Dictionary of Arabic and Allied loanwords: Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician and Kindred Dialects

Dictionary of Arabic and Allied Loanwords

Handbook of Oriental Studies Section 1, The Near and Middle East

Edited fry

H. Altenmtiller B. Hrouda B.A. Levine R.S. O'Fahey K.R. Veenhof C.H.M. Versteegh

VOLUME97

Dictionary of Arabic and Allied Loanwords Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician and Kindred Dialects

By

Federico Corriente

BRILL

LEIDEN • BOSTON

2008

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN 978 90 04 16858 9 Copyright 2008 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. PRINTED IN TilE NETHERLANDS

CONTENTS

Preface Abbreviations, Sigla and Editorial Norms The Grammar of Arabic Loanwords in !hero-Romance Index of Romance Lexical Items List of Arabic and Allied Loanwords in Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician and Kindred Dialects

VII

XI

xv lxxxiii

1

Appendix 1: False Arabic Loanwords

481

Appendix II: List of Other Foreign Words

493

Bibliographical References ... .... ... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ... .... ... ...

585

PREFACE

It is wholly unnecessary to tell the educated reader about the confrontation of one

or another kind that Europe and the East have stood in for at least 2500 years, since for the first time two Indoeuropean nations, the Greeks and the Persians clashed in Asia Minor over political and economical interests. It is also well-known that this first feud between Greeks and Achaemenid Persians was to be inherited by the Romans, on conquering those lands, and then by their Eastern heirs, the Byzantines, as traditional foes of the Parthian and Sassanid Persians and, finally, by the Western powers and the Islamic states of the Middle East, whether Arabic or Turkish, until the present day. It is equally obvious that any illustrated scholar cannot or, at least should not become emotionally or ideologically involved with either an apology of or an attack on any of the cultural, religious, political or economic systems which fought each other in such struggles, our task being merely to describe the events, their causes and consequences. In the case of Western Europe, it is also widely known that the Muslims' onslaught on this part of the world, as a consequence of their previous successes in the East and North Africa, led to the emergence of Islamic states in the Iberian Peninsula between 711 and 1492 A.D., when the reaction of Christian powers, feeble to begin with, but relentless and increasingly strong, put an end to that chapter of history, not, however, without long-lasting cultural and linguistic consequences in the areas formerly held and for centuries occupied by Islamicized and Arabicized populations. When we concern ourselves merely with the linguistic aspect of such consequences, i.e., the linguistic interference of Arabic with the Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, we soon discover that we have been preceded in this endeavour by other scholars since the Middle Ages, although their contributions may differ greatly in extension and value, according to their methods, goals and attitudes. It is beyond the scope of our present concern to undertake a historical survey and criticism of those contributions, their merits and shortcomings, about which we have already and repeatedly offered our opinions. Instead, we would rather let readers have their own views on such potentially conflictive subjects, while providing them with the latest results of our research on the grammar and lexicon of the loanwords dealt with here.

viii

PREFACE

However, if one thing we must say for the very sake of being scholarly neutral and ideologically faithful to the highest moral achievement of humankind, namely, the principles of Enlightenment, it is that the still unsettled feud between Islam and the West has had, and continues to have very negative consequences for a dispassionate assessment of their mutual cultural interferences, of which loanwords are an important and revealing chapter. If one anecdote can tell more than a thousand words, we could say with a smile, but also some shock and much worry for what the future might hold for us and our own, that we have received a few anonymous phone calls accusing us, on account of our studies of Arabic loanwords in Western languages, of "furthering a second Moorish invasion of Spain" On a very different level, after having revised that important share of Castilian lexicon, in the wake of the publication of the latest edition of the DRAE, when we offered to take care of the last, but important details of its inclusion in that dictionary, we were told that there was no time for this, as the issuing of that work was too urgent. Too urgent to waste time on improving the presentation of those Arab loanwords and avoiding the host of mistakes reproduced once again since, one would surmise, those in charge of that institution do not feel that the second most important ingredient of the Spanish lexicon deserves any more attention. It is therefore our perhaps too pessimistic impression that the only people who react in a perceptible way to the issue of cultural relations between Islam and the West are bigots of either trend, i.e., Western racists who in any case would never acknowledge the important debt of Western culture to the East, or fundamentalist Monotheists, be they Christian, Muslim or Jewish, eager only to see the final victory of the crudest brand of their creed over the lands and minds of the infidel. As for neutral, enlightened people on either side of this historical boundary, there would appear to be few or, at least they are not seen rallying eagerly in support of reason, moderation and the acknowledgement of historical facts and inherent traits of human nature. This book is addressed to them, in order to remind them that Al-Andalus, in addition to having been an important chapter of the shared history of Islam and the West, is also an extremely interesting lesson in sociology and sociolinguistics, as the people of the Iberian Peninsula, whatever their religion and tongue, not only shared the fruit of the progress brought about by the highest civilization of its time, but also a good deal of the Arabic language which supported it. They did not merely borrow a number of isolated words to name new products, inventions and institutions, such as sugar, stills and market inspectors, not to mention such grim notions as Inquisition < mil:znah, and crusade <jihad, but also an immense array of technical, social and linguistic manners, reflected in games still played by our children, nursery Ihymes, more or less decent idioms used by all, even when their words are no longer understood, cries used to cheer sports teams, etc. Because the

PREFACE

lX

contact between Arabic and Romance in the Iberian Peninsula was neither brief nor superficial: Mozarab emigration to the Northern Christian states, since the 9th c. down to the 13th c., brought to them not only a higher civilization, but also the basic words and idioms embedded within it, which gained currency even among those who only spoke Romance. The same happened again in lands conquered by the Christians, but still heavily populated by Muslims, almost as soon as that first wave had ended. Whether or not they converted to Christianity and became assimilated sooner or later between the 12th and 16th cs., which many did it soon enough to avoid the wholesale expulsion of the 17th c., although deprived of prestige, they were still an overwhelming majority in certain areas, craft and trades and underworld activities, such as muleteers, wandering performers, tricksters and thieves among the men; nannies, servants, strolling players, singers, dancers and prostitutes among the women. They consequently exerted considerable influence on the areas of language most closely connected with those activities: professional jargons, such as those of building, animal breeding and driving, technical terms related to games, thieves' cant, taboo words, etc. Not too many people in Spain and Portugal are fully aware of their mixed linguistic background, and quite a few of them, when appraised of it, often react to such a possibility by rejecting it as an insult. No feeling of humiliation survives from the Roman conquest and subsequent Romanization, nor any resentment against the Germanic tribes who wrought mostly havoc to Hispania; even Napoleon's invasion is looked upon as a historical event not entirely lacking positive consequences and at any rate does not induce most Spanish people to hate the French, but the Islamic invasion is a different matter. It has not been digested, assumed as one more chapter of old history, in spite of the centuries elapsed, of the benefits contributed by the invaders and the merits of multi -racial Andalusi civilization. Two factors have powerfully prevented the easing of this tension, namely, the religious divide and also the geo-political and socio-economic gap between both shores of the Strait. People continue to watch in distrust what may come across the water, because the frontier is still and above all there, so that the other is behind that fence, and one never knows. Under such circumstances, one understands the angry reaction of some Galicians when they are told that ceibe "free" is an Arabic word, or some Catalans, when one of their favourite dishes, the escalivada, is attributed to the same origin, not to mention the reactions, ranging from amazement to distrust, of any Spaniard who is informed that the popular song a Ia lima, al alimon, te vas a quedar soltera (q.v.), begins with the very Arabic words used by Andalusi criers to call the attention of crowds before proclaming the ruler's announcement. But that has been and is our history, and it will not be changed by merely ignoring or pretending to ignore it. Mutual ignorance shall not lead to peace and

X

PREFACE

collaboration, but even less is it a good preparation for a war. Let us hope for no more of the second ever, and that our efforts to improve present levels of understanding between Islam and the West are only used to serve that first purpose, the only one behooving the honest. The author Saragossa, March 15th, 2008

ABBREVIATIONS, SIGLA AND EDITORIAL NORMS

We use the following abbreviations for any gender and number: Ak. = Akkadian. Alg. = Algerian dialect of Ar. Am. = Amharic. An. = Andalusian dialect of Cs. And. = Andalusi Arabic. And.Rom. = Andalusi Rom. Ani. = An. after AI var Ezquerra el al. 2000. Anz. = An. after Alcala Venceslada 1980. Ar. =Arabic. Arag. = Aragonese. Aram. = Aramaic. Ast. = Asturian after Rato 1891 and Garcia Arias 2006. Ast.-Leo. =Asturian-Leo. aug. =augmentative. Baf. = Bafamrani dialect of TalL Bal. = Ct. dialects of the Balearic Islands(= Maj. +Men.+ lb.). Bed. =Bedouin dialects of Arabic. Bib. = Biblical. Bie. = Leo. dialect of El Bierzo after Garcia Rey 1934. Br. = Berber. Can. = Canarian dialect of Cs. after Lorenzo 1994, Corrales, Corbella & Alvarez Martinez 1996 and our own data. Cl. = Classic. Cot. = Cs. dialectal items from Cantabria after Lopez Vaque 1988.

Cp. = Coptic. Cs. = Castilian. Ct. = Catalan. der. =derivate. dial. = dialectal. dim.= diminutive. ed. = edition, edited. Eg. = Egyptian. Eng. = English. esp. = especially. Et. = Ethiopic. Ext. = Cs. dialectal items from Extremadura, after Viudas 1980. fern. = feminine. Fr. = French. Ger. = German. Gl. = Galician. Gl.-Pt. = Galician-Pt. Gr.= Greek. I:Ias. = l;fassiiniyyah Ar. Hb. = Hebrew. lb. =Bal. dialect of lbiza. lber.-Rom. = lbero-Rom. int.-And. =intra-And. int.-Ar. = intra-Ar. int.-Rom. =intra-Rom. Ir. = Iraqi Ar. It. = Italian. Jud.-Ar. = Judaeo-Ar. Jud.-Pal. = Judaeo-Palestinian. Jud.-Sp. = Judaeo-Spanish. Kab. = Kabyle.

xii

ABBREVIATIONS, SIGLA AND EDITORIAL NORMS

Leo. = Leonese from Diez Suarez 1994.

Lgr. = Low Gr. Lib. = Libyan Ar. lit. = literally. Lit. = Low Lt. Lt.= Latin. Maj. = Ct. dialect of Majorca. Malt. =Maltese. Man. = Cs. dialect of La Mancha, after Serna 1983. Mand. = Mandaean. masc. = masculine. Men. = Ct. dialect of Menorca. Mor. = Moroccan dialects of Ar. mod. = modem. Mon. = Cs. dialect of Montes de Toledo after Sanchez Miguel 1995. Mur. = Murcian dialect of Cs. after Garcia Soriano 1932. n.ag. =nomen agenlis. n.inst. =nomen inslrumenli. n.un. = nomen unilalis. Naf. = North African Ar. Nav. = Navarrese after Iribarren 1952 and 58. Neo-Ar. = Neo-Arabic. Neo-P. = Neo-Persian (Farsi). Nvh. and Nvl. = subdialects of Mon. in Navahermosa and Los Navalucillos,

respectively, after Sanchez Miguel and Martin Maestro & Gomez L6pezPintor 1979. Pahl. = Pahlavi. pl. = plural. pr.n. =proper name. pre-Rom.= pre-Roman. prob. = probably. proto-Rom.= proto-Romance. Pt. = Portuguese. Rb. = Rabinic Aram. Rif. = Riffian Br. Rom. = Romance. Sar. = South Arabian. sg. = singular. Sk. = Sanskrit. Sl. = Cs. dialect of Salamanca after Lamano 1915. Sr. = Syrian dialects of Ar. Syr. = Syriac. Tam. = Tamazigl dialect of Br. Tali. = Ta( al/:zil dialect of Br. Tol. = Cs. dialect of Toledo. Tr. = Tm:kish. Tun.= Tunisian Ar. U gar. = U garitic. Val. = Valencian dialect of Ct. var. = variant.

Besides, and in spite of resorting to the Harvard citation system, we have considered it convenient to use the following siglae for the most frequently quoted works and authors: AAR = Corriente 1992a, BRAE = Bole!{n de Ia Real Academia espanola, DA = Diccionario de Auloridades, DAA = Corriente 1997d, DAI = Corriente 1999d,

ABBREVIATIONS, SIGLA AND EDITORIAL NORMS

xiii

DCECH = Coromines & Pascual 1980-81, DE= Dozy & Engelmann 1869, DECLC = Coromines 1983-91, DRAE = Diccionario de Ia Real Academia Espanola, DS =Dozy 1881, Er = Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.), GB = Asin 1943, IQ =Ibn Quzman's Di:wiin (usually quoted after Corriente 1995b), PD = Corriente 1997a, SG = Simonet 1888, SK = Corriente 1977, and TD = Benmrad 1990. Iber.-Rom. words in their traditional spellings are reproduced in bold face, and every other language, except Eng., in italics, bold italics in the case of technical terms. High case is used as required by the traditional spelling rules of some languages, as well as in the whole extension of And.-Rom. items in phonemic transcription, in order to facilitate their easy distinction from And.Ar. and according to linguistic usage in the case of archiphonemes. However, we make very sparse use, merely in the most necessary instances, of the standard symbols of phonemic (/x/), phonetic (/x/), morphemic ((x}) and graphemic transcription (>x /iiy/~~·i. !ayvi/ >lay/, etc.). Such was the contention of Steiger (Steiger 1932:360), who held that these diphthongs were more resistant to monophthongization, as supposedly proven by the classical example of Cs. alcaide "governor" ti< (e.g., Pt. alvaiade vs. Cs. albayalde "ceruse" i *mardandal into And. mardaddu.~, whence Cs. almoradux "marjoram" and parallel forms. Apparently, some speakers came and, while there is no evidence of a merger with lzl in an to realize /j/ as archiphoneme, their phonetic vicinity did generate confusion in Rom. reflexes, e.g., Pt. ajoujo "twin leash" < And. az.zawj, lit., "couple", Cs. jinete vs. Ct. atzanet "horseman" gu< respectively, which is also the standard reflex of the voiced spirant (e.g., Cs. alcaravea = Ct. alcarailia = Pt. alcaravia "caraway seed" < And. alkaraw~vya, Cs. alquicel = Pt. and Ct. alquice "cloak" < And. alkisa, but Cs. algodon and Pt. algodao vs. Ct. cot6 "cotton" f< (and, in Cs., as a consequence of its old allophone /h/, >htz< of an alternative spelling of this word had been distorted as >b< at some point in its journey from Tr. to Cs. and Pt., prob. in Italy, whose

relations with the Ottoman Empire in the Modem and Contemporary Ages were particularly active and, for the most part, peaceful That word is not only recorded by the most renowned Tr. dictionaries, 8 spelled in a way clearly giving away its Ar. etymon 'iazab "bachelor" (and "mitice bourgeoise" in DS, q.v.): it also has some witnesses in the Iberian Peninsula itself, being reflected not only by Maj. atzep "annoying man", q.v./ but even in the passage of Cansino, quoted by Egm1az (s.v. acefa, where he mentions the azafes of Constantinople as "marine infantry on board of the royal navy"), not to mention no tess an author than Lope de Ia Vega, who used the word azapo, with its Tr. military connotation, in La .lerusalen conquistada. 10 Apparently following our advice, abab has disappeared from the latest edition of DRAE. ababelar: see Babel. ababol (Cs. and Ct.), (a)babol or farabol (Arag.), babol (dial Ct.), bababol (Man.) and jan/rapol (Ant., with a considerable and peculiar phonetic evolution): "poppy (Papaver rhoeas)": < And. /:lappapdwr, or its matching n.un. /:lappapdwra, also reflected by amapola (Cs.), a blending of Ar. /:labb "grains", frequent first constituent of many plant names, and Lt. papiiver. The second sense in DRAE, "absentminded; sitty", without dial. attribution, but coinciding with Nav. ababol = apapol "stupid", does not appear to be semantically derivable from the first; therefore, it is possibly a mere case of phonetic contamination thereof, perhaps from And. bahtul = Cl.Ar.

4 A most valuable contribution to the study of Ar. loanwords in Rom., generally superior to those of previous authors, as we demonstrated in Corriente 1999a. 5 Prob. a mere var. of his aba "name of a corps in the old Tr. anny" This work is useful on account of its wealth of content, although its comprehensive purpose makes it include many exotic words never really assimilated by Pt., as well as some inaccurate data and a few conspicuous blunders. 6 The quality of whose contributions to the study of Ar. loanwords is intermediate, higher than in most editions of DRAE, but lower than in Coromines' works.

In Pascual Recuero 1987:463. E.g., Redhouse 1890, azap or azeb (after the author's transcription of the Ar. script) "name of a corps of Ottoman marines in Janissary times" and Siimi 1890, sab1kta bahriye tiifek~·isi, (i.e., "in the old days, marine musketeer'', transcribed by us into mod. Tr. spelling), and, in this same script, azap in Alderson & Iz 1984 "marine", and in Tiirk~·e Sii;;liik which explains it as "units serving in the fleet of the Anatolian districts", distinguishing between those assigned to shipyards and to the ships. 9 This entry in Corriente 1997c:26 must therefore be corrected accordingly. 10 After Oliver 1996:51. 7

8

ABACERO-ABADA

5

buhlul "jester; religious nuts", 11 sometimes acquiring that meaning because of the characteristic and simultaneous opposition to ludic or mystic attitudes on the part of monotheistic bigots of any persuasion. Another possibility would be to posit a Rom. *a(l)mabol, < And. *nUihbul, parallel to well documented N af. mahbul,12 seemingly a peculiar evolution of the suggested And. bahlul. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: amapolarse; Ct: ababolera. Cf. mabull. aba~agar: see abassegar. abacero (Cs.) "grocer": < And. *,m/:tb a;zzdd, lit., "the one with victuals",13 through wrong parsing of a pl. definite syntagm (< *los z+abacedos ), resulting in loss of the first consonant, and subsequent contamination by the Rom. suffix of nouns of profession, {-ERO}. This hypothesis is upheld by Ast. zabarced/ ralo ''retailer of fruits or other kinds of food", exhibiting the second phenomenon only optionally, a word documented by DCELC, with var. of which DRAE has, somewhat whimsically, admitted only zabarcera; there are also other Ast. var., sabarcera and zavarclru, as well the aug. zabarz6n, in Garcia Arias 2006:224-225. To our new proposal, Prof. Montaner 2005:317 objected the older dates of f/havacera; however, this initial consonant may well be the outcome of quite expectable haplology in a lengthy *~afabazedo/a_l4 Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: abacerfa.

abaclgi (Pt.) "a certain Persian coin": < Ar. 'iabbiis'i, attributive adjective of ~'Abbas I "the Great", of the Safavid dynasty, who first minted that silver coin, imitated by his successors. The second var. seems corrupt, and there is a third one, abassi, unjustly declared by Machado as mistaken, while Eguilaz considers the spelling abasi as Cs., Pt. and Maj., and abassf only as Maj. abacia and abacial: see abad. abacida (Pt.), abasf (Cs.) and abbasida (Ct.) "Abbasid": are mod. historiographical terms, with Gr. and Lt. suffixation in Pt. and Ct., and with the characteristic Orientalizing Ar. gentilic suffix in Cs., all of them from the eponymous Cl.Ar. pr.n. 'iabbiis. abac6mita/e: see abad. abad (Cs.), abade (Gl.) and abat (Ct.): s< to contamination with some forms of the verb haber "to have", but the whole idiom sounds strange in Rom. and is more amenable to the suggested Ar. solution. These expressions might also be connected with Pt. tamara "would that", q.v. abessim, abessino and abessfnio: see abexi(m). abexi(m) (Pt., with the var. abassi(no), abaxi, abessim, abessino and abessfnio), abisinio (Cs. and Gl.), abissini (Ct.) and abissfni(c)o (Pt.): appear to be Lit. bookish transcriptions of Ar. baba.ff, prob. through an And. pronunciation, which would explain the palatalization of the second vowel, except the late Pt. var. with >Xim< reflect the Ar. pl. suffix {-tnj, or a mere nasalization of some final stressed vowels, which is regular in Pt. This gentilic and the matching country name, Abisinia (Cs.) and Abissfnia (Ct. and Pt.), in Ar. (biliid) albaba.fah, appear to reflect the name of one of two Sar. tribes which colonized Ethiopia, the >'1/:tb.fgfz'111{~ IC1•I prevailed, as was the case ofGt. acicala(do)r, acicaladura and acicalamiento: see a~alar. acicate (Cs., Gt. and Pt., the latter with the var. cicate) and sicat (Ct.) "spur": we have long rejected the possibility of a derivation from the Ar. pl. *sikkiit, never attested for **sikkah, which besides was never the name of this device.53 We now grant also that our previous proposal of a hypothetical Br. *asakkat, "striking instrument", although morphotogicatty regular, would belong to a not very productive pattern. Therefore, we go back to the root {sqt}, phoneticatty irreproachable, and considering that siqiil means "horse's laxity", it is not far-fetched to suppose, as in the cases of albacar, albacea, etc., the toss of the first constituent of a compounded idiom, Neo-Ar. *muzfl I rii.fi'i assiqii!"remover oftaxity"; in the second case, one could even easily posit a mere phonetic evolution *rafacicate > *lahacicate, etc. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: acicatear; Pt. and Gt.: acicatar. aciche (Cs.) and arciche (Nav., also in Garcia Satinero 1968:41, without dial, attribution) "weeding hoe" and lafiche "tile cutter" (Ext., a phonetic var. with an agglutinated Rom. article): < And.Rom *A(;/L(; = And. actlc < Lt. iiciscillus. 54 It is noteworthy that

See DAA, p. 301 and fn. 1. The defence of this hypothesis in Kiesler 1994:292 is not effective, because the data of the Eg. dialect cannot overcome the unambiguous and repeated information about this matter in And. (q.v. in DAA, s.v.), and even conceding, on the phonetic side of the issue, that imiilah in the suffix of the regular pl. fern., standard in And. after a non-velarizing consonant, is not regular in old Ar. loanwords, the semantic gap between

"ploughshare" and "spur" continues to be huge. 54 In addition to the data in Meyer-Liibke, quoted in DCECH, this word appears in Ar. script in Abulxayr (see Carabaza 1991:159), and the pr.n. of the same etymon surfaces in Pellat 1961:167. Dozy's proposal, **/:la.mH, witnessed with a similar sense only in a Sudanese dialect, and in Al-Andalus only with a very different meaning, is not phonetically viable, but the Lt. etymon suggested in its stead by Eguilaz is no better.

leaf of aloe" (Anz.), in addition to a second intra-Rom. contamination with the suffix {+ERA/ and a semantic shift, since agave and prickly pear, a different meaning given in some dictionaries, were unknown before the discovery of America.S2 DRAE has also the Cs. var. zabillda, erroneously stressed, as stated by Coromines, who is right in correcting them into zabillda, since its etymon would be the Ar. atlomorph .~iihirah, reported by Ibn Atbaytar. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: acibarar; Mur.: alzavar6n "stem of sunflower" acibeche (Gl.), azeviche (Pt.), acebache (Mur.), azabache (Cs., with the old var. ~abach, (a)zabaya and zabeg/ia, in GP 134, and zebech, in GP 131 ), azebache (Leo.) and atzabeja (Ct.) "jet": < And. zabaj = Ct.Ar. .mbaj < Paht. .fabag. The Pt. form is striking in the tight of the Ar. vocalization, but without dismissing the possibility of contamination with a relatively frequent ending, Gt. and Ct. also exhibit incipient palatalization, although weaker than in Pt., of the vowel before /j/, quite common in And. Regarding the grammatical gender and final vowel of Ct., and conceding the possibility of a n.un. *wbaja, chances are that they merely result from the paragogicat lei usuatty attached to final consonants, in order to ease the juncture, after 1.1.4.4.1. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: azabachado and azabachero; Gt.: acibechado, acibecheiro and acibecherfa.

acibuche: see acebuche. acica and acfcua (Old Pt.) and cica (Cs.

52

53

ACIDAQUE-ACIRRAR

only the first consonant has evolved in the Cs. way. Cf. also aceche. aciclabi and aciclan: see ciclan. acfcua: see acica. acidaque (Cs.) "bridal dower in Islamic taw": < And. a.~.~idtiq = Ct.Ar. ,mlidiiq, lit., ''token of good faith" This word is omitted by DA, DE, Eguflaz and Coromines, on account of its late and limited incorporation to Cs. usage as a Mudejar technical term, merely found in Leyes de Moros and similar texts. acidate: see acirate. acieca: see acequia. acieta (Pt.) "iron bar": the derivation of this poorly documented hapax of the 13th c., and of doubtful meaning to top it off, posits problems unsolvable for the time being. Machado's hesitant proposal of an Ar. ***siyiilah cannot be taken seriously, as this word has not that meaning at all acije and acijoso: see aceche. acilate: see acirate. acimboga: see alamborl. a9mec(h) alaazer: (with the var. alaas/ zl~, azimec), < Neo-Ar. assimiik al'lafzal "disarmed s.", and ~imec alrameh (with the var. a9ned~ as(e)mec, asinec, a90ec, (e)alrramec allrrameh, arramech, alrire/ imec and al(l)ramec, and both with the var. a9met) < Neo-Ar. assimiik arriimib "s. with a spear",55 are unassimilated astronomical terms in GP 71, identified by Kunitzsch 1961: l 05 as Alpha Virginis and Bootis, respectively. Cf.

23

acimilero: see acemila. acimut (Cs. and Gl), azimut (Cs., with the old var. a~mut, azumuth, atzumut and azimuths in GP 72, acent in DAX 29; 9ent arraz, sunt alraz and sumpt aroth in GP 138, and zonte and zut, in GP 133) azimute (Pt.) and a(t)zimut (Ct.) "azimuth": from the Ar. pl. assumut, distorted through bookish transmission, as in the case of its sg. .mmt, whence Cs. cenit and Pt. zenite, q.v. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: adzimutal; Ct.: azimutal; Gt.: acimutal.

acingab: see azingab. aci6n (cs.) "stirrup leather": < And. *assuyur = Ct.Ar. suyar, pl. of .myr < Syr. sirii < Gr. seirti "strap", prob. contaminated by the Rom. aug. suffix. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: acionera and acionero. aciqua: see acica. aciquin: see cabdat. acirandagem and acirandar: see zaranda. acirate "heap of stones or earth used as a boundary mark" (Pt.), "ridge; atley between trees" (Cs.), "chopping board" and "protruding part of a roof" (Nav.) and "step in front of a door" (Mon.):< And. assirti! = ct.Ar. sl#rii! < Rab.Aram. istriitii mucfrr< "insistent", pointing in the same direction. It is interesting that other two quasi-synonymous Pt. verbs with etymological difficulties, a~,;obar (cf. Cs. azomar) and a~,;ular "to set on", lumped together by Machado, can also receive a parallel solution, namely, *A(D)+,mwb+AR "to aim (at)" and *A(D)+.~ul+AR "to give power (over)'>,57 respectively. Intra-Rom. der.: Pt.: acirrante. acirundaja: see zaranda. acitara (Cs. and Pt.) and citara (Cs.) "parapet" and "front of a house", "outer wall of a second story" (Anz. and Ani., with semantic evolution) and ac/~,;itara (Lit. documents of Aragon) "tapestry; curtain; bedspread": .~JJn< in the Pyramid Texts. Therefore, Semitic has not borrowed it from Pahl. **.wlsan, but both did it from Eg. 66 With four origins: lyemeni, kabmci, lubi and antoqui, i.e., Yemenite, Cypriot, Libyan and Antiochian. DAX is prob. wrong in its identification of this stone with a~uz, a synonym of beruth, q.v.

Af;.UTEICI-ADAM

27

acurcullarse and acurruc(b)arse: see acorcbofa-se. a~rde: see ~uda. a~teici "a measure" (with the var. azudeiz and azudere, from UIP 80): Iss/ and Mw'> !t•dw' (see SK 2.3.1, and cf. adaza), and the fact that this text mentions two nets simultaneously, made of esparto and hemp, respectively. ada~ama and adacema (Pt., in Machado, the latter prob. better stressed) "an oily dish": < And. adMsm = Cl.AI. da.~m "fat in food", with intra-Rom. insertion of a paragogic vowel /a/. adacilla: see adaza. adael: see adafl. adafera: see adefera. adafina (Cs. and Pt.) and adefina (Cs.) "kind of stew used by Spanish Jews, left on the embers before the beginning of Sabbath to be eaten then": dht< (cf. Cp. toobe). In Cs., as well as in Pt. adoblva, it has also the sense of "a prisoner's fetter", by metonymy of the main sense. 88 Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: adobera~ adoberfa and adobfo; Val.: (a)tov6; Pt.: adobar~ adobarla and adobelra. adohar (with the var. aldohar and haldoar): is an unassimilated technical term, from GP 15, < Ar. a;;.uhr ''noon" adoh6n (Cs.) "millet": is a hapax, retrieved by Pocklington 1984 from Coleccion de DocumetUos para Ia historia del reino de Murcia, C'zALY6). This suggests a parallel evolution *al+wayt+6N > *AD+wayl+6N (with dissimilation and/or contamination by the Rom. preposition) > *ADWALY6N (with metathesis ofyod) >ADAWLYON (with metathesis oflwl). adomassar: see damasco. AdonaVy (Cs.) and Adonai (Ct.) "Jewish name of God": < Hb. MmUiy "my lord(s)" (majestic pl.), through Bib.Lt. adoquim (Pt., with the var. adoqulna) and adoqufn (Cs.) ''paving stone" and aloquln "stone enclosure in a wax bleachery" (Cs., mere phonetic var. of the preceding, not a der. from Cl.Ar. alwaqi ''protector", as the DRAE used to state, an unknown term in And. with serious phonetic and semantic drawbacks): < And. addukkan = Cl.Ar. dukkiitz "stone bench". 89 Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: adoqulnado(r) and adoqulnar. ador (Cs. and Arag.) "watering tum": < And. addtiwr = Cl.Ar. dawr "tum, period" Cf. adra. adora "corn or millet" (Pt.), dora (Pt.) "Indian millet" and ardunin "sorghum" (Cs., omitted by DA and Coromines): all of them are late borrowings of Naf. origin, < Mar. addra Cl.Ar. durah_!XJ Cf. adorra. adorem/z: see derezi.

86 This word was surveyed, with rich and documented new data which used to be his best contribution to etymologies, by Oliver 1942: 153-164. 87 Correction to Corriente 1999e:67 and 2002a: 106, received in private mail from Aharon Klaus, Ph.D. student of Barcelona University, based upon living usage, quotes from the treatise Masechet Megila and the entries of Even Shoshan 196911:956 and 949. Therefore, our former proposal of a hybrid suffixation of And atlahhci < Cl.Ar. talahha "to have fun", must be abandoned. 88 Ali; explained by Garcia GOmez 1972:III 474-5. The Pt. meaning as "room in which minor delinquents are allowed to pace around" is an obvious semantic evolution. 89 Ignored by Eguilaz, which made him pro-

pound a thoroughly unsuitable metathesis of Ar. **kaddiin "a soft stone" 90 TheallegedBr. ***ayardan ''wheaf', which older editions of DRAB took from Eguil.az or from Fr. works written at the end of the 19th c., is a mere mistranscription of an also erroneous Ar. spelling of the genuine standard Br. **ird;m of that meaning, well- known by Br. scholars. However, this term is also semantically unsuitable, on account of the quality differences between wheat and the intended North African Gramineae, usually receiving names derived from Ar. durah, which Eng. and Fr. colonizers have preferred to simply transcribe as durra. The correct etymon is suspected by Machado, s.v. dora, though mistakenly transcribed as ***dhurru.

=

34

ADORRA-ADUAR

adorra "shirt" (Old Pt., in a Ltt. document; Garcia Arias 2006:25 adds the Ast. var. atorra, and DO 163 Leo. adtorra and adora;) and atorra "petticoat" (Cs. from Alava, after DRAE, also in Llt. documents of Aragon as "buttoned tunic", after Fort Caiiellas 1994:125): do not derive from Basque atora "man's or woman's shirt", according to Machado and DRAE in former editions, as att of them derive from And. addumifa = ct.Ar. durriifah. It is one of the very scarce Ar. loanwords in the Basque language, generatty received through Rioja and Navarra from Tarazona and Tudela, strongly Islamicized and Arabicized for centuries. adorro "stubborn; tedious, monotonous" (Anz. and Ant.): prob. the same as handora in the Arcipreste de Rita and standard andorra, q.v.91 Cf. alcandora. adova: see adoba. adra (Cs.) ''tum; share": is a deverbal der. from adrar (labetted by DRAE as Sal), for *adorar, a denominal der. of ador, q.v. adraman (Gl.) "heavily built bad-tempered man": is an isolated Ar. loanword in the entire lbero-Rom., reflecting the Ar. pr.n. fabdarraf:mliin, a likely reminiscence of times when the Cordovan Umayyad rulers stitt often threatened the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. adrede (Cs. and Pt.) "on purpose'': in the lack of a better etymon, it might reflect Ar. fan ri(iii "at pleasure", perhaps through a hybrid And. Rom. *AD+ri(ia. Thevar. adedre< *adredre would reflect the old lateral result assimilated to the previous sonorant, while the lei would match >ik in the same way as in ata/e, q.v. adret algeuze: is an unassimilated astronomical term, from GP 15, interpreted as "mistress of Orion", but corrected by Kunitzsch 1961:116 as Neo-Ar. fudrat aljawzii'l, unclear name of some stars of Canis Major, the meaning of which was also dealt with in Kunitzsch 1959:140, fn. l. adrion: is an unassimilated technical term, from DAX 672, without an alphabetic entry, s.v. diarrod6n, not a rose ointment, as fancied by the authors, who often mix up these

terms, but a reflex ofNeo-Ar. adaryiin "marigold (Calendula officinalis)", about which, see Bustamante, Corriente & Tilmatine 2004:55 and 2007:87. adritus: see alsadritus. adroguer and adrogueria: see droga. adrolla: see hadrolla. adruba: see joroba. adta: see ata. adtiua: see atiba. adua (Pt.) and (a)dula (Cs. and Arag.) "herd", duulla (Leo., from DO 239) and dula (Ct.) "pasture land":< And. addula = Ct.Ar. dawlah "tum, period", of watering, etc., with a semantic shift towards grazing, and then, the grazing flocks and the place for it, although the original meaning also survives in Cs., next to "an irrigated patch of land or used for grazing by turns" There are other semantic evolutions, like dula "day of forced labour; subterfuge" (Mur.), "herd of swine" (Ant.), and "prosperity; lucky time" (Jud.-Sp.), dua (Cs.) "forced labour; team of miners; tum" and (Sat., imitating Pt. adua) "turn of watering" and Pt. adua, in the sense of "compulsory repairs of city watts" and "moat", generated by "tum" A phonetic var. is aduba (Pt.) "crew's communal meat". Intra-Rom. der.: Arag.: edulario "driver of horses or mules", doliquera "rabbit burrow; bedroom for little brothers" and duliquera "wild rabbit"; Can. adulado "timely (said of rain)" and adularse ''to become partners in grazing"; Cs.: adulear, adulero and dular; Ct.: duler; Pt.: aduadalo, aduagem, aduar (a verb), aduerismo and adueiro. aduana(da), aduanar and aduane(i)ro: see divan. aduar1 (Cs., Ct., with the var. duar, Pt. and Gt.) "Bed. vittage": is a loanword not earlier than the 15th c. campaigns in North Africa, < Ar. dawwiir, in its Naf. Bed. pronunciation duwwiir. The etymon of older editions ofDRAE, based upon Ar. **adwiir ''turns" is wrong, and neither is this word the pl. of **diir "house". Cf. adua. aduar "vertigo, dizziness": is an unassimilated medical term from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:68 (with the spetting var. advar

See Corriente 1993c: 139, presently increased with many additions, about its origin and

semantic evolution.

(A)DUBAYLA- ADUNIA

in Vazquez & Herrera 1985:106) < AI. culduwiir.

aduba: see adua. (a)dubayla (with the var. aldubela/eti, (al)dubellet, a(l)dubellati and aldubela) "soft tumor": is an unassimilated medical term from Herrera & Vazquez 1981:126-129 and 1989:84, fpltwnj< not only is not infrequent (cf. jinete, jengibre, etc.) but, precisely for this word has a wellknown Mor. allomorph ''two; pair", in perfect agreement with some late tendencies of the And pronunciation. Intra-Rom. der.: Pt.: ajoujar and desajoujar. ajovar: see aixovar. aju: see alaju. ajua (Pt.) "pressed dates": is a contemporaryunassimilatedborrowing,from.Ar.fajwah.

107 A derivation of a hypothetical interjection xut(a), suggested by Machado, not only clashes with phonetic difficulties, but also with the fact

that such a word is missing in his own dictionary, and that of Morais.

44

AJUAGAS-(AL)ABRENT

ajuagas (Cs., also in Pt., after Morais only), eixuagues (Ct.) and axuaga (Gl) "malanders, ulcers on the hoof":< And. a.{(uqtiq = Ct.Ar. .(uqiiq, documented by Ibn Hisiim Atlaxmi. 108 ajuar and ajuarar: see aixovar. ajudeng/zar and ajudiado: see judeu. ajuma: see aljuma. ajuz ala~et "the lion's haunch": is an unassimitated astronomical term, from GP 17, alternative name of far.( assimiik al?afzal, i.e., ars (~met) "the seat of Assimiik'', in GP 62), identified by Kunitzsch 1961:42 and 44 as Beta, Gamma, Delta and Epsilon Corvi, < Neo-Ar. fajuz al?a.md, lit., "the lion's behind" Cf. a~mec(h). al montahim: is an unassimilated astronomical term, from GP 4 7, said of certain astronomical tables, < Ar. almumtaban "the verified one" The infracorrect vocalization of the entry is remarkable, considering the And. trend towards voice confusion in the participles (see SK 6.4.1). Ala (Cs. and Pt.) "Ar. name of God": 109 nii[.s< (cf. DAX 1271 natis) and "Persian" albece, combined with the mention in Kunitzsch 1959:153, fn. 1, of >bii[.s< as one of the transcriptions of that Gr. word, sometimes mixed up with lmetes and, therefore, rendered by Ar. fawwa? or ,~ayyii/:1

"screamer", with which Nykl connects this entry. 165 Of which the Ar. technical term ba.mlaki is a mere transcription. 166 Whence albafial through *alballa(n), by sonorant metathesis and palatalization, of a sign opposite to the case of the place name Berrellen, from the pr.n. (a)ban ranndn, after Teres 1990:180.

64

ALBERCA-ALBESTI

with the Neo-P. geographical term bangii.le < Hindi bar,gii.l "Bengal", also reflected by the Cs. gentilic bengali. Intra-Rom. der.: Ct.: bengal ada. alberca (Cs. and Arag.), alberque (Cs.), alverca (Pt.) and l(l)aberca (Arag.) "pond, pool": < And. albirka = Cl.Ar. birkah. Der. intrarrom. Cs.: alberquero; Pt.: alberqueiro and alvercada. Cf. abarc6n. alberc/zachali, alberza chalihabet and confectio alberez167 "electuary against leprosy": is an unassimilated medical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:162 and 2(JJ, with a var. bederasuli in Vazquez 2005:1148, < Neo-Ar. bazarjali, perhaps < Neop. *bozorg kali /:lab bat "pill against the big corrosion", with Pahl. syntaxis. alberchico, alberechigo and alber6chico (Nav.), alberchigo/a (Cs.), alberge (Ct., with the dial. var. ampressec), alberge or alberque (Arag.) and alperc(h)e (Pt.) "a variety of peach or apricot":< And. Rom. *al+BERSJQ < Lt. (mii.lum) perslcum, with occasional loss of the Lt. suffix or of the post-tonic syllable and mutual, phonetic and semantic contamination with abercoc and the like (q.v.). The reflexes with >ch< are anomalous and explainable only by intra-Rom. contamination with shapes in which, after the decay of the suffix, there was altemance of HI, !jl and IC/ in cauda position.168 Cs. alpersico (cf. Pt. pessego), poorly documented, seems to obey to mere contamination of the Lt. etymon with the Arabicized forms. Intra-Rom der.: Cs.: alberchigal, alberchiguero and albergero; Ct.: albergener; Pt.: alperc(h)eiro. alberchina: see albergina. albercoc, albercoque, albercoquer(o ), albercueco and alberj/ge: see abercoc.

alberechigo: see alberchico. alberengi or beringi "a variety ofmyrobalan (Embelia ribes)": with the var. ibrange in DAX 1037), is an unassimilated term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:204, < Neo-Ar. ibranj I biran.j < Neo-P. beranj. alberez: see albercachali. albergate: see alpargata. alberge(ner): see alberchigo. albergina, alberginia and alberginiera: see albargina. alaberjen/fia: see albergina. alberj6: see borja. (al)bernia (Ct.), hernia (Cs.) and berne/io (Pt.) "a kind of cloak and the rough fabric out of which it was made": prob. < And. (al)birniyya for *ibim~vya "Irish, Hibernian", as such would be the origin of that fashion. 169 This etymon was known and considered by Coromines, who finally rejected it as, according to him, that word would be too learned, and its aphaeresis inexplicable. But in fact, Hibernia was for centuries the most common and internationally known name of Ireland, transmitted in Lt. by its own natives, whose Celtic dialect was unintelligible outside the island, while that phonetic phenomenon is very common in And. for words of a similar structure.17°Cf. borni. albernoz, albernu~ and albernus: see alborn oz. alberochico: see alberchigo. alberque: see alberca and alberchigo. alberxina: see albargina. albesti "fat and greasy substance": is an unassimilated medical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:163, in fact, the gentilic of Bust, in Afghanistan< Neop. bosti, said of a variety of figs.

167 This last var. appears shortened in this manner and is no reflex of bara,1· "albarazo", q.v., on account of differences in vocalization and pathological definition. 168 See AAR 2.1.2.5.2.4. 169 Strictly speaking, this word is borrowed from And.Rom., as the heir from Lt., by And., but the gentilic morpheme and the optional agglutination of the Ar. article suggest an And. phase as immediate origin of the loanword, prob. coined by Mozarabs.

170 See SK n. 84 with such conspicuous examples as **Emerita > *"11uirida, **Jtalica > **taliqa, *"Arunda > **ninda, **Oli.vipo > **li.~buna, etc. While it is true that Ireland was not an industrial country, it was well within its reach to spin wool from its many sheep and to weave materials resistant to cold and rain, a much necessary commodity there. As a matter of fact, Alqazwini (13th c.) in his cosmography entitled fAjii'lib alnuu;liiqiit describes the Irish as wearing luxurious apparel.

(AL)BEZEL-ALBOAIRE

65

albetof>a: see albatoza. albexenia: see albixeres. (al)bezel "punction": is an unasslmlIated medical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:204-205, < Ar. bazl. albhear "dyspnea": is an unassimilated medical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:74, with the var. albear in Vazquez & Herrera 1985b:106 and bhear in Vazquez & Herrera 1983:174, < Ar. albuhr. albher: see albora(ti). albicer: from Garcia Salinero 1968:33, is a mere corrupted var. of alizar, q.v. 171 albihar (Cs.) "longwort (Anacyclus clavatus)": < And. albihtir = CI.Ar. bahiir, which the CI.Ar. dictionaries identify as the gender Buphtalmum, and mod. botanic encyclopaedias, with diverse species of the gender Anthemis, all of them Compositae. Cf. alpaalor. albimorastan or almorastani "hospital": is an unassimilated medical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:163, < Neo-P. bimiirestiin, widely extended in Ar., even And., under several shapes. albifioca (Anz.) and il/noca (Ast.) and minhoca (Pt.) "earthworm": the first form cannot obviously derive from the Pt. one; instead, both must have a common And. Rom. origin, proving Machado right when he disavows its African origin. That hypothetic And. Rom. word might well have been a reflex of Lt. alb!nea "whitish" with the dim.-pejorative suffix {-6Q}. 172 albir "a round and reddish abscess": is an unassimilated medical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1983:168, perhaps a metonymy of Ar. albizz "nipple"

albisi "medicine containing aconite": is an unassimilated medical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:164, < Neo-Ar. bf.fl:. albitana (Cs.) and alb/vitana (Pt., with the var. albW1nea, albitano and albitona) "lining": < And. albitdnah = CI.Ar. bitiitUih. From the same origin, by semantic, and occasionally phonetic evolution, are albitana (Ext. and Ani.) and armitana or armitafio (Ani.) "coarse mesh layers of a trammel net", bidana "a part of a trammel net" (Ani.), arbitana "a part of fishing boats using dragnets; fine mesh layer of the trammel net" (Ani.), and Pt. albitano (in Morais) "layer of a dragnet" albixena: see albixeres. albfxeres (Ct., with the var. albixena, albaixinia, albexenia, ambfxeres, etc.), alvif>aras or alvissaras (Pt.), albfzaras (GI.), alv(er)fsyas (Jud.-Sp.), albricies (Ast., also albizoras, in Garcia Arias 2006: 15) and albricias (Cs. and Ar.) "(reward for) good news": from an And. pronunciation *bi.fra of Ar. bu.fra, 173 with intra-Rom. adoption of pl., prob. by attraction of noticias "news" It can be agreed upon with Coromines that there were no reflexes of the Ar. synonymous **bi.fiirah nor therefore antepenultima stressed forms, except perhaps some very minor var. with a peculiar story. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: albriciar; Pt.: alvissaragem, alvissarar and alvissareiro. albizaras: see albixeres. alboaire (Cs., with a var. aloharia, from Garcia Salinero 1968:31) "glazed tile work in a vault": is a Mudejar building technical term from the 16th c., heretofore considered a metonymy of albufera, as if the glazed

171 But if it were distorted from *alhicer, the etymon i/:z,viir would be a bit more credible. 172 See AAR, p. 128. The reflexes of Lt. albu.v are well documented in And.Rom, e.g., in IQ 82110/2 and 84/11/3, and in the xarajiit A4, 7, 14, 22 and Hll (see PD 274-5, 278-9, 291 and 314-5). 173 About the frequency of this phenomenon of palatalization in And., see AAR, 2.1.4.1.7. As for the possibility of this result of the palatal in Pt., Gl. and Cs. being a consequence of the preservation of the old lateral trait of this sibilant, see AAR, p. 53, fn. 39, although the very

palatalization of the preceding front vowel would exclude it and direct us towards an intra-Rom. solution, like maybe the phonetic awkwardness of the cluster /Jr/, given away by the insertion of an anaptyctic vowel and occasional metathesis. The same inference may be drawn from the var. alvistra (lege sic alvistral, as the last consonant is the agglutinated pronoun le) excerpted by Eguilaz from Libm de Alexandre. A parallel situation with the cluster /jr/ was solved through the insertion ofldl, (i.e. ljdrl > /drl) in the place name Madrid and similar instances, as Coromines demonstrated in DCELC, s.v. mejor.

66

ALBOCAYRE-ALB/M6NDIGA

tiles were comparable to a smattlake. That is not impossible, as there is, after DS, a simitar meaning of babr, of which bubayrah is a dim., and even in Cs.lagunar ( f.)) and Ct. (ll'Zl'l>ll'l'/), matching Old Cs. cafizamiento "tax paid on each cahfz (q.v.) sowed" alcahotar and alcahoterfa: see alcahuete. alcahuete (Cs., with the old var. alcahuet, from GP 23, and alcau/yuet, from GP 26), alcaiote (GI. and Pt.) and alcoveto, alcoviteiro and alcagote (Pt.) and alcavlbot (Ct.) "pimp", and acagiiete (Pt., Brazilian slang, borrowed from Cs., with semantic evolution) "informer": nqln.f)'h< from Almuqtabi~ V, fol. 123, which must be corrected as *qiinyJh = *qanniJuh), leave no room for the etymon **alkanii?is "the churches" suggested in the past.

78

ALCAPc;:/S-ALCJGARAVIZ

alcaparral; Pt. alcaparrar and alcaparreira. alcaparrosa: see caparrosa. alcap~s (Ct., with the var. alhapz in a Lit. document quoted by Eguilaz, as well as in the Repartimiefllos of Murcia and Valencia, after Pocklington 1984:279-280) "domestic prison": < And. al/:uibs = Cl.Ar. (labs. The same etymon might explain alcas (Ct.) "room for locking up the balance, above the chopping block", after Coromines. alcaptor: see alcaud6n. alcar (Pt.) "a cistaceous shrub": Morais' identification would invalidate Machado's etymological proposal, based on DE, from And. **alqtirrah "lamb's ear (Stachys germanica", lit., "the tranquilizer", as explained by And. botanists) but, considering that DE attributes to this Pt. term the meaning "common white horehound (Marrubium vulgare)", another labiate, that furthermore contemporary Eastern botanists, like Bedevian and Galib, exclusively give the var. qii.rah and finally that semantic evolutions of this kind are not uncommon, that etymon might be viable, despite the incomplete coincidence of the botanic identification. The fern. ending in the source language also poses a problem as being a fern. participle it cannot be easily dismissed as a mere morpheme of n.un. alcara: see alcaria. alcarabe: see carabe. alcarabfa, alcarabiella, alcarauhuya, alcarauia and alcaraiilla: see alcaravea. al~;aratan (var. alca~;ecatan): is an unassimilated astronomical term, from GP 53, "Cancer", confirmed by Kunitzsch 1961:22, < Ar. assara!iin "the crab". Cf. sarata. alcaraten: see alharatan. alcaravan (Cs. and Gl.), alcaraviio (Pt., with the var. algarviio, algoraviio and algoro(u)viio), algaravan (Ast., from Garcia Arias 2006:181),2{)1 ehcaravan and algurabao (Ext., the latter, borrowed from Pt.) and algaravan (Arag.) "curlew (Oedicnemus oedicnemus", but Can. alcaravan is "praying

mantis", by a semantic contamination based on algavaro, q.v.): tis, hiJ boreif}tems autr1n kal epi to' kollorr}bou "the northernmost above the staff", in which the last word would have been read as *kaletor boil "herald of the ox", through a ALKALUROP(U)S reflected in AI. spelling. On the other hand, and since ALKALUROP(U)S

kawwar(a).

82

ALCAYD--ALCHASEM

alcayd "eggshells": is an llllassimilated astronomical term, from GP 26, an alternative name of certain stars of Eridanus and Cetus, after Kllllitzsch 1961:94, < Ar. qayd. alcayet: see alcaide. alcaymonia: see alcamonia. alcayuet: see alcahuete. alcazaba: see alca~aba. alcazar: see alcacer. alcazarefio (Cs.) "gentilic of any of the towns called Alcazar": is a case of Rom. suffixation to that place name. Cf. alcacer. alcazarria: see alca~aria. alcazuz: see alca~uz. alcedeles and al~elez: see almu~ele~. al~ehem "arrow": is an unassimilated astronomical term, from GP 28, identified by Kllllitzsch 1959:205, as the constellation Sagitta, < Ar. assahm. al~ek and alceke: see alna~r. alcemena: see alzamane. alcemite: see acemite. alchabisse: see alcabise. (al)chabus and acubus208 "nightmare": is an unassimilated medical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:77, < Ar. alkiibas. alchachur: see achor(as). alchad "fleshy and muscular part (of the body)": is an unassimilated medical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:13, which in our view does not contain any semantic confusion with Ar. xadd "cheek", but just a poor reading of Ar. nwq'iad "buttocks". Cf. almacaero. alchada: see alachdain. alchada/i or alchadam "mote, speck in the eyes": is an unassimilated medical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:78, < Ar. alqadil. Cf. algada and algaz. alchad(e): see alachad. alchafa "nape of the neck": is an unassimilated anatomical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:168, < Ar. alqafii. alcha(ha)b: see alcahab. alchaisum or chaisim "nasal cartilage": is an unassimilated anatomical term, from

Vazquez & Herrera 1989:168 < Ar. alxayliim. alc(h)alach "anxiety": is an llllassimilated medical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:74-76, < Ar. alqalaq. alcha(l)el "disorder": is an llllassimilated medical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:168, < Ar. aLmlal. alchalesae (vena -, with the var. alhasase) "occipital veins": is an unassimilated anatomical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:40-50,209 < Ar. al/:!asisiin. alchalidicon: see calchidicon. alchaluch "a perfume": is an unassimilated pharmaceutical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:169, < Ar. alxaliiq. Cf. aloe. alchamar or altumar "snow blindness": is an unassimilated medical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:116, < Ar. alqanwr. alchamha "funnel": is an unassimilated pharmaceutical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1983:168, < Ar. alqimf. Cf. agumys. alchamhaduc, alc(h)amhadue, camhaduti or chamadura "occiput": is an llllassimilated anatomical term, from v azquez & Herrera 1989:14, < Ar. qam/:laduwah. alchamcha(r): see alhame(c)h. alchanna: see alfefia. alcharc(h)a "baldness": is an llllassimilated medical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:78, < Ar. alqarafah. Cf. careca. alcharfie, alcharsiae and alcharis(ie) "senility": is an unassimilated medical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:80, < Ar. alxarqfiyyah. alcharis: see charis. alcharis(ie) and alcharsiae: see alcharfie. alcharisi "tart": is an unassimilated pharmaceutical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1983:168, < Ar. birr{f alchars and alchaser: see alchsarar. alchaschenagiat "a kind of biscuit": is an unassimilated dietary term, from v azquez & Herrera 1989:170, < Neo-Ar. xu.fkuniinij < Pahl. hulk niinek "small dry bread" alchasem "longitudinal fracture": is an

designates My Bootis, after Kunitzsch, it must be assumed that this is also the identification of ~at a~;ayaf "the the screamer's lance", in GP 71bis, with the var. acatacaya and acataca(la), < And. 1ru;;:it a.,~,myya/:1 < O.Ar. fa,~a a,~,myyii/:1.

208 Next to even more distorted forms like Hecuba and Incubo. 209 With the var. alhasesa in Vazquez & Herrera 1983:171.

ALCHASI-ALCHIASCHUEGI

unassimilated medical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1983:170, c< and >q< (e.g., alquena, alcaixa and alcap~ q.v.) and, as far as the last consonant is concerned, since there are some cases of (f/ < III in And., it would be homologously normal that also /vi < /df would occur, on account of a similar acoustic vicinity. 233 From the same etymon, also supporting this hypothesis, is Pt. alfobre (with the var. alfofre/o, alforbe and alfovre) "terrace", which Machado would derive from Ar. **l:zufrah, semantically unapt: in this case, the result of the pharyngeal is totally normal, while that of the lateral is anomalous; however, as in the case of slangish Cs. albaire, q.v., lr/ might have been the match of 1(11, so that a primitive form *alfovre would have generated the others without difficulty. alcova, alcovar and alcoveta: see alcoba. alcoveto: see alcahuete. alcovilha and alcovista: see alcoba. alcovitagem, alcovitar, alcovitaria, alcovi(teiri)ce and alcoviteiro: see alcahuete.

alcraf: see atarf. a(l)crebite (Cs.) and alcrevite (Pt.) "sulphur'' and alquerebites (Pt., only in Morais) "sulphur match": < And. alkibrtt = Cl.Ar. kibrit < Ak. kibritu[m]. alcribfs: see alcaraviz. alcroco (Cs.) "saffron": < And. Rom. *al+Q(O)R6QO g< often alternates with >b1 **{Jaddax} in DAA. A similar example from a mod. dialect, in a phonetically very close root, is Eg. **fandaq ''to open a door completely",

apparently from **fattaq "to rip. 263 There are some examples of this phenomenon in AAR 2.1.4.1.1, but none of Inti> /nd/, which might have to be attributed to an IntraRom. phase.

ALFANEQUE--ALFANGE

103

cases of albacea, albacar, etc., from Western Ar. **biiza(fanak"falconforhuntingfennecs", a small African fox (Fennecus zerda) whose valuable fur is indeed meant by alfanequel and appears also in Lit. documents of Aragon under the spellings alfaneclk, which by no means can be understood as "falcon skin", but only as the fur obtained from that mammal or its imitations, as we shall see below. But the use of falcons for hunting fennecs is not documented, 264 which made Egw1az disavow Dozy's hypothesis and, followed by us for some time, suggested the alternative And. etymon **tuuUJkt "dark coloured" (from the Ct. root { f:llk}), It is true that DRAE described this bird as whitish and spotted, but a shift to mean a similar subspecies of a different colour could be admitted within the range of semantic evolution constantly affecting animal and plant names; in fact, Egw1az thought to have found support in the mention of a black kind of falcon in Libro de Ia Caza by D. Juan Manuel, but it must be acknowledged that his proposal is flawed by the requirement of an unwitnessed semantic evolution and, worst of all, stress, which ought to hit the last syllable in that case. The truth is that there is no documented Ar. form supporting either hypothesis as, although Alcala renders Cs. alfaneque as fan.ique pl. fmzec, this appears to be a mere return from Cs., with a pl. prob. invented by him, as in other instances (see Corriente 1988a:III). Another possibility would be a corruption of And. Rom. *al+xal+AYQ "from the wilderness", in perfect agreement with the most reliable descriptions of this bird (in Maillo 1998:94), being mostly whitish and native of the desert areas of Africa, far from

the coast. The phonetic alteration would have been caused by the much greater frequency of the third sense, documented in And. by IQ 11/9/3, warridti mud a(fatztik, the translation of which must be corrected to "and the cloak shows the alfaneque (through holes)", taking for granted that, in this context of utter misery, it was imitation fur. Finally, however, everything we know now about falcomy makes us think that this word may be a simple corruption of Neo-Ar. afr'iq'i "from Ifriqiyyah", provenance of most varieties of falcons in the Middle Ages, with a phonetic evolution also influenced by the very frequent alfaneque3 • alfanequel "the sultan's tent in campaign": the decisive var. alfracin DAX 110 (closest to its etymon, as will be seen, with a Lit var. in an Arag. document, alphamet, obviously corrupt for *alphanec, in a list of arms, harnesses and tents), confirms its true etymon, And. *alfartiq < Br. afmg, distorted by the phonetic attraction of the other two alfaneques. alfanequel "a valuable fur" (with the Ast. var. alfanegue in Garcia Arias 2006:17 and an alfaneke in Herrero de Ia Fuente 1988 III:500): 265 is, in this case indeed, that of the fennec, < Ar. fmzak, always very valued by furriers. It makes a curious appearance, coupled with alifafel in a Cantabrian document of ll12.2nli alfanete: see alfiler. alfaneya: see alhanfa. alfange and alfanja (Ct.), alfanje (Cs. and Pt., the latter with the old var. alfanjar) and alfanxe (Gl) "Moorish sabre": lml> lnlin cauda, with subsequent suffix metanalysis and substitution), might be considered as hybridized with the Rom. aug. suffix, from Ar. (alfii?ir) al/:turr, tit., "noble bird",274 the usual name of the gosshawk. However, as the Cs. vocalism does not fit into this hypothesis, Egm1az, DRAE and Coromines propounded Ar. **farriis "prey ripper", regardless of the fact that Ar.lrl before Ia/ is usuatty velarized and unfavourable to a Rom. result lei, not to mention the semantic incongruence of such an antonomasia with the size and normal behaviour of lesser birds of prey. Instead of supposing that such a hypothetic etymon had generated alferraz, then contaminated by reflexes of Ar ./:turr, it sounds likelier that the forms with a thematic vowel lei had undergone some vocalic contamination, prob. with aferrar ''to clutch", a characteristic and most impressive action in the behaviour of birds of prey, as vividly reflected in the folk imagination by aferrador "constable, policeman", in thieves' cant, as they seize offenders. Also alfarrocho (Arag) and alfor(r)ocho (Arag. and Nav.) "sparrowhawk" have the same origin, with a different Rom. suffix, pejorative {+6C}, optionatty contaminated in the thematic vowel, by another phonetically very similar bird name, Ar. alforrocho, < And. alfarruj = Ct.Ar. .fa/urrilj "chick" It is striking that the original vocalization be preserved only in the contaminated word, which is not its semantic match; this can be construed as a fortuitous consequence of the strong tendency to harmonize the thematic vowel with that of the suffix. Intra-Rom. der.: Arag.: alforrochar ''to scare the chickens in the coop" alfersa (Ct.) "smith's puncher": prob. derived from And. ,-arsa < Ct.Ar. .fiirisah, "horsewoman", from the etymon of alferes, as it is mounted on the anvil in order to protect

274 By chance no doubt, as it exists everywhere in Ar., not documented in And., unlike a hybrid match, /:lurrubiytil, suspected of containing Rom.

* ABYAL "related to birds" The shorter forms of Cs. and Ast. would betray that the longer ones do contain a Rom. suffix, prob. aug. or pejorative.

110

ALFERZA-ALF'll.

it from the pWich. The Ar. etymon **firwh "separate piece" suggested with some hesitation by Coromines is not convincing, being a Cl.Ar. word unattested in And., with the basic connotation of"fragment, piece", semantically WISUitable in this case. alferuzach: see feruz and feyruzech. alferza (Old Cs., with a var. alfferza in GP 310) "queen in chess": 275 < And. alfarza < Cl.Ar.. firziin < Neo-P.farzin < Pahl.friizen "guardian" Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: alfferzar and alfferzada. alfescelira: see alfasir. alfetena (Pt., with the var. fetena, only in Morais, wrongly stressed), alfeta/ene (Leo., from DO 190) and alfetna (Arag.) "sedition; civil war":< And. aljfllut =Cl.Ar.fimah, technical term in Islamic law for "war WIjustifiable on religious groWids", a metaphor of Rab. Aram. pilllii "snake", < Hb. peten "viper" = Ugar. >plnJu.fiiiU!h/I/ were not infrequent (see AAR 2.1.2.2.3), although a contamination with the root {lqt/ already on And. soil cannot be excluded either. As for the Arag. form, it is the outcome of double wrong parsing *alel+icate, *alels icates, *sicates, etc. alicece: see alacet. ali~elem: see islam.

alicer: see alizar. alicerce, alice~zar and alicercear: see alacet. alicherich: see algicarech. alicimin: see jasmim. ali9iim: see islam. alicim: see alecri. aliclil (elgenubi, with the var. alechil, aHeHI, aheljl, alyclilyl I alclil aljanubi) "Corona Australis": is an unassimilated astronomical term, from GP 41, identified by Kunitzsch 1961:71 with Beta, Delta and Pi Scorpionis, < Neo-Ar. al'liklil aljanubi. alicreo: see alacran1• alidada (Cs., Ct., Gl. and Pt., the latter with the var. alidade) and alhidada (Cs., e.g., in GP 39 and DAX 115) "alidade": < And. al'ii{ltida CI.Ar. 'ii(iiidah "door jamb" alidem (Ct.) "a sauce": /C/, characteristic of Granadan, as described in Corriente 1981a:13), the name Aban B~tagayr, mentioned by Coromines under v:.istago, and Ct. aumastecs, q.v.

138

ALMADA/FJINA-ALMADRAQUE

and almara "needle for sewing hempen sandals" (Val of Elche, after DCECH): ,363 with another metathesis. Intra-Rom. der.: dial. Ct.: marraixo and marranxeta. Cf. borratxa. almarrega: see almat'ega. almarta/iga1 (Cs.) "halter": < And. *almartafa for Cl.Ar. ritiif "shackle", both n.inst. formed by root metanalyis of the Cl.Ar. irtafil. "to graze" < {r~yj. From the same etymon prob., with Rom. suffixation and semantic evolution, are Cs. and Arag. martagon "sullen", a metaphor of the shackle, which does not let go of the beast. As in the cases of albOndiga, alhOndiga and alfoncigo, the var. almartiga exhibits contamination by the unstressed Rom. suffix {+JKO}. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: almartigon; Ant.: marta/eguilla and mortaguilla "rope halter" (dim.).

almarta/ega (Pt.) and almarta!ega2 (Cs., with the var. almartac, from GP 43, and martak, from GP 106) "litharge":< And. alnuirtaq/k < Cl.Ar. nuzrtak < Neo-P. ma/ortak. almartiga: see almartaga1• almarza: see almof~a. almarzara: see almassera. almarzem: see almacen. (al)masal "serum": is an unassimilated medical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:189, < Ar. alnuz,~[.364 (al)masera, almesse(ra), (al)mese/ire, massar(i)e and massere "bruise": is an unassimilated medical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:97, < Neo-Ar. mii.farii < Syr.

363 Coromines 1976:DI. 124. in the supporting passage of his entry magerra in DCELC, is wrong upon considering this word as a mere phonetic var. of the latter, thus neglecting the wide semantic gap between a wooden box for money and a glass container for wine or vinegar. 364 In spite of their semantic identity, it cannot be etymologically connected with ITIIIJS/,~ (cf. almece). as explainedinDAA517.

365 There is. then,nomorpho1ogicalnorsemantic relation whatsoever with essere. q.v .• but only perhaps some confusion on account of phonetic likeness. as the Syr. and Ar. technical terms properly mean erysipelas (Payne Smith 18791901 :4318). characterized by edematous local inflammations, erroneously identified with bruises. 366 From plate 2444 in Alvar. Uorente & Salvador 1961-73.

mii.frii. 365

almaset and malest "curd, cottage cheese": is an unassimilated dietary term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:190, < Neo-Ar. miist, < Neop. with the same shape. almassera (Ct., with the Val. var. almarcera), almazera (Arag.), almazara (Cs.) and almarzara (Mur., with repercussion): i *al+MOKEYRO), and then a dissimilation of sonorants (> *al+MOKEWRO), but we must agree that this process would have been too complex and isolated. At some other time, we have also thought that it might have been a case of jesting contamination by And. **muqarib "bad", based on the notorious ill reputation of muleteers, which became the subject of lampoons like, e.g., IQ 84/18 ff. However, in such case, one would expect that at least a var. without imOlah, not expectable in the vicinity of lql should appear, which is not the case; for this reason, we are presently more inclined to believe that the true etymon may be a contraction of an And. syntagm mukrf ddbba "hirer of

388 The Ar. text is wa?ammii JJijiiju ilil/:laddi Jmiit,li/:rah (Vazquez de Benito 1989:136), lit.,

alien to the subject matter, with dire consequences for the emerging Western scientific terminology. In this particular case, the Ar. term is frequent in Islamic law, in connection with compensations for injuries. Da Vigo's book under question is a translation from Lt. into Cs. edited in Perpignan by Luys Roure in 1627, of which there is a copy in the library of Saragossa University, which were able to peruse.

"as for head wounds so severe that the bone shows ... ", perfectly understood by Barcia Goyanes 1982, a pioneer in reaching the right conclusion and exposing the mistake of suggesting "pericranium", as one more instance of errors conunitted by translators of medical treatises in both transcriptions and renderings, subsequently magnified by the alterations of copyists totally

ALMOCRI-ALMOFAlE

155

beasts", 389 whence Rom. *MOKR(ID)EBAIE, perfectly acc01mting for the var. with inserted labial, which may well have coexisted with simple reflexes of abnukari, before replacing them. From the same etymon, but through Eastern transmission, borrowed in the 16th c., is Pt. mucaro, prob. with erroneous stress, instead of penultima, or even ultima stress, if derived from Neo-P. Intra-Rom. der.: Pt.: almoc(rev)aria and almocrevar. almocrf (Cs.) "professional reader of the Koran": mqld< in the documents of the Toledan Mozarabs, as he believed, would reflect And. muqallds "provided with a qakm-

See SK 26, 1.1.9. See Fischer 1972:45. 397 The etymon ***ulmujtl'lizah suggested in former editions of DRAB until corrected in the latest, cannot even exist, as Ar. morphology would require **mujtlwizah.

398 A kind of headgear used by doctors in Islamic law. By a jesting anticlerical metonymy, as Andalusis were not too fond of those religious men, and made sport of all kinds of headdresses, they also gave this name to bread adulterated with inferior flour, except for the crust (see DAA, s. v. ).

395 396

suwah".398

almoqueri and almoquever: see almocrebe. almora "stone blocks used to mark property boundaries" (Cs.): prob. from And. Rom. *al+M6RA, of pre-Roman origin, but assimilated by And., in the tight of the prefixed *mdwmt in the placed names Mortalla, Moratalaz, Moratfn, etc., possibly contaminated by And.Rom. nlllwrdta < Lt. muriita "watted (place)" almorabet and almorabitino: see almoravida. almorada "firewood stove and bunches of chickpeas ready to be roasted" (Anz.): is a corrupted var., through suffix metanalysis and substitution, of standard moraga, q.v. almoraduj/x and moradux (Cs.) and marduix or moraduix (Ct.), almorabu (Arag., after DRAE, which has mended the toss of intervocalic /d/ with a /b/, designed to prevent the vowel cluster), and maradul (Ext.):

ALMORAVIDA-ALMOSTALAF

159

"sweet marjoram (Majorana hortensis)": /d-.v, after AAR 2.1.2.5.2.3, loss or assimilation of the nasal, after AAR 2.1.2.2.4.2 and assimilation of/z/to /d/, perhaps a

mere contamination by several Iranian loanwords beginning with numl-. Later on, in the Rom. phase, there has been contamination by the many Ar. loanwords beginning with almo-. 400 See Corriente 1989a:284, under {MRKS}.

160

ALMOTAcE-ALMUD

of the silk exchange" (Cs., perhaps corrupted from the former): < And. almustaxl4f and almutaxalltif = Cl.Ar. mustaxlaf and mutaxallof "deputy", which would easily explain the var. with and without sibilant.401 Nav. mudalafe, interpreted as almotacen, q.v., reflects semantic contamination by this more frequent and phonetically similar word. IntraRom. der.: Ct.: mostalafa "duty paid to the almostalaf" almotace and almotacel (Pt.), almotace (Gl.), (al)motacen and almotazaf, almotazan or almutacen (Cs., with the old var. almotacaf, in UIP 36, an obvious mistake for almota¢), mostassa (Ct., with the old var. almudaf'Bs, almuda¢ and mostassaf) and almudazaf, almutacas, almutafat/z, motazen and mutafa (Arag.) "market inspector": < And. almul:uasab, < Cl.Ar. mubtasib "performing pious deeds to one's account with God", name given to the officer in charge of enforcing Islamic law and morals", with a characteristically And. confusion of the voice marker.402 Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: almotacenadll/zgo and almotacenfa or almotazanfa; Ct.: mostassaf(er)ia; Pt.: almo~ar and almo~aria.

almotalafe: see almostalaf. almotazaf, almotazan and almotazanfa: see almotace. almote:xanias and almotexenas: see mudejar. almotolia (Pt., with some var.) "oil-jar": ahib and alinul'>ahib): is an unassimilated astronomical term, from GP 49, < Ar. almultahib "blazing", identified in DS 11:360 as Cepheus. almun "a malign kind of smallpox": is an unassimilated medical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1989:101, < Ar. almiim (arrasiisf),41fl lit., "leaden pleurisy" almuna: see almona. almunia~ almunia and almuiia: see almuinha. almureald safran "basilicon ointment": is an unassimilated pharmaceutical term, from Vazquez&Herrera 1989:224, d< is read as >iix< spellings are contaminated from arraix, q.v.s.v. arocho. 491 Documented in Alcata as cart.lnrrec(f, prob. a folk etymology; see AAR 2.1.2.5.2 about/r/ > /Vin And.

ARRAIAN-ARRAXE

193

taminated by the adjective real "royal (tent or camp)" and the pl. substantive arreos "accessories", which explains every phonetic anomaly, although the influence of the prefix {re-}, as in many other AI. loanwords expected to begin with ra-, cannot be excluded. From the same etymon is rafeiro (Pt.) "sheepdog", hybridized with Rom. suffixation upon the meaning of "flock" of the And. etymon, with a phonetic evolution absolutely normal in that area, with toss of intervocalic IV. Intra-Rom. der.: Pt.: arraialesco. Cf. re(h)ala. arraian (Gl.), arraiao (Pt.), arrayan (Cs., with old var. in GP 59, arrahan, arreham, arrayhan and arrahhan and, from GP 60, arreham(al)es) and arraijan (Anz. and Ant.) "myrtle (Myrtus communis)": < And. array/:uitz = Ct.AI. my/:liin. From the same origin apparently, with a gentitic suffix, is arraijanf (Anz., stress unmarked in the source, and Ant.) "clayey slate with veins of catcspar", a metaphor of the optical effect caused by the white flowers on a dark green background of that plant. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: arrayanal. arraico: see arraez. arraijan: see arraian. arrail: see alelf. arraislx and arraixeria: see arriez. arralha (Pt., only in Egw1az and Morais) "two-year-old heifer": might be a hybrid with the Rom. dim. suffix of And. arxa = Ct.AI. a/irx(ah) of the same meaning,492 considering other cases of result /rr/ for lrf/ (e.g., garra, marrega, etc.) and the high frequency of AI. loanwords in the realm of cattle-raising (cf. rexelo, alabiio, ceiba, etc.). From the same origin apparently is Cs. eral, fem. erala, and pl. arales (Llt, in an Arag. document) "head of cattle between one and two years old", words heretofore etymotogicatty unsolved, hybridized in this case with a Rom. adjectival suffix. arramal: see alamar. arramblador, arramblament and arramblar(e): see rambla. arramec "wielding a lance" (with the var. arramPiih and alrameh): is an unassimilated

astronomical term, from GP 60, identified by Kunitzch 1961:105 as Neo-AI. as.mmak arriimi/.1, Alpha BoOtis. arrami: see alramy. arranarse "to pass out": (Mur., in G6mez Ortin 1991:61): reflects a hybrid And.Rom. *AD+mfn+AR "to weaken", as explained in Corriente 2005a:23l.493 arranclan: see alacrin. arraqui "pouring (wine)": is an unassimilated term, from GP 60, < AI. arriiqi. arraquib (~oraya) "watcher of the Pleiades": is an unassimilated astronomical term, from GP 60, identified by Kunitzsch 1961:97 and 46 as Alpha Aurigae, < Neo-AI. raqib a11umyyii. arraquive: see arrebique. arraqiz "dancer" (with the var. al(a)raquiz and alraqui~): is an unassimilated astronomical term, from GP 60, identified by Kunitzsch as My Draconis, < AI. arriiqi.~. arras: see albaroque. arrate, arrela or arrelde (Cs.), arreldes (Ast., pl.,in GarcfaArias2006:24), arritel (Pt.), arrate (Nav. but apparently no longer understood) and rotol (Mur.)494 ''pound", ralde "a weight unit of 5 kgs." (Nav.): ,~fnf< as a designation of cedar, although this gentilic has not

been registered so far in And. botanists for a variety of box tree.

212

AUGE-AVEROLO

suggesting an allomorph *(l)aztiur.S'l 9 IntraRom. der.: Cs.: azul(e)ar, azulejo1, azulenco, azulete, azulino, azulona and Iazulita); Cs., Gl. and Pt.: azurita; Ct.: atzurat, atzurf and atzurita; Gl.: azuido and azulenta; Gl. and Pt. azulado and azular; Pt.: azulaceo, azuliio, azulinalo, azulfneo, azuloio and Iazulite. aubarda/a: see albarda. auberjo: see borja. aucema: see alfazema. autabia: see altabia. autab(r)ega, aufabeguera and aufadega: seealbaca. aufals: see alfa~. aufenf: see alfenf. auge (Ct., Pt., and Cs., the latter with the var. auxin libro Complido, and aux(e) in GP 66, even the Lt. genitive circulo augis, in GP 65) and auxe (GI.) "apogee":< Ar. av.j < NeoP. m~:g, in principle, an astronomical term, used as a metonymy by learned people, in the meaning of "acme, highest point" aulaga: see argelaga. aulaquida: see alguaquida. auled alguizlen "the gazelles' young ones": is an unassimilated astronomical term, from GP 65, identified by Kunitzsch 1861:39 as fourteen stars of the 14th mansion of the moon,< Neo-Ar. awlM algizliitz. aulet aziuah (with the var. aulet azinah, aziuach and a~uah) ''the hyenas' young ones": is an unassimilated astronomical term, from GP 65, identified by Kunitzsch 1961:39 as Kappa, Iota, Theta and Lambda BoOtis, < Neo-Ar. awlM az< and therefore not even phonetically derivable from Ar. ***bar.ff, as suggested by former editions of DRAE, now corrected, which happens to be a non-existent term, artificially concocted from **abra.f. A connection between that word and bardino "a kind of dog of a

564 This Cp. term (= "the temple") is wellknown since DS 1:63, but the transcription p 'erpe is misleading, it being better to spell it as p(e)+rpe, in which the two first phonemes constitute the definite article. Kasten & Nitti

2002:280, without any criticism and following their usual practice in similar cases, simply copy the rendering of the original, fortaleza de Ia sabia "fortress of the wise woman".

226

BARCIDLLA--BARRAGAN

greenish black colour" (Can.) is very probable, with the late phonetic shift described in 1.1.3.2.1) and, if so, it might reflect a blending of a Rom. reflex of Lt. pardus "brown", providing the basic semanteme, with And. bardt = CI.Ar. bardf ''papyrus; rush", with the appearance of an attributive adjective, often expressing hues, perhaps on account of the light brown colour acquired by the leaves of this plant when prepared for its use as a writing surface. Cf. albardim. barchilla(Cs.) "dry measure": brnjiil /i:Y shift and subsequent substitution of/.~/ for this marginal phoneme. This would provide a better explanation for the palatalization of the first vowel as a case of contamination between allomorphs. 583 See DAA 37, DS II:81 and Steingass 1892: 216. Agate, beryl, garnet and amber have been suggested.

234

BODOJEN-BOLUCBAGI

in Tr., and might be corrupted from an AI. or Neo-P. gentilic, as there is an AI. biigaziyyah, designation of a coarse silken fabric, while the geographer Yaqiit records a place name Bagaz, without further detail. On the other hand, this term, which is found in many European languages, has reached India too, although apparently is not from this country. bocafre: see almocafre. bocaram/n and bocanin: see barragan2 • bodoc, bodocal and bodocazo: see albondiga. bodojen (Old Cs.): this hapax, excerpted by Eguilaz from Gran Co11quista de Ultramar, defined as "soldier-monk", can only mean the Sufis who fought most effectively against the Crusaders, as volunteers and in fulfilment of the religious duty of Islamic jihiid. It is, in truth, a var. of bedofn or beduino; however, the talk does not go here about Arab nomads, but about the members of the tariqah or Sufi brotherhood founded by the North African AJ.nnad Albadawi, whose power in Egypt became considerable.584 boludoix (Bal.) "bundle" (with the var. pidoix, mudaixo, etc. in other dialects), a budoxos "gushing forth", a budoixos ''by the score", etc.: are all prob. from And. *abu dU.( "doing two things simultaneously" or *bidu.( (which would explain the /11-var.) "simultaneously", from the idiom documented in Azzajjiili's proverb cottection N" 953 and IQ 59/11/2 du.Hamatayn. 585 Intra-Rom. der.: Ct.: abudoixar. bodoque and bodoquera: see albondiga. b6feta and bofetan (Cs.) and bofeta (Pt., documented at the beginning of the 17th c., whence prob. Cs.) "an Indian cotton fabric": < N eo-AI. bqft(ah), or its N eo-P. etymon bii,fte "fabric" Egm1az mentions a Pt. var. bafeta which might have circulated, although it is scarcely documented. bo(j)alaga (Cs.), bufallnaga (Ct.): "gnidium (Thymelaea hirsuta)":586 < And. bubntaq(a) "whitlow" < Neo-Ar. abii bnlaq "wearing a ring or an earring", a metonymical designation of this plant on account of its 584 585 586

See EF, s.v. al-badawiyya. See Zwar1j es 1991. After L6pez GonzaJ.ez 1982:663.

florescence. This term is not recorded in nonspecialized Cs. dictionaries, but is found in DECLC, although with the erroneous notion of its being a phonetic corruption of pastanaga "carrot (Daucus carota)", and some identifications requiring the judgement of skitled botanists. bolaique "wide-headed nails for garnishing doors" (Anz., also Ant. as bolayque): no doubt shares the meaning and etymon of standard bollon, but the characteristicatty And. Rom. suffix {+AYQ}, gives away the direct descent of this from Lt. bulla. boldalo (Ct.) "stone used as an anchor": it is not a mod. word, nor derived from Eng. **"boulder", pace Coromines. Mott was right upon suggesting a Gr. etymon bolis, -idos, not only because a probe in the old days was just a stone tied to a rope, but also because Ibn Hisiim Allaxmi (Perez Lazaro 1990:252), white condemning vulgar And. >hiilis< gave buld as its correct AI. name, as a matter offact recorded by some Ct.Ar. dictionaries (e.g., the purist Atfayriizabii(Ji's Alqiimiis almubit with the spetlings >hld< and >bldh~vtws g'lg'lrvs matalas and, conversely, caduf < caduz, q.v. Incidentally, Arag. cafarel "paper cup for pastry", recorded by Gargallo, may also be a hybrid der. of the same Ar. item, with double Rom. suffixation, adjectival and dim., *qo,fa + AL + ELL > qtifa+R+EL, with dissimilation of sonorants. casaca and casaquinha: see cosaco. casba: see alca~ba. cascal (Mur., borrowed from Ct.) and cascall (Ct. and Arag.) "poppy (Papaver)":< And. xa.~xa.f = Cl.Ar. xa.(xii.f, with suffix metanalysis and substitution. casida (Cs.) "qasida, one-rhymed poem characteristic of Ar., Neo-P., Tr. and Urdu": is a contemporary transcription of the Cl.Ar. technical term qa,~idnh. It should not be said of poems in Western languages of very different prosodic and thematic structures, as sometimes done in Spain out of sheer pedantry. casimir(a) (Cs.), casimira (Pt.) and caxemira (Gl.) "a fabric": from the gentilic of Kashmir, prob. through Eng.,< Neo-P. ka.(mir or Hindi ka.fmir. casina: see al~fina. cassa(da) and cassal: see cazo. cassaret (Ct.) and cazarete (Cs.) "an

251

undetennined part of a sweep net": is prob. a Rom. dim. of the etymon of alcazar, q.v., particularly if it means, as can be suspected, an inner recess whence fish cannot escape. From some Sevillan ordinances, Egm1az excerpted the Cs. var. ~rate, prob. incorrect. casse(ja)r, casset(a), cassera, casserola(da), casseroleta, cass6, cassolada, cassolaler, cassoleta, cassolut, cassona and cassonalet: see cazo. cassi "sternum": is an unassimilated anatomical term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1983:176, < Ar. qa.~.~cassot (Ct.) "a peasant's work clothing'': on account of its vocalism, as Neuvonen pointed in his day, a derivation from the etymon of alquid, q.v., would only be possible by supposing that words like Old Cs. qu~ote (and backformed Gl. quesso) hark back to an *(al)quece(l), which then received intra-Rom. dim. suffixes or dropped them, with the consequence of stress shifts. In our view, it is easier to posit one more reflex of Lit. casula, with a different dim. suffix, whence Cs. casulla and cognate items, very aptly studied by Coromines in the matching entry of DCECH. IntraRom. der .: Men.: cassoti. caszmi: see cazeno. cat: see ~ad. cam (Pt.) "sand grouse (Pterocles)": is an unassimilated technical term, a late borrowing from the 17th c., < Ar. qatii. catafila "retinue" (Arag.): looks like a jesting contamination of the quasi-synonyms cBfila, q.v., and caterva. ~atalf (Mur.): possibly from And.Ar. satlt "shaped as a bucket", parallel to cases like the kind of gourd called m.a,~iiwiri, i.e., "shaped as a nrn,~warah or cushion" (in Kitiibu fumdati ttabib, I 495), pace Steiger 1932:189. catar (Pt.) "camel caravan": is an unassimilated technical term, a late borrowing from the 16th c.,< Ar. qitiir, through Neo-P. qetiir. cated "a perpendicular line": is an incomplete entry of Nykl in GP 79, with just that vague rendering, without mention of source, but with a crossed reference to miquiez which led us to the 2nd vol. of Libros del Saber de Astronomia, where it is an error for *oated < Ar. watad, explained by DS II:786 as the

252

CATHATATAOR~AYRACOZ

technical designation for each one of the four main Sun mansions. cathat ataor ''the hull's cut": is an unassimilated astronomical term, from GP 79 and DAX 379, < Neo-Ar. qaJfat a11awr "cut of Taurus" (it would be better qitfat "part of", cf. quitat alfar~), said of the four first stars of Taurus. ~ti: see setf. catifa~ catifaire and catifer/t: see alcatifa. The meaning of catifa "plastering" (Anz.), with the quasi-synonymous phonetic var. gatifa "cement mixed with red marl" (Anz.) and alcachifa "mortar for filling gaps between paving stones" (Ani.), might be just metonymic, but a metathesis of And. taky(j = a.Ar. takyif"conditioning, preparation" cannot be excluded either. catu "moufions":619 is an unassimilated technical term, from GP 80, prob. corruption of oal < Ar. wafl "mountain goat" catlifol: see alcaduz. ~au~ala: see zabazala. ~aualachen: see zabalachen. ~auam and cl~auan: is an unassimilated technical term, from GP 80, < Ar. ,mwwiin "flint".620 cauchil and cauchfn "cistern" (Ani., the first item also in DRAE, attributed to Granada) and cauchfn "sewer" (Ani.): < And.Rom. *QAWCit, dim. of *QAwc .1yryqwn< (Payne Smith 1879-1901:2621), which in this case imitates Gr., and does not take the word directly from Iranian languages. 624 But the cross-reference in GP 84 to deneb implies deneb caytos < Neo-Ar. danab qayfiis, identified by Kunitzsch 1959:156 as Eta Ceti. 625 About which, see Viguera & Corriente 1981:186, fn. 24., with interesting additional bibliography. The localization and reading of the document, facilitated by the help of the colleagues in the Department of Medieval History and Paleography of the Faculty of Humanities

of Saragossa University, Drs. San Vicente, Utrillas and Laliena, have been obtained in Ubieto 1963:201 (et illos ba.ws que Sancio jilio meo comparaverit et redimerit peso per pisum de plata aut de ca~·emi illos prendat et eos redimat .. .). Another Llt. mention of that coin appears in Canellas 1964:86, document N° 36 ("et dedit ibi pretio CC et XX de argenta cazmi"); on the other hand, Fort Cafiellas 1994:232 records the var. ca(s)zmi and Mateu y Llopis documents cacimies, cacini, cazeni, cazmi, hazi/umies, kas(i)mi, k~, kaz(i)mi, kazini, etc., in other Llt. documents of Aragon.

(with the doubtful var. ceraquiz, in DAX 384 caeracoz); that definition appears to be related to colour, as this term is a superficial Arabicization of Gr. si/erikOn ''minium"; cf.

atzarc6. 623

254

CEBICHE-cEFRi

Rom. as the imperative, s~vya, documented in a muwaS.fa(rah by Ibn Maslamah, in the mid 12th c., as pointed out by Garcia G6mez 1971,626 and in IQ 3114/5 in a similar date. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: claboga. cebica: see clbica. cebiche (Cs., with the var. seviche, and the bookish sichvegi and alsecbbagi, in Vazquez & Herrera 1989:261): "dish ofraw fish marinated in lemon and seasoned" and escabeche (Cs., Gl. and Pt.) and escabetx (Ct.) "pickled preserve": < And. assukkaMj627 or *iskabtiC < Neo-Ar. sikbiij, < Pahl. reflected by Neo-P. serke bii or sekbii. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: escabechar and escabecbina; Ct.: escabetxada, escabetxador, escabetxer, escabetxina; Gl. escabechar. cebratana: see cerbatana. cebquib: see cebquib. ceblp/utf (Cs.) "gentilic of Ceuta": !ljmiil(h) *QALCA > cacha, or Lit. *l'ulpeculinu.r > >bubbijfnuh< = *BUPECiNO, in Kitiibu funulati

tfabfb.

292

FACAR ASSUJA-FALAGAR

(Cs., with an old var. fazafia): < And. /:lasdna = Cl.Ar. /:lasanah "good deed", contaminated by the Rom. sufifix I+ANAIO}. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: hazafiar, h/fazafiero, hazafieria and h/fazafioso; Gl.: fazafieiro and fazafioso; Pt.: fa~,;anheiro, fa~,;anhice, fa~,;anhoso and fa~,;anhudo.

facar assuja "Orion's vertebra": is an unassimilated astronomical term, from GP 91, < Neo-Ar.faqiir aHujiif, identified by Kunitzsch 1961:56 and 89 as faqfir I mintaqat I nitfiq aljawzii? "Orion's backbone or belt", i.e., Delta, Epsilon and Zeta of this constellation. facenzal: see fazanzal. fac6n: see faca. fadiga or fadiga (Arag.) and fad/tiga (Ct.) "right of redemption or sharing the price of some sales", fadiga (Mur.) and fadiga '"'right of redemption" (Nav.): appears to be a hybrid adjective *bd;;+JQA, formed on And. M;; = Cl.Ar. /:Ia;; "share, portion; favour of important people; allotment" (cf. Cs. hato). In his DCELC, Coromines considers this word as inseparable from fad/tiga "fatigue", supposing an allusion to the restriction meant by that right to the seller, which is quite far-fetched; of course, he did not know the possibility of an Ar. etymon, corroborated by the Cs. idiom dar parte "to inform", first obligation of such sellers. The antepenultima stress, unmarked in Ct. and not confirmed for Arag. either, would constitute a decisive argument in favour of the Ar. hypothesis, although in case of corroborated penultima stress, it would not benefit the opposite view, as our opinion is not affected by cases like the var. faidio (from Vidal Mayor 249, a doubftul hapax according to Coromines), or spellings like fatiga de dreito, as the contamination by the Rom. word of Lt. origin is sure. Intra-Rom. der.: Ar.: fadigar "to exert the right of redemption" and esfadigar "to make disappear" Cf. aliandega. fadolla: see hadrolla. fadri (Ct., fern. fadrina) "(poor) boy": < And.Rom. */:latr+fN, a hybridization of the And. root 1/:ltr} with the adjectival or dim. 708 See Corriente 1993c:l40. AB in the case of aiieclfu, q.v., and the like, a phonetic evolution of the dim. suffix {+ELl cannot be excluded either.

Rom. suffix l-fN}.108 Intra-Rom. der.: Ct.: fadrinet, fadrinejar, fadrinatge, fadrinesa, fadrinalla and fadristern. fadruba and fadrubado: see joroba. fafagada: see safar. fafandoria: see acenoria. fahet/r "(white) turtle dove": is an unassimilated technical term, from DAX 87 4, < Ar.fii.xitah. fagara (Pt., only in Machado) "fagara (Fagara Avicennae)": is a late scientific borrowing, perhaps directly from Neo-P. fagare (as Tr. and lt.fagara give away that Ar.fiigirah "open-mouthed (fern.)" is mere folk etymology), and not through Fr. *~fagare. fagueiro: see afagar. faidio: see fadiga. faido (Pt., only in Morais) "rest, excess": appears to be a late borrowing, during the campaigns in the Indian Ocean, < Ar. fav(i, and not from its reflexes, Neop.feyz and Hindi **faiz "liberality; benefit, etc.", on account of the match of the last consonant. Cf. alfaida. falac: see afagar. falaca (Pt., only in Morais) "bastinado": perhaps from Mudejar or Morisco slang, < And. faldqa =Cl.Ar. falaqah "stocks for holding the feet of those so punished" From the same origin is falaca "beating" (Bal.), prob. a recent borrowing generated by Mediterranean commerce. falacha (Pt.) "chestnut pudding": DE (which suggest a var. falaxa) considered it as a der. of the Ar. root 1/:llj} "to gin (cotton)", which is even semantically very unlikely, while Egm1az's hypothesis, Ar. **/:lalijah "a dessert of dates and milk", is phonetically un-suitable. Considering the tendency in Western Rom., particularly in Gl., to eliminate l1w' in ICwl sequences, 709 we may be dealing with an And. Rom. hybrid */:ldlw+A{:A, formed with the Rom. pejorative suffix on And. /:ldlwa = Cl.Ar /:lalwii "sweetmeat". Cf. alfeloa and alua. falagador and falagar 1: see afagar. falagar "to flail (flax)" (Ext.): at first sight it seems to derive from Ar. /:lalj (with the old 709 See Corriente 1997a:348-349, about this tendency in And.Rom.

FALCA-FALLEBA

293

obstruant pronunciation of Jlm, characteristic of the "Yemenites"), but a parallel falaga "to ruin", phonetically inseparable, forces us to look for another etymon more valid for both meanings, like And.falltiq "to split" orfaltiqa "slice; stripe" (but cf. Arag. farachar, more favourable to the first hypothesis). falago,falaguejar ,falagiiefio, falaguera/o and falagueria: see afagar. falandrajo: see andrajo and calandraca. falangueiro: see afagar. falca (Pt., also Ast., after Garcia Arias 2006: 199f10 "lath; slice" and falca (Cs., Arag. and Ct.) "wooden wedge": < And. ftilqa = CI.Ar. .filqah "splinter" The meaning "compartment in a wine-press" (Anz. and Ani.) appears to be a semantic evolution, as is the var. afalca "kerb of the pavement" (Anz.), with dissimilation of the Ill of the Ar. article. IntraRom. der.: Arag.: falcar "to drive a wedge" (also Ct.) and enfalcar "to drive a wedge or use it to break something"; Arag. and Mur.: falcar; Ct.: (en)falcar and falcadura. falcatrua (Pt.) "ruse" and falcatrua (GI.) "mischief": is a metathesis of a hybrid */:ultr+AQ+6LA, formed on the And. root 1/:w/ with the Rom. pejorative and dim. suffixes. Intra-Rom. der.: Gl.: falcatruada and falcatrueiro; Pt.: falcatruar. faldiglquera and faldiluquera: see faldriquera. faldrido (Old Cs.) "experienced": this word, recorded by Steiger 1948 in Calila e Dimna and Libra de Alexandre, appears to reflect an And.Rom. hybrid */:ultr+IT, meaning a person who has conversed with many and has gathered much experience thereof. It is a little striking that the participial suffix be not that of the first conjugation, as usually in hybrid words, perhaps because of contamination with other synonyms, like sabido, aguerrido, curtido, etc. faldrija: see andorina. faldltriquera (Cs. and Ct.), fald(r)iquera (Arag.), faldltriqueira (GI.), faldiglquera (Ext.), fardiquera (Ani.), faldiquera (Man.

and Nav.) and faldi!uquera or fratiquera (Sal.) "pocket": cppwgiitlii< < Gr. phUgethla, pl. of phugethlon, in fact, "tumour in the groin or, more widely, in the glands" The matching AI. texts have gudtui "glands", but a mix-up has occurred, caused by the transcription of Gr. tuiin, pl. tuihzes "gland", which has been misread as Neo-AI. udnayn "ears", as suggested by Payne Smith 1879-1901:3051 and 32, with the Syr. transcription >'ldhnes< for the same subject matter.

735

See PD 300.

305

fulad: see alfulad. fuhin and fulano: see foao. fuludia "stone causing the milk to curdle": is an unassimilated technical term, from DAX 920, corrupted from Gr. kolMdes "glue", for kollotes "kind of stones", through Syr. and AI. scripts. fungi or fonga "diseases; hot cinders": is an unassimilated pathological term, from Herrera & Vazquez 1983:129, considered by the authors as a distortion of AI. nafxah "swelling", which cannot suprise in these scientific texts, as a consequence of a contamination or bad transcription, as explained in Vazquez & Herrera 1985:223. furfus "abnormal growth of flesh in the cervix uteri": is an unassimilated pathological term, from Vazquez & Herrera 1983:177, corrupted from Gr. kOrax "curved instrument" or krepfs "base" furrica(s), furricada, furricoso and furriqueira: see alhorre1 • furrieca: see alforreca. furrufalla "food or objects of little value" (Aiag. of Tarazona, from Gargallo 1985:66): is prob. a pejorative Rom. suffixation of And. xurtif+ALLA And.Rom. *LA+ztidwa, with the definite article, later metanalyzed in

767 With a Mur. reflex coa "rascal" in Gomez Ortfn 1991, coinciding with Koa in Correas, mentioned by Granja 1984:256. 768 Of undetermined dial. origin, as this Ar. fish name, after Oman 1966, is preserved only in Tunisia and Libya, and replaced in more Western areas by reflexes of Rom. krlrbo "raven" or korbina "meagre", so that the Can. item may inherit lost forms of the southern dialects of Cs. or Pt., or be due to early contacts between Canarian fishermen and speakers of Bas. It should be noted that, according to Corrales & Corbella 2001:460, in Can. this fish is not "meager" (Sciaena aquila or Argyrosomum

regius), as suggested in many dictionaries. 769 See DE 270. There are more dissimilar forms like Rif tagrix;t "stock; halberd" and Kab. tigrit "stock" From the same origin is, in Alcala, guarguia "scimitar, Tr. knife" and its dim. gumyguia (= gargiyya and guraygiyya), with a semantic shift, previously misunderstood and attributed to the root {wrk/. As for this vowel alternance, characteristic of Br. and Naf., see Corriente 1981a:18, and add Mor. **fimnilu.~ "mule" 770 See Perez Lazaro 1990:321, it being remarkable that the author does not relate it to the place noun nwzdii(h), occurring in 182.

GUADALAJAREN~UELFO/A

319

pl. as *LAS+AD(G)WAS >, reflected in An. pronunciation as *las/h aguah > Ia goa. gtia: see goa. guadafiones: see botafio. guadalajarefio (Cs.) "from Guadalajara": is a gentilic, formed on this place name, < And. wad al/.uljara < Cl.Ar. wiidi l/:tijiirah "river of stones" guadaO)mecf~ guadamacf~ guadamal ecil~ guadamacllerf~ guadamacilero~ guadameci(l/m)~ guadamassil(er)~ guadamazil and guadames~: see godomecil. guadianes (Cs.) "gentilic of the River Guadiana", jwny'ids< and the like,< Gr. choinikfs. hannaa: see alhanaa. haonc ayuiah (with the var. hoon(e)c siuah and suiah) "the neck of Hydra": is an unassimilated astronomical term, from GP 98, identified by Kunitzsch 1959:183 as Alpha Hydrae, < Neo-Ar. 'iunq a.f.fujii'i. haque: see jaque3 • haquim and haquino: see alfaquim. hara (Cs.) "quarter, parish": is an unassimilated word, after Eguflaz, although frequent in Granadan registers and ledgers ofhabous, < And. /:tara= CI.Ar. /.liirah, from Aram. origin, cf. Syr. /:t'irtii "camp" harac alic bel hual idber: in DAX 987, is a phrase which the editors have not understood, nor bothered to ask about, as in the case of most Ar. items,< Neo-Ar. /:tarakat al'liqbiil wal'lidbiir "movement of approaching and receding" haragan (Cs.), haragano (Pt., borrowed from Cs.) and faragan (Leo.) "loafer'': is prob. a reflex of the coarse And. phrase xara kmz "he turned out to be a shit", an utterly disparaging judgment, with a parallel in the proverb N° 1442 of Alonso del Castillo's, in which somebody is described as xara ma zal "he is stilt a shit" The borrowing would be very old to judge from the absence of imiilah, as in fulano and mengano (q.v.). There is, therefore, no need to devise a complicated derivation from baron, pace Coromines, nor positing And. ***xarqan "clumsy", as we did in Corriente 1985, nor is there any witness

326 exhibiting initial >fjalliis< in Assaqa!l's treaty of flisball, which excludes the propounded **jalis "sitting next to another" of DE and DS, considered by Coromines as the Granadan shape matching the Cl.Ar. one. 811 jelve: see albafar. jeme: see eixem. jemella: see jamila. jemesfa (Cs.) ''moucharaby, lattice window": < And. .(ams~vya "window letting in (only) the sun", or from *Jamis(rya, undocumented attributive adjective of .(anus '1attice window", all of them der. from Cl.Ar. .(ams "sun" Cf. ajimez. jenab(l)e and jenabo: see ajenabe. jenfzaro: see janfzaro. jeng~'bre: see gengibre. Jeova, j e6vico, jeovismo and jeovista: see Jehova. jeque1 (Cs.) and xec (Ct.) "sheikh, Arab chief": pelargos. 822 Iagibabo: see bagibabo. lagima (Pt., with the var. lazima in Eguflaz) "customs duty in India": is a late unassimilated borrowing, in connection with the campaigns in the Indian Ocean: < Ar. liizimah, through Neo-P. liizeme "requirement" There is a curious semantic coincidence between Neo-Ar. la/iznuzh "tribute", And. lti::JIUl "bite (also the horse's)" and Mexican Cs. mordida "bribe to officials", with the same semantic juncture as in Ar.jizyah "tribute on non-Muslims" < Pahl. gaz'it "bite", but there is no connecting And. documentation . Iague] (Pt.) "skiff of the Arabian Sea": is a mod. term, poorly documented, derived by Dalgado from Neo-P. **liigar "thin" which, at least semantically, is quite questionable. lahuar: see aixovar. lailan (Old Cs.), Ieilao(Pt.) andleiloio (GI.) "auction":< And. ali'iltin =CI.Ar. "announcement", etymon also of popular Cs. alir6n, repeated at the beginning of public cries, a genuine word left out by dictionaries such as former editions of DRAE (but included in the latest), Casares and DCECH. Intra-Rom. der.: Pt.: aleiloar. Cf. alalim6n.

But semantically evolved in mod. Cs. mean a paste which may contain gum-lac, but more characteristically other red dying substances, used for sealing letters, among other uses. 820 SeeAAR2.1.4.l.l,p.65.

821 See AAR 2.1.4.2.2., p. 68. It occurs, e.g., in alforza, t< is either an error or a bad reading of >f stupid", but due consideration must be given to the var. samaruc!go "tadpole; silly", with a first element matched by Basque zapaburu. Cf. zamborotudo. mazdeismo (Cs. and Gl.), mazdeisme (Ct.) and masdeismo (Pt.) "Mazdaism, Zoroastrianism" and mazdeo (Cs.), mazdeista (Gl.) and masdeista (Pt.) "Mazdean, Zoroastrian": are contemporary historiographical terms, borrowed through Fr., and formed on the Avestan name, (Ahura) Mazda, of the supreme deity in that religion. mazeruco: see mazarugo. mazmodina (Cs., with the var. mahozmedin), maimudina (Ct., with the var. maimondina and masmondina), masmudina (Arag.), ma/ezmudinas (Lit., in Arag. documents), mace/omutina (Lit., after Mateu y Llopis with other var.) and mozmodi (Pt.) "a coin": < And. nm,wnudf = Cl.Ar. nm,m1iidf, gentilic of the Br. tribe of Ma~mildah, place of origin oftheAlmohads, who minted it, whence also the attributive adjective mezmud (Lit., in Arag. documents, with the inflected var. muzmutus, in DO 272, muzmutos, muzmuti and muzmutorum, very common in Maya et al. 1990:II 10,6, II 101,6, II 102,1 and 12, II 103,1

882 Sephardic Jews must have used this term often, independently of how familiar they were with Hb., as in the case of present-day nwzztll tm' "congratulations", lit, "good luck", among Jews not necessarily conversant with that language. 88 ' See Corriente 1997a:221. It had not been commented upon in previous works, although

registered under N°175 since Schirmann 1965. 884 For this reason, the famous poet Ibn Zamrak or Zumruk altered his family name in that manner, which appears in Morisco sources as Zamnik: see Labarta 1987:243, with the var. Zambaroc(h), Zamboroc, Zanbrac, etc.

MAZUR-MEDAO

375

and 8, II 104,3 and II 109,1) "Almohad", with frequent loss of the reflex of the nisbah suffix. Cf. masamuda. mazmorra: see masmorra. mazmudinas: see mazmodina. mazore/ga: see ma~aroca. mazur (Pt.): this term is mentioned by Machado, without any meaning, as characteristic of India and documented in the 18th c., < Ar. llll!ll?;iir "(regarded as) correct", through Neo-P. llll!JZ?.Ur "approved, acceptable, wellregarded." meari (Pt.) "Mehari": through Fr. mehari, < Ar. ~rrahrf, gentilic of Mahrah, a region of South Arabia, whence this breed is native. Some dictionaries, like Webster's, resort to the CI.Ar. pl. Jlrahii.rf to explain this borrowing, but in fact that transcription is a mere device by which the French have tried to reproduce /hi and a following non-phonemic shewa, from Naf. mahri. Other dictionaries speak of "racing dromedaries", which is pleonastic, as dromedaries are by definition and etymology ''racing camels"(< Gr. dromns ko.melos), about which, cf. camelho. Meca (Cs.) "Mecca": this place name appears in idioms like de Ceca en Meca (q.v., also Ct. per Ceca i Meca), b31samo de La Meca ''balm of Gilead (Commiphora opobalsamum)" and paja de Meca "camel grass (Andropogon schoenanthus)", with or without the definite article, and little or no

awareness of its meaning, < And. mtlkk.a = Cl. Ar. 11rakk.ah,885 the city of Albijaz famous as hometown of Muhammad and centre of the Islamic cult. mecadatin: see mucadahati. mecano (Cs.) "Meccan": is a gentilic formed with Rom. suffixation on the place nameMeca, q.v. meccales: see metical. mecelemo: see maeda. mecerf: see ma~f. mechal(e)s, mechalia and mec(h)als: see metical. mechinal (Cs.) and michinal (Ar.) "putlog hole": < And.Rom. reflected by And. maC(i)1uir 886 lrrl, found also in farra and garra. Its synonym morriio, documented already in the 16th c., would be a case of intra-Rom. suffix substitution. morratxa: see almarraja. morrego: see almat'ega. mortaba (Pt.) "a nobleman's seal": this hapax documented at the beginnng of the 19th c., in connection with Indian enterprises, cannot phonetically or semantically have the etymon suggested by Dalgado and accepted by Machado, based on Hindi martabti (see maamartba). In fact, it is Hindi muhar "seal", attached to a second constituent, a reflex of Ar. tab'i "impressing", in a compound word, borrowed from Neo-P. *mohr e tab'i "printing seal" Cf. mohur. mortaguilla: see almartaga 1. mortexi (Cs.) "teasel with worn-out thorns": in Marquez 1961:107, does not derive from Lt. mort!cfnus, being a hybrid with the Ar. attributive suffix attached to the And.Rom. basis M6RTAS "dead (fem.p1.)".917 morxama (Pt., only in Morais) "greased cowhide": its etymon would require more

916 The Cs. spelling suggest gemination of lrl, compensating the loss of Ill (see SK 58), as in the var. m.urni.V of Vocabuli.1·ta in arabia!. 917 This suffix could be attached to And. Rom. words with a pl. suffix, as in the gentilics Wakka~i"from Huecas", Qubbasi"from Covas"

and garnata.Vi "Granadan" (as Granada and other towns were considered as aggregates of preexisting smaller towns, this interpretation being more cogent than the one we gave in DAI under amadi).

MOSAIC(O)-MUBTADIRA

information, but there might be a relation with that ofalmojama, q.v., or with And. nlllr.~um = Cl.Ar. nlllr.~am ''marked, branded (like beasts)". Cf. marchamo. morzelzel: see morcercel. mosaic(o), mosafsmo and mosaista: see Moises. moscado (Cs. and Gl.) and mo/uscat, (Ct.) "musk scented": < Lit. muscatus, formed on the Ar. etymon of almiscar, q.v. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs. and Pt.: moscatel; Ct.: moscatell. moslem and mosleme (Pt., only in Morais, with the var. muslemo), mozlemes (Arag., pl.), muslim (Ct.), muslimes (Cs., pl., with the medieval var. mozlemo) and Lit. muzlemitarum (in Leon, after DO 271): urjiillah< and >urilyallah< are dim. of "ear" and, ibidem 2004:232 and 2007:339, that this plant is called >urjiillah< "because it looks like the fetlocks of a beast", comparing its appearance to tufts of hair on them. 952 The quoted text of the Geneml Estoria 1 is referred to Lev. 3/9, in which Brown, Driver & Briggs 1907 have translated this item as "fat tail of sheep" 953 Mistakenly rejecting, in Machado 1952, s.v., the pointed remark of Coelho 1890:922 which, however, he hesitantly accepted in his Vocabuliirio portugue.~ de origem limbe, according to an information transmitted by our Brazilian colleague M.M. Jarouche, who also tells us that the Ar. origin was confirmed by Nascentes 1932:1 573 and Nimer 1943:1 142. So did Cunha Serra 1974.

954 Already reflected in Ar. lexicographical sources, like Lisiin al'i.arab, recording its other name, **siimmu abra,~ "venomous and speckled", as well as old traditions which call for its extermination, because "they rejoiced in the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem by fire" All of this is related to the adoption of many Jewish stories by Muslims who heard them from converts of that origin, and with the myth of the salamander's imperviousness to fire, as both animals are often mixed up by the folk. Such a misconception is reflected in the entry osga of Morais 1813:II 374, defining it as "a kind of venomous lizard", and including the idiom "like an osga ... under hand, in order to reach his purposes". Later editions, like the Novo diciontirio compacto da lingua portugue.w, have corrected the zoological error and suppressed that idiom, but cannot, of course, omit ingrained meanings such as "repugnance; ill will; ugly old woman".

otomanico. ouquia (Pt., only in Morais, who defines it as an old Asian gold coin, with a Frenchified spelling, proving its recent adoption): is, in truth, the "ounce, weight unit fluctuating between 3 20 g. in Alepo and 37.44 g. in Egypt, < Ar. iiqiyya, < Lt. uncia, through Gr. ougkia and Aram. u(n)qiyii.

ouete, ouvede, ouvete, oveite, ovede, ovete and oveth: see bata. ox: see oxte. oxala: see ojala.

OXAMALA-PAPA

oxamala (Pt., only in Morais) "interjection of compassion": is perhaps a metathesis of And. *law nuz .M lltih "would that it had not been God's will". But the parallelism with Cs. noramala cannot be left out of consideration, nor a contamination with the And. etymon of tomara, q.v. oxear: see oxte.

403

ox(t)e (Cs.) "interjection of rejection": < And. ull, prob. of Hispanic origin, as there is nothing similar in Ar. It is an obsolete word, with a spelling which has not been updated, unlike the case of its still living verbal der. oj/xear (Cs.), equivalent of uchar or uixar (Arag.), whence the deverbal n.inst. uchador or uchamoscas "fly whisk"

p pacha (Cs.), paixa (Ct.) and paxa (Pt.) "Pasha, high official in the Ottoman empire": through Fr., < Tr. pa~a, but not genuine in this language and prob. of vague Iranian origin. It should not be confused semantically and etymologically, as Coromines did, though sinning in distinguished company,955 with the reflexes ofNeo-P. piidMh "king on a throne" (e.g., Pt. padixa, in Morais, correctly interpreted), exclusive of sovereigns, < Pahl. piitix.Mi. There is a var. baja (Cs.) and baxa (Pt.) "Ottoman governor or admiral", of the same etymon through Neoiir. bii.M. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs. bajalato (which does not reflect Tr. pa~al!k directly, as Coromines thought, but has Rom. suffixation); Pt. baxado and paxalato (vs. paxalique, entirely faithful to Tr., suffixation included). pachina: see barchilla. padixa: see pacba. pagoda (Cs. and Ct.) and pagode (Pt.) "Eastern temple": as Coromines said, through Pt., in which it first meant "idol", from Dravidian pagodi, epithet of the goddess Kali, < Sk. bhagavatf "goddess", not from the would-be Neo-P. ***putkudatariistiir.fistri.~tiin< "aphthae",< Neo-P. ri.( e tiin "mouth pustule" raxibe (Ct., better than reixiva) "reef": is a hapax prob. badly transmitted, if its etymon isAr. rMif. rayola: see rajola. raz elgeh~ "head of the kneeling one": is an unassimilated astronomical term, in GP 116, with the var. r. algecy, r~ alge~y, ras elgesi and rraz al gesi, identified by Kunitzsch 1959:194 as Alpha Herculis, < Neo-Ar. ra'ls aljiiJi.

raz algol: see barseus.

RAZ ALHACE---RECODrriN RECODffAN

raz albace (i.e., *albaoe) "head of the snake hunter'': is an unassimilated astronomical term, in GP 117, identified by Kunitzsch 1959:196 as Alpha Ophiuchi, < Neo-Ar. ra?s al/:lawwii?.

raz almara ''the woman's head" (with the var. rae almara, rasalmara and tasaljnara): is an unassimilated astronomical term, in GP 116, < Neo-Ar. ra?s alnUir?ah, is prob. Alpha Andromedae, to judge from Kunitzsch 1959:132. raz elmutallet: see almu~el~. razane "self-possession": is an unassimilated medical term, in Vazquez & Herrera 1989:137, < Ar. raziinah. raze: see rafe. razen: see ranzal. raz(z)ia and raziar: see ratzia. real: see arraial. reala: see rebala. realgar (Ct.) and rejalgar (Cs.) "realgar" and "poison; very bad wine; poisonous plant" (Ani.): are all semantic evolutions of the standard meaning, < And. rahj algar < Ct. Ar. rahju lgiir "dust of the cave", at times supposed to be a bad reading of alfa?r "the mouse", as it was often used as rat poison. The onset of the word has no doubt been contaminated by Rom. reflexes of Lt. regiilis "royal", although in the Cs. case it would be enough to assume the frequent influence of the prefix {re-}. rebadan: see rabada. rebalbica or revalvica "a blue bird with a speckled belly and black beak" (Mon.): perhaps < And. *rtibb albtlyqa "lord of the meadows", simultaneously contaminated by the Rom. prefix {re-} and the dim. suffix. rebaldan: see rabada. rebafio (Cs.) and ralebanbo (Pt.): from a hybrid And.Rom. *ribb+ANO, half-translation and adoption of And. ganam "small cattle".984 Cf. alganame. rebatalelo, rebatar, rebadatamient(e),

984 AJiJ explained in more detail in Corriente 2005a:226. Cf. ydanitaganam.

According to the contents of a personal letter from R. Steiner, it was a Mislmaic var. 985

417

rebatoso, rebatosamientre, rebatico and rebatinba: see ravata. rebedan and rebedano: see rabada. relibf "rabbi" (Jud.-Sp.): is parallel to And. rfbbi vs. rabbi in CI.Ar. and rabbi in Hb.98S

rebite (Cs. and Pt.) "rivet": prob. < Ar. rabi! "tied; prisoner'', contaminated by the Rom. prefix {re- }. Intra-Rom. der.: Pt.: rebitar. recam(ad)o, recama(do)r and recamadura: see margomar. recamo (Cs.) "caster; pulley": is a technical term in Garcia Salinero 1968:195, < And. rukab "knees" recayquf: see arrucaique. recbiruela "yellow bedstraw (Gallium verum)" (Mur., in G6mez Ortin 1991:362): is a metathetical var. of And.Rom. LAXTARWELA.986 recb(o): see re(i)so. reciella: see rexelo. recife: see arrecife. reclau: see alaclan. recod/tfn recod/t8n (Cs.): is a cue word in a game in which, in its most genuine version, a grown-up receives a child's head in his lap and taps his back a number of times, so that the child will say how many, this being repeated until he guesses right and is let go. It appears to be a stimulating exercise applied by nannies to small children, although it has evolved into a game played by several children alone, using their elbows to strike their partner, as DRAE states, in agreement with that phrase ( cf. albiguf). Considering that, for a long time, such nannies were Mudejar or Morisco women in the regions last taken over by the Christians, the survival here of Arabo-Islamic folkloric uses, as in the case of other games of the Iberian Peninsula is likely. That cue word is not easily recoverable, but it might be something like And. raqid(n = CI.Ar. riiqidin and

preserved in the East and documented by Mazar 1973-1976. 986

See Corriente 2000-2001:151-153.

418

REcOVA-REENES

ruqlid < CI.Ar. ruqad "lying", describing the child's position during the game. 987 recova (Pt., with the old var. arracova and recua), recua (Ct., with a mod. var. recula), recua (Cs. and Gl.) and raqua (Cs., in LHP 540) "train of pack animals", and recova (Can.) ''market": < And. rakb(a) = CI.Ar. rakb(ah), "riding (one time)", contaminated by the Rom. prefix {re-}. From the same origin is arricova (Pt., only in Morais) "baggage" which, therefore, ought to be antepenultima stressed. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: recovar, recovero, recuaje and recuero; Ct.: recover and recuer; Pt.: recova(gem), recovar and recoveiralo. Cf. raqua. redafio (Cs.) "mesentery": according to Vazquez 1988, < Ar. rida£.988 redf: see ardiens. redina "spindle" (Can.): this term used in La Palma is the only witness in lbero-Rom., but for the isolated information in F. del Rosa) (after G6mez Aguado 1992:534,) already mentioned by Eguilaz, of And. raddti!Ul ( cf. raddtna in Alcala), a renewed form of CI.Ar. m.irdan. 987 Sir 1990:85-86 describes a rather similar game, with the same positions and aimed at guessing something, described in old Islamic sources, possibly supporting the hypothesis of the Eastern origin of its Spanish counterpart, not only of the cue word under consideration. That game, called **suddar in Ar., but vaguely considered as an Iranism, appears to have spread among the speakers of the three main languages of the Islamic East, as that author documents it among the Turls< instead of >~~< suggests that, in addition to that metathesis, there has been a contamination with the root {sl:tr/ ''to use magic": as a matter of fact, Alcala catts several kinds of soothsayers .ml:t/:tdr < Ar.ct. .m/:tbiir "wizard" In the tong prehistory of these words, it is not surprising that there were phonetic interferences between the And. pl. .m/:t/:tar{n "enchanters", zuhari "geomancer", if this term was actuatly used in And., and even with the vocalism of And . •~abb as.mbUr "person who wakes up people to make the last meal before daybreak during the month of Ramadan" The meanings zahuril "restless" (Sal) and zahoril "smart; rickety; busybody" (Ast., in Garcia Arias 2006:229) have resulted from semantic evolutions. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: zahoriar; Ct.: saurina. Cf. zabara. savassequia: see zabacequia. savica: see cibica. saxe (with the var. saxos and xaxes) "a kind of turtle dove": is an unassimilated technical term, in DAX 1621, in truth and lit. "rock dove" (cf. Ct. xixella under seixa). saytaracbe "dittender (Lepidiwn tatifotiwn)": is an unassimilated technical term, in DAX 1622, < Ar. .faJiaraj < Sk. Citraka. 1019 sayt6: see seit6. scaculos: see ascacbilos. scangibin, scaniabin scbingibin, sajingibin, squngebi, scbingerin, squizibin and squincibin (with a better var. sacaniabin in Vazquez 1998:783) "oxymel": is an unas-

sebesta (Gl.), sebesta/e (Pt.), sebesten (Cs.) and sebest(a) or sebester/n (Ct.) "sebesten (Cordia tatifotia/myxa)": used to be considered a borrowing through Fr. in the second half of the 20th c., < Ar . .mbastiin < Neo-P. sag pestiin "bitch nipples", but the information provided by Karbstein 2002: 192 suggests that sebestan had entered lberoRom. directly. Intra-Rom. der.: Gt. and Pt.: sebesteiro. sebratan: see cerbatana. seca: see ceca. secacul (Cs.) "secacut (Pastinaca schekakul)": through scientific Llt., < Neo-Ar. .faqiiqul < Neo-P . .faqiiqol. It is possible that Medieval Lt. would be based on an And. pronunciation *.foliqdqul, but as the usual And. form in written sources is >i.fqiiqullrsqyrwsy< (cf. sepbiros). secll(i)a: see acequia. secotrf: see cecotrim. seda albadid "(iron) rust": is an unassimilated technical term, in Vazquez & Herrera 1989:259, < Neo-Ar. ,mda? al/:uulid. sedar: see alsedar.

1019 Meyerhof 1940:184 warns about the frequent confusions between this plant and

fumitory, Ar. Jiihtarruj, from the Pahl. reflected by Neo-P. Jiih tarre "the king's weed".

similated pharmaceutical term, in Herrera & Vazquez 1982: 256-258, < Ar. .mkmzjabin < Neo-P. sik anguben "vinegar honey" scarue: is an unassimilated technical term, in DO 277 "thin linen fabric", a (Pt., also Old Cs. in GP 12), tassa (Ct.) and taza (Cs. and Gl.) "cup": < And. fassa, with several shapes in CI.Ar., like fassah, < Pahl. talt "bowl", also reflected by Neo-P. f/ta.~t. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: tace/ita; Cs. and Gl.: taz6n; Ct. tass(on)ada, tasser and tass6; Gl.: tazada; Pt.: ta..ada. tacanho (Pt.), tacany (Ct.) and tacafio (Cs. and Gl.) "stingy; sordid": as early as in Corriente 1985 we disowned its derivation, propounded by Coromines, from Hb. **taqqiiniih "ordinance, regulation", which is semantically quite far-fetched, while giving no proper account of the last consonant. Granted that its primitive meaning was that of

1034

See Levi-Proven~al 1955:28 (Ar. text).

"despicable; wicked", and that its documentation began at the end of the 14th c. in the three main Rom. languages of the Iberian Peninsula, what we might have is a concretization of And. taqamui'i. "to muffle oneself up", operated in the situation described by Ibn 1Abdi.in in his famous treatise of l}isbah. 1034 He explains that the use of a veil should be strictly forbidden but to ethnic Almoravids, as many rogues resorted to it as a means of committing crimes with impunity, as they were taken for members of that untouchable African corps. If so, the basic form of the loanword must have been Ct. tacany6 orCs. tacafi6n, subsequently metanalyzed as aug. and reduced to their habitual form, while the semantic shift from an abstract substantive to a qualifying adjective has a parallel in aleve, q.v. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: tacafiear; Cs, and Gl. tacafierfa; Ct.: tacanyejar, tacanyeria and tacany6; Pt.: tacanharia, tacanhear and tacanhez(a). tacani'>a (Pt.) "eaves": perhaps < And. taqlf.m "attiring with a cap" (cf. CI.Ar. taqallus "wearing it"), as it aims at protecting walls from rain. tacanyejar, tacanyeria, tacany6, tacafiear, tacafierfa and tacafio: see tacanho. taccie "a stone": is an unassimilated technical term, from DAX 1719, prob. corrupted from *taocie < Ar. fiiwii.siyyah "peacock-like" (cf. taoz in DAX 1729, perhaps synonymous), recorded in DS II 67 as a variety of malachite. Cf. tonitoz. tace/ita: see ta._a. tacho "cauldron" (Can.): < And. fast Cl.Ar. fast. ta..nun: see (a)tazmim. taeiga: see taleca. tfzafaforate "lump of mud thrown noisily onto the ground" (Nav.): as explained under tababullero, which has contaminated its first consonant optionally, the talk goes about a game in which each player must try to plug with mud lumps the holes made by his contrary on the ground. This they would

TAFAL-TAFllADERA

443

do accompanying it with the And. phrase .~qfa ''the hole is gone", with a second constituent of Rom. origin. Cf. safar1. tafal (Men.) "foolish woman": cannot on phonetic grounds derive from Ar. **lift "child", pace Coromines. In the tight of Ar. tafal(az) "prater'', tafalar ''to prattle", tafanear ''to feel; to paw" and tafanero "busybody", the correct etymon is that of tafaner, q.v., with the frequent alternance of In/ and Ill, and our previous hypothesis in Corriente 1997c must be abandoned. tafanario (Cs.) "buttocks": may be a jesting application of the etymon of tafaner, q.v., as it was frequent in both Ar. and Rom. to designate that part of the body with qualifiers alluding to its untimely and embarrassing sounds (cf. Cs. antifonario "antiphonary", phoneticatty similar, by mere coincidence, with this entry). A dissimilation of*tafarario, from the etymon of ataharre, q.v., would be another possibility; however, the first hypothesis is supported by the Cs. synonym tahanero, quoted by Coromines from Pedro Espinosa's Voces ~·ulgares y nUilsmumtes, published in 1600. tafaner (Ct.) ''prier'' and tafanejar "to pry": < And. !a/.zl:uin ''pimp; mitler'' = ct.Ar. tabbiin "mitler'', an understandable metonymy, as in mills, while each waited for his tum there was much gossip and slander, while on the other hand mitlers had a proverbial bad reputation, recorded by Assaqap in his treatise of 1_1isbah.11135 Intra-Rom. der.: Ct.: tafaneria, tafaneta and tafaneig. Cf. atafanado y atafona. tafarinada "strong smetl or stench" (Ant.): is a hybrid with obvious Rom. suffixation, most likely attached to And. tabdm = Ct.Ar. tabrim "interdiction, anathematization", with an easily understandable semantic evolution, as that was the judgment passed on everything which was impure and loathsome to orthodox Muslims, as is obvious in the etymon of stan-

dard Cs. marrano, q.v ., a reflex of the matching non-agentive participle. tafarr(et)a and tajaria: see atafal. tafanik "pleasurable" (Jud.-Sp.): is prob. a reflex of a hybrid *?P:fr+UK, attaching a Rom. suffix to Ar. ;tifr "victory", although another possibility would be a metathesis of the Armenian etymon of Cs. tahur, q.v.s.v. taful/r, which might have entered Jud.-Sp. together with other Ar. loanwords before the exile, or been acquired already in it, from the Tr. reflex tekfur "Byzantine prince" In the latter case, the metathesis would have been triggered by metanalysis of the Rom. suffix I+(;K I. tafPiicira (Pt.) "a kind of chintz": is a mod. borrowing perfectly derivable from genuine Ar. ttif,~ilah "dress length", in spite of Machado's unjust criticism ofDatgado on this point. Vullers records Neo-P. tafsile "a silken fabric" with a non-native shape, a possible corroboration of that Ar. hypothesis, although this sibilant substitution, a mere matter of spelling in Neo-P., is unusual in the latter language, which suggests an origin farther East. tafefia "roasted cereal " (Can.): < And. tabtn = ct.Ar. fabin "ground; flour" tafeta (Gt. and Pt.), tafeta (Ct.) and taretan (Cs.) "taffeta": < Neo-P. tiifte "tissue", through a lost N eo-Ar. form/ 036 transmitted by It. and Ct. during the :Middle Ages. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: atafetanado; Ct.: atafetanat. tafi "floating": is an unassimilated technical term, in GP 122 and DAX 1719, said of a certain stone, from the Ar. etymon of althaft, q.v. taftcira: see tafecira. taftfe (Pt.) "wooden cutting used as weather-strip in doors and windows": prob. < And. takfif= Cl.Ar. t~f"hemming, edging'' ( cf. Mor. ta/¢.f"moulding between beams"). taftladera "sharp toot used for removing fired pottery from their stands or atiftes, q.v ." and taftlar ''to do this job" (Ant.): appear to be intra-Rom. der. from standard Cs. atifle, q.v. Cf. atabales.

1035 See Colin & Levi-Proven~al 1931:21-26 (Ar. text). 10 36 As those currently used now, such as

taftiih and tafattii, have been reintroduced from European languages.

a~furaf

444

TAFILET-TAGAROT

tafilet (Ct.) and tafilete (Cs., Gl. and Pt.) "leather from Tafilalt": from this place name, a region in Southern Morocco. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: tafiletear and tafileteria. tafona, tafonear and tafoner: see atahona. tafora (Arag.) "spree": might be a Mudejar term derived from And. tahur = Cl.Ar. tahii.r "circumcision", as a party is usually given on this occasion. taforeia: see ataifor. taful/r (Pt.), tafur (Ct. and Gl.), and tahUr (Cs., with an old var. tafur) "gambler; card sharper", tafuru "stingy; bad-tempered" (Ast., in Garcia Arias 2006:217): prob. < Neo-Ar. takfiir < Armenian tagavor (after DS I 149), a title given not only to Armenian but also to Greek sovereigns, which the Crusaders learnt as their designation, and that of their subjects altogether. When soon enough their diverging interests damaged their reputation in the eyes of the Westerners, that term came to mean "disloyal; trickster" .1037 From the same etymon might derive Arag. tafuria "a tax", if it could be ascertained that it was placed on earnings from gambling or on gambling houses. IntraRom. der.: Cs.: tah/fureria; Ct.: tafurer(ia), tafurell and tafur(ej)ar; Pt.: tafular(ia) and tafulhice. tafulla (Val.) and (a)tahulla (Cs.) "land measure": nbJt< "bronze".

450

TANQUIL-TARASI

Benhay6n, this is an obvious mistake for tannora "the bakehouse next to B. Gate", a var. ofCs. atanor, q.v. tan(n)in: see altannyn. tanquia: see atanqufa. tanquil ''perpendicular line, plumb line": is an architectural term, in L6pez de Arenas 1912:182, prob. a part of the Mudejar builders' jargon, < Ar. tamkln "dominion; gravitation"; subsequently, this term has been altered into Cs. tranquil, by folk etymology. taon: see althaun. taoz: see taccie. taquelvix: see taybix. taquilla(tge) and taquiller: see adague. tar (Pt., only in Morais) "tambourine": it appears to be a rare unassimilated late borrowing,< dial. Ar.Jiir < CI.Ar. iJiir. tara (Cs., Ct., Gl. and Pt.) "tare":< And. Jtirf:l = CI.Ar. Jarf:l "subtraction, deduction" with insertion of a disjunctive non-phonemic vowel in And. pronunciation, but quite perceptible to Rom. ears. From the same etymon, with Rom. hybridization in the technical jargon of Morisco builders, is tarjar "to lay out the frame of a ceiling; to reckon the width of a piece of pottery" (Ani.), based on the additional meaning of "projection" of that Ar. term. Intra-Rom. der.: Ct.: tareja(do)r, tar6s and destarar; Cs., Ct. and Gl.: tarar; Pt.: ta~iio and tar(e)ar. Cf. atarfel. tara (Pt., only in Morais) "woman's headgear in Egypt": is an unassimilated late borrowing, incorrectly stressed, < Eg.Ar. Jarf:lah. tarablmela and tagarela (Pt.), tarabilla (Cs.), taravella (Ct.) and caravilla (GI., with a var. martabela, contaminated by martelo) "clapper", and tarabela (GI.) "rattle for scaring birds" and tarapiella "sonorous scarecrow" (Leo.): is a hybrid formed on And. Jardb = CI.Ar. Jamb "music" with the Rom. dim. suffix, alluding to the noise produced by such instruments, in the first case with the purpose of warning the miller of operation halts. The second and most usual Pt. form results from metathesis and a frequent shift

10s1 See this

root in DAA.

between fbi and /g/. From the same etymon, with semantic evolution and occasional suffix substitution, are (Cs.) tarabita or tarabilla ''peg or pin holding the cord of a frame saw", tarabilla or tarambana "wooden catch of a window or door'', perhaps taramba "onestringed musical instrument", (Ext.) tarabilla "double wooden hook attached to a rope", (Nav.) tarablvilla "latch", (Ast.) tarabica "wooden catch of a window or door", with an alternative suffix), (Leo.) "wooden catch of a window or door"; clapper'', and (Can., borrowed from Pt.) taramela "wooden catch of a door; prater''. But tarabela (GI.) in the meaning of "brace and bit" is, of course, a reflex of Lt. terebra, although phonetic contamination with the first meaning is probable, together with some relation with And. Jurbtl < And. Rom. *TORBEf.,, reflected as "whirlwind" in the Leiden Glossary and in Granadan place names.1051 Intra-Rom. der.: Gl.: acaravillar, tarabelear, tarabeleiro and tarabelo; Pt.: des(en)taramelar, entaramelar, tagarelar, tagarelice, taramelagem, taramel(e)ar, taramelice and taramelo; Ast.: ataramiellar "to stumble" tarabito (GI.) "cockeyed": is no doubt a cognate of And.Jaldbri (e.g., in Alcala),< Lt. ti!rebra "drill, auger'', most likely transmitted through And.Rom., with sonorant dissimilation and suffix substitution. tara~o: see tara. taracea and ataracea (Cs.) "inlaid work in wood, bone, etc." and tarsia (Ct.) "marquetry": < And.attar,~l'Y = CI.Ar. tar,~ if "inlaying" Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: (a)taracear. tarago/untfa (Can.) "(Dracunculus canariensis) a local subspecies of common dragon": < And. Jurqum~vya < Lt. dri'icmuea. tarah/je: see atarfe1• taramelalo, taramelagem, taramel(e)ar, taramelice and tarapiella: see tarabela. tarar: see tara. tarasf (Cs.) "tailor'': is a recent, pedantic and unnecessary borrowing from Neo-Ar. tarzi < Neo-P. darzi. As for **Jiriizi, which

TARBEA-TARf

451

former editions ofDRAE hesitantly suggested as etymon of this word, it is documented only as an attributive of fabrics produced by a diiru t!iriiz or royal manufacture of brocade; besides, it presents insurmountable phonetic difficulties. It has been corrected in its latest edition, according to our proposal. taravella: see tarabela. taraxen: see altharas. taray: see atarfe1. tarazanal: see atarazana. tarbea (Cs.) "great hall": < And. tarbi1 "square piece", concretization of Cl.Ar. tarbif "squaring" tarbina(s): see talbina. tarbuche (Pt.) and tarpus (Jud.-Sp.) "fez": Machado's proposal of a Tr.-Persian etymon***ter puJis too complex and unlikely. In Neo-P., **tiir puJ would mean "cover for the top", but it is not documented, unlike a parallel **sar puJ "veil; tiara". However, this headgear was originally so uncommon in the East that there is no similar word in Neo-P., and even Tr. has only tarbu~ as a loanword from Western Ar., subsequently spread to Eastern dialects too as the name of this item, about which see fez. tarea and atarea (Cs.), tarefa (GLand Pt.) and tareia (Pt.) "task": < And. tar{/:m, from the Cl.Ar. root {trl:zl "to throw (on somebody's shoulders)". Ext. tarea "four measures of olives" is a semantic evolution. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs.: atarear and tareero; Gl.: atarefado; Pt.: atarefamento, atarefar and tarefeiro. tarear: see tara. tareco (Cs. and Can., prob. borrowed from Pt., with an American var. tereque) and t(a)reco (Pt.) "old and useless utensil": < And. tartiyik < Cl.Ar. tarii'lik "forsaken objects" From the same etymon are Ast. tariegu "earthen pot" and tarecu "old and

useless utensil", in Garcia Arias 2006:37, and perhaps Cs. tarego "gold or silver box", in LHP 614, commented upon by Corriente 2004b: 92. Intra-Rom. der.: Pt.: tarecada and tarecagem. tareero, tarefa, tarefeiro and tareia: see tare a. tareja(do)r: see tara. tarelho: see tari. tarf: see atarf. tarfe "oil mill" and tarje "lower stone of an oil mill" (Ani.): appear to reflect one single original word, *tarhe, semantically split, which makes difficult to propound an etymon, prob. Ar. In spite of the considerable semantic distance, as evolution cannot be discounted, these words may share the etymon of atarfe2, q.v. targum (Cs.and Pt.) "Targum, Aram. translation of some parts of the Bible": is a contemporary unassimilated philological term, < Mishnaic Hb. targum "translation", a cognate of the etymon of dragoman and torcsimany, q.v. Intra-Rom. der.: Cs. and Pt.: targumico and targumista. tan (Ct.), tarim (Pt.) and tarin (Cs.) "a medieval gold coin": lvZt•l was normal in Ct. (e.g., espasa "sword" vs. Cs. espada, sosa "soda", etc.). tasfn "earthen stewing pan" (Jud.-Sp.): from the Neo-Ar. etymon oftixela, q.v. tasmea "distribution of carriers arranged by foremen" (Ant.), tazmfa (Cs.) "list of people; distribution, particularly of grain" and tasmear "to distribute" (Anz.) and "to reckon the width of a place or the clearance of a street "(Ant.): ~< of *catara, < And. .xattara "pontoon", a Neo-Ar. n.inst. of the root {xtr/, one of its frequent meanings being "to pass" (cf. alcatrate). As for its alleged var. zata, this is a doubtful hapax, perhaps an error for *mozata < Ar. musa!fa/J "a kind of flat-bottomed boat", fitting into the only context, but this can be no more than a guess. zatre (Arag.) "hellebore": although phonetically matching And. **saftar = Cl.Ar. **saftar, name of thyme and similar plants, they are very different species, no matter how strange the transferences of signifiers can be. Besides, zetre, name of a medicinal herb in High Aragon, casts serious doubts about an Ar. origin. zaualachen: see zabalachen. zauarget: see azauarget. zauazouke: see zabazoque. zaubac: see zanbac. zaura: see atzaura. zauril and zaurfn: see saurf. But zaurin "a kind of ash tree" (Mon.) appears to be an Ar. gentilic of a place name hard to identify. The same word means "active, diligent, tireless", in the Arag. ofTarazona, after Gargallo 1985:34, perhaps as a var. ofzabrin, q.v. zavazogado: see zabazoque. zavra: see atzaura. zayen and zayenals: see clanf. Zlizio (Pt., used in the Indian Ocean, only in Machado who, as often, does not specify its meaning): perhaps < Ar. jahiiz "outfit, rig" zdayrofe "limestone": is an unassimilated technical term, in DAX 1916, given there as Gr., but likelier to be a corruption of Syr. >1ulbdltwsslhbriilhxb.jx< and >f',b.< and>'~>akt is not arbitrarily omitted, as it has phonemic value and is not always automatically retrievable, the assimilation of the I l/ of the article is reflected, as well as vowel length not represented by 17Ultres lec:tionis, while we dispense in all cases with bothersome and unnecessary hyphens. In the dialects,

*abn awe (And.): abnue. **abm.~:

barclno.

ab(u): belhez. **abii fabdillii/ah: tamarella. *abudu.~(And.): 2.1, bodoix. abii balaq (Neo-Ar.): bo(j)alaga. (abu)jabran (And.): alfar(ah)an.

*abuk4ff(And.): almocafre. abii kaliim and abukaUm (And.): abukalim. **abii kayl: aboquel. abii qaltuniin: 1.3.2, calam6n. abu labmO (And.): samamel. abii tiiqah (Neo-Ar.): pataca (in Appendix 1). abu taylwz (And.): abutil6n. abu wqq (And.) and abii ziqq: buzaque. ab(u)jad: abujede. **abulbasan: abulasiio. *abulqurun (And.): alboquer6n. *abulusiin: a bulasiio. abwiibu rrizq: babala. **abziir: abacero. aNa:ryap (And.): atxeu. aNlc (And.): aciche.

fM:anda. afdiid: dado. **adan (And.) and **adiilz: alidem.

fadtuzf: addani. fadiirlt: Adara, dedodedama. fadiiri/ii: aladeere. adaryiin (Neo-Ar.): adrion. **fadasah: adaza. fadb: alhadeb. **fadl: adul ftklm alftl: 1.1.3.2.1. ftklm albdqq: 1.1.3.2.1, 1.3.2. adnab: dumb. fadrii'l: aladra. adriyiis (Neo-Ar.): edri.

Malt. retains its own spelling, while the others are transcribed as O.Ar.; in the case of Naf., for the sake of coherence with our own system, we also follow a strict phonemic system, with three "stable" vowels (Ia/, Iii y lui) and two "unstable" ones (h1l and lol), without thereby prejudging the phonemic status of quantity. However, phonemic stress is transcribed in And. items, inl>tead of quantity, which appears to have disappeared (see SK 60-65).

UST OF OlHER FOREIGN WORDS

'illl}ud: alhadab. 'iadul ('ia;Tm) (And.) and **'!ada/: adul1 • a'idur (And.): adul1 . **adwiir: aduar. adwiyat arm?s (Neo-Ar.): alrasium. llfM (And.) and qfiid: fideu. n,tflt: fn. 103. a'ifiij: albafagi. n,fiiwfh: alefanginas. n,filimun (Neo-Ar.): if~mi~n. **'itif,~(a) (And.) and **'itif,~a(ah): algazafan. 'iaf~T, pl. 'iaJ,.~iyyiit: afciet. 'iafya (And.) and 'iiifiyah: 1.3.2, alafia, balafiar. n,fyun (And.) and n,fyun: anfiio. agiilujun: agalugem. agtirr (And.) and agarr: trafalgar. aglabi": aglabf. abbtilf~ (And.) and abbiis: babiz. a/.ulab: albadab. a/:mUiq( u): alambat. abnuir (And.) and a/:tnUir: alfilmbar, hamal. abriir: abfarar. abyti (And.): **alaela. a'iinnah: alcama. 'iii?i.fah: Axa. a'ijamf: alagiemi. 'iajam.iyya (And.) and 'iajamiyyah: 1.1.3.2.2, aljamia. 'iajtiybi (And.): ajevfo. ajmiil: alecbmel. **iijurr: aljor. iijurrah: 1.1.4.4.2, fn. 103, rajola. 'iajuz al?a.md (Neo-Ar.): ajuz ala~t. 'iajwah: ajua. 'iajz: albagiagi. 'iajz (And.), 'iajz and ***'lajziin: lacazan. akmam (And.): fatel. iiltUI'i.f (Neo-Ar.): elinays. alii 'ialinUI l'iiilamun: 2.2, alim6n. *'!ala tistu (And.): alacitonar (in Appendix 1). 'iallt biib alliih (Neo-Ar.): babala. '!ala+ llUl: 2.2. '!ala (l)qtnUI (And.) and 'iallt lqi"nU!h: quema. '!ala+ tuUibf(And.): alelevf. '!ala rm?s: arroz1 . '!ala ru?usi tuziis: arroz1 . '!ala wujjuh (And.) and 'iallt wajhih: alaujo. 'ialafah: alafa. a/am: (al)alem.

495

'ialtim (And.) and '!a/am: fn. 4, alamar, alamico. a'iliim: alabelem. *'ialam~vya (And.): alamia. almulalus (And.) and al?mulnlus: andaluz. 'ialtis (And.) and '!alas: 1.1.3.2.2, 1.1.3.5, adaza.

**al?a'i.fiir: alacer. 'iala.Iah: alatba. *a(fuss (And.): alfonsim. a/gam: amalgama (in Appendix 1). albiqflah: bigo. al{jbd (And.): alibe. al+?iliih: Ala. 'iiilim: fn. 77, aJime, ulema. 'ialinU!l'iiilnmun: alim6n. '!iilinU!h: almea1. allti(h) (And.) and alliih: 1.1.3.6, Ala, janda alia!, arco de Santiago, babala, bismela, faramalha, lilaila, ojala, ole, tamarella, tomara. 'ialliiqah (Neo-Ar.): allrgaderas. allf yiqd'i (And.): anna~r aloeke. almiis: ademuz. 'iiilme (Sr. or Eg.): almea1 . alpu.Mrra (And.): alpujarrefio. *altanuiq (And.): tamanco. alwdq (And.): loco. a/yah: orlla. 'ianuil (And.): almila. 'iamiilah: almila. anuim (And.): manaman. anuin (And.) and atlliill: aman. anuitUI (And.): fn. 95 >atniitzka< (And.): tamanco. **'iamiir: alamar. am'iat: alambat. anUiyrun (And.): almeirio. ambarbarfs (Neo-Ar.): berberis. 'iamal (Mor.): amel. 'iiimil: amel. am{n (And.) and amfn: alamf. iimfn:

amem.

amftzq (And.): tamanco. am{r (And.) and at,lfr: 1.3.1.2.2, almirall, emir,mir. am{r almumin{n (And.): miramamolf. 'iiimirf: amirf. amfru lbabr: almirall, mirabar. amfru lmu?minfn: miramamolf.

496

APPENDIX D

amlaj: emblico. fanun and fanun (And.): jam/n. **fiinunah: alema. amr(vya: alambrilla. famruna (And.): ambrona. **famrus: andaluz. mnslt: 2.1. famUd And.) and fmniid: alamud. famiid a,~.~alib (Neo-Ar.): almud a~aleb. mnurusii (Neo-Ar.): amoresia. fan dtilik (And.): andelgue. fan fiwii(i: anigual. *fmznaqiyyfn (And.): anequim. fanJiba(ti 1uzaf~ I lxii!ir): atiblua. mza fiiyiz ltza.v.va (Eg.): fn. 99. mzMir (And.) and a1ziidir: adil mziimil: alanamel. faniiq and fmziiq al'lart;l (Neo-Ar.): alanac. **mzaysun ,mxrt (And.): slifaro. fanhar (And.) and falzhar: 1.1.4.4.1, ambar. mzbfq (And.): alambf. mzbUba (And.): 1.1.3.1, 1.1.5.1.2, amboa. mularun (Neo-Ar.): aldaron. mularxlt (Neo-Ar.): andarach. mululus: andaluz. ft~~ifaqah:

alhanfache.

mzfiyalus (Neo-Ar.): empialos. mzisiin: alanicen. mzjudiin: anjuio. **fankabii'l: cancana1 (in Appendix 1). fa1zkabut: alancabut. ***famziiq: anac. fllluu'iz: alahannez. fanqii'l: aanca. **anqiit;l: afiicos (in Appendix 1). fanqUd (And.): janglon. fanqUdi (And.): ancodi. fan,mra (And.) and fan,~amh: alhansara. mzJiiki: antoqni. fanz: alahanc. mzztil (And.): arancel. fanzarut: anzarote. faqab: alhacab. **aqfaf. gafo. faqib: alachabal. faq{q (And.) and faqiq(ah): aaqnic, alaqueca. faqiq xaluqi(Neo-Ar.): aloque1 . faqiqah: alc~r. faql (And.) and faql: calilo. aqm(va (And.): agumys.

**aqraf (And.): careca. faqrab (And.) and faqmb: 1.1.3.115, 1.1.4.1,

alae ran. **aqriiJ: arracada 1. fambt (And.) and fambi: fn. 80, alarabe,

arabf, arbim. famb(vya (And.) and fambiyyah: algarabfa. far(a)bun: albaroque.

famq: araque. famq alfarusah (Neo-Ar.): arat arar~.

farfar: arar. farbUn (And.): albaroque. arciq{ss (And.): archiquez.

ar{i: tafulla. far.mlillasalullaadhn(n)s< (Syr.): fugela. tifiyiin (Syr.): anfiio. qfti: mufti. iigiirii: rajola. alliihii (Syr .): Ala. iimfn (Syr.): amem. atulrakne (Syr.): andarach. faqriitii (Syr.): achuna. farbelii: garbell. argewiinii: arjoran. >arqf.Y'lwn< (Syr.): abutil6n. fartanflii (Syr.): artanita. biibii: babismo. balliilii: bellota. bar abbii: barrabas. bar nabbii: barnabita. bardiinii: albard6n. **biirrii: albarri. bii!yii (Syr.): betya. bet estiine (Syr.): zagio. biirgii (Syr.): borja.

true phonemic quantity; spirantization is not indicated in any manner, except in the case of {fl, and occasionally {xj, in order to prevent a great distortion of actual pronunciation, again without entering into the issue of phonemicity.

552

APPENDIX D

>d(r)m.fqkidqdys< (Syr.): calcadiz. >k'lp'l g'll'lf.Wys< (Syr.): galecaciz. kurs( iy)yii: alcorsf. kiiz(ii ): alcuza.

>lytws g'lg'l[ys< (Syr.): cahadenyz. >lytws mahli{i[fs< (Syr.): milititaz. >lytws mhpy[w.K (Syr.: neclfitiz. >lytws 1ziiksyii mrwns< (Syr.): neneyoquiquod. >lytws JJWY)'!YS< (Syr.): parides. magdi!lii: magdalena. maksii: almaja. nziilagnzii (Syr.): amalgama (in Appendix 1). malkii (Syr.): melquita. nziilugnzii (Rab.): amalgama (in Appendix 1). manmzflii (Syr.): amemice. nlllnmwn (Rab.): mamona. nllllulaf: mandeo. nlll1ulaya (Mand.): mandeo. nllllzdflii (Syr.): mandil ltlliiUzii: mana. nziir (Syr .): mar. fnlllr fi;zzii (Syr.): mar. nlllrqi!.fftii: marahezes. nzii.frii: (Syr.): (al)masera. mi!dfnlttii: almudaina, medines. mebatttun (Syr.): altamia. mi!ne: fares. me.fbii and me.fab qunyii (Syr.): masicote. miske1zii: mesquf. mi[riilz and mf[ropOIT!ii (Syr.): meterane. mudyii: almodf. muryii: almorf. >mwlwbdhlzii< (Syr.): ~ulufidena. >mwrwkyws< (Syr.): muruquid. >mylsywn< (Syr.): ferfide. >my~V!)i!ys< (Syr.): milititaz.

*llllblii: nebel.

**naftii: cauza. ntu,Z!ii (Syr.): annamath. nii,.~rat: nazareu. **naw.f'ii (Syr.): cauza. 'lmwsb'lns< (Syr.): aytociez. obolos (Syr.): abulasiio.

liidiilzii (Syr.): aledan. >laytos muraktus< (Syr.): muruquid. LOJ(Rab.) and lu.fii (Syr.): lufa. >lytws hnziififus< (Syr.): ambonencuz. >lytws 'ln'lspys< (Syr.): belyniz. >lytws )'sws< (Syr.): baciz. >lytws giiliiq!Tfu.K (Syr.): galecaciz.

pii(gii)niqii (Rab.): albaneca. parsfn: fares. pii.f'er e.f'tf11 (Syr.): alfasir. >piilryn< atzd >pii!ryii< (Syr.): phateri. pela[yii: balate1. pe1zdeqii (Syr.): alfondec.

UST OF OlHER FOREIGN WORDS

fJi!riiziimii (Syr.): alefris. fJer'isayyii: fariseo. fJesipas(ii): foceifiza. fJesq'itii (Syr.): falqufa. tJikkiisii (Rab.): 0.6, alftoos, macar. fJis/:lii: pascoa. tJilllii (Rab.): alfetena. *>fJ!rws< (Syr.): fotroz. fJuglii: fugel tJulsii: faluz. fJUiuli!qii (Syr.) and pUiuli!qi (Rab.): alb6n-

diga. **pumii (Rab.): alcuja. fJiilqii (Syr.): albot. fJwgliilii: fugela. qiibii!ii (Rab.): alcotfn. **qndsii (Syr.): alcaduz. qqf.~ii

(Syr.): alcahaz, cauza.

qiilbii (Syr.): calibo. qalyii (Rab.): alcali. qanbii/'i/os: alcinave. qmul'ilii: candil. qmzJ'irii (Syr.): quintal. qarJ'isii (Syr.): alcartaz. qa.Hi.fii (Syr.): caciz. qasJerii: alcacer. qal!iis(ii): gat. qaysiirii (Syr.): cay~or. qawan (Syr.): alquitiio. qefizii: caffs. qelb'id (Syr.): c8Iibo. qenJi!riin (Syr.): alcantara. qe.fflii: marcasita. qesfii (Syr.): alquez. qiblii (Rab.): alquibla. qiniirii: caiiarf. qinJ(i)niir or qinJ(e)r(ii)) (Rab.): quintal qis!ii (Syr.): alquez. qi.~iirii

(Syr.):

cay~or.

qitiirii (Syr. ): guitarra. q'iJiin (Rab.): alquitao. >qniibrys< (Syr.): queyebyz. qOlqiis: alcolcaz. >qpnyws'lspltvn< and >'iplnwz< (Syr.): afaltih. **sriidqa (Mand.): serrall summiiq: sumac. .fum.fU/11 (Rab.): sesamo. .~bia

siiqii: a~ougue. siiryii: sirfaco. >syryqwn< (Syr.): caeracoz. >s.Wlii< (Syr.): acetre. taggiirii: atijara. talli.~ii

(Syr.): teliz.

!tmbiirii: tambor. talmiirii: atanor, tendur. Jark/xon (Syr.): estragao. tebiitii: atabud. teqel: fares. t(h)ermiisii (Syr.): altramuz. Jignii (Syr.): tequina. tikkii: atacar. tiirgemiinii (Rab.): torcimany. u(n)qiyii: ouquia.

qu~vii

(Rab.): 8Icali. qunyii (Syr.. ): alcali. qiippii (Rab.): alcofa. qiirdq(is)'in and qiirqii (Rab.): alcorque.

yaqqiinldtii (Syr.): yacoth alaazfor. yarqiinii: alacrarr. ya.fpe: alioj.

553

554

APPENDIX D

~rmws< (Syr.): aymu. yordenii (Rab.): Jordan. >'ly'lspys< (Syr.): belyniz.

zaggiigii: zozeche. zafriirii and zafroro (Syr.): acerola. zawgii: ajoujo. zaytii and zaytunii: aceite, aceituna. >'lzdbdlfws< (Syr.): zdayrofe. zekiitii: asequf. zemiin: zeman. zemaragdii: somorta, (a)zauarget. zemf (Syr.): acerola. zemf qal!unii: saragatona. ZUIIIIiirii: atzunar. zaz;{ii (Syr.): a~aifa.

amzur: gandaia. mzuwar (Rif.): nagiiela. *arfos: alfonsim. argan: argan. argis: alarguez. **arkas (Rif.): agovfa. *ark;mzus: 0.1, argamussa. arruz (Kab.): arrices. ***asakkat: acicate. **asaksu: alcuzcuz. asswi nrfiyila: atafea. awid+ec: fn. 97. ***ayiirden: adora. ayt.farxan: farfii. aza : acebuche. azanmzur: acebuche. cenik (Can.): tenique. annam.faJ (Rif.): nammeixfes.

*a'laban: abana. ahuda: tabua. afabban (Kab.), abana. tifrag: l.l.3.2.2, alfaneque. tifru.x: farfii. tifus: almocafre. ag (Rif.): atzagaia. agayyu n+urgaz I wurgaz (Ta8.): l.3.l.l. agdal: aguedal. agdud: almogote. aganduz: alcanduz. **agarda (Kab.): gardufia (in Appendix 1). *agargut and agargit: l.2.l.3.2, gorgoto. ag1uzw: aguineu. agzal: azuche, tragacete. **aharkus (Rif.): agovfa. ak"erzi (Kab.): alcaidfa1 . **alili: aleli. mnan: ma. m1uznmjiyila: atafea. mna l.3.l.l. **mnazwaru: almocouvar. *amgudi: almogote. **mnrar (Kab.): alamar. m1zu.f.f and mn.fi.f: moix.

4 The words not attributed to a particular dialect, without being necessarily pan-Berber, are common to several. In our transcription, we

**gnu: aguineu. gudi (Ba~.): almogote.

!fassan: almocafre. !farxan: farfii. igut (Tas.): almogote. ij urgaz (Tam.): fn. 98. ij waryaz (Rif.): fn. 98. inek (Ta8.): tenique. **irdan: adora, irichen. irifi: arife1 . isswi mjiyila: atafea. i.fJ n+mal!ut (Tam.): fn. 98. m tmn.fut (Rif.): fn. 98. izaggal (Kab.): zagal. lbahimt: l.3.l.l. lbarka (Kab.): barraca. **lkummit (Ba~.): agomia. lqayd: l.3.l.l. tahuda: tabua. **ta.frut (Kab.): chafarote. tagrart: tagarot.

reflect spirantization, in order to avoid a too great distortion of actual pronunciation, without prejudging phonemicity.

UST OF OTHER FOREIGN WORDS

tagra(t): tagra. Iagrixl (Rif.): gorgoto. *tagzalt: tragacete. **takummit: agomia. tal'iam: 1.3.1.1. tamazgida: 1.2.1.1, 1.3.1.2.1, mesquita. tamzurt: gandaia. tani.{(a (Kab.): tenique. >/liiUJill and >tiinqlgulttiir:fisttilngilltdbtdb'ltbk'lw xUwtk'lptml!rm'ls,t.~wnb< and noub (Cp.): nubiense. >mr'iprpr'i'lpw msmty.f1ultsm~1Jts.fn< and s.f.fn: a~cena.

>Jkrc
c< and >t/< for >11~< and >ogfz7/:lh.k: abexi. k;n:fif(Mehri): xarnafa. m?gl: almijara. >m/:!rmmkrhsh?ynln, Brill. id. 1993a: Uxico estdndary andalusi del Diwiin de Ibn Quznziin, Saragossa, Area de estudios arabes e islamicos de Ia Facultad de F. y Letras. id. 1993b: "Expresiones bajo tabu social en arabe andalusi y sus relaciones con el romance", in Vox Romanica 52, 282-91. id. 1993c: "Reflejos iberorromances del andalusi lbtr/" in Al-Andalus Magreb 1, 77-87, rep. in Homenaje a Felix Monge, Madrid, Gredos, 1996.

590

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