Dapsone - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

DAPSONE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P ...

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DAPSONE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Dapsone: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00334-1 1. Dapsone-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Dapsone. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DAPSONE .................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Dapsone......................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 11 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DAPSONE ........................................................................................ 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Finding Nutrition Studies on Dapsone ....................................................................................... 59 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 60 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DAPSONE .................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 63 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 69 General References ....................................................................................................................... 70 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON DAPSONE ............................................................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patents on Dapsone...................................................................................................................... 71 Patent Applications on Dapsone.................................................................................................. 75 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON DAPSONE ..................................................................... 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 79 Newsletters on Dapsone............................................................................................................... 81 Academic Periodicals covering Dapsone...................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 83 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 84 Researching Orphan Drugs ......................................................................................................... 84 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 89 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 91 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 93 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 95 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 97 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 99 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 99 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 99 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 105 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 105 DAPSONE DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................... 107

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INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 147

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Dapsone is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Dapsone, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Dapsone, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Dapsone. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Dapsone, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Dapsone. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DAPSONE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Dapsone.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and Dapsone, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “Dapsone” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Preventing Illness: Peace of Mind Through Prophylaxis Source: Positively Aware; Fall 1993. Contact: Test Positive Aware Network, 5537 N Broadway, Chicago, IL, 60640, (773) 9899400, http://www.tpan.com. Summary: This article discusses prophylaxis and HIV-related illnesses, beginning with an explanation of CD4 lymphocytes and how the CD4 cell count determines when prophylactic treatment should begin. The prophylactic drugs examined include Septra or Bactrim for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), with Dapsone as an alternative. Septra is also indicated for toxoplasmosis, while Mycobutin is used for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC); Fluconazole, for candidiasis; and Izoniazid, for tuberculosis (TB). In each case, the infections themselves are discussed as well as possible side effects

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from the treatments. Also, routine vaccinations are also recommended for HIV-positive persons. Prophylactic treatments do not mean infections will not occur. •

Dermatitis Herpetiformis Source: Clinical Gastroenterology: International Practice and Research. 9(2): 371-393. June 1995. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. Summary: This lengthy article describes dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), a relatively rare skin disorder characterized by urticarial plaques and blisters on the elbows, buttocks, and knees (although other sites may also be involved). The eruption tends to be persistent. The disease is characterized by the presence of IgA deposits in the upper dermis of uninvolved skin and the diagnosis should not be made in the absence of these deposits. Two thirds of the patients have a small intestinal enteropathy with villous atrophy, as seen in celiac disease (CD). The remaining third also show evidence of a gluten sensitivity in the intestine, as judged by increased lymphocytic infiltration of the epithelium. Villous atrophy also ensues after gluten challenge (adding gluten to the diet) in those patients with previous normal villous architecture. The initial treatment of the rash is with one of these three drugs: Dapsone, sulphaphyridine, or sulphamethoxypyridazine. However, the rash also clears with gluten withdrawal. The author stresses that the average time to achieve significant reduction in drug requirements is 6 months and it can be over 2 years before drugs are no longer required. On reintroduction of gluten, the eruption recurs. Patients with DH have a high incidence of autoimmune disorders, thyroid disease, pernicious anemia, and type 1 diabetes, and should be screened for those diseases on a yearly basis. As with celiac disease, there is also an increased incidence of lymphoma; a gluten-free diet appears to protect patients from this complication. 6 figures. 64 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Dapsone The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Dapsone. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Dapsone. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Dapsone. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Dapsone:

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Project Title: AIDS CLINICAL TRIALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Frenkel, Lisa M.; Professor; Children's Hospital and Reg Medical Ctr Box 5371, 4800 Sand Point Way Ne, Ms 6D-1 Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1992; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: This proposal responds to the National Institutes of Health NIAID RFA:AI96-OOl for renewal of the ongoing Pediatric AIDE Clinical Trial Group (PACTG), and specifically for the renewal of the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Unit of the University of Washington/Children's Hospital and Medical Center of Seattle (UW PACTU). The UW PACTU began as a subunit of the UW Adult ACTU in 1989, became an independent PACTU in 1991, and is applying for renewal in conjunction with the Coordinating and Operations Center (CORC) headed by Stephen Spector, M.D. The UW PACTU has made major contributions to the PACTG through participation in trials and leadership of its faculty in protocol development, committee work and in contributions to the scientific agenda. The purpose of the UW PACTU is to perform exemplary clinical trials research in support of the PACTG. The proposal of the UW PACTU describes three specific aims: 1) To contribute to the scientific agenda of the PACTG by providing scientific leadership and proposing protocols aimed at understanding the viral pathogenesis of AIDS in relation to the prevention of perinatal (vertical) HIV-1 transmission; improving primary therapy of HIV-1 infection in children; improving treatment and prophylaxis of opportunistic infections; understanding immune recovery achieved when antiviral therapy is effective; and potential strategies for gene therapy. 2) To develop virologic and pharmacologic assays to better evaluate, predict and understand the course of HIV1 and related infections. 3) To continue to enroll subjects in PACTG protocols, to follow subjects according to protocol, with the production of high quality clinical and laboratory data, and in compliance with the high regulatory standard: imposed by the ACTG and DAIDS. This will include continued recruitment of pregnant women and children of color into protocols, and the maintenance of linkages with community-based organizations, the Community Advisory Board (CAB) of the UW's PACTU/AACTU, and the medical community of Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Montana, Idaho (WAMI) and northern Oregon. This proposal describes the scientific contributions of UW PACTU investigators to the PACTG and the anticipated scientific contributions during the next four years. The infrastructure and organization of personnel is described, including plan develop a UW PACTU Subunit at Oregon Health Sciences University (OHSU). The structure and role of the CAB and the linkages with community based organizations are described. The PACTG site reports and regulatory evaluations of the UW PACTU which have generally been excellent are discussed. This proposal requests funds for the continuation of the successful UW PACTU. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CLINICAL TRIAL OF CHLOROQUINE COMBINATIONS IN MALAWI Principal Investigator & Institution: Plowe, Christopher V.; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) remain the first line antimalarial drugs in most sub-Saharan African countries. Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine is high in all but a few African countries, but most still use chloroquine as the first line. SP resistance has developed where this drug has been introduced, with high rates of resistance reported at some

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sites. Prompt and effective treatment remains the primary tool for reducing malaria morbidity and mortality, and resistance, especially to chloroquine, is linked with high rates of hospitalizations and deaths. Newer and more effective treatments for malaria are in the pipeline. High hopes are pinned on combination therapies, which are intended to deter the development of resistance. This proposal follows a major unexpected finding we made in a closely related research project in Malawi: chloroquine-sensitive falciparum malaria has reemerged and now predominates following cessation of chloroquine use in Malawi in 1993. We propose to test the efficacy of chloroquine alone and in combination with other drugs that may prevent the reemergence of chloroquine resistance. If preliminary studies suggesting that chloroquine may again be effective are borne out, chloroquine may also protect against development of resistance to new drugs. We will conduct a longitudinal clinical efficacy trial of chloroquine monotherapy and chloroquine plus SP, chlorproguanil-Dapsone, and artesunate, all compared to SP, the current standard therapy in Malawi. This study design, which we and others pioneered in Malawi, permits more comprehensive assessment of antimalarial drug efficacy by measuring not only short-term treatment outcomes but the number of recurrent treatment episodes seen over time. Efficacy and prevention of resistance will be compared using measures of clinical and parasitological treatment outcomes as well as molecular markers for resistance. These studies have been designed with input from malaria control policymakers in Malawi and are expected to provide information that will directly influence treatment recommendations in that country. Results of the proposed studies will also inform malaria treatment policies in other countries where chloroquine is still used or has recently been discontinued. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DRUG METABOLIZING ENZYMES-RISK FACTORS IN BLADDER CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Branch, Robert A.; Professor and Director; Medicine; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1994; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: This molecular epidemiology proposal is to continue applying knowledge of pharmacogenomic implications of gene expression of individual drug metabolizing enzymes to assess their role as risk markers for bladder cancer. We propose to use measures of whole body activity for drug metabolizing enzymes using the Pittsburgh cocktail that comprises CYP1A2 (caffeine), CYP2C19 (S-mephenytoin), CYP2D6 (debrisoquine), CYP2E1 (chlorzoxazone) and CYP3A4 (Dapsone), as well as mRNA concentrations for each of these CYP enzymes in leukocytes and genotypic identification of known polymorphisms of CYP metabolizing enzymes to include CYP2D6 and CYP2E1. We will assess acetylation using a phenotypic trait measure (Dapsone), supplemented by genotyping as well as GSTMI, and GSSTI using genotyping. Our initial work has provided evidence that high activity for CYPD6, low activity of CYP3A4, mutant alleles for acetylation and the null genotype for GSTMI are risk factors for bladder cancer, but to different extent for various forms of this cancer. We have also shown that high CYP2D6 activity is associated with mutations of the retinoblastoma (Rb) gene and low activity of CYP3A4 is independently associated with p53 mutations. Furthermore, different groups of risk factors relate to different mutational spectra of p53. We now propose to extend these observations. Our specific aim is to test the hypothesis that bladder cancer is comprised of a heterogeneous group of diseases in which different groups of associated risk factors relate to disease states that not only

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vary in etiology, but also in histopathological expression and natural history of the disease. This hypothesis will be evaluated in a case-control study of over 200 patients with incidence presentation of bladder cancer and over 200 controls matched for age, gender and ethnicity, in which environmental and constitutive variables will be related to the disease process. This study will involve a protocol that incorporates an exposure questionnaire, the Pittsburgh cocktail and blood sampling for mRNA quantitation and DNA genotyping. The disease process will be evaluated by clinical assessment and staging, identification of mutations of p53 and Rb genes, blinded histopathological review with grading and following the natural history for the disease. Collectively, these molecular epidemiology studies will improve our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms involved in different forms of bladder cancer and will expand our understanding of the regulation of the gene products that are responsible for drug metabolism in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ETHNIC EFFECT OF CYP3A4 IN PRE- AND POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Jacob, Patricia E.; Xavier University of Louisiana Box 121-C New Orleans, La 70125 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MECHANISMS OF CUTANEOUS DRUG REACTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Svensson, Craig K.; Professor and Division Head; Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cutaneous drug reactions (CDR) are among the most frequent adverse medical events. Recent studies suggest that between 30 and 45 percent of all adverse drug reactions involve the skin. Of particular interest are the delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions that occur with sulfonamides and sulfones. While most investigators have focused on the role of differences in hepatic bioactivation and detoxification in determining predisposition to these reactions, it is uncertain and perhaps unlikely that liver-generated reactive metabolites would survive transit to the skin. We have developed a novel hypothesis wherein metabolic activation of drugs in keratinocytes provokes the release of signals that result in the activation of cutaneous dendritic cells, thereby initiating the cascade of events resulting in the manifestations of a CDR. The long term-goal of our project is to elucidate the mechanism of CDR and develop means to predict and/or prevent their occurence. The objective of the present proposal is to test the validity of our hypothesis using sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and Dapsone, which are among the most frequent CDR-inducing drugs, as model compounds. The Specific Aims of this project are to determine: 1) If cyclooxygenase is the enzyme that bioactivates SMX and Dapsone in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). Preliminary studies have indicated that these compounds can be bioactivated by cyclooxygenase-2. We will identify the enzyme responsible for this bioactivation in NHEK using selective inhibitors and inducers, as well as recombinant enzyme. 2) If cytokines alter the bioactivation or detoxification of SMX and Dapsone in NHEK. An inflammatory response has been shown to alter enzymes important in drug bioactivation, an event that appears to be mediated by cytokines. Cytokines may also

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alter the glutathione content of cells, an alteration that may alter the susceptibility of cells to these hydroxylamine metabolites. We will assess the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on the bioactivation/detoxication of SMX and Dapsone in NHEK. 3) If NHEK incubated with hydroxylamine metabolites of SMX and Dapsone release signals resulting in the activation of dendritic cells. After determining the mechanism of cell death induced by these metabolites, we will test the hypthothesis that they activate dendritic cells, either directly or indirectly (i.e., via signals released from NHEK). We anticipate that the results of the proposed studies will identify key points of intervention that will permit the prevention or management of these reactions. Moreover, they should enable us to develop in vitro screening tests that will permit the pre-clinical identification of drugs likely to pose a significant risk for the development of such reactions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PATIENT-ORIENTED RESEARCH IN SKIN AUTOMMUNE DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Werth, Victoria P.; Associate Professor; Dermatology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (Taken from the applicant's abstract): The scientific focus of this research proposal is patient-oriented research (POR) in two serious autoimmune skin diseases, lupus erythematosus (LE), where they have been investigating etiology and genetics, and pemphigus vulgaris (PV), where they are investigating therapeutics. Aim 1: Role of the -308A TNFa promoter polymorphism in photosensitive LE. They recently reported that the -308A polymorphism of the TNFct promoter, unlike the wild-type (-308G) allele, is strongly associated with a photosensitive form of LE and mediates markedly increased transcription in vitro in response to UVB. They now propose to a) expand their survey of cutaneous LE patients for the -308A polymorphism and related HLA haplotypes, to increase the numbers of patients and better evaluate the role of DR3 linkage dysequlibrium; b) phototest patients with LE, including measurement of TNFa in blister fluid obtained from UVB-irradiated regions, and correlate their findings with the presence of the -308A or G polymorphisms; and c) evaluate molecular mechanisms for the exaggerated response of the -308A promoter to UVB, by examining differential binding of transcription factors to the area of the polymorphism. The results of these studies are intended to advance the pathophysiologic understanding and may suggest new treatments for patients with cutaneous LE. Aim 1: Evidence-based evaluation of a glucocorticoid (GC)-sparing agent in PV. Because of her tertiary referral practice, Dr. Werth has published several POR projects related to PV, particularly involving therapeutic interventions to minimize GC-induced osteoporosis. They have recently begun enrolling patients into the first multicenter therapeutic trial for PV, a potentially fatal autoimmune blistering disease. Moreover, this trial is prospective, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled. The trial evaluates the role of Dapsone, an off-patent sulfone, as a GC-sparing drug in the maintenance phase of PV. The overall goal is to systematically study and improve the treatment of severe blistering disease, by developing a model for collaborative trials that have not existed in this area to date and by using this trial in the training of individuals mentored under the K24 program. Dr. Werth has been involved in the mentoring and training of students, resident, and junior faculty in POR. She is committed to expanding these efforts with a medical dermatology fellowship. This K24 translational grant is intended to permit the P.I. greater time to focus on patient-based scientific studies and will provide an infrastructure for Dr. Werth to pursue and mentor in POR.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PEDIATRIC AIDS CLINICAL TRIALS UNIT Principal Investigator & Institution: Borkowsky, William; Professor of Pediatrics; Pediatrics; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1988; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: The New York University Medical Center Department of Pediatrics plans to continue its goal o providing excellent care and perform outstanding research for children, adolescents, and pregnant women part of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. This goal will he accomplished by contributing to the scientific agenda established by the Coordinating and Operations Center and utilizing a Statistical and Data Management Center to collect and analyze the data resulting from the proposed studies. We also plan to provide clinical and laboratory expertise which will help elucidate mechanisms of pathogenesis. Although he participation of Minority groups will be encouraged, this group currently comprises 80% of our ongoing patient base. It is our goal to perform studies to prevent perinatal transmission of HIV with antiretroviral drugs, immunebased therapies such as vaccines and passive immunotherapy, and newly formulated genetic therapies. We also expect to modify the HIV- related illnesses of those already infected with HIV by using emerging new antiretrovirals or by using established drugs in different combinations, performing pharmacokinetic analyses as required. In addition to interventions directed at the HIV agent itself, we expect to intervene with agents which may prevent the development of serious infections which result from the immunodeficient state of the child and adolescent or to modify the course of already ongoing disease with these or other agents, including vaccines. It is expected that these goals will be achieved from patient resources present in Bellevue Hospital well as through an already established Consortium of health care providers present in Lower Manhatten and in Staten Island. This effort will also be helped by established links to previously funded community resources, our community advisory board, and by our own local General Clinical Research Center. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ROLE HYPERSENSITIVITY

OF

HYDROXYLAMINE

REDUCTION

IN

DRUG

Principal Investigator & Institution: Trepanier, Lauren A.; Medical Sciences; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfadiazine, Dapsone, pentamidine, and procainamide are clinically important drugs, the use of which is limited by the occurrence of hypersensitivity reactions in some patients. These reactions are thought to be related to the presence of a toxic hydroxylamine metabolite and its spontaneous byproduct, the nitroso metabolite. Unlike the parent compounds, these metabolites are both cytotoxic and immunogenic. Hypersensitivity reactions to SMX and related drugs occur in a high percentage (25-60 percent) of patients with AIDS. The reason for this high incidence is unclear, but data from in vitro cytotoxicity assays in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC's) suggest that both HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with such hypersensitivity have a defect in hydroxylamine or nitroso detoxification. We hypothesize that detoxification of hydroxylamine and nitroso metabolites by reduction is an important determinant of hypersensitivity to sulfonamide and related drugs. We further hypothesize that NADH cytochrome b5 reductase, which is involved in

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hydroxylamine reduction in some species, is important for hydroxylamine detoxification in humans. In addition, we have novel data to suggest that flavins (FAD and FMN); in the presence of glutathione, are capable of non- enzymatic reduction of hydroxylamines. We therefore propose that defects in either NADH- or flavindependent reduction of hydroxylamines and nitroso metabolites are associated with the outcome of sulfonamide hypersensitivity. To address these hypotheses, we will examine the role of NADH cytochrome b5 reductase (b5R) in hydroxylamine and nitroso reduction in both liver and PBMC's, using expressed human recombinant b5R and antibodies to human b5R. We will evaluate the role of flavins in hydroxylamine and nitroso reduction using in vitro stoichiometric assays in a cell-free system, and correlation of flavin and glutathione content with activity in hepatic microsomes and PBMC's. Finally, we will correlate hydroxylamine and nitroso reduction, b5R expression, and flavin content with the outcome of SMX hypersensitivity in patients with HIV infection. The ultimate goal of these studies is to better understand the pathogenesis of toxicity to sulfonamides and a related group of clinically important drugs which generate hydroxylamine and nitroso metabolites. The results of these experiments, which will identify the pathways involved in the detoxification of these metabolites, will suggest better strategies for the prevention of hypersensitivity and other hydroxylamine-related toxicity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: WASHINGTON D.C. CONSORTIUM PEDIATRIC AIDS CLINICAL TRIAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Spiegel, Hans M.; Chief, Infectious Diseases Branch - Id; Children's National Medical Center Washington, D.C., Dc 20010 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1997; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: The Washington DC Regional Pediatric AIDS Clinical Research Unit (PACTU) will function as a member of the Pediatric AIDS Treatment Group (PACTG) with the Coordinating and Operations Center (CORC) --Spector. The Goals and Specific Aims of the PACTU are the same as those identified in the Scientific Agenda of the PACTG--CORC and in the RFA. The three primary goals are (1) to decrease mother-toinfant transmission of HIV to less than 2%; (2) to achieve a 90% 10 year survival for children perinatally infected with HIV and (3) to develop novel strategies for early treatment Of newly infected infants and adolescents. The PACTU will conduct Phase I, II and Ill clinical studies with the PACTG. The PACTU has available a significant number of HIV infected patients for possible study. Each year there are 50 new pregnant women, 40 new children and 20 new adolescents and young adults. The PACTU also follows 245 children and 85 adolescents and young adults who are potential candidates for studies. The PACTU has four years of experience with Phase I, II and II, ACTG studies involving perinatal transmission, primary therapy, opportunistic infections, immune based therapy and long-term follow-up. Accrual has always been above target and the quality of data has been excellent. The PACTU is particularly active in studies to reduce perinatal transmission and has submitted concept sheets and capsules to the ACTG and has conducted supplemental investigations in this area of research. Members of the PACTU serve in leadership positions of the PACTG. The PACTU supports the Scientific Agenda of the CORC by participating in developing, monitoring and revising the Scientific Agenda; serving in leadership positions on the RACs and Committees; submitting capsules and concept sheets for clinical and more fundamental studies; conducting the research protocols of the RACs and Committees; serving on protocol

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teams; conducting supplemental investigations; and participating in the reporting of results through meetings and scientific publications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “Dapsone” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for Dapsone in the PubMed Central database: •

Activity of Derivatives and Analogs of Dapsone Against Mycobacterium leprae. by Levy L.; 1978 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352553

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Activity of epiroprim (Ro 11-8958), a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, alone and in combination with Dapsone against Toxoplasma gondii. by Chang HR, Arsenijevic D, Comte R, Polak A, Then RL, Pechere JC.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284639

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Anti-Toxoplasma effects of Dapsone alone and combined with pyrimethamine. by Derouin F, Piketty C, Chastang C, Chau F, Rouveix B, Pocidalo JJ.; 1991 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=244986

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Clinical trial of ofloxacin alone and in combination with Dapsone plus clofazimine for treatment of lepromatous leprosy. by Ji B, Perani EG, Petinom C, N'Deli L, Grosset JH.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284522

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Combination of PS-15, epiroprim, or pyrimethamine with Dapsone in prophylaxis of Toxoplasma gondii and Pneumocystis carinii dual infection in a rat model. by BrunPascaud M, Chau F, Garry L, Jacobus D, Derouin F, Girard PM.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163474

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Dapsone induced cholangitis as a part of Dapsone syndrome: a case report. by Itha S, Kumar A, Dhingra S, Choudhuri G.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=194587

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Dihydropteroate Synthase of Mycobacterium leprae and Dapsone Resistance. by Williams DL, Spring L, Harris E, Roche P, Gillis TP.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89908

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Effects of clofazimine alone or combined with Dapsone on neutrophil and lymphocyte functions in normal individuals and patients with lepromatous leprosy. by van Rensburg CE, Gatner EM, Imkamp FM, Anderson R.; 1982 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181995

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Enhanced in vitro activity of pyrimethamine in combination with Dapsone against Mycobacterium avium complex. by Shah LM, Meyer SC, Cynamon MH.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163548

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Enhanced in vitro activity of WR99210 in combination with Dapsone against Mycobacterium avium complex. by Shah LM, DeStefano MS, Cynamon MH.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163591

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Enhancement by clofazimine and inhibition by Dapsone of production of prostaglandin E2 by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro. by Anderson R.; 1985 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176249

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Evaluation of effects of altered gastric pH on absorption of Dapsone in healthy volunteers. by Breen GA, Brocavich JM, Etzel JV, Shah V, Schaefer P, Forlenza S.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284721

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In vitro and in vivo effects of Dapsone on neutrophil and lymphocyte functions in normal individuals and patients with lepromatous leprosy. by Anderson R, Gatner EM, van Rensburg CE, Grabow G, Imkamp FM, Kok SK, van Rensburg AJ.; 1981 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181465

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In vitro susceptibilities of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to Dapsone and sulfamethoxazole alone and in combination with trimethoprim. by Lambertus MW, Kwok RY, Mulligan ME.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176001

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Levels of Dapsone and pyrimethamine in serum during once-weekly dosing for prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis. by Opravil M, Joos B, Luthy R.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188179

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Penetration of Dapsone into pulmonary lining fluid of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. by Cruciani M, Gatti G, Mengoli C, Cazzadori A, Lazzarini L, Miletich F, Graziani MS, Malena M, Bassetti D.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163854

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Pharmacokinetics and safety of weekly Dapsone and Dapsone plus pyrimethamine for prevention of pneumocystis pneumonia. by Falloon J, Lavelle J, Ogata-Arakaki D, Byrne A, Graziani A, Morgan A, Amantea MA, Ownby K, Polis M, Davey RT Jr, et al.; 1994 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284596

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Pharmacokinetics of Dapsone Administered Daily and Weekly in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children. by Mirochnick M, Cooper E, McIntosh K, Xu J, Lindsey J, Jacobus D, Mofenson L, Sullivan JL, Dankner W, Frenkel LM, Nachman S, Wara DW, Johnson D, Bonagura VR, Rathore MH, Cunningham CK, McNamara J.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89529

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Pharmacokinetics of Dapsone in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. by Gatti G, Loy A, Casazza R, Miletich F, Cruciani M, Bassetti D.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162691

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Population pharmacokinetics of Dapsone administered biweekly to human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. by Gatti G, Merighi M, Hossein J, Travaini S, Casazza R, Karlsson M, Cruciani M, Bassetti D.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163614

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Simultaneous Detection of Mycobacterium leprae and Its Susceptibility to Dapsone Using DNA Heteroduplex Analysis. by Williams DL, Pittman TL, Gillis TP, Matsuoka M, Kashiwabara Y.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88093

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Susceptibility of thymectomized and irradiated mice to challenge with several organisms and the effect of Dapsone on infection with Mycobacterium leprae. by Levy L, Ng H, Evans MJ, Krahenbuhl JL.; 1975 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=415187

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Synergistic combinations of Ro 11-8958 and other dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors with sulfamethoxazole and Dapsone for therapy of experimental pneumocystosis. by Walzer PD, Foy J, Steele P, White M.; 1993 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=187990

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The Inhibition of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Cytotoxicity by Dapsone A POSSIBLE MECHANISM IN THE TREATMENT OF DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS. by Stendahl O, Molin L, Dahlgren C.; 1978 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=371756

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Zidovudine, trimethoprim, and Dapsone pharmacokinetic interactions in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. by Lee BL, Safrin S, Makrides V, Gambertoglio JG.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163297

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Dapsone, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Dapsone” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Dapsone (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of childhood generalized pustular psoriasis treated with Dapsone. Author(s): Yu HJ, Park JW, Park JM, Hwang DK, Park YW. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2001 June; 28(6): 316-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11476110

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A case of methemoglobinemia after ingestion of an aphrodisiac, later proven as Dapsone. Author(s): Lee SW, Lee JY, Lee KJ, Kim M, Kim MJ. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 1999 August; 40(4): 388-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10487144

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A case of SLE with acute, subacute and chronic cutaneous lesions successfully treated with Dapsone. Author(s): Neri R, Mosca M, Bernacchi E, Bombardieri S. Source: Lupus. 1999; 8(3): 240-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10342718

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A case report of fatal Dapsone-induced agranulocytosis in an Indian mid-borderline leprosy patient. Author(s): Bhat RM, Radhakrishnan K. Source: Lepr Rev. 2003 June; 74(2): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12862258

6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparative study of the efficacies of chloroquine and a pyrimethamine-Dapsone combination in clearing Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in school children in Tanzania. Author(s): Mshinda H, Font F, Hirt R, Mashaka M, Ascaso C, Menendez C. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1996 December; 1(6): 797801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8980592

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A controlled trial of Dapsone versus pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine for primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. Author(s): Payen MC, De Wit S, Sommereijns B, Clumeck N. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 1997; 51(10): 439-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9863502

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A Dapsone-induced blood dyscrasia in the mouse: evidence for the role of an active metabolite. Author(s): Ahmadi M, Khalaf LF, Smith HJ, Nicholls PJ. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1996 February; 48(2): 228-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8935178

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A Mycobacterium leprae isolate resistant to Dapsone, rifampin, ofloxacin and sparfloxacin. Author(s): Matsuoka M, Kashiwabara Y, Namisato M. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 2000 December; 68(4): 452-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11332288

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A near fatal case of the Dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome in a patient with urticarial vasculitis. Author(s): Leslie KS, Gaffney K, Ross CN, Ridley S, Barker TH, Garioch JJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 September; 28(5): 496-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12950336

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A pilot study of treatment of Buruli ulcer with rifampin and Dapsone. Author(s): Espey DK, Djomand G, Diomande I, Dosso M, Saki MZ, Kanga JM, Spiegel RA, Marston BJ, Gorelkin L, Meyers WM, Portaels F, Deming MS, Horsburgh CR Jr. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2002 March; 6(1): 60-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12044304

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A retrospective study of the management of oral mucous membrane pemphigoid with Dapsone. Author(s): Ciarrocca KN, Greenberg MS. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1999 August; 88(2): 159-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10468458

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A trial of proguanil-Dapsone in comparison with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the clearance of Plasmodium falciparum infections in Tanzania. Author(s): Mutabingwa TK, Maxwell CA, Sia IG, Msuya FH, Mkongewa S, Vannithone S, Curtis J, Curtis CF. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001 JulyAugust; 95(4): 433-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11579891

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Abnormal liver function tests induced by Dapsone in a patient with dermatitis herpetiformis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Author(s): Kirby B, Keaveney A, Brophy D, O'Donoghue D, Rogers S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 July; 141(1): 172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10417547

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Acute Dapsone intoxication: a pediatric case report. Author(s): MacDonald RD, McGuigan MA. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1997 April; 13(2): 127-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9127424

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Adult refractory chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: can Dapsone be proposed as second-line therapy? Author(s): Radaelli F, Calori R, Goldaniga M, Guggiari E, Luciano A. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1999 March; 104(3): 641-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10086809

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Annular leucocytoclastic vasculitis: response to Dapsone. Author(s): Ruiz Villaverde R, Blasco Melguizo J, Martin Sanchez MC, Naranjo Sintes R. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 September; 16(5): 544-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12428865

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Antibacterial activities of epiroprim, a new dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, alone and in combination with Dapsone. Author(s): Locher HH, Schlunegger H, Hartman PG, Angehrn P, Then RL. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1996 June; 40(6): 1376-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8726004

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Antimicrobial activities of dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, used singly or in combination with Dapsone, against Mycobacterium ulcerans. Author(s): Dhople AM. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 January; 47(1): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11152437

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Atovaquone compared with Dapsone for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV infection who cannot tolerate trimethoprim, sulfonamides, or both. Community Program for Clinical Research on AIDS and the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Author(s): El-Sadr WM, Murphy RL, Yurik TM, Luskin-Hawk R, Cheung TW, Balfour HH Jr, Eng R, Hooton TM, Kerkering TM, Schutz M, van der Horst C, Hafner R. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1998 December 24; 339(26): 1889-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9862944

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Atovaquone compared with Dapsone to prevent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Author(s): Horowitz HW, Wormser GP. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999 May 13; 340(19): 1512-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10328722

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Benign familial chronic pemphigus treated with Dapsone. Author(s): Johnson B. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1972 July; 64(4): 326-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5042991

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Benign familial chronic pemphigus treated with Dapsone. Author(s): Sire DJ, Johnson BL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1971 March; 103(3): 262-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5548273

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Bilateral pyoderma gangrenosum of the hand: treatment with Dapsone. Author(s): Brown RE, Lay L, Graham D. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 1993 February; 18(1): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8436847

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Bilateral upper-lobe cavitary Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient on Dapsone prophylaxis. Author(s): Jawahar DA, Dama S, Miarrostami R, Sadagdhar H, Anandarao N. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1999 February; 317(2): 137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10037118

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Binding of Dapsone and its analogues to human serum albumin. Author(s): Karp WB, Subramanyam SB, Robertson AF. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1985 June; 74(6): 690-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4020658

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Bioactivation of Dapsone to a cytotoxic metabolite by human hepatic microsomal enzymes. Author(s): Coleman MD, Breckenridge AM, Park BK. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989 October; 28(4): 389-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2590600

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Bioactivation of Dapsone to a cytotoxic metabolite: in vitro use of a novel two compartment system which contains human tissues. Author(s): Riley RJ, Roberts P, Coleman MD, Kitteringham NR, Park BK. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1990 September; 30(3): 417-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2223420

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Bioavailability of Dapsone on oral administration of Dapsomine--a comparative evaluation. Author(s): Venkatesan K, Chauhan SL, Girdhar A, Girdhar BK. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1993 April-June; 65(2): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8345229

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Bioequivalence of a propylene glycol-based liquid Dapsone preparation and Dapsone tablets. Author(s): Mirochnick M, Clarke DF, McNamara ER, Cabral H. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2000 October 1; 57(19): 1775-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11030029

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Blister calendar packs for Dapsone monotherapy. Author(s): McDougall AC. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1990 March; 58(1): 121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2319182

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Blood Dapsone levels in leprosy patients treated with aceDapsone. Author(s): George J, Balakrishnan S. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1986 July-September; 58(3): 401-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3794408

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Breaking the relentless course of Hallopeau's acrodermatitis by Dapsone. Author(s): Nikkels AF, Nikkels-Tassoudji N, Pierard GE. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 1999 March; 9(2): 126-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10066962

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Brown recluse spider bites. A comparison of early surgical excision versus Dapsone and delayed surgical excision. Author(s): Rees RS, Altenbern DP, Lynch JB, King LE Jr. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1985 November; 202(5): 659-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4051613

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Bullous eruption of systemic lupus erythematosus. Dramatic response to Dapsone therapy. Author(s): Hall RP, Lawley TJ, Smith HR, Katz SI. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1982 August; 97(2): 165-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7049027

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Bullous lichen planus: diagnosis by indirect immunofluorescence and treatment with Dapsone. Author(s): Camisa C, Neff JC, Rossana C, Barrett JL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 March; 14(3): 464-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3514699

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Bullous lupus erythematosus rash worsened by Dapsone. Author(s): Alarcon GS, Sams WM Jr, Barton DD, Reveille J. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1984 September; 27(9): 1071-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6236823

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Bullous pemphigoid controlled by Dapsone. Author(s): Piamphongsant T, Ausawamongkonpan S. Source: Dermatologica. 1976; 152(6): 352-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=786760

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Case report of Dapsone-related thrombocytosis in an AIDS patient. Author(s): Wynn RF, Laing RB, Leen CL. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1995 June; 98(6): 602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7778582

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Childhood pemphigus vulgaris treated with Dapsone: a case report. Author(s): Bjarnason B, Skoglund C, Flosadottir E. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 September-October; 15(5): 381-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9796590

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Chlorproguanil-Dapsone (LAPDAP) for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Author(s): Winstanley P. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2001 November; 6(11): 9524. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11703851

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Chlorproguanil-Dapsone for malaria in Africa. Author(s): Looareesuwan S, Imwong M, Wilairatana P. Source: Lancet. 2004 June 5; 363(9424): 1838-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15183616

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Chlorproguanil-Dapsone for treatment of drug-resistant falciparum malaria in Tanzania. Author(s): Mutabingwa T, Nzila A, Mberu E, Nduati E, Winstanley P, Hills E, Watkins W. Source: Lancet. 2001 October 13; 358(9289): 1218-23. Erratum In: Lancet 2001 November 3; 358(9292): 1556. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11675058

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Chlorproguanil-Dapsone versus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for sequential episodes of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kenya and Malawi: a randomised clinical trial. Author(s): Sulo J, Chimpeni P, Hatcher J, Kublin JG, Plowe CV, Molyneux ME, Marsh K, Taylor TE, Watkins WM, Winstanley PA. Source: Lancet. 2002 October 12; 360(9340): 1136-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12387962

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Cimetidine improves the therapeutic/toxic ratio of Dapsone in patients on chronic Dapsone therapy. Author(s): Rhodes LE, Tingle MD, Park BK, Chu P, Verbov JL, Friedmann PS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 February; 132(2): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7888363

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Clinical and electroneurophysiological assessment of leprosy patients on Dapsone monotherapy--a two year follow-up study. Author(s): Rao SP, Taori GM, Desikan KV, Nayar S. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1995 April-June; 67(2): 167-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8537705

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Clinical and laboratory parameters in Dapsone acute intoxication. Author(s): Carrazza MZ, Carrazza FR, Oga S. Source: Revista De Saude Publica. 2000 August; 34(4): 396-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10973160

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Combined Dapsone and clofazimine intoxication. Author(s): Hoetelmans RM, Otten JM, Koks CH, Soesan M, Beijnen JH. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 1996 August; 15(8): 625-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8863056

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Comments on: 'Preventive effect of Dapsone on renal scarring following mannosesensitive piliated bacterial infection' by Mochida et al. (Chemotherapy 1998;44:36-41) Author(s): Wozel G, Blumlein K, Blasum C, Lehmann B, Winter C. Source: Chemotherapy. 1999 May-June; 45(3): 233-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10408927

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Comparison between intravenous immunoglobulin and conventional immunosuppressive therapy regimens in patients with severe oral pemphigoid: effects on disease progression in patients nonresponsive to Dapsone therapy. Author(s): Ahmed AR, Colon JE. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 September; 137(9): 1181-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11559214

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Comparison of chlorproguanil-Dapsone with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in young African children: doubleblind randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Alloueche A, Bailey W, Barton S, Bwika J, Chimpeni P, Falade CO, Fehintola FA, Horton J, Jaffar S, Kanyok T, Kremsner PG, Kublin JG, Lang T, Missinou MA, Mkandala C, Oduola AM, Premji Z, Robertson L, Sowunmi A, Ward SA, Winstanley PA. Source: Lancet. 2004 June 5; 363(9424): 1843-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15183620

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Comparison of the Dapsone recovery ratio and the erythromycin breath test as in vivo probes of CYP3A activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving cyclosporine. Author(s): Stein CM, Kinirons MT, Pincus T, Wilkinson GR, Wood AJ. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1996 January; 59(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8549033

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Comparison of three regimens for treatment of mild to moderate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. A double-blind, randomized, trial of oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Dapsone-trimethoprim, and clindamycinprimaquine. ACTG 108 Study Group. Author(s): Safrin S, Finkelstein DM, Feinberg J, Frame P, Simpson G, Wu A, Cheung T, Soeiro R, Hojczyk P, Black JR. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1996 May 1; 124(9): 792-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8610948

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Comparison of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Dapsone, and pentamidine in the prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Author(s): Warnock AC, Rimland D. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1996 November-December; 16(6): 1030-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8947975

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Correction of severe leukocytopenia and thrombocytopenia in systemic lupus erythematosus by treatment with Dapsone. Author(s): Nishina M, Saito E, Kinoshita M. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 April; 24(4): 811-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9101531

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Cutaneous involvement of dermatomyositis can respond to Dapsone therapy. Author(s): Cohen JB. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 March; 41(3): 182-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12010348

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CYP2C8/9 mediate Dapsone N-hydroxylation at clinical concentrations of Dapsone. Author(s): Winter HR, Wang Y, Unadkat JD. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2000 August; 28(8): 865-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10901692

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Dapsone and sulfones in dermatology: overview and update. Author(s): Pfeiffer C, Wozel G. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 February; 48(2): 308-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12582416

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Dapsone and sulfones in dermatology: overview and update. Author(s): Zhu YI, Stiller MJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 September; 45(3): 42034. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11511841

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Dapsone as an oral corticosteroid sparing agent for asthma. Author(s): Dewey A, Bara A, Dean T, Walters H. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (4): Cd003268. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12519591

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Dapsone in Behcet's disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Author(s): Sharquie KE, Najim RA, Abu-Raghif AR. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 May; 29(5): 267-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12081158

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Dapsone in rosacea fulminans. Author(s): Bormann G, Gaber G, Fischer M, Marsch WC. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2001 September; 15(5): 465-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11763393

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Dapsone in treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in adults. Author(s): Dutta TK, Goel A, Ghotekar LH, Hamide A, Badhe BA, Basu D. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 April; 49: 421-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11762611

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Dapsone induced cholangitis as a part of Dapsone syndrome: a case report. Author(s): Itha S, Kumar A, Dhingra S, Choudhuri G. Source: Bmc Gastroenterology [electronic Resource]. 2003 August 11; 3(1): 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12911838

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Dapsone therapy for children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Author(s): Meeker ND, Goldsby R, Terrill KR, Delaney KS, Slayton WB. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2003 February; 25(2): 173-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12571474

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Dapsone use in Loxosceles reclusa envenomation: is there an indication? Author(s): Bryant SM, Pittman LM. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2003 January; 21(1): 89-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12563594

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Dapsone. Author(s): Wolf R, Matz H, Orion E, Tuzun B, Tuzun Y. Source: Dermatology Online Journal [electronic Resource]. 2002 June; 8(1): 2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12165212

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Dapsone/pyrimethamine versus aerosolized pentamidine as prophylaxis against PCP in HIV infection. Author(s): Dorrell L, McCallum AK, Snow MH, Ong EL. Source: Aids Patient Care. 1995 October; 9(5): 224-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11361401

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Dapsone-induced acute pancreatitis. Author(s): Jha SH, Reddy JA, Dave JK. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 October; 37(10): 1438-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14519046

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Dapsone-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis mimicking Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Tobin-D'Angelo MJ, Hoteit MA, Brown KV, Ray SM, King MD. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2004 March; 327(3): 163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15090757

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Dapsone-induced methemoglobinemia in leprosy patients. Author(s): Kaur I, Mehta M, Agnihotri N, Dogra S, Ganguly NK. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 2001 September; 69(3): 247-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11875770

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Dapsone-induced methemoglobinemia in pediatric oncology patients: case examples. Author(s): Mandrell BN, McCormick JN. Source: Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing : Official Journal of the Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses. 2001 September-October; 18(5): 224-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11588763

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Dapsone-induced sulfone syndrome. Author(s): Lee KB, Nashed TB. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 July-August; 37(7-8): 1044-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12841817

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Diagnostic confusion caused by Dapsone-induced methaemoglobinaemia. Author(s): Lewis S, Clark P. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2001 November; 87(5): 802-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11878540

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Differential activation of CYP2C9 variants by Dapsone. Author(s): Hummel MA, Dickmann LJ, Rettie AE, Haining RL, Tracy TS. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2004 May 15; 67(10): 1831-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15130760

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Does Dapsone resistance really matter in the MDT era? Author(s): Ji B. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 2001 March; 69(1): 54-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11480322

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Drug-induced methaemoglobinaemia presenting with angina following the use of Dapsone. Author(s): Salamat A, Watson HG. Source: Clinical and Laboratory Haematology. 2003 October; 25(5): 327-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12974725

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Early onset Dapsone syndrome. Author(s): Joseph MS. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1994 April-June; 66(2): 237-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7806905

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Early onset Dapsone syndrome. Author(s): Singal A, Sharma SC, Baruah MC, Gautam RK. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1993 October-December; 65(4): 443-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8182292

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Effect of Dapsone on haemoglobin concentration in patients with leprosy. Author(s): Byrd SR, Gelber RH. Source: Lepr Rev. 1991 June; 62(2): 171-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1870379

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Effectiveness of a Dapsone compliance program in leprosy. Author(s): Piscitelli SC, Danziger LH, Hill C, Slajchert AA, West DP, Fischer JH. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1993 March; 32(3): 206-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8444536

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Effects of dual combinations of antifolates with atovaquone or Dapsone on nucleotide levels in Plasmodium falciparum. Author(s): Yeo AE, Seymour KK, Rieckmann KH, Christopherson RI. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1997 April 4; 53(7): 943-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9174107

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Effects of ketoconazole on the erythromycin breath test and the Dapsone recovery ratio. Author(s): Kinirons MT, Krivoruk Y, Wilkinson GR, Wood AJ. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 February; 47(2): 223-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10190659

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Effects of the antacids in didanosine tablets on Dapsone pharmacokinetics. Author(s): Sahai J, Garber G, Gallicano K, Oliveras L, Cameron DW. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1995 October 15; 123(8): 584-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7677298

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Efficacy and safety of Dapsone prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Author(s): Stavola JJ, Noel GJ. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 August; 12(8): 644-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8414776

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Efficacy of Dapsone with pyrimethamine (Maloprim) for malaria prophylaxis in Maputo, Mozambique. Author(s): Pividal J, Viktinski V, Streat E, Schapira A. Source: East Afr Med J. 1992 June; 69(6): 303-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1505413

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Electroanalysis of Dapsone, an anti-leprotic drug. Author(s): Manisankar P, Sarpudeen A, Viswanathan S. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2001 December; 26(5-6): 873-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11600299

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Enhanced in vitro activity of pyrimethamine in combination with Dapsone against Mycobacterium avium complex. Author(s): Shah LM, Meyer SC, Cynamon MH. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1996 October; 40(10): 2426-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8891158

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Enhanced in vitro activity of WR99210 in combination with Dapsone against Mycobacterium avium complex. Author(s): Shah LM, DeStefano MS, Cynamon MH. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1996 November; 40(11): 2644-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8913480

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Eosinophilic pneumonia induced by Dapsone. Author(s): Jaffuel D, Lebel B, Hillaire-Buys D, Pene J, Godard P, Michel FB, Blayac JP, Bousquet J, Demolyi P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 July 18; 317(7152): 181. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9665900

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Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita responsive to Dapsone therapy. Author(s): Hughes AP, Callen JP. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 2001 September-October; 5(5): 3979. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11907850

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Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: correlation of IgE levels with disease activity under successful betamethasone/Dapsone combination therapy. Author(s): Miyake H, Morishima Y, Komai R, Hashimoto T, Kishimoto S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 November-December; 81(6): 429. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11859948

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Erythema dyschromicum perstans: response to Dapsone therapy. Author(s): Bahadir S, Cobanoglu U, Cimsit G, Yayli S, Alpay K. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2004 March; 43(3): 220-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15009398

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Erythema dyschromicum perstans: response to Dapsone therapy. Author(s): Kontochristopoulos G, Stavropoulos P, Panteleos D, Aroni K. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 October; 37(10): 796-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9802694

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Erythema elevatum diutinum--evidence for disease-dependent leucocyte alterations and response to Dapsone. Author(s): Grabbe J, Haas N, Moller A, Henz BM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 August; 143(2): 415-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10951156

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Evaluation of effects of altered gastric pH on absorption of Dapsone in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Breen GA, Brocavich JM, Etzel JV, Shah V, Schaefer P, Forlenza S. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1994 September; 38(9): 2227-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7811056

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Evaluation of five treatment regimens, using either Dapsone monotherapy or several doses of rifampicin in the treatment of paucibacillary leprosy. Author(s): Pattyn SR, Husser JA, Baquillon G, Maiga M, Jamet P. Source: Lepr Rev. 1990 June; 61(2): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2198414

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Facial granuloma responsive to Dapsone therapy. Author(s): Guill MA, Aton JK. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1982 May; 118(5): 332-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7082026

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Factors influencing the level of Dapsone in blood. Author(s): Beiguelman B, Pinto W Jr, El-Guindy MM, Krieger H. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1974; 51(5): 467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4549497

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Failure of Dapsone/pyrimethamine plus chloroquine against falciparum malaria in Papua New Guinea. Author(s): Edstein MD, Veenendaal JR, Rieckmann KH, O'Donoghue M. Source: Lancet. 1988 January 30; 1(8579): 237. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2893057

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Failure of low-dose Dapsone-pyrimethamine in primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Author(s): Antinori A, Murri R, Tamburrini E, De Luca A, Ortona L. Source: Lancet. 1992 September 26; 340(8822): 788. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1356193

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Failure of prophylaxis with Dapsone in patients taking dideoxyinosine. Author(s): Metroka CE, McMechan MF, Andrada R, Laubenstein LJ, Jacobus DP. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1991 September 5; 325(10): 737. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1908060

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Fatal Dapsone agranulocytosis in a Melanesian. Author(s): Barss P. Source: Lepr Rev. 1986 March; 57(1): 63-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3702582

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Fatal poisoning due to Dapsone in a patient with grossly elevated methaemoglobin levels. Author(s): Wagner A, Marosi C, Binder M, Roggla G, Staudinger T, Keil F, Locker GJ, Frass M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 November; 133(5): 816-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8555045

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Fatal reaction to Dapsone during treatment of leprosy. Author(s): Frey HM, Gershon AA, Borkowsky W, Bullock WE. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1981 June; 94(6): 777-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7235421

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Fixed genital drug eruption due to Dapsone. A case report. Author(s): Sinha MR. Source: Lepr India. 1982 January; 54(1): 152-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6212718

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Fluorimetric screening of Dapsone in urine for drug trials. Author(s): Balakrishnan S. Source: Lepr India. 1980 April; 52(2): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7005540

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Follicular mucinosis presenting as acute dermatitis and response to Dapsone. Author(s): Rustin MH, Bunker CB, Levene GM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1989 September; 14(5): 382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2532989

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Follicular mucinosis responding to Dapsone. Author(s): Kubba RK, Stewart TW. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1974 August; 91(2): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4413490

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Folliculitis spinulosa decalvans: successful therapy with Dapsone. Author(s): Kunte C, Loeser C, Wolff H. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 November; 39(5 Pt 2): 891-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9810924

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Follow-up of lepromatous (LL and BL) patients on Dapsone (DDS) monotherapy after attainment of smear negativity in Gudiyatham Taluk, South India. Author(s): Almeida JG, Christian M, Chacko CJ. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1983 September; 51(3): 382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6685702

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Follow-up of smear-positive cases treated with Dapsone monotherapy. Author(s): Naik SS, Shere SS. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1997 April-June; 69(2): 196-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9290975

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Four years' experience with Dapsone as prophylaxis against leprosy. Author(s): Otsyula Y, Ibworo C, Chum HJ. Source: Lepr Rev. 1971 June; 42(2): 98-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5150032

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Frequency distribution of Dapsone N-hydroxylase, a putative probe for P4503A4 activity, in a white population. Author(s): May DG, Porter J, Wilkinson GR, Branch RA. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1994 May; 55(5): 492-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8181193

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Further results on Dapsone-resistant leprosy in Bamako (Mali). Author(s): Baquillon G, Ferracci C, van Loo G, Pattyn SR. Source: Lepr Rev. 1983 March; 54(1): 19-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6843273

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Gall-bladder perforation after long-term Dapsone therapy. Author(s): Choy AM, Lang CC. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1990 October; 228(4): 409-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2266352

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Generalized lichen planus in childhood: is Dapsone an effective treatment modality? Author(s): Basak PY, Basak K. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 2002 October-December; 44(4): 346-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12458814

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Generalized pustular psoriasis treated with Dapsone. Author(s): Macmillan AL, Champion RH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1973 February; 88(2): 183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4706461

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Grades of Dapsone resistance to Mycobacterium leprae (burrowing terminology) Author(s): Roy RG. Source: Lepr India. 1983 January; 55(1): 179-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6348411

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Granuloma faciale: the role of Dapsone and prior irradiation on the cause of the disease. Author(s): Goldner R, Sina B. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1984 May; 33(5): 478-9, 482. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6478871

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Haematological alterations in leprosy patients treated with Dapsone. Author(s): Halim NK, Ogbeide E. Source: East Afr Med J. 2002 February; 79(2): 100-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12380888

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Haematological and biochemical alterations in leprosy patients already treated with Dapsone and MDT. Author(s): Queiroz RH, Melchior Junior E, de Souza AM, Gouveia E, Barbosa JC, de Carvalho D. Source: Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae. 1997 September; 72(4): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9372643

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Haemoglobinuria after a single dose treatment with Dapsone and pyrimethamine for falciparum malaria in a patient with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Author(s): Ponnampalam JT. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1981 December; 33(4): 401-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7342390

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Hematologic side-effects of Dapsone. Author(s): Wilson JR, Harris JW. Source: Ohio State Med J. 1977 August; 73(8): 557-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=887243

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Hemolytic anemia induced by Dapsone transmitted through breast milk. Author(s): Sanders SW, Zone JJ, Foltz RL, Tolman KG, Rollins DE. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1982 April; 96(4): 465-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7065565

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Hepatic and pulmonary pneumocystosis during primary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with Dapsone/pyrimethamine. Author(s): Podzamczer D, Martos A, Ferrer I, Santin M, Gudiol F. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 January; 16(1): 171. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8448298

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Hepatitis in leprosy patients treated by a daily combination of Dapsone, rifampin, and a thioamide. Author(s): Cartel JL, Millan J, Guelpa-Lauras CC, Grosset JH. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1983 December; 51(4): 461-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6686970

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Herpetiform pemphigus foliaceus responsive to Dapsone. Author(s): Connor B. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1972 January; 86(1): 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5060427

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High dose Dapsone toxicity. Author(s): Shelley WB, Goldwein MI. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1976 July; 95(1): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=952745

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High failure rate of Dapsone and pentamidine as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Author(s): Nachman SA, Mueller BU, Mirochnick M, Pizzo PA. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1994 November; 13(11): 1004-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7845719

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High rates of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in allogeneic blood and marrow transplant recipients receiving Dapsone prophylaxis. Author(s): Souza JP, Boeckh M, Gooley TA, Flowers ME, Crawford SW. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 December; 29(6): 1467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10585797

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High-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection for the determination of Dapsone and its hydroxylated metabolite in human plasma. Author(s): Kwadijk S, Torano JS. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 2002 May; 16(3): 203-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11920946

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High-performance liquid chromatography determination of Dapsone, monoacetylDapsone, and pyrimethamine in filter paper blood spots. Author(s): Ronn AM, Lemnge MM, Angelo HR, Bygbjerg IC. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1995 February; 17(1): 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7725382

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High-performance liquid chromatography determination of pyrimethamine, Dapsone, monoacetylDapsone, sulfadoxine, and N-acetyl-sulfadoxine after rapid solid-phase extraction. Author(s): Eljaschewitsch J, Padberg J, Schurmann D, Ruf B. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1996 October; 18(5): 592-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8885125

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Histopathological findings in the iris of Dapsone treated leprosy patients. Author(s): Brandt F, Zhou HM, Shi ZR, Rai N, Thuladar L, Pradhan H. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1990 January; 74(1): 14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1689588

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Human liver microsomal N-hydroxylation of Dapsone by cytochrome P-4503A4. Author(s): Fleming CM, Branch RA, Wilkinson GR, Guengerich FP. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 1992 May; 41(5): 975-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1588928

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Hypereosinophilic dermatitis. A distinct manifestation of the hypereosinophilic syndrome with response to Dapsone. Author(s): Nir MA, Westfried M. Source: Dermatologica. 1981; 162(6): 444-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7274506

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Hypersensitivity reaction to Dapsone. Author(s): Smith WC. Source: Lepr Rev. 1986 June; 57(2): 179-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2943956

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Hypersensitivity syndrome associated with Dapsone/pyrimethamine (Maloprim) antimalaria chemoprophylaxis. Author(s): Thong BY, Leong KP, Chng HH. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 May; 88(5): 527-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12027077

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Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome responsive to Dapsone. Author(s): Fortson JS, Zone JJ, Hammond ME, Groggel GC. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 November; 15(5 Pt 2): 1137-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3771868

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Idiosyncratic Dapsone induced manic depression. Author(s): Daneshmend T. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 July 29; 299(6694): 324. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2504425

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In vitro effect of Dapsone on NADH-methemoglobin reductase. Author(s): Banzato CE, Magna LA. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1991 September; 59(3): 486-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1890374

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In vivo selection for a specific genotype of dihydropteroate synthetase of Plasmodium falciparum by pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine but not chlorproguanilDapsone treatment. Author(s): Curtis J, Duraisingh MT, Warhurst DC. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998 May; 177(5): 1429-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9593041

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Increase in the incidence of Dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome--an appraisal. Author(s): Rao PN, Lakshmi TS. Source: Lepr Rev. 2001 March; 72(1): 57-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11355519

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Increased incidence in leprosy of hypersensitivity reactions to Dapsone after introduction of multidrug therapy. Author(s): Richardus JH, Smith TC. Source: Lepr Rev. 1989 December; 60(4): 267-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2491425

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Infectivity of secondary Dapsone-resistant cases. Author(s): Jesudasan K, Pannikar V, Christian M. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1988 September; 56(3): 418-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3047282

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Influence of acetylator phenotype of the leprosy patient on the emergence of Dapsone resistant leprosy. Author(s): Raj PP, Aschhoff M, Lilly L, Balakrishnan S. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1988 July; 60(3): 400-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3058828

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Influence of acetylator phenotype on the haematological and biochemical effects associated with Dapsone in leprosy patients. Author(s): Queiroz RH, Souza AM, Melchior E, Gouveia EG, Carvalho D. Source: Lepr Rev. 1997 September; 68(3): 212-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9364821

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Influence of once-monthly rifampicin and daily clofazimine on the pharmacokinetics of Dapsone in leprosy patients in Nigeria. Author(s): Pieters FA, Woonink F, Zuidema J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988; 34(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3360051

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Inhibition of neutrophil adherence to antibody by Dapsone: a possible therapeutic mechanism of Dapsone in the treatment of IgA dermatoses. Author(s): Thuong-Nguyen V, Kadunce DP, Hendrix JD, Gammon WR, Zone JJ. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1993 April; 100(4): 349-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8454897

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Inhibition of the human leukocyte enzymes myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase by Dapsone. Author(s): Bozeman PM, Learn DB, Thomas EL. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1992 August 4; 44(3): 553-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1324677

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Interference of Dapsone in HbA1c monitoring of a diabetic patient with polychondritis. Author(s): Serratrice J, Granel B, Swiader L, Disdier P, De Roux-Serratrice C, Raccah D, Weiller PJ. Source: Diabetes & Metabolism. 2002 December; 28(6 Pt 1): 508-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12522333

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Interference of Dapsone in HbA1c monitoring of a type I diabetic patient with necrobiosis lipoidica. Author(s): Bertholon M, Mayer A, Francina A, Thivolet CH. Source: Diabetes Care. 1994 November; 17(11): 1364. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7821184

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Intermittent trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with Dapsone-pyrimethamine for the simultaneous primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis pneumonia and toxoplasmosis in patients infected with HIV. Author(s): Podzamczer D, Salazar A, Jimenez J, Consiglio E, Santin M, Casanova A, Rufi G, Gudiol F. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1995 May 15; 122(10): 755-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7717598

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Intracellular localization of Dapsone and rifampicin in skin and nerve of multidrug treated leprosy patients. Author(s): Save MP, Shetty VP, Antia NH. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1995 July-September; 67(3): 273-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8576606

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Investigations into the haemolytic effects of Dapsone therapy in leprosy patients. Author(s): Balakrishnan S, Karthikeyan S, Ramu G. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1989 January; 61(1): 10-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2703739

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In-vitro activity of atovaquone, sulphamethoxazole and Dapsone alone and combined with inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase and macrolides against Pneumocystis carinii. Author(s): Cirioni O, Giacometti A, Scalise G. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1997 January; 39(1): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9044027

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In-vitro activity of Dapsone and two potentiators against Mycobacterium avium complex. Author(s): Gonzalez AH, Berlin OG, Bruckner DA. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1989 July; 24(1): 19-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2777726

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In-vitro activity of macrolides alone and in combination with artemisin, atovaquone, Dapsone, minocycline or pyrimethamine against Cryptosporidium parvum. Author(s): Giacometti A, Cirioni O, Scalise G. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1996 September; 38(3): 399-408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8889715

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Iron overload as a mechanism for the lowered survival in AIDS patients receiving Dapsone-iron protoxalate for secondary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Author(s): Weinberg GA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 July; 174(1): 241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8656006

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Juvenile pemphigus foliaceous: response to Dapsone. Author(s): Leibowitz MR, Voss SP. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1993 July; 129(7): 910. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8323319

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Lack of effect of nizatidine-induced elevation of gastric pH on the oral bioavailability of Dapsone in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Itokazu GS, Fischer JH, Manitpisitkul P, Hariharan R, Danziger LH. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2002 November; 22(11): 1420-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12432968

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Lack of effect of proguanil on the pharmacokinetics of Dapsone in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Edstein MD, Rieckmann KH. Source: Chemotherapy. 1993 July-August; 39(4): 235-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8325124

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Lack of relevance of the acetylator status on Dapsone response in chronic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Author(s): Le Louet H, Ruivart M, Bierling P, Duche JC, Godeau B. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1999 December; 62(4): 251-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10589083

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Lessons to be learned: a case study approach: prolonged methaemoglobinaemia due to inadvertent Dapsone poisoning; treatment with methylene blue and exchange transfusion. Author(s): Southgate HJ, Masterson R. Source: J R Soc Health. 1999 March; 119(1): 52-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10327817

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Levels of Dapsone and pyrimethamine in serum during once-weekly dosing for prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis. Author(s): Opravil M, Joos B, Luthy R. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1994 May; 38(5): 1197-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8067765

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Lichenoid vasculitis associated with myeloproliferative disorder: successful treatment with Dapsone. Author(s): Ling TC, Kendra JR, Al-Dawoud A, Coulson IH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 August; 145(2): 359-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11531815

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Light and electron microscopic findings in rhinosporidiosis after Dapsone therapy. Author(s): Venkateswaran S, Date A, Job A, Mathan M. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1997 December; 2(12): 112832. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9438467

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Limited Wegener's granulomatosis treated with Dapsone. Author(s): Person JR. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1995 December; 34(12): 870-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8647671

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Linear IgA bullous dermatosis of childhood: treatment with Dapsone and cotrimoxazole. Author(s): Pulimood S, Ajithkumar K, Jacob M, George S, Chandi SM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1997 March; 22(2): 90-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9330073

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Linear IgA Dapsone responsive bullous dermatosis. Author(s): Wojnarowska F. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1980 May; 73(5): 371-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7017131

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Linear IgA disease with haemorrhagic pompholyx and Dapsone-induced neutropenia. Author(s): Duhra P, Charles-Holmes R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1991 August; 125(2): 172-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1832928

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Longitudinal study on relapses of leprosy in Polynesian multibacillary patients on Dapsone monotherapy between 1946 and 1970. Author(s): Cartel JL, Boutin JP, Spiegel A, Plichart R, Roux JF. Source: Lepr Rev. 1991 June; 62(2): 186-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1870381

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Long-term prothionamide compliance: a study carried out in India using a combined formulation containing prothionamide, Dapsone and isoniazid. Author(s): Ellard GA, Kiran KU, Stanley JN. Source: Lepr Rev. 1988 June; 59(2): 163-75. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3246926

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Long-term treatment of temporal arteritis with Dapsone. Author(s): Reinitz E, Aversa A. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1988 September; 85(3): 456-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3257093

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Low activity of Dapsone N-hydroxylation as a susceptibility risk factor in aggressive bladder cancer. Author(s): Fleming CM, Persad R, Kaisary A, Smith P, Adedoyin A, Porter J, Wilkinson GR, Branch RA. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 1994 August; 4(4): 199-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7987404

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Low-dose co-trimoxazole, aerosolised pentamidine, or Dapsone plus pyrimethamine for prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Author(s): Mallolas J, Zamora L, Gatell JM, Miro JM, Soriano E. Source: Lancet. 1991 May 11; 337(8750): 1162-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1674036

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Low-dose Dapsone prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS and AIDS-related complex. Author(s): Kemper CA, Tucker RM, Lang OS, Kessinger JM, Greene SI, Deresinski SC, Stevens DA. Source: Aids (London, England). 1990 November; 4(11): 1145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2282188

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Low-dose Dapsone, co-trimoxazole, and survival in Pneumocystis carinii primary prophylaxis. Author(s): Antinori A, Murri R, Ammassari A. Source: Aids (London, England). 1996 August; 10(9): 1046-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8853743

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Lower survival in AIDS patients receiving Dapsone compared with aerosolized pentamidine for secondary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Study Group. Author(s): Salmon-Ceron D, Fontbonne A, Saba J, May T, Raffi F, Chidiac C, Patey O, Aboulker JP, Schwartz D, Vilde JL. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995 September; 172(3): 656-64. Erratum In: J Infect Dis 1996 January; 173(1): 277. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7658056

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Lupus erythematosus profundus--report of a case treated with Dapsone. Author(s): Yamada Y, Dekio S, Jidoi J, Ozasa S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1989 October; 16(5): 379-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2600276

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Malaria chemoprophylaxis using proguanil/Dapsone combinations on the ThaiCambodian border. Author(s): Shanks GD, Edstein MD, Suriyamongkol V, Timsaad S, Webster HK. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1992 June; 46(6): 643-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1621888

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Malaria, leprosy and Dapsone. Author(s): Saha K, Kapoor L, Arora VM, Chattopadhya D. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2003 September; 34(3): 501-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15115119

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Management of Dapsone poisoning complicated by methaemoglobinaemia. Author(s): Dawson AH, Whyte IM. Source: Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp. 1989 September-October; 4(5): 387-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2811676

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Manic depression induced by Dapsone in patient with dermatitis herpetiformis. Author(s): Gawkrodger D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 September 30; 299(6703): 860. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2510873

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Measurement of physiological concentrations of Dapsone and its monoacetyl metabolite: a miniaturised assay for liquid or filter paper-absorbed samples. Author(s): Mberu EK, Muhia DK, Minyiri GO, Njonge EW, Watkins WM. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1996 March 3; 677(2): 385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8704946

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Mechanisms by which clofazimine and Dapsone inhibit the myeloperoxidase system. A possible correlation with their anti-inflammatory properties. Author(s): van Zyl JM, Basson K, Kriegler A, van der Walt BJ. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1991 July 15; 42(3): 599-608. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1650217

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Medical therapy of rhinosporidiosis with Dapsone. Author(s): Job A, Venkateswaran S, Mathan M, Krishnaswami H, Raman R. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1993 September; 107(9): 809-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8228595

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Megaloblastic pancytopenia associated with Dapsone and trimethoprim treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Crosby WH. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1990 May; 150(5): 1141. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2331198

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Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome presenting as a new daily persistent headache: relief with Dapsone. Author(s): Rozen TD. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2001 November; 21(9): 924-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11903289

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Metabolic interactions of putative cytochrome P4503A substrates with alternative pathways of Dapsone metabolism in human liver microsomes. Author(s): Irshaid Y, Branch RA, Adedoyin A. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 1996 February; 24(2): 164-171. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8742227

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Metabolism of Dapsone to its hydroxylamine by CYP2E1 in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Mitra AK, Thummel KE, Kalhorn TF, Kharasch ED, Unadkat JD, Slattery JT. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1995 November; 58(5): 556-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7586950

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Methemoglobin formation by hydroxylamine metabolites of sulfamethoxazole and Dapsone: implications for differences in adverse drug reactions. Author(s): Reilly TP, Woster PM, Svensson CK. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1999 March; 288(3): 951-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10027831

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Methemoglobinemia associated with Dapsone treatment in solid organ transplant recipients: a two-case report and review. Author(s): Plotkin JS, Buell JF, Njoku MJ, Wilson S, Kuo PC, Bartlett ST, Howell C, Johnson LB. Source: Liver Transplantation and Surgery : Official Publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society. 1997 March; 3(2): 149-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9346728

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Molecular markers for failure of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and chlorproguanilDapsone treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Author(s): Kublin JG, Dzinjalamala FK, Kamwendo DD, Malkin EM, Cortese JF, Martino LM, Mukadam RA, Rogerson SJ, Lescano AG, Molyneux ME, Winstanley PA, Chimpeni P, Taylor TE, Plowe CV. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 February 1; 185(3): 380-8. Epub 2002 January 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11807721

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MonoacetylDapsone inhibition of Dapsone N-hydroxylation by human and rat liver microsomes. Author(s): Irshaid Y, Adedoyin A, Lotze M, Branch RA. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 1994 January-February; 22(1): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8149877

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Multidrug-resistance to Dapsone, rifampicin, and ofloxacin in Mycobacterium leprae. Author(s): Cambau E, Perani E, Guillemin I, Jamet P, Ji B. Source: Lancet. 1997 January 11; 349(9045): 103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8996430

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Multiple-dose kinetics in healthy volunteers and in vitro antimalarial activity of proguanil plus Dapsone. Author(s): Edstein MD, Veenendaal JR, Rieckmann KH. Source: Chemotherapy. 1990; 36(3): 169-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2186899

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Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and in vitro antimalarial activity of Dapsone plus pyrimethamine (Maloprim) in man. Author(s): Edstein MD, Rieckmann KH, Veenendaal JR. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1990 August; 30(2): 259-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2206787

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Mutations in dhfr in Plasmodium falciparum infections selected by chlorproguanilDapsone treatment. Author(s): Curtis J, Maxwell CA, Msuya FH, Mkongewa S, Alloueche A, Warhurst DC. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 December 15; 186(12): 1861-4. Epub 2002 November 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12447777

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Mycobacterium leprae reactive T cell clones from lepromatous leprosy patients after prolonged Dapsone chemotherapy. Author(s): Gill HK, Ridley DS, Ganesan J, Mustafa AS, Rees RJ, Godal T. Source: Lepr Rev. 1990 March; 61(1): 25-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2181222

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N-acetylation phenotyping using Dapsone in a Jordanian population. Author(s): Irshaid YM, al-Hadidi HF, Abuirjeie MA, Rawashdeh NM. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991 September; 32(3): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1777365

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N-acetylation phenotyping with Dapsone in a mainland Chinese population. Author(s): Horai Y, Zhou HH, Zhang LM, Ishizaki T. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988 January; 25(1): 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3370194

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N-acetylation polymorphism of Dapsone in a Japanese population. Author(s): Horai Y, Ishizaki T. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988 April; 25(4): 487-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3382590

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Neither Dapsone hydroxylation nor cortisol 6beta-hydroxylation detects the inhibition of CYP3A4 by HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Author(s): Gass RJ, Gal J, Fogle PW, Detmar-Hanna D, Gerber JG. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998 November-December; 54(910): 741-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9923578

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Neonatal haemolytic disease due to Dapsone. Author(s): Hocking DR. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1968 June 29; 1(26): 1130-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4969972

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Neonatal methemoglobinemia due to transplacental transfer of Dapsone. Author(s): Kabra NS, Nanavati RN, Srinivasan G. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1998 June; 35(6): 553-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10216653

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Neurologic symptoms posing as Dapsone-induced polyneuropathy in two patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. Author(s): Fernandez-Obregon AC, Forconi RJ. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1988 May; 41(5): 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2836133

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New multidrug regimen with indigenous drugs and Dapsone in the treatment of lepromatous leprosy (preliminary report). Author(s): Chaudhury S, Hazra S, Podder GC, Poddar S, Sarkar S, Das PK, Chaudhury SN, Majumder V. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1987 July; 32(3): 63-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3504207

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N-hydroxylation of 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulphone (Dapsone) by liver microsomes, and in dogs and humans. Author(s): Uehleke H, Tabarelli S. Source: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 1973 May 17; 278(1): 55-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4145470

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N-Hydroxylation of Dapsone by multiple enzymes of cytochrome P450: implications for inhibition of haemotoxicity. Author(s): Gill HJ, Tingle MD, Park BK. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995 December; 40(6): 531-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8703658

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Nodular erythema elevatum diutinum in an HIV-1 infected woman: response to Dapsone and antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Suarez J, Miguelez M, Villalba R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 April; 138(4): 717-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9640395

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Non-HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma suppressed by Dapsone. Author(s): de Haas ER, de Wit RF, van Vloten WA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 November; 135(5): 813-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8977690

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Norethisterone and ethinyl estradiol kinetics during Dapsone therapy. Author(s): Joshi JV, Maitra A, Sankolli G, Bhatki S, Joshi UM. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1984 February; 32(2): 191-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6746515

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Oily injections of Dapsone; an acceptable form of treatment? Author(s): Warndorff van Diepen T. Source: Lepr Rev. 1986 March; 57(1): 70-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3702583

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On "suicide with Dapsone". Author(s): Pannikar VK, Valarmathi, Vijaykumaran P. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1989 April; 61(2): 306. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2746040

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On the efficacy of Dapsone in granuloma faciale. Author(s): van de Kerkhof PC. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1994 January; 74(1): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7908487

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On urine spot test for Dapsone intake. Author(s): Huikeshoven H. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1985 January-March; 57(1): 221-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3839823

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Once monthly rifampicin (1200 mg) plus daily Dapsone (100 mg) and clofazimine (100 mg) in the initial treatment of lepromatous leprosy. Author(s): Chandorkar AG, Burte NP, Gade RK, Bulakh PM. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1984 January-March; 56(1): 63-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6384381

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Once-monthly rifampicin plus daily Dapsone in initial treatment of lepromatous leprosy. Author(s): Yawalkar SJ, McDougall AC, Languillon J, Ghosh S, Hajra SK, Opromolla DV, Tonello CJ. Source: Lancet. 1982 May 29; 1(8283): 1199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6122970

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Once-weekly administration of Dapsone/pyrimethamine vs. aerosolized pentamidine as combined prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Author(s): Opravil M, Hirschel B, Lazzarin A, Heald A, Pechere M, Ruttimann S, Iten A, von Overbeck J, Oertle D, Praz G, et al. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 March; 20(3): 531-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7756472

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Operational study to monitor the regularity of Dapsone intake by leprosy outpatients. Author(s): Kumar A, Balakrishnan S. Source: Lepr India. 1983 July; 55(3): 521-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6656209

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Oral acantholytic itching disease responding to Dapsone. Dermatitis herpetiformis, pemphigus, or a new disease? Author(s): Lindgren S, Enerback L, Freiberg N. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1976 November; 42(5): 597-605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1068417

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Oral activated charcoal and Dapsone elimination. Author(s): Neuvonen PJ, Elonen E, Mattila MJ. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1980 June; 27(6): 823-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7379451

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Oral Dapsone versus nebulized pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis: an open randomized prospective trial to assess efficacy and haematological toxicity. Author(s): Slavin MA, Hoy JF, Stewart K, Pettinger MB, Lucas CR, Kent SJ. Source: Aids (London, England). 1992 October; 6(10): 1169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1466849

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Oral therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A controlled trial of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus trimethoprimDapsone. Author(s): Medina I, Mills J, Leoung G, Hopewell PC, Lee B, Modin G, Benowitz N, Wofsy CB. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1990 September 20; 323(12): 776-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2392131

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Oral zinc as an adjunct to Dapsone in lepromatous leprosy. Author(s): Mathur NK, Bumb RA, Mangal HN, Sharma ML. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1984 September; 52(3): 331-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6541200

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Outcome of attempts to treat rheumatoid arthritis with gold, penicillamine, sulphasalazine, or Dapsone. Author(s): Grindulis KA, McConkey B. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1984 June; 43(3): 398-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6146295

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Oxidative activation of proguanil and Dapsone acetylation in Thai soldiers. Author(s): Edstein MD, Shanks GD, Teja-Isavadharm P, Rieckmann KH, Webster HK. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1994 January; 37(1): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8148220

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Penetration of Dapsone into lung of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Author(s): Gatti G, Loy A, Lorusso C, Rossi G, Bassetti D. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1997 May; 16(5): 523-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9154550

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Penetration of Dapsone into pulmonary lining fluid of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. Author(s): Cruciani M, Gatti G, Mengoli C, Cazzadori A, Lazzarini L, Miletich F, Graziani MS, Malena M, Bassetti D. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1997 May; 41(5): 1077-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9145873

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Pharmacokinetics and safety of weekly Dapsone and Dapsone plus pyrimethamine for prevention of pneumocystis pneumonia. Author(s): Falloon J, Lavelle J, Ogata-Arakaki D, Byrne A, Graziani A, Morgan A, Amantea MA, Ownby K, Polis M, Davey RT Jr, et al. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1994 July; 38(7): 1580-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7979291

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Pharmacokinetics of Dapsone administered daily and weekly in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Author(s): Mirochnick M, Cooper E, McIntosh K, Xu J, Lindsey J, Jacobus D, Mofenson L, Sullivan JL, Dankner W, Frenkel LM, Nachman S, Wara DW, Johnson D, Bonagura VR, Rathore MH, Cunningham CK, McNamara J. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1999 November; 43(11): 2586-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10543733

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Pharmacokinetics of Dapsone in children. Author(s): Mirochnick M, Michaels M, Clarke D, Brena A, Regan AM, Pelton S. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1993 May; 122(5 Pt 1): 806-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8496767

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Pharmacokinetics of Dapsone in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Author(s): Gatti G, Loy A, Casazza R, Miletich F, Cruciani M, Bassetti D. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1995 May; 39(5): 1101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7625796

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Pharmacokinetics of trimetrexate and Dapsone in AIDS patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Author(s): Koda RT, Dube MP, Li WY, Chatterjee DJ, Stansell JD, Sattler FR. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 March; 39(3): 268-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10073326

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Phenobarbitone in the treatment of Dapsone induced hyperbilirubinaemia. Author(s): Papali C, Narendranathan M. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1992 July-September; 64(3): 381-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1431327

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Plasmodium falciparum: in vitro activity of sulfadoxine and Dapsone in field isolates from Kenya: point mutations in dihydropteroate synthase may not be the only determinants in sulfa resistance. Author(s): Mberu EK, Nzila AM, Nduati E, Ross A, Monks SM, Kokwaro GO, Watkins WM, Hopkins Sibley C. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 2002 June-July; 101(2-3): 90-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12427462

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Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase but not dihydrofolate reductase gene mutations correlate with prior trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or Dapsone use. Author(s): Ma L, Borio L, Masur H, Kovacs JA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999 December; 180(6): 1969-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10558954

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Population pharmacokinetics of Dapsone administered biweekly to human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Author(s): Gatti G, Merighi M, Hossein J, Travaini S, Casazza R, Karlsson M, Cruciani M, Bassetti D. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1996 December; 40(12): 2743-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9124833

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Population pharmacokinetics of Dapsone in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Author(s): Mirochnick M, Cooper E, Capparelli E, McIntosh K, Lindsey J, Xu J, Jacobus D, Mofenson L, Bonagura VR, Nachman S, Yogev R, Sullivan JL, Spector SA. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2001 July; 70(1): 24-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11452241

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Prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in AIDS patients with weekly Dapsone. Author(s): Hughes WT, Kennedy W, Dugdale M, Land MA, Stein DS, Weems JJ Jr, Palte S, Lancaster D, Gidan-Kovnar S, Morrison RE. Source: Lancet. 1990 October 27; 336(8722): 1066. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1977035

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Primary Dapsone resistance in Cebu, The Philippines; cause for concern. Author(s): dela Cruz E, Cellona RV, Balagon MV, Villahermosa LG, Fajardo TT Jr, Abalos RM, Tan EV, Walsh GP. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1996 September; 64(3): 253-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8862258

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Primary Dapsone-resistant Hansen's disease in California. Experience with over 100 Mycobacterium leprae isolates. Author(s): Gelber RH, Rea TH, Murray LP, Siu P, Tsang M, Byrd SR. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1990 December; 126(12): 1584-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2256685

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Primary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a randomized trial comparing cotrimoxazole, aerosolized pentamidine and Dapsone plus pyrimethamine. Author(s): Mallolas J, Zamora L, Gatell JM, Miro JM, Vernet E, Valls ME, Soriano E, SanMiguel JG. Source: Aids (London, England). 1993 January; 7(1): 59-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8442918

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Proguanil combined with Dapsone chemoprophylaxis for malaria. Author(s): Yeo AE, Edstein MD, Shanks GD. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1992 June 15; 156(12): 883. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1603019

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Pulmonary eosinophilia associated with Dapsone. Author(s): Janier M, Guillevin L, Badillet G. Source: Lancet. 1994 April 2; 343(8901): 860-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7908110

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Pulse therapy with amikacin and Dapsone for the treatment of actinomycotic foot: a case report. Author(s): Sharma N, Mendiratta V, Sharma RC, Hemal U, Verma M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 October; 30(10): 742-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14684958

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Pyoderma gangrenosum with rheumatoid arthritis and pulmonary aseptic abscess responding to treatment with Dapsone. Author(s): Fukuhara K, Urano Y, Kimura S, Hori K, Arase S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 September; 139(3): 556-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9767321

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Quantification of antimalarial drugs. II. Simultaneous measurement of Dapsone, monoacetylDapsone and pyrimethamine in human plasma. Author(s): Edstein M. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1984 May 11; 307(2): 426-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6736190

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Recurrent annular erythema with purpura: a new variant of leucocytoclastic vasculitis responsive to Dapsone. Author(s): Cribier B, Cuny JF, Schubert B, Colson A, Truchetet F, Grosshans E. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 December; 135(6): 972-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8977722

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Reduction of Dapsone hydroxylamine to Dapsone during methaemoglobin formation in human erythrocytes in vitro. III: Effect of diabetes. Author(s): Coleman MD, Simpson J, Jacobus DP. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1994 October 7; 48(7): 1341-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7945431

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Reduction of Dapsone hydroxylamine to Dapsone during methaemoglobin formation in human erythrocytes in vitro. IV: Implications for the development of agranulocytosis. Author(s): Coleman MD, Simpson J, Jacobus DP. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1994 October 7; 48(7): 1349-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7945432

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Reinstatement of Dapsone following hypersensitivity. Author(s): Labandeira J, Toribio J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2003; 83(4): 314-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12926815

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Relapse rates in patients treated with Dapsone monotherapy and combinations of Dapsone and thiambutosine, thiacetazone, isoniazid and streptomycin in the preMDT era. Author(s): Smith TC, Richardus JH. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1994 September; 62(3): 353-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7525795

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Relapses in leprosy patients treated with rifampicin plus Dapsone after varying periods of Dapsone monotherapy. Author(s): Li HY, Ran SP, Weng XM, Li TG, Deng XH, Li FT. Source: Indian J Lepr. 2001 January-March; 73(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11326592

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Relapsing polychondritis and erythema elevatum diutinum: an unusual association refractory to Dapsone. Author(s): Delgado J, Gomez-Cerezo J, Siguenza M, Barbado FJ, Dupond JL, Vazquez JJ. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 March; 28(3): 634-5. Erratum In: J Rheumatol 2001 May; 28(5): 1200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11296973

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Relationship between high incidence of adverse Dapsone reactions and slow acetylate phenotype or low plasma/lymphocyte glutathione level. Author(s): Guo R, Thormann W, Lauterberg B. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1996 December; 109(12): 933-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9275325

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Resistance to pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine in Plasmodium falciparum in 12 villages in north east Tanzania and a test of chlorproguanil/Dapsone. Author(s): Trigg JK, Mbwana H, Chambo O, Hills E, Watkins W, Curtis CF. Source: Acta Tropica. 1997 February; 63(2-3): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9088432

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Response of chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood to a combination of Dapsone and nicotinamide. Author(s): Khanna N, Pandhi RK, Gupta S, Singh MK. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2001 July; 15(4): 368. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11730061

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Role of lipid peroxidation in Dapsone-induced hemolytic anemia. Author(s): McMillan DC, Jensen CB, Jollow DJ. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1998 December; 287(3): 868-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9864266

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Simultaneous detection of Mycobacterium leprae and its susceptibility to Dapsone using DNA heteroduplex analysis. Author(s): Williams DL, Pittman TL, Gillis TP, Matsuoka M, Kashiwabara Y. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 June; 39(6): 2083-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11376039

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Skin involvement with Pneumocystis despite Dapsone prophylaxis: a rare cause of skin nodules in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Bundow DL, Aboulafia DM. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1997 March; 313(3): 182-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9075436

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Sneddon-Wilkinson disease resistant to Dapsone and colchicine successfully controlled with PUVA. Author(s): Khachemoune A, Blyumin ML. Source: Dermatology Online Journal [electronic Resource]. 2003 December; 9(5): 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996397

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Sparing of tuberculoid leprosy patch in a patient with Dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome. Author(s): Ng PP, Goh CL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 October; 39(4 Pt 1): 6468. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9777777

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Stability of Dapsone in two oral liquid dosage forms. Author(s): Nahata MC, Morosco RS, Trowbridge JM. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 July-August; 34(7-8): 848-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10928393

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Structural basis for the haemotoxicity of Dapsone: the importance of the sulphonyl group. Author(s): Mahmud R, Tingle MD, Maggs JL, Cronin MT, Dearden JC, Park BK. Source: Toxicology. 1997 February 14; 117(1): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9020194

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Studies on risk of leprosy relapses in China: relapses after treatment with Dapsone monotherapy. Author(s): Chen XS, Li WZ, Jiang C, Ye GY. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1999 December; 67(4): 371-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10700910

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Successful desensitization to Dapsone for Pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis in an HIV-positive patient. Author(s): Cook DE, Kossey JL. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1998 December; 32(12): 1302-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9876811

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Successful treatment of Dapsone poisoning using commercially available methylene blue crystals. Author(s): Sudhan ST, Komalavally K, Muralidharan TD, Mani NS. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1999 September; 97(9): 396. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10638098

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Successful use of Dapsone in refractory pregnancy-associated idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Author(s): Lush R, Iland H, Peat B, Young G. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 2000 February; 30(1): 105-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10800898

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The contribution of "cure by Dapsone monotherapy' to the reduction of prevalence of leprosy in the State of Orissa, India, 1983-1993. Author(s): Patnaik PK, McDougall AC. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1996 July-September; 68(3): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8889607

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The effect of acetylation and deacetylation on the disposition of Dapsone and monoacetyl Dapsone hydroxylamines in human erythrocytes in-vitro. Author(s): Coleman MD, Pahal KK, Gardiner JM. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1996 April; 48(4): 401-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8794991

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The effect of ibuprofen on serum Dapsone levels and disease activity in dermatitis herpetiformis. Author(s): Smith JB, Fowler JB, Zone JJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1994 February; 130(2): 257-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8304772

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The IL-8 release from cultured human keratinocytes, mediated by antibodies to bullous pemphigoid autoantigen 180, is inhibited by Dapsone. Author(s): Schmidt E, Reimer S, Kruse N, Brocker EB, Zillikens D. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2001 April; 124(1): 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11359455

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The prevalence of folP1 mutations associated with clinical resistance to Dapsone, in Mycobacterium leprae isolates from South Korea. Author(s): Lee SB, Kim SK, Kang TJ, Chae GT, Chun JH, Shin HK, Kim JP, Ko YH, Kim NH. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2001 June; 95(4): 429-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11454253

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The relative efficacy of oral Dapsone and nebulized pentamidine as prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Author(s): Sabin CA, Phillips AN. Source: Aids (London, England). 1993 March; 7(3): 440. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8471213

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The use of cimetidine to reduce Dapsone-dependent methaemoglobinaemia in dermatitis herpetiformis patients. Author(s): Coleman MD, Rhodes LE, Scott AK, Verbov JL, Friedmann PS, Breckenridge AM, Park BK. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992 September; 34(3): 244-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1389948

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Thrice-weekly cotrimoxazole is better than weekly Dapsone-pyrimethamine for the primary prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. Author(s): Podzamczer D, Santin M, Jimenez J, Casanova A, Bolao F, Gudiol GR. Source: Aids (London, England). 1993 April; 7(4): 501-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8507417

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Toxicity and efficacy of daily vs. weekly Dapsone for prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. ACTG 179 Study Team. AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Author(s): McIntosh K, Cooper E, Xu J, Mirochnick M, Lindsey J, Jacobus D, Mofenson L, Yogev R, Spector SA, Sullivan JL, Sacks H, Kovacs A, Nachman S, Sleasman J, Bonagura V, McNamara J. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1999 May; 18(5): 432-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10353516

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Treatment of bullous pemphigoid with Dapsone: retrospective study of thirty-six cases. Author(s): Bouscarat F, Chosidow O, Picard-Dahan C, Sakiz V, Crickx B, Prost C, Roujeau JC, Revuz J, Belaich S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 April; 34(4): 683-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8601662

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Ultrastructure study of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis before and after Dapsone intake. Author(s): Eissa MM, Younis LK, Badawy EA. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1997 August; 27(2): 539-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9257993

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Unsuccessful treatment of alopecia areata with Dapsone. Author(s): Friedmann PS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1981 May; 104(5): 597-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7236522

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Urinary tract carcinoma in leprosy patients treated with Dapsone for a long period. Author(s): Hironaka K, Mizushima M, Tsuzi C, Makino H. Source: Nephron. 1997; 76(3): 358-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9226243

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Urticaria treated with Dapsone. Author(s): Boehm I, Bauer R, Bieber T. Source: Allergy. 1999 July; 54(7): 765-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10442538

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Urticarial vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus: fair response to prednisolone/Dapsone and persistent hypocomplementemia. Author(s): Nishijima C, Hatta N, Inaoki M, Sakai H, Takehara K. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 1999 January-February; 9(1): 54-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9920991

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Urticarial vasculitis resembling systemic lupus erythematosus: efficacy of prednisone and Dapsone combined. Author(s): Highet AS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1980 March; 102(3): 358-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7370185

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Urticarial vasculitis syndrome effectively treated with Dapsone and pentoxifylline. Author(s): Nurnberg W, Grabbe J, Czarnetzki BM. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1995 January; 75(1): 54-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7747536

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Urticaria-like follicular mucinosis responding to Dapsone. Author(s): Harthi FA, Kudwah A, Ajlan A, Nuaim A, Shehri F. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2003; 83(5): 389-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609117

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Use of Dapsone in the prevention and treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a review. Author(s): Hughes WT. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 July; 27(1): 191-204. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9675476

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Utility of Dapsone for prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-intolerant, HIV-infected individuals. Author(s): Jorde UP, Horowitz HW, Wormser GP. Source: Aids (London, England). 1993 March; 7(3): 355-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8471198

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Variability of urinary Dapsone/creatinine concentration ratios in leprosy patients fully compliant with Dapsone therapy. Author(s): Hagan KJ, Smith SE. Source: Lepr Rev. 1979 June; 50(2): 129-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=542070

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Viability of Myco. leprae in the skin and bone marrow of patients with lepromatous leprosy while on Dapsone or lamprene. Author(s): Karat AB. Source: Lepr Rev. 1975 June; 46(2 Suppl): 69-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1100966

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Viability of Mycobacterium leprae in lepromatous patients after five years of Dapsone monotherapy supplemented with two years of multidrug therapy. Author(s): Sivaprasad N, Snehalatha S, Lobo D, Aschhoff M, Job CK. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1995 October-December; 67(4): 427-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8849919

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Vitamin E and Dapsone-induced hemolysis. Author(s): Smith KC. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1994 January 15; 150(2): 128. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8287332

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Vitamin E and Dapsone-induced hemolysis. Author(s): Kelly JW, Scott J, Sandland M, Van der Weyden MB, Marks R. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1984 December; 120(12): 1582-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6508329

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Vitamin E for Dapsone-induced headache. Author(s): Cox NH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 January; 146(1): 174. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11841391

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Weekly Dapsone for prophylaxis of PCP. Author(s): Hughes WT. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1990 November 14-20; 5(8): 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2123690

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Why agranulocytosis from Dapsone? Author(s): Jopling WH. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1972 July; 77(1): 153. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5052443

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Widespread pruritic plaques in a patient with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and hypocomplementemia: response to Dapsone therapy. Author(s): Tsutsui K, Imai T, Hatta N, Sakai H, Takata M, Takehara K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 August; 35(2 Pt 2): 3135. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8698914

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Zidovudine, trimethoprim, and Dapsone pharmacokinetic interactions in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Author(s): Lee BL, Safrin S, Makrides V, Gambertoglio JG. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1996 May; 40(5): 1231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8723472

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DAPSONE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Dapsone.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Dapsone The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Dapsone” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Dapsone” (or a synonym): •

Activity of subinhibitory concentrations of Dapsone alone and in combination with cell-wall inhibitors against Mycobacterium avium complex organisms. Author(s): Laboratoire de la Tuberculose et des Mycobacteries, Institut Pasteur, Point-aPitre, Guadeloupe. Source: Rastogi, N Goh, K S Labrousse, V Eur-J-Clin-Microbiol-Infect-Dis. 1993 December; 12(12): 954-8 0934-9723

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Anti-oxidative therapy with oral Dapsone improved HCV antibody positive annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Igawa, K Maruyama, R Katayama, I Nishioka, K J-Dermatol. 1997 May; 24(5): 328-31 0385-2407

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Immunohematotoxicity studies with combinations of Dapsone and zidovudine. Author(s): SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025-3493, USA. [email protected] Source: Freund, Y R Dousman, L Riccio, E S Sato, B MacGregor, J T Mohagheghpour, N Int-Immunopharmacol. 2001 November; 1(12): 2131-41 1567-5769

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Metabolism of Dapsone to a hydroxylamine by human neutrophils and mononuclear cells. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Source: Uetrecht, J Zahid, N Shear, N H Biggar, W D J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1988 April; 245(1): 274-9 0022-3565

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Pharmacokinetics of Dapsone and amino acid prodrugs of Dapsone. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045. Source: Pochopin, N L Charman, W N Stella, V J Drug-Metab-Dispos. 1994 Sep-October; 22(5): 770-5 0090-9556

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Preventive effect of Dapsone on renal scarring following mannose-sensitive piliated bacterial infection. Author(s): Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. Source: Mochida, O Matsumoto, T Mizunoe, Y Sakumoto, M Abe, J Kumazawa, J Chemotherapy. 1998 Jan-February; 44(1): 36-41 0009-3157

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to Dapsone; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin E Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin K Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DAPSONE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Dapsone. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Dapsone and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Dapsone” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Dapsone: •

A comparison of use of a pyrethroid either for house spraying or for bednet treatment against malaria vectors. Author(s): Curtis CF, Maxwell CA, Finch RJ, Njunwa KJ. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1998 August; 3(8): 619-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9735932

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A controlled trial of lambda-cyhalothrin-impregnated bed nets and/or Dapsone/pyrimethamine for malaria control in Sierra Leone. Author(s): Marbiah NT, Petersen E, David K, Magbity E, Lines J, Bradley DJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998 January; 58(1): 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9452282

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An analysis of 24 patients with IgA deposition at the BMZ. Author(s): Weng MW, Qiu BS, Kang KF.

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Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1993 May; 20(5): 276-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8340531 •

Centelia asciatica linn (Thankuni) in the treatment of leprosy. Author(s): Ali SM, Khan AK, Khaleque A, Hussain A, Shahidullah M. Source: Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 1986 December; 12(2): 74-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3566685

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Clinical evaluation of Acacia catechu, Willd. (Khadira) in the treatment of lepromatous leprosy. Author(s): Ojha D, Singh G, Upadhyaya YN. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1969 July-September; 37(3): 302-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5393205

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Clinical status and implications of antimalarial drug resistance. Author(s): Winstanley PA, Ward SA, Snow RW. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2002 February; 4(2): 157-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11880047

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Comparison of bednets impregnated with different pyrethroids for their impact on mosquitoes and on re-infection with malaria after clearance of pre-existing infections with chlorproguanil-Dapsone. Author(s): Maxwell CA, Myamba J, Njunwa KJ, Greenwood BM, Curtis CF. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1999 January-February; 93(1): 4-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10492776

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Comparison of hyperbaric oxygen and Dapsone therapy for loxosceles envenomation. Author(s): Hobbs GD, Anderson AR, Greene TJ, Yealy DM. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 1996 August; 3(8): 758-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8853670

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Cost-effectiveness of iron supplementation and malaria chemoprophylaxis in the prevention of anaemia and malaria among Tanzanian infants. Author(s): Alonzo Gonzalez M, Menendez C, Font F, Kahigwa E, Kimario J, Mshinda H, Tanner M, Bosch-Capblanch X, Alonso PL. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000; 78(1): 97-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10686744

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Determination of antioxidant activity of some drugs using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Author(s): Karunakar N, Prabhakar MC, Krishna DR. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2003; 53(4): 254-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12785121

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Herbal medicines in Hawaii from tradition to convention. Author(s): Norton SA. Source: Hawaii Med J. 1998 January; 57(1): 382-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9509742

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Hyperkalemia and high-dose trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Author(s): Hsu I, Wordell CJ. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1995 April; 29(4): 427-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7633023

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Illness and service utilization behaviours of leprosy patients. Author(s): Kumar A, Anbalagan M. Source: Lepr India. 1982 April; 54(2): 338-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6982374

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Induction of lesions of dermatitis herpetiformis by autologous serum. Author(s): Cox NH, Friedmann PS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1991 January; 124(1): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1993147

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Interaction of anti-leprosy drugs with the rat serum complement system. Author(s): Sahu A, Saha K, Kashyap A, Chakrabarty AK. Source: Immunopharmacology. 1988 May-June; 15(3): 143-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3134310

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Iron supplementation during human immunodeficiency virus infection: a doubleedged sword? Author(s): Clark TD, Semba RD. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2001 October; 57(4): 476-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11601873

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Iron supplementation in prevention of severe anaemia and malaria. Author(s): Baird JK, Hoffman SL. Source: Lancet. 1997 December 20-27; 350(9094): 1855; Author Reply 1856. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9428280

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Juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis. Case reports of six children from Birmingham. Author(s): Ganpule M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1967 April; 79(4): 221-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6024738

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New antimalarial drugs. Author(s): Wiesner J, Ortmann R, Jomaa H, Schlitzer M. Source: Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English). 2003 November 10; 42(43): 5274-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14613157

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Newer and alternative non-steroidal treatments for asthmatic inflammation. Author(s): Dykewicz MS. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2001 January-February; 22(1): 11-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11227911

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Physiologic principles in the treatment of leprosy. Author(s): CHATTERJEE SN. Source: Int J Lepr. 1964 October-December; 32: 384-409. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14261290

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Potential strategies for circumventing myeloperoxidase-catalyzed degradation of vinca alkaloids. Author(s): Schlaifer D, Cooper MR, Attal M, Rousseau A, Pris J, Laurent G, Myers CE. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1994 April; 8(4): 668-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8152263

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Problem of leprosy control in Harrar Province, Ethiopia. Author(s): Stiller J. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1971 April-June; 39(2): 578-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5169817

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Randomised placebo-controlled trial of iron supplementation and malaria chemoprophylaxis for prevention of severe anaemia and malaria in Tanzanian infants. Author(s): Menendez C, Kahigwa E, Hirt R, Vounatsou P, Aponte JJ, Font F, Acosta CJ, Schellenberg DM, Galindo CM, Kimario J, Urassa H, Brabin B, Smith TA, Kitua AY, Tanner M, Alonso PL.


Source: Lancet. 1997 September 20; 350(9081): 844-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9310602 •

Randomization to iron supplementation of patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease--an inadvertent but controlled study with results important for patient care. Author(s): Jacobus DP. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 April; 173(4): 1044-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8603950

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Reconstruction of anti-leprosy drug depleted complement haemolytic activity by addition of zymosan-treated sera (a source of C142) and CratEDTA (a source of C3C9). Author(s): Kashyap A, Saha K, Sehgal VN. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1992 November; 14(8): 1409-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1464472

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Roll back of Plasmodium falciparum antifolate resistance by insecticide-treated nets. Author(s): Zimmerman PA. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2003 September; 69(3): 236-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14628936

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Sensitive and rapid spectrophotometric methods for determination of anticancer drugs. Author(s): Nagaraja P, Vasantha RA, Yathirajan HS. Source: J Aoac Int. 2002 September-October; 85(5): 1021-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12374398

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Studies on Azadiracta indica in malaria [proceedings]. Author(s): Tella A. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1976 October; 58(2): 318P. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=788819

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The effect of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs on monocyte function in vitro. Author(s): Norris DA, Weston WL, Sams WM Jr. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1977 September; 90(3): 569-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=894108

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The effect of insecticide-treated bed nets on mortality of Gambian children. Author(s): Alonso PL, Lindsay SW, Armstrong JR, Conteh M, Hill AG, David PH, Fegan G, de Francisco A, Hall AJ, Shenton FC, et al.

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Source: Lancet. 1991 June 22; 337(8756): 1499-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1675368 •

The impact of experimental human leprosy in the mouse on leprosy research. Author(s): Rees RJ. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1971 April-June; 39(2): 201-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4948076

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Therapy of brown spider envenomation: a controlled trial of hyperbaric oxygen, Dapsone, and cyproheptadine. Author(s): Phillips S, Kohn M, Baker D, Vander Leest R, Gomez H, McKinney P, McGoldrick J, Brent J. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1995 March; 25(3): 363-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7864478

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Treatment modalities for patients with HIV disease. Author(s): Molaghan JB. Source: Journal of Intravenous Nursing : the Official Publication of the Intravenous Nurses Society. 1991 May-June; 14(3 Suppl P): S25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2033484

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Treatment of patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Author(s): Stanaland BE. Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 2002 October; 23(2): 233-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12221867

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Use of a common Indian herb “Mandukaparni” in the treatment of leprosy (preliminary report). Author(s): Chaudhuri S, Ghosh S, Chakraborty T, Kundu S, Hazra SK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1978 April 16; 70(8): 177-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=690465

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Useful plants of dermatology. I. Hydnocarpus and chaulmoogra. Author(s): Norton SA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 October; 31(4): 683-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8089304

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Variation of malaria transmission and morbidity with altitude in Tanzania and with introduction of alphacypermethrin treated nets. Author(s): Maxwell CA, Chambo W, Mwaimu M, Magogo F, Carneiro IA, Curtis CF.


Source: Malaria Journal [electronic Resource]. 2003 September 10; 2(1): 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14585106

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to Dapsone; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Dermatitis Herpetiformis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Antibiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brewer's Yeast Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dapsone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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PABA Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Probiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tetracycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON DAPSONE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “Dapsone” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Dapsone, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Dapsone By performing a patent search focusing on Dapsone, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on Dapsone: •

Antibiotic combination Inventor(s): Kompis; Ivan (Oberwil, CH), Then; Rudolf (Weil am Rhein, DE) Assignee(s): Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. (Nutley, NJ) Patent Number: 5,721,242 Date filed: May 12, 1994 Abstract: Pharmaceutical preparations containing an antibacterially-active synergistic combination of epiroprim and Dapsone are useful in the treatment or control of infections caused by mycobacteria, Actinomycetes and toxoplasmosis pathogens. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with an antibiotically-active synergistic combination preparation consisting of 2,4-diamino-5-›3,5-diethoxy-4-(pyrrol-1yl)benzyl!pyrimidine (epiroprim) and 4,4'-diamino-diphenylsulphone (Dapsone) or their respective pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The invention is also concerned with the use of epiroprim and Dapsone or their respective pharmaceutically acceptable salts as active substances in the treatment or control of infections caused by mycobacteria, Actinomycetes, especially Nocardia sp., and toxoplasmosis pathogens in mammals, both human and non-human, and unit dosage forms containing epiroprim and Dapsone to treat or control infections caused by mycobacteria, Acetinomycetes, especially Nocardia sp., and toxoplasmosis pathogens in mammals, both human and non-human. The use of diaminobenzylpyrimidines, including epiroprim, optionally in combination with Dapsone or antibacterially-active sulphonamides, against infections with the fungus Pneumocystitis carinii is known from Patent Publication WO 92 08461. It has surprisingly been found that the combination of epiroprim with Dapsone is suitable for the treatment of infections in mammals, both human and non-human, caused by mycobacteria, especially M. marinum, M. smegmatis, M. avium and M. leprae; and of toxoplasmosis pathogens, especially Toxoplasma gondii; as well as Actinomycetes, especially Nocardia sp. The active substances, epiroprim and Dapsone, can be administered individually or as a combination preparation, and simultaneously or chronologically spaced, with the simultaneous administration being preferred. Of course, the method or methods of administration should be done so long that the antibacterially-active synergistic combination of epiroprim and Dapsone is ultimately dosed to the mammal in need of treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05721242__

•

Compositions and methods for topical application of therapeutic agents Inventor(s): Osborne; David W. (The Woodlands, TX) Assignee(s): ViroTex Corporation (The Woodlands, TX) Patent Number: 5,863,560 Date filed: September 11, 1996 Abstract: The present invention generally relates to pharmaceutical compositions that enable control of drug delivery properties and the development of optimal drug delivery strategies customized for particular drugs and particular diseases. The composition includes a dissolved pharmaceutical that has the capacity to permeate the

Patents 73

stratum corneum layer of the epidermis and become available systemically, and a pharmaceutical in a microparticulate state that does not readily cross the stratum corneum of the epidermis. The dissolved and microparticulate pharmaceuticals may be the same or different pharmaceuticals. Methods for the preparation and use of the compositions are also provided. In a preferred embodiment, the invention finds particular use in a formulation for the topical application of Dapsone for the treatment of acne. In another preferred embodiment, the invention finds particular use for the treatment of herpes lesions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel dermatological compositions that exhibit readily optimized solubility and systemic drug delivery properties for applying drugs and therapeutic agents to the skin of humans and animals and methods for their preparation and use. While the skin has long been considered the preferred route of administration for cosmetic applications and dermatological therapies, the introduction of transdermal nitroglycerin patches initiated use of the skin as a route for administering systemic drug therapy. Three types of known product applications which employ the barrier properties of the skin for drug delivery include cosmetic, topical, and transdermal applications. The optimal delivery strategy for administering pharmaceuticals via the skin varies among individual pharmaceuticals and among different disease states. Cosmetic applications are limited to negligible drug penetration past the stratum corneum. Thus, any carrier that minimizes penetration or that aids excipient retention within or onto the stratum corneum would be of tremendous advantage. For transdermal applications, steady state drug delivery is preferred. Steady state delivery requires the use of rate-controlling membranes that slow systemic breakthrough of highly permeable drugs such as nitroglycerin. This type of control can be achieved by using matrix type patches that modify delivery rates by using polymer adhesives and solvents. For topical delivery, minimal systemic breakthrough is always preferred. In order to adequately dose the viable epidermis and dermis, however, large amounts of drug must cross the intact skin barrier, i.e. the stratum corneum, or the lesional delivery barrier, i.e. scab, plaque, etc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05863560__ •

Dapsone and promin for the treatment of dementia Inventor(s): Harada; Nobua (Oku-gun, JP), Kimura; Horoshi (Otsu, JP), McGeer; Edith G. (Vancouver, CA), McGeer; Patrick L. (Vancouver, CA), Schulzer; Michael (Vancouver, CA) Assignee(s): The University of British Columbia (Vancouver, CA) Patent Number: 5,532,219 Date filed: April 5, 1993 Abstract: This invention pertains to the novel use of 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone and its didextrose sulfonate derivative and other closely related sulfones in the prevention and treatment of dementia (Alzheimer's disease). A method of preventing and treating dementia in a human being suffering from dementia which comprises administering to the human being a therapeutic amount of a substance selected from the group consisting of 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone, its didextrose sulfonate derivative, and sulfoxone, sulfetrone and thiazolsulfone, and therapeutically acceptable salts thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to the novel use of 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone and its didextrose sulfonate derivative and closely related anti-lepromatous sulfones in the

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treatment of dementia (Alzheimer's disease) in human beings. Alzheimer's Disease is by far the most common cause of primary dementia. Either by itself, or in combination with multiple infarcts, it accounts for almost 80% of all cases. No treatment has been established which will prevent the onset or delay the progression of Alzheimer's Disease. It is possible that known drugs would have an as yet unrecognized efficacy in this respect. 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone Dapsone and its didextrose sulfonate derivative Promin.TM. were first shown to have a favourable effect in treating rat leprosy in 1941 (Cowdry and Ruangsiri, Arch. Pathol. 32:632, 1941). Successful clinical trials for the treatment of human leprosy followed and these two compounds are now the most important anti-leprosy drugs. The two drugs have since been used for treating a variety of skin diseases such as dermatitis herpetiformis and efficacy has been reported in several disorders of presumed autoimmune origin such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus and Behcet's disease. Dapsone is a drug that has been used worldwide for over 40 years. It has been found to have few side effects and these are well understood due to extensive experience with patients taking the drug continuously for many years. To the applicants' knowledge, 4,4'diaminodiphenylsulfone and its didextrose sulfonate derivative, and closely related antilepromatous sulfones have never been used or considered for the treatment of dementia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05532219__ •

Methods of increasing the efficacy of peroxides Inventor(s): Burkhart; Craig N. (4556 Crossfields Rd., Toledo, OH 43623) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,737,070 Date filed: March 6, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to methods of increasing the efficacy of peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide in the treatment of skin conditions such as acne. In a preferred embodiment, the invention relates to methods of increasing radicals formed by peroxides on/in the skin, more specifically near/in the comedone, for topical use in dermatology. In a specific embodiment, the invention relates to the use of transitional metals such as Cu(1) and ferrous ions-to increase the efficacy of peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide. In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method by which a peroxide such as benzoyl peroxide and its activator are added to the skin surface at the same time. In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a more soluble form of peroxide such as benzoyl peroxide to increase its efficacy. In another embodiment, the invention relates to the addition of a side chain to a peroxide such as benzoyl peroxide so that it is activated by light. In a further embodiment, the invention relates to the addition of a tertiary amine to a peroxide such as benzoyl peroxide at the time of skin application, to improve the efficacy of the peroxide. In another embodiment, the invention relates to the addition of Dapsone or other material to a peroxide such as benzoyl peroxide to improve its efficacy. Excerpt(s): This invention relates in general to methods of treating skin conditions such as acne, and in particular to methods of increasing the efficacy of peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide in the treatment of skin conditions. The pathophysiology of acne vulgaris, the most common cutaneous disease, is the consequence of the interplay of follicular hyperkeratinization, bacteria in the follicular canal, and sebum production. The exact mechanism triggering the development of the comedone and the stimuli

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causing the non-inflamed lesion to become provoked are poorly understood. The microbiology of acne vulgaris and its immunologic ramifications constitute a major thrust of present research in the elucidation of the pathogenesis of inflammatory acne. Within the microbial flora of the pilosebaceous unit, P. acnes is the most meaningful organism in acne causation. The methods of acne therapy are usually grouped into several categories such as keratolytics, antibacterials, sebosuppressives, and hormones. Benzoyl peroxide (BP) is the most widely used topical agent for acne since its introduction in the 1960's. BP is very effective for the treatment of acne because it is antibacterial, functions as a peeling agent, has comedolytic activity, and reduces free fatty acid levels. Concomitant topical treatment of BP and erythromycin is stated to be superior to BP alone. Such combination therapies are hypothesized to gain their efficacy by the coupled action of two effective treatments. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06737070__

Patent Applications on Dapsone As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to Dapsone: •

Galenical preparations of Dapsone and related sulphones, and method of therapeutic and preventative treatment of disease Inventor(s): Aberg, A K Gunnar; (Sarasota, FL), Bain, Allen I; (Vancouver, CA), Zolotoy, Alexander; (Richmond, CA) Correspondence: Kevin S Lemack; Neilds & Lemack; 176 E Main Street; Westboro; MA; 01581; US Patent Application Number: 20030092635 Date filed: August 26, 2002 Abstract: Dapsone and related sulfones are known to have therapeutic activity against leprosy, dermatitis herpetiformis, actinomycotic mycetoma, asthma, malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, Kaposis sarcoma, pneumocystis carini (pneumonia), subcorneal pustular dermatosis and cystic acne, in patients in need of such therapy. These sulfones are also known to have therapeutic activity against memory loss in patients in need of such therapy, including patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders. It has now been found that new, modified-release formulations of Dapsone and related sulfones may also be used that decrease side effects and increase effectiveness of the drugs. New methods are disclosed utilizing certain formulations of Dapsone and related sulfones that improve the therapeutic index of said drugs. Side effects of these drugs are known to those skilled in the art and include, but are not restricted to anorexia, psychosis, agranulocytosis, peripheral neuritis, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, tachycardia, nervousness, insomnia and skin disorders. Modified-release (as defined herein) formulations of Dapsone have now been found to avoid some or all of these side effects, and to have more efficacy on potency.

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Excerpt(s): The object of the present invention pertains to a method of treating or preventing certain diseases in a human being while increasing compliance, reducing side effects and improving efficacy of the active therapeutic ingredient(s) within a large therapeutic range. The method comprises the use of modified-release dosage formulations of sulfone compounds including 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone, its didextrose sulfonate derivative(s), their analogs, metabolites, any enantiomers, any diasteriomers, or mixtures thereof and/or therapeutically acceptable salts thereof. Dapsone is an active substance that is known in the treatment of various infectious diseases and inflammatory conditions. There is a wealth of data and experimental studies regarding the activity of Dapsone and related sulfones. In particular, there is a large amount of data regarding the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of the drug. It is also known in the prior art that Dapsone has therapeutic activity against leprosy, dermatitis herpetiformis, actinomycotic mycetoma, asthma, malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, Kaposis sarcoma, pneumocystis carinii (pneumonia), subcorneal pustular dermatosis and cystic acne, in patients in need of such therapy. However, since the acute or chronic toxicity of Dapsone is unacceptable at the doses necessary to treat most diseases, it is not possible to use this compound for these indications in the presently available formulation(s). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Protectant for UV-induced skin damage Inventor(s): Osborne, David W.; (Fort Collins, CO) Correspondence: Lisa A. Amii; Morrison & Foerster Llp; 755 Page Mill Road; Palo Alto; CA; 94304-1018; US Patent Application Number: 20040086469 Date filed: October 30, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for protecting against UV radiationinduced skin damage. Specifically, compositions including Dapsone are administered to provide UV protection. The Dapsone compositions may be administered orally, or by other parenteral routes, such as topically, transdermally, by inhalation, and the like. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of dermatologic pharmacology. In particular, UV protectants that reduce the risk of skin damage are described. The compositions are formulated with Dapsone as the active protective ingredient. Human skin is a primary target of nonionizing electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared ranges, and consists of three distinct layers: the stratum corneum, the epidermis, and the dermis. The epidermis and dermis contain several molecules known as chromophores, that are capable of absorbing light or UV radiation (UVR). The main chromophores in human skin include such molecules as nucleic acids, aromatic amino acids, proteins, porphyrins, carotenoids, steroids, and quinones (Mary S. Matsui and Vincent A. DeLeo, Skin Cancer: Mechanisms and Human Relevance Chp. 4, 22 (Hasan Mukhtar ed., 1995)). The UV spectrum is divided into A, B, and C ranges. The UVC range extends from wavelengths between 200 and 290 nm. The UVB spectrum includes wavelengths between 290 and 320 nm, and is generally known as the sunburn spectrum because it produces erythema in human skin. UVA radiation includes wavelengths between 320 to 400 nm. Atmospheric ozone absorbs all UVC and much of the UVB, so that the spectrum of UV radiation at the earth's surface consists primarily of UVA. The depth to which a photon penetrates in vivo is related to its wavelength. Thus, most UVB radiation transmitted through the ozone layer is absorbed within the first 0.03

Patents 77

mm of the epidermis, whereas one third of UVA radiation penetrates to a depth of 0.1 mm (Hardie et al., Surgery 87:177 (1980)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Topical Dapsone for the treatment of acne Inventor(s): Osborne, David W.; (Fort Collins, CO) Correspondence: Lisa A. Amii; Morrison & Foerster Llp; 755 Page Mill Road; Palo Alto; CA; 94304-1018; US Patent Application Number: 20030157036 Date filed: February 20, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of treating acne by topically applying a dermatological composition comprising Dapsone. In addition to inflammatory lesions, the composition also treats non-inflammatory acne. The composition is formulated to include Dapsone in a both a dissolved and microparticulate state. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of dermatology. In particular, the invention is a novel method for treating primary non-inflammatory acne or closed comedones by topically administering Dapsone. Sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles and secrete an oily substance called sebum into the upper part of the follicles. These glands are found everywhere on the human skin, except for the soles and dorsa of the feet and the palms. In each gland, a common excretory duct is supplied by smaller ducts that originate in the acini of the gland. As the sebaceous cells move toward the center of the gland, lipid synthesis within the cells continues until there is a 100 to 150 fold increase in cell volume. The cells then rupture and lipid is expelled into the excretory stream of the gland, passing through the follicular canal and into the upper third of the hair follicle. On the skin of the face, the sebaceous glands are the predominant portion of the follicles and are called sebaceous follicles. The follicular canal contains keratinous material, i.e., dead skin cells, from the wall of the canal, sebum from the sebaceous glands, and bacteria, predominately Propionibacterium acnes. In the follicular canal of patients with acne, these dead skin cells clump together to form a keratin plug. This altered pattern of keratinization is the primary structural change in the follicular canal that leads to an acne lesion. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with Dapsone, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “Dapsone” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on Dapsone.

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You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning Dapsone. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON DAPSONE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover Dapsone.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on Dapsone is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “Dapsone” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to Dapsone. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “Dapsone” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for Dapsone: •

Weekly Dapsone less toxic, but less effective, than daily dosing Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 25, 1999

•

No major interactions between trimetrexate and Dapsone seen in AIDS patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 16, 1999

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•

Atovaquone, Dapsone equally effective for HIV-related PCP prophylaxis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 04, 1999

•

Dosage Of Dapsone For PCP Prophylaxis In HIV-Positive Patients Determined Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 16, 1996 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “Dapsone” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “Dapsone” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to Dapsone, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “Dapsone” (or synonyms).

Newsletters on Dapsone Find newsletters on Dapsone using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “Dapsone.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “Dapsone” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: •

Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Part I Source: GIG Newsletter. Gluten Intolerance Group of North America Newsletter. 17(2): 9-14. April-June 1993. Contact: Available from Gluten Intolerance Group of North America. P.O. Box 23053, Seattle, WA 98102. (206) 325-6980. Summary: This newsletter article provides an overview of dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), a common complication in people with celiac disease or gluten intolerance. Written in a question-and-answer format, the document discusses the appearance of DH; the body areas most likely to have DH eruptions; variations in severity; relationship between hormone levels and DH eruptions; demographics; how DH is diagnosed; other IgA skin disorders that mimic DH; treatment options for DH; medications used and side effects of each, including Dapsone, sulphapyridine, and sulphamethoxy-pyridazine; and choosing diet versus medication. The article was excerpted from a chapter in the text Coeliac Disease (Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992).

Academic Periodicals covering Dapsone Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to Dapsone. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering Dapsone that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for Dapsone. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP).

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Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.

Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to Dapsone by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “Dapsone” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for

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85

marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for Dapsone: •

Clofazimine (trade name: Lamprene) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=651

If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Dapsone” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 4622 15 43 176 29 4885

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “Dapsone” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Dapsone can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Dapsone. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Dapsone. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Dapsone”:

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Autoimmune Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/autoimmunediseases.html Cartilage Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cartilagedisorders.html Pneumocystis Carinii Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pneumocystiscariniiinfections.html Vasculitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vasculitis.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on Dapsone. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Dapsone Contact: National AIDS Treatment Information Project, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Beth Israel Hospital, 330 Brookline Ave Libby Bldg 317, Boston, MA, 02215, (617) 667-5520, http://www.natip.org. Summary: This fact sheet, written for individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), presents information about the therapeutic drug, Dapsone. Dapsone is used to help prevent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in HIV-positive individuals. Though not as effective as trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) in the prevention of PCP, Dapsone has been shown to be more tolerable among individuals with HIV who cannot handle the side effects of TMPSMX for primary and secondary prophylaxis. The side effects of Dapsone include nausea, vomiting, stomachache, loss of appetite, headache, rash, and anemia. Women who are pregnant or nursing should discuss whether or not to take Dapsone with their physician, as its safety in these situations has not been established. Financial issues regarding PCP are discussed. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate

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in some way to Dapsone. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Dapsone. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Dapsone. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Dapsone. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine.

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To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Dapsone” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Dapsone”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Dapsone” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Dapsone” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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DAPSONE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] AceDapsone: Acetylated sulfone that is slowly metabolized to give long-term, low blood levels of Dapsone. It has antimicrobial and antimalarial action, but is mainly used as a depot leprostatic agent. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acrodermatitis: Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH]

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Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agranulocytosis: A decrease in the number of granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils). [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from kanamycin. It is reno- and ototoxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains.

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There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier

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for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight

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of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for burns and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of acne and poison ivy. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic

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engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal

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functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma

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infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses. [NIH] Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of lincomycin. [NIH] Clinical resistance: The failure of a cancer to shrink after treatment. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire

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functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH]

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Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Co-trimoxazole: A combination of two anti-infection drugs, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. It is used to fight bacterial and protozoal infections. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyanosis: A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic,

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appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytochrome b5: A cytochrome occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum that acts as an intermediate electron carrier in some reactions catalyzed by mixed function oxidases, e.g., fatty acid desaturation. It further activates molecular oxygen for an attack on the substrate. MW 16kDa. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has

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been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite. [NIH] Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to didanosine (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dihydropteroate Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of dihydropteroate from p-aminobenzoic acid and dihydropteridine-hydroxymethyl-pyrophosphate. EC 2.5.1.15. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH]

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Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Dose-limiting: Describes side effects of a drug or other treatment that are serious enough to prevent an increase in dose or level of that treatment. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dumping Syndrome: Gastrointestinal nonfunctioning pylorus. [NIH]

symptoms

resulting

from

an

absent

or

Duodenal Ulcer: An ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH]

Dyscrasia: A term formerly used to indicate an abnormal mixture of the four humours; in surviving usages it now is roughly synonymous with 'disease' or 'pathologic condition'. [EU] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU]

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Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers:

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1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic estrogen with high oral estrogenic potency. It is often used as the estrogenic component in oral contraceptives. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention

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of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gastrectomy: An operation to remove all or part of the stomach. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH]

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Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]

Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Haematological: Relating to haematology, that is that branch of medical science which treats of the morphology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [EU] Haematology: The science of the blood, its nature, functions, and diseases. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of

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allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Herpetiformis: Duhring's disease a recurring, inflammatory disease of the skin of unknown etiology characterized by erythematous, papular, pustular, or vesicular lesions which tend to group and are accompanied by itching and burning. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic

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decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydroxylamine: A colorless inorganic compound (HONH2) used in organic synthesis and as a reducing agent, due to its ability to donate nitric oxide. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypereosinophilic Syndrome: A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs. It is often referred to as idiopathic. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

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Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the

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microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoniazid: Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment

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of choice for tuberculosis. [NIH] Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of

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epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Lincomycin: (2S-trans)-Methyl 6,8-dideoxy-6-(((1-methyl-4-propyl-2pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)-1-thio-D-erythro-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside. An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Macrolides: A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and

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transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy. It may cause blood dyscrasias. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methaemoglobinaemia: The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. It may be drug-induced or be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in haemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). [EU] Methemoglobin Reductase: An erythrocyte enzyme which catalyzes the reduction of

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methemoglobin (ferrihemoglobin) to hemoglobin (ferrohemoglobin). Deficiency produces the inherited disease familial methemoglobinemia. In the absence of methemoglobin, the enzyme can also reduce methylene blue. [NIH] Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits Guanylate cyclase, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of methemoglobin. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Minocycline: A semisynthetic staphylococcus infections. [NIH]

antibiotic

effective

against

tetracycline-resistant

Mixed Function Oxidases: Catalyse the insertion of one oxygen atom of molecular oxygen into the organ substrate. Require a second substrate to donate electrons for the reduction of the second atom in the oxygen molecule to water. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH]

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Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoglobin: A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrobiosis Lipoidica: A degenerative disease of the dermal connective tissue characterized by the development of erythematous papules or nodules in the pretibial area. The papules form plaques covered with telangiectatic vessels. More than half of the affected patients have diabetes. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Nervousness: Excessive excitability and irritability, with mental and physical unrest. [EU] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous

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smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ofloxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial drug active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ototoxic: Having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance. [EU] Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to flucloxacillin used in resistant staphylococci infections. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It

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is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Pancytopenia: Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects. [NIH] Pentoxifylline: A methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU]

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Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma,

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including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is

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indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Irritation, scarring, and narrowing of the bile ducts inside and outside the liver. Bile builds up in the liver and may damage its cells. Many people with this condition also have ulcerative colitis. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procainamide: A derivative of procaine with less CNS action. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ethionamide. It is used mostly in combination with other agents. [NIH]

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Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by

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pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyoderma: Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Pyoderma Gangrenosum: An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown. [NIH] Quinones: Hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH]

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Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH]

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Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated

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manner. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Standard therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of cancer, based on the results of past research. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfadiazine: A short-acting sulfonamide used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat

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toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections. [NIH] Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systemic therapy: Treatment that uses substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytosis: Increased numbers of platelets in the peripheral blood. [EU] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances

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usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection and prevent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. [NIH] Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect. [NIH] Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberculostatic: Inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. [EU]

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Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU]

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Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIVinduced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia. [NIH]

147

INDEX A Abdominal, 107, 133, 134, 145 Abscess, 50, 107 Acantholysis, 107, 134 Acceptor, 107, 129, 133 AceDapsone, 18, 107 Acidity, 107, 135 Acne, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 107, 111 Acne Vulgaris, 74, 107 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 41, 46, 107, 143 Acrodermatitis, 19, 107 Acute renal, 107, 124 Adaptability, 107, 113 Adenosine, 107, 112 Adhesives, 73, 107 Adrenal Cortex, 107, 116 Adverse Effect, 107, 141 Agar, 108, 135 Agranulocytosis, 14, 28, 51, 57, 75, 108 Alertness, 108, 112 Algorithms, 108, 112 Alimentary, 108, 134 Alkaloid, 108, 114 Alleles, 6, 108 Allergen, 108, 118 Allogeneic, 32, 108, 123 Allylamine, 108 Alopecia, 55, 108 Alpha Particles, 108, 139 Alpha-helix, 108, 128 Alternative medicine, 80, 108 Amikacin, 50, 108 Amine, 74, 108, 124 Amino acid, 60, 76, 108, 109, 121, 122, 123, 134, 136, 137, 141, 142, 144, 145 Amino Acid Sequence, 109, 122 Ammonia, 108, 109, 143 Anaemia, 64, 65, 66, 109 Analgesic, 109, 125 Analog, 109, 114 Anaphylatoxins, 109, 115 Androgens, 107, 109, 116 Anemia, 31, 52, 96, 109, 121, 130, 135, 146 Angina, 25, 109, 133 Anions, 109, 127, 141 Anorexia, 75, 109, 145 Antagonism, 109, 112

Antiallergic, 109, 116, 117 Antibacterial, 16, 75, 109, 114, 127, 133, 141 Antibiotic, 72, 108, 109, 112, 121, 128, 129, 131, 133, 134, 141, 142, 143, 144 Antibodies, 10, 54, 109, 111, 124, 129, 135 Antibody, 35, 60, 109, 110, 114, 125, 126, 127, 131, 139, 146 Anticonvulsant, 110, 130 Antifungal, 110, 128 Antigen, 109, 110, 115, 117, 125, 126 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 110, 115 Antigen-presenting cell, 110, 117 Anti-inflammatory, 41, 67, 110, 116, 123, 125, 137 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 110, 116 Antimicrobial, 16, 17, 26, 27, 36, 37, 47, 48, 49, 58, 107, 110 Antineoplastic, 110, 116, 144, 145 Antineoplastic Agents, 110, 145 Antioxidant, 65, 110 Antipruritic, 110, 116 Antiviral, 5, 110 Archaea, 110, 131 Arterial, 108, 110, 125, 132, 137 Arteries, 110, 112, 116, 131 Arteritis, 39, 110 Artery, 110, 112, 116, 138 Aseptic, 50, 110 Assay, 40, 110 Asymptomatic, 110, 133 Atmospheric Pressure, 110, 125 Atrophy, 4, 107, 111 Attenuated, 111, 145 Autoantibodies, 111, 117 Autodigestion, 111, 133 Autologous, 65, 111 B Bacteria, 74, 77, 109, 110, 111, 123, 124, 131, 133, 138, 140, 141, 142, 145 Bacteriophage, 111, 135 Bacteriostatic, 111, 121 Bacterium, 111, 124 Basophils, 108, 111, 123, 128 Benign, 17, 111, 124, 132, 139 Benzoyl Peroxide, 74, 111 Bewilderment, 111, 115 Bile, 111, 114, 129, 137, 142

148

Dapsone

Bile duct, 111, 114, 137 Biliary, 111, 134 Biliary Tract, 111, 134 Bioavailability, 18, 37, 76, 111 Biochemical, 24, 25, 31, 35, 41, 50, 51, 108, 111, 141 Biosynthesis, 111, 137 Biotechnology, 11, 14, 80, 91, 111 Bladder, 6, 30, 39, 112, 115, 145 Blister, 8, 18, 112, 134 Blood Cell Count, 112, 135 Blood Platelets, 112, 141, 143 Blood pressure, 112, 125, 131 Blood vessel, 112, 124, 127, 141, 145 Body Fluids, 112, 119 Bone Marrow, 57, 112, 116, 122, 126, 129, 146 Bowel, 112, 127, 145 Brachytherapy, 112, 127, 139, 146 Broad-spectrum, 108, 112, 133 Buccal, 112, 129 Bullous, 19, 38, 52, 54, 55, 112, 117 Burns, 111, 112 C Caffeine, 6, 112 Calcium, 112, 115 Candidiasis, 3, 113 Candidosis, 113 Capsules, 10, 113, 119 Carbohydrate, 113, 116 Carcinogenic, 113, 127, 137, 142 Carcinoma, 55, 113 Cardiac, 108, 112, 113, 120, 121, 132, 142 Carotenoids, 76, 113 Case report, 11, 14, 16, 19, 23, 29, 42, 50, 66, 113 Cations, 113, 127 Causal, 113, 124 Celiac Disease, 4, 81, 113 Cell Count, 3, 113 Cell Death, 8, 113, 132 Cell Division, 111, 113, 135 Cellulose, 113, 122, 135 Central Nervous System, 112, 113, 124, 125, 134, 141 Central Nervous System Infections, 113, 124 Centrifugation, 114, 131 Character, 114, 117, 123 Chemotactic Factors, 114, 115 Chemotherapy, 16, 17, 21, 26, 27, 36, 37, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 58, 60, 114

Chlorophyll, 114, 122 Chloroquine, 5, 15, 28, 114 Cholangitis, 11, 23, 114 Chromosome, 114, 123, 129 Clear cell carcinoma, 114, 118 Clindamycin, 21, 114 Clinical resistance, 54, 114 Clinical trial, 4, 5, 11, 20, 74, 91, 114, 116, 119, 138, 139 Clonic, 114, 130 Cloning, 112, 114 Colchicine, 52, 114 Collagen, 107, 108, 114, 136 Colloidal, 114, 141 Complement, 65, 67, 109, 114, 115, 129, 136 Complementary and alternative medicine, 63, 70, 115 Complementary medicine, 63, 115 Compliance, 5, 25, 39, 76, 115 Computational Biology, 91, 115 Confusion, 24, 115, 119, 145 Congestion, 115, 121 Conjugated, 115, 117, 132 Connective Tissue, 112, 114, 115, 118, 132, 135, 140, 143 Consciousness, 109, 115, 117, 138 Contraindications, ii, 115 Controlled study, 67, 116 Corneum, 73, 76, 116, 121 Coronary, 116, 131, 133 Coronary Thrombosis, 116, 131 Corticosteroid, 22, 116, 136 Cortisol, 43, 116 Cortisone, 116, 137 Co-trimoxazole, 38, 39, 116 Cranial, 116, 124, 132, 135 Craniocerebral Trauma, 116, 124 Creatinine, 56, 116, 145 Curative, 116, 143 Cutaneous, 7, 8, 14, 22, 27, 31, 44, 55, 58, 74, 113, 116, 128, 129 Cyanide, 116, 131 Cyanosis, 116, 130 Cyclic, 112, 116, 135, 136 Cyclosporine, 21, 116 Cyproheptadine, 68, 116 Cytochrome, 9, 33, 41, 44, 117 Cytochrome b, 9, 117 Cytochrome b5, 9, 117 Cytokine, 117, 134 Cytoplasm, 111, 117, 120, 123

149

Cytotoxic, 9, 18, 117, 139 Cytotoxicity, 9, 13, 108, 117 D Degenerative, 117, 132 Delusions, 117, 138 Dementia, 73, 74, 107, 117 Dendrites, 117 Dendritic, 7, 117 Dendritic cell, 7, 117 Dermal, 117, 129, 132 Dermatitis, 4, 16, 29, 33, 40, 44, 46, 54, 65, 66, 69, 74, 75, 76, 81, 117 Dermatitis Herpetiformis, 4, 16, 40, 44, 54, 65, 66, 69, 74, 75, 76, 81, 117 Dermatosis, 38, 52, 75, 76, 118 Dermis, 4, 73, 76, 118, 143, 144 DES, 31, 60, 109, 118 Desensitization, 53, 118, 126 Detoxification, 7, 9, 118 Diabetes Mellitus, 118, 124, 134 Diagnostic procedure, 71, 80, 118 Didanosine, 26, 118 Dideoxyadenosine, 118 Diffusion, 118, 127 Digestion, 108, 111, 112, 118, 127, 129, 142 Dihydropteroate Synthase, 12, 48, 118 Dihydrotestosterone, 118, 139 Dilator, 118, 132 Diploid, 118, 135 Direct, iii, 118, 139 Discrete, 118, 128 Disorientation, 115, 119 Disposition, 22, 41, 42, 54, 119 Diuresis, 112, 119 Dizziness, 75, 119 Dosage Forms, 53, 72, 119 Dose-dependent, 119, 146 Dose-limiting, 119, 144 Double-blind, 8, 21, 23, 119 Double-blinded, 8, 119 Drug Interactions, 84, 119 Drug Resistance, 64, 119 Drug Tolerance, 119 Duct, 77, 119, 143 Dumping Syndrome, 117, 119 Duodenal Ulcer, 119, 133 Dyscrasia, 15, 119 E Effector, 115, 119, 135 Efficacy, 6, 26, 45, 46, 54, 55, 56, 74, 75, 76, 119, 144 Elastic, 119, 123

Electrolyte, 116, 120, 131, 145 Electrons, 110, 120, 127, 131, 133, 139 Emaciation, 107, 120 Enamel, 120, 128 Encephalitis, 12, 37, 46, 120 Encephalitis, Viral, 120 Endemic, 120, 130, 141 Endocarditis, 113, 120 Endopeptidases, 120, 137 Endotoxins, 115, 120 Environmental Health, 90, 92, 120 Enzymatic, 10, 108, 113, 115, 118, 120, 124 Enzyme, 7, 118, 119, 120, 122, 130, 135, 136, 137, 139, 142, 144, 146 Eosinophil, 35, 120 Eosinophilia, 50, 120, 125 Eosinophilic, 27, 120, 125 Epidermal, 7, 120, 128, 129 Epidermis, 73, 76, 107, 112, 116, 118, 120, 128, 129, 134, 137, 138, 139 Epithelial, 121 Epithelial Cells, 121 Epithelium, 4, 121, 127 Erythema, 27, 44, 50, 51, 76, 121, 145 Erythrocytes, 50, 51, 54, 109, 112, 121, 124, 134, 139 Erythromycin, 21, 26, 75, 121 Estrogen, 121 Ethinyl Estradiol, 45, 121 Excipient, 73, 121 Excitability, 121, 132 Exhaustion, 109, 121, 130 Extensor, 121, 138 External-beam radiation, 121, 127, 139, 146 Extraction, 33, 121 F Family Planning, 91, 121 Fat, 112, 116, 121, 129, 140, 141 Flexor, 121, 128 Fold, 77, 121 Folic Acid, 121, 144 Follicles, 77, 121 Free Radicals, 110, 121 Fungi, 110, 122, 131, 143, 145, 146 Fungus, 72, 113, 122 G Gastrectomy, 117, 122 Gastric, 12, 27, 37, 111, 119, 122, 125, 133 Gastric Acid, 122, 133 Gastrin, 122, 125

150

Dapsone

Gastrointestinal, 119, 122, 125, 130, 141, 142 Gastrointestinal tract, 122, 125, 141 Gene, 5, 6, 48, 108, 112, 122 Gene Expression, 6, 122 Gene Therapy, 5, 122 Genetic Code, 122, 133 Genetics, 8, 122 Genital, 29, 114, 122 Genotype, 6, 34, 122, 135 Gestation, 122, 134 Gland, 77, 107, 116, 122, 133, 135, 140, 141, 143 Glucocorticoid, 8, 123, 136, 137 Glucose, 31, 113, 118, 123, 124 Gluten, 4, 81, 113, 123 Glycine, 108, 123, 132 Gout, 114, 123 Governing Board, 123, 136 Grade, 123 Grading, 7, 123 Graft, 123, 126 Graft Rejection, 123, 126 Gram-negative, 123, 133 Gram-positive, 123, 133, 142 Granulocytes, 108, 123, 128, 146 Granuloma, 28, 31, 45, 60, 123 H Haematological, 31, 35, 46, 123 Haematology, 16, 25, 123 Hair follicles, 77, 118, 123, 146 Haploid, 123, 135 Haplotypes, 8, 123 Headache, 41, 57, 75, 96, 112, 124 Headache Disorders, 124 Heme, 117, 124, 132, 136 Hemoglobin, 109, 112, 116, 121, 124, 131, 136 Hemoglobin A, 124, 136 Hemoglobinopathies, 122, 124 Hemolysis, 57, 75, 124 Hemolytic, 31, 52, 124 Hemorrhage, 116, 124, 138 Hepatic, 7, 10, 18, 32, 124 Hereditary, 107, 123, 124, 135, 140 Heredity, 107, 122, 124 Herpes, 73, 124 Herpes Zoster, 124 Herpetiformis, 46, 118, 124 Histamine, 109, 116, 124, 133 Homologous, 108, 122, 125 Hormonal, 111, 116, 125

Hormone, 81, 116, 118, 122, 125, 140, 143 Hydrogen, 107, 108, 113, 118, 125, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 138 Hydrogen Peroxide, 125, 129 Hydroxylamine, 8, 9, 41, 50, 51, 60, 125 Hydroxylation, 22, 33, 39, 42, 43, 44, 125 Hydroxyproline, 108, 114, 125 Hyperbaric, 64, 68, 125 Hyperbaric oxygen, 64, 68, 125 Hypereosinophilic Syndrome, 33, 125 Hyperplasia, 125, 129 Hypersensitivity, 7, 9, 15, 24, 33, 34, 51, 53, 108, 118, 120, 125, 140 Hypertension, 124, 125, 145 I Ibuprofen, 54, 125 Idiopathic, 16, 23, 53, 68, 107, 125, 139 Immune response, 110, 116, 123, 125, 126, 129, 142, 146 Immune system, 110, 125, 126, 129, 146 Immunization, 126, 137 Immunodeficiency, 12, 13, 26, 32, 46, 47, 48, 49, 55, 58, 65, 67, 96, 107, 126 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 126 Immunofluorescence, 19, 126 Immunogenic, 9, 126 Immunoglobulin, 21, 109, 126, 131 Immunologic, 75, 114, 126, 134, 139, 146 Immunosuppression, 126, 133 Immunosuppressive, 21, 67, 123, 126 Immunosuppressive therapy, 21, 126 Immunotherapy, 9, 118, 126 Impairment, 111, 126, 130, 138 Implant radiation, 126, 127, 139, 146 In vitro, 8, 9, 12, 18, 26, 34, 41, 42, 48, 50, 51, 67, 122, 126 In vivo, 12, 21, 34, 41, 76, 118, 122, 126 Incubated, 8, 126 Infantile, 107, 126 Infarction, 116, 126, 131 Infiltration, 4, 125, 127, 137 Inflammation, 66, 107, 110, 114, 117, 118, 120, 124, 127, 132, 133, 136, 140, 143, 145, 146 Infusion, 127, 144 Ingestion, 14, 127, 136 Inhalation, 76, 127, 136 Initiation, 127, 142, 144 Inorganic, 125, 127 Insomnia, 75, 127 Internal radiation, 127, 139, 146 Interstitial, 112, 127, 146

151

Intestinal, 4, 113, 127, 129 Intestinal Mucosa, 113, 127 Intestine, 4, 112, 127, 128 Intoxication, 16, 20, 21, 127, 146 Intracellular, 36, 112, 126, 127, 140 Intramuscular, 127, 134 Intravenous, 21, 68, 127, 134 Ions, 74, 107, 120, 125, 127 Iris, 33, 127 Irradiation, 31, 127, 146 Ischemia, 111, 127 Isoniazid, 39, 51, 127 K Kanamycin, 108, 128 Kb, 90, 128 Keratin, 77, 128, 141 Keratinocytes, 7, 54, 128 Ketoconazole, 26, 128 Kinetics, 42, 45, 128 L Labile, 114, 128 Large Intestine, 127, 128, 141 Latent, 128, 136 Leishmaniasis, 55, 128, 134 Lesion, 75, 77, 123, 128, 129, 145 Leucocyte, 27, 120, 128 Leukemia, 66, 122, 125, 128 Leukocytes, 6, 12, 111, 112, 114, 123, 128, 134, 135 Leukopenia, 128, 146 Lichen Planus, 19, 30, 128 Lincomycin, 114, 129 Linkage, 8, 129 Lipid, 52, 77, 129 Lipid Peroxidation, 52, 129 Liver, 7, 10, 16, 33, 41, 42, 44, 107, 111, 114, 121, 124, 129, 137 Lobe, 17, 129 Localization, 36, 129 Localized, 107, 126, 128, 129, 135, 145 Locomotion, 129, 135 Lupus, 8, 14, 19, 40, 58, 74, 129, 143 Lymphatic, 127, 129 Lymphocyte, 12, 51, 107, 110, 126, 129 Lymphocyte Count, 107, 129 Lymphocytic, 4, 129 Lymphoid, 109, 128, 129 Lymphoma, 4, 129 M Macrolides, 36, 129 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 124, 129

Malabsorption, 113, 129 Malaria, 6, 20, 21, 26, 28, 31, 40, 42, 50, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 75, 76, 129, 130 Malaria, Falciparum, 129, 130 Malaria, Vivax, 129, 130 Malignant, 107, 110, 130, 132, 139, 140 Malnutrition, 111, 130 Mania, 130 Manic, 34, 40, 130, 138 Mannans, 122, 130 Mediate, 22, 130 Medical Records, 130, 140 Medical Staff, 119, 130 MEDLINE, 91, 130 Melanin, 127, 130 Membrane, 16, 115, 121, 123, 130, 132, 133, 144 Memory, 75, 109, 117, 130 Mental, iv, 4, 90, 92, 115, 117, 119, 130, 132, 137, 138, 140, 145 Mental Disorders, 130, 137, 138 Mental Health, iv, 4, 90, 92, 130, 137 Mephenytoin, 6, 130 Metabolite, 9, 15, 18, 32, 40, 118, 130, 137 Methaemoglobinaemia, 24, 25, 37, 40, 54, 130 Methemoglobin Reductase, 34, 130 Methylene Blue, 37, 53, 131 MI, 32, 105, 131 Microbe, 131, 144 Microbiology, 52, 75, 131 Microorganism, 131, 146 Microsomal, 18, 33, 131 Mineralocorticoids, 107, 116, 131 Minocycline, 36, 131 Mixed Function Oxidases, 117, 131 Modification, 108, 118, 131, 146 Molecular, 6, 8, 33, 42, 91, 93, 111, 115, 117, 131 Molecule, 110, 115, 116, 119, 124, 131, 133, 136, 139, 144 Monitor, 46, 116, 131 Monoclonal, 127, 131, 139, 146 Monocyte, 67, 131 Mononuclear, 9, 60, 123, 131 Monotherapy, 6, 18, 20, 28, 30, 38, 51, 53, 54, 57, 131 Morphological, 122, 131 Morphology, 110, 123, 131 Motion Sickness, 132 Mucocutaneous, 128, 132 Mucosa, 129, 132

152

Dapsone

Myocardium, 131, 132 Myoglobin, 132, 136 N Nausea, 75, 96, 119, 132, 145 Necrobiosis Lipoidica, 35, 132 Necrosis, 126, 131, 132 Neoplasm, 132, 140 Neoplastic, 129, 132 Nerve, 36, 117, 132, 133, 137 Nervous System, 113, 114, 132, 142 Nervousness, 75, 132 Neuritis, 75, 132 Neurotransmitter, 107, 109, 123, 125, 132, 142 Neutrons, 108, 127, 132, 139 Neutropenia, 38, 132 Neutrophil, 12, 35, 132 Nitrogen, 108, 109, 132 Nitroglycerin, 73, 132 Nizatidine, 37, 133 Nuclei, 108, 120, 122, 132, 133, 138 Nucleic acid, 76, 118, 122, 132, 133, 146 Nucleus, 111, 116, 117, 131, 132, 133, 138 O Ofloxacin, 11, 15, 42, 133 Ointments, 119, 133 Oncology, 23, 24, 133 Opportunistic Infections, 5, 10, 107, 133 Osmotic, 133, 141 Osteoporosis, 8, 133 Ototoxic, 108, 133 Oxacillin, 12, 133 Oxidation, 107, 110, 117, 129, 133 P Palliative, 133, 143 Pancreas, 107, 133 Pancreatic, 133 Pancreatitis, 24, 133 Pancytopenia, 41, 134 Parenteral, 76, 134 Paresis, 132, 134 Paresthesias, 132, 134 Patch, 53, 134, 144 Pathogenesis, 5, 9, 10, 75, 134 Pathologic, 113, 116, 119, 125, 134, 138 Pathophysiology, 74, 134 Patient Education, 96, 100, 102, 105, 134 Pemphigus, 8, 17, 19, 32, 37, 46, 107, 134 Penicillamine, 47, 134 Penicillin, 109, 134, 145 Pentamidine, 9, 22, 23, 32, 39, 40, 46, 49, 54, 134

Pentoxifylline, 56, 134 Peptide, 108, 120, 128, 134, 136, 137 Perforation, 30, 134 Perinatal, 5, 9, 10, 134 Peripheral blood, 9, 135, 143 Peripheral Nerves, 128, 135 Pernicious anemia, 4, 135 Peroxidase, 35, 129, 135 Peroxide, 74, 75, 111, 135 PH, 67, 76, 135 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 113, 135, 137 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 119, 135 Pharmacokinetic, 9, 13, 58, 135 Pharmacologic, 5, 135, 144 Phenotype, 35, 51, 135 Phosphodiesterase, 134, 135 Pilot study, 15, 135 Pituitary Gland, 116, 135 Plants, 68, 108, 123, 131, 135, 144 Plaque, 73, 135 Plasma, 32, 50, 51, 109, 124, 131, 135, 141 Plasma cells, 109, 135 Plasma protein, 135, 141 Platelet Aggregation, 109, 134, 136 Platelets, 134, 136, 143 Pleated, 128, 136 Pneumonitis, 24, 49, 136 Point Mutation, 48, 136 Poisoning, 29, 37, 40, 53, 127, 131, 132, 136 Polymorphism, 8, 43, 136 Polypeptide, 108, 109, 114, 132, 136 Porphyrins, 76, 136 Posterior, 127, 133, 136 Postmenopausal, 133, 136 Practicability, 136, 144 Practice Guidelines, 92, 136 Precursor, 119, 120, 136, 137, 145 Predisposition, 7, 136 Prednisolone, 56, 136, 137 Prednisone, 56, 137 Prevalence, 54, 137 Prickle, 107, 128, 137 Primary Prevention, 55, 137 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, 16, 137 Probe, 30, 137 Procainamide, 9, 137 Procaine, 137 Prodrug, 137 Progression, 21, 74, 137 Progressive, 117, 119, 132, 137 Promoter, 8, 137

153

Prophylaxis, 3, 5, 11, 12, 15, 17, 22, 23, 26, 28, 30, 32, 36, 37, 39, 40, 46, 49, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 80, 96, 137 Propylene Glycol, 18, 137 Protease, 43, 137 Protease Inhibitors, 43, 137 Protein S, 112, 121, 122, 137, 142, 143 Proteolytic, 115, 137 Prothionamide, 39, 137 Protocol, 5, 7, 10, 138 Protons, 108, 125, 138, 139 Protozoa, 128, 131, 138, 144, 145 Protozoal, 116, 138 Protozoan, 114, 129, 138 Pruritic, 58, 117, 128, 138 Pruritus, 138, 145 Psoriasis, 14, 30, 138 Psychoactive, 138, 146 Psychosis, 75, 138 Public Policy, 91, 138 Publishing, 11, 138 Pulmonary, 12, 32, 47, 50, 112, 120, 138 Pulse, 50, 131, 138 Purpura, 16, 23, 37, 50, 53, 138 Purulent, 138, 139, 145 Pustular, 14, 30, 75, 76, 107, 124, 139 Pyoderma, 17, 50, 139 Pyoderma Gangrenosum, 17, 139 Q Quinones, 76, 139 R Radiation, 76, 121, 125, 126, 127, 139, 146 Radiation therapy, 121, 125, 127, 139, 146 Radioactive, 125, 126, 127, 139, 146 Radiolabeled, 127, 139, 146 Radiotherapy, 112, 127, 139, 146 Randomized, 21, 46, 49, 119, 139 Reality Testing, 138, 139 Receptor, 110, 133, 139, 141 Recombinant, 7, 10, 139 Recombination, 122, 139 Red blood cells, 121, 124, 139 Reductase, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17, 36, 48, 139, 144 Refer, 1, 112, 114, 119, 122, 124, 129, 132, 138, 139 Refraction, 139, 141 Refractory, 16, 51, 53, 140 Regimen, 44, 119, 140 Respiration, 131, 140 Retinoblastoma, 6, 140 Retrospective, 16, 55, 140 Retrospective study, 16, 55, 140

Retroviral vector, 122, 140 Rheology, 134, 140 Rheumatism, 19, 125, 140 Rheumatoid, 21, 47, 50, 74, 75, 76, 114, 140 Rheumatoid arthritis, 21, 47, 50, 74, 75, 76, 114, 140 Rickettsiae, 140, 145 Risk factor, 6, 39, 140 S Sarcoma, 44, 75, 76, 140 Schizoid, 140, 146 Schizophrenia, 140, 146 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 140, 146 Scleroproteins, 128, 140 Screening, 8, 29, 114, 140 Sebaceous, 77, 118, 140, 141, 146 Sebaceous gland, 77, 118, 140, 141, 146 Sebum, 74, 77, 107, 140, 141 Secretion, 107, 116, 125, 131, 133, 141 Semisynthetic, 114, 121, 131, 141 Senile, 133, 141 Septic, 110, 141 Serotonin, 116, 132, 141 Serum, 12, 18, 37, 54, 65, 109, 114, 131, 141 Serum Albumin, 18, 141 Side effect, 3, 74, 75, 76, 81, 83, 85, 96, 107, 118, 119, 137, 141, 144 Skull, 116, 141, 143 Small intestine, 119, 125, 127, 141, 145 Smooth muscle, 108, 109, 112, 125, 133, 141, 142 Soft tissue, 112, 141 Solvent, 133, 135, 137, 141 Spatial disorientation, 119, 141 Specialist, 97, 141 Species, 10, 108, 114, 128, 129, 131, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146 Spectrum, 76, 128, 141 Spinous, 121, 128, 141 Sporadic, 140, 141 Staging, 7, 142 Standard therapy, 6, 142 Staphylococcus, 12, 131, 142 Steady state, 73, 142 Sterile, 110, 142 Steroid, 116, 142 Stimulant, 112, 117, 125, 142, 145 Stomach, 107, 111, 122, 125, 132, 141, 142 Streptomycin, 51, 142 Stress, 116, 132, 136, 140, 142, 145 Stroma, 127, 142 Subacute, 14, 58, 126, 142

154

Dapsone

Subarachnoid, 124, 142 Subclinical, 126, 142 Subcutaneous, 134, 142 Subspecies, 141, 142 Substance P, 121, 130, 141, 142 Substrate, 117, 131, 142 Sulfadiazine, 9, 142 Sulfadoxine, 5, 15, 16, 20, 21, 33, 34, 42, 48, 52, 143 Supplementation, 64, 65, 66, 67, 143 Suppression, 116, 143, 146 Sweat, 118, 143 Sweat Glands, 118, 143 Symptomatic, 133, 143 Synergistic, 13, 72, 143 Systemic, 19, 22, 56, 73, 112, 113, 114, 126, 127, 136, 139, 143, 146 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 19, 22, 56, 114, 143 Systemic therapy, 114, 143 T Tachycardia, 75, 143 Temporal, 39, 124, 143 Testosterone, 139, 143 Tetracycline, 70, 131, 143 Therapeutics, 8, 21, 30, 41, 46, 49, 52, 84, 143 Thrombocytopenia, 22, 143 Thrombocytosis, 19, 143 Thrush, 113, 143 Thyroid, 4, 143 Tonic, 130, 143 Tonicity, 124, 143 Topical, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 125, 143 Toxic, iv, 9, 20, 79, 116, 117, 134, 143, 144, 146 Toxicity, 10, 32, 46, 55, 76, 119, 133, 144 Toxicology, 21, 53, 92, 144 Toxins, 110, 120, 126, 144 Trachea, 143, 144 Transcriptase, 118, 144 Transcription Factors, 8, 144 Transdermal, 73, 144 Transfection, 112, 122, 144 Transfusion, 37, 144 Translation, 108, 121, 144 Translational, 8, 144 Translocation, 121, 144 Trauma, 132, 134, 144 Treatment Outcome, 6, 144

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 21, 22, 36, 46, 48, 56, 96, 144 Trimetrexate, 48, 79, 144 Trypanosomiasis, 134, 144 Tuberculosis, 3, 128, 129, 144 Tuberculostatic, 127, 144 U Ulcer, 15, 119, 145 Ulcerative colitis, 137, 139, 145 Uraemia, 134, 145 Urethra, 145 Urinary, 55, 56, 143, 145 Urinary tract, 55, 143, 145 Urine, 29, 45, 112, 116, 119, 145 Urticaria, 55, 56, 68, 145 V Vaccines, 9, 145, 146 Vagina, 113, 118, 145 Vaginitis, 113, 145 Valine, 134, 145 Vascular, 108, 118, 124, 126, 127, 145 Vasculitis, 15, 16, 34, 38, 50, 56, 96, 134, 145 Vein, 127, 145 Venous, 112, 132, 137, 145 Vesicular, 117, 124, 131, 145 Veterinary Medicine, 91, 145 Villi, 145 Villous, 4, 113, 145 Vinca Alkaloids, 66, 145 Viral, 5, 118, 120, 145, 146 Virulence, 111, 144, 146 Virus, 12, 13, 26, 32, 46, 47, 48, 49, 55, 58, 65, 67, 96, 107, 111, 113, 135, 140, 145, 146 Visceral, 128, 146 Vitro, 10, 36, 54, 146 Vivo, 146 Vulgaris, 8, 19, 75, 107, 146 W White blood cell, 109, 126, 128, 129, 131, 132, 135, 146 Windpipe, 143, 146 Withdrawal, 4, 146 X X-ray, 127, 139, 146 X-ray therapy, 127, 146 Y Yeasts, 113, 122, 135, 146 Z Zidovudine, 13, 58, 60, 146

155

156

Dapsone

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