DERMATOMYOSITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Dermatomyositis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00349-X 1. Dermatomyositis-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on dermatomyositis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DERMATOMYOSITIS .................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Dermatomyositis ........................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 10 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DERMATOMYOSITIS......................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Dermatomyositis.......................................................................... 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 56 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DERMATOMYOSITIS .................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 64 General References ....................................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON DERMATOMYOSITIS ................................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 65 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 66 Chapters on Dermatomyositis...................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON DERMATOMYOSITIS ..................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 71 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 73 Academic Periodicals covering Dermatomyositis ........................................................................ 73 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 75 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 77 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 81 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 83 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 85 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 87 Associations and Dermatomyositis.............................................................................................. 90 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 91 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 93 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 93 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 93 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 99 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 102 DERMATOMYOSITIS DICTIONARY ..................................................................................... 103
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INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 147
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with dermatomyositis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about dermatomyositis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to dermatomyositis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on dermatomyositis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to dermatomyositis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on dermatomyositis. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DERMATOMYOSITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on dermatomyositis.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and dermatomyositis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “dermatomyositis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Tongue Carcinoma in a Young Patient with Dermatomyositis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 59(8): 925-928. August 2001. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department, P.O. Box 629239, Orlando, FL 32862-8239. (800) 654-2452. Summary: Dermatomyositis (DM) is a diffuse inflammatory disease accompanied by weakness in the proximal (nearer to the trunk) muscles of the limbs that belongs to the collagen family of diseases whose onset is induced by autoimmune disorders. Although the disease is often complicated by the development of malignant tumors (cancer), it is extremely rare that such patients develop malignant tumors in the oral region. This article describes the case of a 19 year old male with DM who later developed tongue
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cancer. Three months after diagnosis with DM, the patient developed an aphthous ulcer (canker sore) on the right edge of the tongue, but it disappeared after adjustment of his prosthesis. Three months following this episode, the patient was again referred with a complaint of pain in the same region, and an ulcer about 20 millimeters in diameter was observed. A biopsy was performed and a diagnosis of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was made. The tumor enlarged rapidly, and the right submandibular (beneath the lower jaw) region showed diffuse swelling. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy over a course of six months were unsuccessful; a CT scan showed that the primary tumor had spread and distant metastases had appeared in the lung, liver, sternum, costa, ilium, and lumbar vertebrae. The patient died of respiratory failure 7 months after the biopsy. The authors also review the literature dealing with DM over the past decade. 3 figures. 1 table. 22 references. •
Gingival Telangiectases: An Underappreciated Physical Sign of Juvenile Dermatomyositis Source: Archives of Dermatology. 135(11): 1370-1374. November 1999. Contact: Available from American Medical Association. Subscriber Services Center, P.O. Box 10945, Chicago, IL 60610. (800) 262-2350 or (312) 670-7827. Fax (312) 464-5831. Email:
[email protected]. Website: www.ama-assn.org. Summary: In this article, the authors describe 5 cases of juvenile dermatomyositis (DM) with oral manifestations, primarily in the form of gingival (gum) telangiectases (dilation of capillaries). The authors note that MEDLINE searches (1966 through June 1999) failed to identify references that give detailed descriptions of the oral manifestations of DM. However, several reports predating MEDLINE provided more complete descriptions of oral lesions associated with DM. The authors compare their findings (in the case reports) with those descriptions found in the pre MEDLINE reports. Oral lesions in juvenile DM have rarely been reported. Mucous membrane involvement associated with DM may include telangiectases, edema, erosions, ulcers, and leukoplakia like areas. The authors conclude that, in cases of DM, gingival telangiectases represent an unappreciated diagnostic finding, analogous to nail fold telangiectases. 6 figures. 1 table. 12 references.
Federally Funded Research on Dermatomyositis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to dermatomyositis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to dermatomyositis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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animals or simulated models to explore dermatomyositis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for dermatomyositis: •
Project Title: CHILDHOOD ONSET DERMATOMYOSITIS THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Lovell, Daniel J.; Professor; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 452293039 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDMS) is one of the most serious of the childhood rheumatic diseases. Mortality is 3-39% with over 40% of patients demonstrating long term disability. Current first line therapy is high dose corticosteroids with the attendant significant drug related toxicity. Over 30% of JDMS patients fail to respond adequately to steroids and require additional immunosuppression, none of which have been tested in prospective, randomized, controlled trials. The unique occlusive vasculopathy in JDMS is critical in the pathogenesis, predictive of prognosis but poorly understood. Elevated levels of TNF alpha have been shown to be present in JDMS and are associated with a more severe and chronic course. HYPOTHESIS: The early introduction of etanercept or methotrexate will prove to be effective in the treatment of JDMS and in pretreatment muscle biopsies there will be abnormalities in quantitative vascular morphology and levels of angiogenic factors that will be significantly negatively correlated with physical strength and daily functional ability. METHODOLOGY: 75 children with definite JDMS will be enrolled in a 24 month prospective, randomized, multicentered trial comparing 3 treatments: oral prednisone (P), combination of oral prednisone and methotrexate (P/MTX), and combination of oral prednisone and etanercept (P/E). Primary response measures will be muscle strength and mean duration of steroid therapy. Secondary response variables are disability in daily function and height and weight growth velocity (steroid toxicity measures). The combination of PIE will be tested and compared to both P alone and the combination of P/MTX after 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of treatment. In addition, the combination of P/MTX will be compared to P alone after 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of treatment. In pretreatment muscle biopsies, proangiogenic factors (such as vascular endothelial cell growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor), angiostatic factors (such as angiostatin and endostatin) and vascular morphology (vessel number, width, length and area) will be quantified and tested for ability to predict muscle strength and functional ability 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months SIGNIFICANCE. The long-term goal is to improve the treatment of this serious childhood onset rheumatic disease and to better understand the pathogenic mechanism for the development of the vasculopathy of JDMS. Identification of the specific mechanism of the vasculopathy may allow for the rational introduction of biologic treatments focused on vascular growth. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--METHODOLOGY /DATA MANAGEMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Chang, Rowland Waton.; Professor; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Research Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-FEB-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Methodology and Data Management Core has been critically important to the success of the Northwestern University MAMDC and its EEHSR Component in particular, and is critically important to this MCRC. The centralized availability of expertise in database and study form construction-, data entry, monitoring, and retrieval; and the various analytic techniques used to test
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hypotheses and control for potential confounders are essential resources for all investigators. The Core has assisted educators, epidemiologists, and health services researchers from several divisions and departments in studying a wide variety of disease and demographic groups including systemic lupus erythematosus, osteoarthritis, juvenile dermatomyositis (JDMS), rheumatoid arthritis, and the elderly. Core resources have been used efficiently because of the economies of scale. Recognizing that newer analytic techniques have become available and more accepted, this proposal continues the expansion of our work in clinical epidemiology and health services research implemented during the current MAMDC cycle. Given this Center's emphasis on longitudinal outcomes research, experts in advanced statistical techniques (generalized estimating equation (GEE), classification and regression trees (CART), meta-analysis), economics, decision analysis, clinical epidemiology and behavioral science are included as Core investigators. The Core will support the three full proposals and the one developmental/feasibility proposal in this grant application and the funded activities of the JDMS registry at Children's Memorial Hospital. It will continue to contribute to the MCRC research environment by providing data management and methodologic assistance to investigators who engage in arthritis related research. The participation of Core investigators in the arthritis clinical research conference and enhanced viability and support for clinical epidemiology and health services research on Northwestern University's Chicago Campus further heighten the Core's influence on the environment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DERMATOMYOSITIS SKIN DISEASE SEVERITY MEASURE VALIDATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Jorizzo, Jospeh L.; Dermatology; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dermatomyositis is an inflammatory myopathy of unknown cause accompanied by a characteristic cutaneous eruption. Despite the frequently debilitating severity of the skin involvement, most studies have focused on the muscle disease and no controlled studies have been done to study systematically the skin disease in dermatomyositis or its treatment. This is in part due to the lack of standard methods for evaluating the skin involvement of dermatomyositis. Validated measures that can be used to judge the severity of skin involvement of patients with dermatomyositis and to evaluate and compare different therapies are not available yet. The purpose of this study is to validate a dermatomyositis skin disease severity measure (DSSI) developed based on the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), to determine the clinical significance of changes in the DSSI, and to collect data on the expected effect size and variability of two common treatments. The hypothesis is that a modified version of the psoriasis severity measure can be used to accurately measure the severity of skin disease in patients with dermatomyositis. The successful completion of the study will permit future studies that assess the effectiveness of different treatments for dermatomyositis skin disease and provide data that could be used for power analysis calculations for designing future full-scale studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MOLECULAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCUL* Principal Investigator & Institution: Chen, Yi-Wen; Children's Research Institute Washington, D.C., Dc 20010 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is one of the most common inherited muscle diseases following Duchenne muscular dystrophy and myotonic dystrophy. The disorder is autosomal dominant with nearly complete penetrance (95%) by age 20. Severity of muscle involvement in FSHD is extremely variable, ranging from elderly individuals with mild facial weakness to wheelchair bound children. Besides variability between individual patients, FSHD patients often show enigmatic asymmetry of muscle involvement. This disease feature permits a novel experimental design, where progression of the disease can be studied within a single patient at a single time point. Previous studies showed a statistically significant correlation between severity of clinical presentation and the deletion of D4Z4 repeats on chromosome 4q35 in patients with FSHD. Current hypotheses center on a position effect of telomeric sequences on genes in or near the deletion site, however the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease are far from clear. In our study, we hypothesize that FSHD patient muscle shows a disease-specific expression profile, relative to other muscle disease (Duchenne muscular dystrophy, alpha-sarcoglycan deficiency, juvenile dermatomyositis, and dysferlin deficiency). In addition, we hypothesize that one can identify a subset of the FSHD-specific genes will be shown to correlate with progression of-muscle involvement in FSHD muscle by comparing expression changes correlated with clinically-affected vs. unaffected muscles within single dystrophy patients. In our preliminary data, we have defined an FSHD-specific set of 29 genes that are candidates for primary involvement of disease pathogenesis by using the HuGeneFL array (-6,000 full length genes). In this proposal, we plan to broaden the number of genes studied, so that a genome-wide set of genes implicated in the primary etiology can be defined. Specifically, we will extend our truly promising preliminary data to over 60,000 genes and EST sequences included on the Human genome U95A, B, C, D, E stock chips, as well as the > 2,000 human muscle ESTs on our custom-produced MuscleChip. In addition, a custom glass slide array consisting of - 200 genes and ESTs from 4q35 and lOq26 will be used to identify FSHD region specific alterations in gene expression. All FHSD-specific ESTs identified will be characterized in detail. Further studies will likely include the delineation of a complete picture of the pathophysiology of FSHD, as well as identification of functional SNPs in the refined gene list that correlate with disease severity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NIAMS MULTIDICIPLINARY CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTER IN CINC* Principal Investigator & Institution: Glass, David N.; Professor of Pediatrics and Director; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 452293039 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: OF THE OVERALL PROGRAM: (Taken from the application) This proposal from the Children's Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati has the goal of impacting a clinical practice as it is applied to the most common rheumatic diseases of childhood. This proposal also represents in part the competing renewal for the Centers existing P60
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MAMDC and is complimentary to the P30 Cincinnati Rheumatic Diseases Core Center submitted earlier this year. It is estimated that 140,000-200,000 children within the United States have rheumatic disease, many, but not all, of which are autoimmune. The major diseases are juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and juvenile dermatomyositis. Of increasing impact are illnesses with regional and generalized musculoskeletal pain syndromes of which fibromyalgia is particularly common and appears to be increasing in frequency and can present a major management problem. The five components of the Center are: A methods core interacting with all projects; A trial of etanercept in juvenile dermatomyositis; A study of psychological status in juvenile onset fibromyalgia; An imaging study using quantitative T2 mapping JRA; Methotrexate pharmacogenomics in JRA. In addition, there is an administrative unit which will exercise operational control and administrative oversight of all the projects through an executive committee, two Advisory Boards and a Community-Based Board of Directors. The short- and long-term goals are to improve the health of children with these conditions and to better ensure a smooth transition from childhood and adolescence through to young adulthood for the child with a chronic rheumatic disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS OF THE VASCULOPATHY OF JDM Principal Investigator & Institution: Grom, Alexei A.; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 452293039 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Despite the fact that juvenile dermatomyositis is viewed "primarily as a systemic vasculopathy rather than simply an inflammation of muscle and skin", our knowledge of the vascular abnormalities in this disease is based on only few descriptive histopathological studies. Such vasculopathy is often associated with the capillary necrosis that eventually leads to capillary loss and tissue ischemia, a phenomenon that is likely to be responsible for muscle infarctions and severe ulcerative complications involving skin and gastro-intestinal tract in about one third of JDM patients. In contrast to normal physiologic response to tissue ischemia, we have not been able to detect up regulation of the expression o f t he major a ngiogenic factors i n the affected JDM muscles. Based on this, we hypothesize that blood vessel repair in JDM is hampered by the blunted angiogenic response normally induced by tissue ischemia. In turn, this may be secondary to the altered balance between angiogenic and angiostatic components of the inflammatory response. Therefore, it is expected that in pretreatment muscle biopsies in children with JDM, there will be histologic and functional evidence of vasculopathy and impaired angiogenesis that will be significantly correlated with the outcome of the disease. In the proposed study, Specific Aim #1 will focus on detailed quantitative morphometric characterization of JDM vascular abnormalities. It will test the hypothesis that quantitative assessment of vasculopathy in pretreatment muscle biopsy may have significant prognostic value. Specific Aim #2 will identify differentially expressed genes in muscle biopsy samples that will distinguish JDM patients with vasculopathy and tissue damage from those with relatively benign disease. The differentially expressed genes will be sought in global gene expression profiles as well as in angiogenesis pathways with focus on the direct acting angiogenic factors and their receptors, as well as inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that can mediate release of the angiogenic factors. Particular attention will be given to the balance between the angiogenic ELR + and the angiostatic ELRchemokines. In our preliminary data, the interferon y induced protein 10 (IP-10), a potent ELR angiostatic
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chemokine, was highly expressed in all JDM muscle biopsy samples. Specific Aim 3 will focus on gene expression profiles in peripheral blood. The long-term goal of this proposal is to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying vasculopathy and to define potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RHEUMATIC DISEASE SERA: PROBES OF DISEASE MECHANISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Casciola-Rosen, Livia A.; Dermatology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The broad, long-term objectives of this proposal are to define pathogenic mechanisms in human autoimmune myopathies, with a view to defining pathways of therapeutic relevance in this group of diseases. Several recent studies have identified the cytotoxic lymphocyte granule pathway as a pathway of potential importance in autoimmune myositis. In polymyositis, cytotoxic lymphocyte granules are frequently polarized towards muscle cells, indicating that these lymphocytes are in the active process of degranulation. Furthermore, all autoantigens targeted in polymyositis and dermatomyositis are unified by their susceptibility to efficient cleavage by granzyme B (GrB), generating unique fragments not generated during other forms of cell death. We hypothesize that the cytotoxic lymphocyte granule pathway plays a dual role in inducing muscle cell death and in generating the unique forms of autoantigens, which drive the autoimmune response in autoimmune myositis. The specific aims of the proposal are to (1) Define the mechanisms whereby cytotoxic lymphocytes induce muscle cell dysfunction and death in muscle cells in vitro. This will be accomplished by elucidating the effector pathways downstream of GrB in muscle cells in vitro, and by defining the mechanisms responsible for the prominent inhibition of caspases observed in myoblasts; (2) Define the pathways of muscle cell damage in vivo in affected tissues from patients with autoimmune myositis. The activity of the pathways downstream of GrB demonstrated to be of functional relevance in Aim 1 will be directly interrogated using a set of novel reagents that specifically report on the state and activity of GrB, caspases, calpains, nNOS, and muscle structural and regulatory proteins; (3) Elucidate the role of GrB-mediated cleavage and muscle cell differentiation state on the immunogenicity of muscle antigens in an animal model. These studies will address the role of cleavage by GrB in generating the specific immune response to the myositis-specific autoantigen EF-1alpha and define whether the myoblast is the preferential initiator of autoantibody responses to muscle-specific autoantigens. Taken together, these studies will enhance our understanding of the effector mechanisms that participate in the pathogenesis of autoimmune myositis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: UNTREATED DQA1*0501+JDM:CLINICAL AND GENETIC PROFILES Principal Investigator & Institution: Pachman, Lauren M.; Professor; Children's Memorial Hospital (Chicago) Chicago, Il 606143394 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), a frequently devastating disease affecting young children, is often preceded by an upper respiratory infection. In JDM, 85% are DQA1*0501+ and the TNFalpha-308A allele is associated with increased TNFalpha production and a prolonged disease course. Study of muscle biopsy (MBx) from untreated DQA1*0501+ children with JDM, compared with MBx from
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normal children or from a pediatric necrotizing myopathy showed a striking increase in interferon (IFN)-inducible genes, compatible with an anti-microbial response. The purpose of this study is to determine the gene expression profiles that are 1) specific to JDM regardless of race or gender, and 2) distinguish the JDM child with remittent as opposed to nonremittent disease. Specific Aim 1A will compare the gene expression profiles of 5 DQA1*0501+ untreated white girls with JDM + TNFA; in Specific Aim 1B, 5DQA1*0501 - white girls + the TNFa-308 A allele will be studied; in Specific Aim 1C, Hispanic, African-American and Native American children with 3DM will be tested, and in Specific Aim 1D the genes expressed in boys will compared with girls. Cells from the JDM MBx will be isolated by laser capture microdissection to determine the origin of the gene expression and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) enriched for a specific lymphocyte phenotype (e.g. CD4, CD8) will be tested as well. Selected genes expressed in the expression profiles will be confirmed by qRT-PCR, and their proteins identified by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and ELISA. Specific Aim 2 will characterize the gene expression profiles in MBx at diagnosis compared with selected genes in PBL, and at greater than or equal to 6 months of follow-up (needle MBx and PBL) of JDM responsive to immunosuppressive therapy. Specific Aim 3 will characterize the gene expression profiles in JDM as well as children with myositis related antibodies, who have nonremittent disease. In this aim, the expression profiles in MBx and PBL at diagnosis will be compared with needle MBx and PBL at obtained greater than or equal to 36 months. In Specific Aim 3d, an anti-TNFalpha biologic agent, such as Etanercept, will be administered to children with nonremittent disease, and the expressed genes compared before and after therapy. We speculate that 1) the gene expression profile in DQA1*0501+ JDM will differ from DQA1*0501- JDM, confirming a difference in disease pathogenesis, and that boys and girls may also differ, suggesting a gender effect; and 2) increased production of TNFalpha (and the TNFalpha-308 A allele) will be associated with persisting gene expression profiles displaying INF-inducible genes in children with myositis who have nonremittent disease. Understanding the function of these expressed genes should lead to novel therapies specific for JDM. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “dermatomyositis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for dermatomyositis in the PubMed Central database:
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin exerts its beneficial effect in patients with dermatomyositis by blocking endomysial deposition of activated complement fragments. by Basta M, Dalakas MC.; 1994 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=294563
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with dermatomyositis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “dermatomyositis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for dermatomyositis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of dermatomyositis associated with mechanic's hand. Author(s): Watanabe C, Okubo Y, Ohi T, Koga M, Abe H, Tawara K, Tsuboi N, Hayashi T. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 27(11): 711-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11138537
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A case of dermatomyositis complicated with pneumomediastinum successfully treated with cyclosporin A. Author(s): Kuroda T, Morikawa H, Satou T, Tanabe Y, Murakami S, Ito S, Nakan M, Gejyo F. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2003 February; 22(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12605318
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A case of edematous dermatomyositis. Author(s): Mroue KH, Sharara NH, Rbeiz JG, Arayssi TK. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 December; 30(12): 2722-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14719223
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A causal role for parvovirus B19 infection in adult dermatomyositis and other autoimmune syndromes. Author(s): Crowson AN, Magro CM, Dawood MR. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 2000 November; 27(10): 505-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11100810
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A helpful clinical sign predictive of cancer in adult dermatomyositis: cutaneous necrosis. Author(s): Mahe E, Descamps V, Burnouf M, Crickx B. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 April; 139(4): 539. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12707108
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A rare case of dermatomyositis associated with immune-complex type glomerulonephritis, idiopathic thrombopenic purpura, pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer. Author(s): Kaneoka H, Sasatomi Y, Miyagi K, Kiyoshi Y, Takeda S, Takebayashi S, Naito S, Saito T. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003 November-December; 21(6): 801-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14740466
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A unique case of sarcoidosis: Coexistence of sarcoidal granuloma and histological changes consistent with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Ito A, Kazama T, Ito M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 August; 149(2): 430-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12932264
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Acquired ichthyosis associated with dermatomyositis in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. Author(s): Inuzuka M, Tomita K, Tokura Y, Takigawa M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 February; 144(2): 416-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11251586
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Aerobic exercise capacity in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Takken T, Spermon N, Helders PJ, Prakken AB, Van Der Net J. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 May; 30(5): 1075-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12734909
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Aldolase levels in dermatomyositis and polymyositis with normal creatine kinase levels. Author(s): Liozon E, Vidal E, Sparsa A. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 September; 30(9): 2077-8; Author Repliies 2078. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12966620
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Amyopathic dermatomyositis and pulmonary fibrosis. Author(s): Chow SK, Yeap SS. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2000; 19(6): 484-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11147762
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Amyopathic dermatomyositis associated with familial polyposis coli. Author(s): Rosenbaum ML, Silverberg NB. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2004 January-February; 21(1): 91-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14871340
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Amyopathic dermatomyositis. Author(s): Erel A, Toros P, Tokcaer AB, Gurer MA. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 October; 39(10): 771-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11095199
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An amateur badminton player with juvenile dermatomyositis: courage and questions. Author(s): Ozcakar L, Topaloglu R. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003 December; 37(6): 560-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14665604
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An unspecific immunostimulating agent and juvenile dermatomyositis: enhanced Tcell proliferation and reverse immunosuppression as a severe adverse drug reaction. Author(s): Lackmann GM, Ndagijimana J, Niehues T. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 October; 162(10): 725-6. Epub 2003 August 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12905012
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An unusual presentation of dermatomyositis: the type Wong variant revisited. Author(s): Lupton JR, Figueroa P, Berberian BJ, Sulica VI. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 November; 43(5 Pt 2): 908-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11044819
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Anatomic localization of immature and mature dendritic cell subsets in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: Interaction with chemokines and Th1 cytokineproducing cells. Author(s): Page G, Chevrel G, Miossec P. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004 January; 50(1): 199-208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14730617
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Association of HLA-DRB1 alleles with polymyositis/dermatomyositis in northern Chinese Hans. Author(s): Zhai N, Zhang Q, Han X, Song F. Source: Chinese Medical Sciences Journal = Chung-Kuo I Hsueh K'o Hsueh Tsa Chih / Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. 2002 September; 17(3): 198. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12901547
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Association of the proinflammatory haplotype (MICA5.1/TNF2/TNFa2/DRB1*03) with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Hassan AB, Nikitina-Zake L, Sanjeevi CB, Lundberg IE, Padyukov L. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004 March; 50(3): 1013-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15022353
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Bcl-2, p53 and c-myc expression in juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Falcini F, Calzolari A, Generini S, Pignone A, Simonini G, Zulian F, MatucciCerinic M. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 September-October; 18(5): 643-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11072611
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Benefit of 6 months long-term physical training in polymyositis/dermatomyositis patients. Author(s): Wiesinger GF, Quittan M, Graninger M, Seeber A, Ebenbichler G, Sturm B, Kerschan K, Smolen J, Graninger W. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 December; 37(12): 1338-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9973161
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Bilateral avascular zones of the conjunctiva in a patient with juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): van Nouhuys CE, Sengers RC. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1987 October 15; 104(4): 440-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3661664
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Bilateral condylar resorption in dermatomyositis: a case report. Author(s): Brennan MT, Patronas NJ, Brahim JS. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1999 April; 87(4): 446-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10225627
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Bilateral symmetric mandibular calcified nodules related to juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Sarifakioglu N, Terzioglu A, Ates L, Bingul F, Aslan G. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 2003 April; 61(4): 527. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12684976
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Bilateral ureteral necrosis in a child with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Le Guillou M, Richard F, L'Henaff F, Ferriere JM, Durand J, Lacert P, Kuss R. Source: European Urology. 1980; 6(3): 190-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7371670
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Biochemical markers of myositis in dermatomyositis. Author(s): Rowell NR, Fairris GM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1986 January; 11(1): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3708896
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Blepharochalasis associated with dermatomyositis and acute lymphocytic leukemia. Author(s): Bartley GB, Gibson LE. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1992 June 15; 113(6): 727-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1598975
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Bone mineral density in juvenile dermatomyositis: assessment using dual x-ray absorptiometry. Author(s): Stewart WA, Acott PD, Salisbury SR, Lang BA. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003 August; 48(8): 2294-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12905484
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Breast cancer and second primary ovarian cancer in dermatomyositis. Author(s): Voravud N, Dimopoulos M, Hortobagyi G, Ross M, Theriault R. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1991 December; 43(3): 286-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1752501
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Breast carcinoma in patients with dermatomyositis: a retrospective analysis of eight cases. Author(s): Yeh CN, Chen SC, Hwang TL, Chen MF, Liaw CC, Chan HL. Source: Chang Gung Med J. 2002 June; 25(6): 374-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12173666
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Breast carcinoma, eosinophilic granuloma of bone and dermatomyositis in a single patient. Author(s): Marshall ME. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1983 February; 81(2): 91-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6300269
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Brief report: reversible lymphomas associated with Epstein-Barr virus occurring during methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Kamel OW, van de Rijn M, Weiss LM, Del Zoppo GJ, Hench PK, Robbins BA, Montgomery PG, Warnke RA, Dorfman RF. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 May 6; 328(18): 1317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8385742
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Bullous pemphigoid associated with dermatomyositis successfully controlled with minocycline. Author(s): Tsukada Y, Kawase MK, Murashima A, Kitahora T, Hashimoto T, Komai A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 September; 28(5): 563-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12950360
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CA15-3 and cancer associated serum antigen assays are alternatives to the KL-6 assay for measuring serum MUC-1 levels in patients with interstitial lung disease associated with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Author(s): Wong RC, Klingberg S, Wilson R. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 September; 29(9): 2021-2; Author Reply 2022. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12233905
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Calcinosis cutis complicating adult-onset dermatomyositis. Author(s): Weinel S, Callen JP. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2004 March; 140(3): 365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15023788
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Cardiac troponin and beta-type myosin heavy chain concentrations in patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis. Author(s): Erlacher P, Lercher A, Falkensammer J, Nassonov EL, Samsonov MI, Shtutman VZ, Puschendorf B, Mair J. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2001 April; 306(1-2): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11282091
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Case report: severe central nervous system involvement in juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Elst EF, Kamphuis SS, Prakken BJ, Wulffraat NM, van der Net J, Peters AC, Kuis W. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 September; 30(9): 2059-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12966616
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Central nervous system vasculitis as a complication of refractory dermatomyositis. Author(s): Regan M, Haque U, Pomper M, Pardo C, Stone J. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 January; 28(1): 207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11196527
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Chimerism in children with juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Reed AM, Picornell YJ, Harwood A, Kredich DW. Source: Lancet. 2000 December 23-30; 356(9248): 2156-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11191546
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Chronological evaluation of the onset of histologically confirmed interstitial pneumonia associated with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Author(s): Yang Y, Fujita J, Tokuda M, Bandoh S, Ishida T. Source: Intern Med. 2002 December; 41(12): 1135-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12521202
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Class I MHC detection as a diagnostic tool in noninformative muscle biopsies of patients suffering from dermatomyositis (DM). Author(s): Civatte M, Schleinitz N, Krammer P, Fernandez C, Guis S, Veit V, Pouget J, Harle JR, Pellissier JF, Figarella-Branger D. Source: Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 2003 December; 29(6): 546-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14636161
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Clinical assessment of conjunctival and episcleral vessel tortuosity in juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Young TA, Al-Mayouf S, Feldman BM, Levin AV. Source: Journal of Aapos : the Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2002 August; 6(4): 238-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12185350
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Clinical features and outcomes of juvenile dermatomyositis and other childhood onset myositis syndromes. Author(s): Ramanan AV, Feldman BM. Source: Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 2002 November; 28(4): 833-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12506775
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Clinical outcomes in juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Ramanan AV, Feldman BM. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2002 November; 14(6): 658-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410087
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Clinical significance of serum surfactant protein D (SP-D) in patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis: correlation with interstitial lung disease. Author(s): Ihn H, Asano Y, Kubo M, Yamane K, Jinnin M, Yazawa N, Fujimoto M, Tamaki K. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 November; 41(11): 1268-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12421999
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Concomitant dermatomyositis and myasthenia gravis presenting with respiratory insufficiency. Author(s): van de Warrenburg BP, Hengstman GJ, Vos PE, Boerman RH, ter Laak HJ, van Engelen BG. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2002 February; 25(2): 293-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11870702
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Concurrent development of dermatomyositis and morphoea profunda. Author(s): Park JH, Lee CW. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 June; 27(4): 324-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12139684
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Current approach to the treatment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Oddis CV. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2000 November; 12(6): 492-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11092197
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Cutaneous involvement of dermatomyositis can respond to Dapsone therapy. Author(s): Cohen JB. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 March; 41(3): 182-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12010348
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Cutaneous mucinosis in dermatomyositis associated with a malignant tumor. Author(s): Tan E, Tan SH, Ng SK. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 May; 48(5 Suppl): S412. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12734470
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Cutis photo quiz. Lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Eisner JM, English JC 3rd. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 January; 67(1): 58, 77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11204606
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Cyclosporin A in the treatment of refractory adult polymyositis/dermatomyositis: population based experience in 6 patients and literature review. Author(s): Qushmaq KA, Chalmers A, Esdaile JM. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 December; 27(12): 2855-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11128676
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Cytokines in juvenile dermatomyositis pathophysiology: potential and challenge. Author(s): Uzel G, Pachman LM. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2003 November; 15(6): 691-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14569197
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Dermatomyositis and malignancy in Tunisia: a multicenter national retrospective study of 20 cases. Author(s): Mebazaa A, Boussen H, Nouira R, Rokbani L, Ben Osman-Dhahri A, Bouaouina N, Laouani-Kechrid C, Louzir B, Zahaf A, Kamoun MR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 April; 48(4): 530-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12664015
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Dermatomyositis and malignancy of the pharynx in Caucasian patients: report of two observations. Author(s): Botsios C, Ostuni P, Boscolo-Rizzo P, Da Mosto MC, Punzi L, Marchiori C. Source: Rheumatology International. 2003 November; 23(6): 309-11. Epub 2003 June 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12838366
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Dermatomyositis and myelodysplastic syndrome with myelofibrosis responding to methotrexate therapy. Author(s): Tsuji G, Maekawa S, Saigo K, Nobuhara Y, Nakamura T, Kawano S, Koshiba M, Asahara S, Chinzei T, Kumagai S. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2003 November; 74(3): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14587044
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Dermatomyositis and retroperitoneal germ cell cancer. Author(s): Vattemi G, Tonin P, Martignoni G, Filosto M, Marchioretto F, Rizzuto N, Tomelleri G. Source: European Neurology. 2001; 45(1): 52-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11150842
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Dermatomyositis associated with angiotropic lymphoma. Author(s): Langan SM, O'Briain S, Barnes L. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 November; 28(6): 597-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616823
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Dermatomyositis associated with IgG myeloma. Author(s): Borgia F, Vaccaro M, Guarneri F, Cannavo SP, Guarneri B. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 January; 144(1): 200-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11167716
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Dermatomyositis developing in a Duchenne muscular dystrophy carrier. Author(s): Bennett AN, Sangle SR, Hughes GR, D'Cruz DP. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2004 May; 43(5): 668-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15103031
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Dermatomyositis developing in the first trimester of pregnancy. Author(s): Park IW, Suh YJ, Han JH, Shin YS, Choi JH, Park HS, Suh CH. Source: Korean J Intern Med. 2003 September; 18(3): 196-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14619391
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Dermatomyositis in association with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Author(s): Robinson AJ, Alcock CJ. Source: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2001; 13(1): 50-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11292137
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Dermatomyositis with peripheral nervous system involvement: activation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor (VEGFR) in vasculitic lesions. Author(s): Matsui N, Mitsui T, Endo I, Oshima Y, Kunishige M, Matsumoto T. Source: Intern Med. 2003 December; 42(12): 1233-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14714966
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Dermatomyositis. Author(s): Jayakumar D, Chellapandian D, Ramasekar K, Raj TE. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 October; 50: 1284. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12568215
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Dermatomyositis: evolution of a diagnosis. Author(s): Cleland JA, Venzke JW. Source: Physical Therapy. 2003 October; 83(10): 932-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14519064
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Dermatomyositis-like eruption after long-term hydroxyurea therapy for polycythemia vera. Author(s): Oskay T, Kutluay L, Ozyilkan O. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2002 November-December; 12(6): 586-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12459535
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Detection of the levels of neuropeptides, ACTH and cortisol in the blood of patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis and their significance. Author(s): Liu J, Li J, Zhai N, Geng L, Song F. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2004 May; 31(5): 392-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15187306
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Diagnostic criteria for polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Miller FW, Rider LG, Plotz PH, Isenberg DA, Oddis CV. Source: Lancet. 2003 November 22; 362(9397): 1762-3; Author Reply 1763. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14643132
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Disease activity score for children with juvenile dermatomyositis: reliability and validity evidence. Author(s): Bode RK, Klein-Gitelman MS, Miller ML, Lechman TS, Pachman LM. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003 February 15; 49(1): 7-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12579588
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Down-regulation of the aberrant expression of the inflammation mediator high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 in muscle tissue of patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis treated with corticosteroids. Author(s): Ulfgren AK, Grundtman C, Borg K, Alexanderson H, Andersson U, Harris HE, Lundberg IE. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004 May; 50(5): 1586-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15146429
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Dystrophic calcification in adult dermatomyositis: neuroimage. Author(s): Jayalakshmi SS, Borgohain R, Mohandas S. Source: Neurology India. 2000 December; 48(4): 407. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11146618
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Early ultrastructural alterations in adult dermatomyositis. Capillary abnormalities precede other structural changes in muscle. Author(s): De Visser M, Emslie-Smith AM, Engel AG. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1989 December; 94(1-3): 181-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2614466
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Effect of warfarin sodium therapy on excretion of 4-carboxy-L-glutamic acid in scleroderma, dermatomyositis, and myositis ossificans progressiva. Author(s): Moore SE, Jump AA, Smiley JD. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1986 March; 29(3): 344-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3008764
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Efficacy of early treatment of severe juvenile dermatomyositis with intravenous methylprednisolone and methotrexate. Author(s): Al-Mayouf S, Al-Mazyed A, Bahabri S. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2000; 19(2): 138-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10791626
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Elevated circulating soluble CD30 levels in patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Author(s): Yazawa N, Ihn H, Yamane K, Kubo M, Fujimoto M, Kikuchi K, Soma Y, Tamaki K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 October; 145(4): 676-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11703306
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Elevated serum levels of manganese superoxide dismutase in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Mokuno K, Kiyosawa K, Honda H, Hirose Y, Murayama T, Yoneyama S, Kato K. Source: Neurology. 1996 May; 46(5): 1445-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8628497
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Elevated serum levels of neopterin in adult patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Author(s): Samsonov MY, Nassonov EL, Tilz GP, Geht BM, Demel U, Gurkina GT, Shtutman VZ, Guseva AG, Wachter H, Fuchs D. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 June; 36(6): 656-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9236675
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Elevated serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor in juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Kobayashi I, Ono S, Kawamura N, Okano M, Kobayashi K. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2001 February; 43(1): 109-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11208016
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Elevation of cytokeratin 19 fragment in patients with interstitial pneumonia associated with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Author(s): Fujita J, Dobashi N, Tokuda M, Bandoh S, Ohtsuki Y, Yamadori I, Yoshinouchi T, Ueda Y, Takahara J. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999 November; 26(11): 2377-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10555895
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Elevation of serum soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Shimizu T, Tomita Y, Son K, Nishinarita S, Sawada S, Horie T. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2000; 19(5): 352-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11055823
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EMG dynamics in polymyositis and dermatomyositis in adults. Author(s): Szmidt-Salkowska E, Rowinska-Marcinska K, Lovelace RE. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1989 November-December; 29(7-8): 399-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2606064
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Endocrine diseases with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Huang YQ, Feng HQ. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1986 February; 99(2): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3093164
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Epidermal necrosis as a predictive sign of malignancy in adult dermatomyositis. Author(s): Mautner GH, Grossman ME, Silvers DN, Rabinowitz A, Mowad CM, Johnson BL Jr. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1998 April; 61(4): 190-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9564590
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Epidermal nuclear CIq deposits in a patient with amyopathic dermatomyositis. Author(s): Shirai S, Tomita K, Furukawa F. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 1999 March; 9(2): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10066959
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Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer in a patient with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Yamashita K, Hosokawa M, Hirohashi S, Arimura Y, Endo T, Denno R, Ikeda T, Imai K. Source: Intern Med. 2001 February; 40(2): 96-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11300169
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Epstein-Barr virus-associated T-cell lymphoma: a case of eyelid swelling and intramuscular infiltration mimicking dermatomyositis. Author(s): Shirasaki F, Taniuchi K, Matsushita T, Hamaguhi Y, Takata M, Takehara K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 December; 147(6): 1244-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12452878
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Erosive arthropathy in amyopathic dermatomyositis. Author(s): Mok CC, Tsui EY, Chau SY. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003 May-June; 21(3): 409-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12846073
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Exercise program effects on one woman with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Karper WB, Hopewell R, Hodge M. Source: Rehabilitation Nursing : the Official Journal of the Association of Rehabilitation Nurses. 2001 July-August; 26(4): 129-31, 158-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12035579
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Expression of HLA class I antigens in skeletal muscle is a diagnostic marker in juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Topaloglu H, Muntoni F, Dubowitz V, Sewry C. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1997 January; 12(1): 60-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9010797
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Expression of TNFalpha by muscle fibers in biopsies from children with untreated juvenile dermatomyositis: association with the TNFalpha-308A allele. Author(s): Fedczyna TO, Lutz J, Pachman LM. Source: Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 2001 August; 100(2): 236-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11465953
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Eye involvement in dermatomyositis/polymyositis. Author(s): Migliaresi S, Ambrosone L, Tirri G. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1996 November; 23(11): 2006-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8923391
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Failure of pulse intravenous methylprednisolone treatment in juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Lang B, Dooley J. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1996 March; 128(3): 429-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8774518
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Familial adult dermatomyositis. Author(s): Davies MG, Hickling P. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 February; 144(2): 415-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11251585
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Familial dermatomyositis. Author(s): Andrews A, Hickling P, Hutton C. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 February; 37(2): 231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9569083
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Familial dermatomyositis. Author(s): Plamondon S, Dent PB, Reed AM. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999 December; 26(12): 2691-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10606384
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Familial occurrence of dermatomyositis and progressive scleroderma after injection of a local anaesthetic for dental treatment. Author(s): Rose T, Nothjunge J, Schlote W. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1985 January; 143(3): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3872796
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Fatal bladder cancer and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Federman DG, Radonich M, Kirsner RS. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2000 May; 93(5): 492-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10832947
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Fatal haemophagocytic syndrome in the course of dermatomyositis with anti-Mi2 antibodies. Author(s): Madaule S, Porte L, Couret B, Arlet-Suau E. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2000 October; 39(10): 1157-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11035142
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Fatal interstitial pulmonary fibrosis in anti-Jo-1-negative amyopathic dermatomyositis. Author(s): High WA, Cohen JB, Murphy BA, Costner MI. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 August; 49(2): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12894081
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Fatal pneumomediastinum in dermatomyositis without creatine kinase elevation. Author(s): Matsuda Y, Tomii M, Kashiwazaki S. Source: Intern Med. 1993 August; 32(8): 643-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8312664
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Fatal vascular occlusion in juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Takeda T, Fujisaku A, Jodo S, Koike T, Ishizu A. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1998 March; 57(3): 172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9640135
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Features of polymyositis and dermatomyositis in the elderly: a case-control study. Author(s): Pautas E, Cherin P, Piette JC, Pelletier S, Wechsler B, Cabane J, Herson S. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 March-April; 18(2): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10812498
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First case of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in adult dermatomyositis. Author(s): Pasquier E, Wattiaux MJ, Peigney N. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1993 March; 20(3): 499-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8478857
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Flagellate erythema and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Gomez Centeno P, Sanchez-Aguilar D, Pereiro M Jr, Toribio J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1998 September; 23(5): 239-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10233616
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Flow cytometric analyses of the lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of children with untreated active juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): O'Gorman MR, Corrochano V, Roleck J, Donovan M, Pachman LM. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1995 March; 2(2): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7697530
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Flowcytometric analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells in polymyositis/dermatomyositis with interstitial pneumonia. Author(s): Kourakata H, Takada T, Suzuki E, Enomoto K, Saito I, Taguchi Y, Tsukada H, Nakano M, Arakawa M. Source: Respirology (Carlton, Vic.). 1999 September; 4(3): 223-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10489663
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Frequency of relapses in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Phillips BA, Zilko P, Garlepp MJ, Mastaglia FL. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1998 December; 21(12): 1668-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9843067
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Frequency of specific cancer types in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a population-based study. Author(s): Hill CL, Zhang Y, Sigurgeirsson B, Pukkala E, Mellemkjaer L, Airio A, Evans SR, Felson DT. Source: Lancet. 2001 January 13; 357(9250): 96-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11197446
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Fulminant dermatomyositis after removal of a cancer. Author(s): Abraham Z, Rozenbaum M, Gluck Z, Feuerman EJ. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1992 July; 19(7): 424-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1401500
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Fulminant Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 4 patients with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Bachelez H, Schremmer B, Cadranel J, Mouly F, Sarfati C, Agbalika F, Schlemmer B, Mayaud CM, Dubertret L. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1997 July 14; 157(13): 1501-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9224230
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Fulminant rhabdomyolysis in a patient with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Caccamo DV, Keene CY, Durham J, Peven D. Source: Neurology. 1993 April; 43(4): 844-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8469353
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Gamma-carboxyglutamate excretion and calcinosis in juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Lian JB, Pachman LM, Gundberg CM, Partridge RE, Maryjowski MC. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1982 September; 25(9): 1094-1100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6982044
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Gastric carcinoma associated with dermatomyositis. Case report. Author(s): Sakon M, Monden M, Fujimoto Y, Nakano H, Tane S, Ogawa M, Mori T, Okada N, Okamura J. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1989 June-July; 155(6-7): 365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2816224
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Gender and underlying diseases affect the frequency of the concurrence of adult polymyositis/dermatomyositis and interstitial pneumonia. Author(s): Nambu Y, Mouri M, Toga H, Ohya N, Iwata T, Kobashi Y. Source: Chest. 1994 December; 106(6): 1931-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7988241
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Gene expression profiling in DQA1*0501+ children with untreated dermatomyositis: a novel model of pathogenesis. Author(s): Tezak Z, Hoffman EP, Lutz JL, Fedczyna TO, Stephan D, Bremer EG, Krasnoselska-Riz I, Kumar A, Pachman LM. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2002 April 15; 168(8): 4154-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11937576
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General and local scleroderma in children and dermatomyositis and associated syndromes. Author(s): Laxer RM, Feldman BM. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 1997 September; 9(5): 458-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9309202
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Generalized calcification in a case of dermatomyositis. Author(s): Jungbluth H, Manzur AY, Bydder G, Muntoni F. Source: Neuromuscular Disorders : Nmd. 2000 February; 10(2): 150. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10714592
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Germ cell cancer and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Clayton AJ, Mead GM. Source: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1998; 10(1): 56-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9543617
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Gingival telangiectases: an underappreciated physical sign of juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Ghali FE, Stein LD, Fine JD, Burkes EJ, McCauliffe DP. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 November; 135(11): 1370-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10566836
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Guidelines of care for dermatomyositis. American Academy of Dermatology. Author(s): Drake LA, Dinehart SM, Farmer ER, Goltz RW, Graham GF, Hordinsky MK, Lewis CW, Pariser DM, Skouge JW, Webster SB, Whitaker DC, Butler B, Lowery BJ, Sontheimer RD, Callen JP, Camisa C, Provost TT, Tuffanelli DL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 May; 34(5 Pt 1): 824-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8632081
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Gynecologic carcinoma associated with dermatomyositis-polymyositis. Author(s): Verducci MA, Malkasian GD Jr, Friedman SJ, Winkelmann RK. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 November; 64(5): 695-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6493661
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Haemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Yasuda S, Tsutsumi A, Nakabayashi T, Horita T, Ichikawa K, Ieko M, Koike T. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 December; 37(12): 1357-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9973168
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Haemorrhagic myositis associated with prophylactic heparin use in dermatomyositis. Author(s): Langguth DM, Wong RC, Archibald C, Hogan PG. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2004 April; 63(4): 464-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15020349
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Hepatitis C virus infection in a patient with dermatomyositis and left ventricular dysfunction. Author(s): Nakamura K, Matsumori A, Kusano KF, Banba K, Taniyama M, Nakamura Y, Morita H, Matsubara H, Yamanari H, Ohe T. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 2000 August; 64(8): 617-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10952160
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Hepatitis C, collagenous colitis, and dermatomyositis occurring in the same patient. Author(s): Germany RE, Cohen SM. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 July; 97(7): 1848-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12135055
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Hereditary complement (C9) deficiency associated with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Ichikawa E, Furuta J, Kawachi Y, Imakado S, Otsuka F. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 May; 144(5): 1080-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11359403
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Heterogeneity of juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Abinun M, Foster HE, Ramesh V, Craft AW. Source: Lancet. 2000 April 1; 355(9210): 1186. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10791405
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High dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in dermatomyositis: clinical responses and effect on sIL-2R levels. Author(s): Gottfried I, Seeber A, Anegg B, Rieger A, Stingl G, Volc-Platzer B. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2000 January-February; 10(1): 29-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10694294
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High-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung presenting an unusual spread mimicking pleural mesothelioma associated with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Murakami Y, Kanazawa K, Okuno K, Maekawa S, Matsuda Y, Miyamoto Y, Nishimura Y, Kanomata N, Ohbayashi C, Hashimoto M, Akita H. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2004 April; 327(4): 227-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15084919
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Histological and biochemical assessment of mitochondrial function in dermatomyositis. Author(s): Miro O, Casademont J, Grau JM, Jarreta D, Urbano-Marquez A, Cardellach F. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 October; 37(10): 1047-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9825742
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Histological pictures of muscles and an evaluation of cellular infiltrations in human polymyositis/dermatomyositis, as compared to the findings in experimental Guinea pig myositis. Author(s): Gendek-Kubiak H, Gendek EG. Source: Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters. 2003; 8(2): 297-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12813563
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History of dermatomyositis. Author(s): Levine TD. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 May; 60(5): 780-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12756148
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HLA class II haplotypes associated with pulmonary interstitial lesions of polymyositis/dermatomyositis in Japanese patients. Author(s): Horiki T, Ichikawa Y, Moriuchi J, Hoshina Y, Yamada C, Wakabayashi T, Jackson K, Inoko H. Source: Tissue Antigens. 2002 January; 59(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11972875
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HLA-B8 in juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Pachman LM, Jonasson O, Cannon RA, Friedman JM. Source: Lancet. 1977 September 10; 2(8037): 567-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=95783
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection-associated dermatomyositis. Author(s): Gresh JP, Aquilar JL, Espinoza LR. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1989 October; 16(10): 1397-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2810269
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Hydroxyurea dermopathy with a dermatomyositis-like eruption and a large leg ulcer. Author(s): Suehiro M, Kishimoto S, Wakabayashi T, Ikeuchi A, Miyake H, Takenaka H, Okano A, Hirai H, Shimazaki C, Yasuno H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 October; 139(4): 748-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9892930
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Hydroxyurea-induced dermatomyositis-like eruption. Author(s): Dacey MJ, Callen JP. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 March; 48(3): 439-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12637927
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Hydroxyurea-induced melanonychia concomitant with a dermatomyositis-like eruption. Author(s): Oh ST, Lee DW, Lee JY, Cho BK. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 August; 49(2): 339-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12894095
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Hypercapnic coma due to diaphragmatic involvement in a patient with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Astudillo LM, Carreiro M, Sailler L, Dingremont CF, Arlet PM. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001 July-August; 19(4): 456-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11491505
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Hyperimmunoglobulin E-recurrent infection syndrome in a patient with juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Min JK, Cho ML, Kim SC, Lee YS, Lee SH, Park SH, Hong YS, Cho CS, Kim HY. Source: Korean J Intern Med. 1999 January; 14(1): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10063322
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Immunogenetic associations in childhood dermatomyositis. Author(s): Reed AM. Source: Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2000 June; 2(3): 212-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11123061
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Immunohistochemical analysis of adhesion molecule expression on muscle biopsy specimens from patients with juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Sallum AM, Marie SK, Wakamatsu A, Sachetti S, Vianna MA, Silva CA, Kiss MH. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2004 April; 31(4): 801-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15088312
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Immunohistological analysis of CD59 and membrane attack complex of complement in muscle in juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Goncalves FG, Chimelli L, Sallum AM, Marie SK, Kiss MH, Ferriani VP. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 June; 29(6): 1301-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12064850
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Immunolocalization of protectin (CD59) and macrophages in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Gendek-Kubiak H, Gendek EG. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2004 April; 149(1-2): 187-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15020079
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Increased IL-15 production of muscle cells in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Sugiura T, Harigai M, Kawaguchi Y, Takagi K, Fukasawa C, Ohsako-Higami S, Ohta S, Tanaka M, Hara M, Kamatani N. Source: International Immunology. 2002 August; 14(8): 917-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12147628
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Increased plasma thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) levels are associated with the TNF alpha-308A allele in children with juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Lutz J, Huwiler KG, Fedczyna T, Lechman TS, Crawford S, Kinsella TR, Pachman LM. Source: Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 2002 June; 103(3 Pt 1): 260-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12173300
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Index of suspicion. Case #1. Diagnosis: juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM). Author(s): Turner TL, Boom JA. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 2000 November; 21(11): 389-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11077023
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Induction of remission with intravenous immunoglobulin and cyclophosphamide in steroid-resistant Evans' syndrome associated with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Chang DK, Yoo DH, Kim TH, Jun JB, Lee IH, Bae SC, Kim IS, Kim SY. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2001; 20(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11254245
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Infections in systemic connective tissue diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Author(s): Juarez M, Misischia R, Alarcon GS. Source: Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 2003 February; 29(1): 163-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12635506
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Inflammatory myopathy in a patient with cutaneous findings of pityriasis rubra pilaris: a case of Wong's dermatomyositis. Author(s): Caporali R, Cavagna L, Bellosta M, Bogliolo L, Montecucco C. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2004 February; 23(1): 63-5. Epub 2003 November 12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14749988
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Interstitial lung disease associated with juvenile dermatomyositis: clinical features and efficacy of cyclosporin A. Author(s): Kobayashi I, Yamada M, Takahashi Y, Kawamura N, Okano M, Sakiyama Y, Kobayashi K. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 February; 42(2): 371-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12595639
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Interstitial lung disease in amyopathic dermatomyositis, dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Author(s): Cottin V, Thivolet-Bejui F, Reynaud-Gaubert M, Cadranel J, Delaval P, Ternamian PJ, Cordier JF; Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladies “Orphelines” Pulmonaires. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2003 August; 22(2): 245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12952255
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Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Marie I, Hachulla E, Cherin P, Dominique S, Hatron PY, Hellot MF, Devulder B, Herson S, Levesque H, Courtois H. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 December 15; 47(6): 614-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12522835
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Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Hirakata M, Nagai S. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2000 November; 12(6): 501-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11092199
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Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: clinical course and response to treatment. Author(s): Schnabel A, Reuter M, Biederer J, Richter C, Gross WL. Source: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003 April; 32(5): 273-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12701038
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Interstitial lung disease, a common manifestation of newly diagnosed polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Fathi M, Dastmalchi M, Rasmussen E, Lundberg IE, Tornling G. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2004 March; 63(3): 297-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14962966
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Intractable skin necrosis and interstitial pneumonia in amyopathic dermatomyositis, successfully treated with cyclosporin A. Author(s): Shimojima Y, Ishii W, Kato T, Hoshi K, Matsuda M, Hashimoto T, Tanaka Y, Ikeda S. Source: Intern Med. 2003 December; 42(12): 1253-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14714970
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Intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in juvenile dermatomyositis. A review of efficacy and safety. Author(s): Riley P, Maillard SM, Wedderburn LR, Woo P, Murray KJ, Pilkington CA. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2004 April; 43(4): 491-6. Epub 2004 January 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14722349
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Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for juvenile dermatomyositis: efficacy and safety. Author(s): Al-Mayouf SM, Laxer RM, Schneider R, Silverman ED, Feldman BM. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 October; 27(10): 2498-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11036850
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Juvenile amyopathic dermatomyositis: results of a case finding descriptive survey. Author(s): Plamondon S, Dent PB. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 August; 27(8): 2031-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10955348
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Juvenile dermatomyositis and Sjogren's syndrome occurring concurrently in an adolescent male. Author(s): Cody D, Davidson J. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 June; 41(6): 698-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12048300
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Juvenile dermatomyositis associated with hereditary angioneurotic oedema. Author(s): Narasimhan R, Lakshman R, Amos RS, Williams LH, Egner W, Finn A. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002 December; 87(6): 563. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12456582
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Juvenile dermatomyositis associated with subclinical hypothyroidism due to autoimmune thyroiditis. Author(s): Go T, Mitsuyoshi I. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 June; 161(6): 358-9. Epub 2002 April 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12029461
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Juvenile dermatomyositis complicated with vasculitis and duodenal perforation. Author(s): Wang IJ, Hsu WM, Shun CT, Chiang BL, Ni YH. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2001 December; 100(12): 844-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11802528
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Juvenile dermatomyositis in a 28-month-old infant. Author(s): Hoffman AH, Bernreuter W, Alarcon GS. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2003 May; 42(4): 375-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12800736
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Juvenile dermatomyositis presenting with anasarca: A possible indicator of severe disease activity. Author(s): Mitchell JP, Dennis GJ, Rider LG. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 June; 138(6): 942-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11391348
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Juvenile dermatomyositis with major thrombosis-an unusual course. Author(s): Huemer C, Duesse M, Seerainer W, Lubec G. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995 November-December; 13(6): 795. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8835258
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Juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Bharani S. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2003 May; 40(5): 434. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12768050
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Juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Rennebohm R. Source: Pediatric Annals. 2002 July; 31(7): 426-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12149796
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Juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Seth V, Kabra SK, Semwal OP, Jain Y. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1996 May-June; 63(3): 375-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10830014
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Juvenile dermatomyositis: an atypical presentation. Author(s): Carlisle JB, Partridge AA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 2001 November-December; 15(6): 287-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11717684
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Juvenile dermatomyositis: clinical, laboratorial, histological, therapeutical and evolutive parameters of 35 patients. Author(s): Sallum AM, Kiss MH, Sachetti S, Resende MB, Moutinho KC, Carvalho Mde S, Silva CA, Marie SK. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2002 December; 60(4): 889-99. Epub 2003 January 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12563375
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Juvenile dermatomyositis: immunogenetics, pathophysiology, and disease expression. Author(s): Pachman LM. Source: Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 2002 August; 28(3): 579-602, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12380371
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Juvenile dermatomyositis: literature review and report of a case. Author(s): Peretz B. Source: Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2001 October; 22(10): 858-62, 864. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11915635
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Juvenile dermatomyositis: medical and psychosocial team approach. Author(s): Uziel Y, Nemet D, Maimon E, Shalev J, Harris S, Kutz I, Wolach B. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 March-April; 20(2): 256. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12051410
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Juvenile dermatomyositis: recognition and treatment. Author(s): Reed AM, Lopez M. Source: Paediatric Drugs. 2002; 4(5): 315-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11994036
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Juvenile dermatomyositis: the association of the TNF alpha-308A allele and disease chronicity. Author(s): Pachman LM, Fedczyna TO, Lechman TS, Lutz J. Source: Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2001 October; 3(5): 379-86. Review. Erratum In: Curr Rheumatol Rep 2001 Oct; 3(5): Preceding Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11564368
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Kaposi's sarcoma in a patient with dermatomyositis receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Author(s): Weiss VC, Serushan M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1982 March; 118(3): 183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7065668
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Keratinocyte apoptosis and p53 expression in cutaneous lupus and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Pablos JL, Santiago B, Galindo M, Carreira PE, Ballestin C, Gomez-Reino JJ. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1999 May; 188(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10398142
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Kienbock's disease--avascular necrosis of the carpal lunate bone--in a 7-year-old girl with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Kahn SJ, Sherry DD. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1994 December; 33(12): 752-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7874831
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KL-6 is a potential marker for interstitial lung disease associated with juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Kobayashi I, Ono S, Kawamura N, Okano M, Miyazawa K, Shibuya H, Kobayashi K. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 February; 138(2): 274-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11174630
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Large macrophage colony-forming cells identical to high proliferative potential colony-forming cells in peripheral blood of patients with collagen vascular diseases: high occurrence among patients with systemic sclerosis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Horie S, Minota S, Kano S. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 October; 27(10): 2378-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11036833
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Leishmaniasis mimicking new-onset juvenile dermatomyositis: comment on the article by Pachman et al. Author(s): Bosch X. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1998 June; 41(6): 1139-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9627030
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Lesions resembling malignant atrophic papulosis in a patient with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Tsao H, Busam K, Barnhill RL, Haynes HA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 February; 36(2 Pt 2): 317-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9039209
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Levels of cytokine inhibitors: a possible marker of disease activity in childhood dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Author(s): Prieur AM, Dayer A, Roux-Lombard P, Dayer JM. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1997 March-April; 15(2): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9196877
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Life-threatening anaphylactoid reaction to amifostine used with concurrent chemoradiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer in a patient with dermatomyositis: a case report with literature review. Author(s): Vardy J, Wong E, Izard M, Clifford A, Clarke SJ. Source: Anti-Cancer Drugs. 2002 March; 13(3): 327-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11984077
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Lipodystrophy in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis--evaluation of clinical and metabolic abnormalities. Author(s): Huemer C, Kitson H, Malleson PN, Sanderson S, Huemer M, Cabral DA, Chanoine JP, Petty RE. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 March; 28(3): 610-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11296968
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Long-term prognosis of patients with juvenile dermatomyositis initially treated with intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy. Author(s): Huang JL. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999 September-October; 17(5): 621-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10544850
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Low-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for intractable dermatomyositis skin lesions. Author(s): Sadayama T, Miyagawa S, Shirai T. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1999 July; 26(7): 457-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10458087
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Low-dose methotrexate administered weekly is an effective corticosteroid-sparing agent for the treatment of the cutaneous manifestations of dermatomyositis. Author(s): Kasteler JS, Callen JP. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 January; 36(1): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8996263
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Lupus erythematosus cells in the cutaneous lesion of overlap syndrome of dermatomyositis-SLE-like disease. Author(s): Lee MW, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK, Lee EY. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2003 June; 25(3): 272-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12775993
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Lymphocyte subsets in lung tissues of interstitial pneumonia associated with untreated polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Author(s): Yamadori I, Fujita J, Kajitani H, Bandoh S, Tokuda M, Ohtsuki Y, Yoshinouchi T, Okahara M, Yamaji Y, Tanimoto Y, Sato Y, Ishida T. Source: Rheumatology International. 2001 November; 21(3): 89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11765227
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Magnesium abnormalities of skeletal muscle in dermatomyositis and juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Niermann KJ, Olsen NJ, Park JH. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 February; 46(2): 475-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11840451
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Mannose binding lectin (MBL) polymorphisms associated with low MBL production in patients with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Werth VP, Berlin JA, Callen JP, Mick R, Sullivan KE. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2002 December; 119(6): 1394-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12485445
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MHC Class I overexpression on muscles in early juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Li CK, Varsani H, Holton JL, Gao B, Woo P, Wedderburn LR; Juvenile Dermatomyositis Research Group (UK and Ireland). Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2004 March; 31(3): 605-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14994413
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Microvascular endothelial abnormality in skeletal muscle from a patient with gastric cancer without dermatomyositis. Author(s): Higuchi I, Niiyama T, Uchida Y, Inose M, Hu J, Nakagawa M, Arimura K, Osame M. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2000 December; 100(6): 718-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11078226
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Modigliani's "fillette en bleu": a case of juvenile dermatomyositis? Author(s): Bitsori M, Galanakis E. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2003 May; 42(5): 327-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12755965
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Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis presenting with clinical features of dermatomyositis. Author(s): Hsiung SH, Chan EF, Elenitsas R, Kolasinski SL, Schumacher HR, Werth VP. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 February; 48(2 Suppl): S11-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12582374
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Muscle abnormalities in juvenile dermatomyositis patients: P-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. Author(s): Park JH, Niermann KJ, Ryder NM, Nelson AE, Das A, Lawton AR, HernanzSchulman M, Olsen NJ. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2000 October; 43(10): 2359-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11037897
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Muscle tissue oxygenation as a functional tool in the follow up of dermatomyositis. Author(s): van Beekvelt MC, Wevers RA, van Engelen BG, Colier WN. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 July; 73(1): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12082067
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Mycobacterium chelonae infection resistant to clarithromycin in a patient with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Banuls J, Ramon R, Pascual E, Navas J, Betlloch I, Botella R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 December; 143(6): 1345. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11122063
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Myokymia, neuromyotonia, dermatomyositis, and voltage-gated K+ channel antibodies. Author(s): Oh SJ, Alapati A, Claussen GC, Vernino S. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2003 June; 27(6): 757-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12766989
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Nasal septal perforation in dermatomyositis. Author(s): Martinez-Cordero E, Lasky D, Katona G. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1986 February; 13(1): 231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3701739
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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma with dermatomyositis. Analysis of 12 cases. Author(s): Peng JC, Sheen TS, Hsu MM. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1995 November; 121(11): 1298-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7576478
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Necrotizing myopathy with pipestem capillaries and minimal cellular infiltration: a case associated with cutaneous signs of dermatomyositis. Author(s): Authier FJ, Kondo H, Ghnassia RT, Revuz J, Gherardi RK. Source: Neurology. 1996 May; 46(5): 1448-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8628498
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Neuromuscular blockade in a patient with active dermatomyositis. Author(s): Brown S, Shupak RC, Patel C, Calkins JM. Source: Anesthesiology. 1992 November; 77(5): 1031-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1443721
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New insight into calcinosis of juvenile dermatomyositis: a study of composition and treatment. Author(s): Mukamel M, Horev G, Mimouni M. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 May; 138(5): 763-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11343059
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New-onset juvenile dermatomyositis: comparisons with a healthy cohort and children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Pachman LM, Hayford JR, Hochberg MC, Pallansch MA, Chung A, Daugherty CD, Athreya BH, Bowyer SL, Fink CW, Gewanter HL, Jerath R, Lang BA, Szer IS, Sinacore J, Christensen ML, Dyer AR. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1997 August; 40(8): 1526-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9259435
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Nonfunctioning malignant pheochromocytoma associated with dermatomyositis: case report and literature review. Author(s): Yeh CN, Jeng LB, Chen MF, Hung CF. Source: World Journal of Urology. 2001 April; 19(2): 148-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11374318
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Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a patient with refractory dermatomyositis which had been treated with infliximab. Author(s): Roddy E, Courtney PA, Morris A. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 October; 41(10): 1194-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12364644
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Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia associated with polymyositis and dermatomyositis: serial high-resolution CT findings and functional correlation. Author(s): Arakawa H, Yamada H, Kurihara Y, Nakajima Y, Takeda A, Fukushima Y, Fujioka M. Source: Chest. 2003 April; 123(4): 1096-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12684299
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Novel gastrointestinal tract manifestations in juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Laskin BL, Choyke P, Keenan GF, Miller FW, Rider LG. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 September; 135(3): 371-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10484806
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Obstructive anuria and dermatomyositis: a unique association. Author(s): Parulkar BG, Isen J, Trifilio D. Source: Urology. 1997 July; 50(1): 135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9218037
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On paraneoplastic dermatomyositis--"the mask" of lung carcinoma, with a case contribution. Author(s): Dimitrakov D, Badev I, Koumchev E. Source: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1989; 31(1): 5-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2517889
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Ophthalmic manifestations of dermatomyositis. Author(s): Backhouse O, Griffiths B, Henderson T, Emery P. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1998 August; 57(8): 447-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9797547
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Ophthalmoplegia in dermatomyositis. Author(s): Susac JO, Garcia-Mullin R, Glaser JS. Source: Neurology. 1973 March; 23(3): 305-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4735180
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Osteosarcoma arising in heterotopic ossification of dermatomyositis: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Eckardt JJ, Ivins JC, Perry HO, Unni KK. Source: Cancer. 1981 September 1; 48(5): 1256-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6791807
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Other rheumatic diseases in adolescence. Dermatomyositis, scleroderma, overlap syndromes, systemic vasculitis, and panniculitis. Author(s): Hom C, Ilowite NT. Source: Adolescent Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.). 1998 February; 9(1): 69-83, Vi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10961253
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Ovarian cancer in patients with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Whitmore SE, Rosenshein NB, Provost TT. Source: Medicine; Analytical Reviews of General Medicine, Neurology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, and Pediatrics. 1994 May; 73(3): 153-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8190038
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Ovarian malignancy in patients with dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a retrospective analysis of fourteen cases. Author(s): Davis MD, Ahmed I. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 November; 37(5 Pt 1): 730-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9366818
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Overview and clinical manifestations of inflammatory myositis: polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Strongwater SL. Source: The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 1988 November; 55(6): 435-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3068530
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Palatal palsy in dermatomyositis. Author(s): Price CJ, Frankel JP, Hammans SR. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2001 March; 8(2): 197-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11285001
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Polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Dalakas MC, Hohlfeld R. Source: Lancet. 2003 September 20; 362(9388): 971-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14511932
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Predicting factors of malignancy in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a case-control study. Author(s): Chen YJ, Wu CY, Shen JL. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 April; 144(4): 825-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11298544
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Predominance of CD4+ T cells and Th2 cytokines in the pericardial fluid of a dermatomyositis patient with cardiac tamponade. Author(s): Martinez A, Vila LM, Rios-Olivares E. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2004 January-February; 22(1): 135. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15005021
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Preliminary core sets of measures for disease activity and damage assessment in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus and juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Ruperto N, Ravelli A, Murray KJ, Lovell DJ, Andersson-Gare B, Feldman BM, Garay S, Kuis W, Machado C, Pachman L, Prieur AM, Rider LG, Silverman E, Tsitsami E, Woo P, Giannini EH, Martini A; Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization (PRINTO); Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group (PRCSG). Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 December; 42(12): 1452-9. Epub 2003 June 27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12832713
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Primary lung cancer associated with polymyositis/dermatomyositis, with a review of the literature. Author(s): Fujita J, Tokuda M, Bandoh S, Yang Y, Fukunaga Y, Hojo S, Ueda Y, Dobashi N, Dohmoto K, Ishida T, Takahara J. Source: Rheumatology International. 2001 February; 20(2): 81-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11269538
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Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the transverse colon presenting as dermatomyositis: case presentation and literature review. Author(s): Salvatore JR, Sarid R, Harrington J, Shah I, Kummet T. Source: Medical Oncology (Northwood, London, England). 2003; 20(4): 413-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14716041
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Pruritus in adult dermatomyositis. Author(s): Shirani Z, Kucenic MJ, Carroll CL, Fleischer AB Jr, Feldman SR, Yosipovitch G, Jorizzo JL. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2004 May; 29(3): 273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15115510
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Pulmonary involvement in juvenile dermatomyositis: a two-year longitudinal study. Author(s): Trapani S, Camiciottoli G, Vierucci A, Pistolesi M, Falcini F. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2001 February; 40(2): 216-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11257161
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Quantitative assessment of MRI T2 relaxation time of thigh muscles in juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Maillard SM, Jones R, Owens C, Pilkington C, Woo P, Wedderburn LR, Murray KJ. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2004 May; 43(5): 603-8. Epub 2004 February 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14983103
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Quantitative electromyography in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Sandstedt PE, Henriksson KG, Larrsson LE. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1982 February; 65(2): 110-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7072481
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Quantitative muscle testing in childhood dermatomyositis. Author(s): Miller LC, Michael AF, Baxter TL, Kim Y. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1988 August; 69(8): 610-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3408331
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Questions pertaining to the etiology and pathophysiology of polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Author(s): Sontheimer RD, Ziff M. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1988 April-June; 6(2): 105-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3293738
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Radiologic case study. Dermatomyositis with dystrophic soft-tissue calcifications. Author(s): Lomasney LM, Demos TC, Francois C, Pangan A. Source: Orthopedics. 2004 February; 27(2): 191, 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14992383
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Rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease in a dermatomyositis patient with high levels of creatine phosphokinase, severe muscle symptoms and positive anti-Jo-1 antibody. Author(s): Kashiwabara K, Ota K. Source: Intern Med. 2002 July; 41(7): 584-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12132530
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Rapidly progressive transitional cell carcinoma associated with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Rankin WR, Herman JR. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 February; 167(2 Pt 1): 639-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11792936
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Re: Dermatomyositis associated with testicular germ cell cancer. Author(s): von Heyden B, Kliesch S, Nashan D. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 December; 164(6): 2030. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11061917
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Reduced oxidative phosphorylation and proton efflux suggest reduced capillary blood supply in skeletal muscle of patients with dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a quantitative 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and MRI study. Author(s): Cea G, Bendahan D, Manners D, Hilton-Jones D, Lodi R, Styles P, Taylor DJ. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2002 July; 125(Pt 7): 1635-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12077012
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Regression of calcinosis associated with adult dermatomyositis following diltiazem therapy. Author(s): Vinen CS, Patel S, Bruckner FE. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2000 March; 39(3): 333-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10788545
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Relation between dermatomyositis and polymyositis and cancer. Author(s): Callen JP. Source: Lancet. 2001 January 13; 357(9250): 85-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11197441
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Retinopathy in adult dermatomyositis. Author(s): Chu-Lee A, Stroller G, Jaffe IA. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 December; 22(12): 2372-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8965274
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Risk of cancer in patients with dermatomyositis or polymyositis, and follow-up implications: a Scottish population-based cohort study. Author(s): Stockton D, Doherty VR, Brewster DH. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2001 July 6; 85(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11437400
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Routine vs extensive malignancy search for adult dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a study of 40 patients. Author(s): Sparsa A, Liozon E, Herrmann F, Ly K, Lebrun V, Soria P, Loustaud-Ratti V, Bouyssou-Gauthier ML, Boulinguez S, Bedane C, Jauberteau MO, Vidal E, Bonnetblanc JM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 July; 138(7): 885-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12071815
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Scintigraphic evaluation of calcinosis in juvenile dermatomyositis with Tc-99m MDP. Author(s): Bar-Sever Z, Mukamel M, Harel L, Hardoff R. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2000 December; 25(12): 1013-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11129136
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Severe, reversible pulmonary hypertension in a patient with monoclonal gammopathy and features of dermatomyositis. Author(s): Yaqub S, Moder KG, Lacy MQ. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2004 May; 79(5): 687-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15132415
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Simultaneous occurrence of diabetes mellitus and juvenile dermatomyositis: report of two cases. Author(s): Singh R, Cuchacovich R, Gomez R, Vargas A, Espinoza LR, Gedalia A. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2003 June; 42(5): 459-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12862353
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Skin involvement in dermatomyositis. Author(s): Santmyire-Rosenberger B, Dugan EM. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2003 November; 15(6): 714-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14569200
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Skin metastasis of breast cancer clinically undistinguished from amyopathic dermatomyositis. Author(s): Seishima M, Shimizu H, Oyama Z. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2001 March-April; 11(2): 131-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11275811
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Special feature: picture of the month. Denouement and discussion: juvenile amyopathic dermatomyositis. Author(s): Toll A, Villa AV, Baselga E, Ensenat AG, Tunnessen WW Jr. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2000 December; 154(12): 1263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11115313
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Successful treatment of amyopathic dermatomyositis with topical tacrolimus. Author(s): Ueda M, Makinodan R, Matsumura M, Ichihashi M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 March; 148(3): 595-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12653761
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Successful treatment of dermatomyositis and polymyositis with anti-tumor-necrosisfactor-alpha: preliminary observations. Author(s): Hengstman GJ, van den Hoogen FH, Barrera P, Netea MG, Pieterse A, van de Putte LB, van Engelen BG. Source: European Neurology. 2003; 50(1): 10-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12824706
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Successful treatment of dermatomyositis-related rapidly progressive interstitial pneumonitis with sequential oral cyclophosphamide and azathioprine. Author(s): Mok CC, To CH, Szeto ML. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2003; 32(3): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12892257
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The Childhood Myositis Assessment Scale to assess muscle function in a patient with juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): van der Net J, Kamphuis SS, Helders PJ. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 December 15; 47(6): 694-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12522851
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The coexistence of amyopathic dermatomyositis and fibromyalgia. Author(s): Thune P. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 November-December; 80(6): 453-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11243647
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The economic impact of intermittent high-dose intravenous versus oral corticosteroid treatment of juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Klein-Gitelman MS, Waters T, Pachman LM. Source: Arthritis Care and Research : the Official Journal of the Arthritis Health Professions Association. 2000 December; 13(6): 360-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14635311
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The physiological and physical determinants of functional ability measures in children with juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Takken T, Elst E, Spermon N, Helders PJ, Prakken AB, van der Net J. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 April; 42(4): 591-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12649408
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The safety of a resistive home exercise program in patients with recent onset active polymyositis or dermatomyositis. Author(s): Alexanderson H, Stenstrom CH, Jenner G, Lundberg I. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2000; 29(5): 295-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11093595
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TNFalpha-308A allele in juvenile dermatomyositis: association with increased production of tumor necrosis factor alpha, disease duration, and pathologic calcifications. Author(s): Pachman LM, Liotta-Davis MR, Hong DK, Kinsella TR, Mendez EP, Kinder JM, Chen EH. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2000 October; 43(10): 2368-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11037898
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Topical FK506 (tacrolimus) therapy for facial erythematous lesions of cutaneous lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Yoshimasu T, Ohtani T, Sakamoto T, Oshima A, Furukawa F. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2002 January-February; 12(1): 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11809595
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Topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment for refractory skin disease in dermatomyositis: a pilot study. Author(s): Hollar CB, Jorizzo JL. Source: The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2004 January; 15(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14754648
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Treatment of renal cell carcinoma-associated dermatomyositis with renal arterial embolization and percutaneous radiofrequency heat ablation. Author(s): Schaefer O, Lohrmann C, Harder J, Veelken H, Langer M. Source: Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology : Jvir. 2004 January; 15(1 Pt 1): 97-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14709696
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Trichomegaly of the eyelashes in dermatomyositis. Author(s): Sharma RC, Mahajan VK, Sharma NL, Sharma A. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 205(3): 305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12399686
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Unexpected IgA nephropathy during the treatment of a young woman with idiopathic dermatomyositis: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Yen TH, Huang JY, Chen CY. Source: Journal of Nephrology. 2003 January-February; 16(1): 148-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12649547
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Unobstructed biliary tract dilatation in a patient with breast carcinoma and dermatomyositis: a new paraneoplastic manifestation? Author(s): Katsinelos P, Stavros D, Pirpilidis I, Christodoulou K, Xiarchos P, Zisis A, Nikos E. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 November; 94(11): 3383-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10566763
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Unsuccessful treatment with cidofovir and cytarabine in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Tubridy N, Wells C, Lewis D, Schon F. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2000 July; 93(7): 374-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10928027
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Update on juvenile dermatomyositis: new advances in understanding its etiopathogenesis. Author(s): Wargula JC. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2003 September; 15(5): 595-601. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12960487
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Update on therapy for refractory dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Author(s): Villalba L, Adams EM. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 1996 November; 8(6): 544-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9018458
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Urinary levels of creatine and other metabolites in the assessment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Chung YL, Wassif WS, Bell JD, Hurley M, Scott DL. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 February; 42(2): 298-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12595626
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Urticarial vasculitis and dermatomyositis in a patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Author(s): Wang CC, Chen MJ, Ho HC, Hong HS. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2003 November; 72(5): 399-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14655782
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US incidence of juvenile dermatomyositis, 1995-1998: results from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Registry. Author(s): Mendez EP, Lipton R, Ramsey-Goldman R, Roettcher P, Bowyer S, Dyer A, Pachman LM; NIAMS Juvenile DM Registry Physician Referral Group. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003 June 15; 49(3): 300-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12794783
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Usefulness of cyclosporine A on rapidly progressive interstitial pneumonia in dermatomyositis. Author(s): Miyake S, Ohtani Y, Sawada M, Inase N, Miyazaki Y, Takano S, Miyasaka N, Yoshizawa Y. Source: Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2002 June; 19(2): 128-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12102608
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Usefulness of erythrocyte sedimentation rate as tumor marker in cancer associated dermatomyositis. Author(s): Amerio P, Girardelli CR, Proietto G, Forleo P, Cerritelli L, Feliciani C, Colonna L, Teofoli P, Amerio P, Puddu P, Abeni D. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2002 March-April; 12(2): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11872415
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Validation of the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire in the juvenile idiopathic myopathies. Juvenile Dermatomyositis Disease Activity Collaborative Study Group. Author(s): Huber AM, Hicks JE, Lachenbruch PA, Perez MD, Zemel LS, Rennebohm RM, Wallace CA, Lindsley CB, Passo MH, Ballinger SH, Bowyer SL, Reed AM, White PH, Katona IM, Miller FW, Rider LG, Feldman BM; Juvenile Dermatomyositis Disease Activity Collaborative Study Group. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 May; 28(5): 1106-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11361197
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Vasculitis and calcinosis in juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Truckenbrodt H, Hafner R. Source: Acta Univ Carol [med] (Praha). 1991; 37(1-2): 8-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1845413
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Vasculopathy in dermatomyositis. Author(s): Kinoshita M. Source: Intern Med. 2000 June; 39(6): 448. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10852160
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Ventricular tachycardia as a presenting feature of dermatomyositis. Author(s): Adler M, Banerjeee S, Stratton R. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2002 November; 88(5): 443. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12381621
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Vesicle formation in dermatomyositis associated with gynecologic malignancies. Author(s): Kubo M, Sato S, Kitahara H, Tsuchida T, Tamaki K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 February; 34(2 Pt 2): 391-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8655733
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Vesiculobullous dermatomyositis with panniculitis without muscle disease. Author(s): Nakamori A, Yamaguchi Y, Kurimoto I, Kira M, Kosaka H, Itami S, Yoshikawa K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 December; 49(6): 11369. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14639401
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Visual loss from optic neuropathy in dermatomyositis. Author(s): Foroozan R. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2004 March; 43(3): 391-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14963209
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von Willebrand factor in juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Bloom BJ, Tucker LB, Miller LC, Schaller JG. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 February; 22(2): 320-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7738956
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What is your diagnosis? Dermatomyositis. Author(s): Elston DM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2003 January; 71(1): 21, 39-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12553625
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What is your diagnosis? Dermatomyositis. Author(s): Lugo-Somolinos A, Sanchez JL. Source: Bol Asoc Med P R. 1989 March; 81(3): 84-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2712969
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When and how should the patient with dermatomyositis or amyopathic dermatomyositis be assessed for possible cancer? Author(s): Callen JP. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 July; 138(7): 969-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12071827
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Worsening of the rash of juvenile dermatomyositis with hydroxychloroquine therapy. Author(s): Bloom BJ, Tucker LB, Klein-Gitelman M, Miller LC, Schaller JG. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1994 November; 21(11): 2171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7726968
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Would a new name hasten the acceptance of amyopathic dermatomyositis (dermatomyositis sine myositis) as a distinctive subset within the idiopathic inflammatory dermatomyopathies spectrum of clinical illness? Author(s): Sontheimer RD. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 April; 46(4): 626-36. Erratum In: J Am Acad Dermatol 2002 May; 46(5): 699. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11907524
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Wrinkles or dermatomyositis? Author(s): Bignall J. Source: Lancet. 1993 July 10; 342(8863): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8100871
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Xe-133 muscle blood flow in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Wang SJ, Lin WY, Hsu CY, Kao CH, Chang CP, Lan JL. Source: Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi. 1993 August; 9(8): 454-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8230365
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Zebra-like dermatomyositis. Author(s): Dupre A, Viraben R, Bonafe JL, Touron P, Lamon P. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1981 February; 117(2): 63-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7469439
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DERMATOMYOSITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and dermatomyositis.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Dermatomyositis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “dermatomyositis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “dermatomyositis” (or a synonym): •
A case of dermatomyositis complicated by thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Japan. Source: Miyaoka, Y Urano, Y Nameda, Y Shigekiyo, T Horie, T Sano, N Arase, S Dermatology. 1997; 194(1): 68-71 1018-8665
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An uncommon association: celiac disease and dermatomyositis in adults. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de RouenBoisguillaume, Rouen, France. Source: Marie, I Lecomte, F Hachulla, E Antonietti, M Francois, A Levesque, H Courtois, H Clin-Exp-Rheumatol. 2001 Mar-April; 19(2): 201-3 0392-856X
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Calcinosis cutis in juvenile dermatomyositis responsive to aluminum hydroxide treatment. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Kagawa Medical School, Japan. Source: Nakagawa, T Takaiwa, T J-Dermatol. 1993 September; 20(9): 558-60 0385-2407
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Crusted scabies of the scalp in dermatomyositis patients: three cases treated with oral ivermectin. Author(s): Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Medicine, Sofia, Bulgaria. Source: Dourmishev, A L Serafimova, D K Dourmishev, L A Mualla, M A Papaharalambous, V Malchevsky, T Int-J-Dermatol. 1998 March; 37(3): 231-4 0011-9059
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Juvenile dermatomyositis in north India. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh. Source: Singh, S KuMarch, L Shankar, K R Indian-Pediatr. 1997 Mar; 34(3): 193-8 00196061
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Treatment of dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Author(s): Academic Department of Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Hospitals School of Medicine, King's College Hospital (Dulwich), East Dulwich Grove, London SE22 8PT, UK. Source: Choy, E H S Isenberg, D A Rheumatology-(Oxford). 2002 January; 41(1): 7-13 1462-0324
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER
3.
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE DERMATOMYOSITIS
AND
Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to dermatomyositis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to dermatomyositis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “dermatomyositis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to dermatomyositis: •
A case of dermato-fasciitis: amyopathic dermatomyositis associated with fasciitis. Author(s): Tsuruta Y, Ikezoe K, Nakagaki H, Shigeto H, Kawajiri M, Ohyagi Y, Kira J. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2004 April; 23(2): 160-2. Epub 2004 January 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15045632
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A retrospective study of 13 Oriental children with juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): See Y, Giam YC, Chng HH. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1997 March; 26(2): 210-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9208076
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A survey on TCM treatment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Rao Y.
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Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2003 September; 23(3): 230-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14535200 •
Bullous dermatomyositis associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma--a case report. Author(s): Ang P, Sugeng MW, Chua SH. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1999 November; 28(6): 855-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10672402
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Calcinosis universalis complicating dermatomyositis. its treatment with na2 edta. report of two cases in children. Author(s): HERD JK, VAUGHAN JH. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1964 June; 18: 259-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14168454
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Classification criteria for polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Tanimoto K, Nakano K, Kano S, Mori S, Ueki H, Nishitani H, Sato T, Kiuchi T, Ohashi Y. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 April; 22(4): 668-74. Erratum In: J Rheumatol 1995 September; 22(9): 1807. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7791161
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Dermatomyositis accompanied by rectal cancer: report of a case. Author(s): Fujii K, Moriya Y, Fujita S, Akasu T, Miyake H, Nakanishi Y, Saito T. Source: Surgery Today. 2000; 30(3): 302-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10752789
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Dermatomyositis and peritoneal papillary serous carcinoma. Author(s): Piura B, Meirovitz M, Cohen Y, Horowitz J. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1999 January; 82(1): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10192494
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Dermatomyositis associated with malignancy. 12 case reports. Author(s): Dourmishev LA. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1999; 455: 193-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10599343
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Dermatomyositis in association with tubulovillous adenoma: resolution after resection of adenoma. Author(s): Badr AS, Saadeh CK, Yeary J, Hamous J, Khandheria B.
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Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1997 March; 90(3): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9076305 •
Dermatomyositis in two siblings and a brief review of familial dermatomyositis. Author(s): Tsao CY, Mendell JR, Kissel JT. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2002 July; 17(7): 540-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12269736
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Dermatomyositis with splenic and renal infarctions during corticosteroid therapy. Author(s): Matsuda Y, Harigai M, Nakajima H, Terajima H, Yamada T, Fukasawa C, Takeuchi M, Hara M, Kamatani N. Source: Intern Med. 2000 June; 39(6): 512-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10852176
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Dermatomyositis. Author(s): Callen JP. Source: Lancet. 2000 January 1; 355(9197): 53-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10615903
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Dermatomyositis. Author(s): Viani H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1967 January; 79(1): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6015945
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Dermatomyositis-like reaction induced by chemotherapeutical agents. Author(s): Ruiz-Genao DP, Sanz-Sanchez T, Bartolome-Gonzalez B, Fernandez-Herrera J, Garcia-Diez A. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 December; 41(12): 885-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12492978
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Exuberant conjunctival pseudopolyposis in a patient with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Ibanez HE, Bardenstein DS, Korman NJ, Reinhart WJ. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1993 September; 25(9): 326-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8297066
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Heliotrope rash and 'V' sign in dermatomyositis. Author(s): Neehar P, Benjamin B, Sahu A, Singh AK, Gambhir IS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2003 April; 51: 383. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12723654
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Infrapatellar hypertrichosis: an unusual cutaneous manifestation of juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Piantanida NA, Person DA, Piantanida EW. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2002 March-April; 19(2): 132-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11994176
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Ipecac-induced myopathy simulating dermatomyositis. Author(s): Bennett HS, Spiro AJ, Pollack MA, Zucker P. Source: Neurology. 1982 January; 32(1): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6119651
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Juvenile dermatomyositis in Thai children. Author(s): Singalavanija S, Liamsuwan S, Limpongsanurak W, Raungsuwan S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2001 November; 84(11): 1527-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11853294
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Juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Norins AL. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1989 September; 73(5): 1193-209. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2671541
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Juvenile dermatomyositis: a retrospective review of a 30-year experience. Author(s): Peloro TM, Miller OF 3rd, Hahn TF, Newman ED. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1): 28-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11423831
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Juvenile dermatomyositis: clinical profile and disease course in 25 patients. Author(s): Shehata R, al-Mayouf S, al-Dalaan A, al-Mazaid A, al-Balaa S, Bahabri S. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999 January-February; 17(1): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10084045
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Outcome in juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Chowdhary V, Wakhlu A, Agarwal A, Misra R. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2002 October; 39(10): 931-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12428038
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Periorbital edema as the presenting sign of dermatomyositis. Author(s): Hall VC, Keeling JH, Davis MD. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2003 June; 42(6): 466-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12786876
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Periorbital edema as the presenting sign of juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Sevigny GM, Mathes BM. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 January-February; 16(1): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10027999
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Polymyositis-dermatomyositis and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Endo T, Kawaguchi N, Yashima M, Tei H, Hayakawa H. Source: Intern Med. 1993 June; 32(6): 487-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7694694
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Porphyria cutanea tarda, dermatomyositis and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in virus C infection. Author(s): Bauza A, Espana A, Lloret P. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2003 May-June; 13(3): 302-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12804996
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Recurrent photosensitive dermatitis preceding juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Woo TR, Rasmussen J, Callen JP. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1985 March; 2(3): 207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3991376
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Sarcoid myopathy with typical rash of dermatomyositis. Author(s): Itoh J, Akiguchi I, Midorikawa R, Kameyama M. Source: Neurology. 1980 October; 30(10): 1118-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7191503
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Sarcoidosis and dermatomyositis in a patient with hemoglobin SC. A case report and literature review. Author(s): Brateanu AC, Caracioni A, Smith HR. Source: Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2000 June; 17(2): 190-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10957767
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Scleromyxedema (lichen myxedematosus) associated with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Launay D, Hatron PY, Delaporte E, Hachulla E, Devulder B, Piette F. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 February; 144(2): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11251573
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Vesiculo-bullous dermatomyositis. Author(s): McCollough ML, Cockerell CJ. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1998 April; 20(2): 170-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9557787
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to dermatomyositis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Herbs and Supplements PABA Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON DERMATOMYOSITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to dermatomyositis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on dermatomyositis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “dermatomyositis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on dermatomyositis: •
Kidney in Collagen-Vascular Diseases Source: New York, NY: Raven Press, Ltd. 1993. 258 p. Contact: Available from Raven Press. 1185 Avenue of the Americas, Dept. 5B, New York, NY 10036. (800) 777-2836 or (212) 930-9500. Fax (212) 869-3495. PRICE: $107.50 plus $4.95 shipping and handling (as of 1995). ISBN: 0781700213. Summary: This book brings together current thinking about the effects of various collagen-vascular diseases on the kidney and the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures currently available. These diseases comprise a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic inflammatory, degenerative, and sclerosing processes in the connective tissues and the walls of blood vessels. Eleven chapters cover experimental animal models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); immunology and pathogenesis; lupus-like syndrome; SLE in humans; scleroderma (systemic sclerosis); rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing
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spondylitis; mixed connective tissue disease; Sjogren's syndrome; systemic vasculitis; and other collagen diseases, including relapsing polychondritis, acute rheumatic fever, and polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Each chapter includes numerous references and a subject index concludes the volume. •
Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips Source: Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. 389 p. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools); Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This book is a clinically oriented atlas and text covering the symptoms and diseases of the oral mucosa and perioral skin. The authors focus on the essential aspects of each illness, concentrating on the clinical features that are important in the differential diagnosis. The authors include not only diseases confined to the oral mucosa but also those oral problems that may be signs of accompanying cutaneous (skin) or systemic diseases. Sixty-seven chapters are presented in three sections: the normal oral mucosa, general aspects of oral pathology, and diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips. Specific topics are inflammation of the lips, acquired diseases of the tongue, gingival hyperplasia, enlargement of the parotid gland, aphthous ulcers (stomatitis), pyostomatitis vegetans, disorders of pigmentation, urticaria and angioedema, psoriasis, Reiter's syndrome, lichen planus, graft-versus-host disease, rosacea, perioral dermatitis, erythema multiforme, acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome), vesicular and bullous autoimmune diseases, desquamative gingivitis, necrotizing sialometaplasia, oral mucosal hemorrhage, viral diseases, bacterial diseases, fungal diseases, protozoal and parasitic diseases, mechanical damage, trauma, allergic and toxic contact stomatitis, occupational diseases of the oral mucosa, drug reactions and side effects, morphea and scleroderma, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, dermatomyositis, lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, giant cell arteritis, plasma cell gingivitis, oral submucous fibrosis, halitosis, xerostomia, sialorrhea, selfinduced mucosal injuries, benign granulomatous processes, malignant granulomatoses, heterotopias and congenital malformations, genodermatoses and congenital syndromes, benign and malignant tumors, actinic keratosis, leukoplakia, paraneoplastic disorders, and oral signs of hematologic, nutritional, metabolic, and endocrine disorders. Each chapter includes full-color photographs and references are provided in individual sections. A subject index concludes the volume. (AA-M).
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “dermatomyositis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “dermatomyositis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “dermatomyositis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com):
Books
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21st Century Complete Medical Guide to Myositis, including Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis, Authoritative Government Documents, Clinical References, and Practical Information for Patients and Physicians (CD-ROM) by PM Medical Health News; ISBN: 159248851X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/159248851X/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Dermatomyositis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to dermatomyositis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and dermatomyositis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “dermatomyositis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on dermatomyositis: •
Evaluation for Dysphagia in Neurogenic Disorders Source: in Leonard, R.; Kendall, K. Dysphagia Assessment and Treatment Planning: A Team Approach. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1997. p. 29-39. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $56.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 156593749X. Summary: This chapter is from a textbook that focuses on the principles of assessment and treatment planning for patients with dysphagia (swallowing dysfunction). The chapter reviews specific swallowing problems associated with the major categories of neurogenic disorders. The author discusses concerns related to diagnostic strategies, and the timing of these strategies, in patients experiencing central nervous system or neuromuscular diseases. The author focuses on diagnostic strategies that provide both qualitative and quantitative information regarding dysphagia in neurogenic patient populations. Bedside and clinical evaluations and dynamic radiographic studies of swallow function represent major components of this diagnostic protocol. The author discusses dysphagia and each of the following neurogenic disorders: stroke, brain injury, cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, polymyositis and dermatomyositis, myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophies, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), congenital spinal muscular atrophy, and postpolio syndrome. The author reiterates that dysphagia is a significant clinical problem requiring evaluation and treatment in many individuals with neuromuscular and neurologic degenerative diseases. A thorough clinical examination and appropriate diagnostic imaging studies are necessary to develop an appropriate treatment regimen. 23 references.
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Immune-Based Diseases Source: in Marx, R.E.; Stern, D. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: A Rationale for Diagnosis and Treatment. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2003. p.137-206. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail:
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[email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $ 399.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867153903. Summary: This chapter on immune-based diseases is from a clinically oriented guide for oral and maxillofacial surgeons and other advanced dental and medical specialists who deal with pathologies in the oral cavity, midface, and neck. Inflammatory processes are precipitated by external factors such as microorganisms, to which, in many cases, immunologic reactions occur in response. This chapter discusses diseases precipitated by an actual disturbance in immune function, which in turn usually provokes an inflammatory response. The authors begin with a discussion of the fundamentals of hypersensitivity reactions, then covers pemphigus vulgaris, paraneoplastic pemphigus, the pemphigoid group and other basement membrane autoimmune diseases, cutaneous pemphigoid (bullous pemphigoid), the mucosal pemphigoids, linear IgA disease, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, lichen planus, erythema multiforme, systemic drug reactions, contact drug reactions, discoid lupus erythematosus, systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid antibody disease, progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) and the CREST syndrome, Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome), dermatitis herpetiformis, dermatomyositis, aphthous stomatitis, Behcet syndrome, reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome), diffuse interosseous skeletal hypertrophy (DISH) syndrome, juvenile periodontitis, Papillon-Lefevre syndrome, Wegener granulomatosis, giant cell arteritis, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, and systemic corticosteroid therapy. For each condition, the authors discuss clinical presentation and pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, diagnostic work-up, histopathology, treatment, and prognosis. Full-color photographs illustrate the chapter. 74 figures. 4 tables. •
Musculoskeletal Disorders Source: in Scully, C. and Cawson, R.A. Medical Problems in Dentistry. 4th ed. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. 1998. p. 310-335. Contact: Available from Butterworth-Heinemann. 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041. (800) 366-2665 or (781) 904-2500. Fax (800) 446-6520 or (781) 933-6333. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.bh.com. PRICE: $110.00. ISBN: 0723610568. Summary: This chapter on musculoskeletal disorders is from a text that covers the general medical and surgical conditions relevant to the oral health care sciences. The authors note that the jaws and temporomandibular joints are part of the skeletal system, but are rarely involved by systemic disease and few skeletal diseases affect the management of the dental patient directly. Muscle disorders are relatively uncommon and involvement of the masticatory (chewing) and facial muscles is not necessarily a prominent feature. However, for patients with musculoskeletal disease, access to the dental clinic or getting into or out of the chair may be difficult. Topics include genetic skeletal diseases, osteogenesis imperfecta, achondroplasia, cleidocranial dysplasia, osteopetrosis (Albers Schonberg disease), Marfan's syndrome, Ehlers Danlos syndrome, diseases of calcium metabolism and bone, rickets and osteomalacia, osteoporosis, William's syndrome, tumoral calcinosis, fibrous dysplasia, Paget's disease of bone (osteitis deformans), osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Felty's syndrome, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (childhood polyarthritis), psoriatic arthritis, Lyme disease, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's disease, prosthetic joint replacements, genetic myopathies, polymyositis and dermatomyositis, and cranial arteritis and polymyalgia rhematica. For each condition, the authors discuss general aspects, diagnosis and management issues, dental aspects, and patient care strategies. The chapter includes a summary of the points covered. 4 figures. 10 tables. 61 references.
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CHAPTER
5.
PERIODICALS AND DERMATOMYOSITIS
NEWS
ON
Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover dermatomyositis.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on dermatomyositis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “dermatomyositis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to dermatomyositis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “dermatomyositis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for dermatomyositis: •
Children with juvenile dermatomyositis have decreased aerobic capacity Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 14, 2002
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “dermatomyositis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “dermatomyositis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to dermatomyositis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “dermatomyositis” (or synonyms).
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Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “dermatomyositis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on dermatomyositis: •
Differences Between Primary and Secondary Sjogren's Syndrome Source: Moisture Seekers Newsletter. 16(7): 1, 3. October 1998. Contact: Available from Sjogren's Syndrome Foundation Inc. 8120 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 530, Bethesda MD 20814-1437. (301) 718-0300 or (800) 475-6473. Fax (301) 718-0322. Website: www.sjogrens.org. Summary: This article describes the differences between primary and secondary Sjogren's syndrome. The author begins by defining rheumatic diseases as disorders that cause long-term (chronic) inflammation which is principally found in the musculoskeletal system (joints) but also in the muscles, skin, and other structures. In the case of Sjogren's syndrome (SS), the inflammation referred to above affects the so-called exocrine glands. In SS, the exocrine glands affected are the lacrimal and salivary glands, but all the organs in the body may be involved and cause symptoms. The author then lists the rheumatic diseases associated with SS, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), polymyositis, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, and systemic vasculitis. The author then briefly describes secondary SS and primary SS, then discusses the blood tests used to differentiate between the conditions. Secondary SS means that the patient has SS together with another rheumatic disease. However, the person with primary Sjogren's syndrome frequently has more general symptoms than the patient who also has another disease. People with primary SS often have more symptoms of fatigue, for example. The author concludes that the causal factors for either primary or secondary SS are still relatively unknown.
Academic Periodicals covering Dermatomyositis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to dermatomyositis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering dermatomyositis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for dermatomyositis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with dermatomyositis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).
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The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to dermatomyositis: Aminobenzoate Potassium •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Potaba; Potaba Envules; Potaba Powder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202025.html
Azathioprine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Imuran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202077.html
Corticosteroids •
Dental - U.S. Brands: Kenalog in Orabase; Orabase-HCA; Oracort; Oralone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202010.html
•
Inhalation - U.S. Brands: AeroBid; AeroBid-M; Azmacort; Beclovent; Pulmicort Respules; Pulmicort Turbuhaler; Qvar; Vanceril; Vanceril 84 mcg Double Strength http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202011.html
•
Nasal - U.S. Brands: Beconase; Beconase AQ; Dexacort Turbinaire; Flonase; Nasacort; Nasacort AQ; Nasalide; Nasarel; Nasonex; Rhinocort; Vancenase; Vancenase AQ 84 mcg; Vancenase pockethaler http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202012.html
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Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: AK-Dex; AK-Pred; AK-Tate; Baldex; Decadron; Dexair; Dexotic; Econopred; Econopred Plus; Eflone; Flarex; Fluor-Op; FML Forte; FML Liquifilm; FML S.O.P.; HMS Liquifilm; Inflamase Forte; Inflamase Mild; I-Pred; Lite Pred; Maxidex; Ocu-Dex; Ocu-Pred; Ocu-Pred Forte; Ocu-PredA; Pred Forte; Pred Mild; Predair; Predair A; Predair Forte; Storz-Dexa; Ultra Pred http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202013.html
•
Otic - U.S. Brands: Decadron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202014.html
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Rectal - U.S. Brands: Anucort-HC; Anu-Med HC; Anuprep HC; Anusol-HC; Anutone-HC; Anuzone-HC; Cort-Dome; Cortenema; Cortifoam; Hemorrhoidal HC; Hemril-HC Uniserts; Proctocort; Proctosol-HC; Rectasol-HC http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203366.html
Cyclophosphamide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cytoxan; Neosar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202174.html
Hydroxychloroquine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Plaquenil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202288.html
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Immune Globulin Intravenous (Human) •
Human - U.S. Brands: Gamimune N 10%; Gamimune N 10% S/D; Gamimune N 5%; Gamimune N 5% S/D; Gammagard S/D; Gammagard S/D 0.5 g; Gammar-P IV; Iveegam; Panglobulin; Polygam S/D; Sandoglobulin; Venoglobulin–I; Venoglobulin-S http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202641.html
Methotrexate For Noncancerous Conditions •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Folex; Folex PFS; Methotrexate LPF; Rheumatrex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202356.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
8
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
9
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “dermatomyositis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 5388 36 44 2 25 5495
HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “dermatomyositis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
11
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
12
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
16 Adapted 17
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on dermatomyositis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to dermatomyositis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to dermatomyositis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “dermatomyositis”:
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Lupus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lupus.html Muscle Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/muscledisorders.html Myositis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/myositis.html Neuromuscular Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neuromusculardisorders.html Scleroderma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/scleroderma.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to dermatomyositis, the following was listed: •
Diagnosis/Symptoms Creatine Kinase Test Source: Muscular Dystrophy Association http://www.mdausa.org/publications/Quest/q71ss-cktest.html
•
Treatment How Rheumatologists Use Chemotherapy Source: Cleveland Clinic Foundation http://www.clevelandclinic.org/arthritis/treat/facts/chemo.htm Prednisone Source: Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America http://www.myasthenia.org/information/prednisone.pdf
•
Nutrition Polymyositis: Can a Gluten-Free Diet Help? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00572
•
Children Juvenile Dermatomyositis Source: Arthritis Foundation http://www.arthritis.org/conditions/DiseaseCenter/jdms.asp
•
Organizations American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association http://www.aarda.org/ Muscular Dystrophy Association http://www.mdausa.org/ Myositis Association of America http://www.myositis.org/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/ You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Facts About Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis (PM/DM) Source: Muscular Dystrophy Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=8142 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to dermatomyositis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on dermatomyositis can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee.
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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Associations and Dermatomyositis The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to dermatomyositis: •
Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis Support Group Telephone: 023 80 449708 Fax: 023 80 396402 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: www.myositis.org.uk Background: The Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis Support Group, based in the United Kingdom, offers support and advice for the following rare forms of myositis: dermatomyositis, polymyositis, inclusion body myositis, juvenile dermatomyositis. It raises funds to support research and is now working in collaboration with the Myositis Association of America to ensure that all sufferers and their families receive good information and advice, and that research is optimized. Relevant area(s) of interest: Dermatomyositis
•
Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDM) Registry Telephone: (773) 880-4360 Toll-free: (888) 719-8098 Fax: (773) 880-4179 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.childrensmemorial.org/depts/immunology/referrals.asp Background: The New Onset Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDMS) Registry has been funded by the National Institutes of Health s (NIH s) National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) since 1994. Dermatomyositis is a progressive connective tissue disorder characterized by inflammatory and degenerative changes of the muscles and of the skin. Although the symptoms of Juvenile (Childhood) Dermatomyositis (JDMS) are similar to those associated with the adult form of the disorder, onset is usually more sudden. In addition, abnormal accumulations of calcium
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deposits (calcifications) in muscle and skin tissues, as well as involvement of the digestive (gastrointestinal) tract are more common in the childhood form of Dermatomyositis. The purpose of the JDMS Registry is to help determine the prevalence and incidence of Juvenile Dermatomyositis, the circumstances surrounding the onset of JDMS, and the influences that ethnic background may have on the disease s course.
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to dermatomyositis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with dermatomyositis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about dermatomyositis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “dermatomyositis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “dermatomyositis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop
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boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “dermatomyositis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “dermatomyositis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
19
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
20
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on dermatomyositis: •
Basic Guidelines for Dermatomyositis Dermatomyositis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000839.htm Hyperthyroidism Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000356.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Dermatomyositis Butterfly rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Difficulty swallowing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003115.htm Dysphagia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003115.htm
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Dysphonia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003054.htm Dyspnea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Erythema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Joint pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Muscle Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Muscle weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm Rales Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003323.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Shortness of breath Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Skin rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin redness or inflammation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Dermatomyositis Aldolase Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003566.htm ALT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003473.htm AST Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003472.htm Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Chest X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003804.htm
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CPK Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003503.htm CPK isoenzymes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003504.htm Creatine kinase Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003503.htm Creatinine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003475.htm CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003330.htm ECG Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003868.htm Electromyography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003929.htm EMG Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003929.htm ESR Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003638.htm LDH Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003471.htm MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003335.htm Muscle biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003924.htm Rheumatoid factor Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003548.htm Serum aldolase Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003566.htm Serum creatinine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003475.htm SGOT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003472.htm TSH Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003684.htm
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X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm •
Background Topics for Dermatomyositis Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Distal Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002346.htm Electrolytes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002350.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Malignancy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002253.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Systemic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002294.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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DERMATOMYOSITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Actinic keratosis: A precancerous condition of thick, scaly patches of skin. Also called solar or senile keratosis. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element,
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organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Aluminum Hydroxide: Hydrated aluminum. A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc. [NIH] Alveolar Process: The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth. [NIH] Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU]
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Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Angioedema: A vascular reaction involving the deep dermis or subcutaneous or submucal tissues, representing localized edema caused by dilatation and increased permeability of the capillaries, and characterized by development of giant wheals. [EU] Angiogenesis inhibitor: A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. [NIH] Angioneurotic: Denoting a neuropathy affecting the vascular system; see angioedema. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign
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substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aphthous Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arterial embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot of foreign material. This can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthropathy: Any joint disease. [EU] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU]
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Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH]
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Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present. [NIH] Biopterin: A natural product that has been considered as a growth factor for some insects. [NIH]
Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion.
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There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Washing out of the lungs with saline or mucolytic agents for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is very useful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid: Fluid obtained by washout of the alveolar compartment of the lung. It is used to assess biochemical and inflammatory changes in and effects of therapy on the interstitial lung tissue. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcinosis: Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caspases: A family of intracellular cysteine endopeptidases. They play a key role in
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inflammation and mammalian apoptosis. They are specific for aspartic acid at the P1 position. They are divided into two classes based on the lengths of their N-terminal prodomains. Caspases-1,-2,-4,-5,-8, and -10 have long prodomains and -3,-6,-7,-9 have short prodomains. EC 3.4.22.-. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chondrocytes: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH]
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Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Cidofovir: A drug used to treat infection caused by viruses. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Collagenous Colitis: A type of colitis. Caused by an abnormal band of collagen, a threadlike protein. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin
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system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Connective Tissue Diseases: A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH]
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Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]
Creatine Kinase: A transferase that catalyzes formation of phosphocreatine from ATP + creatine. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic isoenzymes have been identified in human tissues: MM from skeletal muscle, MB from myocardial tissue, and BB from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins. EC 2.7.3.2. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cysteine Endopeptidases: Endopeptidases which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by sulfhydryl reagents. EC 3.4.22. [NIH] Cytarabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH]
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Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Dentifrices: Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. [NIH] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Dermo-epidermal: A patch of skin taken from the patient is directly grafted on the wound. [NIH]
Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic Imaging: Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or
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tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of the calcium ion in membrane functions. It is also teratogenic. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discoid: Shaped like a disk. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystrophic: Pertaining to toxic habitats low in nutrients. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is
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based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endostatin: A drug that is being studied for its ability to prevent the growth of new blood vessels into a solid tumor. Endostatin belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Eosinophilic Granuloma: The most benign clinical form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis, which involves localized nodular lesions of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, bones, lungs,
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or skin, with infiltration by eosinophils. The proliferating cell that appears to be responsible for the clinical manifestations is the Langerhans cell. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epidermolysis Bullosa: Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties. [NIH] Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita: Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by traumainduced, subepidermal blistering with no family history of the disease. Direct immunofluorescence shows IgG deposited at the dermo-epidermal junction. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH]
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Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Familial polyposis: An inherited condition in which numerous polyps (tissue masses) develop on the inside walls of the colon and rectum. It increases the risk for colon cancer. [NIH]
Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciculation: A small local contraction of muscles, visible through the skin, representing a spontaneous discharge of a number of fibres innervated by a single motor nerve filament. [EU]
Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filarioidea: A superfamily of nematodes of the suborder Spirurina. Its organisms possess a filiform body and a mouth surrounded by papillae. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH]
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Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gingival Hyperplasia: A pathological increase in the depth of the gingival crevice surrounding a tooth at the gum margin. [NIH] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides
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in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Halitosis: An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH]
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Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]
Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hydroxyurea: An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase. [NIH] Hyperkeratosis: 1. Hypertrophy of the corneous layer of the skin. 2a. Any of various conditions marked by hyperkeratosis. 2b. A disease of cattle marked by thickening and
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wringling of the hide and formation of papillary outgrowths on the buccal mucous membranes, often accompanied by watery discharge from eyes and nose, diarrhoea, loss of condition, and abortion of pregnant animals, and now believed to result from ingestion of the chlorinated naphthalene of various lubricating oils. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrichosis: Localized or generalized excess hair. The concept does not include hirsutism, which is excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Ichthyosis: Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic basis of the immune response. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several
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mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell
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activity. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Ivermectin: A mixture of ivermectin component B1a (RN 71827-03-7) and B1b (RN 70209-813), which is a semisynthetic product from Streptomyces avermitilis. A potent macrocyclic lactone disaccharide antiparasitic agent used to prevent and treat parasite infestations in animals. The compound has activity against internal and external parasites and has been found effective against arthropods, insects, nematodes, filarioidea, platyhelminths, and protozoa. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leg Ulcer: Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (varicose ulcer), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH]
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Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytosis: A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. [NIH] Leukoencephalopathy: A condition with spongy holes in the brain's white matter. [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lunate: A curved sulcus of the lateral surface which forms the anterior limit of the visual cortex. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic: A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
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Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH] Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant mesothelioma: A rare type of cancer in which malignant cells are found in the sac lining the chest or abdomen. Exposure to airborne asbestos particles increases one's risk of developing malignant mesothelioma. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports
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the lower teeth. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Masticatory: 1. subserving or pertaining to mastication; affecting the muscles of mastication. 2. a remedy to be chewed but not swallowed. [EU] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mesothelioma: A benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor affecting the lining of the chest or abdomen. Exposure to asbestos particles in the air increases the risk of developing malignant mesothelioma. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] Methylprednisolone: (6 alpha,11 beta)-11,17,21-Trihydroxy-6-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,2dione. A prednisolone derivative which has pharmacological actions similar to prednisolone. [NIH] Mice Minute Virus: The type species of parvovirus prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms
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include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Minocycline: A semisynthetic staphylococcus infections. [NIH]
antibiotic
effective
against
tetracycline-resistant
Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mixed Connective Tissue Disease: A syndrome with overlapping clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polymyositis, and Raynaud's phenomenon. The disease is differentially characterized by high serum titers of antibodies to ribonucleasesensitive extractable (saline soluble) nuclear antigen and a "speckled" epidermal nuclear staining pattern on direct immunofluorescence. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome: An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities. [NIH]
Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness,
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numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle Hypertonia: Abnormal increase in skeletal or smooth muscle tone. Skeletal muscle hypertonicity may be associated with pyramidal tract lesions or basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelofibrosis: A disorder in which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Myositis: Inflammation of a voluntary muscle. [EU] Myositis Ossificans: A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neopterin: A pteridine derivative present in body fluids; elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections. (From Stedman, 26th ed) Neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH]
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Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Diseases: A general term encompassing lower motor neuron disease; peripheral nervous system diseases; and certain muscular diseases. Manifestations include muscle weakness; fasciculation; muscle atrophy; spasm; myokymia; muscle hypertonia, myalgias, and musclehypotonia. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of
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oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Oral Manifestations: Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury. [NIH]
Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteitis Deformans: A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteogenesis: The histogenesis of bone including ossification. It occurs continuously but particularly in the embryo and child and during fracture repair. [NIH] Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A collagen disorder resulting from defective biosynthesis of type I collagen and characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. There are four major types, I-IV. [NIH] Osteomalacia: A condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium. [EU]
Osteopetrosis: Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures, osteitis, splenomegaly with infarct, anemia, and extramedullary hemopoiesis. [NIH]
Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Panniculitis: General term for inflammation of adipose tissue, usually of the skin, characterized by reddened subcutaneous nodules. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU]
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Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Parvovirus: A genus of the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is mice minute virus. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU]
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Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]
Perioral: Situated or occurring around the mouth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peripheral stem cells: Immature cells found circulating in the bloodstream. New blood cells develop from peripheral stem cells. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pityriasis: A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. [EU] Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris: A chronic skin disease characterized by small follicular papules,
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disseminated reddish-brown scaly patches, and often, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. The papules are about the size of a pin and topped by a horny plug. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platyhelminths: A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Polyarteritis Nodosa: A form of necrotizing vasculitis involving small- and medium-sized arteries. The signs and symptoms result from infarction and scarring of the affected organ system. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polycythemia Vera: A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH]
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Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary tumor: The original tumor. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or
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vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulmonary Fibrosis: Chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the pulmonary alveolar walls, with steadily progressive dyspnea, resulting finally in death from oxygen lack or right heart failure. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from
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radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal cell carcinoma: A type of kidney cancer. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH]
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Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rhabdomyolysis: Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. [NIH] Rheumatic Diseases: Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribonuclease: RNA-digesting enzyme. [NIH] Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides using NADPH as the ultimate electron donor. The deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates are used in DNA synthesis. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.17.4.1. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]
Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU]
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Sclerae: A circular furrow between the sclerocorneal junction and the iris. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Sialorrhea: Increased salivary flow. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH]
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Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH]
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Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Statistically significant: Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sternum: Breast bone. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]
Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submandibular: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Submucous: Occurring beneath the mucosa or a mucous membrane. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue.
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[NIH]
Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Tamponade: The inserting of a tampon; a dressing is inserted firmly into a wound or body cavity, as the nose, uterus or vagina, principally for stopping hemorrhage. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or
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animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transitional cell carcinoma: A type of cancer that develops in the lining of the bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transverse Colon: The part of the colon that goes across the abdomen from right to left. [NIH]
Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tropomyosin: A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by troponin. [NIH] Troponin: One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]
Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy,
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infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose Ulcer: Ulcer due to varicose veins. Chronic venous insufficiency in the deep veins of the legs leads to shunting the venous return into the superficial veins, in which pressure and flow rate, as well as oxygen content, are increased. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Dysfunction: A condition in which the ventricles of the heart exhibit a decreased functionality. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and
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kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visual Cortex: Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Voltage-gated: It is opened by the altered charge distribution across the cell membrane. [NIH]
Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
147
INDEX A Abdominal, 103, 115, 131, 133, 137 Aberrant, 22, 103 Ablation, 50, 103 Abscess, 103, 139 Acantholysis, 103, 132 Actin, 103, 129, 143 Actinic keratosis, 66, 103 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 103 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 15, 103 Adaptability, 103, 110 Adenocarcinoma, 103, 121 Adenoma, 60, 103 Adipose Tissue, 103, 131 Adjustment, 4, 103 Adjuvant, 103, 104 Adolescence, 8, 43, 103 Adrenal Cortex, 103, 113, 135 Adverse Effect, 103, 139 Aerobic, 12, 71, 103 Affinity, 103, 140 Algorithms, 104, 108 Alkaline, 104, 109 Alleles, 14, 104 Allograft, 104, 129 Alopecia, 104, 113 Alpha Particles, 104, 136 Alternative medicine, 72, 104 Aluminum, 56, 104 Aluminum Hydroxide, 56, 104 Alveolar Process, 104, 137 Amifostine, 38, 104 Amino Acid Sequence, 104, 105 Amino Acids, 104, 107, 117, 132, 134, 135 Anaesthesia, 104, 105 Anaesthetic, 25, 105 Anal, 5, 105, 125 Analogous, 4, 105, 143 Anaphylatoxins, 105, 112 Anatomical, 105, 139 Androgens, 103, 105, 113 Anemia, 105, 131 Angioedema, 66, 105 Angiogenesis inhibitor, 105, 116 Angioneurotic, 35, 105 Animal model, 9, 65, 105 Anions, 105, 141 Anorexia, 105, 131
Antagonism, 105, 115 Antiallergic, 105, 113 Antibacterial, 105, 140 Antibiotic, 105, 111, 117, 128, 140, 142 Antibodies, 10, 26, 41, 105, 106, 107, 122, 128, 134 Antibody, 46, 68, 104, 105, 106, 111, 121, 122, 123, 127, 128, 137 Anticoagulant, 106, 135, 145 Antigen, 16, 104, 105, 106, 112, 114, 121, 122, 123, 127, 128 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 106, 112 Antigen-presenting cell, 106, 114 Anti-inflammatory, 106, 113, 119, 135 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 106, 113 Antimetabolite, 106, 127 Antineoplastic, 106, 113, 121, 127 Anuria, 42, 106 Anus, 105, 106, 111, 124, 134, 137 Aphthous Stomatitis, 68, 106 Apoptosis, 37, 106, 110 Arterial, 50, 106, 122, 124, 135 Arterial embolization, 50, 106 Arteries, 106, 108, 129, 134, 136 Arterioles, 106, 108, 109 Arteritis, 66, 68, 106 Artery, 106, 108, 116, 132, 136, 144 Arthropathy, 24, 106 Articular, 106, 131 Asbestos, 107, 126, 127 Ascites, 107, 130 Aspartic Acid, 107, 110 Assay, 16, 107 Atrial, 107, 145 Atrial Fibrillation, 107, 145 Atrophy, 103, 107, 130 Atypical, 36, 107 Autoantibodies, 107, 114 Autoantigens, 9, 107 Autoimmune disease, 66, 68, 107, 129 Autonomic Nervous System, 107, 133 B Bacteria, 105, 106, 107, 111, 116, 127, 128, 136, 140, 141, 144 Base, 107, 124 Basement Membrane, 68, 107, 117, 124 Benign, 8, 66, 103, 107, 116, 127, 129, 137 Bile, 107, 108, 118, 125, 141
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Bile duct, 108 Biliary, 50, 108, 109 Biliary Tract, 50, 108, 109 Biochemical, 15, 30, 104, 106, 108, 109, 124, 131 Biological response modifier, 108, 123 Biopsy, 4, 8, 9, 32, 100, 101, 108, 132 Biopsy specimen, 32, 108 Biopterin, 108, 129 Biosynthesis, 108, 129, 131 Biotechnology, 10, 11, 72, 83, 108 Bladder, 20, 25, 108, 129, 135, 137, 143 Blister, 108, 132 Blood Coagulation, 108, 109 Blood Glucose, 108, 120 Blood pressure, 108, 122, 128, 136, 140 Blood vessel, 8, 65, 105, 108, 116, 121, 124, 140, 141, 142, 144 Blood Volume, 108, 134 Blot, 10, 108 Body Fluids, 108, 115, 129, 140, 143 Bone Marrow, 103, 108, 113, 120, 125, 126, 129, 134, 140 Bone Resorption, 108, 131 Bowel, 105, 108, 133 Brachytherapy, 109, 124, 137 Bronchoalveolar Lavage, 27, 109 Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, 27, 109 Buccal, 109, 122, 125, 141 Bullous, 16, 60, 63, 66, 68, 109, 114 C Calcification, 22, 28, 109 Calcinosis, 16, 28, 41, 46, 47, 52, 56, 60, 68, 109 Calcium, 68, 90, 107, 109, 111, 115, 127, 131, 132, 143 Calculi, 109, 120 Capillary, 8, 22, 46, 109, 144 Carbohydrate, 109, 113, 134 Carboxy, 22, 109 Carcinogenic, 109, 123, 141 Carcinoma, 3, 16, 28, 29, 30, 41, 42, 50, 51, 60, 109 Cardiac, 17, 44, 52, 107, 109, 141 Case report, 4, 15, 17, 28, 38, 42, 43, 50, 60, 63, 109 Caspases, 9, 109 Causal, 12, 73, 110 Celiac Disease, 56, 110 Cell Death, 9, 106, 110, 129 Cell Differentiation, 9, 110 Cell Division, 107, 110, 128, 134
Cell membrane, 110, 145 Cell proliferation, 13, 110 Central Nervous System, 17, 67, 107, 110, 119, 120, 128 Cerebral, 67, 110 Cerebral Palsy, 67, 110 Cerebrum, 110 Cervical, 110, 128 Character, 110, 114, 120 Chemokines, 8, 14, 110 Chemotactic Factors, 110, 112 Cholesterol, 107, 110, 141 Chondrocytes, 110, 118 Chromatin, 106, 110, 117, 126 Chromosomal, 22, 110, 111 Chromosome, 7, 111, 125 Chronic, 5, 8, 65, 73, 102, 111, 114, 123, 125, 132, 133, 136, 139, 141, 142, 144, 145 Chronic Disease, 111 Cidofovir, 50, 111 Clarithromycin, 41, 111 Clinical trial, 4, 83, 111, 113, 135, 137 Cloning, 108, 111 Coagulation, 108, 111, 145 Colitis, 111 Collagen, 3, 38, 65, 107, 111, 112, 118, 131, 135 Collagen disease, 66, 111 Collagenous Colitis, 29, 111 Colon, 111, 118, 124, 143 Complement, 11, 30, 32, 105, 111, 112, 126 Complementary and alternative medicine, 59, 64, 112 Complementary medicine, 59, 112 Complete remission, 112, 137 Computational Biology, 83, 112 Concomitant, 18, 31, 112 Congestion, 112, 117, 128 Conjunctiva, 14, 112 Connective Tissue, 33, 65, 90, 108, 111, 112, 114, 118, 119, 125, 138, 142 Connective Tissue Cells, 112 Connective Tissue Diseases, 33, 112 Constitutional, 112, 129 Constriction, 112, 124 Contraindications, ii, 113 Coordination, 113, 129 Corneum, 113, 117, 122 Corticosteroid, 39, 49, 61, 68, 113, 135, 141 Cortisol, 21, 113 Cortisone, 113, 135 Cranial, 68, 113, 118, 133
149
Creatine, 13, 26, 46, 51, 88, 101, 113 Creatine Kinase, 13, 26, 88, 113 Creatinine, 101, 113 Curative, 113, 138, 142 Cutaneous, 6, 12, 19, 24, 33, 37, 39, 41, 49, 51, 53, 62, 66, 68, 113, 125, 138 Cyclophosphamide, 33, 34, 48, 76, 113 Cyclosporine, 51, 113 Cysteine, 109, 110, 113 Cysteine Endopeptidases, 109, 113 Cytarabine, 50, 113 Cytochrome, 114, 131 Cytokine, 14, 38, 114 Cytoplasm, 106, 110, 114, 117, 126 Cytotoxic, 9, 114, 123, 137 D Degenerative, 65, 67, 90, 114, 131 Deletion, 7, 106, 114 Dendrites, 114, 130 Dendritic, 14, 114 Dendritic cell, 14, 114 Dentifrices, 104, 114 Dermatitis, 63, 66, 68, 114 Dermatitis Herpetiformis, 68, 114 Dermatosis, 66, 114 Dermis, 105, 114 Dermo-epidermal, 114, 117 Desensitization, 114, 122 Diabetes Mellitus, 47, 114, 119, 120 Diagnostic Imaging, 67, 114 Diagnostic procedure, 72, 115 Diaphragm, 115, 134 Diffusion, 115, 123 Digestion, 107, 108, 115, 125, 141 Digestive tract, 115, 139, 140 Dilation, 4, 115, 144 Diltiazem, 46, 115 Direct, iii, 8, 75, 115, 117, 128, 132, 137 Discoid, 68, 115 Discrete, 115, 125 Distal, 102, 115, 136 Dorsal, 115, 117, 134, 140 Drive, ii, vi, 9, 55, 66, 67, 115 Drug Interactions, 77, 115 Duct, 115, 117, 126, 138 Dysphagia, 67, 99, 115 Dysplasia, 68, 115 Dyspnea, 100, 115, 136 Dystrophic, 22, 46, 115, 117 Dystrophy, 7, 20, 88, 89, 115 E Edema, 4, 62, 63, 105, 115, 128, 130
Effector, 9, 111, 115 Efficacy, 22, 33, 34, 115 Elastic, 116, 120, 141 Elastin, 111, 112, 116 Electrolyte, 113, 116, 128, 140 Electromyography, 45, 101, 116 Electrons, 107, 116, 126, 136, 137 Elementary Particles, 116, 126, 130, 136 Emboli, 116, 145 Embolism, 116, 136, 145 Embolization, 116, 145 Embryo, 110, 116, 131 Endocrine System, 116, 129 Endostatin, 5, 116 Endothelial cell, 5, 116, 118 Endotoxin, 116, 143 Environmental Health, 82, 84, 116 Enzymatic, 109, 112, 116 Enzyme, 115, 116, 124, 127, 135, 137, 138, 141, 145 Eosinophilia, 116, 118 Eosinophilic, 16, 116, 118 Eosinophilic Granuloma, 16, 116 Eosinophils, 116, 117 Epidermal, 24, 117, 125, 128 Epidermis, 103, 108, 113, 114, 117, 122, 125, 132, 136 Epidermoid carcinoma, 117, 140 Epidermolysis Bullosa, 68, 117 Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita, 68, 117 Epithelial, 103, 117, 124 Epithelium, 107, 117 Erythema, 26, 66, 68, 100, 117, 128, 143 Erythema Multiforme, 66, 68, 117 Erythromycin, 111, 117 Esophagus, 115, 117, 133, 141 Excitatory, 117, 120 Excrete, 106, 117 Exocrine, 73, 117, 131 Extensor, 117, 136 External-beam radiation, 117, 136 Extracellular, 112, 117, 118, 140 Extracellular Matrix, 112, 117, 118 Extremity, 118, 124 F Facial, 7, 49, 68, 118, 132 Facial Nerve, 118, 132 Familial polyposis, 13, 118 Family Planning, 83, 118 Fasciculation, 118, 130 Fasciitis, 59, 118
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Dermatomyositis
Fat, 103, 108, 113, 116, 118, 125, 129, 140, 141 Fatigue, 73, 118, 120 Febrile, 66, 118, 125, 128 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 5, 118 Fibroblasts, 112, 118 Fibrosarcoma, 118 Fibrosis, 66, 118, 136, 138, 139 Filarioidea, 118, 124 Flexor, 117, 118, 125 Fold, 4, 118 Forearm, 108, 118 G Gallbladder, 103, 108, 118 Gamma Rays, 119, 136, 137 Ganglia, 104, 119, 129, 133 Gas, 115, 119, 121, 130, 137 Gas exchange, 119, 137 Gastric, 24, 28, 40, 104, 116, 119 Gastrointestinal, 42, 91, 107, 119, 143 Gastrointestinal tract, 42, 119, 143 Gene, 7, 8, 10, 14, 28, 104, 108, 119 Gene Expression, 7, 8, 10, 119 Genetics, 119, 122 Genotype, 119, 133 Gingival Hyperplasia, 66, 119 Gingivitis, 66, 119 Gland, 66, 103, 113, 119, 125, 131, 132, 133, 135, 139, 141, 142 Glomerular, 119 Glomeruli, 119 Glomerulonephritis, 12, 119 Glucocorticoid, 119, 135 Glucose, 108, 114, 119, 120, 138 Glucose Intolerance, 114, 119 Glucuronic Acid, 119, 121 Glutamate, 120 Glutamic Acid, 22, 120, 130, 135 Gluten, 88, 110, 120 Glycoprotein, 120, 124, 128, 143 Gonadal, 120, 141 Gout, 68, 120 Governing Board, 120, 134 Grade, 30, 120 Graft, 66, 120 Graft-versus-host disease, 66, 120 Granule, 9, 120 Granuloma, 12, 120 Gravis, 18, 67, 88, 120 H Hair follicles, 114, 120, 145 Halitosis, 66, 120
Haplotypes, 31, 120 Health Services, iv, 4, 6, 84, 120 Heart failure, 120, 130, 136 Hemoglobin, 63, 105, 120 Hemolytic, 118, 121 Hemorrhage, 66, 121, 136, 141, 142 Heparin, 29, 121 Hepatocellular, 12, 121 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 12, 121 Hereditary, 30, 35, 112, 120, 121 Heredity, 119, 121 Hirsutism, 121, 122 Histiocytosis, 116, 121 Homologous, 104, 121 Hormonal, 107, 113, 121 Hormone, 113, 121, 132, 135, 138, 142 Hydrogen, 107, 109, 121, 128, 130, 136, 141 Hydrogen Peroxide, 121, 141 Hydroxylysine, 111, 121 Hydroxyproline, 111, 121 Hydroxyurea, 21, 31, 121 Hyperkeratosis, 121, 134 Hyperplasia, 122, 125 Hypersensitivity, 68, 114, 122, 138 Hypertension, 122 Hypertrichosis, 62, 121, 122 Hypertrophy, 68, 121, 122 Hyperuricemia, 120, 122 I Ichthyosis, 12, 122 Idiopathic, 12, 50, 51, 53, 122, 138 Immune response, 9, 103, 106, 107, 113, 122, 123, 126, 144 Immune system, 106, 122, 126, 129, 144, 145 Immunodeficiency, 31, 122 Immunofluorescence, 117, 122, 128 Immunogenetics, 36, 122 Immunohistochemistry, 10, 122 Immunologic, 68, 110, 122, 137 Immunology, 25, 27, 28, 32, 65, 90, 103, 104, 122 Immunosuppressant, 122, 127 Immunosuppression, 5, 13, 122, 123, 126 Immunosuppressive, 10, 37, 113, 119, 122, 123, 142 Immunosuppressive Agents, 122 Immunosuppressive therapy, 10, 37, 123 Implant radiation, 123, 124, 137 In vitro, 9, 123, 142 In vivo, 9, 121, 123, 126, 142 Infancy, 123, 138
151
Infarction, 123, 134 Infection, 9, 12, 29, 31, 32, 41, 63, 108, 110, 111, 118, 122, 123, 125, 126, 130, 138, 141, 144, 145 Infiltration, 24, 41, 117, 119, 123 Ingestion, 120, 122, 123 Initiator, 9, 123 Insight, 41, 123 Insulator, 123, 129 Interferon, 8, 10, 123, 126 Interferon-alpha, 123 Interleukin-2, 23, 123 Intermittent, 49, 124 Internal radiation, 124, 137 Interstitial, 16, 17, 18, 23, 26, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 38, 39, 42, 46, 48, 51, 109, 124 Intestinal, 8, 110, 124, 126 Intestinal Mucosa, 110, 124 Intestines, 103, 119, 124 Intracellular, 109, 123, 124 Intramuscular, 24, 124 Intravenous, 11, 22, 25, 30, 33, 34, 39, 49, 77, 124 Intrinsic, 104, 107, 124 Ischemia, 8, 107, 124 Isoenzyme, 113, 124 Ivermectin, 56, 124 K Kb, 82, 124 Keratosis, 103, 124 L Labile, 111, 124 Lacrimal, 73, 118, 124 Laminin, 107, 124 Large Intestine, 115, 124, 137, 139 Lectin, 40, 124 Leg Ulcer, 31, 124 Lesion, 39, 120, 124, 125, 143 Leukemia, 125 Leukocytosis, 125, 134 Leukoencephalopathy, 50, 125 Leukoplakia, 4, 66, 125 Lichen Planus, 66, 68, 125 Linkages, 120, 125 Lipid, 125, 129 Liver, 4, 103, 107, 108, 113, 118, 120, 121, 125, 134, 135, 138 Localization, 14, 122, 125 Localized, 103, 105, 116, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 130, 134, 139, 143 Longitudinal study, 45, 125 Lumbar, 4, 125
Lunate, 37, 125 Lupus, 19, 37, 39, 49, 65, 66, 68, 88, 125, 142 Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic, 68, 125 Lymph, 110, 116, 125, 126, 128, 138, 141 Lymph node, 110, 125, 126, 128, 138 Lymphatic, 123, 125, 126, 130, 140 Lymphoblasts, 103, 126 Lymphocyte Depletion, 122, 126 Lymphocyte Subsets, 27, 126 Lymphocytes, 9, 10, 106, 114, 123, 125, 126, 140, 142, 145 Lymphocytic, 126 Lymphoid, 105, 126 Lymphoma, 20, 24, 42, 45, 63, 126 M Macrophage, 38, 126 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 126 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 40, 46, 126 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 120, 126 Malabsorption, 110, 126 Malignancy, 19, 24, 43, 44, 47, 60, 102, 126 Malignant, 3, 19, 38, 42, 66, 103, 106, 118, 121, 126, 127, 129, 137, 138 Malignant mesothelioma, 126, 127 Malignant tumor, 3, 19, 66, 126 Malnutrition, 107, 126, 129 Mammogram, 109, 126, 127 Mandible, 104, 126, 137 Mastication, 127 Masticatory, 68, 127 Mediate, 8, 127 Mediator, 22, 123, 127 Medical Records, 127, 138 MEDLINE, 4, 83, 127 Membrane, 4, 32, 106, 110, 112, 115, 117, 124, 127, 128, 133, 134, 141 Meninges, 110, 127 Mental, iv, 4, 82, 84, 118, 127 Mesothelioma, 30, 126, 127 Meta-Analysis, 6, 127 Metabolic disorder, 120, 127 Metastasis, 48, 127 Methotrexate, 5, 8, 16, 20, 22, 39, 77, 127 Methylprednisolone, 22, 25, 39, 127 Mice Minute Virus, 127, 132 Microbe, 127, 142 Microbiology, 107, 127 Microcalcifications, 109, 127 Microorganism, 127, 145
152
Dermatomyositis
Microscopy, 107, 128 Mineralization, 128, 131 Mineralocorticoids, 103, 113, 128 Minocycline, 16, 128 Mitochondrial Swelling, 128, 129 Mitosis, 106, 128 Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, 66, 128 Mobility, 22, 128 Molecular, 7, 9, 30, 83, 85, 108, 112, 121, 128, 141, 143 Molecule, 32, 106, 107, 112, 115, 124, 128, 137, 144 Monitor, 113, 128, 130 Monoclonal, 47, 128, 137 Mononuclear, 118, 120, 128, 143 Morphology, 5, 128 Mucocutaneous, 68, 128 Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome, 68, 128 Mucolytic, 109, 128 Mucosa, 66, 116, 125, 128, 141 Multiple sclerosis, 67, 128 Muscle Fibers, 25, 129, 143 Muscle Hypertonia, 129, 130 Muscular Atrophy, 67, 129 Musculoskeletal System, 73, 129 Myasthenia, 18, 67, 88, 129 Mydriatic, 115, 129 Myelin, 129 Myelofibrosis, 20, 129, 134 Myeloma, 20, 129 Myocardial infarction, 129, 145 Myopathy, 6, 10, 33, 41, 62, 63, 129 Myosin, 17, 129, 143 Myositis, 9, 10, 15, 18, 22, 29, 30, 43, 48, 53, 67, 88, 90, 129 Myositis Ossificans, 22, 129 Myotonic Dystrophy, 7, 129 N Necrosis, 8, 12, 15, 23, 24, 34, 37, 48, 106, 118, 123, 129, 138 Neoplasm, 129, 138, 143 Neopterin, 23, 129 Nephropathy, 50, 129 Nervous System, 17, 107, 110, 127, 129, 130, 133 Neuroendocrine, 30, 129 Neurogenic, 67, 129 Neurologic, 67, 130 Neuromuscular, 28, 41, 67, 88, 130 Neuromuscular Diseases, 67, 130 Neuronal, 130
Neurons, 114, 117, 119, 130 Neuropathy, 52, 105, 130 Neuropeptides, 21, 130 Neurotransmitter, 107, 120, 130 Neutrons, 104, 130, 136 Nitrogen, 105, 113, 130, 143 Nuclear, 24, 47, 116, 119, 128, 129, 130 Nuclei, 104, 116, 126, 128, 130, 136 Nucleus, 106, 107, 110, 114, 116, 117, 119, 126, 128, 130, 136 O Ocular, 128, 130 Oedema, 35, 130 Oral Health, 68, 130, 131 Oral Hygiene, 120, 130 Oral Manifestations, 4, 131 Ossification, 43, 129, 131, 138 Osteitis Deformans, 68, 131 Osteoarthritis, 6, 68, 131 Osteogenesis, 68, 131 Osteogenesis Imperfecta, 68, 131 Osteomalacia, 68, 131 Osteopetrosis, 68, 131 Osteoporosis, 68, 131 Oxidative Phosphorylation, 46, 131 Oxygenation, 40, 131 P Palate, 131, 141 Palliative, 131, 142 Palsy, 44, 131 Pancreas, 103, 131, 143 Panniculitis, 43, 52, 131 Papilla, 131 Papillary, 60, 122, 131 Parasite, 124, 132 Parasitic, 66, 132 Parasitic Diseases, 66, 132 Parathyroid, 132, 138 Parathyroid Glands, 132, 138 Parietal, 132, 133, 134 Parotid, 66, 132, 138 Partial remission, 132, 137 Parvovirus, 12, 127, 132 Patch, 114, 125, 132 Pathologic, 49, 106, 108, 109, 122, 132, 136, 137, 144 Pathologic Processes, 106, 132 Pathologies, 68, 132 Pathophysiology, 7, 19, 36, 45, 132 Pelvis, 125, 132, 144 Pemphigus, 68, 103, 132 Peptide, 111, 118, 132, 134, 135
153
Peptide Chain Elongation, 111, 132 Percutaneous, 50, 132 Perennial, 132, 143 Perforation, 35, 41, 132 Pericardium, 133, 142 Periodontitis, 68, 119, 133 Perioral, 66, 133 Peripheral blood, 9, 10, 27, 38, 123, 133 Peripheral Nervous System, 21, 130, 131, 133 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 130, 133 Peripheral stem cells, 120, 133 Peritoneal, 60, 107, 130, 133 Peritoneal Cavity, 107, 130, 133 Peritoneum, 133, 137 Pharmacologic, 133, 142 Pharynx, 19, 133 Phenotype, 10, 133 Phosphorus, 109, 132, 133 Physiologic, 8, 108, 115, 133, 137 Pigment, 133 Pigmentation, 66, 133 Pilot study, 49, 133 Pituitary Gland, 113, 118, 133 Pityriasis, 33, 133 Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris, 33, 133 Plants, 107, 119, 124, 128, 134, 138, 142, 143 Plasma, 32, 66, 105, 108, 110, 119, 120, 128, 129, 134 Plasma cells, 105, 129, 134 Platyhelminths, 124, 134 Pleura, 134 Pleural, 30, 130, 134 Pleural cavity, 130, 134 Pneumonia, 17, 23, 27, 28, 34, 39, 42, 51, 113, 134 Pneumonitis, 48, 134 Polyarteritis Nodosa, 66, 134 Polyarthritis, 68, 134 Polycythemia Vera, 21, 134 Polypeptide, 104, 111, 134 Polyposis, 134 Polysaccharide, 106, 134, 135 Posterior, 105, 115, 131, 134, 138 Postmenopausal, 131, 134 Practice Guidelines, 84, 134 Precancerous, 103, 135 Precursor, 113, 115, 116, 129, 135, 143 Prednisolone, 127, 135 Prednisone, 5, 88, 135
Prevalence, 91, 135 Primary tumor, 4, 135 Progesterone, 135, 141 Progression, 7, 105, 135 Progressive, 25, 46, 48, 50, 51, 68, 90, 110, 129, 131, 135, 136, 143 Proline, 111, 121, 135 Prophylaxis, 135, 145 Prospective study, 125, 135 Prostate, 135, 143 Prosthesis, 4, 135 Protein C, 104, 135, 143 Protein S, 108, 111, 117, 135, 142 Proteins, 9, 10, 104, 106, 108, 110, 111, 113, 117, 128, 130, 132, 134, 135, 139, 142 Proteoglycans, 107, 135 Proteolytic, 112, 135 Protocol, 67, 135 Protons, 104, 121, 126, 136 Protozoa, 124, 128, 136 Protozoal, 66, 136 Proximal, 3, 115, 136, 139 Pruritic, 114, 125, 136, 138 Psoriasis, 6, 66, 136 Public Policy, 83, 136 Publishing, 10, 67, 89, 136 Pulmonary, 12, 13, 26, 31, 45, 47, 108, 109, 116, 136, 141, 144, 145 Pulmonary Embolism, 136, 145 Pulmonary Fibrosis, 12, 13, 26, 136 Pulmonary hypertension, 47, 136 Pulse, 25, 34, 39, 128, 136 Pupil, 115, 129, 136 Purpura, 12, 56, 136 R Race, 10, 136 Radiation, 4, 104, 116, 117, 119, 122, 124, 136, 137, 145 Radiation therapy, 4, 117, 124, 136 Radioactive, 121, 123, 124, 130, 137 Radiolabeled, 137 Radiological, 132, 137 Radiotherapy, 109, 137 Randomized, 5, 116, 137 Receptor, 21, 23, 106, 137 Rectal, 60, 76, 137 Rectum, 106, 111, 115, 118, 119, 124, 135, 137 Reductase, 127, 137 Refer, 1, 109, 111, 125, 130, 137 Refraction, 137, 140 Refractory, 17, 19, 42, 49, 50, 137
154
Dermatomyositis
Regeneration, 118, 137 Regimen, 67, 115, 137 Reliability, 21, 137 Remission, 33, 137 Renal cell carcinoma, 50, 137 Renal pelvis, 137, 143 Resection, 60, 137 Resorption, 15, 137 Respiratory failure, 4, 137 Retroperitoneal, 20, 137 Retrospective, 16, 19, 43, 59, 62, 138 Retrospective study, 19, 59, 138 Rhabdomyolysis, 27, 138 Rheumatic Diseases, 5, 7, 18, 26, 29, 33, 34, 36, 43, 73, 138 Rheumatoid, 6, 8, 16, 42, 65, 68, 73, 101, 111, 138 Rheumatoid arthritis, 6, 8, 16, 42, 65, 68, 73, 111, 138 Ribonuclease, 128, 138 Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase, 121, 138 Rickets, 68, 138 S Saline, 109, 128, 138 Saliva, 138 Salivary, 73, 118, 138, 139, 141, 145 Salivary glands, 73, 118, 138 Saponins, 138, 141 Sarcoidosis, 12, 51, 63, 138 Sarcoma, 37, 118, 138 Scabies, 56, 138 Sclera, 112, 138 Sclerae, 131, 139 Scleroderma, 8, 22, 25, 28, 33, 43, 65, 66, 68, 73, 88, 118, 128, 139 Sclerosis, 38, 65, 67, 68, 111, 129, 139 Screening, 111, 139 Sebaceous, 114, 139, 145 Secondary tumor, 127, 139 Secretion, 113, 128, 139 Sediment, 139 Sedimentation, 51, 125, 139 Semisynthetic, 111, 124, 128, 139 Senile, 103, 131, 139 Septal, 41, 139 Serous, 60, 134, 139 Serum, 16, 18, 23, 101, 105, 111, 113, 126, 128, 139, 143 Sex Characteristics, 103, 105, 139 Shock, 139, 143 Sialorrhea, 66, 139
Side effect, 66, 75, 103, 113, 122, 139, 142 Signs and Symptoms, 134, 137, 139 Skeletal, 24, 39, 40, 46, 68, 105, 113, 129, 138, 139, 140, 143 Skeleton, 103, 139 Small intestine, 116, 121, 124, 139 Sodium, 22, 120, 128, 140 Soft tissue, 108, 118, 139, 140 Solid tumor, 105, 116, 140 Somatic, 103, 128, 133, 140 Spasm, 130, 140 Specialist, 91, 115, 140 Species, 127, 128, 132, 136, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145 Spectrum, 53, 140 Sperm, 105, 111, 140 Spinal cord, 110, 127, 129, 130, 133, 140 Spinal Nerves, 133, 140 Spleen, 126, 134, 138, 140 Splenomegaly, 131, 134, 140 Spondylitis, 66, 68, 140 Squamous, 4, 117, 140 Squamous cell carcinoma, 4, 117, 140 Squamous cells, 140 Staphylococcus, 128, 141 Statistically significant, 7, 141 Sterility, 113, 141 Sternum, 4, 141 Steroid, 5, 33, 113, 138, 141 Steroid therapy, 5, 141 Stimulus, 115, 141 Stomach, 103, 115, 117, 119, 121, 124, 133, 139, 140, 141 Stomatitis, 66, 141 Stress, 107, 113, 138, 141, 144 Stroke, 67, 82, 89, 141 Subacute, 123, 141 Subclinical, 35, 123, 141 Subcutaneous, 105, 115, 130, 131, 141 Submandibular, 4, 141 Submucous, 66, 141 Superoxide, 23, 141 Superoxide Dismutase, 23, 141 Suppression, 113, 141 Surfactant, 18, 141 Systemic disease, 66, 68, 122, 142 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 6, 8, 33, 44, 65, 73, 111, 128, 142 T Tachycardia, 52, 142 Tacrolimus, 48, 49, 142 Tamponade, 44, 142
155
Teratogenic, 115, 142 Testicular, 46, 142 Testis, 142 Tetracycline, 128, 142 Therapeutics, 77, 142 Thigh, 45, 142 Thrombosis, 36, 129, 135, 141, 142 Thyroid, 132, 142 Thyroid Gland, 132, 142 Thyroiditis, 35, 142 Tissue, 8, 22, 31, 40, 46, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 118, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145 Topical, 48, 49, 121, 142 Toxic, iv, 66, 115, 130, 142 Toxicity, 5, 115, 142 Toxicology, 84, 142 Toxins, 106, 119, 123, 142 Trachea, 133, 142, 143 Transfection, 108, 143 Transitional cell carcinoma, 20, 46, 143 Translocation, 111, 117, 143 Transmitter, 127, 143 Transverse Colon, 45, 143 Trauma, 66, 117, 129, 143 Trees, 6, 143 Tropomyosin, 143 Troponin, 17, 143 Tryptophan, 111, 143 Tuberculosis, 125, 143 Tumor marker, 51, 143 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 49, 143 Tumour, 23, 143 Tunica, 128, 143 U Ulcer, 4, 143, 144 Uric, 120, 122, 143 Urine, 106, 108, 113, 137, 143 Urticaria, 66, 143 Uterus, 110, 135, 142, 144 V Vaccine, 103, 136, 144
Vagina, 142, 144 Varicose, 124, 144 Varicose Ulcer, 124, 144 Vascular, 5, 8, 21, 26, 38, 50, 65, 105, 114, 123, 130, 142, 143, 144 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 21, 144 Vasculitis, 17, 35, 43, 51, 52, 66, 73, 134, 144 Vasodilation, 104, 144 Vector, 132, 144 Vein, 124, 130, 132, 144 Venous, 124, 130, 135, 144, 145 Venous Thrombosis, 144, 145 Ventricle, 136, 144 Ventricular, 29, 52, 144 Ventricular Dysfunction, 29, 144 Venules, 108, 109, 144 Vertebrae, 4, 140, 144 Vesicular, 66, 114, 144 Veterinary Medicine, 83, 144 Villous, 110, 144 Viral, 66, 129, 144 Virulence, 142, 144 Virus, 16, 24, 29, 31, 63, 123, 144 Visual Cortex, 125, 145 Vitro, 9, 121, 145 Vivo, 126, 145 Voltage-gated, 41, 145 Vulgaris, 68, 103, 145 W Warfarin, 22, 145 White blood cell, 103, 105, 126, 129, 134, 145 Windpipe, 133, 142, 145 Wound Healing, 118, 145 X Xenograft, 105, 145 Xerostomia, 66, 145 X-ray, 15, 100, 102, 119, 126, 130, 136, 137, 145 Y Yeasts, 133, 145
156
Dermatomyositis
