, 91 Myelomatosis, 20, 91 Myopia, 19, 91, 95, 96 N Nasal Cavity, 91, 93 Nearsightedness, 91, 95 Necrosis, 80, 87, 91, 97 Neoplasia, 15, 91 Neoplasm, 92, 100 Nerve Endings, 86, 92 Nervous System, 75, 79, 86, 92, 94, 99 Neural, 39, 75, 92, 96 Neurologic, 5, 20, 87, 92 Neurology, 6, 14, 23, 33, 37, 39, 40, 43, 46, 48, 92 Neuromuscular, 47, 92 Neuronal, 39, 92 Neurons, 92, 101 Neuropathy, 20, 32, 92 Neurosyphilis, 92, 94 Nitrogen, 82, 85, 92 Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 15, 92 Norepinephrine, 75, 86, 92

Nuclear, 77, 85, 88, 91, 92, 99 Nuclei, 76, 89, 90, 92, 93, 101 Nucleus, 75, 76, 77, 82, 92, 100, 101 O Occipital Lobe, 92, 101 Occult, 7, 92 Ocular, 20, 26, 28, 29, 34, 42, 76, 84, 92 Oculomotor, 92, 93 Oculomotor Nerve, 93 Opacity, 79, 93 Ophthalmic, 13, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 35, 38, 40, 42, 48, 93 Opsin, 93, 96, 97 Optic Nerve, 76, 93, 96 Orbit, 13, 17, 37, 75, 84, 93, 100 Orbital, 3, 6, 13, 14, 17, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 32, 34, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 75, 93, 100 Orbital Fractures, 34, 93 Orofacial, 84, 93 Overcorrection, 26, 93 Oxygenator, 79, 93 P Pachymeningitis, 90, 93 Palliative, 93, 99 Palsy, 16, 40, 42, 48, 64, 93 Pamidronate, 16, 93 Paradoxical, 4, 8, 22, 93 Paralysis, 31, 78, 84, 93, 94, 95 Paranasal Sinuses, 5, 93 Paraparesis, 93, 94 Paresis, 21, 25, 93 Partial remission, 94, 96 Pathogen, 94, 98 Perception, 11, 24, 32, 38, 43, 49, 94 Perfusion, 35, 94 Pericardium, 94, 99 Peripheral Nervous System, 93, 94, 98 Peripheral vision, 94, 101 Phallic, 85, 94 Pharmacologic, 76, 94, 100 Photokeratoscopy, 82, 94 Pigment, 94, 96 Pituitary Gland, 94, 97 Plants, 79, 86, 91, 92, 94, 100 Plasma, 86, 91, 94, 101 Plasma cells, 91, 94 Pneumonia, 82, 94 Podophyllum, 48, 94 Polyethylene, 17, 94 Pons, 75, 78, 79, 95, 97 Pontine, 5, 95

107

Posterior, 41, 76, 77, 79, 83, 85, 88, 92, 95, 98 Postoperative, 22, 34, 39, 95 Practice Guidelines, 60, 95 Presbyopia, 30, 95 Procaine, 89, 95 Progressive, 91, 95, 100 Projection, 35, 92, 93, 95 Proptosis, 27, 31, 35, 95 Protein S, 78, 95 Protozoa, 91, 95 Psychiatry, 6, 23, 46, 48, 85, 95 Ptosis, 14, 20, 34, 95 Public Policy, 59, 95 Pupil, 39, 82, 83, 95 R Race, 91, 95 Radial Keratotomy, 29, 95 Radiation, 88, 95, 96 Radiation therapy, 96 Radioactive, 87, 92, 96 Rectal, 38, 96 Rectum, 77, 83, 85, 87, 89, 96 Refer, 1, 81, 85, 90, 96, 100 Refraction, 91, 96 Refractive Errors, 29, 76, 96 Refractive Power, 91, 96 Remission, 48, 96 Resection, 14, 96 Resorption, 87, 96 Respiratory failure, 45, 96 Retina, 81, 89, 90, 91, 93, 96, 97, 101 Retinal, 8, 10, 12, 13, 17, 29, 30, 37, 91, 93, 96, 97, 101 Retinal Detachment, 10, 12, 13, 17, 29, 96 Retinol, 96, 97 Retrobulbar, 33, 97 Rheumatoid, 9, 80, 97 Rheumatoid arthritis, 9, 80, 97 Rhodopsin, 93, 96, 97 Rod, 22, 97 S Sarcoid, 28, 32, 97 Sarcoidosis, 97 Sclerosis, 35, 91, 97 Screening, 80, 97 Secretion, 38, 97 Sella, 13, 83, 94, 97 Sella Turcica, 13, 83, 94, 97 Sensibility, 76, 97 Sharpness, 97, 101 Shock, 97, 100

Side effect, 75, 97, 99 Signs and Symptoms, 20, 96, 97 Skeleton, 97 Skull, 15, 82, 93, 97, 99 Small intestine, 83, 87, 98, 101 Sodium, 11, 98 Somatic, 82, 85, 94, 98 Soybean Oil, 45, 98 Specialist, 65, 83, 98 Species, 91, 95, 98, 100, 101 Sphenoid, 93, 97, 98 Spinal cord, 78, 79, 80, 83, 85, 90, 92, 93, 94, 98 Stimulus, 76, 88, 98, 99 Streptococcus, 33, 98 Streptococcus suis, 33, 98 Stress, 97, 98 Striate, 49, 98 Stroma, 88, 98 Subarachnoid, 86, 88, 98 Subclavian, 35, 77, 98 Subclavian Artery, 35, 98 Subconjunctival, 27, 98 Subcutaneous, 17, 98 Substance P, 97, 98 Suppression, 9, 99 Sympathomimetic, 75, 92, 99 Systemic, 8, 18, 77, 78, 80, 88, 96, 97, 99 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 8, 18, 80, 99 Systemic therapy, 80, 99 T Temporal, 15, 35, 38, 48, 86, 90, 99 Temporal Lobe, 35, 99 Tendon, 85, 99 Thalamus, 46, 78, 99 Therapeutics, 47, 99 Third Ventricle, 99 Thoracic, 14, 98, 99, 101 Thoracotomy, 32, 99 Threshold, 43, 87, 99 Thyroid, 18, 19, 99 Tissue, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 Topical, 12, 99 Torsion, 28, 87, 99 Toxic, iv, 48, 76, 92, 99, 100 Toxicity, 16, 83, 99 Toxicology, 60, 99 Toxin, 8, 17, 22, 100 Trachea, 99, 100 Transfection, 78, 100

108

Diplopia

Translocation, 12, 28, 100 Transplantation, 92, 100 Trauma, 17, 23, 24, 28, 91, 100 Trigeminal, 32, 84, 100 Trochlear Nerve, 100 Trochlear Nerve Diseases, 100 Tumour, 23, 85, 100 U Unconscious, 76, 100 Urinary, 87, 100 Urine, 78, 83, 87, 100 Uterus, 80, 100 V Vascular, 35, 86, 87, 88, 100 Vein, 76, 77, 88, 92, 98, 100 Ventricles, 80, 87, 99, 100 Ventricular, 87, 100 Vertebral, 46, 100 Vestibular, 18, 35, 86, 100, 101 Vestibular Nerve, 35, 101 Vestibule, 100, 101

Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 101 Veterinary Medicine, 59, 101 Villi, 87, 101 Vinca Alkaloids, 101 Vincristine, 48, 101 Virulence, 99, 101 Viruses, 91, 101 Visceral, 82, 85, 101 Viscosity, 87, 101 Visual Acuity, 10, 82, 101 Visual Cortex, 76, 101 Visual field, 25, 40, 101 Vitelline Membrane, 101, 102 Vitreous, 89, 96, 101 Vitreous Humor, 96, 101 Volition, 88, 101 W White blood cell, 75, 80, 89, 91, 94, 101 Windpipe, 99, 101 Y Yolk Sac, 47, 102

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