Continuity and Change in a Greek Rural Landscape: The Laconia Survey, Volume 2: Archaeological Data (Annual of the British School at Athens, Supplementary Volume 27)

CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN A GREEK RURAL LANDSCAPE THE LACONIA SURVEY VOLUMEII ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA AnnualoftheBritishS...

Author: W.G. Cavanagh | J.H. Crouwel | Graham Shipley

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CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN A GREEK RURAL LANDSCAPE

THE

LACONIA

SURVEY

VOLUMEII ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA AnnualoftheBritishSchool at Athens Volume27 Supplementary William Cavanagh Joost Crouwel R. W. V Catling Graham Shipley

withcontributions by PAMELAARMSTRONG TRISTANCARTER DAVID HIBLER

RICHARDJONES JO LAWSON MARCO OVERBEEK

APÓSTOLOS SARRIS HELEEN VISSCHER MARK YDO

andillustrations by ELIZABETH CATLING RON LEENHEER GUY SANDERS CATRIONATURNER SARAHWILD

LONDON · BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS · 1996

PublishedbytheBritishSchoolat Athens,31-34GordonSquare,London,WGiHoPY BritishSchoolat Athens,1996 © The ManagingCommittee, ISBN (thisvolume):0-904887-23-5 ISBN (setoftwovolumes):0-904887-21-9

Glos. Produced Stroud, Publishing, byAlan Sutton Pnntedin GreatBritainonacid-free paperby andNorthampton AldenPress,Oxford

ToHector Catling

PREFACE THIS VOLUMEREPRESENTS the second halfof our publicationof the resultsof the Laconia It fieldwork from (1983-8). containstheentirecorpusof archaeologicaldata resulting Survey whileVolumeOne containstheinterpretation oftheresults.The text thefieldwork and study, has been assembledovera periodofyears,but muchof it was revisedduring1995.Graham theoveralleditingand coordination ofthewholevolume. Shipleyundertook Whilethetwovolumestogethermakeup theprincipalpublicationof the Survey,theyare ofone another.WhileVolumeTwo represents a repertorium also to somedegreeindependent ofdifferent kindsofdata,mostlyin summaryor catalogueform,VolumeOne presentsa freestandingseries of argumentsand analyses which,it is hoped, will be capable of being understoodon theirown termswithoutreferenceto Volume Two. For these reasons the presentvolume contains its own List of Abbreviationsand Index, and its pages and are independently illustrations numbered,thoughthechapternumberscontinuetheseriesof An the firstvolume. of modern Greek adopted forthe explanationof the transliteration Survey,an account of the systemof zones and site numbers,and a descriptionof the oftheSurveyare includedin VolumeOne. methodology In theprefaceto VolumeOne willalso be foundour fullacknowledgements and a listofall thosewho tookpartin theSurvey.Duringthesevensurveyand studycampaignsin Laconia, and thesubsequentpreparationofthepublication, we incurredmanyotherobligations. In the firstplace, manythanksare due to the ArchaeologicalService of the Greek Ministryof forLakonia and Arkadia),fortheir Culture,and to Dr Th. Spyropoulos(EphorofAntiquities permissionand assistance during the survey.Mrs E. Kourinou and Mrs E. Rozaki, in the Lakonia Ephoreia,have been especiallyhelpful.IGME (theInstitutefor Epimelitries Geological and Mineral Research) kindlysupported our application to carry out the The GeographicalServiceof the GreekArmysuppliedus withthe survey. geomorphological relevantsheetsofthe1 : 5,000and 1 : 50,000map series,and withaerialphotographs. The successiveofficersand staffof the BritishSchool at Athenswere helpfulin every of theirtimeand advice duringand between possibleway.Variousexpertsgave generously Chris Mee and Carol Zerner. seasons, survey particularly In connectionwiththisvolumewe wishto mentionparticularly David Taylor(Department ofArchaeology, of and Deborah Miles and MatthewDodd (Schoolof University Nottingham), of for their invaluable assistancewiththe Studies, Archaeological University Leicester), of and We also take this preparation drawings photographs. opportunityto thankFiona Lathamand hercolleaguesat Alan SuttonPublishingfortheircarefulwork,endlesspatience, and generousadviceduringthepreparationofthevolume. Finally,we are deeplyindebtedto Mr P. Tragas and Mrs A. Poelstra-Traga,Mr Iannis and manyotherpeoplein Aphisiou,thevillagewherewe livedduringour seven Konstandelos, and forhelpofmanydifferent kinds. campaignsin Laconia,fortheirunstinting hospitality / October iggj

W.G.C . J.H.C. R.W.VC. D.G.J.S. vii

CONTENTS PREFACE LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT LIST OF SITE MAPS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF PLATES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

10. THE NEOLITHIC POTTERY Table wares,ι Householdwares,2 Storagevessels,2 Miscellaneoussherds,3

VÜ xii xii XV xvi xviii xix

William Cavanagh

11. THE EARLY HELLADIC POTTERY Table wares,6 Householdwares,8 14 Chronologicaloverview,

William Cavanagh

ι

5

12. THE MIDDLE HELLADIC AND LATE HELLADIC I-II POTTERY WilliamCavanagh, JoostCrouwel

17

Table wares,18 Householdwares,20 Discussion,25

13. THE MYCENAEAN (LATE HELLADIC III) POTTERY JoostCrouwel

27

14. THE ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL POTTERY

33

Table wares,27 Householdwares,31 Discussion,31

Fabricsand paint,35 Finewares,38 Semi-coarsewares,73 Cookingwares,77 Coarse wares,82 Miniatures, 84 Tile, 85 Conclusions,86

15. THE HELLENISTIC POTTERY Table wares,92 Kitchenwares,101 Cookingwares,103 Storagevessels,105 Tile, 107 Conclusions,109

R.W.V. Catling

HeleenVisscher

ix

91

χ Contents

in

16. THE ROMANPOTTERY JoLawson Table wares,in Householdwares,118 Miscellaneousmaterial,121 Tile, 121 Conclusions,122

17. THE BYZANTINE AND OTTOMAN POTTERY Table wares,126 Domesticwares,131 Storagevessels,133 A noteon themedievalrooftiles,140

18. THE CHIPPED AND GROUND STONE

PamelaArmstrong

MarkYdo Tristan Carter,

The chippedstone,141 Obsidian,144 Silex,155 Discussion:thechipped-stone Laconia, 158 assemblagesofeast-central The groundstone,171 industries ofeast-central Discussion:theground-stone Laconia, 181

125

141

19. THE SMALL FINDS MarcoOverbeek

183

20. THE STONE ARCHITECTURAL AND SCULPTURAL FRAGMENTS DavidHibler

199

21. THE EPIGRAPHIC MATERIAL Graham Shipley

213

Terracotta,183 Metal,195 Stone,197 Glass,197

on stone,213 Inscriptions Earlierand independent finds,220 Stampedtilesand bricks,222 on pottery, New inscriptions 225 AgioiSaranda,226 Inscriptions concerning Otherchurchesand chapels,232 Otherbuildingsand structures, 234

22. THE PHOSPHATE AND GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS Sarris Richard Jones,Apóstolos

William Cavanagh,

The phosphatesurvey, 235 The geophysical 240 survey, Discussion,258

23. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN LACONIA AND THE THYREATIS GrahamShipley

A. B. C. D. Ε. F. G.

276 Thyreatis, SouthernKynouria,281 North-western borderlands, 283 area, 283 Karyésand surrounding Kelephínavalley,285 WesternPárnon,285 Evrótasvalley,288

H. J. K. L. M. Ν.

East Taygetos,293 Vardounia,295 Helos plain,297 Máni, 299 Apideá and Moláoi plains,307 Maléa peninsula,310

235

263

Contents xi

24. SITE CATALOGUEOF THE SURVEY Graham Shipley Zone A Zone Β Zone C Zone D Zone Ε Zone F Zone G Zone Η ZoneJ

area, 321 Palaiogoulásand thesurrounding area, Agios Konstantinosand surrounding 324 Slopes above R. Kelephina (to northof KalyviaTheológou),330 Skoura, Vigies, and north-westend of Evrótasgorge,331 HillsbetweenMt Skouraand theLangáda, 336 FromtheLangáda eastwardsto Theológos, 343 Slopes above R. Kelephina (centralpart), 347 Evrótasplain(Geladárito Kladás), 352 Evrótasplain(Kokkinórachi section),362

INDEXES GrahamShipley GeneralIndex,439 SelectindexofGreekwords,455 Indexofsitenumberswithzonesand subzones,456 FIGURES PLATES MAP OF THE SURVEY AREA

315

Zone Κ

Lower Kelephina valley (incl. part of Tsákonaridge),368 Zone L EasternpartofChatzarórachiand adjacent valleys,377 Zone M Evrótasplain(Aphisioúarea),380 Zone Ν The neogeneplateau(incl.Tsákona),389 Zone Ρ Lower slopes of Koutsovíti(NW part)and upperLoutsorema,397 Zone Q Menelaion ridge and adjacent part of Evrótasplain,401 Zone R The valleyswestofLoutsorema,407 Zone S LowerLoutsorema,415 and adjacentvalleys,419 Zone Τ Kataphygiórema Zone U CentralChrysaphabasin,423

439

followingpage 460 at end inpocket

TABLES Table Table Table Table Table Table

ι8. ι 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6

TABLE18.7

Percentagesof blade segmentsrecoveredfromeightlocations. Comparative blade dimensionsfromLN1 and EBA samples. Inter-sitecomparison of blade dimensionsfromthe Laconia Survey. Percentage of assemblages retouched. Occurrence of silex on LS sites. Intra-sitedifferentiation througha presence/absence matrixof retouched pieces fromE48(8o) and its satellites. Comparison of saddle quern dimesions fromLS and other sites.

160 178

TABLE22.1

Sites testedforphosphate, in chronological order.

236

148 149 149 154 159

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT III. ι8. ι III. 18.2 III. 18.3 ILL. 18.4 III. 18.5 III. 18.6 III. 18.7 III. 18.8 III. III. III. III.

18.9 18.10 18. ιι 18.12

Distributionof obsidian artefactsaccording to technological class. Obsidian. 1 a- c. Cores. Obsidian. 5. Preparation piece. 6. Blades. Obsidian. 7. Rejuvenation pieces. Obsidian. 10· Points. Obsidian. 11. Scrapers. Obsidian. 12. Backed pieces. Obsidian. 13. Piercer. 14· Notches and denticulates.15· Irregularlyretouched flakesand blades. Silex. 16. Triangular point. 17. Denticulate. 18. Backed piece. Ground stone. 1 a-c. Polished stone celts. Ground stone. 3. Hammerstones or pounders. Ground stone. 4· Pestles.

142-4 145 150 151 152 153 153 155 157 173 176 176

III. 20.1 III. 20.2 III. 20.3 III. 20.4 III. 20.5 III. 20.6 III. 20.7 III. 20.8 III. 20.9 III. 20.10 ILL. 20.11

3. Part of podium or statue base (?). 4· Piece of carved stone. 6. Doric capital. 7. Ionic column base. 8. Part of architraveblock. 10. Part of Doric architraveand friezeblock. 11. Ionic column base. 15. Upper element of small monumentor statue base. 18. Part of Doric capital. 20. Anta capital. 23. Ionic /Corinthian cornice block.

III. 22.1 III. 22.2

Results of change-pointanalysis forphosphate readings at SP031,with sherd counts. 243 Results of change-pointanalysis forphosphate readings at SP048, with artefact counts. 244 Results of change-pointanalysis forphosphate readings at SPi65, with sherd counts. 244 Results of change-pointanalysis forphosphate readings at SPI7O,with sherd counts. 245 Results fromJi7o^(ö) Orientation map. (b) Gradiometer results,(c) Resistivityresults. 246-7 (d) Interpretationmap. Results of change-pointanalysis forphosphate readings at SP189,with sherd counts. 248 Results of change-pointanalysis forphosphate readings at SP222,with sherd counts. 248

III. 22.3 III. 22.4 III. 22.5 III. 22.6 III. 22.7

xii

200 201 201 203 203 204 205 206 207 208 210

List of illustrations xiii III. 22.8

ILL. 22.18

data data atJ222.(b)Interpretation (a) Dot densityplotofresistivity plan ofresistivity data atJ222.(a) Interpretation atJ222.(c)Dot densityplotofgradiometer plan ofgradiometer data atJ222.(e)Dot densityplotoftotalintensity data atJ222. 249-51 Dot density of data at 252 R275. plot resistivity Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphatereadingsat SP287,withartefact counts. 253 Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphatereadingsat SP289,withartefact counts. 253 Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphatereadingsat SP349,withsherdcounts.254 Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphatereadingsat SP410,withsherdcounts. 254 Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphatereadingsat SP418,withsherdcounts. 255 The resistivity 255 map at N418. Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphatereadingsat SP469,withsherdcounts.256 data at R526.(b)Interpretation (a) Dot densityplotoftheResistivity plan of the data at R526.(c)Sherd/tilefrequency distribution. 257 resistivity (and magnetometer) 258 Graphshowingmeanbackgroundlog Ρ concentration.

III. 23.1 III. 23.2 III. 23.3 III. 23.4 III. 23.5 III. 23.6 III. 23.7 III. 23.8 III. 23.9 ILL. 23.10 III. 23.11 ILL. 23.12 ILL. 23.13 ILL. 23.14 III. 23.15 ILL. 23.16 ILL. 23.17 ILL. 23.18 ILL. 23.19 ILL. 23.20 III. 23.21 ILL. 23.22 III. 23.23 III. 23.24 III. 23.25

Palaeolithicand neolithicsitesin Laconia. Bronzeage sitesin Laconia. and geometricsitesin Laconia. Protogeometric Archaicsitesin Laconia. Classicalsitesin Laconia. Hellenisticsitesin Laconia. Romansitesin Laconia. Late Roman,earlyByzantine, or earlyChristiansitesin Laconia. Late Byzantineand medievalsitesin Laconia. Ottoman,Venetian,and earlymodernsitesin Laconia. Probableancientcircuitwallat Análipsis(DD45). Probableancienttombsat Agriánoi(ff6o). Pyrgos,Kallithéa(FF62):thefort. Závraina(FF106):generalviewofhill,lookingN. Závraina(FF106):rubblewallingon edge ofhilltop. AgiosNikólaos,Lefkóchoma(GG102). Vrondamásbridge,GG105. Xirokámbibridge(GG107). The theatreat Gytheio(IJ128). The Helos plain,fromPsiphí(JJ121). VillageofPyrrichos (LL163). ViewacrossInnerMani. Cape Tainaron:chapelofAgioiAsomatoi(LL120). The Apideá plain. The bayofNeápolis,fromPalaiókastro.

ILL. 24.1 III. 24.2 ILL. 24.3 ILL. 24.4 ILL. 24.5 III. 24.6 III. 24.7 III. 24.8

sites.317 with'out-of-area' Map showingthesurveyarea in relationto Laconia, together Palaiogoulás(ai 18):generalview. 322 Palaiogoulás(ai 18):summit. 322 AgiosKonstantinos (Bin): plan offortifications. 326 AgiosKonstantinos (Bin): partofcircuitwall. 326 AgiosKonstantinos (Bin): thecross-wall. 326 AgiosKonstantinos (Bin): tower9. 326 View southfromsiteD302 acrossEvrotas. 333

III. 22.9 ILL. 22.10 ILL. 22.11 III. III. III. III. III. III.

22.12 22.13 22.14 22.15 22.16 22.17

266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 284 286 287 287 287 292 292 293 296 297 301 302 307 308 312

xiv List of illustrations III. 24.9 III. 24.10 ILL. 24.11 III. 24.12 ILL. 24.13 ILL. 24.14 III. 24.15 ILL. 24.16 ILL. 24.17 III. 24.18 III. 24.19 III. 24.20 III. 24.21 III. 24.22 III. 24.23 III. 24.24 III. 24.25 III. 24.26 III. 24.27 III. 24.28 III. 24.29 ILL. 24.30 III. 24.31 III. 24.32 III. 24.33 III. 24.34 III. 24.35 III. 24.36 III. 24.37 ILL. 24.38 III. 24.39 III. 24.40 III. 24.41 III. 24.42 III. 24.43 III. 24.44 III. 24.45 III. 24.46 III. 24.47 III. 24.48 III. 24.49 III. 24.50 ILL. 24.51 III. 24.52 III. 24.53 III. 24.54 III. 24.55 III. 24.56 III. 24.57 III. 24.58 III. 24.59

Elevation and plan of towerD302. SiteD85/95. Quarry D50: shaped block. Quarry D50: shaped block and cutting. Lower part of E48/80. Kopana bridge (E89): tentativereconstruction. Site E89. Kopana bridge: drawing by unknownartist. Plan of quarry E49. Quarry E49. Site F136. Site Gi64, showingvine cultivation. Agios Nikolaos (G182): plan. Agios Nikolaos (G182): the church. Water-millG522. Site H45 Geladari: plan. Site H45 Geladari: rock-cuttings. Site H45 Geladari: standingbuilding. Site H45 Geladari: columns. Site H46: probable Roman bridge. Sitej222. Sitej23i. Site J170Morou. The lower Kelephina valley. Site K247 Chtoriza: plan. Site K237. Site KW· Water-millK204. Standing remains at L477. Church at monasteryof Agioi Saranda, L534. Site L400 Agioi Pántes. The Menelaion ridge fromAphisiou. Landscape of zone M. The marl cliffsabove Aphisiou. Site M325. Excavated mausoleum M334. Site M349. Site N415Tsákona: view fromsite to S. Site N410: view to SWfromTsákona. Site N417Agios Georgios. Site N333. Site N190. Site P267 and the ridge behind. Plan of the Menelaion ridge. Sites R290-1. Site R469. Site S436 and surroundingarea. Sites T445, T443. View across Chrysapha basin to Phagiá (U3002). Spring-houseU513 at Chrysapha. Site U490 Panagia Chrysaphiotissa:plan of site area. Site U490: standingbuildings.

334 334 335 336 340 341 342 342 343 346 348 349 350 353 354 355 355 356 358 365 366 368 369 371 373 375 376 379 379 380 381 381 382 385 386 388 390 391 392 394 396 400 402-3 4X3 4J4 416 420 423 425 430""1 432

List of illustrationsxv III. III. III. III.

24.60 24.61 24.62 24.63

SiteU533:tower. SiteU3001Palaiókastro: sitecentre. SiteU3002. SiteU3005. SITE

433 434 438 439

MAPS

sections {reduced ofSurvey Map in endpocket)

SITEMAP1 Site Map 2 Site Map 3

The northofthesurveyarea. The centralsurveyarea. The southand south-east ofthesurveyarea.

318 319 320

LIST

OF FIGURES

(following page460) Fig. 10.1

Neolithic potterytypes 1 a-b, 2 a-b, 3.

FlG. 1i.i FlG. 11.2 FlG. 11.3 FlG. 11.4 FlG. 11.5 FlG. 11.6 FlG. 11.7 FlG. ι1.8 FlG. 11.9

Neolithic potterytype3. Early Helladic potterytypes 1 a-c, 2-4, 5 a-c, 6 a-b. Early Helladic potterytypes7 a-c, 8 a-b, 9 b9 10 a-c, 11 a-b, 12 a. Early Helladic potterytypes 12 a-h, 13 a- b, 14 e, 15. Early Helladic potterytypes 16 a- b, 17-21, 22 a-b. Early Helladic potterytypes22 c, 23-4. Early Helladic potterytypes25 a- b, d-f, 26, 27 a-e. Early Helladic potterytypes27e, 28 b- c. 29. Early Helladic potterytype 28 a. Early Helladic potterytype 28 a.

FlG. 12. 1 FlG. 12.2 FlG. 12.3 FlG. 12.4 FlG. 12.5 FlG. 12.6 FlG. 12.7 FlG. 12.8 FlG. 12.9 FlG. 12.10

Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle

FlG. 13.1 FlG. 13.2 FlG. 13.3 FlG. 13.4

Mycenaean Mycenaean Mycenaean Mycenaean

FlG. 14.1 FlG. 14.2 FlG. 14.3 FlG. 14.4 FlG. 14.5 FlG. 14.6

Archaic and classical potterytypes 1 a-b, 2 a-b, 4· Archaic and classical potterytype5 a-c. Archaic and classical potterytypes6 a- c, 7, 8 a, 9 a-b. Archaic and classical potterytypes 10 a-b, 11 a- d, 12 a, c, 13 a-c, e, h. Archaic and classical potterytypes 14 a- b, 15 a-f, 16 a-b, d, 17 a-c, 18. Archaic and classical potterytypes 19 a- e, 20 a-b, 22 a-c, 23 a-b, 24, 25 a-e, 27 a, c- q, 28 a, 29 a-b, f. Archaic and classical potterytype30 a. Archaic and classical potterytype30 a-g. Archaic and classical potterytypes30 h, j-k, 31 a-d, 33 b- c, 35 a-b, d, h. Archaic and classical potterytypes 30 i, 32 a, 34, 37 a-b, d-e, i, 38 a, f, 39 a-b, d-e, g-h, 41 a. Archaic and classical potterytypes36 a-d, f-h, j- 1, 44 a. Archaic and classical potterytype 42 a-e, g. Archaic and classical potterytypes42 h-j, 43 a-c, g. Archaic and classical potterytype 43 e-f, j-1. Archaic and classical potterytypes46, 47 a- b, 48 a-b, 49, 50 c-d. Archaic and classical potterytypes51, 52 a-c, 53 a-b, d-e, 54, 55 a, 56 b, d-e, 59 a-c, e-h. Archaic and classical potterytypes57 a- d, f-i, k, n, p-q, 58 a- c.

FlG. 14.7 FlG. 14.8 FlG. 14.9 FlG. 14.10 FlG. 14.ιι FlG. 14.12 FlG. 14.13 FlG. 14.14 FlG. 14.15 FlG. 14.16 FlG. 14.17

Helladic Helladic Helladic Helladic Helladic Helladic Helladic Helladic Helladic Helladic

potterytypes 1 a-b, 2 a. potterytypes2 a-b, 3, 4 a-b, 5. potterytypes6 a-f, 7-8. potterytypes8-10. potterytypes10, 11 a- d, 12-13. potterytypes 13-14, 15 a- c, 16. potterytypes 17, 18 a- b, 19 b, 20 a. potterytype 20 a-b. potterytype 21 a- b. potterytypes21 c-d, 22-3.

potterytypes 1 a- c, 2-3. potterytypes4, 5 a- b, 6 a-b. potterytypes7, 9, 10, 11 a- b. potterytypes 12, 13 a, 14-15, 16 a-b, 17.

xvi

List offigures xvii FlG. 15.ι Fig. 15.2 FlG. 15.3 FlG. 15.4 FlG. 15.5 FlG. 15.6 FlG. 15.7 Fig. 15.8

Hellenisticpottery types1 a-d, 3 c, 5, 6 a, 7, 9 a, 10 a-b, 11 a-b. Hellenisticpottery types11 d-f, 12 a-b. Hellenisticpottery types13, 14 a-b, 15, 17, 18 a-d, 19 a-b. Hellenisticpottery type19 b-d. Hellenisticpottery types20, 21a, 22-4. Hellenisticpottery types25 a-b, 27-30, 31 b, 32. Hellenisticpottery types33, 34, 35 a-b, 35 d, 36 a-b. Hellenisticpottery types37 c, f-h,j.

FlG. 16.ι FlG. 16.2 FlG. 16.3 FlG. 16.4 FlG. 16.5 FlG. 16.6 FlG. 16.7 FlG. 16.8

Romanpottery types1, 1 a-c, 2-3, 4 a-b, 5 a-b, 6, 8-15. Romanpottery types16-27, 29· Romanpottery types30-4, 34 a-b, 35, 35 a, 37-9. Romanpottery types40 a-b, 41-3, 44 b, 45, 45 a, 46. Romanpottery types47-8, 49 a-b, 50-1, 52 a-b. Romanpottery types53-7, 59-61. Romanpottery types63 a-c, e-i, 64, 67. Romanpottery type62.

FlG. 17.ι FlG. 17.2 FlG. 17.3 FlG. 17.4 FlG. 17.5 FlG. 17.6 FlG. 17.7 FlG. 17.8 FlG.17.9 FlG. 17.10 FlG. 17.ιι FlG. 17.12 FlG. 17.13

Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types1 a-b, 2. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types3, 4 a- c. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types5, 6 a-b. and Ottoman Byzantine pottery types6 c-d, 7, 9 a-e. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types10-11, 13, 15, 17, 23-5, 26 a-d, 27. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types28-30, 34. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types35, 36 a-b, 37-8. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types38, 39 a. and Ottoman Byzantine pottery types39 b. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types40-4. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types45, 47. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types48-50. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types50-2.

FlG. 19.ι

Small finds.2. Antefix.(2) 3. Antefix.(3) 4. Disc akroterion.(4) 5. Antefix.(5) 27. Fragmentoflamp disc.(6) 28. Fragmentoflamp disc.(7) 97. Plaque fragment. (8) 102. Clay crucible.(9) 103. Clay 'anchor'.(10) 105. Fragmentofstrainer. (11)Smallfind113. Convexbronzebutton.(12)136. Neckofbottle.

PLATES (atendofvolume) PLATEι PLATE 2 PLATE 3 PLATE 4 PLATE 5 PLATE6 PLATE 7 PLATE8 PLATE 9 PLATE PLATE11

PLATE12 PLATE13 PLATE14 PLATE15 PLATE16 PLATE17 PLATE18 PLATE19 PLATE 20 PLATE 21 PLATE 22

Archaicand classicalpottery. Columnkrater3. Largeopen shapes13 b- c, e-f. Hydria30 h. Hydria30 a. Neck-handledamphora31b. Archaicand classicalpottery. Large open shapes:handles 12 a. Open or closed shapes: handles41 a. Largejar 53 e· Hydria(?) 54. Miscellaneousshapes56 d, f. Pithoi57 n, p. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery. Glaze-paintedbowl 2· Paintedbowl 3. Incisedbowl6 a. ware bowl Aegean 7. Incisedbowls6 a-d. Aegeanwarebowl7. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery. Groundstone.1 a. Blackstonecelts.1 b. Flat celts.1 c. Axes. Groundstone.2· Polishers.3. Hammerstones or pounders.4· Pestles.5. Mortar. Groundstone.6 a. Saddle querns.6 b. Rectangularsaddle quern. 6 c. Egyptian-boat quern.6 d. Hopperrubbers. Groundstone.6 e. Millstones.7. Tot-lids'.8. Whetstone.9. Fragmentary marblevessel. 10. Arrowstraightener. Small finds.1. Voussoir.19· Ringhandleoflamp.32. Fragmentoflamp discwithhandle. ofterracotta 35. Fragment lamp-mould. 10 Small finds:loom-weights41-75 49-53· Small finds: figurines.55. Bovine. 56-8. Fragments of Mycenaean female figurines.59.

Quadruped.60. 'Seal'. males. Smallfinds:figurines fromTsákona.61. Femalesdisplaying genitals.63. Ithyphallic 65. Figurineson bases.66. Figurineswitharm(s)raised. Smallfinds,ioa. Tuyère.62. Pregnantfemalefigurine. 86. Head offemalefigurine. 109· Head ofbronzepin. fromElis. Small finds,in. Fragmentof bronzecandelabrum.115. Coin (tritartemorion) 116. SilverdrachmaofAlexanderIII. 121· Silverpara ofAhmedIII. 1. Partof revetment. Architectural and sculpturalfragments. 4· Piece of carvedstone.10. Partoffriezeblock.17. PartofDoric column. 8. Partof architrave block. 12. Ionic capital.18. Architectural and sculpturalfragments. PartofDoric capital.20. Antacapital. and sculpturalfragments. Architectural 22. Sculptedreliefof standingwoman. 24. Ionic blocks. capital.25. Architrave or Roman ofHybrion.4· Letterfromhellenistic 1. Votivestele.2. Grave-stele Inscriptions. to theSpartans. ruler(?). 6. Imperialsubscript Inscriptions.7. Subscriptof imperialofficial(?). 8. Fragmentof public inscription.9· 10. Fragment ofpublicinscription. ofcareerinscription. Fragment of Lykos.13. 11. Votivesteleto AntoninusPius. 12· Metricalgrave-epigram Inscriptions. Gravestoneof Damatrios. 14. Semi-literateboundarymarker.15 y. Votivecolumn to Pius. Antoninus 17. PublictileofNik-.18· Tile-stampofthe'synodin theAliteion'.20· TileInscriptions. Kal-. of 21· Stampedbrickfromthetheatre. stamp of vase dedicatedto Zeus Messapeus.23. Fragmentof votive 22. Inscriptions. Fragments of Chrysopigichapel,AD 1707.45. Foundationof Agios Georgios, vase. 34. Construction AD 1698.

xviii

ABBREVIATIONS GENERAL Not listedhereare compassbearings(printedin smallcapitalletters,e.g. nw), standardabbreviations suchas 'e.g.' and 'cf.',and unitsofmeasurement. Ag. anc. Ar ArCl asl BA bf BG bgsh bgt bl. Br.

Agia,Agioi,or Agios ancient archaic archaicto classical(pottery type) abovesea level bronzeage black-figured black-glazed black-glazedsherd(s) tile black-glazed(orblack-painted) blade precedes coordinate on British ι :

Byz C cent. Chr Cl cont. CS CSTT D. diss. dist. Ε

byzantine coarse(pottery fabric) century Christian(date) classical (insherddensityindices) continuity chippedstone tool chippedstonetypological diameter dissertation distal(blade) early (prefixedto dates: e.g. EC1, EByz) earlyarchaic earlybronzeage earlybronzeage earlybyzantine earlyChristian earlyclassical EarlyHelladic earlyhellenistic earlyRoman old sitename) formerly (indicating fine(pottery fabric) foothill flake(s) finalneolithic fragment Geometric groundstone

EAr EB EBA EByz EChr EC1 EH EH1 ER f. F fh fl. FN1 frag. G GS

100,000 map

H. hf HI hs ht Imp incl. 1. L L. l.h. LAr LBA LByz LCI LG LH LH1 LN1 LR LS LS M max. MBA MByz MC Med med. MF MH MH1 min. MN1 mod. Mod MR Myc χ LX

height hill-foot hellenistic hill-slope hilltop imperial(Romandate) including left late (prefixedto dates: e.g. LN1, LCI, LByz) length lineheight(in inscription) latearchaic latebronzeage latebyzantine lateclassical lategeometric Late Helladic latehellenistic lateneolithic lateRoman Laconia Survey to five-figure zembilnumber) (prefixed denotes'non-site'groupof finds(e.g. LS ioooi) medium (pottery fabric); middle (prefixedto dates: e.g. MBA, MH1, MR) maximum middlebronzeage middlebyzantine mediumcoarse(pottery fabric) medieval medial(blade) mediumfine(pottery fabric) MiddleHelladic middlehellenistic minimum middleneolithic modern(place-name) modern(period) middleRoman Mycenaean

xx Abbreviations n.d. Nl Ott pc. PG pi PI poss. prep.pc. près. prim. prob. prox. PT r. R ref(s). rejuv.pc. ret. rf

no date/notdated neolithic Ottoman piece(s)(ofchippedstone) protogeometric plain Palaeolithic possible,possibly preparation piece(s) preserved primary(flake) probable,probably proximal(blade) pottery type(s) right Roman to reference(s), referring rejuvenation piece retouched ridge-foot red-figured;

RG rgt rs rt sec. SF,SF SF ss ST st st. tert. TG Th. Univ. UP upsh upt Ven W.

red-glazed tile red-glazed(orred-painted) ridge-slope ridge-top secondary(flake) smallfind(s) studyfabric spur-slope studytype spur-top stades,stadia (flake) tertiary true-glazed thickness University unpainted unpaintedsherd(s) unpaintedtile Venetian width

PUBLISHED WORKS Periodicalsfollowthe conventionsof BSA, but those cited regularlyare also listedbelow.Ancient authorsand theirworksare generallyabbreviatedin accordancewithN. G. L. Hammondand H. H. Classical Scullard(eds),TheOxford Dictionary (2ndedition;Oxford,1970). AA AAA A. Belt. AJA AK AM AO AR Arch. Eph. 1989α Armstrong 1989^ Armstrong 1991 Armstrong 1992 Armstrong

Archäologische Anzeiger 'Αρχαιολογικά ανάλεκτα εξ 'Αθηνών {AthensAnnals of Archaeology) Αρχαιολογικον οελτίον (Chr. = Χρονικά section, Mel. = Μελέταιsection) Amencan Journal ofArchaeology Kunst Antike athenische desDeutschen Instituts, Abteilung Archäologischen Mittelungen Orthia at Sparta(Soc. R. M. Dawkins(ed.), TheSanctuary ofArtemis forPromotionof Hellenic Studies Suppl. Papers, 5; London, 1929) (JHSsupp.) Archaeological Reports Αρχαιολογική εφημερίς in eastern 'Some Byzantineand latersettlements Ρ. Armstrong, Phokis',BSA 84: 1-42 ead., 'Lakonianamphorae',in Dérocheand Spieser185-8 ead., Ά group of Byzantinebowls fromSkopelos', OJA10: 335-47 fromSparta',in Φιλολάκων ead., 'Some Zeuxippusderivatives 1-9

Abbreviations xxi Cavanagh,and Shipley ead., W. G. Cavanagh, and G. Shipley,'Crossing the river: Armstrong, reflections on routesand bridgesin Laconia fromthearchaicto Byzantineperiods',BSA 87 (1992),293-310 Archäologische Leitung AZ Bulletinvande Vereenigung ΒΑBesch. totBevordering derKennisvandeAntieke Beschaving Ch. Bakirtzis, Bakirtzis Βυζαντινάτσονκαλολάγηνα(Athens,J989) BAR British Series) Archaeological Reports(BARS = vol.inInternational Bulletin decorrespondance BCH hellénique Bulletin BICS oftheInstitute ofClassicalStudies (London) A Prehistoric C. Biegen,fygouries: in theValley Settlement ofCleonae Biegen (Cambridge,Mass., 1928) A. Blouet,Expédition Blouet deMorée:. . . architectures, scientifique sculptures, et i-iii vues, inscnptions (Paris,1831,1833,1838) at Tbcra,ig6j-ig6j: The Boardmanand Hayes 1966 J. Boardmanand J. Hayes, Excavations I (BSA supp.vol.4; London) Archaic Deposits II andLater Boardmanand Hayes 1973 at Tocra, iid.,Excavations 1963-1965:TheArchaic Deposits Vol. 10;London) Deposits (BSA Supp. E. Puillon de Boblaye,Expédition de Morée:recherches Boblaye scientifique surlesruines dela Morée(Paris,1836) géographiques F. Bölte, 'Sparta: Geographie', Pauly-Wissowa, 2nd ser., iii Bölte (1929),cols. 1294-373 Κ. Braun,'Der Dipylon-Brunnen Braun Bi: die Funde',AM 85 (1970), 129-269 BSA Annual atAthens oftheBntishSchool BSAAR Annual Committee School atAthens Report oftheManaging oftheBritish E. Buschorand W. von Massow,'VomAmyklaion', Buschorand vonMassow AM 52 (1927), 1-85 P. Cartledge,SpartaandLakonia:A Regional Cartledge History 1300-362BC (London,Boston,and Henley,1979) id. and A. Spawforth, Hellenistic andRomanSparta:A TaleofTwo Cartledgeand Spawforth Cities(Londonand New York,1987) Caskeyand Caskey J. L. Caskey and E. G. Caskey, 'The earliest settlementsat Eutresis: supplementaryexcavations 1958', Hesp. 29 (i960), 126-67 H. W. Catling,'Excavationsat theMenelaion,Sparta,1973-76', Catling,'Menelaion' AR 23 (1976-7),24-42 id., 'Zeus Messapeusnear Sparta:an interimreport',Lak.spoud. Catling1990« 10: 276-95 id., Ά sanctuaryof Zeus Messapeus: excavationsat Aphyssou, Catling1990^ Tsakona,1989',BSA 85: 15-35 id. and E. A. Catling,'"Barbarian"potteryfromtheMycenaean Catlingand Catling settlement at theMenelaion,Sparta',BSA 76 (1981),71-82 and R. W. V. Catling Shipley Catlingand D. G. J. Shipley,'MessapianZeus: an early sixth-centuryinscribed cup fromLakonia', BSA 84 (1989), 187-200 W. G. Cavanagh andj. Crouwel,'Laconia Survey1983-1986', Cavanaghand Crouwel Lak.spoud.9 (1988),77-88 CEG Carmina Graeca epigraphica in Melos', Cherryand Torrence1982 J. F. Cherryand R. Torrence,'The earliestprehistory in IslandPolity 24-34

xxii Abbreviations Cherryand Torrence1984 Christien Ghristien and Spyropoulos CIG Cook and Nicholls Coulson Curtius Davidson Davidsonand Thompson Dawkinsand Droop Demakopoulou,Amyklaion Démouleand Perlés Dérocheand Spieser Doukas Dousougli Dressel Droop 1926-7 Droop 1929 Edwards Έφ. άρχ. Ergon Farrell FM Forster1903-4 Forster1906-7 Fossey Frenchand Wardle Frödinand Persson

and chronology ofchippedstoneassemblages iid.,'The typology in theprehistoric Cyclades',inJ. A. MacGillivrayand R. Barber (eds),ThePrehistoric Cyclades (Edinburgh), 12-25 d'histoire ancienne, J. Christien,'Promenadesen Laconie', Dialogues 15(1989).75-!O5 ead. and T. Spyropoulos,'Eua et la Thyréatide:topographieet BCH 109(1985),455-66 histoire', A. Boeckh,Corpus Graecarum inscriptionum (Berlin,1828-77) and R. V M. Cook Nicholls, 'LacomV,BSA45 (1950),261-97 J. W. D. E. Coulson, 'Archaic to Roman times: the site and inNichoria, iii. 332-50 environs', E. Gurtius,Peloponnesos: des einehistorisch-geographische Beschreibung i-ii ii. Halbinsel, (Gotha,1851,1852),esp. 203-332 G. R. Davidson, Corinth, xii: TheMinorObjects(Princeton,NJ, 1952) in SmallObjects id. and D. B. Thompson,'Loom-weights', fromthe i ch. 8 Pnyx,(Hesp. suppl.7; 1943), (pp. 65-94) id. andj. P. Droop, 'ByzantinepotteryfromSparta', BSA 17 (1910-10,23-8 K. Demakopoulou, To μυκηναϊκόιερό στο Άμνκλαΐοκαι ή ΥΕ III περίοδοςστηνΛακωνία(Athens,1982) J.-P. Démoule and C. Perlés, 'The Greek Neolithic: a new review',Journal ofWorld Prehistory, 7 (1993),355-416 V. Déroche and J.-M. Spieser (eds), Recherches surla céramique (BGH supp.18; 1989) byzantine P. Gh. Doukas, Ή Σπάρτη δια των αιώνων(New York,1922; repr.,Sparta,η.d. [£.1984]) A. Dousougli, 'Makrovouni-Kefalari Magoula-Talioti:Bemerkungenzu den StufenFH I und II in der Argolis',Prähistorische 62 (1987),164-220 Zeitschrift, H. Dressel and A. Milchhoefer,'Die antikenKunstwerkeaus Spartaund Umgebung',AM 2 (1877),293-474 J. P. Droop, 'Excavationsat Sparta: the nativepotteryfromthe acropolis',BSA 28: 49-81 inAO 52-116 id., 'The Laconianpottery', vii. 3: Corinthian HellenisticPottery G. R. Edwards, Corinth, NJ,1975) (Princeton, Έφημεριςαρχαιολογική Tò έργοντης'Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας fromthesanctuaryofOrthia', J. Farrell,'The archaicterracottas in 'Excavationsat Sparta',BSA 14(1907-8),48-73 Motivenumberin Furumark Ε. S. Forster, 'South-western Laconia', BSA 10: 158-89 id., 'Laconia, II: topography. §1: Gythiumand the north-west coastoftheLaconian Gulf',BSA 13:219-37 settlement by Lake Vouliagmeni, J. M. Fossey,'The prehistoric Perachora',BSA 64 (1969),53-70 inAegean E. B. Frenchand K. A. Wardle(eds),Problems Prehistory (Bristol,1988) O. Frödin and A. W. Persson, Asine:Resultsof theSwedish Excavations ig22-igjo (Stockholm, 1938)

Abbreviations FS Fulfordand Peacock Furumark GAC GAMS Gauer GE Gell Giannakopoulos Goldman Hanschmann and Miloj&c Hasluck 1907-8

Hayes, 'Knossos' Hayes, LRP Hayes, Saraçhane Hesp. Higgins Holmberg Hondius and Hondius-van Haeften Howell, Έ. Arcadia' IG IJNA IslandPolity Jacobsen JAS JFA JHS JMA

xxiii

Shape number in Furumark M. G. Fulford and D. P. S. Peacock, The pottery and other ceramic objects from the site', Excavationsat Carthage:The Bntish Mission,i-ii (Salammbô, 1984) A. Furumark, The MycenaeanPottery: Analysisand Classification (2nd edn; Stockholm, 1972) R. Hope Simpson and O. T. P. K. Dickinson, A Gazetteer ofAegean Civilisation in theBronzeAge,i: The Mainlandand Islands(SIMA 52; Göteborg, 1979) R. Hope Simpson, A Gazetteer and Atlas ofMyceneanSites (BICS Suppl. 16; 1965) W. Gauer, Die longefasse aus denBrunnen unterm und Stadion-Nordwall imSüdost-Gebiet (Olympische Forschungen,8; Berlin, 1975) P. Greenhalgh and E. Eliopoulos, Deep intoManx:Journeyto the Southern Tip ofGreece (London, 1985) W. Gell, Itinerary oftheMorea(London, 1817) P. E. Giannakopoulos, To Γύθειον αρχαιολογική και ιστορική αποψις από της προϊστορικής εποχής μέχρι τον Μεγάλου Κωνσταντίνου (Athens,1966; 2nd edn, 1987) Η. Goldman, Excavationsat Eutresisin Boeotia(Cambridge, Mass., 1931) Ε. Hanschmann and V Milojöic, Die deutschen Ausgrabungen aufder ii: in Die und mittlere Thessalien, Argissa-Magula frühe beginnende I-II (Bonn, 1976) Bronzezeit '§2: the promontory of Malea and Epidauros Limera', pp. 167-82 of A. J. B. Wace and F. W. Hasluck, 'Laconia, II: topography. South-eastern Laconia', BSA 14: 161-82 and map opp. p. 161 J. W. Hayes, Tour early Roman groups from Knossos', BSA 66 (1971),249-75 id., Late RomanPottery (London, 1972) id., Saraçhane,ii: The Pottery (Princeton,NJ,1992) Hespena R. A. Higgins, Catalogueof theTerracottas in theDepartment of Greek andRomanAntiquities (Oxford; BritishMuseum), 1954 Ε. J. Holmberg, The SwedishExcavationsat Asea in Arcadia(Lund, 1944) J. J. E. Hondius and M. A. Hondius-van Haeften, 'Laconia, II: notes on topography',BSA 24-5 (1919-21), 144-50 R. Howell, Ά survey of eastern Arcadia in prehistory5,BSA 65 (i97o)5 79-128 Graecae(Berlin) Inscnptions International JournalofNauticalArchaeology C. Renfrew and M. Wagstaff,An Island Polity:The Archaeology of onMelos (Cambridge, 1982) Exploitation T. W. Jacobsen, 'Excavations at the Franchthi cave', Hesp. 42 (1973)»253-83 Science JournalofArchaeological JournalofFieldArchaeology JournalofHellenicStudies JournalofMediterranean Archaeology

xxiv Abbreviations Jochmus

Jones, GCP Jones, Tarsus Kahrstedt Kaltsas Kardulias Keller and Rupp Kenrick Kythera Lak. spoud. Lane Lang Leake, Pel. Leake, TM Le Roy i960 Le Roy 1965 Levi Loring LSAQ2 MacKay McPhee Meded.Rom. Megaw 1975 Megaw 1989 Metzger MG MME

Α. Jochmus, 'Commentaries', Journal of theRoyal Geographical Society, 27 (1857), 1-53, at pp. 34-53: '4. On the battle of Sellasia, and the strategicmovementsof the generals of antiquitybetween Tegea, Caryae, and Sparta' A Reviewof Scientific R. E. Jones, Greekand CypnotPottery: Studies (Fitch Laboratory Occasional Papers, 1; Athens, 1986) F. Ε Jones, 'The pottery', in H. Goldman (ed.), Tarsus,i: The Hellenisticand RomanPenods:Excavationsat Go'zlüKüle (Princeton, NJ,1950) Das wirtschaftliche GesichtGriechenlands in derKaiserzeit:Kleinstadt, VillaundDomaene(Bern, 1954) N. Kaltsas, 'Ή αρχαϊκή οικία στο Κοπανάκι της Μεσσηνίας', Arch.Eph. 1983?207-37 N. Kardulias, 'The ecology of bronze age flaked stone production in southern Greece: evidence fromAgios Stephanos and the southernArgolid',AJA96 (1992), 421-42 D. R. Keller and D. W. Rupp (eds), Archaeological Surveyin the Mediterranean Area(BAR S 155; Oxford, 1983) at P. M. Kenrick,'The finepottery',inJ. A. Lloyd (ed.), Excavations SidiKhrebish Benghazi(Berenice) (Libya Antiqua, suppl. 5), iii. 1 (1985) and Studies Excavations J. N. Coldstream and G. L. Huxley,Kythera: (London, 1972) Λακωνικού σπονοαί Ε. A. Lane, 'Lakonian vase-painting',BSA 34 (1933-4), 99-189 F. Lang, 'Die Keramik von Babes in der Landschaft Elis', AM l°7 (1992), 43~IO5 A Supplement to Travelsin theMorea (London, 1846; Peloponnesiaca: repr.Amsterdam,1967) id., Travelsin theMorea, i-iii (London, 1830, repr. Amsterdam, 1968) C. Le Roy, 'Lakonika F, BCH84: 206-35 id., 'Lakonika ΙΓ, BCH 89: 358-82 i-ii (Harmondsworth,1971) P. Levi (ed.), Pausanias:GuidetoGreece, W. Loring, 'Some ancient routes in the Péloponnèse', JHS 15 (1895), 25-89 L. H. Jeffery,The Ucal ScriptsofArchaicGreece(Oxford; ist edn 1961; 2nd edn, rev.A. W.Johnston,1990) T. MacKay, 'More Byzantine and Frankish pottery from Corinth', Hesp. 36 (1967), 249-320 I. McPhee, 'Laconian red-figurefromthe Britishexcavations in Sparta', BSA 81 (1986), 153-65 teRome vanhetNederlands Instituut Mededelingen A. H. S. Megaw, An early thirteenth-centuryAegean glazed ware', in G. Robertson and G. Henderson (eds), StudiesinMemory ofDavid TalbotRice(Edinburgh, 1975) id., 'Zeuxippus ware again', in Déroche and Spieser 259-66 I. Metzger, 'Piraeus-Zisterne',A. Delt. 26 (1971),41-94 R. Hope Simpson, MycenaeanGreece (Park Ridge, NJ,1981) W. A. McDonald and G. R. Rapp jun. (eds), The Minnesota Messenia Expedition: Reconstructinga Bronze Age Environment (Minneapolis, 1972)

Abbreviations xxv Möbiusand Wrede1927 Morgan MDP Mountjoy, PAP Mountjoy, Müller Mure Mylonas1959 i Mchoria, ii Mchoria, iii Mchoria, Asine Nordquist, Keos Northern

OJA Ormerod PAE Panagiotopoulos Pauly-Wissowa Pelagatti1991 Pelagatti1992 Pelagattiand Stibbe1988 Perlés1973 Perlés1981 Perlés1984

ArchäologischeFunde in denJahren1926-1927',AA 1927,cols 345-410 C. H. Morgan,Corinth, xi: TheByzantine Pottery (Harvard,1942) P. A. Mountjoy,Mycenaean Decorated Pottery (SIMA 73; Göteborg, 1986) ead., 'The LH III A potteryfromAyiosStephanos,Laconia', in Frenchand Wardle185-91 Κ. Müller,Tiryns, iv:Die Urfirniskeramik (Munich,1938) W. Mure, Journalof a Tourin Greeceand theIonian Islands 1842) (Edinburgh, G. E. Mylonas,AghiosKosmas:An EarlyBronzeAgeSettlement and inAttica Cemetery (Princeton, NJ) G. R. Rapp and S. E. Aschenbrenner, Excavations at Mchoriain Southwest i: Site,Environs, and Techniques Greece, (Minneapolis, 1978) W. A. McDonald and N. C. Wilkie(eds),Excavations atMchoriain Southwest ii: TheBronze Greece, AgeOccupation (Minneapolis,1992) W. A. MacDonald, W. D. E. Coulson, and J. Rosser (eds), Excavations atMchoriainSouthwest iii: DarkAgeandByzantine Greece, Occupation (Minneapolis,1983) G. C. Nordquist,A MiddleHelladicVillage:Asinein theArgolid (Boreas,16;Uppsala, 1987) J. F. Cherry,J. L. Davis, and E. Mantzourani, Landscape as Long-term Keosin theCycladic Islands Northern Archaeology History: from Earliest Settlementto Modern Times (Monumenta Archaeologica,16;Los Angeles,1991) Oxford Journal ofArchaeology Bardouniaand northH. A. Ormerod,'Laconia, II: topography. easternMaina', BSA 16 (1909-10),62-71 Εταιρείας Πρακτικάτης ενΑθήναιςΑρχαιολογικής V. Panagiotopoulos, Πληθυσμός και οικισμοί της Πελοποννήσου: 13ος-18ος αιώνας (Ιστορικό αρχείο ΕμπορικήΤράπεζατης Ελλάδος;Athens,1985) der klassischen Wissowa, G., et al., Paulys Real-encyclopädie 1 Altertumswissenschqfi (Stuttgart,893-1981) P. Pelagatti,'Su alcune hydriailaconichea vernicenera', in M. Gnade (ed.), Stips Votiva:Papers Presentedto C. M. Stibbe (Amsterdam), 133-42 id., 'Cerâmica lacónica in Sicília e a Lipari', in id. and C. M. e nuovimateriali di cerâmica Stibbe,Lakonika:ricerche lacónica,i-ii delParte,suppl.;Rome),123-247 (Bollettino id. and G. M. Stibbe, 'Una formapoço conosciuta di vaso lacónico:il cratèrea campana',Bollettino delVarte, 52: 13-26 C. Perlés, 'The chipped stone' in T. W. Jacobsen (ed.), 'Excavationsin the Franchthicave, 1969-1971:partΓ, Hesp.42: 72-82 ead., 'Industries lithiques', in N. Lambert (ed.), La Grotte deKitsos(Attique) préhistorique (Paris),129-222 ead., 'Débitage laminairede l'obsidiennedans le néolithiquede Franchthi(Grèce): techniques et place dans l'économie de l'industrie lithique',in PPT'û. 129-37

xxvi Abbreviations Perlés 1986 Perles 1987 Perles 1989 Perlés 19900 Perlés 1990^ Perlés 1992 Perlés 1994 Perlzweig Phaklaris1'2

Phelps Philippson Φιλολάκων [Philolakon] Piérartand Thalmann Pikoulas 1983 Pikoulas 1984 Pikoulas 1986 Pikoulas 1987 Pikoulas 1988 PL' PL ii PMG PPS PPT'û RE

ead., 'New ways with an old problem: chipped stone assemblages as an index of cultural discontinuityin early Greek prehistory', in French and Wardle 477-88 ead., L·s Industrieslithiquestailléesde Franchthi(Argolide,Grèce),i: Présentation généraleet industries paléolithiques(Excavations at the FranchthiCave, fasc. 3; Bloomington and Indianapolis) to NeolithicSocietyin Greece(David ead., From StoneProcurement in Anthropology;Feb. 1989) Lectures Skomp Distinguished ead., 'L'outillage de pierre taillée néolithique en Grèce: approvisionnementet exploitationdes matièrespremières',BCH 114: 1-42 tailléesde Franchthi ead., L·s Industneslithiques Grèce),ii: L·s (Argolide, Industries du mésolithique et du néolithique initial(Excavations at the FranchthiCave, fasc. 5; Bloomington and Indianapolis) ead., 'Systems of exchange and organisation of production in neolithicGreece', JMA 5. 2: 115-62 tailléesde Tharrounia(Eubée)(Ateliers,15; ead., L·s Industneslithiques Laboratoire de Préhistoire,Universitéde Paris X) J. Perlzweig, Excavationsat The AthenianAgora,vii: Lamps of the Roman Period:First to SeventhCenturyafterChrist(Princeton, NJ, 1961) P. V Phaklaris,Αρχαία Κυνουρία- ανθρωπινή δραστηριότητα και περιβάλλον (ist edn: published Ph.D. thesis, Thessaloniki, 1985; 2nd edn: Δημοσιεύματα του Αρχαιολογικού Δελτίου, 43, Athens, 1990) W. W. Phelps, The NeolithicPotterySequencein SouthernGreece (unpublished Ph.D. diss., Instituteof Archaeology,London, 1975) A. Philippson (ed. H. Kirsten), Die griechischen iv Landschaften, (Frankfurtam Main, 1959) J. M. Sanders (ed.), Φιλολάκων: Lakonian Studiesin Honourof HectorCatling(Oxford, 1992) M. Piérart and J.-P. Thalmann, 'Céramique romaine et médiévale', Etudesargiennes (BCH supp. 6; 1980), 459-82 G. A. Pikoulas, 'Τοπογραφία Αίγυος και Σκιρίτιδος', ' Πρακτικά Α Τοπικού Συνεδρίου Λακωνικών Μελετών (Μολάοι, $-γ Ιούν. 1982), 257-67 id., "Η Tabula Peutingeriana και ή χερσόνησος του Μαλέα', Hows, 2: 175-88 id., "Αναβρυτή', Lak. spoud.8: 442-4 id., 'Συμβολή στην τοπογραφία της Σκιρίτιδος', Hows, 5: 121-48 (Engl. summaryat p. 148) id., Ή νότια μεγαλοπολίτικη χώρα από τον 8° π.Χ. ως τον 4° μ. Χ. αιώνα (Athens) Η. Waterhouse and R. Hope Simpson, 'Prehistoric Laconia: part Γ, BSA 55 (i960), 67-107 iid., 'PrehistoricLaconia: part IF, BSA 56 (1961), 114-75 D. L. Page, PoetaeMelici Graeci(Oxford) Proceedings ofthePrehistonc Society Préhistoirede la pierre taillée, ii: Economiedu débitagelaminaire: etexpénmentation technologie (Paris) seePauly-Wissowa

Abbreviations xxvii Renard,Kouphovouno EC Renfrew, Riley Robinson Rom.Mitt. Romaios1902 Romaios1904-5 Romaios1906 Romaios19080 Romaios1908^ Romaios1909 Romaios1911 Romaios1950 Romaios1952 Romaios1955 Romaios1957 Romaios1961 Ross Ross, Wanderungen RotrofT 1982 Rotroff 1983 Runnels1981 Runnels1982 Runnels1983 Runnels19850 Runnels1985^

Runnels1985^ Runnels1988 Rutter, 'Pottery groups'

et helladiqueanciende Kouphovouno J. Renard, Le Sitenéolithique : fouillesde O.-W.vonVacano(1941) (Aegaeum: annales (Laconie) de Liège,4; Liège,1989) d'archéologieégéennede l'Université C. Renfrew, TheEmergence Civilisation of (London) inJ.A. Lloyd(ed.),Excavations at Sidi J.A. Riley,'Coarse pottery', Khrebish (Berenice) Benghazi (LibyaAntiqua,suppl.5), ii (1981) H. S. Robinson,Excavations at theAthenian Agora,v: Pottery ofthe Roman Period(Princeton, NJ,1959) desDeutschen römische Instituts, Mitteilungen Archäologischen Abteilung K. A. Romaios,in Άθηνα,14(citedbyRomaios1955,7 η. 2) BSA 11:137-8 id., 'Laconia, IV: theHermaion theNE frontier', εκ ΐ8: id., 'Έπιγραφαί Κυνουρίας',Άθηνα, 43^-5° id., 'Ein Töpferofenbei H. Petros in der Kynuria', AM 33: 177-84 id., Έπιγραφαι έκ Κυνουρίας',Άθηνα,2ο: 383-402 (includes Όί μεθόριοιλακωνικοίΈρμαΐ') id., Έργασίαιέν Σπάρτη', ΡΑΕ 293-3°°' at ΡΡ· 295~6 id., Έρευναί εν Κυνουρία',ΡΑΕ 253-79 id., "ΕρευνητικήπεριοδείαειςΚυνουρίαν',ΡΑΕ 234-41 id.,ΤεγεατικόνιερόνΑρτέμιδοςΚνακεάτιδος',Arch. Eph.1-31 id., 'Πρασιαί ή Βρασιαί της Κυνουρίας', Πρακτικά της 'ΑκαδημίαςΆθηιών,30: 94~9 id., "Ίασος- Ίασαία',Ελληνικά,15:65-75 "Ανασκαφική ερευνά κατά τήν Ανάληψιν μεθορίων ΚυνουρίαςκαιΛακωνίας',ΡΑΕ 167-8 L. Ross,Reisen imPeloponnes (Berlin,1841) in Griechenland im Gefolge desKönigsOttoundder id., Wanderungen Amalia(Halle, 1851) Königin Athenian S. I. Rotroff, TheAthenian Agora,xxii: Hellenistic Pottery: Moldmade Bowls(Princeton, andImported NJ) id., 'Three cisternsystemson the Kolonos Agoraios',Hesp.52: 257-97 C. N. Runnels,A Diachronie andEconomic ofMillstones Study Analysis Ph.D. Univ. of the Greece diss., Indiana) from Argolid, (unpublished id., 'Flaked stone artifactsin Greece during the historical period',JE4 9: 363-73 id., 'Lithic artifactsfromsurfacesites in the Mediterranean area', in Kellerand Rupp 137-48 id., 'The bronze age flaked-stoneindustriesfromLerna: a preliminary report',Hesp.54: 357-91 in southernGreecein the id., 'Trade and demandformillstones Neolithicand EarlyBronzeAge', in A. B. Knapp and T. Stech Production andExchange ofCaliforniaat (eds),Prehistonc (University Los Angeles Instituteof ArchaeologyMonographs, 25; Los Angeles),30-43 id., 'Lithic studies: some theoreticalconsiderations',Lithic 14.3: 100-6 Technology, id., 'Earlybronze-agestonemortarsfromthesouthernArgolid', Hesp.57: 257-72 J. B. Rutter,'PotterygroupsfromTsoungizaof the end of the MiddleBronzeAge', Hesp.59 (1990),375-58

xxviii Abbreviations Rutterand Rutter SAGT''-v'''

Sakellaropoulos Sampson Sanders Sarris 1992

Schaus SEG Sheets and Muto Sherratt Shipley 1993 SIMA Sotiriadis 1910 Sotiriadis 1911 Sparkes and Talcott Stibbe, LDV Stibbe, 1MB Stibbe 1972 Stibbe 1984 Stibbe 1989 Stibbe 1991 Stibbe 1994 Stibbe, 'Hydriai' Taylour

id. and S. Rutter, The Transition to Mycenaean:A Stratified Middle HelladicII toLate HelladicII A Pottery in Sequence fromAyiosStephanos Laconia(Monumenta archaeologica, 4; Los Angeles, 1976) W. K. Pritchett,StudiesinAncientGreekTopography, i-vi (University of California Publications: Classical Studies; 1965-89); vii (Amsterdam,1991) M. Sakellaropoulos, Ή ιερά μονή των 'Αγίων Τεσσαράκοντα (Athens,1929) A. Sampson, Η νεολιθική κατοίκηση στο Γιαλί Νισύρου (Athens,1988) G. D. R. Sanders, 'Excavations at Sparta: the Roman stoa, 1988-91. Preliminaryreport,part 1 (c): medieval pottery',BSA 88 (ί993)? 251-86 Shallow Depth Investigation theApplicationof Magneticand through ElectricResistanceTechniques: An EvaluationStudyof theResponsesof steal Magnetic and Electric Resistance Techniquesto Archaeogeophy in Greece and Univ. of ProspectionSurveys Cyprus(Ph.D. thesis; Nebraska, Lincoln) G. P. Schaus, The Extramural at ofDemeterand Persephone Sanctuary Libya: Final Reports,ii: The East Greek,Island, and Laconian Cyrene, Pottery (UniversityMuseum Monographs, 56; Philadelphia, 1985) Graecum Supplementum epigraphicum P. D. Sheets and G. Muto, 'Pressureblades and total cuttingedge: an experimentin lithictechnology',Science,175(1972),632-4 E. S. Sherratt, 'Regional variation in the pottery of Late Helladic III B', BSA 75 (1980), 175-202 G. Shipley,review of &4GTvi-vii, in ClassicalReview,107 (n.s. 43), i3!-4 Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology G. Sotiriadis, 'To πεδίον της εν Σελλασία μάχης (222 προ Χρίστου)', BCH^: 5-57 id., 'Anti-Sellasia',BCH 35: 87-107, 201-14 (addendum, 241-2) B. A. Sparkes and L. Talcott, The AthenianAgora,xii: Black and Plain Pottery BC (Princeton,NJ,1970) ofthe6th,jth and4thCenturies C. M. Stibbe, Laconian Drinking Vesselsand OtherOpen Shapes (Laconian Black-glazed Pottery,2; Allard Pierson series, scripta minora, 4; Amsterdam,1994) id., LaconianMixingBowls: A HistoryoftheKraterLakonikos fromthe Seventhto theFifthCentury BC (Laconian Black-glazed Pottery,1; Allard Pierson series,scriptaminora, 2; Amsterdam,1989) id., LakonischeVasenmalerdes 6. Jhdts ν. Chr. (Amsterdam and London) id., 'Lo stamnos lacónico', Bollettino delVarte, 27: 1-12 id., 'Beobachtungen zur Topographie des antiken Sparta', BA Besch.64: 61-99 id., 'Dionysos in Sparta', BA Besch.66: 1-44 id., 'Between Babyka and Knakion: three addenda', in BA Besch. 69: 63-102 id., Archaic bronze hydriai',BA Besch.67 (1992), 1-62 W. D. Taylour, 'Excavations at Ayios Stephanos', BSA 67 (1972), 205-63

Abbreviations xxix Thompson Tillyard 1905-6 Tillyard 1906-7

Tod 1923-5 Tod, SMC Torrence 19790 Torrence 1979^

Torrence 1986a Torrence 1986^ Torrence 1991 Valmin, SME van Andel and Runnels Van Horn Vassi Vischer Wace 1907-8 Wace and Hasluck, 'Angelona' Wace and Hasluck 1908-9 Walbank, HCP Weisshaar 1981 Weisshaar 1982 Welcker Woodward 1907-8 Woodward 1908-9 Woodward 1909-10

H. A. Thompson, 'Two centuries of hellenisticpottery',Hesp. 3 (1934), 310-476 H. J. W. Tillyard, 'Laconia, II: excavations at Sparta, 1906. §14: inscriptionsfromthe altar,the acropolis, and other sites',BSA 12: 440-79 id., pp. 174-96 (174-82, 'New portion of the Damonon inscription'; 182-8, 'From the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia'; 188-91, 'Inscriptions from various sites'; 191-6, 'The stamped bricks') of id., A. M. Woodward, and M. N. Tod, 'Laconia: excavations at Sparta, 1907. §10: inscriptions',BSA 13: 174-218 M. N. Tod, Ά surveyof Laconian epigraphy,1913-1925', BSA 26: 106-15 id., SpartaMuseumCatalogue R. Torrence, 'Macrocore production at the Melos obsidian 8: 51-60 quarries', LithicTechnology, ead., Ά technological approach to Cycladic blade industries',in J. L. Davies and J. F. Cherry (eds), Papersin CycladicPrehistory. (Universityof California at Los Angeles Instituteof Archaeology Monographs, 14; Los Angeles), 66-85 andExchangeofStoneTools(Cambridge) ead., Production ead., 'Ground and polished stone', in J. L. Davis (ed.) Keos,v: AyiaIriniPeriodV (Mainz), 96-7 Keos173-98 ead., 'The chipped stone', in Northern M. N. Valmin, The SwedishMesseniaExpedition(SkrifterUtgivna av Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskapssamfundeti Lund, 26; 1938) T. H. van Andel and C. Runnels, BeyondtheAcropolis(Stanford, Calif., 1987) D. M. Van Horn, D. M. Observations relating to bronze age blade-core production in the Argolid of Greece', JFA 7 (1980), 487-92 O. Vassi, 'An unglazed ware potteryworkshop in twelfth-century Lakonia', BSA 88 (1993), 287-93 undEindrücke aus Griechenland W. Vischer,Erinnerungen (Basel, 1857) A. J. B. Wace, '§1: the east coast of the Laconian gulf, pp. 161-6 of id. and F. W. Hasluck, 'Laconia, II: topography.South-eastern Laconia', BSA 14: 161-82 and map opp. p. 161 id. and F. W. Hasluck, 'Laconia: Angelona', BSA 11 (1904-5), 81-90 iid., 'Laconia, II: topography. East-central Laconia', BSA 15: 158-76 F. W. Walbank, A HistoricalCommentary onPolybius,i (Oxford) H.-J. Weisshaar, 'Bericht zur frühhelladischen Keramik', AA 220-56 id., 'Bericht zur frühhelladischenKeramik', AA 440-52 F. G. Welcker,Tagebuch einergriechischen Reise(Berlin, 1865) Α. Μ. Woodward, 'Excavations at Sparta, 1908. §5: inscriptions', BSA 14: 74-141 id., 'Excavations at Sparta, 1909. §4: inscriptions', BSA 15: 40-106 id., 'Excavations at Sparta, 1910. §6. The inscriptions',BSA 16: 54-61

xxx Abbreviations Woodward1923-5 Zerner,'Lerna 1' Zerner,'Lerna 2' Zerner,'New perspectives'

BSA id., 'Excavationsat Sparta, 1924-25.§3: the inscriptions', 26: 159-239 C. Zerner,'Middle Helladic and Late Helladic I potteryfrom 2 (1986),58-74 Lerna',Hydra, ead., 'Middle Helladic and Late Helladic I potteryfromLerna, 4 (Athens,1988; 10pp.) partII: shapes',= Hydra, on tradein the Middle and earlyLate ead., 'New perspectives Helladic periodson the mainland',in C. Zerner(ed.), Waceand

as Evidence Biegen:Pottery for Tradein theAegeanBronzeAge 1939-89

(Amsterdam, 1991),39-56

10 THE NEOLITHIC POTTERY WilliamCavanagh The POTTERYFROMTHE SURVEYAREAbelongs essentiallyto the Late or Final Neolithic thesame site;findsfrom e8o, effectively period.It has been recoveredfromE48 (incorporating thisarea are indicatedby cE48(8o)')witha relateddeposit(LS 10071),and a concentrated depositof sherds,LS 10496,whichwe neverthelesshesitateto call a site. Lithic material probablyof LN1 date has been recoveredfromothersites(Bin, B115,B116,N363,L401,R429, U487,and U489).Althoughsitesof thisdate have been excavatedin Laconia, thismaterialis in Laconia Othersitesof LN1 date have been identified stillnotwellknownin theprovince.1 Geráki Goulás and Astéri, Karaoúsi, (?), Agios Stratigós,2 (Plytra),3 Kardamyli.4 by survey: The fáciesrecognizedis probablyto be equated with'the last major stage of the ceramic by the dominanceof a coarse largelyundecorated sequenceat Franchthi. . . characterised ware'.5Nichoriahas also produceda littlepotteryof thisdate.6Phelpshas made a case for early and late phases in the Late Neolithic potteryof the Péloponnèse,but this is best recognizedthroughthefinewares.7Thus,whileour potteryassemblagesitsbestwiththelate phase,giventhe smallnumberof sherdsand largelycoarse materialit is probablyunwiseto pressthisconclusion. Table

Wares (1) fewsherdscan be classifiedas fine.The main ware is of Amongour smallsamplerelatively and thereare tracesof burnishing. The firingis uneven,but mediumtextureand density, YR YR on the exterior and brown brown (10 6/3) on the interior;small (7.5 5/2) pale mainly inclusions and mica can be Three and bodysherdsofa fine, black-grit quartz observed'(SFA). YR in out (5 YR 7/6) and pinkish-grey softfabric,reddish-yellow (7.5 7/2) the core,had very some mica smallinclusions (SF F). including

1 The potteryfromAlepótrypahas hardlybeen published. Kouphóvounoseemsto havebeen occupiedin thisperiod,as the chipped stone finds,in particular the arrowheads, indicate(see Renard,Kouphóvouno, 58-62); but presumably mostof the contemporary being (thoughsee n. 11)pottery, coarse and undecorated,was not extractedand hence was withthatstoredin theByzantinechapel. losttogether 2 PL i. 85-92,fig.15.1-4,pl. 19 a. 3 PL a. 13Q-40. 4 W. A. MacDonald and R. Hope Simpson, 'Further Péloponnèse',AJA73 (1969), explorationsin southwestern 123-77,at p. 161.

5Jacobsen271;on Sampson'sterminology thisis theLN1II period:A. Sampson,'Late neolithicremainsat Tharrounia, Euboea', BSA 87 (1992),61-101,at pp. 91-3. 6 R. J. Howell, 'Final neolithic phase', in Nichoria,ii. 8-14. 7 Earlyphase: Phelps300-26, esp. Red Pattern-burnished, ProsymnaIncised, and Crustedwares. Late phase: Phelps continuesin 335-42. It has also been suggestedthatUrfirnis productionin the Péloponnèse into the LN1 period: S. S. Weinberg,'Remains of prehistoricCorinth',Hesp.6 (1937), 487-524, at pp. 503-4; Jacobsen 269; Renard,Kouphóvouno, 98.

2 Chapter 10 I. FINE BOWL (FIG, 10. 1, 1-2)

a. Rim sherdindicatingrathershallowconical bowl withstraight sides.D. (rim)0.16. The rimis rounded and has a slightly flattened lip.8 Date: FM. E80/6.

b. Similarin dimensions, butcurvedprofile.9 Date: FN1. E48(8o)/2O.

(STi)

Household

Wares (2) A fairnumberof sherdsof medium thickness(0.01-0.015) appear to representcookingvessels. The fabric10tends to be unevenlyfired,varyingfromdark grey(10 YR 4/1) to reddish-brown (2.5 YR 4/4) on the surfaceand darkgreyish-brown (10 YR 4/2) to reddishYR inside. The surface is smoothed but and sometimeshas a 5/2) grey(5 usuallyirregular, of limestone sherds show traces of Inclusions consist 'crackelure'; body burnishing. and with black fragments quartz, occasionally quite large, together grit and mica. Sometimesthe sherdsshow a patterningof dark and lightareas on the surface,which appears to be deliberatelysought;thusLS 10071/3showsan ellipse-shapedarea of black surroundedby a lighter, buffarea. 2. DEEP ROUNDED BOWL (FIG. ΙΟ. ι, 3-10)

a. The rimsherdssuggesta largevessel,D. 0.3-0.4; the rim can be simple, rounded, or pinched and slightlyin-curved. A rather more elaborate type consists of a thickened rim with fingertipped decoration and an applied cordon immediately below and outside(E80/2, 4; E48 A/2). The profile appears to be curved;LS 10071/1 has a clearlybellTh. (wall) 0.007-0.008. A number shaped profile.11 of concave and flat bases could belong with this type. Date: FN1. E48(8o)/i-2, 19, 42-3, 45, 66; E80/2, 4; e8i/i; LS

Storage

10071/1;N363/12; Q360 AD/5 (?)· Bases:12 E48/2; E48(8o)/23,46; E80/7-11. (ST 3-4, 8, 12) b. The depositlocatedat LS 10496 comprisestwo or more slightlyconvex deep bowls. The rims are flattened(LS 10496/ia, 3 + 4) or thickenedon the outside(ls 10496/2).13One of the rim sherdshas a verticalstraphandleattachedat the rim.14The firing is veryuneven.D. 0.4, Th. (wall) 0.008-0.010. The handle, which was modelled close to the body, measures0.033 acrossX 0.008 thick. LS 10496/1-6 (numeroussherds). (ST 11)

Vessels

(3) The fabricsof thesevesselsare thick(0.015-0.02).In colourtheyvaryfromlightred (2.5 YR 6/8) to reddish-brown (2.5 YR 4/4) to pale yellow(2.5 Y 6/8). The core can be darkgreyishcoveredwithfine brown(10 YR 4/2) to reddish-grey (5 YR 5/2). The surfaceis frequently 8 McDonald and Hope Simpson(n. 4), 156,pis 44 a 1,46. 1; Phelps327,fig.54. 7 (fromArgos);Sampson77,open type 29: figs23. 58; 48. 242; Howell(n. 6), 11,figs.1-2,Ρ 2ooi. 9 FN1:Jacobsen 272, fig.8. 9; Phelps, fig.54. 6 (from Portes);Sampson76, open type30: figs31. 143;47. 231; 50. 252.

10Phelps (297) has commentedthatcoarse sherdstend to have similarfabricsin both FN1 and EBA. In the Laconia SurveymaterialthestandardEH waresare quitedistinct. 11FN1: Phelps 322, fig. 51. 23 and 27 (Lerna and iii. 1: Die Alepotrypa).H. Walterand F. Feiten,Alt-Ägina,

Stadt:Befestigungen, Häuser,Funde (Mainz, 1981), vorgeschichtliche

86-7: 'steilwandigeSchüssel'.Sampson75, open typei: figs 19. 10;36· 169Î°f·tyPeI2: fig·29· I28 (smaller). u rINI:E00/9 + 10: rhelps331,tig.55. 15,17.E00/11:ibid, Jacobsen272, fig.8. 11-15. fig.55. 14 (all fromAlepotrypa). Sampson82, table9, types2, 12;fig.25. 78. 13FN1 (late?): Phelps 336, fig. 56. 10, 14, 18 (from Alepotrypa). 14FN1: S. A. Immerwahr,The Athenian Agora,xin: The andBronzeAges(Princeton,NJ,1971),43, nos 171-3, Neolithic pl. 12. 69; Jacobsen272, fig.8. 2; Sampson 75, type23 for handle; forgeneralshape cf. ibid. 77, type36: fig.53. 271; also fig.54. 282.

Neolithicpottery3 fewinclusions,thoughsome largelimestone,quartz,and cracks.There tendto be relatively there is also mica. The firing is slightly occur; uneven,thepastecoarsein black-grit fragments textureand mediumin hardness(SF B, C). 3. PITHOS (FIGS. IO.I, II-14; II. I, I -2)

The rim sherds indicate wide-mouthed vessels, and possiblyof a bucket perhaps0.4-0.5 in diameter, shape, thoughsome body sherdsindicate a curved profileas well.15Our rimsare roundedand slightly incurved;E80/3 + 516and E48 a/ 18 have a flattened rim.The body sherdscan be decoratedwithapplied cordonsin a patternof intersecting lines,formingV and Γ shapes (E48(8o)/58);17these are some 0.005

Miscellaneous

wide and are sometimesdecoratedwithflngertipping (cf.esp. LS 10071/4+ 5).18E80/1has a horizontalstrap and twolugswerefound(E48/1;E48 A/22).20 handle,19 There is no indicationofthetypeofbase. Date: FN1. E80/1, 3 + 5, 14; E48/1; E48(8o)/7, 18, 22, 56-7, 29-30,44, 58-60, 62; LS 10071/4+ 5. (ST 2, 6-7, 10,13)

Sherds

For the sake of completenesswe also include those sherds which are of LN1/FN1 date but which could not be assigned to more specifictypes: BodysherdsE48/3-4; E48 A/4,8-10; E48(8o)/3~6,8-17, 26-8, 31-41,47-55, 68-73, 76"8; E48(8o)/4,8, 10 (?); E77/1-5;E80/12-13,15-31;e8i/3~6; Q360 L/23,26-7; R3012B/57 Bases E48(8o)/24~5,75; E80/7 Handles E48 a/i, 7; e8i/2 Rims E48(8o)/6i,63-5, 67,74

15FN1: Phelps 339, figs57. 1-4; 60. 1, 4-7, 10; 98. 4; 99. ware at p. 12,figs.1-3, Ρ Howell (n. 6), 8; cordon-decorated 2oo6-io. Commonat Alepotrypa. 16The modellingofthisrimis notunlikePhelps329,fig.54. sherd. is a slighter 13,which,however, 17FN1: Immerwahr (η. 14), 40, nos 149-52, pl. 10. Phelps 331-4: plain and impressed cordons are 'found at mostsiteswhere Final Neolithicis known',in Laconia

ÁgiosStratigós(PL i. 89, pl. 19.5-7). 18FN1:Immerwahr (η. 14),42, nos 166-9,pi· π> Walterand Feiten(n. 11), 88-9, ΐ50-Ι> nos 47~56> pl· 7&;Jacobsen273 and fig.8. ι,7. 19Straphandlesare normalin FN1:Phelpswo. 20FN1: Phelps 324-5, fig.51. 28; 330, fig.55. 13 (from 101,113,pl. 38. 9. Klenia); Renard,Kouphououno,

11 THE EARLY HELLADIC POTTERY WilliamCavanaghandjoostCrouwel There are three starting-pointsfora studyofEH potteryand chronology in Laconia. In thefirstplace thereare excavationsat sitesin thecentralPéloponnèse,in particularKythera and Áyios Stephanos in the south,Asea in the north,and the recentlypublishedsite of Kouphóvounoveryclose to theSurveyarea.l In thesecondplace we can turnto thematerial fromsurveysin Laconia,2thoughthis,of course,suffers fromthe same problemsas our own and tendsto consistofsmalllots.Thus itis also surveymaterial:it is notfromclosedcontexts, necessary to turn to the much better-knownresults fromsites in the north-eastern a problemofregionalvariationwhichis Péloponnèseand centralGreece.There is,moreover, especiallyacutein theEH I periodand to whichwe shallreturnat theend ofthischapter. It is worthpointingout twofurther difficulties thathave influenced thepresentation ofthe on the technologyof pottery catalogue.First,greatemphasishas been placed, historically, the EH I, II and III phases. Thus, in his classic productionas a means of distinguishing of the potteryfromZygouries,Biegensubdividedthe waresas A I 'Hand-polished typology ware. . . apparently withoutslip';A II ware,'coatedwitha firmslipwhichis ... polished'(or burnished);Β I Glazed ware,partiallycoated (thatis to say,Urflrnis);Β II Glazed ware, can cut acrossfabricdivisions; coated; as well as others.3This surfacetreatment completely A II he states that of it is coarse and some fine',4 'some thus,ofthe diagnostically earlytype and A II even includesa hard, thin,almostegg-shellfabric,5thoughthisis of later date. the surfaceof the sherdsrecoveredfromthe Laconia Surveyis usuallyvery Unfortunately, wornand notuncommonly erodedaway,so thatthistechnological is not criterion completely In available to us. what the have been used as the main follows, therefore, easily potterytypes with fabric a second indicator. typological guide, forming Second,it now appearsthattheEH periodcoversa vastperiod:on thebasis of C14 dates, some1,500years.6Clearlythepottery shouldbe susceptible to a morerefinedsubdivision, and indeed recentworkat sitessuch as Perachora,Tiryns,Lithares,and Kefalari-Taliotihas confronted thischallenge.The wayforward lies in a statistical treatment based on therelative of the various This sort of frequencies categories. precision,however, probablyrequiresmore 1 See Kythera;W. D. Taylour, 'Excavations at Ayios Stephanos', BSÄ 67 (1972), 205-70; Holmberg; Renard. These do have theirlimitations:Kastri on Kytherahad a mixedcontextof EH I and EH II pottery;ÁyiosStephanos has not yetbeen fullypublished,and Asea seems to suffer frommixedcontexts.We wishto thankProf.J. quiteseverely A. MacGillivrayforplacingat our disposalillustrations of, and notes on, unpublished EH material from Áyios Stephanos;see also D. H. French,in Taylour(above),263-5.

2 PL i-ii; A. Harding, G. Cadogan, and R. Howell, bronzeage townin Laconia', BSA 'Pavlopetri:an underwater 64(1969), 113-42. 3 Biegen,esp. 76, 77,83, 87, 101,106,123. 4 Ibid. 77. 5 Ibid. 77-8.

6 P. Warren and V. Hankey, Aegean Bronze Age Chronology

(Bristol,1989),121-7.

6 Chapter11 extensivesamplingthan is normallypossible in surfacesurvey.Neverthelessa relatively successful attemptat seriationofourmaterialhas been published.7 In contrastto the Neolithic,thisperiodis well represented by a largebody of handmade from some of which are sites.8 The 59 locations,33 pottery potterycan be dividedintotwo broad categories:finetableware,in the formof smallopen and closedvessels,and coarser fromfoodpreparation to storage.The twocategories occur fabrics, probablyusedforeverything in and the table ware EH is often ascribable to to the thanks Π, together, particular presenceof sauceboatsand bowlswithin-turned well known from in excavated sites mainland Greece. rims, Table

Wares (1-9) The fabricsof thefinewaresare welllevigatedand evenlyfired,ifsomewhatsoftin texture; the veryhard-fired typesknownfromotherareas have not survived.9The more common varietiestendto be yellow-red (5 YR8/3) or white(5 YR8/1 - 2.5 YR8/2) throughpink(7.5YR to YR white 8/4) (10 8/2; studytypesB, K, L, AA). A secondgroupclustersaroundlightred YR to (2.5 6/6) reddish-yellow (5 YR7/8; studytypeI). Bothtendto be firedevenlyto thecore. Some examples tend to lightbrownish-grey (10 YR 6/2), where (accidentally?)firedin a in The inclusions thesewaresare few,sometimes somesmallgrit reducingatmosphere (typeJ). and quartz.The wallsof thevesselstendto be about 0.005 thick.The vesselsare small,and open shapes predominate,but as usual withsurfacematerialit is only rarelypossible to identifythe shape withcertainty.Many of the pieces reveal traces öf red or dark paint whichpresumably was originally (Urfirnis), polishedor slipped,as elsewhere;butthesurfaces are abraded,and itis rarelypossibleto distinguish thefullextentofthepaint. OPEN SHAPES I. BOWLWITHIN-TURNEDRIM (FIG. 11.1,J-8)

a. A completeprofilewas preservedin P269/44. BowlD. 0.145(moregenerally from0.10to varying 0.15),totalH. 0.08,Th. (wall)0.005;thusthebody is wide and relativelyshallow.The pedestal is convex in profile(D. 0.044). ^n practice it is difficult to distinguish bodyand base sherdsfrom those of 2 (see 5), under which pedestals are discussed.10 7 W. Cavanaghand R. Laxton,'Seriationofnoisydata from theLaconia Survey:a knowledgeengineering approach',inJ. Pavuk (ed.), Actes du XIIe CongrèsInternationaldes Sciences etProtohistoriques Préhistoriques (Bratislava, 1993), 350-66.

8 Sites in order of abundance: S431, P262, S460, R462, R529, M357,C131,P285, U3006, R289, C128, N333, L400, U520, U3001,C126, S478, U490, LS 10170( = G154),N191, S448, U3005, R280, K414, R287, U500, P263, P284, R428, U504,R3012,P269.

9 e.g.Zygouries, Biegen80; Eutresis, H. Goldman,

Excavationsat Eutresisin Boeotia(Cambridge, Mass., 1931), 97;

Asea, Holmberg66-7. 10The type is very common: see Biegen 83-4, 87; Κ. iv: Die Urfirniskeramik Müller,Tiryns, (Munich,.1938),19-20; Weisshaar1981,223-9, wno distinguishes 'kleineSchüsseln' (D. usually o. 14-0.15) from'Schalen' (p. 227; D. usually

Date:EH (I-) II (-III). Rims:G154/1; P269/2, 4; M357/2; L400/9;R462/1; U3001/35. (ST 2) b. Rimsherdsonlyslightly somewitha in-turned, hollowbelowandoutside thelip.11 slight Date:EH II (early?). P263/11, 49, 103;P269/65-7,93-6, 99; R280/8; (ST 19,28) R287/58. o. 17-0.18)which,tendto havea flatbase and to be shallower in profile.Many rimfragments are difficult to ascribe,but the range of diameters suggests that the small bowl in theLaconia Surveymaterial.The typewith predominates a sharp carinationand almostverticalrim (cf. Weisshaar 1981,223, typeI) has not been found.Frequentin EH II, some examples are late EH I. Eutresis V: Caskey and Caskey 146,fig.5. 1-3. Palaia Kokkinia: D. Theocharis, 'ΠαλαιάΚοκκινιά',PAE 1952,93-127,at fig.9. Perachora Y: Fossey64, fig.5. 12. At Kouphóvouno, typeswith a rimhave been distinguished fromthosewithan instraight curvedrim (Renard 136); some of the rim sherdsunder 2 belowmightbelongto theformer. 11EH II (early?):Weisshaar1981,232, fig.78. 5; D. French and E. French, Tiryns,v: PrehistoncPottery fiom theArea of the

at Tiryns Prison Agncultural (Munich,1971),30, fig?2. 13-15.

Early Helladic pottery7 c. Veryfinebowlwithrimsmoothedroundto forma lip; D. 0.12,Th. (wall)0.004.12 sharp,in-turned Date: EH II (-III). 1. (ST 106) S478/66,2a; LS 10170/ 2. sauceboat/deep bowl with pedestal base (fig. 11.1,9-14) The most characteristic sherds preserve the recurvedprofileas the body approaches the spout (e.g. P269/61; LS 10105/3);the small verticalstrap handle is also distinctiveof the sauceboat (U504/5; U3001/20).Wherelarge rimshave been preservedit is possible to distinguish more or less vertical profiles(P263/4-5).Plain verticalrimsof thin-walled (0.005) vessels may belong to sauceboats or deep bowls. D. from 0.10 to 0.15, one example 0.25 (P263/6).13 Date: EH II. C128/7-8;P262/63;P263/2-6,35, 37-8, 41-7, 51; P269/45,6l, 63-4; R280/1,46; P284 Β/105,Ε/2, 12; R289/13, 15; M357/1;K414 A/2, b/6, 23, 50; R428 B/1-4; S478/67-9, 36a, 40a; U504/1-5, 153-4; (ST 13) U3001/20;R3012a/i. GLOBULAR BOWL(FIG.II. I, 15) 3. MINIATURE Small bowl with plain, in-turnedrim and upright 14 piercedlugat themaximumdiameter(0.06). (ST 58) P269/68. 4. LARGE CARINATED BOWL (FIG. I I.I, 16)

either 2 or 1, but it is impossible, on present to saywhich.The examplesvaryin height knowledge, (0.01-0.0 15), diameter(0.04-0.06),and shape,butover a continuumwithno clear demarcationof subtypes. The profileis convex,moreor lesswidelysplayed;the majorityare hollowedunderneath.16 Date: EH II. N333/22;P269/5,44, 47-9, 51-2,55-9; R287/29,75, 77-8; 1400/12-13,21; P284 B/17,20, 22-3, 25, c/8-9, E/4,F/15;LS 10170/27-30;LS IO387/2;N191/39,41-3; S478/1, 83; U3OO1/27-8, 30-2; U3OO5/39-48; U3006/6,8, 52; R3012A/34,B/26-8, 30, 32-3, c/9; R3012/30;U504/61-75,145, 149, 151;U5OOAl/24-5; R428B/44. (ST 2, 49) b. Largerbase (D. 0.06-0.08 and up to 0.10: U504/76, concaveprofile.17 150)withmarkedly Date: EH II. P263/30; R280/26, 29-30; P269/3, 6, 46, 50; R287/25; P261/7; U504/76, 105; U3001/29; U3005/36-8;R3012B/29,31; LS 10105/7(?). (ST 14) c. This typeis low enoughto be called a ringbase, but in size (D. 0.03-0.045) and appearanceit belongs witha.18 Date: EH II (-IIP). P263/31; P269/53-4; P284 d/6; R287/26; S478/81-2;R428B/45-6. (ST 15) 6. RING BASES (FIG. I I.I, 26-8)

convex Bowl withthickenedrimand vertical,slightly bodywhichreturnswitha sharpcarination.D. 0.21, Th. (wall)0.005.15 Date: EH I-II. (ST74) R287/1.

These belongto a vesselwhichappearsto have had a moresteeplyroundedprofilethan1 or 2.

5. PEDESTALBASES(FIG. I I.I, 17-25)

a. Small typewith convex profile;it mustgo with

P263/21-2, 27; P284 B/18; K414 A/3, B/12-13; U500 B4/12. (ST 16)

12Caskeyand Caskey155,fig.11,VIII. 23; Howell,Έ. Arcadia', 109, fig.3. 28; Weisshaar1981,227, flg.72, type VIII b; 228,fig.73 fordate. 13Müller 11-16.Sauceboats are considereda hallmarkof formsmayjust go back EH II, thoughsomeratherprimitive into EH I; theircontinuationinto EH III is controversial. Verticalhandlesare not uncommon:see Müller 14 η. 2 for earlier references;also Holmberg 66 η. 3; Caskey and Caskey153-7,VIII. 15,35, 43, 45. Sauceboatsare said to be rarein Arcadia(Howell,Έ. Arcadia',no), thoughthismay be overstated(cf. Holmberg 66, 71). As yet we have no evidence fromLaconia for the 'deep sauceboats' found elsewhere:cf.J. L. Caskey,'Excavationsat Lerna 1954',Hesp. 24 (1955),24-49, at pl· 2I a~c' Caskeyand Caskey290, type at IV.J. L. Caskey'stypes1 and 2 have been distinguished (Renard139-40). íCouphóvouno 14Perhapsrelatedto thepyxis;cf.Biegen87 and flg.77,no. 61;Müller28-9; Caskeyand Caskey156,VIII. 41.

15EH I: Weisshaar1981,231,flg.77. 10. EH II: ibid. 244, fig.87. 5. 16At Zygouries the bases of the sauceboats vary from 0.025 to 0.072 in diameter(Biegen89-93). Conical bases are said to be rare at Tiryns: Müller 53 (cf. fig.40. 6, 8-9); Weisshaar 1981, 224-5, cf id· 1982, 452 and fig. 67. 2. Arcadia: Howell,Έ. Arcadia',109,fig.3. 25, 34-5; pis 30 c, 82, 274,fig.35; pl. 17α 86-7. 31 d. Kythera: Kythera 17EH II: Eutresis, Caskeyand Caskey153-7,VIII. 13-14, 82; 274,fig.35; pl. 17 α 88; fig.11,pl. 50; Kythera, Kythera Áyios Stephanos, Taylour (n. 1), 264, fig.36. 8, a bowl within-curving rim. 18EH II: Eutresis, Caskeyand Caskey153-7,VIII. 4, 24, 34; Tiryns, Weisshaar1981,224-5,^§· 7°· 19Ring bases are normal by EH II: see Biegen .101; Howell, Έ. Arcadia', 109^ fig.3. 36; Weisshaar 1982, 452 and fig.66. 3-4; cf. Kouphóvouno, Renard 136,no. 379, pl. 44.

a. Ring base, D. 0.06-0.08, withringroundedand base hollow.19 Date: EH II.

8 Chapter 11 b. These are almostfalseringbases, slightlyhollow underneath,and more or less markedlyeverted.D. 0.05-0.07.

Date: EH II. P263/24-6,28-9, 32, 106; P269/62;P284 B/19,71; R428B/47. P261/4;K414b/ii; M357/11; (ST 17)

CLOSED SHAPES JARS 7. SMALL (FIG.11.2,1-j) a. Globular jar, thin-walled(0.002), with sharply evertedrim(D. 0.065) an 83)

Household

Wares (9-29) There seems to be a gulfbetween the fine wares, well levigated and usually with few and thecoarsewares,whichinvariably containa densematrixofstoneinclusions. inclusions, This householdfabricis used fora wide range of types,rangingfromquite delicatethinwalled(0.004)vesselsto massivepithoi.On somevesselsa self-slip can be recognized,butnot the whole surface been has often removed abrasion. surprisingly by In termsofcolourthereis a continuum froma lightoatmeal(10YR8/3: verypale brown)to weremade to subdividethesefabrics, but 7.5YR8/4 (pink)to a lightred(2.5YR 6/8).Attempts shade into one another. The vases are but as an initial theyreally usuallyevenlyfired, hypothesis we wouldsuggestthatthedifferences of colourare a resultof firing conditionsratherthanof different clay.This generalfabricholdsmanyinclusions:schist,blackgrit,quartz,and mica D Sometimesabrasionhas leftan almost (Fabrics and Q; also S, T, and AM as minorvariants). a minor texture, spongy perhapsindicating vegetabletemper(SF R). Thereare somedistinctive notrestricted to singlesites:(1)a medium-hard wares,whichare nevertheless ware,lightgreyin colour(10 YR 7/2) bothoutsideand in the core,whichcontainsmuchquartzand limestone 20EH I (?): Weisshaar1981,231,fig.77. 3 (levelIXb); EH II (?): Gaskeyand Caskey 155,VIII. 16, pl. 51 - largerthan ours. 21EH II- III: Lianokladhi II, A. J. B. Wace and M S. Thessaly(1912), 178, fig. 122 c' Thompson, Prehistoric Hanschmannand MilojCic93, pl. 69. 11. Possibleparallels, EH II: Weisshaar1981,232, fig.78. 9; Holmberg67, 'ajar with a spherical body and straight off-setrim' (not illustrated). 22For incised decorationat an early date see Biegen 78

and pl. 6; forwedge-shapedjabs see Caskey and Caskey 156, pl. 48. Cf. also Renard 120, no. Κ 1114,pl. 34. 5, for similar decoration on a different form, dated to Neolithic. 23Type ambiguous. Jugs at Zygouries generallyhad a flattened bottom:Biegen84; cf.also EH II: Weisshaar1981, 242, fig.85. 10 (askos); id. 1982,452, fig.67. 4-5 (spouted jugs). Taylour(n. 1),265: 'dimpledbase' in Urfirnis. 24EH II pyxis;cf.Caskeyand Caskey156,VIII. 41 and pl. 48.

Early Helladic pottery9 withblackgrits, butnottheschistfoundin mostexamples(SF O); perhapsalso (2) a red together YR fabric (2.5 5/8) (SF N), thoughthisis morewithintherangeofthosedescribedabove.Some ofthepithoiare made ofa hardcoarsefabric,verypale brownto reddish-yellow (10YR8/3-7.5 YR 7/6),withmanyquartzinclusions ofmediumsize and notmuchschist(SF U). The fabrics organizedpotteryproductionon a regionalbasis; but proper certainly suggestprofessionally thisconclusively. scientific is to establish analysis required A smallgroupofrimand bodysherds,and someloop handles,belongto a fabricrelatively coarsein make-upbutcoveredwitha thickred slipofthesortthoughtto be diagnosticofEH I. It tendsto be medium-coarsein texture,medium-hard,and evenlyfired,thoughsome sherdsare reducedto a lightbrownon theinsidesurface.The slipvariesfromlightred (10YR 6/8) to red (2.5 YR 5/8), and the core is lightbrown(10 YR 5/8). Inclusionsconsistof much quartzand some schist.(Handles:U3005/16,19-20,35. Body sherds:C126/18,22; N191/57, 85;R428B/48;s43i/32.p OPEN SHAPES 10. RED-SLIPPEDBOWL(FIG. 11.2, J-IÖ)

a. A heavy bowl with a simple rolled rim of thick fabric(0.007thick).D. c.0.3.26 Date: EH I. C126/1;U3005/5;R3012B/14(?). (ST 98) b. Bowl of quite large diameter (0.2-0.3) with a rim,flaringin profile; thickened,flat-topped slightly Q360 k/i has a row of horizontaldashes below the rim;Th. (wall)0.005.27 Date: EH I. (ST 100) Q360 k/i. N191/16; of a smallbowl,witha simple c. Small rimfragment pinchedrimand convexwall whichrapidlythickens to 0.005. 28 N191/8.

(ST 101)

11. BASINS(FIG. 11.2, H-15)

a. The basinwitha thickenedrimvariesin diameter on top, from0.30-0.35;therimis somewhatflattened - perhapsthemostdistinctive pinchedon theinterior In some featureof these vessels- and thickened.29 examplesthereis a hollowoutsideand belowtherim. An examplewitha nearlycompleteprofilehas a rim D. of 0.35 and a simple flat base, D. 0.14-0. 15; a

25Fabric: see Caskey and Caskey 139-40; Howell, Έ. Arcadia',109,fig.3. 15. 26EH I: AyiosStephanos,unpublished piece. Our thanksto forsupplying thisinformation. J.A. MacGillivray 27EH I: Fossey59, fig.30. 20 (phase X). Kouphóvouno: Renard,pl. 37. 1-2 (datedNeolithicon p. 170). 28EH I: AyiosStephanos,unpublishedsherdbycourtesyof J. A. MacGillivray. Less convincingly,cf. spoons from Eutresis, Caskeyand Caskey140;144,III. 8-o, fig.7. 29Biegen 97-8 and fig.85, no. 606. EH II: Caskey and

somewhat hemisphericalprofilegives the bowl a depth of about 0.18. C131/9 has fingertipping. P269/160has an irregular pie-crustdecorationon the thickened rim.30 Date: EH I- II. P263/20;P269/9+ 11,8, 16, 134-5,^-é0* !45-6> 149-51,153-60;N333/3;R287/11;R289/4-9,11;P284 E/26,29 (?); LS 10170/7,11;K414B/2,9-10; N191/13, 15; C131/1,9 (?); C126/11;U3005/6;U504/7-9;R428 B/22(?),A/5-6,17,19-20,25,33,40, 134. (ST 34) b. The basin with a rolled rim is usually simply and rolledon theoutside;only pinchedon theinterior one example,S478/5a,is of the 'T-rimmed'varietyso common elsewherein Greece.31Diameters cluster round 0.30-0.35 but can attain 0.50 (U500 A2/1; 0.004 thick,rarely S478/5a),whilewallsare frequently parallelgroovesare up to 0.01. Sometimesfinger-wide foundbelow the rim;32on P284 B/122oblique slashes wereincisedthere. P263/96-8; P269/143; R287/16, 18 (?); L400/10; P284 B/122; N191/14; S478/72, 5a; P284 c/i; U3001/9; U3005/9-10; U3006/18; R3012 A/12, 14, b/ii, c/4-5; R3012/7, 9; U504/10, 12, 14-18, 23, 25-7, 30, 32, 144, 146; U500 Ai/6, A2/1-2, A3/1; R428 A/3, 8, 11-12, 24, 28, B/25; R529/1; LS 11122/15. (ST 32)

Caskey 153,VIII. 8, fig.11 (EH I examplestend to have a rim:ibid. 142,III. 11-12). flattened 30EH I (?): Howell, Έ. Arcadia',fig.3. 2, pl. 28 b. EH II: 82, 274, fig.35, α 83; Kouphóvouno, Kythera, Kythera Renard141,no. 400, pl. 37. 13. 31The 'T-rimmed'formpredominatesin the Argolid;see Weisshaar1981,230-4, figs74-5, thoughcf.ibid.241,fig.84. 3. U500A/2:cf.ibid.245,fig.88. 5 (EH II- III). 01Kouphóvouno:Renard141-2,nos.401,403,pl. 37. 3-4.

ίο Chapter 11 BOWLS(FIGS.II. 2, l6~l8' II.3, I~2j) 12. PLAIN-RIMMED a. Largebowlsc.0.25in diameterand withthickwalls (0.010-0.013); the shape below the rim may be R287/17has diagonal fingertipped hemispherical.33 and U3006/19has obliqueslasheson the decoration,34 rim and a fingertippedcordon below. A typewith smallerdiameter(0.15-0.20)and thinnerwall (0.007) can be groupedhere.S478/4ais larger,as is U3006/19 (D. 0.45),35and has a bevelledrim,pinched on the inside.R287/6has 'pie-crust'decoration. Date: EH I-II. C126/12;C128/1;R287/17;LS IO465/2; S478/76, 13a; R3012/8,12, B/9, 17; U504/29; R428 B/23, 28; S478/4a, 7a; U3006/19; R287/6; P284 B/48 (?); R529/9;U3005/3-4;R3012B/13. (ST 76, 108,102,75, 109) witha thickenedor rolled b. Bowl,c.o.20 in diameter, and slightlyflattenedrim; Th. (wall) 0.007. R3Oi2 A/22 has slashes along the rim; P269/106 has two ridgeson therim.36 Date: EH (I-)II. P263/99;R280/21;P269/13,43; P284 E/30; R3012 A/22;P269/106;M357/4(?). (ST 25, 65) c. Deep bowlmediumin size(0.13-0.18,up to 0.25)but and varying ratherthick-walled and coarse(0.007-0.01), in profile.37 fromconicalto hemispherical R289/1has a rowofobliqueslashesoutsidejustbelowtheplainrim.38 and P284D/5arethin-walled smallexamples. P269/116 Date: EH I-II (-III). P263/77; R280/4, 58; P269/108, 115; R287/15; R289/10 (?); P284 B/95 (?); K414 Β/7; Μ357/6; U504/28; P267/1;R428 B/5, 15; P263/86, 100, 109; P269/113,147;R287/13,19; C126/1;P285/6;R289/1;

33EH I: Eutresis, Caskeyand Caskey135-7,II. 30-5; III. 11-12,fig.4 (the slip and burnishare not evidenton our examples); Perachora, Fossey 64, fig. 5, bowls 24-6; Kephalari, Dousougli 201 and fig. 26. 160; Tiryns, C128/1:Weisshaar1981,241,fig.78. 7, thoughBiegen no, fig.101,no. 36 is later.EH II: S478/4a:Weisshaar1981,232, fig.83. 10;Howell,Έ. Arcadia',109,fig.3. 8. 34EH I-II: Kythera 79,fig.35,pl. 16 α 38. 35EH I: Hanschmann and MilojCic, type A6, 'Turbanrandschale', p. 61,pl. 24. 16;cf.pl. 59 a 11(Tsangli). 36EH II: Weisshaar1982,451,fig.69. 4; Frenchand French (n. 11),fig.2. 2; Howell,Έ. Arcadia', 109,fig.3. 1 (EH I or II?). 37EH I: Caskey and Caskey 144, IV. 3 and fig.7; Fossey 57-9, figs3. 1-9,5. 3-18; Kephalari, Dousougli205,fig.29. 185;Fournoi, ibid.215,fig.32 e; Hanschmannand Milojfiié 34, type A2, pl. 4. 3-5, 7-9, cf. p. 37, pl. 8-1 1. EH II: Weisshaar1981,232,fig.78. 8; 240,fig.83. 16; 244,fig.87. 9; id. 1982,461, fig.77. 3-5 (EH II- III). At Zygouries these vasesreston a ringbase: Biegen114-16,figs104-6.

P284 B/6 (?); LS 10170/6;C131/7;C126/10;S478/71; R3012/4,12;P284/2;P269/116;P284D/5; R428A/14. (ST 38, 33, 60) d. Deep bowl withflaringrim,similarto c. D. 0.2 and wall0.006 thick.39 S448/3has a repairhole.40 Date: EH I? S448/2-4,16;S478/na. (ST 81) e. Bowlswitha rolledrim,whichvaryin D. around 0.25; a number have the rim flattenedon top.41 U3006/12is uniqueat D. 0.09. EH I-II. N333/1;G128/13(?); U3005/14;R3012 c/2; R428 B/18; P269/133; R289/14; P284 B/5, 11; K414 B/8; N191/12; R3012c/i; R428B/13;u.3006/12. (ST 3, 64, 74) f. Bowl,D. c.o.20 withthinwall (0.004)and flatrim.42 Date: EH II. N333/2,4-5; R287/3;U490BC/15-16;R3012a/6; ls 10170/4,9, 12, 15,57; R280/14,39-40, 64; R428 B/6; P284E/40,46. (ST 7, 42, 90) g. Carinated body sherds,probably froma bowl shape;Th. (wall)0.006.43 Date: EH II? P263/34, 58; R280/28, 37; P269/24, 40, 101-5, 107-8; 1400/34;P284 E/3 (?), 107;N191/65;S478/111; R428B/11,19,65,A/81. (ST 36) h. Crater/bowl withflaringrim;a ratherheavyvessel with D. co. 2-0. 3 and Th. (wall) 0.005; tne rmi 1S evertedand usuallythickened out.44

Date:EH II (-IIP).

38EH II: ÁyiosStephanos,unpublishedinformation from J. A. MacGillivray(MS, fig.11,no. 197). 39EH I: Perachora, Fossey 59, fig. 3. 21; Kefalari, Dousougli 203, fig.27. 170.EH II: Weisshaar1981,239, fig. 82. 3. 40Or a perforation? Cf. Fossey59, fig.3. 22. EH I: Kythera 77,273,fig.35,pl. 1601.5-7. 41Howell,Έ. Arcadia',fig.3. 30. EH I: Kythera 78 and 273, α 19-20,fig.35; pl. 16. 42EH II: Weisshaar1981,232,fig.78. 7; id. 1982,452 and n. 149;fig.69. 1-2,6. 43Perhapsrelatedto Miiller'sthin-walledcookingvessels: A Prehistoric Müller 63, figs48-9; cf. C. Biegen, Korakou: Settlement nearConnth (Bostonand New York,1921),13,fig.15. 44These coarsevesselswitha markedneckconstriction are not easilyparalleled;Weisshaar1981,233, fig.79. 3, is too massiveand slipped.The rimformis bestparalleledby the EH III crater:e.g. Müller31-2; Weisshaar1981,248 and η. 3o6 (figs89. 2, 5, 7; 90. 9, 11,13; 91. 1),but theseof course are painted.

Early Helladic pottery u P263/8; P269/145 !255 I28-9, I3I-2; P285/4O; R289/18(?); 1400/4; P284 c/3, 53 (?), B/89,A/17(?); H28 D/2; LS 10170/3,5, 8, io, 13;G126/2(?); P284G/4 (?); M357/35;U490 AV/4,AM/20,30, AN/61;U3001/5; U3005/2;U3006/13;R3012A/13,ß/ö + 8; U504/6. (ST31) DISHES(FIG.11.3,24-fj 13. CONICAL to dish(Th. 0.008-0.02)witha straight a. A thick-walled D. 0.2-0.3.U3005/1is decorated slightly flaring profile. belowtherimbya cordonwithobliqueridges. U3005/1;P269/17;R3012a/ii; R428 B/14;R280/9, 14-15, 18, 22-3, 56; P284 B/12-13;U3001/6; R3012 (ST no, 52, 43) A/7,B/7. b. A slighter typethana. D. 0.12. P263/14;P269/184;U490 AS/i; S478/3a, 8a, 10a, 12a;U504/22;R428A/4. (ST27) VESSELS(FIG. II.3, 28-g) 14. STRAIGHT-SIDED

sherdswhoseultimate There is a groupof distinctive to define.They are straight-walled, typeis difficult indeedtheyhardlyseem to curvein anydirection,as thoughtheywere eitherverylarge in diameter,or belonged to some type of rectangularvessel. Wall thicknessvaries from0.004 to 0.007. In manyways thistypecompareswiththe 'bakingpans' fromAsea or Aegina,45thoughours are not pierced. P263/16 at an angleto therim,and showsan appliedcordon46 P269/121seemsto showthebeginingofa spout.47 Date: EH I-II? P263/10, 13, 16, 62, 65-6, 69, 71-3, 101, 104; R280/3,5, 7, 16-17,20, 24, 36; P269/7,110-12,114, 117-20, 121-2, 161; P285/47; R287/2,4-5; C126/3; R462/7;R289/2,12; 1400/3,7; P284 E/27,B/4,D/3, E/37; N191/4 (?), 18 (?), 63; C128/2, 14; C131/2; S478/74-5;R3012B/4-5; U504/13;R428 B/9, 12; LS (ST 26) 11122/44; R428a/i. WITHLEDGE(FIG.U.%30) 15. STAND On one sherditwas possibleto estimateD. 0.6, which seems surprisinglylarge for a sherd whose wall thicknessis only 0.005. The ledge inside is sloping above and straight below,and is set at varyingdepths belowtherim(or above thebase, ifa stand).R280/12 on theledge.48 is decoratedwithfingertipping 45Holmberg andFeiten 10, (Chapter 55-6,figs57-8;Walter n. 11),89,pl.78.65-71.Müller62-4placestheshapeinEH, andnotnecessarily early. 46Cf.Müller*8. 47A similar Renardpl. 31. 14, sherdfromKouphóvouno, hasa rolledrim. 48EH II: Weisshaar 1981,figs79. 8, 82. 4, 6; theseseem

heavierthantheTâcnnian examnles. and notso sharnlv angled. 49Cf. the examplewithfingertipping fromKouphóvouno,

Date: EH II. ^63/59; R280/2, 6, 12; P269/30, 41; C126/4; 1400/1; R428B/20,49. (ST 35) 16. plates (fig. 11.4,1-6) a. A shallow vessel with moulded rim and slightly convexwall, it measures0.20-0.30 in diameterand has a thickfabric(0.02-0.028); the rimhas a rather elaboraterolleclform.49 Two otherrimsmightbelong here(P269/10;S474/17). P269/18,130; P284 E/32 (?); LS 10660/4;Νΐ9χ/36 (?); R3012a/8 (?); P269/10;S474/17;R428A/31. (ST 54, 53) b. Plates with a rolled rim have a slightlyconvex upper surface,and measure0.30 or somewhatmore in diameter;the walls are 0.007-0.01 thick.The rim is rolled, or sometimes thickened with a slight hollow below; some sherds indicate a flat base to the type.50R287/20has two parallel grooveson the interior. Date: EH II. R280/13; P269/15, 97-100, 136-8, 141-2, 144; R287/10,20, 67; P285/7,10 (?); P284D/24;P288/6 (?); R3012A/16-17,19,B/15-16,18,c/3, 7; R3012/5-6,10, 15;U500A1/5,A4/2;R428B/21,24,A/7,13,16, 18,21, (ST 44) 27,29-30, 37,42, 44, 133. 17. pans (fig. i 1.4,y-g) This low,flat-basedvessel,0.20 in diameterand with wall 0.01 thick,rises0.02-0.03 frombase to rim.Two examples have a curved profile(R289/152 + 185, U3006/63), while a thirdis verticalwith a slightly evertedbase (S448/12);the last has a somewhatfiner fabric.Rims are eitherflator pinched.A bodysherd (S448/5)mightalso belong.51 Date: EH I-II. P269/152+ 185;S448/12;Q3006/63;S448/5. (ST 63, 85, 86) 18. STAND(FIG. 11.4, 10)

A flat-topped vesselon a low splayingverticalbase (D. the shape fromthe to reconstruct 0.125).It is difficult nearone end.52 sherd.Perforation Date: EH II. P284B/29;R428A/84-5,87. (ST 92) Renard140nos 30^-6, pis 3^, 38. 16-17. 50EH II: Müller 35-6, fig.31; Weisshaar1981,fig.82. 2; Hanschmannand MilojCic54, pl. 19. 18-19. 51EH I: Caskeyand Caskey142,fig.4, III. 16,pl. 47; Fossey 59, fig.58, misc.1. EH II: Weisshaar1981,fig.84. 11-14,cf.fig. 87. 6; Eutresis, Goldman(n. 9), figs142-3;Taylour(n. 1),241, HS 41. EH II (-III): Hanschmannand MilojCic,pl. 65 b 16. 52Holmberg84-8, esp. fig.88 b-c;Taylour(n. 1),240-1,HS 40.

12 Chapter 11 19· DIPPER(FIG. 11.4, //)

A handle with a long stem, round in section and c.0.018in diameter, ends in an oval loop 0.022 across. It may be attributedto the dipper on the basis of morecompleteexamplesfromelsewherein Greece.53 Date: FN-EH I (-IP). P263/54-5,57. (ST 40) 20. DISC (FIG. 11.4, 12)

Flat clay disc; D. 0.30, Th. 0.016. Possiblya potter's turntable?54 Date: EH II? P263/105. (ST 39) FIG. II.4, Ij) 21. LARGEPEDESTALBASE(FRUIT-STAND;

vessel(0.01),withfloor Fragmentoflargethick-walled 0.02 thick;coveredin and outwiththickredslip.55 Date: EH I? C126/17. (ST 105) 22. THIN-WALLED JARSORJUGS(FIGS.II.4, 14-21; 11.5, /)

a. Jar with evertedrim; the rim sherds suggesta globularbodied vesselwitha roundedshoulderand sharplyevertedrim.The rimcan be plain,pinched, or flaton top. The fabricis coarse and no trace of paint has survived;the walls are normallyabout 0.004, Dut thickerat the rim. The diameterof the rimis 0.22, thatof the neck from0.15 (P269/164)to 0.19 (L400/2).56On threeexamplesa verticalstrap handle,a flattenedovoidin section,extendsfromthe outwards(P269/164;L400/5; lip almosthorizontally R3012B/24 close).57A handle withdeeper diagonal excisions (R287/44)58mightalso belong with this type. Date: EH I- II (-III). 53FN: Sampson(ch. 10,n. 1),54, fig.51, 257. EH I: Biegen 96-7, 101and fig.84; Weisshaar1981,figs.78. 1,3; 79. 1. EH II (?): Müller 36, pl. 22. 8; Weisshaar 1981, fig. 88. 3. Kouphóvouno: Renard 142,nos. 405-11,esp. no. 407, pl. 31. 11. 54 Cf. P. M. Warren, on Myrtos:An Early BronzeAge Settlement

Crete(London, 1972), 213-15, 224. Ours is probably not convexenough on one face. Baking-plates,e.g. Weisshaar 1982,461,fig.77. 18,are also comparable. 55EH II: Eutresis, Caskeyand Caskey 134,fig.4, II. 16 (painted,notslipped);Kephala, J. Coleman,Keos,i: Kephak (1977),esp. 14 and pl. 30; Dousougli203 and fig.27. 168; 205 and fig.29. 180-1. Stands are a common featureof the Talioti phase, but tend to have finger-tipping around the joint: H.-J.Weisshaar,'Die Keramikvon Talioti',Tiryns,xi (Mainz, 1990),1-34,at pp. 7-8. 56Biegen85-6; Müller25-8; Holmberg74 and fig.76, 84 and fig.85 d. EH I: Fossey56-7, fig.2. 2-9; 60-2, fig.5, jars 2-15 (though'essentiallyof finefabric');Dousougli 201, fig. 26, no. 157(red-slipped); 205 and fig.29. 187.EH II: Caskey and Caskey 156,fig.11,VIII. 58; Weisshaar1981,234 and

P269/164; L400/5; R3012 B/24; L400/2 + 26; R3012/1,3; R287/41;LS 10071/10. (ST 68, 87,96, 78) b. Some neck sherdssuggesta jar typewitha more verticalrim,thoughthese are not verycomplete.59 P284 b/8 has a thickenedband, wherethebodyjoins the neck, decorated with vertical incised slashes. rim0.14 R287/9has a broad evertedalmostflattened in diameter.60 Date: EH II. P263/9,52; R287/9;P284E/28,B/8,47; R289/3(?); C126/13; R3012 A/18.

(ST 29, 103)

c. A necklessjar of broad globularshape witha very shortout-turned on top;D. (rim)0.13,Th. lip flattened (wall)0.005.61 Date: EH I-II. P284 B/121;R428 A/2.

(ST 91)

23. HEAVYJARWITHSHORTNECK (FIG. 11.5, 2-6)

This type has a thick wall (0.007-0.009) and D. c.o.30-0.40, markedlylargerand heavierthan 22. 62 The rim formvaries frompiece to piece, with an a rounded evertedand splayingexample(P269/125),63 everted rim (U504/11) and a short flattenedrim (U3005/7).64Horizontal cordons can be moulded below the rim; thatof U3005/7is decoratedwitha rowof diagonalslashedlines;P284 B/14has a rowof finger tipping on the shoulder.65A body sherd decoratedwith two parallel applied cordons might belonghere(P269/179).66 Date: EH I-II. P269/ 125-6, 179; P284 B/14; R287/14; U3005/7-8; R3012 A/9; U504/11; R428 B/lO, 17; LS III22/19.

(ST59,62)

figs82. 5, 85. 3, 5, 8; id. 1982,457 no. 15(thoughoursare not Hanschmann and MilojCic 53, 'Tunnelhenkelamphoren'); pl. 17.9-18. typeE2 ('Trichterhalstopf'), 57These handlesare notlikethoseoftheusual EH jugs,e.g. Müller21-2,pis 8-9. 58Kouphóvouno:Renard152,no. 456,pl. 38. 5. 59EH II: cf.Weisshaar1981,243,fig·86. 10;id. 1982,453,fig. 69. 3. EH ΠΙ/ΜΗ: Hanschmannand MilojCiéιοί,pl. 54. 6. 60EH 11:^ Àyios Stephanos, unpublished sherd MS, fig.8 no. 139). (MacGillivray, 61EH I-II: Kythera a 42, pp. 80, 273,fig.35, pl. 16. Cf. also EH II- III: Weisshaar1981,234 and fig.88. 7; Frenchand French(n. 11),30, fig.2. 11-12. 62EH I: Goldman(n. q), fis 100. i-q. 63EH II: Weisshaar1081,fig.7Q.6; id. 1082,4**,fift6q. 1*. 64Müller27, fig.19. 3; Holmberg80, fig.82 e. EH II- III: Weisshaar1981,234 and fig.88. 7. 65EH III: Hanschmannand MilojCic73,pl. 38. 5; Kritsana, ibid.pl. 73. 7, II. 97. 66Cf. Weisshaar 198 1, 242, fig.85. ι; Renard 1335nos, 369-70,pl. 48. 13-14,and p. 151,no. 454.

Early Helladic pottery13 24· TALL NARROW-NECKED JAR/JUG(FIG. 11.5, 7)

neck;D. (rim)0.10-0.12.67 Jarorjug withtallflaring Date EH II (-III). P263/13, 15, 17-18, 60-1, 64; P269/186-7 (?); (ST 24) U504/77. 25. HANDLES(FIG. 11.6, 1-g)

Numerous handles of coarse fabric are to be associated with closed household vessels, and perhaps pithoi, though it is difficultto say with whichtypes,theyhave been subdividedinto several categories. a. Handles withoval section,flattenedon top and bottom;D. 0.02 Χ 0.01-0.015.Some mightgo with22 a. Occasionallytheseare foundin a lesscoarsefabric U490 u/i, BA/14).Two are rather (K414B/4;N191/31; small(P269/25;C131/5). P263/56;K414A/4; LS 10660/9;Ν^ϊ/β1 (?); U49° u/i, AV/15-16,BA/14;S478/27a; U3001/23; R3012 A/15,b/22; R3012/20;U504/35; U500 Ai/22; R428 (ST 41,51) B/41;P269/25;C131/5;R428A/74-6. b. Handles with a D-shaped, or more strictlya flattened ovoid,section;evidently theyare horizontal handles.68 ^33/7, 10; ^87/43; ^62/3; P284 c/26; LS 10170/23; K414 B/14; LS 10531/1; U490 AO/i; U500 A4/5-6, B4/7; R428 B/34; U3001/22; U3005/21-3, 28, (ST 4> 94) 34; R3012/24-5; S460/11; R428 A/53, 72· B:OPEN

OR CLOSED

c. Handleswithcircularsection;D. 0.02-0.025. N333/8~9, 11-14; U3001/24; U3002/23; U3005/ 16-20, 24-7, 31-3, 35; U3006/31,43; R3012A/31,33; R3012/16-19,21-3, 26-8; U504/37,42-6, 50-1, 53, 55~7>59; U500 A1/16-21,23, A3/4,A4/7,B4/3,6, 8; R428 B/32-3,36, 38-40; P284/4;R426 C2/16-17;LS 11122/24; R287/30, 35-6, 39-40, 44-5, 47-8, 64; P285/25,32; P284 B/40, D/13-15,17,53; K414 A/4; N312/14,16; P262/70;N191/24,28-9; C128/3+ 6; LS 10521/1;LS 10660/10;LS 10825/2,6; R428 A/55-7, (ST 5, 79) 59-7o573,77,136. d. Handles with rope or similardecoration; these tend to be heavy handles (D. 0.025) witn diagonal incisedlines.Rare typesincludeone withridgesalong theexterior(N333/6).69 P269/20-2,42, 163, 166-9; R287/27,32, 34, 37, 42, 46; P285/30; LS 10170/18;679/1; C126/5, 15; U490 w/10; S478/3; U3005/29-30; R3012/36;U500 B4/5; (ST 57,6) U504/147-8;R428A/58. e. Strap handles, probably fromjugs70 and jars; these are flatin section and measure 0.03-0.035 X 0.01.

P269/23;R287/33,38; P285/31;P284B/46;G154/8; C126/6;

N312/15;

LS 10582/1;

C126/14;

U504/39-40;U500 D4/9;R428b/37,A/71.

U3001/21;

(ST 56)

and a f. A simplecircularlug handle (P269/165?)71 doublelugfromthebodyofa vase (P269/162).72

SHAPES

26. VESSELDECORATEDWITHINCISION(FIG. 11.6, io)

withfineincisedlines A bodysherd0.006thick, decorated line.73 ina herring-bone motif either sideofa straight Date: EH I-II. (ST71) P269/180.

Date: EH II. P263/108;P269/170-1;P284 d/8 (?); LS 10170/24, 32, 37; P261/2(?); U3005/49;U3006/62;R3012b/io; R3012/2,32; U504/80-1,83, 85-7; R428a/88. (ST37)

27. BASES(FIGS. 11.6, II-22; 11.7, /) a. Ring bases ofcoarse fabric,somewhatsplayingand flat underneath; D. (base) 0.08-0.12, exceptionally0.20 (LS 74 10170/32;U3006/62);Th. (wallofvessel)0.005-0.008.

b. Small pedestalbase, similarto 5 c but in a coarse fabric;D. 0.07.75 Date: EH II? (ST 61) P269/172;U490AU/22(?).

67EH II- III: Weisshaar1981,242,% 85. 1; 247,fig.89. 18; id. 1982,453,fig.69. 5. Cf. EH I: Fossey57, fig.2. 17-22;62 and fig.4. 25-8. EH III: Hanschmannand MilojCic83, pl. 43-6. 68These presumablyservedjars; cf.Biegen85, figs73. 54, 74. 605; Müller 25-6 and fig. 17, pl. 10. 1-3. The loop handlestypicalofthesevesselsat Tiryns(cf.Müller49) have notbeen recognizedin theLaconia Surveymaterial. 69EH I-II: Kythera 890, α 55, pl. 17. Kouphóvouno: Renard152,no. 455,pl. 38. 6. 70See Weisshaar 1982, 452 and n. 144, with full bibliography; fig.67. 4-5.

71EH I: Hanschmannand MilojCic39, pl. 10. 2-4; EH II (-III): Biegen119;Weisshaar1981,233,fig.79. 7; 243,fig.86. 17.

72Cf. Holmberg78, fig.78 m. 73EH I: Kythera 79, α 35, fig.35, pl. 16 (smaller).EH II: Caskeyand Caskey 156,VIII. 45. Kouphóvouno: Renard 151,no. 451,pl. 31. 13. 74Müller 31, fig. 24; cf. 54, fig. 40. 7. EH II: Áyios MS, fig.11,no. Stephanos,unpublishedsherd(MacGillivray, 205)·

'* ömall bowlsin coarseware are reportediromZ,ygounes: Biegen106and fig.90.

14 Chapter 11 c. Simple,,small,flatbase withconcave interior;D. 0.07,Th. (wall)0.008. P269/174;P284B/28,31,112(?); R3012B/36. (ST 61) d. Flat base varyingin diameterfrom0.06 to 0.10; sometimes a plainflatbase,sometimes slightly splaying hollowedunderneath; Th. (wall)0.006-0.01. and slightly N333/23;^63/33; R280/31;R287/24;R428B/52-3; U500 Ai/27-8, B4/16; U520/16;R3012A/35; R30i2 B/34; LS 11122/31;U504/78, 84; U500 A4/9; R428 A/83. (ST 8) basesbelonging toa bigcoarsevessel; e. Largepedestalled H. (pedestals) 0.02-0.03,D. 0.10-0.18;Th. (walls)0.009. The profile isconvexandthebaseslightly splayed.76 Date: EH I. P269/i75;77R287/8 (?); H45 j/31; U3005/53 (?); Q3006/62; R3012 a/io, B/20; U504/31, 140, 152; (ST 7°>47) R280/25;R428A/125. 28. PiTHOi(figs,ι1.7,2-6; 11.8,1-6; 11.9,/) a. Pithoi78 witha rolledrimcan varyin diameterfrom from0.009 to 0.015.A 0.27 to 0.50, thewall thickness numberhavea ratherevertedrim,curvedon theinside - ratherflaringand exceptionallylarge (D. (R280/10 and The rimis usuallyrolled 0.6)79 70; P269/26).80 and pinched on the inside; flattenedrims are also withdiagonal fingertipping under known(R287/2181 LS the edge),and S478/8482 is markedlyoverhanging. 10581/1 mightbelong to a neckedpithoswitha flat rim.A bodysherdwas decoratedwithtwo horizontal cordonsimpressed withfingertipping (P269/178).83

Chronological

Date: EH I-II (-III). P269/19,123 + 124, 148, 178; R287/22;P284 d/i; S478/i5a;U3001/11;U3005/11,12; R3012/20-1,23-8, 39, c/8, 12; R3012/13-14;U500 A1/8-10,A4/3, 10; R428B/26-7,35; U504/20,33, 143;S478/84;R287/21; LS 10170/14;P269/178;R280/10,70; P269/26; R428 a/io, 23, 26, 34-6, 41,43, 45-6, 86. (ST 45,55, 77,107) b. Otherpithoiincludea hole-mouthed typewithan rimand a heavy(0.013-0.023)globularbody in-turned sherd (U500A3/2and perhapsU504/21,a problematic 1 withtwo perforations made beforefiring). LS 10581/ has a flaringrim.84U3006/3285 is thebodysherdof a on theoutside. pithoswitha lugand fingertipping Date: EH I-II. LS 10170/16;R3012B/19; LS IO581/1;U5OOA3/2; U504/21. (ST93, III-12) c. Bases belongingto pithoiincludea largeknobbed base (D. 0.08; P284 B/54)and heavyflatbases, or in one case a ringbase (U3005/15).86 P284 B/54; P285/16; R428 A/82, B/54; R462/2; U490 BC/44,60; U500 B4/10;U3005/15,51; R3012/31 + 32, 33(ST 80, 89) 29. TRIPODLEGS(FIG.11.7, J-8) of legs,oval in section(0.065 X 0.035) an 50· 2. GOBLETSANDBASINS11 a. (FIGS. 12.1, n-iy; 12.2, 1-2) From the rims and

to distinguish it is difficult especiallythe body-sherds bowls on two-handled feet),ring(or high goblets stemmedgobletsor ring-stemmed bowls,and basins or cratersfromone another.It is assumedthatwhere the rim is heavy,everted,and flat-toppedthe vessel will not be a cup or kantharos.In size the sherds indicate a rim diameter of 0.20-0.25 and a wall of0.008. The simplestrimsare roundedand thickness somewhatspreading^525/3, M322/3,^25/6 (?)),and accordingto Dr Zernerthesemaybe middleMH; in theMiddle and Late MH phasesfacetedrimswerein

11Cf. Nordquist and Zerner (n. 10), 31 (nomenclature); Taylour215and fig.6 (AyiosStephanos,HS 16); Rutterand Rutter22, 28, 37; Rutter, Totterygroups',423-31,431-5. 12For examplesof thiswell-known typeof MH decoration fromLaconia,see e.g.Taylour215and fig.6 (HS 16);D. French, inTaylour266,fig.37. 12;Rutter and Rutter 23,28,37,50 (Ayios E. Buschorand W. vonMassow,'VomAmyklaion', Stephanos);

vogue (M322/13,15 (?), R292/1),the typewith the shortrimcominglate (M322/8,12,26, 165 straighter, (?); M322 a/ 184; n4i2/5). Body sherdswith incised festoons12 theprofilebelow belonghere,and illustrate therim(M322/48-9,104(?); Q360 l/ii (?)); shortstrap handles are also diagnostic of these shapes. The splayingbase M322/181belongs to this type; it is hollowunderneathand has D. 0.08. slightly Date: MH II-MH III. R292/1; M322/2, 8, 12-13, 15 (?), 20, 26, 165 (?), 181;

M322A/184;M349/33(?); n4i2/5; ^25/3, 6 (?). (ST 4~5>7~9> J4>21) Body sherds: R292/20; M322/48-9, 72, 79-80, So--^ 94> 96~7> IO2, 104 (?), 120, 149; Q360 l/ii (?); n4i2/i9-2O, 34, 36, 39-41, 45-6, 52; N413/3; R457/26-7;R3025/3;LS 12503/16. (ST 25) b. Fine goblet(FIG.12.2,3-8). The tall-rimmed sherd n4io/4 is 0.25 in diameter(too large forthe normal kantharos).It is painted witha purple band over a thickwhiteslip (SF U), both inside and outside.A pedestal base (R291/11)confirmsthat gobletswere made in thisfabric,thoughthisor similarshapeswere also used in other fabrics. Q360 c/9, a heavier pedestalbase,probablybelongshere. Date: MH III-LH II. R291/3, 11; M349/150, 165; Q360 c/9; n4io/4; S434/18;LS 10465/7 (ST 35,55,57,90) 3. BOWLWITHINTURNEDRIM (FIG. 12.3, g)13

This is a Yellow Minyan Dark Temperedvessel,D. 0.27, with an in-curvedrim returningat a slight carinationto formthebowl;Th. (wall)0.007. Date: MH. M322A/183. (ST79) CUP (FIG. 12.2, /0~/j)14 4. SEMI-GLOBULAR

a. Handmade open cup shape withrimD. 0.09-0.12. The rimis everted,thebodyprofileconvex.The wall is thin (0.004), DUttne fabric (Dark Tempered) is rathercoarse withmedium-sizedpurple inclusions and limestone. Perhaps this form is an imitationof the semiglobularMycenaeancup (FS 211or 212).15 Date: LH I? M322/14; M322 A/185; n4io/76; Q360 AG/5; R457/3· (ST 10,80, 106)

AM 51(1927),1-85,at pp.5-6 and figs.1-3.Cf.Howell(n.3),52, MH II Nichoria). 59,71(MH I andparticularly 13Cf.Nordquistand Zerner(n. 10),29. '* Lit. ibid. 30.

15P. A. Mountjoy,Mycenaean Decorated (SIMA 73; Pottery Gîteborg,1986), 14-15and fig.7; Rutterand Rutter56, 63; Rutter, 'Pottery groups',438-9 withn. 48.

20 Chapter12 b. A veryfinesherdwitha diameterof 0.09 and a wall thickness of0.003; it nas a shortevertedrimand a veryfinebody. It mightbelong to a Mycenaean semi-globular cup (see a), thoughthe wall seemstoo thinand therimtoo short. Date: LH I/II? n4io/i. (ST 36) 5. BOWL WITH EVERTED RIM (FIG. 12.2, /J-/6)

A medium-sized bowl (D. 0.20-0.22, Th. (wall) 0.007-0.01),witha flaringprofile;the rimis slightly

curvedon top and evertedto forman overhanging lip. The fabricis Dark Tempered. Date: MH. M322 a/ 188 (Yellow Minyan); n4i2/4 (Grey Minyan). (ST 126,31) Possiblyalso ofthistypeare twomoresherds:M322 A/184, which is of a slightlycoarser fabricand is decorated with an applied cordon 0.025 below the rim,and Q360 AD/6. These appearto be wheelmade. Date: LH? M322A/184,Q36° ad/6. (ST 31)

Household

Wares (6-23) Althoughthereare some exceptions(cf.ia; na, M322/26),thetablewarestendto be made offinely whereashouseholdtypesare mediumto coarsein levigatedclayswithfineinclusions, fabric.Nevertheless, the relationship is not a simpleone, and quite thin-walled body sherds can containlargeinclusions;a fullscientific thecoarserwares studyis neededto differentiate properly. Lustrous Decorated fabric16 is mediumto medium-coarse withmanymediumand smalldark grits,some quartz,and some limestone;the vases are firedquite hard and are sometimes slipped.The colouron thesurfaceand insidevariesfromverypale brown(10 YR 8/4) to pink (7.5YR8/4).The painton thesesherdsdoes notalwayssurvive(SF M, AM). OatmealMinoanizing17 is a soft,light-colouredfabric,pinkish-white (7.5 YR 8/2) on the surfaceand inside.Medium-sizeddarkgritinclusionsare quitenumerous,withsome quartz, calcite,and smallgrits.Vasesin thisfabricseemto belongto theMH III/LH I range(SF X). The fabricsmentionedabove are distinctivebut not common. The great majorityof householdvesselsbelongto a rangeoffabricsamongstwhichwe mightdistinguish twomain groups. Coarsewithblackgnts.Jars are frequently made of thisfabric.It is a veryunevenlyfired mediumfabric,temperedwithblackgritsand flecksof calcite,some quartz,and some mica (SF A, C). The colourcan varyalmostthroughthewholeMunsellrange,and widelyon the same vessel;lightred (2.5 YR 6/8) to lightreddish-brown (5 YR 6/4) is not uncommon.The biscuitcan be thesame as thesurface,or reduced,or a lightgrey(10 YR7/2).In somecases a purplestoneinclusionis found(SF AB, AW). Sometimestheblackeningon thesesherdsis so markedas to indicatethattheywereused as cooking-pots (SF R). Coarsewithschist inclusions.™ This second grouphas been distinguished by the presenceof mica-schistfragments.Sometimes the large inclusions on a smoothed surface have a decorativeeffect (e.g.SF AT), whichmayhavebeen intended.The fabricvariesin colourfrom (5 YR 7/8 - 7.5 YR 7/6) on the surfaceand inside,to red (2.5 YR 5/8) to very reddish-yellow pale brown(10 YR 7/3) outsideand grey(7.5 YR 5/0) inside.Again,thesefabricstendto be unevenlyfiredwitha mediumto softbiscuit.The inclusionsare mediumto large schist, purplestone,quartz,and darkgrit(SF I, K, P,AE, AH, AW,AB). So-calledAdriaticwarefits 16Zerner, 'Lerna i', 66-8 (fabric F), and 'New perspectives', 45-7 withn. 33. 17Rutterand Rutter10-11;also Zerner,'New perspectives', 45 n· 33 (s-v·LustrousDecorated, Mudstone,and Chert,

thought to have been produced in Kythera or the S. Péloponnèse,perhapsat AyiosStephanos). 18Zerner,'Lerna 1', 61-2 (fabricB: 'grainyfabric').

Middle and Late Helladic pottery21 withinthisbroaderrangeoffabrics.Occasionallyratherthin-walled vessels(0.004) are m^de schistinclusions,quartz,and darkgrit(SF of fairlycoarseware,withsmallto medium-sized theEH tradition. AV),perhapsfollowing of imported In additionto thesefabrics,thereare twootherswhichhelp theidentification Minoan sherds.M322/58is close to the oatmeal fabricdescribedabove, but the darkgrit inclusionstend to be somewhatsmallerand thereis an intermixingof small, red stone The colouris white(10 YR 8/2), and the sherdis paintedwithpurplepaint.Dr fragments. The second fabricis hard in texture,and, thisas a Minoan import.19 Zernerhas identified a number of micaceousinclusionsand somedarkgrits. contains silvery great verydistinctively, The clay is a lightred colour(2.5 YR 6/8) both in the core and on the surface(Q360 c/23, R29i/g6a;SFBB). OPEN SHAPES 6. COARSEBOWL(FIG. 12.3, I -4)

a. Shallowhemispherical bowlsmeasure0.2-0.35 in diameterand have a rathershallow,convexprofile which,when projected(and no profileis complete), producesa vessel0.06 deep. The rimtendsto be flat or onlyslightly rounded,and slightly pinchedon the inside.n4io/55 is decoratedwithshallowgrooveson thetop of the rim.The fabricis coarse and thewalls of the vessel measure 0.007-0.01. A sherd, rather difficultto interpret,with a rim thickenedon the inside and possibly a spout (Q360 ah/ 13), might belonghere;itsrimis decoratedwithdiagonalslashes. Date: MH-LH. M349/49,53; Q360 AE/2,AH/13;«410/55;S434/1; (ST 38, 104) S478/o,a+ 14a;Q3009/12. b. Bowl withbaggyprofile(FIG.12.3,5). Two sherds frompoorlyfiredvesselssuggesta bowlsimilarto a in size and fabric(D. 0.30, Th. (wall) 0.007) but witha deeperand S-shapedprofile. Date: MH-LH. (ST 118) R29i/na, 13a. c. Coarse,deep bowl(fig. 12.3,6-8) witha simplerim and a flaring profile;D. (0.13-)0.18; Th. (wall)0.009. Date: MH-LH. R29i/iO5a; R292/4-6; M349/52;Q360 B/3, Q/5; n4io/9,78; S478/6a;U514/33;K515/2;^25/5, 44. (ST 39, 51) d. Coarse basin (FIG. 12.3,g) withhorizontalstrap handle;a large,heavyvessel,D. 0.50. The plain rimis in-turned and formsa carination0.015 below slightly the lip; the bodyreturnsin a conical profiletowards thebase, and thelargehorizontalstraphandle(0.025 Χ 0.011)is attachedjust below the rim.The fabricis 19Pers.comm. 20Cf. D. French,in Taylour 265 and fig.38. 1-2 (called

unusual:light-red (2.5 YR 6/8) in and out,ratherhard in texture, and withsmallinclusionsand mica. Date: MH or LH. Q360J/8. e. Small, coarse, hemisphericalbowl (FIG. 12.3,10), which may be related to a but is smaller (D. 0.15) thoughwitha thickwall (0.01). On M322/22the rim risesas thoughfora handleor a spout. Date: MH-LH. (ST 16) M322/22;M349B/3,5, 32, 65. f. Bowl (fig. 12.3,//)of mediumfabric(0.003 thick), with a thickened, everted rim (0.008). Probably wheelmade;D. c.0.2. Date: MH or LH. (ST88) Q360C/1. 7. COARSECONICALDISH (FIG. 12.3, 12-14)

The rimsherdsindicatea shallowdish withstraight or veryslightlyconcave sides. The diameterof the vesselis 0.30, thefabriccoarse withschistinclusions. Π4Ι2/2 is decorated with fine incisions in an encirclingband just withinthe rim,and by a row of oblique hatching underneath the rim. Th. (wall) 0.01. The verymassivesherdQ360 B/30 (Th. (wall) 0.015)mightjust belong. Date: MH-LH. Q360 B/30;n4i2/2;R457/2;^25/8-9; Q3009/9. (ST 33, 77,86) 8. PANOR TRAY20(FIGS. 12.3, 15-16; 12.4, /)

This is a short-walledvessel,0.32-0.36 in diameter (Q360 aa/i 0.50) and rising0.05 fromfloorto rim. The profileofthevesselcan be concave,and tendsto thickenrapidlytowardsthe flatbase. The fabricsare

shallowbowls);Rutterand Rutter,no. 967 and ill. 19 (Ayios Stephanos).

22 Chapter 12 coarse. B123A/2,in Oatmeal Minoanizingand less thicktowardsthebase, mightbe a plateratherthana pan. Date: (MH III-) LH. B123A/2;M349B/28;Q360 D/30,AA/i;S434/4. (ST 46, 70-1,95)

9. BRAZIER?(FIG. 12.4, 2)

Anothershort-walled vessel(H. 0.06. D. c.0.45)has a raised floor, its lower surface carrying rows of impresseddots.The functionof thesedotsand of the vesselitselfare uncertain.It maybe a brazier,though thereare no tracesofburning.21 Q360AF/2. (ST96)

CLOSED SHAPES 10. WIDE-MOUTHEDJAR22 (FIGS. 12.4,J-8] 12.5, I -3)

This commonMH shape consistsof a globularbody, in our best-preservedexample restingon a flat, slightlyraised base and witha tall rimmore or less everted,thougha fewhave shorterrims(M322/3,5, 28; R457/1).The jars varyin size froma rathersmall type,0.095 hignan 2) R29i/i6a; R292/2;M322/4(?), 10, 18, 21, 27, 29, 178;M322A/186,190; Q360 κ/2, 18,AE/22;n4io/65, 88; n4i2/i; S478/73;r525/2(?),4 (ST 6, 43) Buttonbases: M349/161;Q360 G/9,ac/i; n4io/io, 15,57; LS 10465/5. (ST 40, 101) 11. COARSE NECKED JARS

a. The shorter-necked jar (FIG.12.5,4-5) has rimD. 0.13 (M322/26exceptionally 0.24), an everted,rather squarerim,and a shortneck,concavein profile. Date: MH (-LH?). M322/26;M349/37,46; n4i2/i2 (?). (ST 7, 37) 21Several examples of this type,with dots impressedin what is clearlythe lower surfaceof the raised floor,have been foundin the Menelaion excavations(E. A. Catling, froman LH HI B2 pers.comm.).Cf. the 'brazier'fragment contextat Mycenae, E. B. French,Ά group of LH III B2 potteryfromMycenae',BSA 64 (1969),71-93, at p. 85 and fig.12.24 (illustrated upsidedown?). 22Foran examplefromLaconia, see Taylour257 and fig.3, pl. 49 b (HS 97). 23For this typeof decoration,see also 20, 21 a; Rutter and Rutter,pl. 10, no. 595 (Avios Stephanos); Howell fp

b. The tall-necked jar (FIG.12.5,6-f)hasrimD. 0.11-0.12 and a medium-sized The rimcan body(wall0.007thick). be eitherplainor bevelledat theouteredge,whilea scar at therimpresumably a vertical indicates handle. (ST37) Date: MH (-LH?). M349/29;LS 12503/4. c. The wide-necked jar (FIG.12.5,8-g) is a largerand morerobustvesselwithrimD. 0.20-0.30 and a wall thickness 0.008. The rimresemblesthatof 12b. The neck profileis concave and returnsto a widerbody. There is a handlescaron theneck. Date: MH (-LH). R292/3;M349/30-1,51; n4io/5,61-2. (ST 37) d. One coarse sherd(FIG.12.5,id) appears to be the rimof a handmadehole-mouthed jar, witha convex shoulderand a plainrimc.0.12in diameter. Date: MH? M322/25.

(ST 12)

12. COARSERIM-HANDLED JAR(FIG. 12.5, //)

A coarsejar witha narrowconcaveneck,0.12indiameter at therimandwithwall0.004thick. A straphandle,0.025 wideand0.007thick, forms a loopfromrimtobody.25 Date: MH? Q360 c/2-3. (ST 89) 13. LUSTROUS DECORATEDJAR26(FIGS. 12.5, 12-14; 12.6, 1~2)

no rim sherdsof thistypehave been Unfortunately, recognized.Neverthelessthe body sherdsindicatea largeshape (or shapes).M322/99has the handlescar of a largejar withthepushed-throughhandlestypical 3), 46, 48, 56, 65, 69, 75 (MH I- III Nichoria); S. Dietz,

theMiddle Helladic Asine, ii. 2: The Middle Helladic Cemetery,

andEarlyMycenaean Deposits(Stockholm,1980),fig.131,no. 347· 24For MH buttonbases,see e.g. Taylour234-5, 256~7>fig· 17,pl. 49 a (HS 33, 92); Ε. J. Holmberg,TheSwedish Expedition at Asea in Arcadia(Lund and Leipzig, 1944), fig.101 d; cf. Rutter,'Potterygroups', fig. 18, nos. 104-10 (MH/LH at Tsoungizain theArgolid). transition 25Cf.Holmberg(η. 24), 103,fig.ioia. 26Cf.Zerner,'Lerna 2', figs.34-6.

Middle and Late Helladic pottery 23 of theshape;thaton M322a/ 194is a loop handle,Dshaped in section.27The sherdsare decoratedwith painted motifsincluding encirclingbands, wavy horizontal bands,and groupsofobliquehatchedlines.As expectedin surfacematerial,thepainteddecorationis oftenvestigial. M322A/202has a diagonalwhiteline,and havehad addedwhite.28 othersherdsmaywelloriginally Date: MH III-LH I. R2()i/3a;M322/71+ 73,83, 87, 98, 100-1,113;M322 A/194,200-3. (ST45, 83) Otherhorizontalhandlesprobablyfromthisshape are M349/73,82; M349 B/7; Q360 a/8, κ/9, l/8; n4ii/8; n4i2/63;R457/6,9; U514/16;^25/16-18, 20. 14. JUG(fig. 12.6,3) A broad-spouted has a plain rimand a jug fragment which probably across, 0.07 simple cutawayspout, returnedto a low concaveneck.Wherethebodyjoins the neck, a horizontalband of oblique dashes has been impressedintotheclay.The fabricis coarsebut thereare tracesofredpaint. This maybe a Minoan import.29 Date: MM III B-LM I A? (ST 26) S478/70.

15. jug or jar a. The mostdistinctive sherdin OatmealMinoanizing fabric ^410/29; FIG. 12.6, 4-5) is decorated with, a broadencircling bandatthestartoftheneck apparently, anda so-called tortoiseshell on theshoulder. ripplepattern The piece(Th. (wall)0.004-0.008)belongstoa handmade imitation ofa Minoanjug orjar.30The otherpiecesinthis fabricarea largevertical straphandle(M322a/196;0.038 W. χ c.0.01)and one ofcircularsection(M322a/ 196;D. 0.002).Theseshouldbelongtosimilar largevessels. Date: MH III-LH I. M322A/196;n4io/29,81. (ST 42, 15,20) b. A bodysherd(FIG.12.6,6; Th. 0.008)has a distinctive outoftheclay.31 knob,formed plastictriangular Date: MH-LH I? 1-525/ 19· (STlI5) c. Otherfragments fromconcave-necked vessels(FIG. 12.6,y-g)mightcome fromjugs orjars; thefollowing, fromcoarsevessels,are probablyhandmade. Date: MH-LH. M322/74,103; Q360 D/26, Q/30, AD/25,AH/18; n4i2/37,62. (ST 26)

OPEN OR CLOSED SHAPES 16. 'ADRIATIC' BOWL OR JAR (FIG. 12.6, IO-13)

Handlesand body-sherds have been recoveredfroma As preserved, the jar decoratedwithincisedpatterns.32 sherds suggesta closed vessel with an in-curving shoulderand broadstraphandlesattachedat thewidest diameter(0.19at most).AtAsea thisshapehas a flator base,and thehandlesrisein a tallribbonform splaying and returnto a wide, somewhatevertedrim.33Our examplesare decoratedin the 'fineincised'mannerof Valmin and Holmberg;34the decorationconsistsof verticallines runningdown the body and areas of inbetween. inalternate directions obliquehatching 28For such decoration,see e.g. D. French,in Taylour265 and fig. 38. 5; Rutter and Rutter,ill. 19. 982 (Ayios Stephanos);A. J. B. Wace, 'Laconia III: earlypotteryfrom Geraki',BSA 16 (1909-10),72-5, at p. 73 and fig.2; Buschor Howell(n. 3), and von Massow (n. 12),Beil 1. 1. (Amyklaion); 54 and 71, 62-3, 74-5 and 67-8, 77-8 (MH I- III Nichoria); Holmberg(η. 24), ioo and fig.99 h-j; Nordquist,Asine,49; Zerner,'Lerna 2', figs34-6. 29This suggestion was made by Dr Zerneron the grounds ofshapeand decoration. 30See Rutterand Rutter62; Ε. Β. Frenchin Taylour268 (AyiosStephanos);Howell (n. 3), 63, 76, no. Ρ 2601 (MH II Nichoria);Coldstream,in Kythera 283, 290 (MM III Β and LM I A Kythera);P. P. Betancourt,The HistoryofMinoan (Princeton,NJ,1985), 113-14,130-1, 133 (MM III Β Pottery and LM I A Crete).

Date: MH. R292/28;M322A/191;11412/61,11457/31; ^25/47 (ST 34,52, 30) (FIG.12.7,/) 17. WIDESTRAPHANDLES A seriesof wide straphandles,0.015 by 0.06 thick, may have serveda shape similarto 16, but are not decoratedwithincision.

Date:MH (-LH?).

R292/12-13; M322 A/192; M349/194; M349 b/8; Q360 A/21, B/io, G/6 (?), k/io, L/9; n4io/i7~i8; n4ii/2o; n4i2/i2. (ST 30)

31Cf. Dietz (n. 23), fig.131,no. 350 (froman LH I context at Asine). For coarse-warepots withdecorativeknobs,see e.g. ibid., fig. 131, no. 348; Nordquist, Asine,fig.43. 4; Howell (n. 3), 56, nos. Ρ 2329, 2366-71; 69, nos. P 2853, 2857,2862, 2868-73 (ΜΗ I and II Nichoria);H. Goldman, Excavationsat Eutresisin Boeotia(Cambridge, Mass., 1931), fig. 244. 1-2.

32Forsuchdecorationin Laconia, see D. French,in Taylour 265 and fig.38. 10 (AyiosStephanos);Wace (n. 28), 72 and fig. 1 a (Geraki); also R. Howell, *A survey of eastern Arcadia',BSA 65 (1970),79-128,at pp. 111-12;Howell (n. 3), 45, 48-50, 55, 64, 70, 73 (Nichoria); Zerner, 'New 44 withn. 27. perspectives', 33Holmberg(n. 24),figs105-6. 34 N. S. Valmin, The SwedishMessenia Expedition(Lund, 1938),

259 ff.;Holmberg(η. 24), io6-io.

24 Chapter12 18. bases a. A small, splaying pedestal base (FIG. 12.7, 2; D. 0.04, H. 0.01) comes froman unknown type. It recalls, though it does not exactlyparallel, EH types. Date: MH. (ST 120) R29i/no,a. b. Various flat and splaying bases (FIG. 12.7, 3-6) could belong with any of these coarse shapes; in the currentstate of our knowledge of MH coarse pottery it is not possible to ascribe them to specific shapes or dates. Date: MH-LH. R2Q.i/i2ia, 124a; M322/51-5, 57, 60-1, 65, 182; M322 A/198-9; M349/159-60, 162-3; M349 B/11-12; Q360 c/14, 18, D/12, J/24, Q/15, AD/14, AE/9; n4io/n, 13, 60, 83; n4ii/4; R457/11-12; ^25/24; Q3009/42-3, 50; LS 10465/4. c. There are some flatbases, probably wheelmade. R29i/i25a; R292/7; M322/59; M349/158; n4i2/6. 19. COARSEHANDLES a. Among the coarse handles of the MH period it is possible to distinguisha variety in which the vertical handle joins the rim of the vessel. This type presumably comes from a jug, or possibly an amphora. Date: MH. (ST 63) R291/8, 29a; M349/83; Q360 A/15. b. A thick, oval-sectioned handle (FIG. 12.7, 7), 0.003-0.045 wide by 0.012 thick, will have served a large jar or similar-shapedvessel.

Date: MH. R29i/i26a; M349/86; Q360 A/9; S478/78. (ST2O,63) c- d. The majorityof MH coarse handles are circular in section, and show the distinctive method of attachment whereby a wedge of clay is pushed through the wall of the vessel (see 13). It is not clear how far this technique continues into LH, but it is a useful diagnostic characteristic for surface survey material. Handles are, rather arbitrarily,divided into those with D. 7~8; U514/11-12, 20; U3006/35-6; LS 10083/2; LS 12503/20. e. Some horizontalhandlesshowa D-shapedsection, 0.017-0.028across.35 Date: MH. M322/45; M349/72,23; M349 B/6, 9; 11411/6-7, U492/16-18.

PITHOI

The majority ofpithossherdsare madeofthegeneralcoarsefabricalso usedformanyhousehold has a greycore (7.5YR wares.The colouris red (7.5YR 5/8) to pink(5 YR 7/4),and normally YR are medium and some inclusions of There schist, large many quartz,limestone, 5/0-7.5 7/0). fired and blackgrits.The vasesare sometimes A, unevenly (SF I). Occasionallyindividual pieces havean unusualappearance,havingbeenfiredin a reducing (SF Y), or are ofa light atmosphere torecognize redclay(10R 6/6),weakredon theinterior (10R 4/4);butitis difficult anytrend. 20. PITHOIDJAR a. The rimsherds(FIG.12.8,1-4)indicatea diameterof The 0.25-0.35 fortheseratherheavynecked-vessels. more complete examples show an everted neck, outwardsto a wider concavein profileand continuing on body(Th. (wall)0.01).The rimsare usuallyflattened top or slightlyrounded; some (M322/23; n4i2/3;

r525/7)are pinchedin or out,and othersare triangular in section (M322/19).Some pithoi are wheelmade (M322/23, Γ525/7), others definitelyhandmade (M322/19,n4i2/3).An appliedcordonmaybe added wherethe neckjoins the body (LS 12503/6;n4i2/3 is It is possiblethattheflatbase Q360j/78 fmgertipped). on thebottom. belongshere;itshowsa mat-impression

35Cf.PL i. 91n. 118andfig.16.14(Astéri intheHelosplain).

Middle and Late Helladic pottery 25 Date: MH-LH (wheelmadeexamplesLH?). R292/19;M322/19,23; Q360 A/30,j/41, 78, κ/3, AD/23;n4J2/3;S434/65R457/34>45» 5°; r525/7>I0> 60; LS 12503/3, 6. (M322 A/189 belongs here if butthefabricdoes notseemprehistoric.) anywhere, (ST 82) b. This typeofpithoidjar (FIG.12.8,3-6) has a short evertedrim,returning quite sharplyto thebody.The diameterapproaches0.5 and the wall of the vesselis 0.01 thick. Date: MH-LH? M349/50,in; M349B/29;n4ii/29;LS 10465/10. (ST5o,io9) 21. PITHOS a. The neckless pithos (FIG. 12.9, i-y) has D. (rim) 0.44-0.50; the wall is vertical or slopes slightly outwards, but tends to be concave in profile (0.015-0.025 thick).The rim is usually thickenedon the outside and can be flat or curved on top. n4io/6 is triangularin section and thickenedboth inside and out. Body sherdjsshow a number of decorative motifs. n4io/64 has a row of arcs formed by impressingthe is applied to the thumbnailinto the body; fingertipping body (n4ii/25, 28) or to an applied cordon (M322/139), IMPORTED

is also found(Q360B/29). and an appliedrope-pattern Date: MH-LH. M322/66,139;Q360 B/29,ß1^, C/4; n4io/6,8, 64; n4ii/24-5,28; LS 12503/7-8. b. A pithos(FIG.12.9,8-g) witha flaringrimand D. 0.27-0.35 has a bevellededge on the outsideof the rim.n4io/7 has an elaborate'cyma recta' moulding on thetopoftherim. Date: MH-LH. (ST 17) n4io/7;Q3009/13+ 77. c. Anotherpithos(FIG.12.10,/)has a convexwall and rimD. c.o.30. The evertedrimslopesdownand has a roundededge. Date: MH-LH. (ST 56) M349/54;U514/21. Pithos bases (FIG. 12.10, 2-3) can be plain (D. 0.07-0.20;n4io/2,Q360 AC/2) or moulded(H45(7)/35; M349/166;LS 12503/9;D. 0.16-0.18). H45(7)/3;Q360 κ/13,AC/2;n4io/i2, 14;R457/10. Body sherds:R291/35;R292/52,54-5; M322/138, 162; M349/115,120, 128, 139-40,146; M349B/33,42, 45» 47-8, 52, 54> 58> G0"1; Q36° A/31-3, D/28-9, j/39-40, 42-3, 45-7, 75-6, 80, κ/19; n4io/46, 63, 66-8, 70-6; n4i2/58(?),59; R457/48;LS 12503/11.

VESSELS

22. JARWITHVERTICALHANDLE(FIG. 12.10, 6) M322/37 comes from a large, plain, round-rimmed vessel with an upright loop handle, round in section, set on the rim. It is reminiscent of Minoan basket-shaped vessels with similar handles.36 The fabric is quite hard and white on the surface (10 YR 8/2) and in section (10 YR 8/1); it contains a good number of small inclusions, light grey and dark in colour, and some larger ones including 'gold mica'. Date: MM III-LM I? (ST 18) M322/37.

23. CLOSED VESSEL(FIG. 12.10,7)

M322/58is theflatbase and partofthebodyofa closed vessel.To judge bythefabricand paintit is ofMinoan The base diameteris 0.07 and the wall manufacture. thickness0.006. The outsideis paintedpurple.The fabricis verypale brown(10YR8/3)on thesurfaceand darkgrit in section.Thereare numerousmedium-sized Thiswouldseem and somepurpleinclusions. inclusions to be the originalMinoan (or Kytheran)fabricwhich imitates.37 OatmealMinoanizing Date: MM III-LM I. (ST 22) M322/58.

Discussion It has recentlybeen observedthatregionalvariationsare greatin Middle Helladic ceramic this The potteryofthisperiodcollectedby theLaconia Surveyneatlyconfirms production.38 in this offabricsand vase shapesrepresented to therepertory view,whileaddingsignificantly partofGreece.There is an extensiverangeoffineand coarsevase types,mostofwhichstrike 36See A. Mavriyannaki, 'Ευρήματατης ΥΜ III περιόδουέκ ΛιγορτύνουΜονοφατσίουειςτο Μουσείο τοΰ Λούβρου', Arch. Eph.1974»54~5>no· 7 and pk 23>24 a' Popham,in M. R. Mansion at Knossos(BSA Popham et al., The Minoan Unexplored

supp.vol.17;London,1984),59-60,174,no.M 4 andpl. 65 d-e.

37For potteryof this fabric,withpainted decoration in see whiteand purple,at AyiosStephanosand on "Kythera, Rutterand Rutter10-11and n. 13. 38Nordquist,Asine,47; Zerner, 'New perspectives',39, 50-1.

26 Chapter 12

the eye as locallymade, despiteobvious connectionswithpotteryfromotherpartsof the Péloponnèse,notablythe well-researchedArgolid.The surveymaterialdoes not include examplesof trueGreyMinyanor Matt Paintedclasses of potterywell representedin the north-east Péloponnèseand elsewhere.39 Some pieces revealinfluencesfromMinoan Crete or its colonyin Kythera,whilea few othersmay be actual importsfromthatdirection.40 While these fragments belong to the MH transitional between and much other Laconia material cannotas yet LH, period Survey be closelydated.In fact,quitea lot ofit mayruninto,or evenbelongto,theearlypartofthe Late BronzeAge.41

39At AyiosStephanostheseclassesdo not appear untilvery late in MH or early LH: see Zerner,'New perspectives', 43-4, 47 withnn. 15, 20; cf. Howell (n. 3), 45 (true Grey Minyanat Nichoria). 40See n. 5 above.Chemicalanalysesofsome 'minoanizing' potteryfromÁyiosStephanospointsto local manufacture,

be ruledout; althoughan originin Kytheracannotentirely seeJones,GCP 420-4. 41It has becomeincreasingly clearthatthemajorclassesof MH potterycontinued to be produced in early LH in Laconia and elsewhere;see esp. Zerner,'New perspectives', 47 withn. 41;J. B. Rutter, AJA97 (1993),787.

13

THE MYCENAEAN (LATE HELLADIC III) POTTERY JoostCrouwel

The FINE,WHEELMADE CLASSof pottery, decoratedin lustrousdarkpaint or leftplain, and in Laconia byfindsfromearliersurveys and a good knownas Mycenaean,is wellrepresented sitesand tombs.1Particularly importantare the large bodies of manyexcavatedsettlement material,not yet fullypublished,fromsettlementcontextsat Ayios Stephanos and the Menelaion ridge,of whichthe latteris withinthe boundariesof our Laconia Survey(site Q360).BothsiteshaveproducedMycenaeanpottery rangingfromLH I to earlyLH III C.2All thismaterialmaybe fruitfully comparedto thatfromsitesin thenorth-eastern Péloponnèse, ofregionalvariation.3 bearingin mindthepossibility The Laconia Surveyhas discoveredlittleMycenaeanpotteryfirmlyantedatingLH III.4 Potteryof LH III Α-B,on the otherhand, was foundat seventeenor morelocations,some twelveofwhichcan be called sites.In mostcases the quantitiesof potsherdsare verysmall, even down to singletons.There are two clear exceptions:Q3009, the habitationsite that ofMelathriá,5 and theMenelaionridge probablyaccompaniedthealreadyexploredcemetery (Q360). Table

Wares (1-13) One (ST V) is mediumin hardnessand evenlyfired,itssurface Two finefabricspredominate. and core beingpale brownin colour(10 YR 8/6). The otherfabric(ST AA) is mediumhard surface(7.5YR 8/6) and a lightgreyto pinkcore (5 YR and evenlyfired,witha reddish-yellow have few small inclusions. relatively 7/1).They

1 See listof sitesand theirpotterydatingin GAMCi. 107 ff. 2 See Sherratt189;also Rutterand Rutter;E. French,in W. D. Taylour,'Excavationsat AyiosStephanos',BSA 67 (1972), 205-70, at pp. 268-70; Mountjoy,PAP (AyiosStephanos); ead., 'RegionalMycenaeanpottery',BSA 85 (1990),240-70 (at p. 259, AyiosStephanos);Catling,'Menelaion', 29-34; Catlingand Catling(Menelaionridge). 3 For recent discussion see Sherratt 188-9 (Laconia); Mountjoy,'RegionalMycenaeanpottery'(n. 2); cf. Ο. Τ. Ρ. Κ. Dickinson, S. L. Martin, and C. W. Shelmerdine, in Nichoria, ii, esp. 'Mycenaeanpotteryfromthe settlement', 518-19.

4 In Laconia and elsewhere, variousclassesof MH pottery continuedto be producedin earlyMycenaeantimes.Thus

pieces actuallydatingto LH I or II are likelyto be included among the MH potterydiscussedin Chapter 12 (see types 1-2,

4-8,

5 K.

10-11,

13, 15, 17-20).

Demakopoulou, Μυκηναϊκον νεκροταφειον Μελαθρίας Λακωνίας', Arch.Eph. 1977, 29-60; W. G. Cavanagh,andJ. H. Crouwel,'Melathria:a smallMycenaean rural settlement',in Φιλολάκωνyy-86. Some errorsand omissionshavecreptintothelattertextas published.The ring base of a deep bowl,LS 3009/36,is illustrated as fig.25. 5. The stemmedbowl rimfragment LS 3009/11is illustrated as fig.24. 7 and notas 24. 6; thelattershowsa cup (?) sherd(LS 3009/7; D. (rim) c.o.io-0.12) with a rolled rim and monochromeinside.Omittedfromthe textwas pot type4a, necklesskrater.A paintedtorusbase (LS 3009/50; D. 0.12) oughtto be belongto FS 7-9; dateLH III Ai or earlier.

28 Chapter13 and wornnatureof thefindsoftenmakesthe attribution to specificvase The fragmentary decoration and the reconstruction of difficult. Still,it is clear that any painted very shapes several were with and that originally pieces paintedmonochrome, open shapespredominate, fewerbeinglinearor patterned. OPEN SHAPES I. KYLIX This appears to be by far the best-represented Mycenaean vase shape, easily identifiable by fragmentsof its stem or base plate. The material datesto LH III Α-B,but is oftendifficult presumably to attribute to specifictypesofkylix. rimfragments are a. Rims(FIG.13.i, i-g). The numerous too small to us to restore the diameter enable frequently or lowerbodyprofile oftheoriginal vase.Becauseofthis theymayeven be fromothershapes,such as cups or stemmed bowls(see 2, 4). Some rimsbelongto a plain, witha deeproundedbowl;inone suchcase a liplesskylix verticalhandle,roundedin section,is preserved(Q360 Q/57;D. r.o.17;see alsoQ360am/i).Othersherdsshowa short,roundedlip withD. £.0.09-0.18(e.g.M349/1-2; Q360 AM/2;K414b/i; S478/64;Q3009/1;LS 10179/2).6 everted Thistypeofrimprofile one, mergesintoa slightly eitherflat-topped (e.g.Q3009/2;LS 10465/3)or more oftenslopingup, the diametersrangingfromc.0.10to ^ 10112/2). 0.16(e.g.Q360G/2,j/49,AD/4,A*"/1; The lattervariantmay be combinedwitha wall curvinginwardsat the rim(e.g.M349/167;Q360 a/i, b/i,j/2, AD/3,al/i); one suchsherdhas thescarofa wide vertical strap handle at the rim. The wall sometimespresentsan angular profile(Q360AL/1; R424/1, rim D. c.o.12), recalling the well-known carinatedkylixof LH III A2-III B2 (FS 267).7 While thelatteris unpainted,ourfragment R424/1is painted solidin and out. Severalof theotherrimsherds,with varyingprofiles,also belongto monochromekylikes. Often,however,the surfacesare too worn to decide whetherand howthesherdswereoriginally painted. b. Stemsand base plates(FIG.13.2,10-12).The stems were sometimesclearlytall and slender,ringedwith bands of paint. One such stem, Q360 AL/2 (D.

6 E. B. French, Tottery from Late Helladic III Bi destruction contextsat Mycenae',BSA 62 (1967),149-93,at p. 175withfig.17(LH III A2);K. A. Wardle,Ά groupofLate Helladic III Bi potteryfromwithinthe citadelat Mycenae', BSA 64 (1969),261-97,at pp. 280, 285, 290 withfig.10; P. A. Mountjoy, 'Late Helladic III Bi pottery dating the oftheSouthHouse at Mycenae',BSA 71 (1976), construction 77-111, at p. 98 withfig.2; K. A. Wardle,Ά groupof Late Helladic HI B2 potteryfromwithinthe citadelat Mycenae', BSA 68 (1973),297-342,at pp. 323-4.

0.023-0.029; H. at least 0.069), has a deep slit- a MinoanratherthanMycenaeanfeature.8 A heavystem, concaveand witha highdome underneath, is painted a monochrome solid,suggesting kylix(LS10493/1;H. at least0.055;D. £.0.029). Amongthebase platefragments are some definitely flatones,withonlya slightdome underneath(N191/40;R29i/i28a; D. 0.068). Taken thestemsand bases- and whatremainsofthe together, - are quiteoftenmonochrome. bowls kylix c. Handles. Some monochromebodysherdspreserve the lowerattachments of fine,verticalstraphandles. or from Theymayagain be frommonochrome kylikes stemmedbowls(see 4). Date: LH III ai-b. H45 1/7-8,14;M172/9;N191/40;R29i/ia-2a,5a-6a, 18a, 2oa-2ia, 73a, 128a; M349/167;Q360 a/i, b/i, C/17,D/15,G/i + 2, 4, 10, 20, J/2,16, 49-50, L/i, Q/1-2, 57, AD/3-4,AE/4>"> X3>AF/l>AG/4>AH/l> Al/4-5,AL/l-2,AM/1-2,AQ/152,AW/62;K414B/i,5; N4I8/I6; R424/I, 14a; S478/62-4, 97; U494 A/14;

U49O AM/2, 4-5, AN/2; U514/6-8; U520/14, 17; Γ525/1;Q3009/1-2,5~6> 25, 37, 41, 51-2; LS 10112/2; LS IO179/2;LS 12503/13;LS IO465/3;LS IO493/1 (ST 36, 49, 67,74, 114) 2. CUP (?) (FIG. 13.5, 14-16)

Some sherdswithflaring,plain rims(D. c.0.07)may belong to small,thin-walledcups. This may also be true of a sherdwitha rolled rim and monochrome inside (Q3009/7,D. (rim)£.0.10-0.12),and of some otherswith a band below the rounded rim and a monochrome interior (K414b/i; D. c.0.13;S478/64). Date: LH III A2-B. R291/1;Q360 B/14,AD/2,AG/3,Al/i; K414 b/i; S478/64;K515/3(?); Q3009/7;LS 10465/11.

(ST66,74)

7 e.g. French(n. 6), 175withfig.17 (Mycenae,LH III A2); Wardle1969(n. 6), 285, 288 withfigs10-11;Mountjoy(n. 6), 98 with fig.12 (Mycenae, LH III Bi; Mountjoy,PAP 186 (Ayios Stephanos, LH III A2); Wardle 1973 (n. 6), 323-4 (Mycenae,LH III B2). 8 Cf. M. R. Popham,'The Late Minoan gobletand kylix', BSA 64 (1969),299-304,figs1 (LM II goblet),3 (LM III ai), 9 Mansion at Knossos(BSA (LM III Β); id., The Minoan Unexplored

supp. vol. 17; London, 1984),pis 172.7, 10-12 (LM III Ai), PAP186. 175.15,17-18(LM III A2);Mountjoy,

Mycenaean 3· DEEP BOWL(FS 284; FIG. 13.1, 17-20) The shape is represented by fragments of low ring bases (D. c.0.05-0.12) and of horizontal loop handles, and by at least one rim sherd. While nothing remains of exterior decoration, the inside may be unpainted or, more often, monochrome. There are traces of paint on the handle stumps. Date: LH III Β or later.9 M349/25-6, 148; Q360 A/5, D/i, 10-11; N418/17; (ST 61, 60) Q3009/15 (?), 23, 26, 30, 36; U504/34. 4. STEMMEDBOWL(FS 304-5; FIG. 13.2, 1-6) Some rim sherds (D. c.o. 14-0.25) may be from this shape, as theydo not have the flaringprofiletypical of deep bowls (3) but rims either everted or thickened, the walls being straightor incurving; the sherds may be monochrome in and out or have a banded rim. Several incomplete, large pedestal bases with concave sides and a high dome underneath may be attributed to the same shape (or to goblets, 5b); they are mostly monochrome in and out. Some strap handles, one painted solid, may also belong here. Date:LHIIlA2-B.io R2gi/i23a; M349/125; M349 b/i; Q360 B/45, ab/i, ae/i, 5; N418/17; T465/7; S478/ia, 60; U520/11; (ST 48> 75» H0) Q3009/7, 11; R3025/2; LS 10083/3. 5. GOBLET(FS 254-5) a. Rim (FIG. 13.2, 7). A tall everted rim (chipped), with a band out and a monochrome interior,may be from a goblet. DateiLHIlB-IIlAi.11 (ST48) Q360AE/10.

pottery

29

bases (D. c.o.12), some of them painted solid, probably belong to thistypeof kraterwithverticalstraphandles. Date: LH III Ai-III 32 or later.12 R424/5 + 6, 8; Q360 c/11; Q3009/40. b. Ring-based krater (FS 281; FIG. 13.2, 11-14). Some ring bases (D. c.0.10-0.12) with fairly thick wall, monochrome or banded inside, are probably fromthe deep semi-globulartype of kraterwith horizontal loop handles.13There are also some fairlythick-walledbody sherds with stumps of such handles, usually monochrome inside and with traces of paint on the handles. Two joining body sherds (Q3009/59 + 60; Th. (wall) 0.008), monochrome inside, have patterned decoration out: a column of horizontal dashes next to the handle scar and, to the leftof it, fourverticallines startingfroman encirclingband and curvingto the left; originallytheymay have formeda TricurvedArch (FM 62) or Multiple Stem (FM 19) motif. A chipped rim sherd (Q3009/8; Th. (wall) 0.009) mav belong to this type or to 6a; it is painted with bands inside and out, and thereare traces of a pattern(lilycalyx?). Date: LH III B. M349/154, 175-6, 198; Q360 A/13, c/l3> D/3~4> L/4, AD/9; S434/8; S478/79, 109; Q3009/8, 19, 28, 34, 39>59 + 6°(ST 59, 91, 98)

6. KRATER a. Neckless krater(FS 7-9; FIG. 13.2, 10). A few torus

7. BASIN(FS 294) (?) (FIG. 13.3, 1-g) At least one rim sherd (Q3009/10; D. c.0.30) may be froma large, deep basin; the rim is thickened and the inside of the bowl monochrome. A number of rim fragments(D. c.o. 14-0.29) have markedlyeverted rims, either squared or curving up or down; the walls may be straightor curvingin or out; some sherds appear to be unpainted, others are monochrome. Also grouped here may be a few unusual rim sherds. One has the scar of a horizontal loop handle just below the rim, which is rounded and c.0.30 in diameter (R29i/4a). Another has a recurved horizontal handle at the everted,flat-topped rim of similar diameter (R29i/3a). Possibly belonging here too are some fairlylarge ring bases with D. c.o.12-0. 15. Date: LH III B2(?).14 R29i/4a, 7a; M349/34, 38-9, 209; Q360 A/2, B/27, j/i, 3, 48, 52 (?), AH/2,AM/4; n4ii/i (?); s478/i8a, 61; U490 AM/3; Q3009/10; LS ΙΟΙ 12/3 (?), (ST44, 53, in, 116-17, 123)

9 For deep bowls and fragmentsfrom the Menelaion see Catling,'Menelaion',33 withfig.20, bottom; excavations, Sherratt 189withfig.8; Catlingand Catling81 withpl. 8. 10Forstemmedbowlssee Mountjoy, MDP 117withfig.143; pp. 129-30withfigs160-2. 11Cf. Mountjoy,MDP 46-50 withfig.55; pp. 64-5 withfig. 75. For goblets from the Menelaion excavations, see

Catling,'Menelaion',figs9-11. 12Cf. Mountjoy,MDP 61 withfig.70; p. 84 withfig.99; p. 109withfig.134;p. 127withfig.i56.f 13See Mountjoy, MDP 115withfig.142;p. 129withfig.159. 14Cf. Mountjoy,MDP 131, 133 withfig.163. For a basin fromthe Menelaion excavations,see Catling,'Menelaion', fig.20, middle.

b. Stems possibly belonging to goblets (FIG. 13.2, 8-g) include a plain, heavy,concave stem with a high dome underneath (Q360 g/io; L. c.o.004; D. c.o.036) and a few very short stems (M349/2, 18; L. 0.01-0.015; D. c.o.021). One fragment(U490 AN/28) preservespart of the deep bowl, and fairlytall stem with high dome underneath,of a plain goblet. Date:LHlB-IIlAi. M349/18; M349/165; M349 b/io; Q360 g/io, AL/2; U490 AN/28. (ST 54, 57, 67)

30 Chapter 13 8. UNCERTAIN OPEN SHAPES

A number of body sherds, painted monochrome insideor out, or both,or withbands outside,belong to medium-sized open vesselswithconvexwalls,such as kylikes or bowls.

R291/4, 14-16, 19, 33; M322/68-9; M349/172-3, 197;Q360 B/49,D/17-19,31, 33, 37, G/21,J/13,L/16, Q/20-1, 24-5, 27, AD/16, 19, Al/6-7, AM/5-7,11; R424/7; S434/19; S478/85; U514/30;^25/26-7; LS 10465/14.

CLOSED SHAPES 9. LARGEPIRIFORMJAR(FIG. 13.3, 10)

A bodyfragment withtheattachedtongueofa vertical straphandle(Q3009/45;W. (handle)0.035; Th. 0.012), is probablyfromtheshoulderof a largejar (FS 19,cf. 15,17,24);15it has remainsofpaint.A bodysherdwith solid,streaky paint(Q3009/61;Th. (wall)0.01; est. D. c.0.22)maybe fromthelowerbodyofsucha vessel. Date: LH III Ai or earlier. (ST 125) Q3009/45,61. 10. LARGE STIRRUP JAR(FS164?)(FIG.13.3,//) ofone suchjar, includingtheflat There are fragments top of the false neck (D. £.0.065)withboth handle withtwo one of thempiercedvertically attachments, firingholes, and a sherd from the upper spout showingtracesofredslip.16 (ST73) S434/5. 11. ALABASTRON

a. Straightwalled alabstron(FS 94; FIG. 13.3,12-13). There are fragmentsfromthe flat base and wall; others, from the base or shoulder with small horizontalhandles,maybe belongto a or b (FS 85).17 Date: LH III A2-B2. R291/9,118a;Q360 c/16,AM/15;r525/H· b. Rounded alabastron (FIG. 13.3, 14). See a. A sharplyevertedrimof rathercoarse fabric^410/77; D. c.o.118),withtracesofpaintin and out,is possibly froma large,earlyexample(FS 81-2).18 Date: LH II? (ST 68, 92, 107) n4io/77. 12. JUGSOR OTHER CLOSED SHAPES(FIG. 13.4, /)

the upperattachment A sherd(Q3009/17),preserving of a vertical,round-sectioned handle,may be froma witha spreadingneck,a jug, as may be a fragment rim thickenedon the outside, and a handle scar (Q3009/47; D. (rim) 0.12). A small sherd has a thickenedrimto givea beakedprofile(Q360 Q/2; D. 15See Mountjoy,MDP 20-2 withfig.15; p. 39 withfig.39; p. 53 withfia 58. 16For such vases see e.g. H. W. Haskell, 'Coarse-ware stirrupjars at Mycenae', BSA 76 (1981), 225-38; P. A. (Oxford, 1993), Mountjoy, MycenaeanPottery:An Introduction

74-5,80.

c.o.07). Otherhandle,base, or bodyfragments maybe fromjugs or otherclosedshapes. Date: LH III. M322/78;Q360 Q/2; Q3009/17-18,24,47, 68 (?).

(ST 62, 102)

13. OPEN OR CLOSED SHAPES

a. Bases (FIG.13.4,2-6) of mediumfabric,eitherflat, flat and raised, or splaying and slightlyhollow underneath(D. 0.03-0.12). Date: LH III. u AL/4;N418/38;S478/i9a-2ia, 23a(ST 62) 25a; Q3009/14(?), 16,20-22, 27,31. c. Verticalstraphandles,flatin section(c.0.022X 0.01). Date: LH III. Q360 Ä/12, B/19, 36 (?), d/6, G/5, j/6, L/2, Q360

AD/12.

(ST 87)

d. Body sherds,fairlythick-walled(c. 0.007), wlt^ lineardecorationout. R291/36;Q360 Q/16,AD/15,2O5vb2ò/?>1· (ST 69) e. Bodysherds,unpainted. R29i/44a, 46a, 49a~5oa, 52a~53a, 61a, 64a-65a, 68a, 7ia~72a, 78a~79a, 8ia-82a, 1114a; M349/155; Q360 A/23-7, B/2, 15, 17, 47, c/10, 20-1, D/20-1, G/8,26, 28,J/14,17-23,35-6, 54-5, 58, 62-6, 68-9, L/15, 17, 19, AE/12,15-16, 19, AH/17,Al/3, 10-11, AM/3,8j I0> I2-i4j R424/4;U490 AM/149,AX/196; U514/26; U520/12; Γ525/29, 32, 35, 45; Q3009/4, (ST 84) 64-7. 17See Mountjoy,MDP 73-4, 100, 125withfigs84, 119(FS 94, dated LH III A2-B2);pp. 73-4, 99 withfigs83, 118(FS 85, datedLH III A2-B1). 18See Mountjoy,MDP 25, 40, 42 withfigs19, 43; Catling, fig.9, upper middle (LH III ai example fromMenelaion excavations).

Mycenaeanpottery31 Household

Wares (14-17) Withtheratherspecialexceptionof'Barbarianware',we havenotbeen able,on thegroundsof thesurveymaterial, to makea cleardistinction betweenMH and Mycenaeanhouseholdwares and pithoi.Evenwhenspecifictypesare foundat exclusively Mycenaeansites(H45,K414,N418, and it seems unwise to T470,S478,K515,U520, Q3009), generalizesincesuchtypestendto be rare or uniquepieces.Forthesereasonsthehouseholdwaresare treatedtogether withthoseof the MiddleHelladicperiod(Chapter12 above).Presumably wheelmadevesselstendto be of later occurat sitesthatseembarelyto continueintotheLH period,e.g. date,thoughtheycertainly MH 3a (coarse,shallowhemispherical of bowl)and MH 3c (largecoarsebowl).The occurrence LH a rathersoft,orange,finely fabric to be a of but it is found at date, again levigated ought sign MH date.Onlyexcavation sitesoflargely ofstratified can this matter. deposits clarify OPEN

SHAPES

14. DISH (?) WITHHANDLE(FIG. 13.4, 7)

An enigmaticfragment(Th. (wall) 0.05) seems to belongto a handmade,flatvesselof somekindwitha horizontalloop handle. Date: LH III. Q3009/35. (ST 124) 15. LARGEBOWL(FIG. 13.4, 8-g)

ofwheelmadebowlswithconvexwallsand Fragments rims(D. >o.3o). plain,flat-topped Date: LH III. R2o,i/i3ia; M322 A/187; Q360 j/44; ls 12503/2. (ST 81)

16. OPENOR CLOSED SHAPES a. Coarse vessel with horizontal handle(s) (FIG. 13.4, 10). Fragment from such a vessel (Th. (wall) 0.004) with the stump of a horizontal loop handle.

Date: LH III. Q360AD/11.

(ST 99)

b. Medium to coarse verticalhandles(FIG.13.4,//), circularin section(D. 0.02) and pierced by vertical Q360 Al/2has darkpaint. firing-holes. Date: LH. Q360 B/9, 11,38-9, D/5,J/56,L/5,AI/2;U514/15; U3006/40.

17. DARK-SURFACED HANDMADE BURNISHED OR 'BARBARIAN' WARE

One or twosherdsfromfairly thick-walled vessels(Th. c.o.oi) can be assignedto thisparticularware.19They are handmade,coarse,and burnished,and may have an appliedcordon. Date: LH III B2-earlyIII C. 0360.1/26,38. (ST94)

Discussion As statedin theintroduction, littleMycenaeanpotterycollectedbytheLaconia Surveycan be LH dated earlier than III. At theotherend,thereis nothingdefinitely LH III C, always firmly in mind the and worn nature of the material. bearing fragmentary The fabricsof the table ware seem to be ratherdifferent fromthe buffclay and buffor surface of most LH III Α-B decorated local pinkish-buff Argive pottery, therebysuggesting At the same there is evidence for at least one either time, production.20 kylix(ia; Q360 AL/2), 19See Catling and Catling (similar material from Menelaion excavations);I. K. Whitbread,'Pétrographie analysisof Barbarianware fromthe Menelaion,Sparta', in Φιλολάκων 297-306 (mineralogical data suggest local manufacture).For recent studies of this ware see E. F. Bloedow, 'Hand-made burnished ware or "barbarian" potteryand TroyVII B', Paroladelpassato,40 (1985),161-99; J. B. Rutter,'Some commentson interpretingthe darksurfacedhandmadeburnishedpotteryof the 13thand 12th

cent. BC',JMA 3 (1990), 29-49; D. B. Small, 'Handmade burnished ware and prehistoricAegean economics: an argumentforindigenousappearance',ibid. 3-25; Mountjoy (n. 16),92. 20Cf. Sherratt 189 (LH III pottery from Menelaion excavations). Chemical analysis of (LH III Ai and III B) pottery from the Menelaion excavations has revealed compositionsconsistentwithlocal manufacture;see Jones, GCP 210-12,469.

32 Chapter13 or an actualimportand thereby apparentin recallingtheMinoan influences Minoan-inspired LH III A2pottery fromAyiosStephanosin theHelos plain.21 fitquitewellintothemainstream Viewedas a whole,thetypesand decorationrepresented - and often the relativefrequencyof monochromeinteriors of LH III A and III Β pottery, Laconian feature,well paralleledin the exteriorsas well beingperhapsa morespecifically excavatedmaterialfromtheMenelaionridgeand fromAyiosStephanos.22 ofopen shapesfromsettlement sitesis a commonenoughphenomenon The preponderance in MycenaeanGreece,Laconia included.23 the Among open shapesfromthe Survey,kylikes are byfarthemostcommon. Of particularinterestare the one or two pieces of so-called Dark-surfacedHandmade Burnishedor 'Barbarian5ware fromthe Menelaion ridge (Q360), where excavationhad to LH alreadyproduced(small)quantitiesofthisspecialclassofpotteryin contextsattributed III B2/early III C.24

21Mountjoy,PAP,ead., 'Regional Mycenaeanpottery'(n. 2), 257,259. 22Sherratt189; Catling and Catling 81; Ε. Β. French,in PAP. Taylour(n. 2), 270;Mountjoy,

23By contrast,tombmaterial,such as thatfromMelathriá, usuallyconsistsmainlyof closed shapes:see Demakopoulou (n. 5)· 24See Catlingand Catling272,282.

14 THE ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL POTTERY R. WV.Catling Our KNOWLEDGE OF Laconian POTTERYof the Dark Ages and the archaic and classical periodsis largelyconfinedto thedecoratedwares,amongwhichtheblack-figured potteryof the sixthcenturyhas attractedthe greatestattention.1 Recentwork,mainlyby Stibbe and whichhas appearedsincethestudyofthepotteryfromthesurveywas completedin Pelagatti, 1989,has done muchto improveour knowledgeof Laconian plain black-glazedwaresof the archaicperiod,and further studiesare promised.2 thereis stillmuchto be learnt, Nevertheless, especiallyabout the black-glazedwares of the classicalperiod. Our ignoranceis virtually completein the case of the domesticwares,mainlybecause mostof the publishedpottery it is hoped, will help originatesin tombsor sanctuarycontexts.The findsfromthe survey, towardsfilling thisimportant gap. A relatively smallnumberofpublishedexcavationsprovidesthebasis forour knowledgeof Laconian pottery. Amongthe mostimportantare the excavationsof the BritishSchool at varioussitesin and aroundSparta,notablythe sanctuaryof ArtemisOrthia,the Menelaion and the acropolisof Sparta,carriedout in the firstthreedecades of the twentieth century.3 therehave been no significant additionsto thepublishedmaterialfromSparta, Subsequently or any otherpart of Laconia, thoughthiswill change when the potteryfromthe latest excavationsat theMenelaionis publishedin thenottoo distantfuture.4 Laconian pottery was in moderate the to the from west, exported quantitiesthroughout Mediterranean, especially thelate seventhto earlyfifth it is mostoftenof centuries, thoughwhereit has been identified theeasilyrecognizeddecoratedor figured wares.Amongtheexceptionsare thevotivepottery fromTocra in Cyrenaica5and theLaconianpotteryexportedto Sicilyrecently presentedas a both of which include notable of archaic corpusby Pelagatti,6 quantities plain black-glazed wares.Withinthe Péloponnèsethereare usefulcomparisonsto be made withthe material 1

Among the more importantare the following:Droop Geometm 1926-7;Droop 1929;Lane; J. N. Coldstream,Greek

A Surveyof TenLocal Stylesand theirChronology Pottery: (London,

1968),212-19;Stibbe1972;W. D. E. Coulson,'The darkage of Sparta',BSA 80 (1985),29-84; I. Margreiter, Frühe pottery lakonische Keramikvongeometrischer bis zu archaischer £eit (10.-6.

Jhdt.v. Chr.)(Schriftenaus dem Athenaionder klassischen ArchäologieSalzburg,5; Waldsassen,1988). 2 Stibbe,LMB; P. Pelagattiand G. M. Stibbe, Lakonika: ricerche e nuovimatenalidi cerâmicalacónica,i-ii (Bollettino d'arte

suppl.; Rome, 1992); Stibbe,LDV. To these wide-ranging studiesmaybe added detailedtreatments of specificshapes: C. M. Stibbe, 'Lakonische Kantharoi', in Meded.Rom.40 (1978), 23-41; Stibbe 1984; Pelagatti and Stibbe 1988; Pelagatti1991;C. M. Stibbe,'La lakaina: un vaso lacónico

per bere',in Pelagattiand Stibbe,Lakonika (above),73-113. 6 Artemis Orthia: see AO. Menelaion: A. B. J. Wace, M. S. Thompson,and J. P. Droop, 'Excavationsat Sparta, 1909: the Menelaion',BSA 15 (1908-9), 108-57.Acropolis: A. M. Woodward,'Excavationsat Sparta,1924-25',BSA 26 (1923-5),116-276;id., 'Excavationsat Sparta, 1926',BSA 27 (1925-6),173-254;id. etal. 'Excavationsat Sparta,1927',BSA 28 (1926-7),1-106;id. etal. 'Excavationsat Sparta,1924-28', BSA 29 (1927-8),1-107;id., 'Excavationsat Sparta,1924-28', BSA 30 (1928-30),151-254. 4 See Catling, 'Menelaion', 35-42, for a preliminary account; R. W. V. Catling, Ά votive deposit of seventhfromtheMenelaion',in Φιλολάκων57-75. century pottery 5 Boardmanand Hayes 1966,81-95, 116-17;1973,39-41· b Pelagatti1992.

34 Chapter 14

ofarchaicand classicaldate at Olympia7and withthefindsfromBabes fromthewell-groups in northern fraction ofthepottery Triphylia,8 verycloseto Olympia.Atbothsitesa significant is eitherimportedfromLaconia or made under Laconian influence.The resultsof a topographicsurveyin a regionto the southof Megalopolisin southernArkadiaare also of in showingtheoverwhelming influenceofLaconian ceramicsduringthearchaicand interest likethatfromour survey, means classicalperiods.9However,thepoor conditionofthepottery, thatfewdirectcomparisonscan be made. WhileLaconian Geometricand archaicwareshave has been givento thelocal waresofthe been theobjectofa numberofstudies,littleattention classicalperiod,thefourthcenturybeingthe area of our greatestignorance.Our knowledge ofclassicalLaconianpotteryis based on scatteredmaterial,ofwhichonlya littlecomesfrom centuryfromKythera,11 Amongthemostusefulare potterygroupsofthefifth Spartaitself.10 all and fromNichoria12and Kopanaki13in southernand northernMessenia respectively, withintheambitofLaconianinfluence. In largepartthepublishedmaterialbearslittleresemblance to thetypesofpottery foundon is simplythe resultof previousscholars' the Laconia Survey.To some extentthisdistinction Their neglectof the plain wares is abundantlyclear preoccupationwithdecoratedpottery. fromtheBritish thatremainunpublished fromthelargeamountsofplainblack-glazedpottery School'searlyexcavations.However,manyoftheshapesso familiarfromSpartansanctuaries are eitherentirelyabsent (e.g. lakainas)or presentonly on sanctuarysites(e.g. aryballoi). contextselsewhereassume Shapes commonto thesurveymaterialand to votiveand cemetery for our craters, mugs,and the ridgedamphoras purposes,stirrup-handled greatimportance and hydriasbeingamongthemostuseful. A further arisesfromthe conditionof muchof the potteryrecoveredduringthe difficulty is are The sherds mostlysmalland oftenso wornthatthe originalsurfacetreatment survey. to specificshapes,but have to be uncertain.As a resultmanypieces cannotbe attributed it is groupedunder generalcategoriessuch as 'uncertainlarge closed shapes'; frequently to a shape is normally uncertainwhethersherdsbelongto open or closedshapes.Attribution In spiteofthiscautiousapproach,it is made onlywhenthereis a largemeasureof certainty. as have to be corrected will that attributions knowledgeofthesubjectimproves. likely many Where so muchwas uncertain,the studyof the potterynaturallyconcentratedfirston potterytypesdiagnosticof particular single-periodsites,withthe purpose of identifying and as craters in to such addition those, alreadyregardedas typepieces.The hydrias, periods was also studiedin detail,in orderto sites material from these the fabrics of range among or lacking establisha cfeePforpotteryof the periodon siteswhichwereeithermulti-period was it could be and fast rules While no hard established, normally clearlydiagnosticpottery. archaic-classicalmaterialfromhellenisticon the basis of fabricand possibleto distinguish accountofthemainfabricgroupsprecedesthetypology. appearance.A summary in particularthatlaterthan of muchof thepottery, The relativeand absolutechronology 7 See Gauer. 8 See Lang; the Laconian affiliationsare sometimes overlooked bytheauthor. 9 Pikoulas 1988,ι6. 10Cook and Nicholls 290-2; Catling1990Ä,30-1. 11Kythera 159-65,306-7. 12See W. D. E. Coulson,'Archaicto Roman times:the site inMchona,iii. 332-50 (hereinafter and environs', 'Coulson').

13Kaltsas's date forthis importantassemblage(c.475-60) to assignitto thesecondhalfofthe seemsratherearly.I prefer to and to resistthe temptation 5thcent,(perhaps£.450-425), associate the destructionof the house withthe Messenian revoltthat followedthe great earthquake in 464. Stibbe considerstheassemblageto be latearchaic,dating apparently different pots to the last quarter of the 6th and the first quarterofthe5thcent.:Stibbe,LDV'47 no. G 2, 268 η. 479.

Archaicand Classical pottery35 thesixthcentury, remainsproblematic. Fromthe earlyfifth centuryLaconian potteryceased to be exported,so thatcorrelationswithotherpotterysequences,mostimportantly Attic, cannotbe made.At thesame time,fromthemid-sixth no imports centurytherewerevirtually intoLaconia. However,whileLaconian potterydevelopedalong ratheridiosyncratic linesin the classicalperiod,it did not do so in completeisolation.Influencesfromotherregions, especiallyAttica,are clearlydetectable,enablingthe approximatecorrelationof the two sequences.There is littlehelp to be foundamong the materialfromLaconian sanctuaries, wheretherange,quantity, and qualityofpotterydedicatedin theclassicalperioddiminishes. The finededicationsof the sixthcenturywere increasingly replacedby poorlymade, massminiature votive vessels. an of excavated domesticsitewillenable produced Onlypublication theconstruction ofa clearand detailedceramicsequenceforclassicalLaconianpottery. Until thattimethedatingofclassicalpottery willremainat bestapproximate. Fabrics

and Paint

The principalfabricdivisionscoincidewiththe fourmain categoriesofpotteryfoundin the typology.The largestcategory,the finewares, shows most diversityin fabric,in general in vesseltypeand sizewithinthegroup. to thediversity corresponding FINE WARES

For the sake of conveniencethisverylarge categoryincludesall the black-glazedwares, thoughin termsof fabricit rangesfromveryfineto semi-fine, overlappingto some degree withthesemi-coarsewares.The fabricsare mosteasilycategorizedby thecolourof the clay, thoughit is recognizedthatthesevariationsmay be primarilythe resultof differing firing conditions.Three main groupsemergewhich,listedin orderof frequency, may be broadly describedas lightbrown,red,and grey,thoughtheboundariesbetweenthemare not always welldefined.Of the2,230fine-ware sherdswhosefabricwas examined,997 (45 per cent)were ofthelightbrowngroup,802 (36 per cent)ofthered,and 431 (19 per cent)ofthegrey.While none is especiallydistinctive,in the way of Corinthianfinewares, the greyfabricsare probablythe easiestto recognizeas Laconian. These observationsare broadlycomparable withHayes'sdescription of theclaycoloursamongtheLaconian potteryfoundat Tocra.14It is notclearto whatextentthesethreegroupsare meaningful beyondthesimpledifferentiation in colour.It seemsunlikelythattheyare the productsof different areas, giventhe general in the of inclusions across the three and one similarity range groups, mightguessthatin terms ofchemicalcomposition are identical. in the fabric coloursseemto be However, general they thedeliberateproductofthefiring the forsmallshapesin process,given apparentpreference brown fabrics and in red or and to this extent their definition as groups light largeshapes grey, can be justified. used forthe smallershapes,and includethe finest Lightbrownfabricsare predominantly fabricsused forformssuch as cups (15). There is, however,a significant numberof large in some The colour from shapes,including veryfinelypreparedclay. ranges verylightbrown to brown and Y brown Y YR (buff) pale yellowish pale pinkish (2.5 6/2; 5 7/3; 5 6/3,7/4,8/2; 7.5 YR 7-8/2,7-8/4; 10 YR 5/2, 6-8/3, 7~8/4, 8/1).Whereinclusionsoccur,theytendto be

14Boardmanand Hayes 1966,87-8. See also Schaus 15-16;McPhee 154-5;Stibbe,1MB 14.

36 Chapter14 fewand are usuallylimitedto tiny-to-small white,reddish-brown, grey,or blackpellets;many have no visibleinclusions.It is onlyin the large shapes thatinclusionsare more abundant, includingsmallto mediumquartz,crushedschist,and largerpelletsin the same varietyof colours. Reddishto orangefabricsare commonforboththelargeand smallshapes,as wellas being is usually usedforsomedomesticwaressuchas basins(43). Amongthelargershapesthefiring are a or core. Most of the small uneven,producing grey, shapes evenlyfiredand pink, purplish colours.The rangeofcoloursis wide and shadesinto tendto be in thelighterreddish-brown the firstgroup,varyingfromlightreddish-brown to lightred to orange(2.5 YR 5-6/8, 6/6, YR YR R 10 6/2, 6/6-8). Amongthe smallershapes, 6-7/6, 7/7-8, 7.5 7-8/6, 8/3, 7/8, 5 or blackpellets visibleinclusionsare eithercompletely absentor limitedto tinyreddish-brown but they and occasionalwhitegrits.The largershapescontaina widervarietyof inclusions, are rarelyveryabundant.Apartfromsmallwhitegritsand veryoccasionalcrushedschistand reddish,grey,or blackpellets. mica,theyconsistforthemostpartofsmall-to-medium The greygroup is the least commonof the fine-warefabrics,and is mostlyassociated withlarge open and closed shapes (craters,lekanes,hydrias,amphoras,etc.). The colour rangesfromlightto mid-grey(2.5 Y N6-7/, 5 Y 5/1, 6-7/1-2, 7.5 Y 7/1, 10 Y 8/1, 7.5 YR N7/,6/1, 10 YR 5/1, 6/2, 7/1). Firingis oftenuneven,producinga biscuitwitha reddish core and greyskinsor,less often,greywitha red outerskin;a banded greyand red effectis occasionallyproduced.Inclusionsoccur in all except a few.They consistmainlyof small reddish-brown pellets(grog?),thoughmica and small white,grey,and blackishgritsare also found.There is a relativelysmall numberof small open shapes in greyclay,some some possiblyanticipatingthe preferenceforgreyfabrics perhapsthe resultof overfiring, in thehellenisticperiod.Apartfromsome whiteor brownspeckstheynormallycontainno visibleinclusions. SEMI-COARSE DOMESTIC

WARES (MAINLY MORTARS AND BASINS)

There are no clearlydefinedfabricgroupsamong the semi-coarsewares. They lack the to coarse,with and pithosfabrics,and rangefromsemi-fine coherenceof the cooking-ware somedegreeofoverlapwiththelargerfine-ware shapes.The colourrangeoftheclayis rather themajority narrow, beinglightbrownto reddishbrown(5 YR 6-7/6-8, 7.5 YR7/3-6,8/6),a fewredder(2.5 YR 5-6/8), and a veryfewlightgrey(7.5Y 7/2, 10 YR 8/2). The composition, and size of the inclusionsare veryvaried,especiallyamong the mortars,ranging quantity, fromonlya fewtinyspecks,smallwhitegrits,or reddishbrowninclusions(grog?)to large grits(white,grey,and black; schist,quartz, quantitiesof varied small or small-to-medium in combinations. mixed often differing grog?), COOKING WARES

The fabricofthearchaicto classicalcookingwaresis highlydistinctive and, once recognized, is a usefulindicatorof date where othermore diagnosticmaterialis lacking.Two main and associatedwiththin-walledshapes.The first, varietiesoccur,both normallyhard-fired is characterizedby the pinkishcolour of the clay (5-7.5 YR 7/2-4), and more distinctive, mainlyof consisting thoughthecoreis normallygrey.Mostcontainlargequantitiesoftemper, small-mediumquartz,lime, and crushedschist;quantityand size vary,one group being characterized quantityof bythesmallsize oftheinclusions.In somethereis also a significant reddishinclusions(grog?).The secondvarietyhas a widercolourrange,typically lightbrown or reddishbrown(5 YR 7/6-8, 7.5 YR 8/6, 10 YR 6-7/3,8/4>2·5 Y 7/2>5 Y 6-8/1,7.5 Y 7/1),

Archaicand Classical pottery37 In boththe also witha greycore.The rangeofinclusionsis similarto thatofthefirstvariety. surfaceis roughlysmoothed, marks and much surface leavingmanygrit grit. The resemblanceof a small thirdgroup to hellenisticcooking-warefabricssuggestsit transition. It is verylightbrown belongsto thelate classicalperiodor theclassical-hellenistic YR a with dark core. The small white and (10 7/3) grey tempercomprises greygritsand some reddishinclusions(grog?),lackingthe crushedschisttypicalof the two othervarieties.The surfaceis smootherand lessgritty. PITHOI

The fabricofthearchaicto classicalpithoiis as distinctive as thatofthecookingwares,and is likewiseusefulforgeneraldatingpurposesin the absence of more closelydatable material. There are threemain varieties,each differentiated by the typeof inclusions.All threeare made ofcompact,moreor lessevenlyfired,brownto reddishbrownclay(2.5 YR 6-7/4,5 YR 6/6-8, 7/6-8, 8/4, 7.5 YR 6-8/4-6), witha fewreddishpieces (10 R 5/3, 6/4). The first, whichcomprisesthe majorityof pithossherds,containsmanysmall-to-large, angular,platey grits,usuallyreddishor grey,the colourprobablyvaryingaccordingto the firingconditions. Normallyno othertemperis present,but in some pieces crushedschistand/orquartz,lime, and reddishinclusions(grog?)occur.The secondvarietycontainsquantitiesof smallto large crushedschist,normallywithoutotherinclusions, whilethethirdhas muchsmallto medium mixedschist,quartz,and othergrit.In all threethereis muchvisiblesurfacegrit,but the surfacesofthethirdgroupare notas wellfinishedas thefirsttwofabrictypes,whichinclude nearlyall the examplesof pithoiwithcordondecoration(see 57 n-q). It maybe notedthat the cordonswere applied to the body of the pithoiusing a fineclay.Examples of small, thin-walledpithoiin much less coarse fabricsoccur but formno coherent comparatively group. PAINT

The pottery fromthesurveyprovidesa poor basisforgeneralizations abouttheappearanceof thepaint.Normallythepaintedsurfaceis heavilywornand abraded,and onlyrarelyis itwell to givea good impression ofitsoriginalappearance.The problemofwearis enoughpreserved further the corrosive effects ofthesoilswhichpredominate in thesurveyarea, compoundedby a problemthatseemsto be widespreadin the southernand westernPéloponnèse.In most cases potteryfromany excavated sites could be predicted to be in poor condition. Nevertheless someremarksare possible.In thevastmajorityof cases thepaintis black,often ratherstreaky, witheithera mattor semi-glossy finish.A veryfewhave a glossyblackfinish to Attic black Variations include comparable glaze. frequentinstancesof greyishor darkbrownish black.Some piecesare moredistinctly mattgreyor brown.There are comparatively fewexamplesof reddishpaint.Added red or whitepaint is onlyoccasionallyfoundand is restricted to the archaic period. Previousdescriptionsare not much at variance withthe above.15 In thetypology thatfollows, thepotteryhas been dividedintofivemaincategories:finewares of the (composedmainly black-glazedwares), semi-coarsewares (includingmortarsand

15Boardmanand Hayes 1966,87-8; Kythera 307; Pikoulas1988,17;Stibbe,1MB 14.

38 Chapter14 vessels),cookingwares,coarsewares(composedofpithoiand basins),and miniatures. transport The finewareswhichmakeup thelargestcategoryare dividedintoopen and closedforms, and in each thearrangement from a to similar division is for progresses large small; employed the muchsmallercategoryof cookingwares.Whereothercriteriaare missing,open and closed by the presenceor absence of paint on the interior.It is shapes are usuallydistinguished that is not since this ideal, recognized manyclosed shapeshave painton partor all of their and that some are not completely The poor conditionof monochrome. interior, open shapes muchofthematerialmakesthetaskofdistinguishing betweenthetwomoredifficult. whether Whereverpossible,comparisonsare made withotherpublishedLaconian pottery, Reference is occasionally madeto theunpublished findsfromthe foundin Laconia or elsewhere. in Sparta(mainlyat Artemis and theold British excavations newMenelaionexcavations Orthia) thepublishedinformation. with is generally to supplement non-Laconianpottery Comparison handbooksand sitepublications, and restricted to thestandardpottery suchas theblack-glazed fromtheAthenianAgoraand Corinth.The searchforparallelshas notbeen domesticpottery itsmainobjectbeingtoprovideevidencefordatingthepottery fromthesurvey. exhaustive, Fine Wares (1-41) LARGE OPEN SHAPES (1-13) I. SUBGEOMETRIC CRATERS (FIG. 14. 1, 1-2)

rimon splayingwall.(FIG.14.1,/) a. Wedge-shaped Monochromein,fourbandsand zone ofblobson rim and upperwall. Date: c.700-650. N415 B/2.

b. Thick-walled bodyfragment. (FIG.14.1,2) Partsof threepanels of chequer-boardabove three in. bands;monochrome Date: c.700-600. 1400/14.

2. STIRRUP-HANDLED CRATERS (FIG. 14.1, 3-8)

is one ofthemostdiagnostictypesofthearchaic This shape,thesubjectofa detailedstudybyStibbe,16 to earlyclassicalperiods(i.e. c.600-400 BC),and was one ofthoseused in theinitialstagesofthestudy as a 'peg' on whichto hang associatedbut less diagnostictypes.The onlycompletepublishedcrater occurat fromLaconia is a late fifth-century examplefromAnálipsisin theSkiritis,17 thoughfragments a numberof sites.In its completeformit is best attestedin Etruria,South Italy,and Sicily,areas to formby sherds It is recognizablein fragmentary whichit was exportedin considerablequantities.18 fromthe rim and stirrup-handles;certaintyis never possible where body sherds and bases are existsthatsomecraterbases are listedundertypes11 c- d and 36 f-g. Fora concerned.The possibility oftheshape,Stibbe'smonographshouldbe consulted. description to the handlefragments are few;threeofthefourbelongto thestrapsection,thefourth Attributable verticalloop and stubof the strap.All the examplesare black-glazed,belongingto Stibbe'slargest groupof 'all-blackstirrupcraters'(typeF);19none of the typewithdecoratedrimoccurs.The criteria oftheshapefromc.6ooto theearlyfifth centuryare largely adoptedbyStibbeto tracethedevelopment is on the basis of therimform, where are concerned. Our material subdivided fragments inapplicable is froma heavy,squaredformto one muchmoreslender,concaveand flaring. wherethedevelopment D. (rim)0.25-0.32;smallest0.225,largestc.0.40. 16Stibbe,LMB; further exampleshave sincebeen published fromBabes and Aigina:Lang 65-6, fig.11. 1-4, pl. 18. 1-2; Williams1993,576-84,figs.9-19. 17S. Karouzou, Ή Ελένη της Σπάρτης* η μεγάλη πρόχους άπο την Ανάληψη της Κυνουρίας', Arch.Eph.

1985,33~44>at Ρ· 36 fig·35Stibbe,LMB 58, 125no. L 6. For Análipsissee below,Chapter23,DD45. 18See M. Nafissi'sanalysisin Stibbe,LMB 68-88. 19Stibbe,LMB 37-43,105-15,figs.41-80,pis 9-13.

Archaic and Classical pottery 39 a. The earlierrimform(FIG.14.1,3-6) is typified bya heavy,squared, flat-toppedrim,oftenwitha slight flangeat the upperedge as well as a droopinglower edge. The face of the rimis flat.U531/1is probably thelatestin thisgroup. Date: c.575-500. R275/1;R275A/38;P285/3;S524A/5;U531/1. b. The laterrimform(FIG.14.1,y-8)is moreslenderand witha moreor lessconcaveface.The flattop elongated, is oftenoutwardlydownturned,suggestingthatthe flaredfromthebody. upperpart,theneckofthecrater, The flangeon theupperedge disappears;thedrooping and insteaddevelopsinto loweredgeis lesspronounced, a downward slantfromthebodytotheedge.

Date: c.525-400. D83/2;S458/1;T471/1-3;U3006/9;LS 10236/4. c. Of the threehandle straps,onlyone (R281D/42) preservesitsfullform;itslowersectionturnsinwards at an angleofabout 60 degrees.They are about0.045 wide. The one fragmentwiththe verticalloop and strapseems unusual:the round-section loop is tilted from out,witha rathernarrowstraprisingvertically it. Date: c.550-450. Gl57/?;J223/5;R281D/42;U3006/37. d. Two sherdsalmostcertainly fromtheneck. N415C/3;1447/5.

3. COLUMNCRATER(PLATEI a)

A verylargeshapedistinguished rim,withlong,downturned face,on a straight byitsbroad,flat-topped neck.The neckis articulatedfroma rathernarrow,roundedshoulder.Large,round-section column strutsare attachedat thebottomedge of therimand presumably on theshoulder;theoverallformof handle assemblyis uncertain.The shape is of Corinthianorigin,but our examplesalmostcertainly imitateAtticprototypes. Atticversionsusuallyhave blackor red-figured decoration,onlyrarelyplain The crater. black-glazed.20 shape is rarein Laconia, itsplace beingtakenby thelocal stirrup-handled D. (rim)c.0.60-0.65. H31/1is a heavilyabradedred-figure example,probablyblack-glazedin; uncertainornamenton rim top; undulatingline withattachedpalmettesto rightfillingthe spaces on the rim face; uncertain whetherneck decorated;tongueson shoulder;uncertaindecorationon body; handle strutsblackcolumncrateris knownfromLaconia.21This piece mayperhapsbe an glazed. No otherred-figured import.H60/1is black-glazedin and out. Date: £.475-400. ι α);Η60/1(?). H31/1(PLATE MUGS?(FIG.14.I,g-IO) 4. LARGE Two examplesoccurofa largeopen shape,perhapsto be identified as versionsofthelargemug.Other sherdsverylikelybelongto largemugs(13 c), and it is possiblethatsome of therimshereassignedto hydrias(30 c-d) could also. This shape was a greatlyenlargedversionof the ordinaryLaconian mug intothefourth, and bestknownbythetwo (16),firstappearingin thelaterfifth centuryand continuing It was the shape most completeexamplesof the last quarterof the fifth centuryfoundat Análipsis.22 decoratedin the short-livedLaconian red-figured frequently styleof the late fifthto earlyfourth centuries.23 It musthave servedthe same purpose as a crater,perhaps replacingthe traditional Laconianstirrup-handled craterin thelaterfifth The mostdistinctive featureofour sherdsis a century. markedlydownturnedrimflaringfroma short,concave neck,not apparentlyfoundon any of the froma gentlycurvedverticalwall. Inside,just belowthetop ofthe publishedpieces.The neckis offset rim,is a shallowgroove.No parallelsare known.D. (rim)0.28 and 0.35. Both examplesprobablyblack-glazedin. The better-preserved of the two (H31/2+ 3 + 28) is so

20 Sparkesand Talcott54-5. n None is mentioned among the Laconian red-figured potteryfrom Sparta published in McPhee. A curious example,glazed on the insideand plain out, was foundon

theacropolisof Sparta:Droop 1926-7,73, fig.14,whereit is classedas a pithos. inexplicably 22Karouzou (n. 17),33-42,figs.1-2,4; pis 4-7. 23McPhee 155-6.

40 Chapter 14 is lost;theotherhas a rowof'drops'on thefaceoftherim, heavilyabradedthattheexteriortreatment butis otherwise plainon theexterior. Date: £.450-350? H31/2+ 3 + 28; U499/82. 5. BELLCRATERS (FIG.14.2) Bell cratersare themostcommonof thevarioustypesof crater,occurringon manysitesin thesurvey area. Their smallersize and simplicity may have made themmore practicaland versatileforsmall householdsthanthelargerstirrup-handled craters.By comparisontheyare rareat sanctuariessuchas ArtemisOrthia and the Menelaion. The shape has recentlybeen the subject of a briefstudyby Pelagattiand Stibbe,thetwenty examplesgatheredbythembeingsubdividedintofourmaingroupson the basis of decoration,witha further fifth groupof miniatureexamples.24 SubsequentlyStibbehas a bell added twofurther of which one is shallow version of the standard craterwhiletheother groups, an of variant forms.25 Outside are known fromBabes and assortment Laconia, comprises examples Olympiain thePéloponnèse,fromAigina,and froma numberof sitesin SouthItalyand Sicily.Their featuresare a deep, straight-walled distinguishing bodywithevertedrim,and horizontalloop handles set highon the body.Variationson the formof the rimare numerous.Commonestis a prominent, mostoftenpointedand wedgeor slightly roundedrim,usuallydownward-slanting, everted,flat-topped or shapedor witha bevellededge,less oftenheavyand rounded.Occasionallytherimis downturned hooked.The wall has a straight inwardslant,thoughsometimesit maybe rathermorecurved. slightly Only rarelyis a handleor itsattachment preservedin association;mostlikelytheycompriseda pair of horizontalround-section or straphandles.The handlesare sethighon thebody,in one case (R296/11) belowtherim.Completeexamplesshowthattheycould have a flatbase or a ringfoot.26 immediately There is a considerablesize range.D. (rim)0.15-0.30.Subtypesa and b are subdividedon thebasisof decoration;c is a variantformrepresented byonlyone example. a. This type(FIG.14.2,1-3) correspondsto Pelagatti and Stibbe's second group and Stibbe's group B. Black-glazedin and out exceptfora broad reserved band in the handle zone, a schemecloselyparalleled on a numberofmorecompletebell cratersofthemidand later 6th cent.27A slightlydifferent scheme is foundon S524 B/2, where a narrowreservedband occursimmediately belowtherim. Date: c.575-500. R275/5; S437/42; S524 B/2.

b. This, the largest group (FIG. 14.2, 4-24), to Pelagattiand Stibbe'sthirdgroupand corresponds Stibbe'sgroupC. Probablyall black-glazedin and on therimtop,and themajorityout as well,thoughthe exterior havebeen leftplain. maysometimes The earliest of our examples may date to the second quarterof the 6th cent.,the majorityto the

24 Pelagattiand Stibbe1988. 25Stibbe, LDV51-5, figs.154-64, pl. 9. 1-3. It should be notedthatG 2 (p. 156,fig.162)is almostcertainly a hellenistic crater,forwhichthereare good parallelsat the Menelaion. The upperpartofan elaboratebell craterofLaconian origin or inspirationhas been publishedfromBabes, thoughits Laconian affiliations are overlookedand it is misdatedto the

second halfof the 6th and the beginningof the 5th. Exampleswitha plain exteriormaybe typicalof the classicalperiod,as indicatedby a specimenfromthe Menelaion.The basic typemayhavesurvivedintothe late classicaland earlyhellenistic period.Some of the less typical formsmay be of this late period (e.g. Ci 14/42;F133/3;G159/4;J227/2).

H31/26; D85/2, 19, 21 + 22, 30; BUI A/12; CII4/6, 42 (?), F133/3; G159/4; C169/4, 22; N183/1 (?), 7 + 27; K200/4; K203/18; J213/2; J227/2; P262/6; P268/3; P272/8 (?), 9, 12; R281 B/3, D/4 (?), 5-6; P286/3; P288/1; R296/2, 11-12; J367/1; N415 B/103; S431/4; S433/1-2, 4; S434/2; R454/1; S458/4-6; T471/4; . R473/13; U490 AM/21, AN/5; U491/10; U493/1; U499/1; N503/3, 5 (?), 6; U506/40 (?); T512 a/i, 3; S524 a/i, 3, B/i, 7; R526/3, 7; U3001/1; U3003/1; A3018/3, 5; U3022/1-2; LS IOO71/19; LS IO179/1; LS IO234/2; LS IO4IO/2.

4thcent.:Lang 68, fig.12,pl. 18. 3-4. Otherpiecesfromthe same sitemayalso belongto thisshape: Lang 82-4, figs.16. 11;17.9. ForAiginasee Williams1993,584-6, figs.20-2. 26 Pelagattiand Stibbe 1988, 22 no. 5, 27 no. 12,figs.1-2 and 10- 11.

27 Pelagattiand Stibbe 1988, 22-3 nos. 5-8, figs.10-13, 33-4·

Archaic and Classical pottery 41 c. Everted,flat-topped pointedrimon carinatedbody (fig. 14.2,25).D. (rim)0.22. Black-glazed in and on top of rim over pale slip; exterior slippedbutplain.A carinatedexampleoccurs

among the sherdspublishedby Stibbe thoughit is paintedall over.28 Date: c.550-450? S437/46.

6. LARGE BOWLS OR LEKANES (FIG. 14.3, i-g)

or rounded,on a deep, The typeis characterizedby havinga broad evertedrim,eitherflat-topped of These rims are to be associated with bases curved bowl. type11 a or b. A few probably lightly have been context, any recently by lacking published Stibbe and correctly examples,unfortunately OutsideLaconia thisseriesmaybe bestcomparedwith identified as typicalofdomesticassemblages.29 series the lekanesfromKythera,Kopanaki,Babes, and the AthenianAgora.30A somewhatdifferent occursat Olympia.31 a. Broad, flat-toppedrims(fig. 14.3, 1-6), usually hookedor downturnedto a greateror lesserdegree, thougha fewlack thisfeature.The bowl is deep and has a lightconvexcurve.Wheretherimhas a faceitis usuallyangledinwards.Those withthe hookedform, likeP262/1whichhas a close parallelof the mid-5th cent,fromKopanaki,32may be earliest.The closest parallelsin the Agora are of the 5th cent.,but their relevanceto datingthe Laconian seriesis uncertain. D. (rim)c.0.34-0.38. Black-glazedin and on top of rim;exteriorplain. R422A/7and R518/1black-glazedin and out. Associationswitha numberof single-periodsites thisto be a latearchaic-early classicaltype. suggests Date: 550-400? H45.7/27; D85/29; F137/1;P262/1; N415 A/103; R420/9 (?); R422 A/7; U491/56;N503/2;U511B1/3; R518/1; S524 A/2; R526/5, 9; U3001/2; U3003/6; U3010/1;A3014/31;LS 10236/2 (?); LS 10382/1; LS I0822/I.

b. As a, but witha lightconcavecurveto the upper wall (fig. 14.3,7). G157/5;U490AX/3;U491/48. c. Broad, but thin,evertedrim (FIG. 14.3,8-g) with rounded(less oftenflat)top and pointedor rounded face. Body probablylike a. D. (rim)0.22-0.24; small example0.18. Black-glazed in and on top of rim; exterior probablyplain. This roughlycorresponds to thelatertypefromthe Agora of the mid-5thto late 4th cent,and is also the typefoundon Kytherain the last quarterof the 5th cent. It is predominantly associatedwithsiteswitha strong classical flavour,and may tentativelybe identified as a classicaltypeoflekane. Date: 450-300? Bin A/7,B/7, 11,F/4; A118B/3; N183/3;P272/3; R421/2;U499/84;U511A2/26;LS IO234/3.

7. DINOI (FIG. 14.3, IO-12)

Three rimsherdscan be attributed to thisshape, otherwiseunknownin the Laconian black-glazed repertoire;one is of large dimensions,two are smaller.Pelagatti,in remarkingupon its rarityas a decoratedshape,has notedtheabsenceofblack-glazedexamples.33 rimslightly evertedfromshoulder.D. (rim)0.22-0.32. Broad,flator round-topped The largeexample(U490AX/4)is black-glazedin and out,exceptfora reservedband at thejunction ofrimand shoulder.Of themedium,S458/10is black-glazedout and insidetherim,whileS524A/6is too wornto preservepaint. Date: £.575-5°°? S458/10;U490AX/4;S524a/6.

28 Stibbe,ZZ)Fi53 no. c 3, fie.158. 29Stibbe, LDVgi, figs.347-57. 30Kythera nos. 60-2, fig.49, pl. 46; Kaltsas 234 no. 45, 164 fig.11;Lang 84-5, figs.17. 8; 18. 1-5; Sparkesand Talcott

211-16,figs.15 and 21,pis 82-7. 31Gauer 139-41,fig.11,pl. 27. 32Kaltsas 234 no. 45, fig.11. 33 Pelagatti1992,141.

42 Chapter 14 8. siTULAS (?) (fig. 14.3,13-14) This shape,whichhas no publishedparallelsin Laconia, seemsto have had a deep, straight-walled about its complete bucketform.Fragmentsin the Sparta museumare not much more informative date. It is the associated with them a late archaic or classical form,though early pottery suggests rim below the characterized a thinned or unthickened and a broad or close vertical, flange ledge by rim.The flange,whichmaythickenoutwardsor be downturned, was perhapsdesignedto supporta lid. Below the flangethe wall may be verticalor slantinwards;U491/9has a ridgeon the lowerwall. It had no handles.D. 0.24-0.26.W. (flange)0.017,0.021,0.027. presumably The associationoftwopieceswithU491supportsa latearchaic-early classicaldate. Date: £.550-400? a. Rims(fig. 14.3,13-14). Black-glazedin and outto top offlange. J221/33; U491/9;LS 10082/2.

b. Flangedbodyfragments. U491/45black-glazedall over. U491/45;LS 10399/4.

9· STANDS(FIG. 14.3, 15-16)

kindsoccur.Theyprobablyhad a ritualuse and werenotpartofthe Piecesofthreestandsofdifferent typicaldomesticassemblage;one is fromthesanctuaryofZeus Messapeusand anotherfroma sitewith someindications ofcultactivity. a. Large pointed rim (FIG. 14.3, 15) with marked interiorand exterior, bevellingon thickverticalwall with prominentridge close below rim. Perhaps a stand,as suggestedby broad interiorbevel of rim, possiblydesignedto accommodateanotherpot. D. 0.15.

Plain. J224/6.

b. Fragmentfromthe upper part of a large,slightly flaringpedestal(FIG.14.3,16), possiblythe standof a louterion.A seriesof low horizontalridgesoccursat Th. (wall)0.016. on theexterior. regularintervals Black-glazedin and out.

Date: c.600-500. T512B/5. c. Low, flaringring stand. Rounded rim,pointed restingsurface. Tracesofpaintin and out. An exampleof thesame kindof objectis published fromtheAgora,thoughit has a flatrestingsurface.34 Closer but much later are two ring-standsfrom Corinthof the firsthalfof the 2nd cent.35Our piece may also be hellenistic, thoughonlya fewhellenistic sherdswerefoundat N415. Date: £.500-400or hellenistic. N415B/6.

LARGEOPENSHAPES:RIMS(FIG. 14.4, 1-3) IO. UNCERTAIN

collectionof rimswhichmostlikelybelongto large Groupedunderthisheadingis a heterogeneous has None anygood parallelsamongpublishedmaterial. open shapes. a. Heavy,everted,thickenedand roundedrims(FIG. 14.4,1-2) occurin a varietyofsizes,usuallyassociated neck. witha slightly flaring Black-glazedin and out,or outonly. Date: £.500-300? D96/6 (?); K244/6; P284 b/io; J369 c/i; U490 AL/22,am/19. b. Broad, flat-toppedrim (FIG. 14.4, 3), slightly

34 Sparkesand Talcott368 no. 1883,fig.16.

hooked,evertedfromflaring body.D. (rim)c.o.iS. and on out topofrim;plainin (?). Black-glazed M327/34. c. Flat-toppedrim (?) withverticalflangeat outer edge on straight,inwardlyslantingwall; concave interior profile.D. (rim)0.28. Black-glazedin and out. H45.12/1.

35Edwards1 15-16nos. 644-5,pis 25,60.

Archaic and Classical pottery 43 d. Flat-toppedrim(?) withrootof verticalflangeor projection at outer edge and long, downturned, facetedverticalface.D. (rim)c.0.20.

Black-glazedon top and face of rim;insideof rim plain. S437/5·

II. UNCERTAINLARGE OPEN SHAPES: BASES (FIG. 14.4, 4-14)

of the numerousbase fragments The attribution to specificshapesis difficult, and can rarelybe done withany degreeof confidence.The majorityof thesebases mustbelongto bell craters,lekanes,and othertypesoflargebowl,and a fewto stirrup-handled craters. a. Medium-largeflatbases (FIG.14.4,4-g) of low to mediumheight,evertedfromthebodywhichmayrise at a steepor shallowangle.The base is neverabsolutely flat,but hollowedto a greateror lesserdegree.The towardsthecentre.The exterior floorthinsconsiderably or slightly concave,rarelyconvex profile maybe straight (P272/15);oftenthe loweredge is bevelled.Verylow bases are rare (M322/63).D. (base) 0.08-0.11; largest 0.13-0.14 (J224/11;P268/10; M322 b/io, 17).

Black-glazedin and out,occasionallyalso underfoot (P279/2;M322B/17;S431/7).Some maybe plainout. There are fewpublishedparallelsforthistypeof foot.A completebell craterfromSyracusehas a low, slightlyarticulatedflat base, hollowed under and 0.08 in diameter.36 the Unfortunately approximately only example fromSparta of a larger,high everted base hollowedunderneath(D. c.0.13)has no context.37 There is littleto add fromthe Menelaionor Artemis Orthia wherebases of thistypeare hardlyattested. However,theyare generallyassociatedwithsitesof classicalperiods. thelatearchaic-early Date: 575-400. H40 B/5;I142/1;D96/13-15;Bin A/50,c/14, D/27; C114/31; N187/15 (?); K200/7; J224/11;P268/10; P272/4(?), 15;R275/11,14; P278/8;P279/2;R281b/8; R296/26-7; M322/63,B/io, 17; N354/9;J369 B/14; S431/7;U492/8;U493/12;T512A/7;S524 A/32-3;LS IOO48/3;LS IO719/?. b. Unarticulatedmedium-largeflatbases (FIG. 14.4, 10-11). Slightlyhollowed underneath. Lower wall D. (base)0.065-0.11. curvesupwardssteeply. Black-glazedin and out. The date of the associatedmaterialwithwhichthe twoexampleswerefoundindicatesa latearchaicdate. Date: 600-500? P278/9;U512a/6. c. Large ringfeet(FIG.14.4,12-13).Ring of medium heightevertedfromthe body,mostoftenrisingat a

36Pelagattiand Stibbe1088,22 no. <s,figs.10-11. 37Stibbe,LDV 220 no. C 7, fig.354. 38Stibbe,LMB 105no. F 3, fig.43; thiscrateris datedc.6oo.

shallow.Low and highring steep angle,infrequently feetare veryfew.The footnearlyalwayshas a broad, flatfootplate;onlyonce is it rounded.The floortends to sag slightly. The externaland internalheightofthe ringusuallycorrespond;occasionallythe exterioris higher.The external profileof the ring is usually sometimesslightly convex.A rarevariant(LS straight, 12) has a moreslenderringwitha pronounced 10071/ carinationjust above thejunctionof footand body. N415 A/3 also has a slender ring foot. D. (base) 0.12-0.16; largest0.20. Black-glazedin and sometimesout; P285/18blackglazed underfoot.Several examples too worn to preservepaint,butprobablyopen. Some of these ring feet may belong to stirruphandled craters(e.g. P285/18).38An example from to a (cf.siteU3001)has been attributed Pikromygdaliá crater and dated early in the 6th cent.39Others probablycome fromlarge bell cratersand lekanes. Three undatedlargeringfeetfromSparta (D. c.0.14) havebeen attributed to largebowls.40 They are mostly associated withsurveysites of late archaic to early classicaldate,butmaycontinueintothe4thcent. Date: 600-350? B103 A/3; Bin B/24; M194/13 (?); J221/14; J224/12-13; R275/15; P279/6; P285/18; R296/28; N409/3; N415 A/3; R420/8; S458/12, 43; T471/14; U492/10;U494b/i (?); U3002/25;U3006/54;U3010/14, variantLS 10071/12. 16;A3018/36;LS 10371/2; d. Fragment(FIG. 14.4, 14) fromthejunctionof the lowerbodyand highpedestalfootof a massive,thickwalledvase witha prominentroundedridgemarking thejunction.Th. (wall)0.018. Black-glazedin and out;underfoot plain. It maybelongto a massivestirrup-handled craterof the late 6th or early5th cent,on whichfilletsat the junctionoffootand wall are oftenfound.41 Date: 550-475? M325/19.

39StibbeiQQi.ao no. 1. fig·. <xa-b. 40 Stibbe,LDV 220 nos.C 6, 9-10, figs.353,356-7. 41 Stibbe,LM#44-5,figs.81-6, 89.

44 Chapter 14 12. UNCERTAINLARGEOPEN SHAPES: HANDLES (FIG. 14.4, 15-18',PLATE2 a)

a. Verylarge,round-section loop handles(FIG.14.4, vases at an 15-16) attachedto ratherstraight-walled anglevaryingbetween45 and 70 degrees.S508/3has a prominentknob applied to the outer edge of the handle.Th. 0.023-0.027. Black-glazedall over. Most of these handles probablycome fromlarge bell cratersthoughfewof thepublishedexamplesare as large.42They occur on siteswithmaterialof late archaicto earlyclassicaldate. Date: c.600-400? D85/?;B107/12; R275/16;^77/9; P284F/25;N314/8; J367/12 (?);J369c/4; T471/8;U492/4;S508/3(plate 2 a); U511A2/59; S524 A/12;LS 10367/1;LS 11119/5.

horizontalhandleswithsharp b. Large,round-section curve,attachedat rightanglesto the wall. A variant has a ribbedovoidsection.Th. 0.018. Black-glazedall over. The sharp curve of these handles suggests a classicaldate,whichis notcontradicted bythedate of theassociatedmaterialon thesitesconcerned. Date: c.450-300? A118c/7; M328/3;U491/19;variantU3001/14. c. Broad, rectangularlug handles (FIG. 14.4, 17-18) attached to wall at slightdownward slant. Upper surface convex, underside hollowed, sometimes deeply; outer edge tends to droop. Concave sides flaringat corners.Variantis set at rightangles,has concave upper surfaceand thickened,flatface. W. 0.043,°·°59> °·°62· Black-glazedall over. fromArtemis An unpublishedbell craterfragment Orthia is equipped with a handle of this variety,43 thevariantformratherthantheexamples resembling fromBin. Its date is uncertainbut it is probablynot earlierthan 500. Lug handlesare not introducedto Attic table ware before the 5th cent.44This date harmonizeswiththedatesofthetwositeswherethese handleshavebeen found. Date: c.500-300? Bin A/24,d/9j variantS440/1.

the stumpof a verticalknob on its outermostpoint.

Th. 0.015-0.021.

Black-glazedall over. The shapesto whichthisgroupofhandlesbelonged is uncertain.Some could belong to large bowls of a type so far only found in Sicily, which have a bowl on a ringfootand knobbedloop hemispherical handles,45of which no other fragmentscan be identified. Othersmightbe fromlekanes,iftheywere providedwithhandles. Date: c.600-300? I142/2; D96/3; Bui c/ii; C114/15; A118 c/7; M171/3(?); N185/7;N188/5;J212/6;J213/?;J219/4 (?); J224/10;P272/32;R281D/33-4; P284 D/18; p288 A/7; J369 B/u; R425/14; T484/3; S524 A/18; U3OO2/21, 27; U3006/29; LS IO234/5; LS IIII9/3;

variantJ230/3.

e. As d, butattachedto a verticalwall. These almost certainlybelong to bell cratersof normal dimensions (5), which are usually c.0.012-0.015thick. Date: 550-450? H51/3;P278/9;R281B/38;U506/13. f. Large horizontalovoid or flattenedstraphandles, projectingto different degreesfromthe body; either horizontalor slightlyraked. Where preserved,the wall is straight.Max. Th. 0.020-0.025; smallest 0.017.

Black-glazedall over. These handles probablybelonged to bell craters. Two oftype5 a are knownto havehad straphandles, thoughthe more common5 b may sometimeshave been equipped withstrapratherthan roundsection handles. Date: c.600-450? P262/15;P268/4;R275A/40;R281B/13;S524a/ 19, 21.

LARGEOPEN SHAPES:BODY FRAGMENTS 13. UNCERTAIN (FIG. 14.4, ig-24; PLATEI b-c)

d. Large, round-sectionloop handles on a curving wall. Usually the handlesare raked at angle of c.45 degrees,but sometimesit is less marked.J230/3has

a. One sherd(FIG.14.4,ig),paintedin and outexceptfor a broadreserved bandcontaining threenarrowbands. This sherd probably comes from a large crater. Subgeometric Date: c.700-600. N415a/ 144.

42Stibbe,LDV 153 no. C 1, fig.156; its handle musthave been about0.03^ thick. 43 Tray2369/17.

44Sparkesand Talcott^-7. 45Stibbe,LDV §1, groupB, 2191nos. Β 1-3, figs.345-6, pl. 19. 1.

Archaicand Classical pottery45 b. Fragments(FIG. 14.4, 20-1) fromthe thicklower wall and junction with base (always a ring foot, everted from the body). P262/57 has a broad mouldingseparatingbodyfromfoot.The wall curves out at a rathershallowangle.Usuallyblack-glazedin and out (not under foot). S437/17 has a zone of roughly paintedraysaroundthebase ofthewall. These sherds probably belong to craters. The mouldingon P262/57findsclose parallelson stirruphandledcratersof thesecondhalfof the6thand early 5thcent.46The base raysof S437/17suggestit might halfofthe6thcent.,though belongtoa craterofthefirst a slightly laterdate.47 theirpoorexecution mightsuggest Date: c.600-450? M171/4;P262/57; S437/17 (plate 1 b)' S458/21; R518/4. c. Fragments (FIG.14.4,22) fromthethicklowerbody witha sharp carinationbetweenthe lowerwall and belly. Black-glazedin and out. S437/12(PLATE1 b) has gougedverticalgrooveson thebelly. These sherdsalmostcertainly belongto largemugs (4). Both complete mugs fromAnálipsis have this feature.48 The gouged grooveson S437/12suggesta date no earlierthan the beginningof the 4th cent., to theearly thoughan elaboratebell craterattributed 5thcent,fromPisticcinearMetapontois decoratedin a similarbutmorecarefully executedfashion.49 Date: c.450-350? S437/12,13 + 14(plate 1 b). d. Very large shapes.. A small number of sherds distinguishedby their exceptional wall thickness. Severalare embellishedeitherwitha setofhorizontal grooves(P279/16)or a pair ofridgesto marka change ofangle(R282/9).Th. (wall)0.010-0.018. The addition of relief ridges and horizontal groovingseemsto be a featureoflargeLaconianpots, suchas bell cratersand stamnoi,and pithoiofthelate Most ofthesesherdsare 6thand early5thcenturies.50 associatedwithsitesof late archaicto earlyclassical date. Black-glazedin and out. J224/18;P279/16;R282/9;N503/38;S509/39;S524 B/28.

46 Stibbe,LMB40-5, figs.70,79, 81-2. 47 Stibbe,1MB 30-3, 95-8 nos. D 5-6, 10-16, 33-7, figs. 22-4, pl. 5. 2 and 4. Rays continueto be used on pottery classedas LaconianVI: Droop (n. 21),75 fig.15. 48Karouzou (n. 17),34 fig.1,41 fig.4, pis4-5; McPhee 155. 49V. Cracolici, 'Un cratèrea campana dalla Collezione Bersanetti nel Museo di Metaponto',in Pelagattiand Stibbe, Lakonika (n. 2), 117-21.

e. Featurelessthick-walled bodysherds(FIG.14.4,23), somewithstumpsofloop handles. 1 c; Usuallyblack-glazedin and out.R526/27(PLATE perhapsfromneckofcrater)has zone ofmeanderover tracesof uncertaindesign;the formof the meander recallsthosefoundon red-figured potteryof the 5th 1 c) are and early4thcenturies.51 J221/23+ 25-8 (PLATE froma red-figuredbell-crater(?); 27 has part of a drapedfigure,28 tracesof a figureoverfriezeof egg and dart,25 and 26 a friezeof egg and dart. These sherds, perhaps derivingfrom dumped soil from local Laconian redSparta,belongto the short-lived figured styleofthelate5thand early4thcenturies.52 Bin F/3; P262/33;P268/15;R275/25;R275 A/19; P278/10, 14; M322 B/4-5, 10; M329/4; S431/14; S437/40; S458/19. Black-figure(?): R526/27. Redfigure: J221/23+ 25-8. f. A fewsherdswithfluting, apparentlymouldmade. Β103 a/ 19 (PLATE 1 b)is ofexceptionally highquality. Black-glazedin and out. Fluting or vertical ribbing is a feature of the classicalperiodand later.It is rarelyapplied to large open shapes.53 Date: 400-300. B103A/19,β/55Bm D/42. g. Severalsherdsfromthelowerwall of a heavylarge shape. An almostverticalwall turnsin sharplyto an almost fiatplane; it may not have had a properly formedbase. Th. (wall)0.008-0.010. A similarpiece, apparentlypainted in and out, fromKopanakiprobablydatesto themid~5thcent. Black-glazedin,plainout. Date: c.550-400? R275/3i;U5iiA4/16. h. Large shapes (FIG. 14.4, 24), mostlyfeatureless. P279/13 has three low ridges with corresponding grooves,S437/19a pair ofshallow,horizontalgrooves. Th. (wall)0.006-0.009. Most are black-glazedin and out. P262/40has a reservedspace above black glaze; S460/25has traces of decoration over white slip; S524 B/27,fromthe lowerwall,has an odd patternofsplashesofpaint. The ridgedand groovedpiecesnotedabove maybe

50See Pelagattiand Stibbe 1988, 13-45,figs.1-2; Lang 68, fig.12; Stibbe1984,2, 10 nos. 8-9, 18; figs.8-10, 16; Kaltsas 223-4,figs.11,13-14,pl. 84. 01fora Laconian examplesee McPhee 160no. 12,pl. 4; see also a fragment classedas Laconian VI in Droop (n. 21),75 % 15· 52On this stylesee McPhee. 53In generalsee Sparkesand Talcott21-2.

46 Chapter 14 of thelate 6thto early5thcent.,liketheirlarger (13d). counterparts H40 B/6 + 17, 10; 085/56-7,60; D96/22,24;

B107/18;Bin A/60, 63, B/19,c/18, D/37; bii7/i; K141/13-15;F147/3;G157/22;N183/24;N187/18,30; N188/23; M194/18-20, 22-5, 28, 30; K200/10, 13; K203/2,5, 9, 11;J217/9; J224/14+ 16;J231/6;K250/7; P261/9-IO;P262/4O,43-4; P264/34;P273/15;Γ276/2, 4; r277/io,20; P278/16;P279/13;R281 D/3, 46, 50, 59-61; R282/8; P286/11;P288/5, 7; P288 A/17-18; R296/58;D301/11; J317/28, 41; M325/21; J367 J316/15; A/14-15;J369c/13, 28; N415A/25,71»H2? B/42,100; MEDIUM-SMALL

R427/8,

10-11;

S431/16,

19; S432/3,

10-11,

15, 21;

S435/4;S437/19,26; R454/9;R457/l6; S458/24526, 36; S460/1,25; R461/7-10,a/ 1-2; T465/1;U489/3,5, 11;U490 AC/30,AG/8,45, 58, AH/26,29, AM/31,103, 106, 108, 128,171,AS/20,BB/30;U491/24,44, 55, 59; U493/21-2;U494 A/19,ß/8, 11; U499/33,46; U500 Ai/29, 39-40; N503/31,37; U506/35; S509/30, 37, 40-1; U511A2/33,38-40, Bi/17,ci/26; T512 B/12; R518/8;S524A/40,53-4, 57-8, B/27,44; R526/39-40, 50; U531/6,9; U3003/21,24-7; U3006/81;A3018/50, 22; LS 10649/10-II;LS 52; U3024/19,28; LS IOO71/2O, 10811/3;LS IIII9/7.

OPEN SHAPES (14-29)

14. SKYPHOI(FIG. 14.5, 1-6)

This shapeis characterized froma deep,roundedbowl everted,pointedrimoffset byhavinga strongly and a flatbase; a pair ofhorizontal, slightly raking,loop handlesare attachedat thewidestpartofthe bowl.The majorityare monochrome (exceptfora reservedspace betweenthehandles),butin thelater sixthcenturya typeoccurswithsimple'leaf decorationin thereservedhandlezone; thistypedoes not occur among the surveyfinds.While the rimsare highlydiagnostic,the bases are indistinguishable fromthoseofothershapes.The shape is currentfromtheearlyseventhto theend ofthesixthcentury. in domesticand sanctuary It is one ofthefewshapesthatis foundwithequal frequency contexts. This is thesameshapeas Stibbe'sgroupD, 'black-glazedcupswithflatbase', and Hayes's'flat-based cups' or 'flat-basedbowls'.54The surveyfragmentsbelong to Stibbe's subgroups Db and Dd, characterized mainlybytheformofthe by theircomparatively deep roundedbowlsand distinguished rim.They date to the firstthree-quarters of the sixthcentury. There is a richseriesof theseskyphoi centuries.55 Its presenceon surveysitesis fromtheMenelaiondatingfromtheseventhto themid-sixth a clearindicatorofarchaicoccupation. a. Rims (FIG. 14.5, 1-4)- Exceptionsto the normal type are two where the rim is not offsetbut in a continuous curve with the bowl (P278/2 + 4, S431/13); the rim of P278/2 + 4 is also almost vertical.D. (rim)0.11-0.15. Black-glazedin and out. Date: c.600-525. R275A/2-4; P278/2+ 4; M322 b/i; S431/13;U511

A2/4; U3003/3, 5; small version B103 A/15; U49° BC/i. b. Body fragments(FIG. 14.5,5-6). The handles or theirattachments are oftenpreserved. Black-glazedin and out. Date: c.600-525. C114/36; M194/4; P262/3; S437/58; U491/13.

15. CUPS(FIG. 14.5, 7-26)

studiedof all archaicLaconian pottery, being the main shape Cups have been the mostintensively are Besides the there decoratedin thefineblack-figured manydecoratedin a simpler figuredcups style. fashion,as well as a numberof plain black-glazedexamples.By contrast,virtually nothingis known about the shape in the fifth century, thoughit is clear fromthe excavationof the sanctuaryof Zeus Messapeusthatthecup continuedto be popular.These late cups seemalwaysto be black-glazed.The cup sherds fromthe surveyare usually too small to be attributedto a specifictype. They are black-glazedwithoutany additionaldecorativeelements,and suggestthatthisvariety, predominantly

54 Stibbe,LDV 64-6; Boardman and Hayes 1966, 89-90; Boardman and Hayes 1973, 39. Skyphoisimilarto these

occurat Babes: Lang 54-6, figs.6. 7-8; 7. 1-9. 55See R. Catling(n. 4), 61,fig.16.

Archaic and Classical pottery 47 in thepublishedmaterial,outnumbers ratherpoorlyrepresented the decoratedtypesin most hitherto seriesof cups Laconian contexts.In generaltheclosestsimilarities are withtheratherundistinguished fromKopanakiand Babes.56 a. High, straightor slightly flaringrim(FIG. 14.5,7) offsetand slightlyevertedfrombody.Rim normally butBin a/ 10pointed.D. (rim)0.18. flat-topped, exceptions: Black-glazedin and out withfollowing P262/9,black-glazedin, to bottomofrim,and out,to just above offset,the handle zone being reserved; R296/3,black-glazedin and on rimtop;Q360 F/2has reservedband in at rim. These rimsprobablybelongto one of thevarieties of stemlesscup, thoughthe flat-toppedrim is not attestedon anypublishedexample. Date: 550-450? D96/7; Bin a/io; P262/9; R296/3 (?); Q360 F/2; U3024/27. b. Droop cup (FIG.14.5,8-11).Tall, flaring, thickened and roundedrim offsetfrombody.Exteriorof rim may be concave or straight.Some more thickened thanothers.D. (rim)c.0.15. Black-glazed in and out with the following exception:R275 a/i, black-glazedin, to bottomof rim,and out,tojust aboveoffset. This typeof rimis probablyto be associatedwitha plain versionof the Laconian Droop cup, Stibbe's X, datedtothesecondhalfofthe6thcent.57 Formgruppe Date: 550-500. P262/65;R275a/i; R296/4,5-7, 18 + 52; U511A2/7 (?); U3006/2. c. Tall, unthickened,and pointed rim (FIG. 14.5, 12-13)offsetfrombody.Exteriorstraightor slightly concave. Offsetmay be simple carinationor more pronouncedinset.D. (rim)c.0.15. Black-glazed in and out with two exceptions: R296/9+ 67, reservedband in,atjunctionofrimand bowl,black-glazedout on rim,handlezone reserved; R296/10,black-glazedin and out exceptforreserved upperhalfofrim. R296/9+ 67 (drawnat an incorrectangle)has the reservedband at junctionof rimand bowl typicalof Laconiancups.58 Date: 575-500? P260/4;R296/9+ 67, 10,19;U3006/1,5 (?). 56Kaltsas 229-31 nos. 15-17,20-2, 24, fig.9; Lang 48-58, figs.3-8. 57Stibbe 1972, 39-43. See also Stibbe, LDV 75-80, figs. 276-88, where he rechristens them 'Doric' cups to distinguish themfromAtticDroop cups. 58Boardmanand Hayes 1966,116;Catlingand Shipley191.

d. Medium or short,thickenedor unthickenedrims frombody;rimmaybe everted (FIG.14.5,14-17)offset or almostvertical.D. (rim)£.0.10-0.14. Black-glazedin and out withone exception:J367 a/i has reservedband in belowrim. These rimsprobably belong to various typesof stemless cups, though only one has the internal reserved band below the rim typical of archaic varieties.59 Date: 550-450? J44/2; P272/1; M325/7; J367 a/i; U490 ah/i; U491/3-4; S524 a/8; R526/41; small version U511 A2/14.

e. Cup stems (FIG. 14.5, 18-20). Most are slightly concave and have a prominentrounded filletor squaredridgeat thejunctionof stemand bowl. The upper part of N312/26is lightlyribbed,witha fine moulding at the junction with the bowl; both are The upperpart typicalfeaturesofDroop cup stems.60 ofthestemis usuallysolid,butN312/26and U3006/67 are deeplyhollowed. Black-glazedon floor,stem,and bowl and inside hollowing,withthe followingexceptions:R296/22+ 44 + 66, plain stemand reservedlowerbowl;N354/4, reservedinside in upper part. Exteriorof N312/26 worn. A filletat thejunctionofstemand bowlis a typical featureof 6th-cent.Laconian cups.61All 6th-cent. A solid cups seem to have deeplyhollowedstems.62 feature.63 upperstemmaybe a later,5th-cent. Date: 575~475? B103a/i; A118B/21;R296/22+ 44 + 66; N312/26; N354/4;J367 a/io (?); N415 B/106; U511 C2/6 (?); U3006/67;LS 10473/1. f. Feetofvarioustypes(FIG.14.5,21-6). Some have a flatarticulatedfootplate(J221/15, P264/6,R275a/8, 10), some an articulated underfoot with broad footplatebut narrowrestingsurface(R296/24,Q360 B/40, U491/22, S524 A/34, R526/42), some an unarticulated underfootwith a rounded resting surface(H45.14/30,P272/10,R296/25,30, U3006/4, 59Stibbe,LDV 66-q, croupE, figs.22^-47. 60Stibbe,LDVn^ figs.276-87. 61Boardmanand Hayes iq66, 116. 62Stibbe,LDVÜes. 262-87. 63The upper stemof a cup fromOlympia,dated t.500,is solid:Stibbe,LDV80, fig.288.

48 Chapter 14 50). The slope of the footprofilevariesfromsteepto shallow.The faceof theloweredge is roundedor less oftensquared.D. (base)0.07-0.13. Those with an articulatedunderfootare blackglazed out and inside,the footplatereserved.Those withan unarticulated are black-glazedout underfoot but reserved inside. Face of foot on R275 a/ 10 reserved;U3006/50has black-glazedrestingsurface. Some piecesofhighest-quality blackglaze. Many of these feetprobablybelonged to Droop cups.64R275a/8 closelyresemblesan examplefrom Halieisdated550-530.65 Date: c.550-500? H45.14/30;J221/ 15; P264/6;P272/10;R275a/8, 10; R296/24-5, 30; Q360 B/40; U491/22; S524 A/34; R526/42;U3006/4,50. g. Round-sectionloop handles,usuallyattachedat curvedbowl. rakingangle to widestpart of strongly Occasionally they are ovoid in section, and on P272/22and R275a/ 15 the handle is attachedbelow thewidestpoint. Eitherblack-glazedall over or onlyon the visible faces.Associatedpartsofthebodyare black-glazedin and out. Date: c.575-450?

BIO3 A/11-13, 16; Bin A/26, 40, c/7-8, E/4, f/io-ii; N183/8; N184/5;J230/2;P262/78; P271/1; P272/22;R275 A/15; R296/35-6, 38-40, 42, 55, 59; N415 B/44; U491/15;U499/11;S509/10; S524 B/16, 18-19;U3024/8-9;LS IO229/1. h. Rathershallowbodies,withstrongly curvedupper in almoststraight to foot. partturning Black-glazedin; P262/45black-glazedout on lower body,handlezone reserved.N415a/ 131has a reserved band in,midwayup thebowl. P262/45 mightbe part of a stemmedcup with reservedhandle zone, of the type oftenclassed as Ionian cups. Laconian varieties existed fromthe beginning to the middle of the 6th cent.66The reserved band inside the bowl on N415 A/131 is another typical Laconian feature of this class of cups.67 P262/45;R296/41+ 54 + 56; N415a/ 131. i. Bowl withlower part of markedlyoffsetconcave rim. Black-glazedin and out. Probablypartofa Droop cup. Date: 550-500. n4i6/9·

16. MUGS(FIG. 14.5, 27-33)

withthe Laconian shapes,and is probablyto be identified The mugis one of the mostcharacteristic is givenin the ancientsources.Besidesitsspecial one-handleddrinking-cup to whichthe name kôthôn functionas part of the Spartan soldier'sequipmentwhen on campaign,it may have servedas the In varyingforms,mugsoccurfromthe centuries. betweenthesixthand fourth standarddrinking-vessel (see 4; 13 c), earlyseventhcenturyintothehellenistic period.Mugs,sometimesof outsizeproportions decorationduringitsbriefperiodofproductionin thelate fifth are thefavouredshape forred-figured material and earlyfourthcenturies.68 They are mosteasilynoticedamongverywornand fragmentary has Until the to other to the vertical handles, largely recently mug shape. unlikely belong any by strap been neglectedin accounts of Laconian pottery,but it has now been discussedand classifiedby outsideLaconia: at Nemea, widedistribution Stibbe.69 Black-glazedLaconianmugshavea surprisingly in on and the and Babes70 Naxos,in Cyrenaica,and at Corinth,Isthmia,Halieis, Péloponnèse; Aigina notto confusetheLaconian serieswithmug Taras and varioussitesin Sicily.It is important, however, of the north-east Althoughthe mugwas a typicalLaconian shape, Péloponnèse.71 typescharacteristic centuryLaconianpotterstendedto imitate probablyimitatedin Atticaand otherregions,fromthefifth Atticversionsoftheshape.

64Stibbe10.72, qq-42, figs.50-7; Stibbe,ZDF figs.276-88. 65Stibbe,LDF80, fig.283. 66Stibbe,LDV 71-3,subgroupsGa, Gb; see also Boardman and Haves iq66, 116-17;Catlingand Shipley187-Q^· 67Boardmanand Hayes 1966,116. böMcPhee 155-6. 69Stibbe,LDV is least satisfactory 43-7. This classification in itstreatment of theclassicalmugs.On 7th-cent. mugssee

R. Catling(n. 4), 63-4. 70 Lang 89-91, fig.19. 11,13,16,probablyofthelate 6thor restoredwithtwo early5th cent. They are also mistakenly classified handlesand curiously amongtheclosedshapes. 71Most of the classical mugs from Corinth, Isthmia, Nemea, and Halieis thathave been identifiedas Laconian (e.g. Stibbe,LDV 46-7, groupF) are local productswithout closeparallelin theLaconian series.

Archaic and Classical pottery 49 a. Long,everted,thinnedrims(FIG.14.5,27-8) offset fromrounded body associated with ring handles flattened broad strapattachedat rimand comprising shoulder.K250/17has lesseverted,almostverticalrim and lessroundedbody. Black-glazedin and out,and on handle. Ring-handledmugsare a diagnosticvarietyof the early6th cent.,theirhandlesimitatingmetalwork.72 The formofthemugis usuallyrathersquatand widemouthed.73 Date: c.600-550. K250/17; K414 B/3; R422 A/5, ?; S458/20, 22; N503/7. thickened b. Out-turned,flaring,thinnedor slightly rims(fig. 14.5,2g-31) on roundedbody.R420/1has low ridgeat top of shoulder.On S509/21the rim is fromtheshoulder.Associatedwithbroad clearlyoffset strap handle attached at rim; handle may be hollowed.D. (rim)0.12. Mostveryworn,butsomeblack-glazedin and out. Severaltypesare probablyrepresented amongthese rims,but the sherds are too small for them to be differentiated. S509/21belongsto a typeapparently datingto thelate5thor early4thcent.74 Date: c.550-350. C169/32;M174/3+ 6 + 18; R275A/17;R201 B/2> d/?; J316/3;M327/37;R420/1;S431/13;U490 AX/95 (?); S509/1,21;R518/10. thinnedrimoffset c. Long,evertedand flaring, from rounded,fine-walled body.Associatedwithbroad flat articulatedfrombody and withgroove base, slightly aroundedge of underfoot;probablyhas broad strap handle fromrim to shoulder.D. (rim) 0.08; (base) 0.065. Black-glazedin,out,and underfoot. This is a 5th-cent. variety,influenced by the immenselypopular Attic type Β mug, to which . belongsthe so-calledPheidias mug.75It resemblesa completemug fromKopanaki of the mid-5th cent.76 An example fromthe sanctuaryof Zeus Messapeus probably dates to the end of the century,while anotherfromSparta may belong to the early4th.77

72A bronze ringhandle, perhaps froma mug,has been foundat theMenelaion. 73 Examplesare foundin Sîbbe'sgroupsΑ-B: Stibbe,LDV figs.80, 89, 93-4. Ringhandlesalso are foundon cylindrical mugs,ring-handled cups,and some unusualhybridformsof thelakaina. 74Cook and Nicholls 291-2nos.9-10,fig.16,pl. 29. 75 Sparkesand Talcott72-4; A. Mallwitzand W. Schiering, Die Werkstatt des Phidias in Olympia(Olympische Forschungen,

5; Berlin,1964),169-82.

Other examplesof the 5th cent, occur on Kythera, and at Nichoriaand Kaminiain Messenia.78 Date: c.450-400. H31/16-17. d. Rounded bases (FIG. 14.5,32-3), lackingproper from restingsurface.Almoststraight-sided bodyoffset rounded base. M194/17preservesstumpof vertical straphandle. Black-glazedin and out. These pieces belong to mugs with a rounded, hollowedbottomand lackinga clearlydefined base.This combinedwiththeirlowcentreofgravity, made feature, a useful themmorestablewhenseton unevensurfaces, feature fora soldieror traveller. Theybelongto Stibbe's mostofthe6thcent.79 groupsC, D, and E, spanning Date: c.600-500. M194/12, 17; J221/19; R275 A/20; N415 b/66; n4i6/4;U53i/7. e. Flat bases (as forc), slightlyevertedfrombody. Groovearoundedge ofunderfoot. Black-glazedin and out. These bases belongedto mugssimilarin typeto c. The groovearoundthe edge of the base is foundon themugfromthesanctuaryofZeus Messapeus.80 Date: c.475-400. M347/i3;U5iiA2/13. f. Broad, thin strap handles, almost flattened; exaggeratedconcave curve frombody attachment makes it project well frombody. Small and large examplespresent.May be hollowedor have central section.W. (handle)0.015-0.023. rib;oftenofirregular Black-glazedall over; sometimespaintedon outer faceonly. Apartfromcertaintypesof kantharos,the mug is the only small open shape to have a verticalstrap handle. Except thosewithringhandles(as a) and a few classical examples with double round-section handles,all mugsfromthe 7th to the 4th cent,and laterhad thistypeofhandle. Date: c.600-350. H29 A/2; B103 a/io, B/3; C108/3; Bin Β/14; Β121/7,

76Kaltsas 222,225 no. 14,fig.8, pl. 82 d; itis datedtoo early byKaltsas. 77 Catling1990^,31,fig.6. 1; Cook and Nicholls292 no. 12, fier. 16,pl. 2Q. 78 162no. 35, 202 nos. 318 and 321,306, figs.48 and Kythera 58, pis 45 and 58; Coulson 334, 348 Ρ 1627-8,1632-8,figs.%. ' 3-4, pl. 7. 1; G. St. Korres, 'Ανασκαφή Πύλου', PAE 1975, 428-514,at p. 496, pl. 322 b. 79 Stibbe,LDVa^-6, figs.97-112. 80Above,n. 76.

50 Chapter14 20; N184/6; N190/8; J215/14;J221/7-9; P260/12; P262/19, 22; P264/25; R281 D/32; R296/14, 20; J316/30;M325/11;J367/9,22; N415 a/35, 38> 127, B/39,60; S460/2;U493/17;U506/10;U511A2/68-9; T512 a/io; S524 A/7; R526/13-14; U3001/3, 48; LS IOO82/3;LS IO4IO/7;LS 10590/2. A3018/19-20;

g. Ovoid or squaredverticalhandleswithpronounced curve.W. (handle)0.010-0.014. Black-glazedall over. Date: c.600-350. Bin E/3; R281 D/29; U511 A2/70; S524 A/22; U3002/20.

17. SKYPHOI(FIG. 14.5,34-44)

as knownat Athensand manyothersites.81 Its This headingcoverstheclassicaltypeofskyphos and of are its horizontal handles attached at or features deep form,ringfoot, pair loop principal rim. the fourth it becomes and with a double below the narrower, century During deeper just curveto its wall profile,and developsa slightly out-turned rim.Our skyphoiare thickened, are concernedit is easyforskyphos ofthislattertype.Whereonlysmallfragments sherds mostly The classicalskyphosis not previously attestedin to be confusedwithbolsals/one-handlers. findsfromArtemisOrthiaand Laconia,thoughexamplesare presentamongthe unpublished and on latter are Attic Theiroccurrence are also found at Nichoria (the Kythera imports).82 they influence ofAtticpottery, whichfirstbecomesapparentin in Laconia exemplifies theincreasing themid-fifth century. a. Thickenedevertedrims(FIG.14.5,34-8) with convex face on slightlyconcave verticalwall. froma different P262/5,possibly shape,is hollowed horizontalhandles insidetherim.Round-section attachedeitherat rim or just below. D. (rim)

0.075-0.11. Black-glazedin and out and all overhandles. Rims of thiskindcould belongeitherto skyphoior one-handlers,while the one-handler seems to be standardin the5th-to 4th-cent. (see 18). repertoire Date: c.450-300. H31/13 + 17, 19; H45.14/1; A118 B/?; C169/1; P262/5;P264/16,19; U499/85;U506/26-7;U511Bi/i; LS 10036/3(?). A3018/17;

b. Pointedor flat-toppedrims(FIG. 14.5,39-41) on straight wall, with round-section loop handles attached at rim. M325/10 has horseshoe-shaped handles.D. 0.08-0.13. Black-glazedin and out,and all overhandles. These rims almost certainlybelong to skyphoi. Theirformsuggeststheyare of5th-to early4th-cent. date. Date: c.450-375. Bui a/ii, c/i, D/2-3, 21; M172/3; M325/10; R420/2 (?); U490 an/i; T512 B/2; small version S460/7.

81 Sparkesand Talcott84-5, fig.4, pis 16-17;see also Gauer 173-8,figs.22-3,pis 35-6.

c. Evertedringfeet(FIG. 14.5,42-4), withvertical face offsetfromangled upper part or roundedface; inside of ring sometimes higher than out. Broad footplate;underfootslightlysagging or flat. Wall may have steep convex curve (U3024/12), be straight(U511A2/18),or be slightlyconcave (Biii/i; Bin D/25). Interiorhas concave profile.D. (base) 0.055-0.07. Either black-glazedin and out, with (bin d/25) paint on inside of ring and band on underfoot,or decorated. U511 a2/i8 black-glazed in; out, foot reserved,band of alternatingblack and whiteblobs (degeneraterays?)at base of wall and below black glaze; underfoot, lower part of ring painted, remainderreserved.U3024/12black-glazedin; out, painton faceoffoot,upperpartoffootand lowerwall reserved,upper wall black-glazed;underfoot,blackglazed. U511a2/i8 with its debased ornamentprobably dates to the late 6th cent., as may U3024/12.The othersare ofthe4thcent. biii/i; Bin D/25;U5n A2/18;U3024/12. d. Ovoid-section horizontal handle attached to wall. straight Black-glazedin and out,and all overhandle. R428/51.

82Coulson 160 nos. 334, 348 Ρ 1643-4, fig.7. 4; Kythera

^-^

% 48,pi-44·

Archaic and Classical pottery 51 18. bolsal/one-handler (fig. 14.5,45) The one-handlerappearsto have been one of the standardLaconian shapesof the secondhalfof the fifth The possibility of confusionwithclassicalskyphoihas been notedunderthe previous century.83 available it seems to have been the more common.In detail it has littlein On the evidence type. rimand a ringfoot.Laconian exampleshavean whichhas an in-turned commonwiththeAtticvariety, rimand a flat,hollowedbase. The possibility thatthetypeevolved out-turned, rounded,and thickened and fourth ratherthanimitatedan Atticprototype, cannotbe excluded. centuries, locallyin thefifth Rim thickenedand roundedon slightly out-turned wall,whichcurvesin below thehandles.Ovoidsectionhandleattachedat rakingangleat rim.D. 0.13. Black-glazedin and outand all overhandles. Date: £.400-300. J215/43. 19. BOWLS (FIG.14.6,I-g) This categorycomprisesa varietyof shapes,all of whichappear to have a deep body.There are few instructive to be madewiththeknownrepertoire ofLaconianpottery. comparisons a. Thickened,roundedrim(FIG.14.6,1-3) on slightly concave verticalwall, turningin graduallyto foot; ratherthick-walled. D. (rim)0.10-0.11. Black-glazed in and out, with one exception: N409/2 has reservedband inside below rim. N415 A/22 preserves no paint. These rimsprobablycome fromdeep two-handled cups (cup skyphoi)ofthe5thcent.Similartypesoccur at Kopanaki.84 Date: c.500-400? Bin D/7; C114/2;P262/12;N409/1-2;N415A/22; R427/1; S437/4; U499/4; N503/2; U506/1; S524 B/4. b. Short,slightly everted,pointedrim(FIG.14.6,4) on convex vertical wall.D. (rim)0.07. slightly Black-glazedin and out,withone exception:U490 AM/7has reservedband in belowrim. Probablysimilarshapeand date as a. Date: c.500-450? D85/24;Bin a/ 1; R296/17;U490AM/7. c. Thinnedand pointedrim(FIG.14.6,5) on vertical or slightly curvedwall;rimmayflareor be vertical.D. (rim)0.11.

83See Stibbe,LDV 69, 178 nos. E 31-3, figs.249-51; the handleless black-glazed bowls are of the same basic shape: Stibbe, LDV 93, group C, 224 C 1-2, figs.383-4. Two examples from the Sportsground excavation probablyspan the second halfof the 5th to the early4th cent.: Cook and Nicholls 291-2 nos. 5 and 7, fig. 16. There is an example of the second half of the 5th cent, fromthe sanctuaryof Zeus Messapeus: Catling 1990^, 31, fig.6, 3. The shape is well representedin the 5th-to 4thcent. material from the Menelaion. Examples of the

Black-glazedin and out. Probablysimilarshape as a withparallelsamong sherdsfromBabes and Olympia.85 They perhapsdate fromthelate 6thand 5thcenturies. Date: c.525-400? D96/8; Bin A/2;P262/8;R275/7;R281B/5;R294/1; S432/2; S460/4; U499/88; small version J231/4; P278/6;U490BC/2. d. Flaring,unthickenedor pointed rim (FIG. 14.6, 6-8); P279/1withbevelledexterior.U499/92,a very smallexample,has a groovebelow the rim.D. (rim) 0.11-0.13;U499/920.07. Black-glazedin and out; P279/1has broad reserved bandsat therimin and out. Date: c.550-450?(siteassociations). P279/1;U499/92;S524B/5. e. Slightly rim(FIG.14.6,9) on out-turned, flat-topped curvedverticalwall.D. (rim)0.15. slightly Black-glazedin and on top ofrim;plainout. This piece may be a largerversionof a group of small6th-cent. handlelessbowls.86 Date: c.550-450? D301/8.

Laconian type occur at Nichoria (Coulson 334, 348 Ρ 161-2 nos. 1629, fig·7· 3> pl· 7· 2)> on Kythera {Kythera 29-34, 306, fig.48, pl. 45), in S. Arkadia (Pikoulas 1988, 134,fig.17,pl. 86), and perhaps at Kopanaki (Kaltsas 231 no. 30, fig.9). 84Kaltsas 229 nos. 19 and 21,fig.9 (mid-5th cent.). 85 Lang 58, figs.8. 9; 9. 1-3; Gauer 180,fig.24. 6. 86 Stibbe, LDV 93, group B, 223-4 nos. B 3-7, figs. 378-82.

52 Chapter 14 rimon slightly f. Everted,flat-topped curvedvertical or steepwall; face of rimslantsinwards.P272/12has in-turned rim. Black-glazedin,probablyplainout. Perhapssimilarin shapeand date to e. Date: c.550-450? P272/12;R294/4;U487/2;U500Ai/i.

rimoffsetfromrounded g. Everted,flat-topped D. (rim)0.10. body;rimrather wedge-shaped. inandout. Black-glazed Date: 500-300? J223/2.

2O. SMALLBOWLSWITHIN-CURVEDRIM (FIG. 14.6, 10-12)

This termis used to grouptwo typesof smallhandlelessbowl whichoccur at Athensfromthe early fifthcenturyand continueinto the hellenisticperiod.87Both are derivedfromthe Atticrepertoire, and are part of the atticizingprocessin Laconian ceramicsthatbegan in the mid-fifth century.A version,witha hollowedflatbase, is foundamongthepotteryfromthe 'Road probablefifth-century Pit, 1906' excavationin Sparta. Elsewherein the Péloponnèsethe shape is foundat Olympia,Babes, on Kythera,and in southernArkadia;88examplesare also presentat theMenelaion.They are found It is a usefulindicatorof a classicalor earlyhellenistic at Corinthin thefourthand thirdcenturies.89 date. a. In-curved,thickened, and roundedor pointedrim (FIG.14.6,10-11)on well-rounded body.H. 0.036, D. (rim)0.055-0.09,(base)0.037. Black-glazedin and out. This groupcorrespondsto theAtticclass of footed salt-cellar,popular in the 4th cent, and continuing intothe earlyhellenisticperiod.90The tailed epsilon incisedon 111326/1 can hardlybe laterthanthe mid4thcent. Date: c.400-250?

Bin A/3-4,D/45Π1326/1;U499/2;U511A2/8. rim(FIG.14.6,12) on wellb. In-curved,unthickened roundedbody.D. (rim)0.065. reserved. Black-glazedin and out,underfoot This groupcorrespondsto the Atticclass of bowl with in-curvedrim, common in the 4th cent, and lastingwellintothehellenistic period.91 Date: c.400-200? D85/35;C169/2.

OR CUP KANTHAROS 21. KANTHAROS

Bothshapesappear at Athensearlyin thefourthcenturyand continueat leastintothesecondhalfof thethird.92 ofrim.Flutingon body. withpronouncedcurve,brokenat offset Verythick-walled bodyfragment Black-glazedin and out. Date: c.350-250. U499/87. 22. DISHES (FIG. 14.6, 13-18)

This categorycomprisesa ratherheterogeneous groupof sherdswhosesinglecommonfeatureis their shallowness. rim(FIG.14.6, a. Broad,slightly thickened, flat-topped ij) on curvedwall. Grooves on top and just below rim.D. (rim)0.25.

Black-glazedin and out. This piece more closely resemblesclassical than archaictypesofplateor dish.At Athensand Olympia

87 Sparkes and Talcott 131-8, figs.8-9, pis 33-4· They are classed underseparateheadings(bowl within-curving rim; small bowl, various types;salt-cellar,footed),but it seems unnecessaryto make this division in the present context. 88Gauer 201-3, fig.30. 13-20, pl. 41; Lang 62-4, fig.10.

160 no. 19, 162 no. 40, fig.48, pis 44-5; 1-2,pl. 17.4; Kythera Pikoulas1988,134,fig.16 no. 92.2,pl. 87. 89Edwards2Q- 23; C112/1;A118 B/7; N193/10;J221/16;J222/14; K235/4;P262/2,56, 69; M328/24;N415A/13;S458/n; U499/26;U500 A3/6;N503/24;U506/41;S508/6, 11, ?; S509/16. evertedringfeet(FIG.14.11,28-9), g. High,markedly to verybroad withstraight or convexface,thickening footplate. exceptfor Black-glazedout,plain in and underfoot one (U499/27)paintedinsidering. There are no good parallelsamong closed shapes forthistypeoffoot.Closestare some stirrup-handled craterfeetof the earlyto mid-6thcent.158 However, thereis no good reasonto see themas exclusiveto this period. It should be noted,withregardto thisand some of the followinggroups,that in many other regionsringfeetwerenormalforclosedshapesin the archaicand classicalperiods. Date: c.600-300? Fi33/8;j22i/i2;U499/27. h. High to medium,markedlyevertedringfeet(FIG. D. withnarrowfootplate. 14.11,30-2) ofeventhickness 0.11-0.15. Black-glazedout,plainin and underfoot. As forg, thereare no Laconian parallels among closed shapesforthisquite commontypeof foot.In thiscase thereare no resemblanceswithcraterfeet. Their site associationssuggestthesefeetmay have a widechronological range. Date: c.600-300? D85/49; Bin C/13;A118B/41(?); K200/3;J224/4;

156 1992, 1991,135-6nos.1-4,figs.2-7; Pelagatti Pelagatti 4,8. figs. 144-5,%s· 84-5;Stibbe1984,9-10nos.2, 11-12, 1S/ Stibbe, LM040-3,figs. 69,71,73-8,80-1,pis10.3,11-13.

P273/1,8; R294/3; J316/13;N415 A/2, 4, 6; U490 BC/36;U492/7;U500B2/36. i. Mediumto low,thick,evertedringfeetwithconvex D. 0.12-0.14. broadfootplate. or bevelledexterior; Black-glazedout,plainin and underfoot. The same remarksapplyas forg and h. The only comparisonto be foundamong Laconian potteryis witha craterof the firsthalfof the 7thcent.,though thereis nothingto suggestthatthesesherdsshouldbe As withh a widedate rangeis possible. so early.159 Date: c.600-300? D85/47,51; Bin A/56;A118D/6; S524A/27. j. Markedlyevertedfoot(FIG.14.11,33-4) withconvex face and pointed or rounded restingsurface. D. 0.12-0.14. Black-glazedout,plainin. The same remarksapplyas forg, h, and i. Their siteassociationsindicatethatmostbelongin the late archaicand earlyclassicalperiods. Date: c.600-400? A118c/18; N187/13;P285/1,19; N415a/8; R427/4; S459/12;R473/10;N503/26;U511A2/21. k. Medium to low ringfeet(FIG. 14.11,3g) everted frombody; broad footplate. From medium-sized vessels.D. 0.06-0.07. Black-glazedout,plainin. Parallels for ring feet on medium-sized closed vesselsare no easier to findthan on the large.Until moreis knowna widedate rangemustbe given. Date: c.600-300? Bin c/12,E/5;S524A/36,B/21. 1. High, moulded ringfeet(FIG. 14.11,35-6), all of differentforms. M357/10 has simple, squared mouldingabove convex verticalface; R526/10has rounded mouldingson vertical face; R526/22 has broad,splayingupperpartoffset byconcavemoulding fromvertical(?) face; A118B/4 has finemouldingat top with splaying,concave foot and squared lower edge.D. 0.13-0.18. Probably black-glazed out; all plain in and underfoot. Feet of thistypewere probablyintroducedin the M357/10and R526/10 5thcent,underAtticinfluence. and 22 recall the base formsof Attic calyx and columncratersand somevarietiesof amphora.In the

158Stibbe, 1MB38-9,figs. 43-52. 159R. Catling (n.4),64 no.75,fig.17.

68 Chapter 14 late 5th cent,largemugs(see 4) were equipped with feetof comparableshape.160 They wereperhapsused forbothopen and closedshapes.

Date: c.450-300. Bin A/51(?); A118B/4; R281 D/18 (?); M357/10; U490AM/44;R526/10,22.

37. UNCERTAINLARGE-MEDIUM CLOSED SHAPES: HANDLES (FIG. 14.10, IO-lf)

A largenumberof the handlesprobablybelongto jugs, stilla poorlyunderstoodshape in Laconian potteryof the archaicto classicalperiods.Three black-glazedjugs classedas importsin theAthenian identified, Agoramaybe Laconian. All date around500 and, ifcorrectly perhapsgivean idea of the A characteristic featureof Laconianjugs, foundalso on oinochoës,is varietyof Laconianjug types.161 thedownwardslopeofthehandlefromitsjunctionwiththerim. a. Everted, flat-toppedrim (FIG. 14.10, 10-11) on straightor slightlyflaringneck; thick,ovoid handle attached at rim, sloping downwards, less often projectingat rightangles.U490 AL/17has flat-topped squaredrim,noteverted.Th. (handle)0.020-0.031. Black-glazedoutand all overhandle. These sherdsalmostcertainly belongto a varietyof jug. The formof the rimis similarto somejug rims fromOlympiadatedto thesecondhalfofthe6thand theearly5thcent.162 Date: c.550-400? B103A/5; Bin a/8; ai 18 B/5,D/3; Γ277/34;U490 AL/17;N5°3/n; U506/18. b. Unthickened,or veryslightlythickened,rounded rim (FIG. 14.10, 12) on flaringneck. Broad, ovoid handle attached at rim, at rightangles or sloping above the levelof the rim. down;B115/1risesslightly Th. (handle)0.024-0.033. Black-glazedoutand all overhandle. These sherds,too,probablybelongto a typeofjug. An examplewiththe same typeof rimoccursat the Menelaionin a 5th-cent. context.The formoftherim can again be relatedto typesfoundat Olympiaofthe 6thand 5thcenturies.163 Date: c.600-300? Bin A/19;BlI5/!; AII8 B/18;J221/38;R281 B/16; R282/5;p288 A/5;U3010/10.

Black-glazedall over. These handlesshouldbe associatedwitha and b. Date: c.600-300?

F9/2; H40/8; d92/i; B103 A/18; A118 D/2; M172/46; M194/6, 8; J220/6; R275/17; R281 c/3, D/31; P288 A/5; R294/7; J316/7, 29; J367/15; N415 B/40; R421/9-10; S458/ 13-14; T468/4; U490 AB/9, AG/53; U493/10; U499/7; N503/12, 18; U506/12, 17, 19; S509/20; U519/11; U520/4; S523/1; S524 B/13, 15; LS IOO82/4.

d. Broad, flattenedstraphandles (FIG. 14.10,13-14) with prominentdorsal rib, in one case (U491/17) attachedto flaringunthickenedrim,in another(LS 10236/3) attached to markedlyflaring neck. W. 0.026-0.031;largest0.036 and 0.044. All probablyblack-glazedon face. Handles of thistypeare probablyto be associated withjugs and hydrias,as indeed is suggestedby the twofoundattachedto therimand neck.Hydriaswith thistypeofhandleare knownin thesecondhalfofthe 6th cent.,164as is an elaborate oinochoë from Análipsis in the Skiritis,perhaps of the later 5th cent.165 It is likelyto be a commonvariationon c and maynothavemuchchronological significance. Date: c.600-300? D85/5; Bin D/23 + 24; A118 B/22, c/9; C169/24; R421/7; U490 ar/ii; U491/17; U496/3; U519/10; LS 10236/3.

c. Unattachedhandles,mostlyof broad, flattened ovoid section,less oftenthick,thoughthe outerface maybe thickenedin themiddle.Severalhave an oval at thebase ofthehandlewhereitjoins the impression shoulder(J220/6,U506/12).Most risevertically from the shoulder and curve in gently to the rim attachment; less often there is a more or less continuous curve from close to the shoulder attachment. W. 0.025-0.035.

e. Unattached broad, flattenedstrap handles (FIG. 14.10, 75) with prominent central groove. W. 0.019-0. 031. One narrow example springs horizontally from the neck and curves tightly downwards(U3024/10), W. 0.016. Probablyall black-glazedall over. This distinctive handlevarietywas perhapsinspired by metalwork,being found on vases with other

160Karouzou (n. 17),34 fig.1,41 fig.4. 161Sparkesand Talcott248-Qnos. 177-8,184,pl. 10. 162Gauer 96, fig.3. 22-5.

163Gauer 91-2,fig.3. 1-11. 164Pelaeattiiqqi, 1^-6 nos. 3-4, figs.6-7. 165Romaios 1961,167-8,pis 124-5.

Archaic and Classical pottery 69 Such handles featuresdrawnfrommetalprototypes. occur on a black-figured amphoraand hydriaof the second quarter of the 6th cent., and on a blackglazed hydriaof the second halfof the 6th cent.166 Examples dating to the firsthalf of the 6th cent, fromtheMenelaionprobablybelongto oinochoësof an elaborate type.It may well be a handle variety not found afterthe archaic period. The curve of U3024/10 suggests it comes froma black-glazed amphora. Date: c.600-500? K141/1; J224/8; R281 D/35; N314/7 (?); R420/10; S458/15; U490 AW/8;N503/15; U506/11; U517/4; S524 B/17; U3024/10.

f. Broad, flattenedstrap handles with sharp angle markingfrontfrom back, rising verticallyfrom shoulder. W. 0.032-0.034. Black-glazedon face. variationof c. Its date cannot This is a distinctive be determined. Date: c.600-300? Bin D/22; B115/2;U490 AX/22.

broad flattenedstraphandles,often g. Exceptionally thickened in the middle. Rises vertically from shoulderand curvesin at tightangle.W. 0.038-0.045. Most probablyblack-glazedon outer face, some perhapsplain. These handles, if correctlyassigned to a closed shape, most likely belong to hydrias. Their site date. associationsindicatea 6th-to 5th-cent. Date: £.600-400? B107/7;P285/22;U492/3. h. Unattached flattenedstrap handles which may either rise verticallyor curve inwards from the Frommedium-sizedvessels.W. shoulderattachment. 0.018-0.023, largest0.028.

Probablyblack-glazedall over. smaller They probablybelongto jugs of a slightly size thana and b, and havea widedaterange. Date: c.600-300? Bin F/18; B121/4; C169/5; N187/10; P260/11; P262/14; P272/27; R294/7;J367/22; LS 11111/1.

i. Unthickened, rounded rim (FIG. 14.10, 16-17) on

flaringneck; high-flunghandle of thick,ovoid or

166Stibbe 1972,78, 137-8,pis 22 and 76; Pelagatti1991,135 no. 2, 137,fig.4. 167 Droop 1929,83-4, figs.64-5, 73; Pelagatti1992, 145 fig. 86, 160nos. 22-3, figs.133-4;Boardmanand Hayes 1973,40 no. 2111,pl. 21.

rounded section rises in steep curve from rim. on upperpart,knob R526/15has stumpofattachment (?). W. 0.016-0.020.

Black-glazedout,all overhandleand insiderim. High-flunghandles are standardon black-figured oinochoësof themid-6thcent.,but are also foundon black-glazed oinochoës and could also occur on jugs.167They may be confined to the 6th cent., intotheearly5th. perhapscontinuing Date: c.600-450? R275/18;R526/15. j. Double handle composed of two round-section elements pressed together,rising outwards from shoulder.W. 0.031. Black-glazedall over. Double handles are rare in Laconian pottery, excepton mugsof the classicalperiodwhichimitate metal prototypes.An unusual black-glazed table amphoraof the thirdquarterof the 6th cent.,found at Syracuse,is equippedwithsuchhandles.168 Date: c.600-400? P264/26. 38. UNCERTAIN LARGE-MEDIUM CLOSED SHAPES: BODY FRAGMENTS (FIG. 14.IO, 18-20)

a. Body fragments (FIG. 14.10,18-ig) of verythickwalled (0.012-0.013)closed shape(s),distinguished by prominentgrouped ridges(usuallythree?)on belly and/orshoulder.One (R281a/8) has shoulderoffset fromverticalbelly,twowidelyspaced ridgesbelowthe carination. Black-glazedout,probablyplainin. These piecesprobablybelongto black-glazedpithoi ofa typealso knownin Athensin thelater6thand 5th centuries.169They are probably related to the elaborate pithoi of the mid-5th cent, found at Althoughtheseappear notto have been Kopanaki.170 painted, they have the same carinated bodies as severalofour sherds. Date: c.550-400? R281a/8; p288 a/ 13-14;ls 10649/5-6. fromlargeshapeswithlow ridges b. Body fragments on thebellyand lowershoulder. Black-glazedout. Ridgingon largeclosed shapesseemsto have been a practice of the later 6th and early 5th centuries

168Pelaeratti 1002.mo-i. fiers. αλ*4Λ. 169 Sparkesand Talcott194nos. 1520-1,fig.19,pl. 66. 170Kaltsas 223-4, 235~6 nos·54~6, 60, 68, figs.11,13-14,pl. 84 d-e.

70 Chapter 14 whenit is foundon a numberofelaboratestamnoi,a largehybridamphoraand a tableamphora.171 Date: £.525-475? N187/25-26. c. Featurelessbody sherdsfromverylarge shapes. M321B/70has a pairofshallowhorizontalgrooves. Black-glazedout. K141/48;M174/33;R275A/18;M321B/70;U519/26; U3OO2/48;LS IOO46/2.

d. Fragmentfromthelowerbodyof a massive,thickwalledshape. Decorated in red-figuredtechnique, preserving upper parts of a zone of rays,above which are the crossedhindlegsofa pair ofanimalsstriding apartin directions. opposite There is nothingin Laconianred-figure to compare withthispiece or to suggestthe shape fromwhichit comes. Date: £.425-375? Q360 D/27. e. Decorated body sherd.Narrowbands over a thin whiteslip. Decoration over whiteslip is typicalof the Late Geometricand archaicperiods;it does notsurvivethe 6thcent.The close bands of thissherdmaysuggesta date. 7th-cent. Date: c.700-500? M194/15. f. Polychromedecoration(FIG. 14.10,20). M194/16, froma large vessel, has a purple band within a reserved band on the belly. T512 A/11-12, from medium-sizedvessels, have a broad purple band betweennarrowwhitebands (one above,two below), appliedoverblackpaint. a purplebandwithina reserved band,rather Painting thanoverblackglaze,is foundon potsofthelater7thto and maybe a relatively early6thcenturies earlyhabit.172 Decorationwithpurpleand whitebands appliedover blackglazefirst occursin thelastquarterofthe7thcent, andremains cent.173 popularuntilthemid-6th Date: c.625-550. M194/16; T512 A/11-12.

171Stibbe 1984,10 nos. 8-9, 18,figs.8-10, 16; Schaus 29 no.

125, pl. 8; G. Jacopi, Clara Rhodos,iii: Scavi nella necropolidi

Jalisso, 1924-1928(Rhodes,1929),82 fig.72. 172See e.g. R. Catling(n. 4), 66 no. 45, fig.18; Stibbe,LDV ιφ nos.C 4-^, figs.62-3. 173 Stibbe,LDV 30-1. w*buschorand von Massow 55, pl. 14. 15; Kaltsas 231 no. 32,pl. 83 b' Kythera 163no. 48, pl. 45.

g. Vertical grooving. Medium-sized shapes with groupsof threeor fourshallowgrooveson the body. has a pair ofhorizontal R281D/54,fromtheshoulder, groovesedgingtheverticalgrooves. Black-glazedout. R281D/54 has paintinsideat the base oftheneck. These sherdsare decoratedin the same technique as type29 b and date to the same period.Examples of closed shapeswiththisdecorationare knownfrom Amyklai,the Menelaion,Kopanaki, and Kythera.174 Theyperhapscome fromoinochoës. Date: £.475-400? J231/5;R281D/54. h. Fluted.Gougedparallelfluting on bellyfragments. May be bounded at top or bottom by pair of horizontalgroovesbut moreoftennot. Flutingvaries in thickness.K141/2has veryirregularfluting,not vessels. parallel.Frommedium-sized Often worn, but all probably originallyblackglazedout. These sherdsmost likelycome fromhydriasand oinochoës,the two closed shapes most oftenfound withfluting. None is likelyto be earlierthan the 4th cent.,themajorityprobablyfallingin the secondhalf of the centurywithsome perhapsas late as the 3rd cent.175 Partof a fineflutedhydria,apparentlydating to the late 5th or early4th cent.,has been foundat Sparta.176Part of a smaller shape of similar date occurson Kythera.177 Otherflutedsherds,perhapsof the 4th cent., come fromAmyklai.178 Late 4th- to early3rd-cent.vases withflutingcloselycomparable to our sherdsare presentin thecemetery at Ellinikoin theThyreatis.179 Date: c.400-250? H31/23; B111/2;A118 c/29; K141/12; M172/21; P264/2, 14; R421/13, 24; U490 AG/73; R526/38; U3024/30. i. Bodysherdsfrommedium-sized closedshapeswith markedcarinationon thelowerbody. Black-glazedout. Althoughcarinatedformsare not uncommonin Laconian pottery,180there are no known closedshapesto havethisfeature. large-medium AM/74; U490 R526/24.

175 Sparkesand Talcott21-2,53, 61-2,pl. 7. 130-1. 176Cook and Nicholls 291-2no. 11,fig.16,pl. 29. 177 161no. 28, fig.48, pl. 44. Kythera 178Buschorand von Massow 55,pl. 14.9- 11,17-18. 179C. Abadie and T. 'Fouillesà Hélleniko(Eua Spyropoulos, BCH 109(1985),385-454,at pp. 393-5 no. 4, de Thyréatide)', 407-9 nos. 1-2,figs.17,46-7; below,Chapter23,AA13. 180porsmall shapessee Lane 155fig.20.

Archaicand Classical pottery71 j. Body sherds of large and medium-sizedclosed shapes. Featureless. Black-glazedout. £5/1;H31/20;H45.5/16-17;D85/54-5; D96/19-20, 23, 25; B103A/27+ 3°5 BlII/9? nj Bm A/64;Bi15/7; G157/33;M171/6;N183/11,15, 22, 25-6; N184/10; N187/16-17;N193/16-18; M194/26, 29, 31-2, 34; K200/1;J221/17;K235/8;P260/6,10, 16-17;P261/1, 11; P262/38-9,42, 53; P264/15,17, 27, 30; P268/11, 16-18; P272/16, 35, 45; P274/3; R275/25, 34-5, A/21-3;^77/19, 21, 23; P278/5,17;R281B/20,D/48, 52, 55-7, 62, 69; R282/10; P285/4; R294/11, 23; R296/53; N314/10;J316/5;J367/38-42;L400/16 + 23-4, 19, 22 + 25; N415A/65,74» 82> X32,i36> ß/67> c/2; 11416/11, 15;R421/12,15,31; R428/90-1;S431/15,

23; S432/9; S433/13;S437/21-2;S440/8,10; S442/12 (?); T443/3-4; S458/28-9, 31-4, 50; R461/3-4;U490 AG/46,48-9, 60, 71,AH/28,AM/57,69, 80, 83, 87, 94, no, 112-14, 121, 131-2, 135, 139, 183, 218, AN/31, AR/41, 44, AX/2, 93-4, 97, BC/48-9, 51, 53-5; U491/42-3; U492/13; U499/37-40, 48, 50-2; U500 Ai/36; N503/32-4,39; U506/29,34, 37; S508/9-10; S5o9/25-6> 28-9, 34, 42-3, 45; U511A2/28-9, 31, 41-2, 45, 50, 52-4, ci/24, C2/7; T512A/13-14,b/io, 16; U517/7,10; S524 A/41,50, 56; B/31,33, 41, 45-8, 50; R526/28-30,35-6, 43, 45, 47, 52; U3003/18,22-3; U3010/19, 22; A3018/57, 60, 67, 71-2; U3022/7; U3024/22, 24; LS IOO71/23-4; LS 10299/2, 4; LS 16; LS IO571/3;LS 10835/2;LS 10843/1; 10410/11-14, LS III44/1.

SMALL CLOSED SHAPES (39-40) (FIG. 14.10,2I-J) 39. ARYBALLOI

archaicLaconian shapes,occurringin largenumbersat most The aryballosis one of thebest-known sanctuariesand in substantialnumbersas exportsabroad.181No satisfactory typologyhas yetbeen of the shape in the late 6th and 5th centuries.In establishedwhichincludesthe latermanifestations Witha few Laconia the presenceof aryballoiat a siteis an almostcertainindicatorof cult activity. exceptionsall thoselistedherewerefoundat N415,thesanctuaryofZeus Messapeus. thickened a. Plain discus(FIG.14.10,21) withslightly and squaredrim. Black-glazed. Date: c.600-450? N415A/29-30,122,B/7-9;S460/10. moulded b. Plaindiscus(FIG.14.10,22) withthickened rim characterizedby flangedlower edge. D. (rim) 0.04. Black-glazed. Date: c.575-500. N415a/iii. c. RoundedbottomofLaconianglobulararyballos. Black-glazedout. Afterthemiddleof the 6thcent,theroundbottom is replacedbya lowringfootor flatbase. Date: c.625-550. N415a/io. d. Low,fineringfeet(FIG.14.10,23-4) withflatfloor,

181For findsin Laconia see Lane 112, 155-6; Buschorand von Massow 56, figs.32-3, pl. 13; Catling,'Menelaion',38, 134no. 2, pl. 52, fig.45; Catling1990^,31,fig.6. 2; Phaklaris2 177,pis 86-7; R. Catling(n. 4), 66-8, fig.18. 41-8. For finds ofaryballoioutsideLaconia see amongothersB. B. Shefton, 'Other non-Corinthianvases', in T. J. Dunbabin (ed.),

Perachora:The Sanctuariesof Hera Akraia and Limenia,ii: Pottery,

fromthe later typesof aryballoi.In some cases the footis neatlymoulded and has a prominentgroove above thefoot(N415c/i). D. (base)0.035-0.04. Black-glazedout. Some aryballoi,especiallythelargerexamples,were equippedwithlow ringfeetfromthe early6th cent.; theybecame the normaltypeof base forthe bettermade aryballoiin thelater6thand 5thcenturies. Date: c.600-450? N415A/14,II0> H4> Il8> B/22,34, C/i, 5. e. Flat or veryslightly hollowedbases (FIG.14.10,25). D. (base)0.03. Usuallyblack-glazedout,butsometimes plain. Some aryballoi,usuallyof ratherpoor quality,had flatbases fromtheearly6thcent.;theybecame more commonafterthe middle of the century.Miniature aryballoinearlyalwayshave flatbases, regardlessof theirdate.182 Date: c.600-450. N415 A/9, 108, 115, 117,B/10-19, 27.

Ivories,Scarabs,and OtherObjectsfromthe VotiveDeposit of Hera

Limenia (Oxford,1962),368-88, at pp. 382-4 nos.4105-12,pl. 160; Stibbe (n. 135),pis 3. 3, 4. 1-4; Boardmanand Hayes 1966,88, 91 nos. 977-81,pl. 67; Schaus 23-4 nos. 72-82, pl. 5; Pelagatti1992,147-9,IQ.5>figs·101-18,148,244-5,257· 182 the fromthe Menelaion:R. Catling earlyminiatures e.g. (n. 4), 66 no. 46, fig.18.

72 Chapter 14 f. Rathernarrow, poorlyformedstraphandles. Black-glazed. Date: c.600-450. N415B/31,47-9, 51. g. Plain, rounded body sherds(FIG. 14.10,26), the majorityprobablybelongingto aryballoiwithring feetor flatbases. Black-glazed out. N415 A/77,frommid-body,is decoratedwitha band of purpleenclosedby a set of white dots between fine white bands above and below,appliedoverblackglaze. N415a/ 135 originally has twosetsoffinegroovingon itsshoulder. The decoration of N415 A/77, found on many Laconian globulararyballoi,places it in thé firsthalf ofthe6thcent. Date: c.600-450. J367A/11(?); N415A/67,75-7. 9h 94> ô-1, i3°> !34-5> i38. ô* Β/68> 72, 74. 80, 83-4, 105, d/i; n4i6/7;R526/53. h. Possiblefragment of a square-shouldered aryballos

fromthebodyby a (FIG.14.10,27),theshoulderoffset markedcarination. Black-glazedout. Some aryballoihave theirshoulderclearlyoffset fromthe body.183 Other small shapes have a similar carinatedshoulder;commonestis a shape equipped with a trefoil mouth, described as a squat lekythos.184 Date: £.575-500? S437/65. 40. LEKYTHOS/JUGLET

Pointed,flaringrimon short,concaveneckwithstrap handleattachedto neckor rim.W. (handle)0.014. Probablyblack-glazedout and insideneck. Their site associations suggestthat both pieces belong to the classicalperiod. Some smalljugletsof thisdate fromOlympiamay give some idea of their versionsof the shape originalform.185 Sixth-century also existed,as shown by an unpublishedexample fromArtemisOrthia.186 H31/18+ 36; U516A/17.

SHAPES (41) 41. HANDLES(FIG. 14.10,28-Ji; PLATE2 a) UNCERTAIN OPEN OR CLOSED

The handlesgroupedherecannotbe attributed to open or closedshapeswithanycertainty. a. Large,round-section loop handles(FIG.14.10, 38-41) of differingform, equipped with a knobon theoutermost prominent partoftheloop. Mosthavea simplecurvedloop,but severalhave an angled loop (S524 A/13-14).Th. (handle) 0.015-0.024. Black-glazedall over. Handles of thiskind are knownto occur on bell cratersfromthe mid-6thto early5th cent.,and on stamnoifromthelate 6thto early5thcenturies(see 5, 34). The examples with an angled loop are more likelyto belongto stamnoi.187 Date: c.575-475? dç.5/1;P262/13;J367/13;U514/9; S524 A/13-14 (plate 2 0), 20. or b. Thickhorizontalhandlesofroughlyrectangular squaresection.Th. (handle)0.016. Black-glazedon exteriorofhandle.

183An example from Artemis Orthia is illustratedby Pelagatti1992,148figs.107-8. 184Lane 155fig.20j; Schaus22 no. 71,fig.2. 185Gauer 113-14,pl. 14.7-9.

P273/3;R275/20;R296/34; N503/17;U511A2/64, B2/3;S524A/16;U3000/3,6; U3003/9. c. Thick horizontalhandles of ovoid section.Th. (handle)0.014-0.022. Black-glazedon exterior, thoughsomeare too worn forpaintto survive. That someofthesehandlesmayhavebeen fittedto hydriasis suggestedby the formof the horizontal handleson a mid-5th-cent.hydriafromKopanaki.188 N185/9; N187/9;J223/4; P273/2; R275/19;R281 B/14, D/40; P285/28-9; N354/5; U491/18; U494 A/9-10; U500 Ai/12; N503/14; U506/15; R526/16; A3018/21.

d. Broad horizontalstraphandles.Th. (handle) 0.025-0.033. Blackglazedon exterior. Bin A/23+ 255M194/7;P264/3;T465/6.

186 Spartamuseum,tray2370/11. 187Stibbe 1984,3, fig.4. 1. 188Kaltsas226 no. 1,pl. 81 a.

Archaicand Classical pottery73 Semi-coarse

Wares (42-5)

open shapes 42. MORTARS(FIGS. 14.12; 14.13,/-//)

Amongthe shapes associatedwithfood preparation,mortarsare one of the mostprominentin the Laconia Surveymaterial.Like a basin in shape,theycomprisea comparatively shallow,thick-walled body on a broad, heavy,flatcushion base, and have a thickenedor evertedrim; theyare never equippedwithhandlesor spouts.Exceptfora smallnumberwithpaintedrims,and one unusualtype theyare plain. The interioris alwayscoveredwithhard grey-to-black paintedall overon theexterior, or so. The size and crushed volcanic rock),whichstopsshortoftherimby a centimetre grit(probably it is uncertain whether or not this should be correlated of the though density gritvaryconsiderably, uses. In a numberof examplesthereare clear signsof wear on the grits,suggesting withdiffering prolongedand vigoroususe. In size theyvarymostin thediameterofthebase (0.15-0.22;smallest0.11), muchless in rimdiameter(0.28-0.32).The one completeprofile(N415a/ 18) maybe typical:D. (rim) of mortarsmusthave been as vesselsforgrinding, 0.29, (base) 0.19; H. 0.085. The primaryfunctions but not excludingthe preparationof crushing,hulling,and lightpounding,mostlyof foodstuffs drugs,and otherlightmineralproducts. pigments, Althoughmortarswereprobablya standardelementin the domesticassemblagesof mostpartsof Greece in the archaicand classicalperiods,theyfigurein onlya handfulof publications, beingbest known at Athens189and Corinth,190where they occur fromthe seventh century.The closest are withmaterialfromOlympia,Pylosin Elis,Babes, Kopanaki,Kythera,and however, resemblances, A fewmortarsherdsfromSparta,mostlywithoutcontext,have been a sitein southernArkadia.191 Theirpresenceat sanctuarysitesshouldalso classified by Stibbewithinthebroadcategoryofbowls.192 be noted. on theformoftherim.The decoratedexamplesare ofour mortarsis based primarily The typology withinthistypology. incorporated a. Thickened and rounded, 'triangular' rim (FIG. 14.12,/)evertedfromdeep body. This varietyis closestto an examplefromCorinth of thesecondhalfof the7thcent.,thoughthereis no While reason to doubt its Laconian manufacture.193 our pieces are unlikelyto be as early,theyshouldbe datedno laterthanthe6thcent. Date: c.600-500? R275/8;U514/1. b. Flat-topped, wedge-shapedrim(FIG.14.12,2) with body. pointededge,evertedfromverythick-walled Althoughunparalleled,its siteassociationindicates a latearchaicto earlyclassicaldate. c.600-400? P262/67.

189 Sparkesand Talcott221-3,369-71,nos. 1884-921,fig.16, pis90-2. 190D. A. vii. 2: Archaic Amyx and P. Lawrence* Corinth, Corinthian Potteryand theAnaploga Well (Princeton, NJ, 1975),

95, nos. 151An 266, 152An 272-3, 154An 286, 158An 307, pis 80-1. 191Mallwitz and Schiering(n. 75), 230-1, pl. 76; Gauer atPylosinEL· (Hesp. Suppl. 157-61;J. E. Coleman,Excavations

c. Broad, heavy,flat-toppedor slightlycurved rims(FIG.14.12,3-7) withroundededge everted fromdeep body.In some cases the rimmaybe slightlydownturned.D. (rim)0.25-0.27; largest 0.41.

M194/2paintedon top oftherim. They are similarto mortarrimsof thelate 6thand 5thcenturiesfromOlympiaand one fromBabes. An examplefromSparta,witha glazed rimbut without context, is of this type.194Their site associations indicatethattheyare of late archaicto early strongly classicaldate. Date: c.550-400? Plain: N183/6 (?); N185/6; N187/4; K235/3; P262/68; P268/1; N503/1; U3022/3; LS 10043/1. Painted:M194/2.

21;Princeton, NJ,1986),116nos. 299-302,ill.20, pl. 49; Lang 85-7,figs.18. 6-8, 19. 1; Kaltsas223,231-3,nos. 37-41,pl. 84 a-b; Kythera 164 nos. 64-6, fig.49, pl. 46 (withthe benefitof hindsighttheycan be seen to be of Laconian ratherthan Corinthian types);Pikoulas1088,130,fig.15,pl. 7Q. 192Stibbe,LDVqi-2, figs. c/10, E/33; P284 b/86, F/9; U483/1;U490AQ/148. Ottoman.35 b. (FIG. 17.4,8-10; PLATE3 b) Out-turnedrim with plainedge (D. 0.225-0.246). K237/1, 19; K247/1, ii, B/2, C/47, 72, E/7, 30; K253/2;U49OAQ/i7i. 17thto early18thcenturies.36 c. (FIG.17.4,//)Plain rim(D. 0.186-0.213),sometimes with groove on outer face, on deep, frequently body. hemispherical K204A/5;K237/12;K247A/3,E/10;U483/44. Early16thto early17thcenturies.37 d. (FIG.17.4,12-ig)Ringfoot(D. 0.051-0.096)varying fromhigh and angular(as U483/27)to shallowand pointed(as U490AM/45,Ap/45)· LS 10627/5; LS IO95l^l4::) H11/7; H21/6; E55/5; K237/2,4; K247/5,a/i3> b/io> c/39> d/i5> *95p284

A/13, B/26, c/7; B300/24; J317/41,74; M328/22; Q358/5; N418/15,36; T445 A/50; U483/27; U490 aa/ii, AM/45,Ap/45> 47>52; U500Bi/34-5,B2/29,39. 17thcent.38 e· (FIG. 17.4,20-2) Flat bases (D. 0.054-0.057) with sharpgrooveatjunctionofbase and body. H40/9; E57/2;K204 A/16;K247 B/12,D/18, E/19; Q358/6. Ottoman.39 f. Monochromebodysherds.40 H40/14,A/3; H51/13;B106/4;F146/9;G156c/38; Q180/95;G182A/7,9; K204/13;K237/6;K247/12,14, a/3°> 39?B/21-2,D/21,28, 30, 36, E/31,36; K253/13; B300/30; J317/65; M322 B/14; Q358/8-10, 12; N418/20,27; R426A/24,27î T443/2J T445a/iii; T482 B/9; U483/42,45; T485/6;U488/8;U490 R/7,14, 16, x/8, AA/15,20, AB/30,AC/21-3,ad/ii, AF/82,89, AG/56,105,AK/18,AL/43-4,AP/58-60,AQ/44,70-1, AT/3,AV/28,AU/43-4,AX/106,BC/58;U500 Ai/47, A2/5,B2/64,72,75; U511B2/23,C3/8. 16thcent.41

Imports fromoutsideGreece(10-13) IO. GLAZED WHITE WARE BOWL, CONSTANTINOPLE (FIG. 17.5,/)

WHITEWARE II. GLAZED CONSTANTINOPLE BOWL, (FIG.

Small bowl. Out-turnedrim(D. 0.168) sharplyoffset fromthinbody; thick,mottledyellowglaze applied to clay. directly Example:P284A/43. 9thcent.42

Plain rim (D. 0.216); ridge around innerface, thick body wall; thick,dark yellow glaze speckled with brownapplieddirectly to clay. Example:U490Q/4.

33Fortheirproductionat Spartasee Armstrong 1992,7. 34Armstrong 1992,9. 35The shaDeis notBvzantine. 36Hayes'sTurkishtypeseries12: Hayes,Saraçhane, fig.107, 12. 1; 108, 12. 2-3. For other examples in Greece see Armstrong 1993,nos. 177-80. 37Hayes032, 'deep-bodiedbowl': Hayes,Saraçhane, 103. fig.

38Hayesbio and bn: Hayes,Saraçhane 283,fig.in. 39Flat bases seem to be a local feature; no closer is possible. chronology 40Some oftheseoughtto classifiedunder6a. 41Hayesbi3: Hayes,Saraçhane, 283,fig.in. 42Glazed WhiteWare I: Hayes,Saraçhane, 18 and n. 51. 43Glazed WhiteWare II: Hayes,Saraçhane, 19,fig.20. 2.

10thcent.43

130 Chapter 1 7 12. BOWL, PERSIA

Turquoise(copper)alkalineglaze directlyonto stone survive:small,fine,plain paste body.Two fragments rimand squarededge of footplatefromringfoot.No measurementspossible, but complete form was probablya conicalbowl.44 K247A/49>D/37· 12thcent.45

13. BOWL, ITALIAN ARCHAIC MAJOLICA (FIG. 17.5, j)

Plain rimon straight wall, groovearoundouterface, paintedlinearoundinside.Clear tinglaze. J232/3;U483/2;U490z/4. 14thcent.46

CLOSED GLAZED WARES (14-19) JUG 14. SLIP-PAINTED

Only body fragments preserved: white slippainted designs (spirals on P284 A/62) under yellowglaze. H51/9;K247/28;P284A/62. nth to 12thcenturies.47 JUG(FIG.17.5,4) 15. PAINTED Plain, slightlyin-turnedrim (D. 0.063) on almost straightwall. White slip under green and brown paintedlineson exterior;thinclear glaze on exterior, extending just overrimto interior.48 P284A/4. nth cent.49 16. PAINTEDINCISEDJUG

Only one body fragmentpreservedfrommediumlargevessel,showingwhiteslip and randomincision hastilydaubed withyellowbrownunder pale green glaze on exterior.50 K257/1. 14thto 15thcenturies.51

JUG(FIG.17.5,5-7) 17. MONOCHROME Smallvessels(H. 0.102,fromK247a/i), plainrimoutturnedfrombulbousbody,flatbase (D. 0.054-0.062), pinchedtrefoilmouthwhichmayhave bevelledouter edge. Thin, clear glaze over thin, and sometimes patchy, slip.52 LS 10326/1; H51/8, 10, 30; D92/4; D98/1-2; K237/13;K247/3,A/l>6> 55. B/3>9> X9>c/24> 26-8, 34, 36, 61,D/5,7, E/12-13,18,22; K258/12;P284F/13; J317/19,69; M344/7;R426 A/5; S441/2;T445 A/49, B/40,49; T484/1,4; T485/1,11;U490R/6,13,x/9, 12, z/5, aa/io, AC/20,35, AF/23,AG/57,AK/15,17,36, AL/69,AM/13,53» AN/23,Ao/2, AP/54,121,AQ/69, BA/17; U500Ai/14,58. 137,AS/23,AV/ß1'AX/171, Late nth cent.53 18. JUG Differsfrom17 only in having no interveningslip betweenthe glaze and clay body.Small vessels,plain rim,pinchedtrefoil mouth,and almostflatbase. 23; U490AB/12. K247A/50,E/38;M332/1;N418/11, MiddleByzantine.54

Imports fromoutsideGreece (19) 19. ITALIAN ARCHAIC MAJOLICAJUG

area (edgeof lozenge?) Bodyfragment preserving filledwiththin,parallel,diagonal,brown-painted lines.Cleartinglaze.

44Bothpiecesare possiblyfromone vessel.Many examples of thisware have been foundin the old excavationsin the theatreofSparta. 45J. W. Allan, Islamic Ceramics(Oxford, 1991), 18-19, describesthe ware and illustratesa jug; bowls also were common. 46H. Blake, 'The archaic Maiolica of north-westItaly: Montalcino,Assisiand Tolentino',Faenza,66 (1980),91-152, see ibid.96. fig.8, nos. 1-3; forthechronology 47Morgan97: 'jugsare surprisingly numerousin thisclass'. 48A completeversionhas been excavatedat Tigani in the Mani; for illustrationsee Catalogueofan Exhibitionto Mark the Centenaryof the ChristianArchaeologicalSociety (1884-^84)

(Athens,1984),64 no. 96.

U490AX/89. 14thcent.55

49Morgan72-3,fig.52. 50Armstrong 1989a;Valtesino. 49, fig.12,and pl. 8. Closed paintedincisedwaresare rare. 51Painted incised wares have a long life-span: see Armstrong19890, 44; the formof 17 suggestsan early Ottomandate. 52Similarsmalljugs have been foundat Corinth,Thebes, and Constantinople. Corinth: Morgan 59, fig. 41 a.

Thebes: Armstrong 1993,no. 104. Constantinople:

numerousexamples. Hayes,Saraçhane, pl. 6, illustrates 53Morgan 59; Hayes, Saraçhane,19 (Glazed White Ware II). 54Date based on connectionbetween17 and 18. 55Blake91-152,fig.4. 2; forthechronology, ibid.96.

Byzantineand Ottomanpottery131 CLOSED UNGLAZED TABLE WARES (20-3) 20. SLIP-PAINTED JUG

Unglazed versionof 14. Medium size. Ovoid body, flat base, oval handle; no further features preserved.Marked ridgingaround shoulder; loose spiralspainted on upper body zone in thickwhite slip.5* P284B/39. Early12thcent.57 21. MATT-PAINTED JUG

Medium closed vessel.Handles are the onlyfeature sherdspreserved.Medium oval handle decorated with parallel horizontal lines in dark red, matt paint.58 K247c/23>54. 64. Late 12thcent.59 22. GEOMETRICMATT-PAINTED JUG

Small closed vesselwithspout.Plain rimon straight neck; sharplyoffsetfrombulbous body,flat base. Small oval handle opposite short,oblique spout. Purple-red painted decoration of cross-hatching aroundshoulder.60 K247C/79;T445B/38;U490AV/6. 12thcent.61

23. jug62(fig. 17.5,8-16) Miscellaneous grouping of unglazed, and usually undecorated,closedvesselsof a finetypewhichwere probablyused at table.63The six rimsdrawnindicate the varied forms;the commonfeatureis theirbasic simplicity. They probablyhad a singlehandle (K247 had longnecks;thebody c/63 had two)and frequently variesfrombulbousto talland slim;basesusuallyflat.

LS 10849/1;US 10950/7;H11/4;J44/6-8,11,14;H51/2-3; E55/3; D97/1-2; F139/8; F146/1,2, 5-7; G162/2;J170/1; QJ80/15;N190/30;N191/1,25, 34-5; N195/15,17;J212/10, 15;K244/10,16-17;K245/32;K247A/7>9~io> b/6>39>c/5> 38, 42, 63, 86, D/9, 11, 13, e/ 16-17,28; P284/11,A/22-3, 25-6, B/27, 30, 38, 43, 85, F/12, 14, 16-17, 23, 41* G/8, 15-16,18-19,h/8, 19,22,30; R290/1;B300/16,23, 26-7, 47; Wl/^ 39-40. 42-44; M321/13,21, 28; M328/21,27, 30; M334/1,3; M344/3,π; Μ349/81,157,184^369 B/8-9, c/5, 10;K403/1;N418/14;R426A/4,6-10; T445 A/18,25, 29, 38; S466 a/ 27; S475 B/4; U483/10-11,17-19;U490 l/i, AB/16, AC/2,AD/5,αγ/^Ηϊ Φ ag/i, 2, ah/io, 12,AK/31,AL/19, 27, 31, AM/34,40. AP/7,AQ/32,41, 47, 49-50, 52, 56, 64, AR/15,19, 22, 26, 34, as/6, AV/19,22, AW/15,BA/3>9"io> bb/2,BC/20,bd/i; U500 Bi/14-15, 17; U501/2;U505 b/i; U516A/28;U532/2.

MiddleByzantine.64

The glazedtablewaresfromtheSurveyare fewand ofpoor quality,in contrastto otherrural areas of Greece.651-9 and 14-18 are probably products of Sparta. The few imports identified,10-13 and 19, are interestingfor pointing to external contacts with Persia,and Italy.Flat bases on glazed bowlsare not commonin Greece,but Constantinople, are standardin Syriaand Persia. Domestic

Wares (24-30) A rangeof shapeshas been groupedunderdomesticwares,withthe commonattribute that are in each some in involved the of food. include they way preparation They cooking-pots, chafingdishes,Oil flasks',and smalland largebasins. 56Similarvesselfoundin recentexcavationin Sparta:Vassi, pl. 28 c. 57Vassi293. 58Similarlydecoratedstamnoihave been foundin recently Sparta: Sanders,fig.12. 39. 21 is smallerthan the Spartan vessels,and therefore thoughtto be tableware. 5921 shouldbe contemporary with33: see n. 85. 60Some fragments foundin earlyexcavationsin Sparta: Dawkinsand Droop,pl. 18. 79-80. There is also a complete jug on display in the Mystrasmuseum. MacKay 279-88 refersto thisware and itssubdivision'Protogeometric' mattpaintedware. 61Matt-paintedware ranges fromthe nth to the 13th

centuries.J. E. Coleman, Excavations at Pylosin Elis (Hesp. suppl.21 (1986),149pl. 53, F 40),publishesexampleswhichhe datesto the13thcent.Fabricand decorationplace thesurvey's see MacKay examplesin theearlierstagesofitsdevelopment: 286 forthe fabric,and G. D. R. Sanders,'An assemblageof Frankishpotteryat Corinth',Hesp.56 (1986),183,esp. n. 87, forthedecoration.22 sharesa commonfabricwith37. 6223 is a small-to-medium-sizedclosed vessel; 'jug' is adoptedhereas an umbrellaterm. bó 1 his type01vesselwas plentiful m the Byzantineperiod, butno systematic studyofthevariedformshas yetappeared. 64Hayes,Saraçhane, 52, fier. 19. 15-17. 65See e.g.Armstrong 19890.

132 Chapter 17

The chafingdish and cooking-potclayswere obviouslypreparedwitha view to efficient heat conductionby adding large quantitiesof crushedschist,eitherfinelycrushedor in relatively largechunks.The fabricsofthesmallbasinsare similarto thoseused forthevarious tablewares,whilethelargebasinhas thesamefabricas amphora40· 24. UNGLAZEDCHAFINGDISH (FIG. 17.5, 17-18) Although this type of vessel has a distinctiverim form, featureless body sherds are difficultto differentiate fromthose of amphorae or, if charred, from cookingpots. There are probably furtherexamples under both of the other categories. Two rim formsare preserved: a broad, thickened, flattened rim (D. 0.178) with a groove along the top (K247 B/13) and a thickened, squared, in-turned rim (D. 0.168; K247 A/58). K247 A/58 shows a small strap handle springing from the rim.66 J170/2;K247 a/2j 58? B/13, X5îU49° AX/80, 82. 10thcent.67 25. COOKING-POT(FIG. 17.5, 19-20) Handmade.68 Slightlyout-turned, plain rounded rim (D. 0.200-0.212), sharply offset from body. Strap handles attached at rim. K247 C/25; K250/3.69 12thcent.70 26. COOKING-POT(FIG. 17.5,21-6) Wheelmade. Strap handle springs from rim (as K247 c/35, P284 A/16, U490 AF/4). Late 12th cent.71 a. Flat-topped, slightlythickened rim (D. 0.1 14-0. 157) with small lip on outer face, offset from outwardflaring body; prominent wheel-ridging on outer surface(as K247 c/6, T445 A/3). LS 10878/2; Hii/8; B106/6; G182 a/ii, 14; K247 c/6, 35; P284 A/14, *6> 68, B/7, h/io; R290/18, 22, 26-31; T445 A/3, 5-6, 54, B/51; U490 AD/9, AF/2,4, 8> AH/4,Au/5>Bc/8· b. Plain vertical rim (D. 0.117) offsetfrom outward flaringbody. K247 c/9.

66Bakirtzis, fig.13.2 and 4 are similar. 67Bakirtzis(see n. 66) suggestsqthto 10thcenturies. 68Handmade cooking-pots are commonin Sparta:Sanders 277-8. 69Sanders,no. 67. 70Sanders27Q. 71Sanders277. 72Sanders277notesthatflatbottomsare a commonfeature ofSpartancooking-wares.

rim. c. Flat-topped out-turned U490 AR/4.

d. Flat base (D. 0.160-0.200). K247 B/16, C/2972 27. COOKING-POT(FIG. 17.5,2J) Handmade. Distinctive, hard, black or dark orangebrown fabric with many large quartz inclusions. Thickened, rounded, out-turned rim (D. 0.158) with inner ledge; flat base (D. 0.156-0. 174); small strap handle attached horizontally. K247 A/4> 56> c/14, 67; K247 D/12; P284 A/15; J317/61;M346/6; T445 B/26, 51, 64; U490 AF/17. Late Byzantine to Early Ottoman.73 28. OIL FLASK(FIG. 17.6, I-3) The distinctive feature of this type of vessel is the funnel-shaped neck with slightly out-turned rim. The body is bulbous; single oval handle from just below rim to widest point of body; on the opposite side an oblique spout; bases usually flat or almost Hat.74 K247 D/22, E/3; U490 n/6. Ottoman.75 29. SMALLBASIN(FIG. 17.6, 4-g) Unglazed and undecorated, these small open vessels were primarilyutilitarian. The large variation in rim forms(D. 0.122-0. 251) fromsuch a small sample does not lend itself to classification: flat-topped and thickened (as U490 BC/14); flat-topped, downturned with broad, rounded edge (as U490 m/i); thickened, flat-topped, slightly out-turned with broad lip on inner face (as U490 AP/8); plain with small external groove (as U490 Al/2); thickened, in-turned,flattened with shallow groove on upper edge (as F139/6) and an everted, upturned rim with flattened edge.

73Recent examples fromSparta are i3th-cent.:Sanders, no. 63; the survey's finds indicate that their use continued throughthe 14th and possibly into the early 15thcent. 74Hayes, Saraçhane, fig.127,k5.i and lq.4 (83.53); fig.133. the completeform.Oftenthebodyfragments 3-4 illustrates retainoil stains. 75Hayes,Saraçhane, 288.

Byzantine and Ottomanpottery 133 K247 C/59 has a horizontalexternalledge.No bases wereidentified.76 J44/1,3; F139/6;G162/1;K247C/59; G254/1;ρ2δ4 B/9; B300/22; K403/2; U490 m/i, n/i, AD/3-4, AF/20,Ai/2,am/17,an/6, ap/8,AQ/40,ar/6, AX/47, 68, ba/6,BC/14;U500B4/1. Early13thcent.77 BASIN 30. LARGE (FIG.17.6,IO-Il) Decorativefeaturesare sharedwithamphorae38-9. wet-smoothed,creatingan almost 30 is frequently

burnished surface appearance. Large (est. D. rim c.o.400), everted,flat-toppedrim. The rim may be plain (as U490AN/13,AW/3)or have incisedzigzag(as K245/1).Two rim fragments preservehandle scars, joined eitherat rim(as K245/1)or just below rim(as U490 aw/3); one has tracesof inciseddecorationsas types38- 9. 78K245/1,as types38-9, has an applied band below handle junction with rim which is decoratedwithincisedwavyline.79 K245/1; U490 AN/13,AW/3>BC/10. 12th cent.80

Bothhandmadeand wheelmadecooking-pots withflatbasesare common,as in Sparta.81 Chafing used to food hot at seem to havegoneoutofuse in thetwelfth As they dishes, table, keep century. arefrequently foundwithsmalljugs (as 17-18),theywereperhapsusedtogether, withcondiments in thejugs beingadded to thehotfoodto suitindividual taste.The size ofthebowlsofchafing dishesmeansthateach possibly heldone portion.The oil flask,todayreplacedbythesamebasic formin metal,wouldhavebeen used in thekitchen duringcooking.Oil wouldhavebeen taken froma largerstoragecontainer intotheflaskformoreconvenient access.The smallbasinwould havebeen usedformixingsmallquantities ofingredients, thelargebasinforsomething done in suchas kneading bread.Mostoftherangeofactivities in thepreparation involved largequantities offoodarerepresented butinsurprisingly smallnumbers. bytheSurveymaterial, Storage

Vessels

(31-52) Storagevesselsincludeamphorae,pithoi,and thebucket-like 52. Amphoraewereamongthe mostnumeroustypeofmedievalvesselfoundin the surveyarea. Some typesare represented by so fewfragments theyare simplycalled large or smallsince theirdimensionscannotbe with gauged precision.But in generalByzantineamphoraeare smallerthan theirRoman All basesfoundwereflat,evenfromimportedamphorae. counterparts. Fabricsare variedand describedundereach typenumber.33-4 and 37-9 are thoughtto be local fabrics. AMPHORAE (31-44) 31. COMBED AMPHORA

Althoughrepresented by onlythreebody fragments, because it is the earlieststorageware 31 is important fromthe Byzantineperiod foundwithinthe survey area. Hard, fine,orange-brown(2.5 YR 6/8) fabric.

76Similar bowl found in recent excavations in Sparta: Sanders,no. 53; notealso hisno. 52, a funnel,whichsomeof 20 mayhavebeen. 77FollowingSanders275. 78Althoughillustratedwith two handles, the complete vesselprobablyhad moreto supportits size and weight.A relationshipwith38 and 39 has been noted, and so also shoulda connectionwiththethree-handled version39b. 79Similar type of vessel with correspondingdecoration foundin Constantinople: Hayes,Saraçhane, fig.19. 18.

The vesselis finewalled (0.003-0.005)withfinewavy combingon theexternalsurface. K247 E/41; P284 G/32; U490 AW/24. 10thcent.82

80Hayes, Saraçhane, 52. The independentchronologyalso reinforces theconnectionsbetweenthistypeand 38-9. 81Sanders277-Q. 82Correspondsto Saraçhanetype35: Hayes,Saraçhane, figs. 22. 10 and 23. 10, where the date suggested(p. 71) is '8th (and ratherlater?)'.The 10thcent,is proposedhereas century a compromise: thereis no recognizibly in the 8th-cent. pottery and theearliestglazedwaresare 9th-cent. surveyterritory (10) at siteP284 and ioth-cent.(11) at U490. It is significant that twoofthethreefragments of31 are fromthesesites.

134 Chapter 17 32. LARGECOMBEDAMPHORA

Mediumhard,fineto medium,orangeto lightbrown micaceouswithfewsmall (5 YR 6/6) fabric.Extremely No feature whiteinclusions. Outersurfacehas self-slip. sherds are preserved.Combing is either wavy (as K253/15)or straight(as U483/39);P284 A/65 shows in theshoulderregionofa largishvessel. bothtogether, H51/11-12;D92/7-8; 0,180/29;ni89/6; N191/75; K204 b/i; K253/15;P284/16,A/65,β/π9; Τ445 A/83, 100-1,B/59,c/12; U483/39;U490 M/3,w/17,AF/80, Al/16,AK/23,AP/61-3, AG/61, AQ/72,AS/24,54>AU/41, AV/ 193-4,AW/32, 43,AX/IO9-IO,112,AZ/lO,BA/29-3O, 78,BL/12;U506/33;U517/8. BB/55, BC/69,95,BF/51, Middleto thirdquarterof 12thcent.83 33. MATT-PAINTED AMPHORA

fewpiecesof33 have been collectedwithin Relatively the surveyarea: medium strap handles,varyingin width from 0.034-0.044 and decorated with horizontally painteddarkred bands,and upperbody decoratedwithrandomdarkred lines.The fragments fabricis hard, mediumfine,orange-red(5 YR 6/6), and micaceous.84 0,180/27, 39; K247 d/i; U490 AF/63, AN/35, Aw/19-20,32,ba/8, 16. Secondhalfof 12thcent.85 34. RED WASHAMPHORA(FIG. 17.6, 12-Ij)

Uniformhard,mediumcoarse,orangered (5 YR 6/6) fabric. Micaceous with occasional medium lime inclusionsand manygreyand whitespecks.Foldedoverrim(D. 0.146,U490 BB/25)withsharpedge and wall; smallstraphandle hanginglobe; almoststraight (W. 0.032, U490 AP/38) and fine,regular,slightly evertedflatbase (D. 0.088, U490 AP/53).Irregular splashesofredwashon shoulderand upperbody. U490AP/38,53, BB/25. MiddleByzantine?86

83Similar vessels from Corinth, though the fabric is different: MacKay 277,nos.53-4 and pl. 66. 8433 has thesamefabricas 21. 85Piérartand Thalmann,fig.8 and pl. 10: d8, D9. See also Bakirtzis, pl. 43 a. RecentexamplefromSparta:Sanders,no. later. 39, fig.12,pl. 25,whereitis datedslightly 86The uniqueformoftherim,and thefactthatit is found onlyat U490,suggestthatitwas made there. 87Examples observedin museumsat Giardini (Naxos in Sicily)and at Reggiodi Calabria,wheretheyare claimedto be local wares. 88Dates givenin museumdisplays. 89Sparta: Sanders,no. 34 ('TaffyWare').Helos plain: G. D. R. SandersandJ. M. Sanders,'The medievalpotteryand smallfinds',in W. D. Taylourand R. Jancko(eds),Excavations in 1973,1974,and 1977(BSA supp. vol., at HagiosStephanos

35. RED-BODIEDAMPHORA(FIG. 17.7,I-j)

Only three fragmentsof this large and distinctive amphorahave survivedwithinthe surveyarea. The fabricis relatively fine,red(2.5YR6/8),and extremely micaceouswithmanyblackand redspecks.The outer surfaceis coated witha whiteslip so thickthatthe relatively deep combing of K247 c/57 fails to penetratethroughit to thebody.It has a flat-topped, evertedrim(D. 0.140)and straight neck;a heavyovoid handlewithfingergrooves;twobandsoffinecombing (ten-toothedcomb) on the shoulder; and must be wide-bellied(greaterthan0.300). Productof Sicilyor southernItaly.87 K247C/57,d/4; U483/6. Late 12thto early13thcenturies.88 AMPHORA (FIG.17.7,4-8) 36. PINK-BODIED The obvious characteristicof this amphora is its soft,pale pink(5 YR 8/4-7.5 unique fabric:extremely YR 8/3), tendingto be paler on the surfaces(7.5 YR 8/2-10 YR 8/3); handles and other thicksections oftenhave greycore (2.5 Y 8/1);micaceouswithsmall schistinclusions;frequently manynoticablespecksof grog (as K247 d/io), occasionallyis grog absent (as P284 Β/130,Τ445 c/i). Otherexamplesin the region have been foundat Spartaand at AgiosStephanosin the Helos plain, and furtherafield at Xanthos in Lykia.89 These amphorae are probably They were produced in two Constantinopolitan.90 sizesofsimilarshape: a. (FIG.17.7,4-6) Narrow-mouthed (as K245/5a)with vertical,broad (c.o.048-0.060) straphandle attached to neckat small(0.031-0.041),protruding, horizontally plain verticalrim;wide-bellied(as K245/24;c.o.300) and flat-bottomed (as P284 B/129 + 30; D. 0.130-0.150).Some mayhave appliedhorizontalband decoratedwithincisedwavyline (as P284/13).Two

forthcoming), figs.36, 69-70. Xanthos: fromexcavationsin thebasilicaon theuppercity(publication forthcoming). 90The fabric of 36, macroscopically at least, appears relatedto the fabricof Glazed WhiteWare II, describedin detail by Hayes, Saraçhane,19, as a deteriorationof the earlier'white'fabricused in thesewares. The same fabric fromsome impressedwhitewaresfound has been identified in the excavations of the theatre in the city of Sparta: 'FromConstantinople. . .' (n. 3), nos. 16 and 18. Armstrong A combination of factors- the distinctivefabric shared withglazed whitewares,the paucityof theseamphoraein the surveyarea and at Xanthos, and the large quantities found at Agios Stephanos (20 per cent of the medieval material);see Sanders 268 and n. 35; Sanders and Sanders (n. 89)- leads to the conclusionthat theywere imported intoLaconia via AgiosStephanos.

Byzantineand Ottomanpottery135 handles (B300/4, 54) have incised vertical lines like38-9. separatedbyobliquediagonalstrokes, LS 10951/9,12; H33/1;H40/10;Q179/1,14-16, 18; K245/5a,14,24; K247d/^; p2ß4/i3,B/58,129+ 130, 131,c/18, H/21; M346/16; B300/4, 54; J369 B/24; AP/50-1,AQ/34. U490AM/41, b. (FIG. 17.7, y-8) Similar shape, though smaller handlestendto be ovoidratherthanflat,withsmaller dimensions(D. neckc.0.030;D. base 0.062-0.080; W. ofhandles0.025-0.035). H33/5; Fi46/3; K245/3, 25, 3°; K247 c/69> e/i; G254/2; P284 B/56, 114,F/47; M334/6;J369 B/16, c/20; T445 c/i; U490 w/6, ac/8, BF/14;U500 A1/3, Bi/12,B2/43. nth cent.,thoughpossiblylater.91 37. SMALL INCISED AMPHORA (FIG. 17.7, 9- 11)

The distinctive fabricofthisamphoracreatesa small vessel with an extremelyhard, thin (0.003-0.004) body wall. The fabric is metallic hard, fine (no visibleinclusions),and eitherdeep red (2.5 YR 6/8) or black (5 YR 4/1). The outersurfacehas frequently firedgreyor dull black.A notabledecorativefeature is an incised wavy line around the shoulder (as N191/74,K247 c/70). It had a verticalstraphandle (W. 0.027-0.032) springing horizontally from a narrow neck with a small vertical lip and a flat base.92 N191/74;K247 c/3, 70, B300/8; S466 B/60; U490 w/16,AB/21,AF/77,AH/14,47) 49? 5^, AM/39,χ62, 211,217,an/i6, AP/81,104, 112,122-3,AO/7>23, 35? 68-9, 76, 84, 103,105,109, in, 119,132,139-40,177, AR/16,19,Au/26,Av/52,AW/38,52, AX/45,103,143, 162,AY/52,BB/34-5,56, BG/13. 12thcent.93 WITHINCISEDHANDLES(FIGS. 17.7, 38. AMPHORA 72-/7;Ι7·8»!~3' plate 4 c) identified 38 and 39 are similarly bytheidiosyncratic incisionson theirhandles;togethertheymakeup one of the most commonlyattestedmedieval amphora within the survey area. The two types are fromeach otherby fabricand by size: distinguished 38 tendsto be smallerthan 39. The fabricof 38 is hard,mediumcoarse, orange red (2.5 YR 6/8-5 YR

91EvidencefromAgios Stephanossuggestsan early 14thcent. Date: Sanders and Sanders (n. 89), while an unpublishedexample fromCorinthhas been foundin an early i2th-cent. context: Sanders 281 and n. 43. Our proposednth-cent,date is based on Hayes's chronological distinctions relatedto thefabrics:Hayes,Saraçhane, 19. 9237 sharesa commonfabricwith22.

7/8). Micaceous; many small red, white,grey,and purpleinclusions;occasionallargegreyinclusionsand grog. Overall appearance of surfacesis strikingly orange.The handles are incisedeitherwithvertical parallellines(as K247D/42),varyingfromtwoto five in number,or a combination of these and short diagonal incisionsbetweenthe verticalones (as P284 A/28).94The upper part of the handles is joined horizontally to a narrow-mouthed neck (D. 0.058-0.063); the widthof the handle (0.053-0.065) frequently equals the diameterof the neck.The rim projectsslightly(as K247 D/42), if at all, above the junctionof the neck and handle. Lower neck/upper decoratedwithhorizontally shoulderare frequently incised grooves (as F146/22, U500 B2/69). The shouldermay be decoratedwitha shallowlyincised, horizontal, wavylineabove a seriesofparallelgrooves (as Qj 80/38).The bodyis broad(c.0.240)and thebase flat(D. 0.117-0.140). LS 10066/1; LS 10328/1; ls 10623/1; LS Io878/4~5> 8; ls 10979/1-2;ls 10987/1;ls 10992/1;H29 A/4; F146/4,10-12,18, H40/5,a/i, 4; E75/1,3; F139/11-12; 22, 26; G162/4-5; Q180/19, 25, 32, 38, 45, 55, 89; G182 A/5; ni89/i6; N190/11-12,23; N195/7-8, 10; K237/8;K247 A/12,B/5, 11,53, c/15, 17,20, 22, 49, 51, D/6, 42, E/40; K253/5-7,20; G254/10;K257/12; K258/22; P284/14,15, A/28, B/44, 67, c/14, 35-6, f/io, 51; R290/5,15; B300/2-3,6-7, 31-2,48, 50, 55, 57, 60, 67; M334/7; M344/15,17-18, 23; M346/18; J367/16,19;J369Β/27;Τ445 A/36,55-6, 76, B/5,10, c/4, 6, 13; S451/2; S475 B/5, c/12, 18; T482 B/31; U483/7,29, 31; U488/16; U490 R/9, s/3, τ/3, v/5, w/8, x/25,Y/2,6, 8, ζ/9, aa/8, 27,AB/14,17-18,31, 34, 36, 54, 59, 65, ac/i, 36-7, 51-2, 64, AE/7,AF/40, 42, 78, AG/6,13, 33, 64-7, 74, 77, 79, 85, 87-8, 91, 102-3,io8> 112,122,127,131,133,137,141,148,150-1, 154,158-9,161,AH/16,39-40, 42, 44, 47,49-50, 57-8, AI/4,9-10, 15,18,AK/19,22, 27, 29-30, 32-4, 37, 39, al/6-8, 10-14,32, 49, 55-60, 66-7, 70, 72, 77,80, 85, 87-9>95>97>99-!θο5AM/35,l8o> l88> 192,AN/33,4> 67,AP/4,6, 10,12-16,48, 56-7, 65, 71-3,75,77-9,86, 89-90, 97, 105, 110-11,114, 124-5, I3°~2, 134, 170, aq/6, 8-9, 16-17, 73-5, 96, 105-6, 112, 116, 131, AR/18,23, 53, 60, 72,as/io, 16,30, 53, AU/19-20,39, 42, 46, AV/24,37,40, 59, 65, 69, 73,87, 90, 97,aw/13, 25>27,31,33, 35, 39, 42, 46-7, AX/26,28, 30-1, 34-6,

93The date is suggestedbecauseoftherelationship between 37 and 22. 94See Armstrong of 1989Ä,185-8, forinitialidentification 38 and 39; see Sanders and Vassi for subsequent finds. forthe Sanders268-9 proposesa chronologicalsignificance different incisedschema.

136 Chapter17 38-42, 90, 114,127-8, 131,137,140, 147-8, 150, 154, 160-1,166, 170,173-4,186, 194,198,200, ΑΥ/ΐ,az/2, 9, 14,ΒΑ/24-6,37, 45, 48, 59, 70, BB/4-8,10-12,26, 32, 36, 40-1, 43, 45-6, 48, 50-2, 57, 59-60, 70, BC/19, 22, 26, 33-4, 77,96, in, be/8, 10-12,14, 16,bf/8,11, 24, 33-4, 45, 47, 65-6, 77, 86-7, 90, 96, 101-2,BG/8, 10, 15,17,21-2,BH/4,6, 8, 10, 13,BK/5,7-9, BL/1-2, 4-5, 8, 10-11,15,BM/2;U500Ai/50,B2/50,53, 55, 69; U501/5-6;U502/1;U505 a/6, 12, 16-18,B/2-3, 6~7> 11-12;U506/33;U532/1,4. Late nth to 12thcenturies.95 WITHINCISEDHANDLESANDRAISED 39. AMPHORA BAND(FIGS.17.8,4-16; 17.9,1-2) Similarto 38 in form,39 has a distinctly different fabric.It is also foundin a largerversion,39 b, which probablyhad threehandles.96The fabricis medium hard,fine,orange-redto reddish-yellow (5 YR 6/4-5 YR 7/8); micaceous; mediumlime inclusions;many redspecks. a. (fig. 17.8,4-16) This has variedrimforms;all are unsophisticatedand roughlyformed.The rim may curvein (as U490 AG/20,P284 C/10),maybe straight and sloping(as P284c/n) or be slightly out-turned (as U500 B2/11),while the edges are alwaysplain. The neckis narrow(D. 0.045-0.055);fromit springbroad (0.055-0.065),flatstraphandlesincisedwitha series (fromthreeto five)of simpleverticallines (as P284 c/11, U490 AG/20)or the same separated by short oblique incisions (as P284 c/10, U500 B2/11). A fragmentof one handle (U490 AF/6)has a unique decoration of an incised wavy line between two straightones. Neck and shoulder junctions are frequentlymarkedby deep horizontalincisions(as P284 G/31),and several examples have an incised horizontalwavyband (as N191/79)in thesame region. At thelowershoulderand/or bellythereis an applied horizontalband decoratedwithan incisedwavyline (as K244/24).One sherd(P284 F/32)preservesboth the incisedappliedband and the stumpof an incised handle.Bases (D. 0.077-0.082)are invariablyflat(as Qi80/98,K247A/11,21,S466A/9). LS 10066/2-3; LS IO336/2; LS 10849/4-5; LS IO925/8,12-13;LS IO927/1;LS IO95O/1-2,6, 15-18, 21, 23-4; LS IO951/3,5-6, 17,19-20,25; LS IOI166/1, 6; H29a/8; H40/6;F146/16-17, 19,21,27-8; 0,180/42, 47»49» 53»68» 86» 93»98» Glß2 B/1-3;ni89/4, 10, 13,

95Followingthe coin evidenceprovidedby Vassi 293. Sanders to13th centuries. late12th 269,nos.35-6,38,suggests 96Vassi288,fig.1,and Sanders271,fig.8, illustrate the three-handled callsit a small 'amphora'(Sanderscorrectly Noneofthesurvey findsdistinguished between the pithos).

22-3; N190/9,14-16, 26; N191/79;N195/4-5,9, 25; K244/5,24, 25-7, 29-30, 32; K245/ioa, 28, 34; K247 A/11,21,C/16,21,45-6, 48, 55-6, 65, 71,81,87,D/23, 32, E/29;K253/18-19,21; K257/3-4,6; P284A/35,37» 44, 47-8, 55, 57-8, 60, 80, 124,B/16,37, 50, 55, 61, 64-6, 68, 73, 84, 88, 109, 125,c/10, 11,14,15, 16,32, 34, 43, 45-6, 48, 50, D/71,E/20, 25, F/6, 31, 32, 43, 50, G/31,H/29; R290/4,8, 10-13,16-17,19; B300/1, 34-6, 59, 68-9; J317/2,63; M328/32;M332/10-11, 13; M344/9,19,24; M346/5,7, 9-15; M349/182;Q358/i3; J367/16;J369a/i, B/7, 12, 19-21,29-30, 33, 36, 38, 40, 44-5, 47-8, C/n, 27; R426A/16-18,20-1; S441/4, 7, 9; T445 a/io, 31, 58, 66, 68-9, 81-2, 85-7, 90, 98, 102,107,no, B/33-4,47-8, 50, 56-7, C/2,10;S450/11; S451/3;S466 A/7,9, 11-12,39-41; S475 A/25,b/i6» c/9; T482 B/24;U490 s/4, τ/2, ν/2, w/9, 11,15, 18, x/ii, 19-20, 23, 29, z/16, AA/3,6, 17-19,21, 23-6, 28-9, 31,AB/15,18,33, 38, 41,43-5, 47,49-50, 52, 55, 57, 60, 63, 66, AC/12,33-4, 39, 49, 55, AF/3,6, 10, 26-8, 33, 36-8, 41, 48, 50-1, 54, 58, 60, 67, 70, 86-7, AG/5,18, 20, 37-8, 42, 50, 52, 62, 80-1, 86, 89-90, 94-7, 99-100, 104, no, 115-17,119, 121,123-6, 132, i36> 139»l63»AH/17,34»38> 43»45»48> 52, 63, AK/9, 13, AL/40,53, 64, 71, 82, 84, 90, 93-4, AM/49,l67» 170, 172, 175-7,l86» i9°» X97»200, 203-4, 207, 210, 212-13, 215-16, 225, AN/4,8» l8> 36~7» 39» 41» 47» 51-2, A0/4, aq/io, 14-15,78, 81, 87, 90-1, 95, 97, 99-101, 104, 114, 117-18, 121-2, 126-8, 134, 141, AR/24,47, 59, 67, 70, 74-5, 79-83, 88, 90-1, 94, AS/5, 34~5?37»52, 55»Au/6>l8> 29, 32, 35, 37,50, AV/7,29, 49-51, 34-6, 44, 49, 56, 66, 82-4, 86, 91-3,98, AW/40, 57,AX/83,105,108,in, 117-18,121,123,134,136,138, 141,149, 156-8, 169, 189, 192, 197,201,az/i, BA/23, 32-3»35»38»40-1»δ0"1»53-5»57»64~5» 69» 75~6»8o» BB/9,28-9, 37, 58, BC/13,28, 31,38, 40-1, 65, 74, 76, 79-80, 82, 87-9, 97, 109,120,123,164,BF/9,53, 57-9, 6l, 76, 80, 89, 94, 98, 103,BG/16,18, BJ/4,BL/2,16, bm/i;U500A1/2,13,45, 48, 60, A2/6,8, 10, 12,A3/5, 8, 10-14,A4/13,Bi/ii, 41,43, 45-8, 52, 55, B2/2,8-9, 11, 12-13,17,36, 44-5, 47-9, 51-2, 54, 56, 58, 61-3, 66-8, 76, 78, 80, 82, B4/2,13-14,18-20; U511C3/12; 0522/1-3,5. versionof a. b. (FIG.17.9,1-2) Large, three-handled b, many Althoughonlytwosherdsappearto represent of thoselistedundera probablybelongin thisgroup. b froma, The size and formof the rimdistinguish since they share the same distinctivefabric and

theillustrations two-andthree-handled types. Consequently of U490 BA/20and ah/15 (FIG. 9) are reconstructed than sincetheyareobviously threehandles, larger proposing basefragments, andpossibly 39a. Manyofthebodysherds, to39a probably belongto39b. assigned

Byzantineand Ottomanpottery137 handles.The rimvariesfrom0.085 (as U49° AH/I5)to 0.171(as U490BA/20),has a flattened edge,and curves inwardsto forma ledge whichprobablysupporteda cover. Both the simple and more complex incised decorationsappearon thehandles. U490AH/15,BA/20. Late nth to mid-12thcenturies.97 (FIG.17.IO,1-g) 40. AMPHORA This is a large amphora.Its fabricis hard,medium coarse, reddish-brownto grey(2.5 YR 6/8-2.5 YR 4/N4). Frequentlyunevenlyfired.Micaceous with small to medium lime and black, angular grit inclusions.It has an unusualsurfacetexturelike fine sandpaper. Rims tend to be verticalwith rounded edges (as P284 a/ 2) or slightlyout-turned(as U490 AW/9).Broad (0.061-0.065),flatstraphandlesspring fromstraight verticalnecks(as K247B/18, horizontally whosewidthvariesfrom0.100to 0.130.Bases J317/68) (D. c.o.i10)are flatwithoutwardslopingwalls(as T445 B/18,31)or flatwithverticalwalls(as U506/42). LS 10066/4;LS 10849/2;LS 10871/1,4; LS 10878/1; LS IO925/11;LS 10950/9,22; LS IO951/16,18; HI1/5; H20/1; H21/1;H40/2-4; J44/4;D92/6; F146/13-14, 29-30; G162/6-7;Q180/36,66, 81; G182a/io; ni89/i, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14-15, 21, 24; N190/25;N191/10,33; N195/11-12,20, 24, 26-7; K204 a/io-ii; K245/29; K247 A/29, β/Σ7?l8. c/i, 19, 76; K253/12,14, 16; G254/7-8;K258/16;P284/10,A/2,52, 61, 71, 73, 79, 95, B/75,F/42; R290/9, 14, 20-1, 23-5; B300/64-6; 21, 68, 80; M328/2;0358/14^369 B/17-18, J317/15, 3Í-2, 35. 37. 39. 4^3. 45~6. c/l9; L402/2;K403/7,13; R426 A/15,23, 25; S441/10;T445 A/17,28, 48, 61, 63-4, 67, 72-5, 79, 89, 91-5, 99, 103-6,B/2-4,9, 11, 18, 20-1, 24-5, 27, 29, 31, 35-7, 39, 44-6, 52-3, 55, 61^3, c/5, 8-9; S466 a/io, 42, 46-7, 50-2, 58, 63, 65; S475 A/3,23, B/i, 12, 15, C/16; T484/2; T485/9, 10; U49OQ/2, R/8, 15,T/l, U/3,V/4,W/3,5, 12,X/14, 15, 18, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, Y/5,7, io-ii, z/i, 6-8, 10, Γ2,30, AA/30,32, 34, AB/32,35, 48, 62, AC/42,45-6, 50, 54, 56-8, 60, 62-3, AD/14-15,AE/l-2,5, AF/22, 29-32, 35. 39. 45. 52-3. 62, 64, 66, 69, 71-4, 83-5, AG/4,7, 29, 34, 40, 54, 59, 72, 76, 78, 82-4, 92, 98, 106, 109, in, 128-30, 134-5, J38. Η0» Η2, 144-7. Î52-3. 155-7. rôo, 162, ah/20, 33, 35-7, 55, 57, 59, Αϊ/11,14,AK/24-6,40-2, 44-5, AL/9,35, 38, 45, 52, 54, 61,63, 73,91,96, 98, AM/16,24-5,37,43, 134,136, 159-61,164-5,168-9, 173,179,181-2,184-5,l87. l89. 191,195-6,198,201-2,205-6, 208-9, 217,219,220-2,

97Vassi293. 98See I. Stereva,'Contributionà l'étude de la céramique en Bulgarie(Xle-XIIe s.)',Archaeologia, médiévale 1977(3),fig.1a.

224, 228, AN/38,42-6, 48-50, 53-4, A0/5,AP/5,25, 30, 34-6, 69-70, 74, 76, 80, 82-5, 87-8, 91-5, 99-102, 106, 108-9, n3. 126-7,133,AQ/22,29-31,51, 53, 59, 68, 77, 79-80, 82-6, 88-9, 92-4, 102-3, 107-10,113, 115, 119-20, 123-5, 129-30, 132-3, 135-6, 138, 143, AR/33,36, 43, 46, 48-9, 54-7, 61-3, 65-6, 68-9, 71, 73, 76-8, 84-7, 92, AS/2-4,", 21, 25, 32-3, 36, 39, 41-4, 46-7, 50-1, 56-7, AT/4-6,AU/14,23-5, 27-8, 30-1, 34, 36, 38, 47-9, 51, 54, 57, 59, AV/9-11,14,30, 32-3. 39. 43. 45-7. 5°-!. 53-5. 57-8, 60-1, 63-4, 67, 70-2, 74-7,88-9, 94, 96, AW/2, 9, 14,22, 26, 28, 36-7, 53-4, 56, AX/43,50, 53, 56, 72, 86, 115-16,119-20, 122,124-6, 129-30,1323,135,139, 142, 144-6, 151-3, J55. !59. 163-8, 176, 180, 183, 185, 191, 193, 195, 203-4, 206, AZ/12-13,15, BA/18,21-2, 27-8, 31, 34, 36. 39. 43-4. 49. 52, 56. 58. 6o~3. 66. 72-4. BB/38~9. 42, 44, 49, 54, 62, 65, BC/12,21, 24, 39, 42-3, 66-8, 70-3. 75. 81, 83-6, 91-4, 98-103, 105,108,no, 112-13, 115,BE/3,J3.BF/l9.32, 36~42, 44, 46, 48-50, 54-5, 60, 62, 64, 67-9, 71-2,74, 79, 81-5, 88, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99-100, BG/7,12, 14, 19-20, BH/3,5, 9, 11,bj/i, 3, bk/6, 10, BL/9,13-14; U500 Ai/49, 51-2, A2/11,16, A3/9, 15, 22, A4/4, 8, Bi/19, 44, 50, 54, 57-8, 61, B2/16, 19, 22, 28, 32, 34, 37, 46, 57, 59, 73-4, 81, 89-90, B4/17,22; U501/3;U506/21-2,42; U511A4/14, ci/12, C3/15;U516A/54;U517/9;G522/4;U532/8,14, 16-17. Late nth to early12thcenturies.98 41. INCISEDAMPHORA (FIG.17.IO,IO-Il) Large amphora (average wall Th. 0.010; 0.014 at shoulder)decoratedwithrandomwavyline whichis not confinedto anyparticularbody zone. The fabric tendsto be hard,coarse,and lightbrown(10 YR 6/4). It is temperedwithcrushedschist.The outersurface is usuallywet-smoothed, creatinga darkerskinwhich can take on a burnishedappearance (as K247 c/58. U490 AQ/150).No rims are preserved,but vertical straphandles(c.0.085) sprmgfroma tall neck. Bases (D. 0.110-0.210) are always flat.This is posssiblya local versionof42." H21/2-4;H29 B/5, 10; G162/3;J232/8;K237/3,17; K247 A/8,C/19,58, E/14-15,G/21;K253/3,K258/9; P284 B/15, F/26, G/17; R290/6, 38; B300/14, 72; J317/15;M321/4;M344/1,12-13,16; M346/1-3;J369 B/5,15,c/14; K403/4-6;R426a/i; T445/l5.a/i3. i6. 19-22,24, 41, B/14-17,54, 60; S450/6,16; S466 a/i, 21, 26, 31, 53; S475 C/3, 5; U483/12; U49O H/l, L/4, R/l-2, V/l, W/l, AA/4, 7, AB/7, 13, 19-2Ο, 22, AC/9,

99The shape is like Piérart and Thalmann, pl. 7. Β iy, flat. thoughLaconianbases are invariably

138 Chapter17 10-11, 13-14,ad/io, AE/4,6, AF/7,15, 19, 21, 24-5, 88, AG/9,16-17,19, 24-6, 28, 39, 41, 143,AH/3,"» 18-19,Ai/5-6,AK/3-4,7-8; AL/3,18, 23, 25, 28-30, 34, 36, AM/15,l&5> 219, 228, AN/20-2,AP/18,23, 26-7, 32, 37, 42, 64, 66, 68, AQ/20-1,25, 28, 38-9, 42-4, 48, 54-5, 57-8, 60, 150,AR/21,25, 27, 30-2, 50, AS/7-9,12-14»Au/9>11-13»*5>Av/l>11-13»17»Aw/5> 17-18,21,AX/21,44, 46, 48-9, 52, 54, 57,59-62, 64-7, 69, 71,74-5, 77, AZ/3-4,7-8, BA/7,12-13,15-16,19, BB/15,18-19,21-3,43, BC/11,13,18,27,30, BE/2,4-5,

BF/5, 15-16, 18, 20, 22, 26-7, BG/6, 9, BH/l, BK/3, BL/6-7; U5OO Bl/16, B2/18, 20-1, 87, B3/3; U5O5 A/1-2.

MiddleByzantine.100

42. AMPHORA(FIG. 17.IO, 12)

and incisedwavy This amphorahas similarproportions linedecorationto 41, butis distinguished byitscreamy whitefabric.It is mediumhard,mediumcoarse,cream to pale/lightbrown (7.5 YR 6/2). Vesicular,it has occasionalsmallangulargreygritsand grog.It is wetsmoothedout,creatingsurfacepaler thanbiscuit.No featuresherdsare preserved.U490 AA/22,AF/44,47, ap/i15-16,120,128,and AX/63indicatethattheupper whichformedbroad bodyhas extensive wheel-ridging grooves;its base (D. c.0.118)was flat,and the one example-U490AV/25" nas mreehorizontal surviving grooveson thelowerbody.Furtherexamplesare found at Argosand Thebes.101 K253/23; M334/2; S441/5; U490 Q/2, T/5, W/7, AA/22,AB/25,39, AC/48,AF/43,44, 47, 75, AG/101, AK/lO,35, AL/2,52, AP/20,49, II5-16, II9-2O, 128, AU/2,AV/25, AX/63,163,184-5,BF/23;U500B2/79. MiddleByzantine.102

43. AMPHORA(FIG. 17.IO, 13)

A small,fine-walledamphorawithextensivewheelridging(as P284F/34,G/22)on outersurfacesand flat base (D. 0.078). Medium hard, fine-textured fabric, orangered to lightbrown(5 YR 6/6). Micaceouswith occasionalsmalllimeinclusions. K244/18;K247 B/26; K253/17;P284 A/7,29, F/28, 34, G/22; B300/53;J317/11,13; M321/3;M332/7-8; R426 A/29, 31; U49° AC/38, AF/46,55-7, AN/63; U501/1. MiddleByzantine.103 44. GLAZEDAMPHORA(FIG. 17.IO, 14-lfj

- glaze This is a loose groupingof similarlytreated directlyonto clay- closed storagevessels.Glaze on the inner surface indicates that these amphorae were forstoringliquids. Only one rim (D. 0.116) is preserved(B106/2),flat-toppedand out-turnedwith a shallow ridge on the upper neck; however, comparisonof the dimensionsof the shoulderof this piece (0.220) with K247 A/46 (0.114) suggestsother rim formsexisted. Bases are flat (D. 0.078-0. 116); the body wall of ni89/29 is almost vertical,while the oblique angle of U483/28 indicates a rounded body. H20/2-4;J44/15-17;H51/15,17, 19-20, 26, 29, 57; B106/2,3; G156A/2,B/7,15-18,23, 25, C/32-4,56; Q179/4;G182A/6; ni89/25,29; J212/8;K247/10,29, A/14,31*33>46» 51*54> 68, B/20,24, 30-1, c/60, 82, D/20,26, 29, E/32,35; P284A/12,36, 38, 41-2, 45-6, 53> 56> 59. 8l> B/2, 63, C/39, G/26, 28-9, H/26; J317/33;M349/179; N418/12, 26, 37; S466 A/70; U483/14,28, 40, 48; U490AL/46. MiddleByzantineto Late Ottoman.104

PITHOI (45-51)

Medieval pithoitend to be smallerthan classical ones. The wide range of rimformsand on site,whereas fabricsassociatedwithByzantinepithoi(45-8) pointsto theirmanufacture thelimitedrangeof fabricsand formsof post-Byzantine pithoi(49-50) suggestsone or two are Glazed centres rare; when theydo occur their Byzantinepithoi only. production in on neck an exterior with distinctive place of a rim,probablyindicatesa flange shape, and In Ottoman the function. unglazedpithoiseem to appear in period glazed particular Pithoiof both is to the confined and the interior, probablyfunctional. glaze, equal quantity, onto the have clay. glaze applieddirectly periods

100It seemsto be a local versionof42; no closerchronology is possibleat present. 101Argos: Piérartand Thalmann,pl. 8. Β 17,thoughnote base. Thebes: Armstrong different 1993,334,nos. 14-26. 102At Argosit is attestedfromthe 10thto 13thcenturies: Piérartand Thalmann469.

103Piérartand Thalmann,pl. 7, Β 23, givessome idea ofthe completeform. 104No attempthas been made to separate the chronolothistype,as insufficient gicallymixedsherdswhichrepresent numbers of diagnostic pieces survive to permit proper classification.

Byzantineand Ottomanpottery139 Medievalpithoiare notwellpublished;it is difficult to findparallels,and impossibleto find dated Dates here are either securely parallels.105 assigned Byzantineor Ottoman,and are based on associated potteryfromthe sites on which the pithoi were found; no further is possibleat present,and even theseclassesmustbe regardedas chronologicalrefinement provisional. 45. UNGLAZEDPITHOS (FIG. 17.II, 1-5) This type includes several forms and various fabrics. Fabrics may be fine and well levigated (as P284 G/2, U490/1) or extremelycoarse and tempered with small pebbles (as T445 A/4). Rims are varied (D. 0.134-0.217); theymay be out-turned(as P284 G/2) witha plain edge, thickenedand bulbous (as T445 A/4),or flat-toppedwith a small externalprojection(as U490 o/i). Some have an internalledge (as P284 G/2) to supporta cover,but the narrower majoritydo not. The rim may be significantly than the body (as T445 A/4, U490 o/i), while in others the maximum circumference of the body cannot be much largerthan thatof the rim (as P284 G/2). P284 G/2 has an externalstamped decoration below the rim of a horizontalband of arrows. Otherwise decoration is not common. Bases (D. 0.132-0.220) are invariablyflat. P284 a/ii, G/2; T445 A/4; U490 N/3, 0/1, z/11, AL/86, AR/64,bg/ii. Middle to Late Byzantine.106 46. GLAZEDPITHOS These pithoi come in a range of fabrics: from extremelyfine (as K247 c/32) to coarse and gritty(as K247 E/20). Glaze thickand either mottledyellow or olive-green is applied internally only. No rims are preserved;bases (D. 0.159-0. 174) are flat. H51/4; K237/5; K247 C/32, E/20. Byzantine. 47. PITHOS (FIG. 17.11, 6-10) Bulbous, out-turned rim (D. 0.268-0.322), generally flat-toppedwith either rounded edges (as U490 BE/i, BG/4)or angular (as U490 s/2, AV/5).The thickestpart of the rimsof U490 BE/i and U490 x/5 are pierced with a series of holes, either to promote even firing or perhaps to allow a cover to be fastened.U490 x/5 has a furthersingle hole which completely penetrates the rim. U490 S/2 is decorated with a combed (five-toothed comb) wavy band around the rim. U490 s/2, x/5, AV/5,be/i, BG/4. Byzantine.

105One notableexceptionis thearticlebyA. L. Jakobsonon pithos production, 'Srednevekovjie pifosi Severnogo Pricernomorja', Sovietskaya arkheolojiya, 1966,189-20.

48. UNGLAZEDPITHOS (FIG. 17.12,I -4)

Coarse fabric, deliberately tempered with grits. Bulbous, out-turned rim (D. 0.191-0.261) with roundededges; exteriorsurfaceridged,probablyall over.Ridgingvariesfromsharpand pinched(as K247 B/34)to broad and shallow(as K247 E/23).Flat base (D. 0.126-0.167). LS 10950/19;G156A/3;G162/9;k^/^j A/23>35> 41, 136, B/32-5, D/38, E/4, 23, 25; J317/3,10; J367 A/3; S475 A/5; T482 B/38; U483/32, 35, 50, 53; T484/5-6, 8-9; T485/7; U500 A3/2; T510/10;U511 A4/30-1. Byzantine. 49. PITHOS(FIG.17.12,5-7) Glazed versionof 48. Same formand measurements. The onlydifference is the thick,internalgreenglaze whichdoes notextendoverthetopoftherim. K247 A/20, C/2; U483/9. Ottoman.

50. GLAZEDPITHOS (FIGS. 17.12,8-9; 17.13,1-4)

Internal glaze, thick and normally olive-green speckledwithbrown,one example yellowK247 E^2 stopping at rim. Broad (0.0450-0.050), almost horizontal, out-turnedrim (D. 0.181-0.228) with flattenededge; flatbase (D. 0.130-0.140). Maximum circumference of body probablymuch greaterthan rim. External decoration of regularly spaced, horizontalappliedbandsofclay(as K247A/22,24, 37, in addition(as K247 42), somewithfingerimpressions D/33,E/2,39). H20/5;E57/3;J68/10;G182a/8; J232/6-7;K247/6, 9, A/22,24-7, 32, 34, 37-8, 40, 42-3, 57, B/4,53, 68, c/40, D/2, 24, 33-4, E/2, 6, 21, 26-7, 39, 44, 45; K258/1-2, 19; P284 f/ii; J317/26,62; M322 B/15; M332/6,19; Q358/3, 18; T445 B/28, 30; S475 c/19; T482 A/20, 31, B/12, 41; U483/13, 49, 51-2, 54; T484/7;U490 AZ/16;U511A3/3,11,A4/19-20,Bi/26, B2/14.

Ottoman.

106PossiblyMiddle Byzantinebecause of its presence on P284.

140 Chapter1 7 51. PITHOS COVERS(FIG. 17.13,5^9) These have one flat surface and one decorated surface. Decoration may be impressed (as P284 B/117, G/35) or combed (as B106/1, K247 B/25, E/47). Where edges are preserved (K247 B/25, E/47), tnev show the complete form to have been round. B106/1 preserves OTHER

STORAGE

fabricsand thestumpofa handle.Their idiosyncratic decorationssuggesttheyweremade whenneededat a local level.

LS 10902/1; B106/1; K247 B/25, E/47; P2Ö4 B/117, G/35; U483/55-6. Ottoman.107

(52)

52. CONTAINER(FIG. 17.13,IO-lj)

Smaller than pithoi and semi-open, ratherlike a bucket,thesestoragevesselsmay possiblyhave been for dry stores. Bakirtzis suggests that they held A numberof sherdsclassed as specificmeasures.108 shouldbe includedas 52 but sherds amphorabody have not been identified.K247 E/5 has an external ledge below the rim (D. 0.146) which would have

assisted lifting.U490 al/i (D. 0.317) has a folded-over rim and a surprisinglythin body wall (0.006) for such a large vessel. It shares with U490 AX/12 (D. 0.282) an incised wavy line around the flat-topped rim, though that of U490 AX/12 is bounded by two straightlines. K247 Ε/5; Τ445 B/71; U490 al/i; ax/ 12. Middle Byzantine.109

and studyoftheamphoraefromtheSurvey resultfromtheclassification The mostimportant ofthe Spartanproductionof38 and 39, and oftheirrelationship has been theidentification to 36· The connectionof36 with38-9 is based on thesherds6300/4,6300/54,and P284/13, themas the pink-bodiedamphora36 but whose inciseddecoration whose fabricidentifies one portof in or them 36 was importedintoLaconia in theeleventhcentury, 38 39. places incised had the distinctive these and some of amphorae entrybeing Agios Stephanos, decorationon thehandlesand applieddecoratedbands aroundthe shoulder.These features was maypossiblyhavebeen relatedto thecontents;it is notpossibleto tell.A local imitation in and twelfth in the late eleventh centres at least two at centuries, Sparta beingproduced herebythetwofabricswhichrepresent identified 38 and 39. in use the thirteenth went out of century, replacedbywoodenbarrels.It Amphoraemostly the from thatthe onlypost-Byzantine is significant Survey,44, is glazed. It must amphora havehad someuse forwhicha woodencontainerwouldnothavebeen suitable. A Note

on the Medieval

Roof-tiles

Byzantinetilesare made froma reasonablyfineclay temperedwithmanyangulargritsand longerthan the quartzinclusions.The curvatureis slight;one of the shortedges is slightly The edgeshavebeen trimmed other.The concavesurfaceis rough,theconvexwet-smoothed. witha knife.The coverand undertilesare the same, one simplybeing inverted.They are decoratedwithparallelfinger-grooves. frequently tiles.The fabricis coarse,mixedwith coverand supporting Ottomantileshave distinctive smallpebbles,gritsand quartz,and speckledwithgrog.The covertileis curved;theconcave surfaceis rough,the convex smoothand wet-smoothed.The supportingtile is flatand withupturned, rectangular edges. rectangular

107C. Bakirtzis,'Didymoteichon:un centrede céramique post-byzantine',Balkan Studies,21 (1980), 148, fig. 13, a similarpithoscover. illustrates

108Bakirtzis122-5. 109The incised wavy line suggests a Byzantine date, probablyMiddleByzantine.

18 THE CHIPPED AND GROUND STONE TristanCarterand Mark Tdo

THE CHIPPED STONE* DURINGthe COURSEoftheLaconia Surveysome 1,638piecesofchippedstonewerecollected from179locations(mostofwhichwerejudged notto be habitationsites).Fromtheoutsetit is one-third (520pieces)wererecoveredfroma single necessaryto emphasizethatapproximately The at twelve other locations were morethantwenty while site,E48(8o), piecescollected.2 only and context of it is the content of quantityshouldnot,however,be over-emphasized; criterion are consideration. that of primary assemblages or The vastmajorityof the Survey'schippedstoneis of a black,occasionallygrey-banded translucent obsidian.This volcanicglassis presumedto originateon Melos,thenearestsource of this raw material; this is supported by evidence fromanalyses of other mainland wereproducedfroma varietyof siliceousrocks,4the The remainingartefacts assemblages.3 as unknown. of which are, yet, preciseorigins sectionsare intendedto demonstrate how a systematic The following analysisofintra-and in their once attributes, inter-assemblage placed chronological,cultural,and geographical can shed the economic, technological,and social activitiesof the context, lightupon of communities east-central Laconia. prehistoric METHODOLOGY

All piecesofflakedand groundstonerecognizedin thefieldwerecollectedtogetherby area withcallipers(0.05 cm and/orsite.Each itemwas measured(lengthX widthX thickness) in A and studied both natural and artificial small hand lens (10-15-20X light. precision) note finer detail and was to of retouch magnification) employed possible'use-wear', though thelimitations ofthelatteranalysiswillbe discussedbelow.5

1 Thanksare due to a numberofpeopleforadviceon both materialand text:Dr H. W. Catling,Mr R. W. V Catling,Dr A. Garrard,Professor N. P. Kardulias,Miss G. Nakou,Mr C. C. Perlés,and bothdirectors Orton,Dr J. Pelegrin,Professor of the Laconia Survey.Thanksalso to Mr A. B. Carterand Mr T. Parnell for help with illustrationand computing. Dimensionsare in centimetres unlessotherwise stated. 2 Bin (JV= 104),U489 (82), B116(70), R287 (69), E77, P284 (38), U487 (37), P26Q (33), R28q, ls ioq2^ (32), Uôi (28), R428 (20).

3 C. Renfrew, J. R. Cann, andj. E. Dixon,'Obsidianin the Aegean',BSA 60 (1965),225-47;T. W.Jacobsen,'Excavations in theFranchthi cave,1969-71:partΓ, Hesp.42 (1973),45-88.

4 Fromhere onwardsthe Frenchterm'silex' willbe used, to avoid the geological argumentsover the differences betweenflint,chert,and feuerstein, whichwould be out of place in this volume as no pétrographiestudyhas been undertaken. 5 Duringthe 1984to 1989seasons,MY was responsible for the cleaning and processing of all lithics. This was supplemented by a briefstudyby TC inJuly1991.Artefacts werephotographed in blackand whitebyRon Leenheerand a representativesample illustratedby MY. The textand conclusions are the work of TC, based on this original information.

142 Chapter 18 TYPOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, AND THE CHAINES OPÉRATOIRES

as Recent lithic studies have shiftedaway fromtraditionalstudies of tools sensustricto, chronologicaland culturalindices,and have embraced a far more holisticapproach to to humanbehaviour.It has been successfully chippedstonetechnologyand its relationship how thisapproachcan elucidatethe economicsof raw materialprocurement demonstrated and enable chippedstoneassemblagesto be comparedoverspace and time.6 and processing, Throughthe combinedqualitativeand quantitativedescriptionof each piece of chipped the specifictechnicalcontextand eventthathas first,to reconstruct stone,it is attempted, from a wider the material. Second, interpretative perspective,one may tryto produced theoverallconceptualschemethatis in operationand thepositionof each piece reconstruct withinit: fromraw materialprocurementvia tool productionto artefactuse- the chaîne in existenceat any one siteor Of coursethereneed not be a singlechaîne opératoire opératoire.1 time;indeed,at E48(8o),discussedbelow,we haveevidenceofsignificant partsof(at least)two in different reduction sequencesrunning parallel. subtly and graphically The presentation oftheLaconia Surveydata,bothdescriptively (ILL.18.1),is Perlés.8 Each lithic artefact as Catherine baseduponsuchan analytical framework, developedby of the various has been assignedto onlyone of ninecategories, componentparts representing indicated blank form with from nodule to raw material reduction of by (1-9), subtypes stages tabularcore).Withinthisscheme,any 'typologicaltool' (10-17) will smallletters(e.g. ibz made on a be definedaccordingto itsoriginalblankform,e.g.E80/9,an endscraper therefore below. in half stone's second of the is discussed the and blade, presentation chipped E77(n= 27)

E48(n= 514)

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III. 18.i. Histogramsshowingthedistribution class,for accordingto technological bypercentageofobsidianartefacts siteswitha samplegreaterthan15. flake;PRP.= preparation pieces; Key.CRS.= cores;PRM.= primaryflakes;SEC.= secondaryflakes;TER.= tertiary = unknown. = UNK. DEB. B.B.s= blade blanks;REJ.= rejuvenation debris; pieces;

6 FortheAegeansee in particular M. Séfériadès, Obsidiennes S. Dupré,R. Jullien, in H. Chevallier, Β. Detournay, taillées', J.-E exécutées à Mallia: and R. Treuil,Fouilles Olivier,M. Séfériadès, au sud-ouest dupalais(ig68) (ÉtudesCretoises, 20; Paris, sondages 1975)523~~32an(l J09-16; Torrence1979a;1979b;1986a,164-217; Perlés1981;1987;1989;1990a;1990b;1994;and H. A. Moundreathechippedstone:reduction Akrotiri, techniqueand Agrafioti, toolsof the LC I phase',in D. A. Hardy,C. Doumas, andj. iii.1 (London,1990), andtheAegean Sakellarakis World, (eds),Thera

seePerlés1992. 390-406.Fora broaderperspective 7 See J. Pelegrin, C. Karlin, and P. Bodu, '"Chaînes inJ. Tixier(ed.), un outilpour le préhistorien', opératoires": techniquesdu (Noteset monographies Technologie préhistonque CRA, 25; Paris, 1988), 55-62; M. Edmonds,'Description, Review and thechaîneopératoire', Archaeological understanding 9. ι (1990),55-70;M.-L. Inizan,Η. Roche,and fromCambridge, Stone ofKnapped (Meudon,1992),11-26. J.Tixier,Techno logy 8 Perlés1989; 1990a.

Chipped stone 143 Bill (n = 98)

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50 10426, 10429, 10436, 10455, IO458> 10474, 10508, 10510, 10536, 10541, 10553, 10865, 10871, 10888, 10914, 10939, 10949, imo, 11204 M/4. Medial blades E48(8o) (JV= 173); B116 (36); Bin, U489 (32); R287 (31); P269, LS 10925 (14); U487 (11); E77, R3012 (10) U532 (8); R289, U501 (7); P284, N363, L401, R428 (6); P285, LS 10962 (5); e8i, p288, R529, ls 10424, LS 10437, LS IO939 (4); P267, 1400, R429, U492, ls 10924 (3); P265, P286, N333, T480, U502, 3022; ls 10299, 10413, ΙΟ458? !Ο4595 IO553> 10871, 10879, I09nJ 109^ 10941, 10958, 11106 (2); e7i, P263, Q360, n366, S448, U490, U491, U500, U521, S524, U3000, U3023; ls 10282, 10283, 10293, 10401, 10417, 10432, 10434, IO435> !°454> IO4725 I°474> κ>494> Ι05η> 10517, 10518, 10520, 10523, 10528, 10531, IO533, IO538, 10849, 10863, IQ865, 10869, 10877, 10878, 10890, 10894, 10898, 10912, 10915, 10926, 10940, 10944, 10950, 10959, 10983, 11109, in 10, 11112, 11126, 11130, 11134, 11154, 11202 M/2. Distal blades E48(8o) (JV= 27); Bin (5); e8i, P284, R289, U489, U501 (3); B116, ls 10925 (2); E77, P267, P269, R287, N363, S448, T481, U3006; ls 10459, IO554> ΠΙ26. Illustration 18.3 (a) 5. P265/2. Crested blade, medial section. From the preparation of a pressure-flakedprismaticblade-core. 2.09 X 1.04x0.43. (b) 6. P263/1. Complete, pressure-flakedprismaticblade with parallel dorsal ridges and margins. 3.15 χ 0.95 x 0.25. (ή 6. P263/2. Complete, pressure-flakedblade, possibly an initial piece as its dorsal ridges form a crest. 5.23 x 1.47 XO.59. (d) 6. P263/3. Medial section of a pressure-flakedprismaticblade. 2.20 χ ΐ.οΐ χ 0.38. (e) 6. R287/2. Medial section of a primaryseries blade. 3.92 x 1.63 χ 0.45. 7. REJUVENATION

PIECES

(ILL.

18.4)

forexampleto correctfaultssuchas hinge This formof debitageis associatedwithcore rejuvenation, like5, correlates This category, or to resetthestriking fractures, anglethroughremovalofcore-tablets. = ratiosare to be cent of similar cores: to our sites with assemblage; £48(80)(JV 20, 4 per strongly observedat Bin and U487). E48(8o) (JV= 20); Bin (3); B116;U487, U5Oi,(2);P284, R289, N333,T481, U489; ls 10406, 10425, 10426.

_''-^jj--*·(II' filft p' Ml) e *"" ™Ufe/ («)

(b)

(e)

III. 18.3.Obsidian,(a) 5. Preparationpiece P265/2.(b-e)6. Blades: (b)P263/i,(ή Ρ263/2,(d)P263/3,(e)R287/2. All at 2 : 3.

Chipped stone 151 Illustration 18.4 or plunging (a) 7. E80/42. Distal sectionof an outrepassé blade,27removingthe tip of a regularblade core. 2.33 x

W

^M«)

III. ι8·4·7· Obsidian:rejuvenation pieces,(a) E80/42. {b)E48(8o)/i77.Bothat 2 : 3.

1.49 X0.42. (b) 7. £48(80)/177. Rejuvenation flake taken fromthe face of a bipolar core. 1.50 χ 1.15 χ 0.32. 8. DEBRIS

Shatter, from initial production or secondary modification. Withour materialit would be unwise to assignitto one specificeventwithinthechaînes opératoires. E48(8o)(JV= 29); U489 (12);LS 10925(7); Bin, U487 (4); U492 (3); R287,R428,U502,LS 10865,10924 (2); p288,N363,R420,U499,U500,U501,U511,U521,S524,U3000,A3018;LS 10869,10871,10878,10880, 10883,Imo. 9. UNKNOWN

Material not fittinginto any of the above categories.Includes brokenpieces or those so heavily modified byretouchthattheoriginalblankis unknown. Points:81/1,E80/154,E48/i25a. Tangsofpoints:E48(8o)/i52,E80/27,Bl1^ b/^j υ4-87/39· Scrapers: E48-80/24,26. E48 (8),Bin (2),e8i, B116,L401,U487. TYPOLOGICAL TOOLS

This sectiondeals withthoseblankswhichhave been modifiedby truncation or retouchinto a number of which are of It is to be forms, specificmorphological chronological significance. stressedthata moderntypologicalname should not necessarilybe equated withancient functional activity.28 10. POINTS

(ILL.

18.5)

Twentyartefactsof thistypewere recoveredfromeightlocations,withover halfcomingfromthe E48(8o) region.Most conformto the simpletangedvarietyand, whererecognizable,were modified blade blanks(the exceptionE48(8o)/225).Retouch was usuallybifacial,invasive,and occasionally abruptin style.Due to theirfragilenaturemosttangsor tipswerebroken. Fromsecurelystratified Kitsos,Skoteini,Corinth,and Elateia,theyare datable parallelsat Franchthi, to theLate Neolithic.29 Indeed,fromthepresentsurveyonlythatfromU490 was foundwithanylater (EH) material.30 E48(8o)(JV=10);B116(4); e8i, Bin, 1401,U487,U489,U490.

27Thereare differences in theinterpretation ofsuchpieces. Some regardthemas mistakes, wherethe flakingangle has been misjudgedso thatthe forcefromthe pressure-flaking tool cuts inwards,removingthe distaltip (something which towardsthe end of core reduction, may occur particularly whenreducedplatformsize makesaccuracymoredifficult). Others (cf. Sheets and Muto 633) have an opposingview, a plungingblade in orderto maintain deliberately initiating a workableplatform-to-core-face (flaking) angle. 28A. Pelisiak,'Macro- and micro-wearanalysisof Funnel Beakercultureblade end-scrapers fromGrabia basin:a case studyfromcentralPoland',in Bustilloand Ramos-Millán(n.

2o); F. Healy,'Typology:themaker'sor the analyst's?',in N. Ashtonand A. David (eds), Stories in Stone(LithicsSociety Occasional Paper4, London; 1994),179-81. 29Perlés 1973, 82; Perlés 1981, 175-86, pl. 8. 214; Perlés 1994,51-2, tableau9, pl. 10. 1-11;J. C. Lavezzi, 'Prehistoric at Corinth',Hesp.47 (1978),402-51,at p. 425 investigations and pl. 106; S. S. Weinberg,'Excavations at prehistoric Elateia,1959',Hesp.31 (1962),158-209,at p. 206. 30Pointsdo occur occasionallyin EH contexts, Lerna e.g. (Runnels1985a,368), thoughpossiblysome represent'kickups' or reuse;itwouldbe fairlysafeto assumea LN1date for theSurveymaterial.

152 Chapter 18

(b)

{a)

M

(d)

All at 2 : 3. III. 18.5.10. Obsidian:points,(a) E48/i24a.(b)E48/i25a.(c)e8i/i. (d) £48/1153.

18.5 Illustration (a) 10. E48/i24a. Unbroken tanged point. Made on a blade, modifiedby (incomplete) invasive,bifacial retouch; the largestcollected. 2.65 X 1.09 X 0.30. (b) 10. E48/i25a. Broken, barbed (?) and tanged point. Made on a blade, using incomplete invasive, bifacial retouch,tip missing;smallest collected example. 1.52 X 0.87 X 0.30. (c) 10. e8i/i. Tanged point, original blank unrecognizable. Ventral side unworked, use of shallow invasive retouch along r. and 1. dorsal margins,with a more abrupt stylealong the tang. 2.42 X 1.11X 0.44. (d) 10. E48/ii5a. Tanged point on a blade, most of tang missing.Invasive retouch along 1. ventral surface. 1.63 X 0.78 x 0.24. 11. SCRAPERS

(ILL.

18.6)

Once again the£48(80)area is themajorfindspotof thistype.There are twentyin totaland theyare once more likelyto be of a LN1/FN1date.31This class can be furthersubdividedinto 11 a, endtheformercategorybeingthelarger. scrapers,and nb, side-scrapers, flakewithbacking a wholeexampleon a blade-like a. End-scrapers, 2.30X 1.50X alongther.margin: e.g.E80/13,

0.50 (ILL. 18.6 e).

b. Side-scrapers:e.g. E48/g6a,a whole end- and side-scraperon a flake,withcontinuousretouchfromthe r. lateralto thedistalend: 2.29 x 1.80X 0.72 (ill. 18.6a).

flakesand blades chosenformodification, No singletypeof blankappears to have been specifically It is noticeable that those blades chosen at in retouch distal equal proportions.32 abrupt receiving cm. mean of 1.01 and the overall and thicker than are all wider 0.29 assemblage E48(8o) E48(i6);Bn6(3);e8i. 18.6 Illustration (a) ii. E80/9. End-scraper on a blade, broken with modern lateral damage. 3.02 X 1.39 X 0.55. (b) 11. E80/18. End-scraper on a blade, broken. 1.72 x 1.03 X 0.28. (c) 11. E48(8o)/84« Broken end-scraper on a blade-like flake. 2.71 X 1.91 X 0.47. (d) 11. E48/g6a. Whole end-/side-scraperon the distal end and r. margin of a flake. 2.29 X 1.80 X 0.72. (e) 11. E80/13. Complete end-scraper on a blade-like flake. Part of r. margin backed with abrupt retouch. 2.30 X 1.50 x 0.50. 12. BACKED

PIECES

(ILL.

18.7)

Blankswhichhave an edge bluntedby abruptretouch,eitherto aid haftingor to protectthe user's handwhileapplyingpressureduringtooluse.All recoveredexamplesweresectionsofmodifiedblades. E48(8o)(10);e7i, B116,U487,R529,U532;LS 10877,m°6· 31From both LN1 and FN1 contexts(thoughmainlythe former)at the Skoteinicave (Euboea); FN1 at Kitsos and Kephala: Perlés 1994, 49-50; Perles 1981, 164-5;^ Ε. and Coleman, Keos,i: Kephala:A Late NeolithicSettlement

Cemetery (Princeton,1977),7, pls. 25 and 70. 3211ofthe 12obsidianscrapersfromtheSkoteinicave were Perles1994,50. made on blade fragments:

Chipped stone 153

III. 18.6.11. Obsidian:scrapers,(a) E80/9.(b)E80/18.(c)E48(8o)/84-(d) E48/g6a.(e)E80/13.All at 2 : 3.

III. 18.7.12. Obsidian:backedpieces,(a) E80/6.(b)E80/65.(c)E80/10.All at 2 : 3.

18.7 Illustration (a) 12. E80/6.Bladeletretouchedabruptly alongr.margin,also 1.edge ofthedistaltip.3.21X 1.00X 0.38. (b)12. E80/65.Medial sectionofa blade,backedalong1.margin.2.61X 1.42X 0.37. backedalongther.marginand fortwo-thirds oftheL, leavinga cutting (c) 12. E80/10.Blade-likeflake,completely edgeon the1.distalmargin.2.68 X 1.39X 0.68. 13. PIERCERS (ILL. 18.8 a)

Piecesmodifiedby retouchto providea pointedtip.Althoughtermed'piercers',theycould have been and scoring.Bothexamplesrecovered used fora rangeoffunctions includingpiercing,boring,drilling, on theSurveyweremade on blades.Parallelsexistin Late and Final NeolithiclevelsoftheKitsosand Skoteinicaves.33 E48(8o),U489. 14. NOTCHES AND DENTICULATES (ILL. 18.8 b-c) Notchesare blankswithone or moremarginsalteredby smallnibblingretouchor the removalof a singleflaketo createa concaveprofilewithinan overallstraighter margin.Denticulatedpieces are thosewitha rowof notchescreatinga serratededge. Blades providedthe blanksforboth categories (althoughonlyone denticulated piecewas found). R3012(JV=2); R287,U487,U532. 15. IRREGULARLY RETOUCHED FLAKES AND BLADES (ILL. 18.8 d-g) These blankshavebeen deliberately retouchedbutdo notfitintoa recognizedtypological class.Of our 1 were on on and a on core While 18.8 retouched blades blades,7 flakes, sample35 fragment (ILL. d). 33Perlés1981,167;Perlés1994,52,pl. 2 no. 6.

154 Chapter

18 Site E48(8o) E77 e8i Bin BI16 N363 U487 U489 P269 P284 R287 R289 R428 U501 R3012 LS 10925

Total pieces 514 27 14 98 70 17 37 82 32 33 66 31 20 28 13 31

Pieces retouched 56 I 3 1 II 2 3 7 Ο Ο ι Ο Ο Ο 3 Ι

% oftotal retouched 11 4 21 1 16 12 8 9 Ο Ο 2 Ο Ο Ο 23 3

Date Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl ni Nl EH ΕΗ eh EH ΕΗ ΕΗ ΕΗ ΕΗ

Table 18.4: Percentage of assemblages retouched, as a chronological index.

are to be foundin EarlyHelladic contexts,34 the recoveryof an assemblagewithan 'abundance' of retouchedbladesis claimedto be diagnosticofthelaterNeolithic.35 E48 (19);U489 (5); B116(3); N363(2); E77,e8i, d98, P285,L401,T481,U3006,R3012;LS 10428,10528, 10922,10925,10939. of Dated upon thebasis of diagnosticceramicsand thoselithictypesdiscussedabove,thedistribution in TABLE main in tools the sites is order 18.4. typological among prehistoric survey presented chronological It is immediately apparentthattheLaconian materialprovidesevidenceto supporttheargumentthat thepercentageof retouchedpieces in lithicassemblagesdiminishesfromthe Neolithicto the Bronze Age in thesouthernAegean.36 The totalcountof typologicaltools and retouchedpieces is: £48(80)(56), B116(11),U489 (7), e8i, U487,R3012(3), N363,L401,U532(2), eyi,E77,d98, Bin, P285,R287,T481,U490,R529,U3006,10428, 10528,10877,i0922j IO925>IO939>11106. Illustration 18.8 (a) 13. E48/iO4a. Piercer created on a regular blade, by continuous retouch along both margins of the distal section. 2.07 X 0.94 X 0.20. (b) 14. U487/11. Medial section of a prismaticblade, its 1. edge notched with continuous fine abrupt retouch. 1.54 X 0.80 x 0.24. (c) 14. R287/8. Medial section of a prismaticblade, retouched in a denticulated fashion. 2.14 X 1.00 X 0.25. (d) 15. E80/3. Core fragment,naturally backed on 1. by cortical surface: r. margin heavily invasive, normal and inverseretouch. 2.64 X 1.89 X 1.03. (e) 15. E48/92a. A prismaticblade which has been invasivelyworked on both distal margins,perhaps as a hafting aid. 2.03 X 1.32 X0.26. [/) 13. E80/7. Distal section of a regular blade; 1. margin has continuous invasive retouch. 2.27 X 1.04 X 0.38. (g) 13. E80/73. Medial section of regular blade, with 1. lateral invasive retouch. 1.75 x 0.90 X 0.23.

34e.g. Lerna: Runnels 1985a, fig. 6 c-e; Agios Stephanos: Kardulias,fig.2 d.

35Perlés1981,158. 36e.g.Cherryand Torrence1982,24-34.

Chipped stone 155

(d)

M

(/)

III. 18.8.(a) 13. Obsidian:piercerE48/iO4a.(b-c)14. Notchesand denticulates: (b)U487/11,(c)R287/8.(d-g)15. Obsidian:irregularly retouchedflakesand blades:(d) E80/3,(e)E48/g2a,(J)E80/7,(g) E80/73.All at 2 : 3.

SlLEX The non-obsidian elementoftheSurvey'slithiccollectionis small(3.8 per cent;JV= 63),butit on procurement, providesus witha different perspective productionand possiblyfunction. RAW MATERIALS

Coveredby thegenerictermof 'silex'are a varietyof siliceousrocksof different coloursand hues. Whetherthis is due to different is to without origins impossible say pétrographie analysis.37The colours range froma reddish-brownstone (e.g. a nodule collected at LS finegreyishmaterial(R287/1, 10462/1;pieces R429/1,U500 A3/1),to a semi-translucent with and two pieces of black, chocolate-brown, R428/1), greenish-grey, whitish-pink, from transparent quartz £48(80). Once consideredrarein thesouthernAegeanregion,smallsourcesofsiliceousrockswitha conchoidalfracture habithave now been foundin a numberof areas,presumably accessible to, and exploitedby,prehistoriccommunities:forexample,'blue flint'at Palaikastronear 'red chert'at Corinthand Tzoungiza,'radiolarites'to the westof Taygetos,and Franchthi, various resourcesaround Malthi-Dorion.38Beyond visual, published descriptions,no analyticalbasisfortheprovenanceofthesematerialshas been provided,no doubtbecause of thegreatdifficulty ofsourcingsuchsiliceousmaterials.39 Moreover,theauthorshave nothad

37As discussedbyRunnels1985a,360. 38T. W.Jacobsen and D. M. Van Horn, 'The Franchthi cave flintsurvey:some preliminaryresults',JFA 1 (1974), 305-8; Lavezzi (n. 29), 407; Kardulias 432-4; Renard, Kouphovouno, 48; H. Blitzer,'Middle and Late Helladic chipped stone implementsof the south-westPéloponnèse, Greece,part I: the evidencefromMalthi',Hydra,9 (1991), 3-4; id., 'The chippedstone,groundstoneand workedbone inNichona, i. 712-56,at pp. 713-15. industries', 39The difficulty arisesdue to therelativepurityofflints and chertsas comparedwithobsidian(on average95+ per centto thereare far 65-75per centsilicaoxiderespectively), whereby fewertrace elementswith which to establisha chemical

oftherawmaterial: cf.Β. Luedtke,'Chertsourcesand signature trace-element American analysis', 42 (1978),413-23;D. J. Antiquity, in archaeology: can a silk Ives,'Chertsourcesand identification pursebe made intoa sow'sear?', in S. C. Vehik(ed.),Lithic Resource Procurement onPrehistoric fromthe2ndConference (Proceedings Chert Exploitation) (CentreforArchaeologicalInvestigations, OccasionalPaper; Carbondale,1984),211-24.Some progress has been made employingElectron Spin Resonance: D. Griffiths and P. Woodman,'Cretaceouschertsourcing in north eastIreland:preliminary in G. de G. Sieveking and M. results', H. Newcomer (eds), The Human UsesofFlintand Chert(Proceedings International FlintSymposium, of the4th International Brighton 1983)

(Cambridge, 1987),249-52.

156 Chapter18 the opportunity to inspectthe comparativematerial,so no information is availableas to the of most Laconian silex of the origin objects. all oftheseitemsappear to have been The moststriking aspectofour data is thatvirtually introducedinto the region'ready-made5. two cores have been recovered,surprisingly Only fromtotallyisolatedfindspots. One could wonderwhetheror not theyare contemporaneous the sporadic withthe majorityof our sites,or remnantsof earlieractivities.40 Unfortunately, natureof the silexdata- its limitedquantityand its wide temporaland spatialdistribution - permitsonlya fewpositiveconclusionsto be withintheLaconianchippedstoneassemblages drawnaboutthematerial. Cores: twoexamplesrecovered;LS 11201m/i. 3.83 X 3.52 X 2.50. Lightgreytranslucent silex.25 per centcortical scars.W. (max.)1.1,(min.)0.72; L. (max.)2.00,(min.)1.30. cover.Veryirregular form,one sideflaked,4 remaining LS 10530/1. 2.50X 1.90X 2.16.Dark greywithwhitespots.Irregularflakecore. LS 10530,11201m/i. Primaryflakes:P267. Secondaryflakes:E77(4); £48(80)(2); N191,P267,P284,A3018,LS 10925. Tertiaryflakes:E77 (3); £48(80),Bin, N363,U487 (2); P284,R287,L401,R429,S448, T480, U493,U500; LS 10279, 10281,10427,10537,10869,10924. Preparation pieces:Bin. Proximalblades:P284(2); E77,Bin; LS 10426,10939. Medial blades:E77,R287(2); Bin, P269,P284,S448;LS 10428,10519,11112. Distalblades:£48(80),R289. Rejuvenation pieces:Sites:U502. Debris:LS η 203 M/3. Unknown:E48(8o),E77. TOOLS (ILL. 18.9) 16. TRIANGULAR POINT (ILL. 18.9 a)

TYPOLOGICAL

A singleexamplewas recoveredfromR429.These large,bifacially worked,flat-based points,invariably have a wide but infrequent distribution made of silex,41 among sitesof the laterGreekNeolithicand excavatedcontextsincludeAlepotrypacave Balkan Chalcolithic.Comparanda fromsystematically Late end of Franchthi Neolithic');Kitsos(LN1/FN1);Skoteini,Kephala, (Very (LN1;Chapter23,LL164); Démoule and Perlésplace thistypein theirphase 5 oftheGreekNeolithic and AgiosDimitrios(FN1).42 (FinalNeolithicor Chalcolithic),43 thougha fewpossiblyearlierexamplesexist.44

40Recent fieldwork on the Greek mainlandhas begun to recovera numberof palaeolithic and mesolithicchipped stone assemblagesin regionswhere no such materialwas previouslyknown:van Andel and Runnels 43-61; C. N. Runnels and T. H. van Andel, 'The lower and middle paleolithicofThessaly,Greece',JFA20 (1993),299-317. 41The materialcommonlyemployedhas been recognized as eitherjasper or flint:Démoule and Perlés402; though obsidianexampleshave occasionallybeen found:Corinth: H. S. Robinsonand S. S. Weinberg,'Excavationsat Corinth Kephala: Coleman 1959',Hesp.29 (i960), 225-53,pl· 63 ff> (n. 31),pl. 25. 90, and Torrence1991,184,fig.7. 6 a-b; and twofromtheZas cave: K. Zachos, 'The Neolithicperiodin Culture: Naxosin the Naxos', in L. Marangou (ed.), Cycladic BC(Athens,1990),31,38, pis 10-11. Third Millennium 42G. A. Papathanasopoulos, 'Σπήλαια Δίρου: αι

άνασκαφαιτου 1970-71',ΑΑΑ'. ι (ΐ97θ>!2-26, at pp. 24-5;

Greece S. R. Diamant, The Later VillageFarmingStagein Southern

1974),224, (unpublishedPh.D. diss.,Univ.of Pennsylvania, fig.4. 11-12; Perlés1973,pl. 176;Perlés1981,213,pl. 7. 7-8; Perlés1994,52, pl. 10. 12; Coleman (n. 31),5, pl. 68. 86 and

in the Settlement 172; K. Zachos, AyiosDhimitrios,A Prehistoric The Neolithicand Early Helladic Periods Southwestern Peloponnesos:

Ph.D. diss.,BostonUniversity, 1987),147. (unpublished 43Démoule and Perlés402. 44Cf. the Corinthexample above; anotherfroman MN1 sitefromthe Nemea survey(thoughFN1ceramicsincluding J. L. Davis, A. 'cheese-pots'are to be noted).J. F. Cherry, Demitrack,Ε. Mantzourani, T. Strasser,and L. Talalay, 'Archaeological survey in an artifact-richlandscape: a Middle Neolithicexample fromNemea, Greece', AJA92 (1988),159-76,at pp. 164,168-9.

Chipped stone 157 1/.

LltilN 1 1UULA1

L· (1L.L.

lö.y

0)

í' fairlycommon use of silexon EH sites is the denticulationof either prismaticblades or lunates. A singleexample was found at R287. Comparanda: Lerna (EH II-MH I); Elateia, 2 blades red silex (MN); Corinth (EH I); Zygouries (EH ÍI); Asine (EH); Kouphovouno (unstratified,LN1-EH II).45 From associated material and parallels, an EH I/II date is suggested. 18. BACKED PIECE (ILL. 18.9 c)

^ zz

~ Q- rr ~ "} '

3

=

Ξ - ΞΞ . y ^ r-η zz: .. Ξ £st ^Z ΓΊ ~ j LiHl 1IÍ7 CD ^f . :__

Blank withone marginblunted by the application of abrupt

^H^»

fromR287.The retouch.Onlyone examplewas recovered, piece itselfis not diagnostic but the site's associated materialis EarlyHelladic.

^^^Hk ^^^^^L· ^^^^^^Bl

Illustration 18.9

^^^^^^^L· ^^^^^^^^^^& j^^^^^^^^^Â ^^^^^^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^^^B ^^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^m ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B ^^^^^^^^^^^^^K ^^^^^^^^^^^^^B ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^K

«

flat-based (a) 16. R429/1.Large,fine,triangular point,made on a flakeof red-brownsilex.Colours 7.5 R 3/3 and 5 YR 5/3-5/4. Bifacial invasive, pressure-flakedretouch; rather abraded conditionwitha notchon one sidefromlaterdamage.5.74x 2.86 X0.45. (^) 17· R287/1.Medial sectionof a prismaticblade of finegrey silex.R. marginmodifiedwithalternating retouch,1.withinverse retouch.Sickleelement(?) withcontinuousmacroscopictracesof 'sicklegloss' along both margins,invasivebeyondretouchflake terminations. 3.71X 1.00X 0.42. (c) 18. R287/6. Black stone, medial section of an irregular blade, 1. marginbacked withsemi-abruptretouch.2.40 X 0.67 x 0.46.

(f>)

III. 18.9.Silex,(a) 16. TriangularpointR429/1.(b) 17. DenticulateR287/1.(c) 18. Backedpiece R287/6.All at 2 : 3.

45 Runnels 1985a, figs. 7, 13, 16; Weinberg (n. 29), 205; Robinson and Weinberg (n. 41), 251-2; Biegen 198, fig.57; Frödin and Persson 246; Renard, Kouphovouno, pl. 49. 33.

158 Chapter18 The Chipped-stone Discussion:

Assemblages

of East-central

Laconia

chronology As statedabove,thereare onlya fewlithicelementsthatcan be claimedas diagnostic of Neolithic. within the era. As the with the flaked stone offers no specific periods generalprehistoric pottery, definiteevidenceof activityin the surveyarea priorto the Late Neolithic.The recoveryof certaindiagnostic elements(bladetechnology, cores,and retouchedpiecesincluding pointsand the number of LN1/FN1 sites: scrapers)does,however, E48,E77,e78, e8i, enlarge recognizable B116,1401,R429,U487,U489,and LS 10496.Of theseBin and R429are possiblythelatestin the materialassignableto theFinalNeolithic(e.g.16). sequence,containing Helladic. No sitesare to be added to the grouppreviouslydesignatedthroughthe Early EH Indeed,at a numberoftheselocationsno obsidianwas foundat all.46 presenceof pottery. If theseare trueloci ofEBA activity, thenthereis no obviousreasonwhyflakedstoneshould be absent,and thisis probablyto be explainedbypoor groundvisibility and post-depositional factorsratherthanby anyinteresting inter-site anomalies.There are differences betweenthe EBA assemblagesbutnot,itseems,ofa chronological nature. Middle-Late Helladic.There is a considerabledeclinein the use of chippedstone.Of sites withno Nl/EH component, 8 pieceswererecoveredat U492and a singleblade at M349. M349,n4i2,U492. Post-Bronze Age.Occasionalpieceswerefoundat K247and P286,butwhethertheyrepresent materialin laterantiquity,47 or backgroundnoisefromNl/EH pick-upand reuseofprehistoric sitesin anyquantity, sites,is impossibleto say.Wherelithicswerefoundon multi-period they wereinterpreted as ofprehistoric date. H51,D97,dg8,K247,P286,U493,U499,U521,R526,U3022. THE CHAÎNES

OPÉRATOIRES

Fromthe relativelylimiteddata recoveredby the Laconia Surveyit has been possible to in somedetailthereductionsequencespresenton a numberof sites.Furthermore, reconstruct as regardstechnology and therangeofknapping notabledifferences betweentheseassemblages, both at a diachronicand a synchronie level. activitiesin evidence,have been distinguished thesevariancesand theirsocioWhere the evidencehas permittedsuch finedistinctions, willbe examinedin boththeirregionaland theirwiderAegeancontexts. economicimplications Neolithic

Fromthe Late Neolithicperiodwe have a largechipped-stone assemblagefromthe £48(80) site cluster,and fairlysizeable ones fromBui and B116,which lend themselvesto the The minimalamountof corticaldebitagerecovered reconstruction of the chaînes opératoires. that was introduced into each of thesecommunities obsidian largelyas decorticated suggests and roughlypreparednodules.The firston-siteactivitywas the finalstageof shapingthe nucleusto facilitatethe removalof a primaryseriesof blades: the preparationof 'striking' and coremargins, and thecresting ofa ridge(5). platform At E48(8o) blade productionwas undertakenusing two technologicalmodes, indirect with two disparate but roughlycomparable reduction percussionand pressure-flaking, cortexhad with corticalfacetsindicatesthatanyremaining The absence of blades sequences. been removedfromthecoresby the timetheprimaryrunof bladeswereproduced.Initiated 46 126, C128,

C131, G154, P262, R.280,K414, S431, S460, S478, and U3001.

47See Runnels1982.

Chippedstone 159 thicker and somewhat seriesofblankswereslightly froma singleplatform (ILL.18.2a), thisfirst A numberoftheseblades48 werethenselected thanthoseproducedsubsequently. moreirregular suchas points(10) and end-and sideintoa numberofretouchedimplements formodification of retouch to Because of the intensity applied thesepieces,it is notapparentfrom scrapers(11). from whichofthetechnologies theyderived,though comparableassemblagesone could claim Fromthe main blade-run,the the of indirect were percussion.49 they predominantly products blades were a number of fine de prismatic produced,providingextremely pleintemps débitage, modification. theneedforanyfurther edgeswithout sharpcutting ofthefinalsequences reconstruction A numberofotherpiecesofdebitageallowa tentative A bipolarflake50 from£48(80)(7; ILL.18.4b)indicates ofcorereductionand blankproduction. reduced51 thatin that,in at leastone knappingepisode,a blade core had been so intensively reverse the nucleus and more blades it was to to remove order preparea new necessary any to the one. It is thus tempting interpret 'undiagnostic'cores(1 oppositetheoriginal platform the wasteproductfromthisfinalepisode of a single,intensiveknapping d) as representing ad hoc and ultimately blade coresbutexploitedin suchan intensive thatis,originally strategy: mannerthattheyare no longerrecognizableas such. EarlyBronzeAge

fromthelithicassemblagesofthelaterNeolithicto those Whilethereare aspectsofcontinuity of some importancecan be seen to exist.Regardingraw materials,the of EBA, differences lithicassemblagesof the EBA continueto be almost entirelybased upon non-local raw materials.In fact,if anythingthereis a greaterrelianceupon obsidianin thisperiod,with fewerpieces of silexemployedthanbefore(TABLE18.5),thoughthe lattercan be observedin recovered(e.g.17). formsnotpreviously Sites LS 11201 M/i LS 10530 E48(8o)

Cores Pnmary Secondary Tertiary Preparation Blade BlanL· Flakes Flakes Flakes pieces 1 1

4

P267 P284 R287 N363

1 1

Bill

Unknown

1

221

E77

Rejuvenation Debus pieces

3

2 1 1 I 2

I

3

1

2

3 2

Table 18.5: Occurrenceof silexon LS sites(miscellaneouspieces also at: P269,R289, N333,R429,S448, R462, U493> U5OO> A3018, LS 10280, 10281, 10428, 10568, 10569, 10925, 10939).

48 It is unclear fromwhich stage of the reduction sequence those flakes chosen for modification into retouched implements were taken. Quite possibly there was no clearcut strategy,with appropriate blanks being selected as and when the opportunityarose. 49 A phenomenon paralleled in the lithic assemblage at the Kitsos cave, where generally it was the most 'robust' blades

that were chosen to be retouched: Perlés 1981, 158. 50 A piece with flake scars on its dorsal surface initiated fromopposite ends. 51 Whereby the platformhad either become so small, or the flaking angle between it and the core face had become so obtuse, as to prevent the removal of any furtherblanks.

i6o Chapter18 The two mostimportantchangeswitnessedin the EBA materialconcernthe methods and theloci ofobsidiantoolproduction.First,thereis a technologicalshiftto a singlemode at the expense of being employedforthe productionof blades, that of pressure-flaking, indirectpercussion,52 witha simultaneoustypologicalshiftwherebyblank modificationis notableby itsabsence.53Second,whileobsidiancontinuesto be importedintotheregionin thatis mostnotably the formof roughlypreparednodules,it is the material'sdistribution At some timebeforethe startof the EH II period,the abilityof each community different. to readilygain access to,and have controlor influenceover,theworkingofobsidianceases. At only two sitesdo we have evidence of the range of lithicreductionof the preceding period. INTER- AND INTRA-SITE ANALYSIS

Thanks to the recoveryprocedureand quantityof the chippedstonefrom£48(80)and its satellite sites (E77, e78, e8i), it is possible to both view and discuss intra-assemblage differentiation (TABLE 18.6).Withitsrangeofknappingeventsand thetypesofretouchedtools lithic the £48(80). assemblageof e8i roughlyparallelsthatof the main settlement present, m some further northalongthesameN-S ridgeas E48(8o),theformersiteis viewed 200 Lying area. habitationand activity as contemporary with,butperipheralto,theprimary As thesixthlargestassemblagefromthesurvey How,then,is thesiteE77to be interpreted? Givenitsproximity, some 250 withforty piecesof obsidian,it deservescarefulconsideration. m to the east on the oppositeridgeto £48(80),and the factthatthereare no EH or later withthe lattersite is likely.If, however,one comparesthe ceramics,its contemporaneity limitedrangeof componentnatureofthetwoassemblages,one sees thatat E77an extremely material,and hence knappingevents,is represented(ILL. 18.1). The productsdo, however, reflect thechaînes opératoires recognizedat theprimarysettlementi.e. theyare partofa bladebased industry but withthe core preparationand later stagesof reductiontakingplace at £48(80)itself. elsewhere, presumably One can posita situationin whicheithera restricted rangeof debitageentersthe locale nucleiare broughtin fromthe pre-formed ready-madeforimmediateuse, or,moreprobably, withonly a verylimiteddegree of core reductionbeing performedhere main settlement beforethecoreswereremovedonce again as curatedresources.Could E77,then,be a specific of£48(80)?This zone,verymuchrelatedto and dependentupon themainsettlement activity Site

Points Scrapers

E48(8o) E77 e8i

X

side X

X

X

end X

Backed pieces

ret. Piercers Notches Irreg. pieces

X

X

X X X

Table 18.6: Intra-sitedifferentiation through a presence/absence matrix of retouched pieces fromthe major LN1 site of E48(8o) and its satellites.

52Or rathera reversion to theoriginalpractice,in the lithic ofmainland context ofthehistory technology. 53A declineoriginating in the LN1; e.g. the notable

at theSkoteinicave:Perlés1994,47, LN1-FN1reduction tableau9.

Chip.pedstone i6i

seemsplausible,thoughone runsthe riskof assumingthata limitedrangeof interpretation lithictypological formsequateswitha limitedrangeofactivities. enablesus to one should note at thispointthatthe studyof the chaînes Indeed, opératoires and lithic their structured their the industries, aims, products, processesinvolved compareonly of the at each site.It is not an analyticalframework capable interpreting material'soverall raisond'être. The productionof the variousblanksand modifiedpieces54relatesto a set of and of function,styleor culturalmilieu,55 decisionsbased upon considerations technology, modifiedby siteskill.It is thismixtureof behaviouralactivitiesand naturalconstraints, formation processes,thatshapesthearchaeologicalrecord.56 There is also a contrastbetweenthematerialfrom£48(80)and thetwoassemblagesofBin and B116.Despite all threehavingmaterialdiagnosticof the later Neolithic,specifically betweentheirrespectiveblade industries obsidianpoints(10), thereis a notabledifference Bin contains some of the quantifiably 'finest' the lithicgroupfrom (TABLE3). Specifically, In the at 0.82 cm meanwidth. thisinstance anomalyis piecescollectedfromtheentiresurvey, not to be explainedby thepresenceof a different rangeof reductionsequences,as withthe material discussed above. One could perhaps have considered the possibilitythat the de débitage assemblagesfromBin and B116were composedof materialfromthepleintemps alone; the fact remains,however,that apart fromthe absence of nuclei fromB116 the identical(ILL.18.1). assemblagesare virtually betweenthese groupsof blades is technological,and in The reason forthe differences The blade industriesof E48/80 one instancewe believethisto be reflective of chronology. weregeneratedthroughemployingtwo technologiesrunningin tandem,thoseofpressureflakingand indirect percussion. The regularityof the material fromBui and B116, however,points to the formermode being exclusivelyresponsiblefortheirproduction. the absence of ceramicsat them,and Despite theselattertwo sites'geographicproximity, theirsharedblade technology, thelithicassemblageof B116is in facttypologically closerto thatfrom£48(80):bothcontainprojectiles,scrapers,and backed and irregularly retouched pieces,whileBin has onlythe aforementioned singleobsidianpoint.Lyingas it does, both and between the later Neolithicand EH, one can make a case typologically technologically, forplacing the Bin assemblageat the veryend of our Neolithicsequence, datingto the FN1/EH I period.57 AN AEGEAN PERSPECTIVE

The laterNeolithic

our materialis largelycomparable to contemporary Typologicallyand technologically, assemblagesboth nearbyand furtherafieldin southernGreece and the Cyclades. It has alreadybeen demonstrated,however,that in Laconia therewas a greaterreliance upon withindirectpercussionapparently notmakingthesame impactas it had in pressure-flaking, theArgolidand theAttic-Cycladic regionin thisperiod.

54Themselvesdependentupon thefactorsof socio-political organization,geography,and knowledgein order to gain accessto rawmaterials. 55A. Jelinek,'Form,function and stylein lithicanalysis',in C. E. Cleland (ed.), CulturalChangeand Continuity: Essays in

HonorofJamesBennett Griffin (AcademicPress,1976),19-33.

56See e.g. P. Halstead, I. Hodder, and G. Jones, 'Behaviouralarchaeologyand refusepatterns:a case study', 11.2 (1978),118-31. Review, Norwegian Archaeological 57Phelps 296 typologically sees the last ceramicphase of FN1-EH I. Alepotrypaas transitional

i62 Chapter18 It has beenproposedthatthecolonizationoftheCycladicislandsin theLate Neolithic,and the subsequentgrowthof maritimeactivityin the archipelago,resultedin vastlylarger quantitiesof obsidianbeingput into circulationthan before,and the creationof what has been termedthe 'supplyzone5.58 ofthedata, communities of Accordingto thisinterpretation thesouthernAegeanwereinvolvedin directprocurement ofobsidianfromMelos in thislater Neolithicperiod.59Concomitantwiththisincreasedaccess to raw materialwas theshiftfrom forblade productionto thatofthetwodescribedabove. Perlés theuse ofa singletechnology claimsthe new accessibility to raw materialenabledmorepeople to be involvedin obsidian reduction.Her view of thisperiod is one of procurement, exchange,and mostimportantly with the technological'de-specialization', populace of certain regions movingfroma external to localized dependenceupon specialists production.Throughbeingin new and less skilledhands,productionnow resultedin 'inferiorcraftsmanship' withraw materialbeing worked'in a lesseconomicalmanner'.60 indirectpercussionin suchterms,conversely, To interpret presupposesthatpressure-flaking as an was primarily measure,a viewpointheld by both perceived economizingtechnological ifthisis a viableproposition, Perlésand Torrence.One wonders,however, giventhatpressurewithobsidianblade industries in Greece since flakinghad existedin a symbiotic relationship its adoption in the earliestNeolithic.61It would surelyhave representeda technological rawmaterialexploitation. 'norm',ratheran innovative policyformaximizing A similarcriticism can be made oftheinterpretation advancedbyTorrence to explainthe recognizedchange withinCycladiclithicindustriesat thistime.In the islandsthe earliest blade production,datingto the LN1/FN1period, was by indirectpercussionalone, with completely replacingit at thestartoftheBronzeAge. Once more,thereason pressure-flaking forthe technologicalshiftwas seen in economic terms,a reflectionof new 'costs' being an increaseddemandforraw material.The to satisfy incurredwithinprocurement strategies level of more sedentaryeconomiesin the EBA meantthatspecialadoptionat community purpose trips to Melos were now required, as opposed to the purported 'embedded ofthelaterNeolithic.62 procurement' increasein the Yet thesetechnologicalchangesare concurrentwitha major settlement islands,63 which,givenTorrence'sbeliefthataccess to theMelian quarrieswas notcontrolled in any way,shouldhave resultedin even morematerialcirculating, the surelycontradicting noted of an mechanism. as need for the innovation Also, economizingtechnological suggested above,even ifmorepeople had access to raw material,the sole mentaltemplateexistingat thattimeforthe processingof obsidian was pressure-flaking. Perhapswe should now be and what mechanismsindirect the and how, (social) why, by asking reversing emphasis in Neolithic. was the later percussion adopted None ofthis,in our view,negatestheconceptthata rawmaterialshouldhavebeen valued and reduced in an economic manner,particularlyforthose communitieswho were not 58Perlés1989,13;Torrence1986a, 13-15,afterC. Renfrew, J. E. Dixon,andj. R. Cann, 'Furtheranalysisofneareastern obsidian',PPS 34 (1968),314-39,definedby an area where all sites' lithicassemblagescompriseat least 80 per cent obsidian. 59Torrence 1986a, 121; Perlés 1989, 14. The former consideredit likelythatthesitesfromheranalysislaywithin the'supplyzone', as theywereall within100kmofMelos.

60Perlés1989,12-13. 61Perlés1986,483; Perlés1990b;Démoule and Perlés364. 62Torrence1986a,136. 63See the site gazetteers in Renfrew,EC 507-25; J. F. Cherry,'Appendix A: registerof archaeological sites on Melos', in IslandPolity 291-309;also id., 'Patternand process in the earliestcolonisationof the Mediterraneanislands', PPStf (1980,41-68.

Chippedstone 163 directlyinvolvedin its procurement.We simplydo not necessarilyaccept that 'pure' choicesplayeda partin thisprocess.Maximizationof an exoticresourcecould technological still be investigated archaeologically, through (a) intensity of assemblage usage, (b) maximizationof a tool's functionalcapability- amount of tool edge employed,and none of thesepointscan be approached (c) curationand minimumdiscard.Unfortunately, withouttheapplicationoffunctional analyses,virtually impossiblewithmaterialfromsurface collection.The evidencefromthelaterNeolithicassemblagesoftheLaconia Surveyofregular rejuvenationand near-totalreductionof incomingnodules does, however,suggesta quite intensive use ofrawmaterialat thisperiod. Renfrew and Torrence'sdefinitions,Laconia should fall withinthe 'supply zone'; By the in theregionat thistimehints aforementioned however, predominanceofpressure-flaking at problemswith the overall model. Indeed, it is now argued that not everyarea was affected ofCycladiccolonization.Perlés necessarily by thepostulatedeconomicrepercussions has claimedthatfortheNeolithiccommunities ofnorthern Greece'directaccess' could never have been a viable model, suggestinginsteadthatpre-formedcores were being procured 'throughtrade withspecialistgroups',withblades continuingto be produced entirelyby The reasoningbehindsucha conclusioncan equallybe appliedto thelater pressure-flaking.64 NeolithicsitesoftheLaconia Survey. Their inlandsituation, lackingimmediateaccess to,or workingknowledgeof,theAegean, makesitis extremely thatmarineresourcesplayeda largeor evensupplementary role unlikely in the economiesof thesecentralLaconian communities.65 Also, involvedas theywere in and skillrequiredtojourneyto predominantly pastoralregimes,thetime,labour,knowledge, thecoastand construct a boat in orderto undertakesucha sea voyagewouldsimplynothave been availableto thepopulace.66If theyhad been,thenone mighthave expectedtherecovery of largerquantitiesof obsidian fromthe surveyarea. Appreciatingthe quantitywe have recoveredis admittedly problematic, dependentas it is upon the largelyunknownfactorsof of the respectivesites.To put our regiononce more into populationsize and the longevity perspective,however,one only has to note thatfroma single(coastal) site of the Argolid ExplorationProject(F32)no fewerthan 2,106pieces of obsidianwere recovered,530 more thantheLaconia Surveyrecoveredin total.67 The natureand quantityofthisregion'sobsidiantherefore demonstrate of that,irrespective in the Cycladesat thistime,Laconia remaineddependentupon external the developments contactsforitsaccess to the raw material.To thisextentour materialis comparableto that recoveredfromotherregionsat thistime,includingnorthernGreece and the site of Agios Dimitriosin Messenia.68In particular, thedata fromthissurveyand thelattersettlement can make one doubt the existence of a zone' as conceived.69 only 'supply previously 64Perlés1989,14-15.This need nothave represented a fulltime economic basis for these craftspeople,but possibly somethingakin to that described by T. W. Jacobsen, 'Seasonal pastoralism in southernGreece:a consideration of the ecologyof NeolithicUrfirnispottery',in P. Rice (ed.), Potsand Potters (Los Angeles, 1984), 27-43, explainingthe spreadof NeolithicUrfirnispotteryin the Péloponnèsevia nomadicpastoralism. 65A negligibleamountof sea-fishremainswere recovered fromMH-LH levelsat the Menelaion(H. W. Catling,pers. comm.).

66C. Broodbank,'The longboatand societyin the Cyclades in the Keros-Syrosculture',AJA93 (1989), 319-37; Perlés 1989,1990a. 67It is admittedly'one of the major Early Bronze Age in thesouthernArgolid':Kardulias435. settlements 68Démoule and Perlés393; Zachos (n. 42), 147.At Agios Dimitriosbladeswereproducedonlybypressure-flaking. 69Torrence (1986a, 123) has reservations about the significanceof percentagesof obsidian per assemblagefor the southernAegean,giventhe lack of otherlocal resources and theirpoor archaeologicalrecovery wheretheydo exist.

i64 Chapter18 The recoveryof cores or othercorroborative data demonstrates, however,thatthe vast in in Greece and the were of later Neolithic sites southern widelyinfluential Cyclades majority acted both as centres theiraccessto rawmaterialand itssubsequenton-sitereduction.70 They an important and receiptand as loci ofproduction, ofprocurement pointto recallwhenone considersthenatureoftheEarlyBronzeAge sites. It also shouldnotbe forgotten thatmorethanone exchangemechanismwouldhave been as is operatingconcurrently, suggestedby theimportoflithicsof different origins,types,and ofthefinetriangular or statesofarrival.71 The recovery point spearhead(16) fromR429bears a a to Laconian exchange testimony community receiving productofone ofthelong-distance networks activein the laterNeolithicAegean-south-east Europeanworld.Neithermaterial nor formare suggestive of an Aegean originforthispiece, and witha numberof parallels in the Gumelnitsa,Salcutsa, and Cucuteni culturesof north Bulgaria and appearing Indeed,an exactparallelregarding form,size, Romania,a Balkanderivationis quitelikely.72 in nearTargoviste and rawmaterial(baseduponvisualinspectiononly)comesfromPolyenitsa north-eastern Bulgaria.73 These pointsare one exampleof a fewclassesofwhatwouldappear to be 'prestige'goods circulatingat thistime,includingobjects of marble74and numerousbraceletsand beads fashionedfromshellsofspondylus and dentalium reachingtheBalkansfromtheAegean.75In the and possibly one can noteboththeinfluxofproductsofBalkanmetallurgy oppositedirection, Itemsofgoldand silverparalleledin itsinfluence upontheoriginsofitsAegeancounterpart.76 therichnecrotaphic assemblagesofVarna have been recoveredfroma fewAegeanNeolithic theAlepotrypacave in sites,includingtheZas cave on Naxos arid(closerto our communities) theMani.77 small,theyhavea pointsrecoveredis relatively Thoughthetotalnumberofthesetriangular

70From mainland sites, cores or fragmentsthereofare documented from Kouphovouno, Agios Dimitrios, Franchthi,Kitsos,and in the Cyclades Kephala, Saliagos, Mavrospilia,Anavolousa,and a numberof siteson Melos itself:Renard,Kouphovouno, 45 (LN1-EH II); Zachos (n. 42), 147;Perlés1989,5-6; 1990,10-11;1981,142;Coleman (n. 31); Evans and Renfrew(n. 15);J. S. Belmontand C. Renfrew, 'Two prehistoric siteson Mykonos',AJA68 (1964),395-400; Cherryand Torrence1982. 71Perlés1993. 72Démoule and Perlés 402. Their appearance in NW Bulgariaand the BlackSea littoralcan be datedto the 'Late inBulgaria Eneolithic':H. Todorova,TheEneolithic (BAR S49; 1979),68: see e.g. theexamplesfromReka Devnja, (ead., Die Äxte und Beile in Bulgarien (Prähistorische kupferzeitlichen

ix. 14; 1981),fig.36. 7-11; O. Lafontaineand G. Bronzefunde,

von Varna und Gold: die Gräberfeld Jordanov, Macht, Herrschaft (Bulgarien) und die AnfangeeinerneueneuropäischenZivilisation

(Saarbrücken,1988),pl. 56. For Romanian parallelssee E.

Com§a, Neoliticulpe tentonulRomâniei:considérait(Bucharest, uneltelor sj armelor depiaträcioplitä 1987),90; Α. Päunescu, Evolutjja Romania(Bucharest,1970), 149-202. pe tentonul descoperite

73For showinghim thispiece TC is verygratefulto Dr Agnessa Pronopieva(National Museum of History,Sofia). See also Todorova,TheEneolithic (n. 72),68. 74H. J. Weisshaar,'Varna und die ägäische Bronzezeit',

ArchäologischesKorrespondenzblatt,12 (1982), 321-29,

has

compareda marblebeakerfromthe Bulgarianchalcolithic necropolisof Varna to examplesfromAttic-CycladicFN1 contexts, thoughit shouldbe notedthattheformerexample is muchsmaller. 75e.g. fromtombsat Varna: I. Ivanov,Treasures oftheVarna Chalcolithic Necropolis (Sofia,1978),59 and pl. 38. See also N. Shackleton and C. Renfrew,'Neolithic trade routes realigned by oxygen isotope analysis', Nature,228 (1970), in D. R. 'Trade and craftspecialisation', 1062-5;C. Renfrew, Greece Theochares(ed.), Neolithic (Athens,1973),179-200,at pp. 186-7. 76K. Zachos, 'Excavationsat the cave of Zas, Naxos, 1985 of ClassicalStudies, and 1986',MyceneanSeminar,Institute London,13 Mar. 1991;G. Nakou, 'Metallurgyand societyin thelaterNeolithicand EarlyBronzeAge Aegean',JMA 8. 2 (inpress). 77For the Zas cave see Zachos (n. 41), 30, 34, fig. 4; regardingthemetalfindsfromtheAlepotrypacave seeJ. D. in itshistorical Aegeanmetallurgy Muhly,'Beyondtypology: context', in N. C. Wilkie and W. D. E. Coulson (eds), Studiesin Honorof WilliamA. toAegeanArchaeology: Contributions

McDonald(Minneapolis, 1985), 13-38, at p. 112,afterH. zur ägäischenFrühzeit',AA Hauptmann,'Forschungsbericht 86 (1971), 348-87> at pp. 352-9, fig. 53; for identical comparandafromVarnasee Ivanov(η. 75),pis 6, 14.

Chippedstone 165 acrosslaterNeolithicGreece:fromMacedoniavia Thessalyto thesouth-east widedistribution mainland and Euboea (at Franchthi,Kitsos, Tharrounia,and Karystos),as far south as Kephala and the Zas cave in the Cyclades,to the Péloponnèse(Corinth,Nemea, Asea, the as Hermones,Vatos on Corfu,and Alepotrypacave, and LS R429),and as farnorth-west there is unfortunately on Lefkas.78 For the littlecontextual Aegean examples Choirospilia their information dating.79 published,beyond Perléshas notedtheappearanceof a rangeofnew projectiletypesin theLate Neolithicof themainlandand Cyclades,producedfroma varietyofnon-localmaterialsincludingnotonly obsidianbut also honeyflintand jasper.She has arguedthatthe combinationof theirrarity, and thattheyweretheobjectoflarge-scaleexchanges'suggeststhattheir fineforms,'fragility, be an equallyvalid interpretation role was non-utilitarian.80 It would therefore that primary FN1 was of a and of the thesignificance largertriangular points prestigious symbolicnature, It is surelyno coincidencethatthe sole example giventheirhighqualityand exoticorigin.81 ofVarna on theBulgarian recoveredfromthequiteremarkably wealthychalcolithic cemetery ofthemall.82 BlackSea coastcame fromtomb43, themostrichlyfurnished Though thereis no reason to assume a fixed,singularmeaning to these pieces, it is temptingto see theirintroductioninto an existingsocial structureas articulatingand ideologyand powerthroughthecontextofthehunt.Whatwe wouldclaimto see legitimizing for hereis the importanceof huntingas a social practiceratherthanan economicnecessity, whichthereare countlessexamplesthroughout ancientand modernhistory:'FromEnglish to Chineseemperors. . . huntinghas been and continuesto be an activity surrounded royalty As such,the by a special mystique,an activitythat refusesto admit its anachronism'.83 ofthespearmayhaveservedas an exoticand potentnewsymbol, introduction bothaddingto and an existing made'hunter-warrior's kit'.84 It also meansthatin certaininstancesit strengthening or functional reasonsthatare thebasisfor maybe socialratherthaneconomic,technological, inter-site differentiation discussed above. amongsomeofthoselaterNeolithic assemblages

78Sani (Macedonia):D. B. Grammenos, Νεολιθικές έρευνες Μακεδονία(Βιβλιοθήκητης στην κεντρικήκαιανατολική

ενΑθήναις Εταιρείας, Αρχαιολογικής 117;Athens, ΐ99θ> 137-8, pl.29. i8i. Sesklo,Pyrgos,and Dimini(Thessaly): Ch. Tsountas, Αϊ προϊστορικοί καϊ ακροπόλεις Διμηνίου Σέσκλου(Athens, 1908),pl. 42· Ι4~ΐ8; Η. Α. Moundreaoutillagelithiqueet Agraíloti, La Thessaliedu sud-estau néolithique:

osseux Université de ParisX, 1981),150,pl. 10. (thèsede docteur, 14.Skoteini cave (Tharrounia, Euboia):Perlés1994,52,fig.14. 12. Karystos: D. R. Keller,Archaeological in Southern Survey A Reconstruction Greece: Times Neolithic Euboea, ofHuman Activity from totheByzantine Period Ph.D. diss.,Indiana through (unpublished University, 1985),169.Nemea, site702:Cherryetal.(n.44),164. Asea: Holmberg129,fig.120.Malthi: Valmin,SME, pl. 27. 1-5,8, 12.Alepotrypa cave: Papathanasopoulos (n. 42),p. 25, fig.22. Hermones: K. Lindovois,'Δύο νέεςπροϊστορικές θέσειςστην Κέρκυρα', Horos,1 (1983),26-34, at p. 28, pl. 2 derGrabungin der α-β. Choirospilia: G. Velde,'Fortsetzung Hole Choirospiliaauf Levkas insJahre 1913',Zeitschrift für at 1159fig.2. Forothersseen. 41-2. Ethnologie, 45 (1913),1156-67, 79One oftheKephalaexamples(incorrectly labelleda scraper) camefromgrave35:Coleman(n.31),52,87 andpl. 68. 172.

80Perlés1992,143;1981,175-86;Démoule and Perlés394. 81The sole functional analysis undertaken (to our knowledge)upon one ofthesepiecesshowedthatnoneofthe edgesdisplayeduse-wear:K. Kanchev,'Microwearstudiesof weaponsand toolsfromthechalcolithic necropolisat thecity ofVarna',Studia 1-2 (1978),46-9. praehistona, 82Ibid. 48; LafontaineandJordanov(n. 72),202; Ivanov(n. 75)>62.

83 E. W. Herbert, Iron,Gender and Power:RitualsofTransformation

inAfrican Societies (Indiana and Bloomington,1993),164; she also notes(p. 165):'Ironically, high-status, largeanimalhunting by men has probablynevercontributedanywherenear as much to mankind'sdiet as the low-prestigesmall animal - and certainly huntingand trappingby womenand children notas muchas farming', and statesthatamongmanymetalusing societies of equatorial Africa there are repeated associations betweenhunting, sacredkingship, and smelting. 84Thoughtwo sceptresfromVarnatomb43 may represent overtsymbolsofpower,thedirectassociationwithhuntingis achievedby the depositionof a gold-decorated bow and two spears,one withtheflintpoint,thesecondof copper,a form virtually uniqueto thatregion:Kanchev(n. 81),49.

i66 Chapter 18 TheEarlyBronzeAge

Despite the recognizedshiftfroma relianceupon pastoralismto a more mixed economy ofthe betweenthelaterNeolithicand theEBA, manyoftheconstraints upon theinvolvement in a of this direct access outlined for the populace region procurementstrategy, previous period,stillhold true.Indeed,it is noticeablein the EBA that,whilethereis an increasein in thisregiondecreases.86 On boththenumberofsites,85 theamountofobsidianin circulation a notableshiftin the range and natureof activitiescan be the basis of the chaîneopératoire, perceivedbetweenthesitesofthelaterNeolithicand thoseoftheEarlyHelladicperiod.Ifone associatedareas E77,e78, and e8i) acceptsE48,Bin, B116,U487,and U489 (withtheformer's as the major sites,withthe remainderas limitedactivityareas, thenit is noticeablethatbased solelyon theevidenceofcores- virtually all thecommunities appear to havebeen selfin stonetoolproduction(11,3, o, 1, 1, 1, and ο coresrespectively); sufficient and at onlytwo EH have settlements out ofat leastthirty-five sites do we evidence ofan equally recognizable wide rangeof reductionsequence,thatis, includingon-sitecore preparationand reduction (namelyP284 and R287,withno more than a singlenucleusat each). While of course,the fortherecognition with ofcoresis by no meansthesole prerequisite ofproduction, recovery we believethatone manyotherclassesof debitageequallyindicativeof on-siteknapping,87 a numberof sitesof different socio-economicimportanceupon the basis of can distinguish We wouldarguethatthedistinction lies betweenthosesiteswhereone theirlithicindustries. a focalpointforproductionon a can merelyatteston-siteproduction, and thoserepresenting largerand moreregularscale. therecentanalysisbyPerlésofthe To illustrate thenatureoftheformertypeofsettlement: Late-FinalNeolithiclithicassemblagefromtheSkoteinicave (Euboea) is an excellentcase in demonstratesthat cores enteredthe site as pre-formsand were point. Here she skilfully reducedin the productionof blades,but withouthavingbeen exhaustedwere subsequently The lattersitesare where to be exploitedat anothersite.88 removed,presumably subsequently cores or pre-forms, once procured,are not thereafter diverted,being workedthereby a theproductseitherconsumedbytheresidentpopulace specialistbelongingto thatcommunity, or exchangedwithothergroups.89We may considerthe movementof cores around the a positionnot as curatedresources,90 landscapeas evidencefortheirownershipand retention ofa numberofotherproductsbyitinerant forthemanufacture untenablegiventhearguments at thistime.The recovery ofa completecorefromE80/1maysupporta notionof craftspeople curativebehaviour.91 shouldcoreshave been valued above and beyondobsidianin a purelyraw Why,however, The idea thatall coreswould state?The answeris dictatedin partbypracticalconsiderations.

85Whetherthisrepresentsan increase in population,or merelyits dispersalacross the landscape,is debatable and possiblyonlyanswerableby excavation.There is certainlya shiftin thisregion,no EH materialhavingbeen recovered fromanyoftheNl sites. 86For the EH periodthe largestsingleassemblageis R287 (N= 66). 87A subtle but importantdistinctionfroman argument previously presented:Carter,in press(n. 20); id. 1994(n. 20), 134,% 3·

88Perlés1994,35. 89e.g.thepostulatedrelationship between£48(80)and E77. 90As suggested by M. H. Weincke, 'Change in Early Helladic ΙΓ, AJA93 (1989), 495-509, at p. 506, for the productionofpithoi. 91The nuclei fromP284 and R287 bear littleevidenceof havingbeen exhausted.Whethertheywerepieces discarded due to irrecoverable damage,or curatedas resourceforlater to ascertain. is difficult reduction,

Chipped stone 167

reducedis difficult to support,as to have done so wouldhave resultedin have been instantly the productionof a not inconsiderableamountof fragileblades requiringcarefulstorage. is thenatureofspecializationexistingwithinstonetoolproduction More important, however, as a technological at thistime.Much has been made of the skillinherentin pressure-flaking communities oftheAegean uneven distribution and of its mode, amongprehistoric potentially thatthemostimportant and skilledpartofthe afield.92 It is recognized,however, and further and knappingprocessis not actuallythe end-removalof blanks,albeit thisis a 'difficult, an of as well which extensive requires knowledge rock-flaking properties demandingpractice, butthecarefulshapingand preparationofthenucleus as good neuro-muscular coordination', itself.93 Torrence,havinganalysedassemblagesfroma numberofexcavatedEH settlements, argued thatlithicproductionin the EBA was widespread,withlittleor no evidence quitejustifiably Now thatmanyof these siteshave been placed into a wider forintra-sitedifferentiation. one can claim thatTorrence'sdata set (whereat everysite contextby recentfieldsurveys, productionwas attested)94becomes the exception ratherthan the rule, many of these nowappearingto havebeen largerregionalcentres.95 settlements The ArgolidExplorationProject has resultscomparable with the Laconia Survey.In the former,fromthe twenty-ninelisted Bronze Age sites, at only eleven were cores recovered(JV= 62).96There was a furtherimbalance,with43 of thesebeing foundat the large complexof F32 (and its satellitesF6 and F19 havinga further8 betweenthem),and only 5 of the remainingsites having more than a single nucleus. The Laconia Survey EH findspots,with P284 coveringthe greatestland recovered2 cores fromthirty-five has also surfaceat 2.0 ha.97 Recent surveywork on the source island of Melos itself98 noted differences betweenthe lithicassemblagesdated to the Early Bronze II period of to a very theisland.99The productionoffine,pressure-flaked prismaticblades is restricted fewnorthcoast sites,includingPhylakopl.These are largerthan the settlementsin the interior,contain the preponderance of fine and importedwares, and show continued occupation until at least the EB III/Phylakopi I phase. What these latter examples in our view,is that value is an issue not so much of the demonstratecomprehensively, restriction of access to the obsidian quarries as of productcommoditization purported or the restriction through specialization of skill,contraryto the doubts expressed by Torrencein her importantstudy.100 The vastmajorityof the local populationin the Laconia Surveyarea were evidentlynot involvedin regularcore reductionor ownershipafterthe Neolithicperiod.We do, however,

92Runnels1985a,367; Perlés1989;Carter1994(n. 20), 137-8; J. E. Clark, 'Politics,prismaticblades, and inJ. K.Johnsonand C. A. Mesoamerican civilisation',

Morrow(eds), The Organisation of CoreTechnology (London, 1987),259-84; Pelegrin(n. 20). 93Perlés 1989, 11-13; D. E. Crabtree, 'Mesoamerican 33. polyhedralcoresand prismaticblades',Amencan Antiquity, 4 (1968),446-78,at p. 451;J. Pelegrin(pers.comm.). 94Torrence1986a,127-8. 95Torrence1986a,12fig.26, though,to be fairto Torrence, in procurementand she does suggestpossible differences dissemination strategieswhen dealingwithinsularsites(p. 137)·

96van Andel and Runnels 89-91 and map 17; Kardulias 437,table5. 97Though we would hesitateto bracketthe Laconian sites withsomeoftheregionalcentresmentionedabove. 98T. Carter,'The Neolithicand EarlyBronzeAge', in R. W. V. Catlingand G. D. R. Sanders (eds), TheMelosSurvey ig8g (inpreparation). 99Via ceramicsofKeros-Syros,or PhylakopitypeA2;cf.R. K. Evans and C. Renfrew,'The earlier Bronze Age at Phylakopi',inJ. A. MacGillivrayand R. Barber (eds), The Prehistonc Cyclades 1984),63-9. (Edinburgh, 100Torrence1986a, 139-63;Carterin press(n. 20); id. 1994 (n. 20), 134-6,fig.3.

i68 Chapter18 believein somecontinuity ofsocio-economic practicesintotheEBA, namelythedependence or individuals for non-local procuringobsidianforthisregion,albeitwithan upon groups are now difference: there important signsof a greaterdegree of centralizationand socioeconomicinequality,withonly certainsiteswarrantingdirectcontactfromthe traderor craftspersonresponsible for core reduction at that locality.We also see evidence for changes on a more fundamentallevel, withprocurementand productionhavingshifted out ofthehandsofsmallgroupsof 'independent'itinerantspecialists largely,ifnotentirely, into more controlledand directionedstrategiesorganizedby a small numberof regional centres. These sites,oftencoastalsettlements,101 by dintoftheirpopulationsize and socio-political were either of undertakingthe voyage to Melos themselvesor organization,102 capable establishedwithothertraders.Indeed, resource via the gained patron-clientrelationships of material dissemination (pre-formedcores or raw nodules) fromregional secondary centressuch as Lerna, ArgolidExplorationProjectF32, Agios Kosmas, and Manika has to whichit would be temptingto add the sitesof eitherAgios alreadybeen suggested,103 or as Stephanos Pavlopetri possible emporia supplyingour Laconian communities(see forthe firsttime,fromthe quantityand rangeof debitagerecovered below).Furthermore, fromsome oftheselargerEBA sites,one can suggestthatthe skilledpersonsresponsiblefor obsidian pressure-flaked blade productionhad now become fullyintegratedmembersof individualcommunities. withintheLaconia Surveyarea, theobsidiandebitage Forthemajority ofEH communities have been theproductof a fewindividualsor limited recoveredfromthesesitescould easily groupof people,who had no permanentbase in the region.Whetherthistransposesintoa concept of peripatetic,full-timeknapperscoveringsuch large areas as proposed forthe Neolithicperiod,is debatablegiventhe markedEBA regionalismin lithictechnologynow recognized.104 of the correlationof site size, location,on-siteproduction, No satisfactory interpretation of raw materials,skills,and trade as part of the and the potentialrole of the 'restriction' developmentof social hierarchieshas yet been put forward.The understandingand of the emergenceand is crucialto our comprehension of theserelationships interpretation and social inequalityof the EB II periodwithinthe of the politicalstructures development southernAegean as a whole.What littlediscussiontherehas been seemsto suggestthat,in order for craftspecialization to successfullyemerge, a certain level of socio-political has to havebeen achieved. complexity While Renfrew'ssubtle and complex model forthe 'emergenceof civilisation'in the southernAegean world could neverbe describedas deterministicin its structure,craft specialization is portrayed as dependent upon external factors for favouring its

101A littoral situation is not the sole avenue to sociocan as morepowerfulcommunities economicdevelopment, gain regularaccess to resourcesbeyond theirimmediate withothergroups. established environsthroughrelationships 102Broodbank (n. 67); T. Whitelaw,'The settlementat Fournou Koriphi, Myrtos,and aspects of Early Minoan and L. Nixon(eds), in O. Krzyszkowska social organisation',

Minoan Society(Proceedingsof the CambridgeColloquium igSi)

(Bristol,1983),323-45,at pp. 336-7.

103Distribution fromthesesiteshas alreadybeen positedby Mylonas 1959, 155; Runnels1985a,369, 388; and by T. W. Jacobsen,'Appendix1: obsidianin Euboea', in L. Sackett,V. Hankey,R. J. Howell,T. W.Jacobsen,and M. R. Popham, towarda survey',BSA 61 Euboea: contributions 'Prehistoric (1966),33-112,at p. 107. ιυ*rerles 1909, 14. A number01 dinerentiaitechnological and mechanismsare represented by the rangeof core-types in thearchaeologicalrecord. methodsofcresting

Chippedstone 169 an increase in development,includingthe concentrationof resourcesby redistribution, and and innovation.105 Similarly,in an agriculturalproduction, metallurgical population a article on Mesoamerican lithic Clark noted industries, gap of some two important and itswidespreadadoption.The hundredyearsbetweentheinnovationofpressure-flaking was thatthe industry was by its explanationforsuch a 'lag' in technologicaldissemination and could exist under certain conditions a nature only whereby 'minimal very specialized Its ultimatesuccess could therebybe level of socio-politicalcomplexitywas required'.106 correlatedwiththe riseof the Olmec chiefdoms.However,in a subsequentpaper studying numerousethnographicand historicalexamples of craftspecialization,Clark came to a radically differentconclusion, completely reversingthe relationship between social complexityand craftspecialization and givingthe formerdue recognitionof its great potentialinfluencein thedevelopmentofthelatter.107 Pullenhas arguedthat'Craftspecialistsare notin themselves necessarily important people withina society',108 a view sharedby Perlésas regardsthe statusof those specializedfew fortheproductionand exchangeof stonetoolsduringtheNeolithic.In the right responsible socio-politicalcontext,however,this can change. Renfrew'sperceptionof craftskillsas to be developedand controlledby social hierarchies commodities may be a particularly apt the evidencefromthe EBA southernAegean. We would claim viewpointwhenconsidering to emergeis one oftheappropriation thatthepicturebeginning ofan ancienttechnology and knowledgeas one ofa numberofavenuesto powerbycertaincorporategroupsat thestartof whichmay in turnhelp to explainsome new patternsof lithicuse the EarlyBronzeAge,109 and depositionthatappearat thistime.110 Whilethepotentialramifications ofsuchan interpretation are tantalizing, thescope ofthis workcannotjustify at thispoint. takingtheargument anyfurther TRADE ROUTES

As forthe overland route of the obsidian trade (the Evrotas has never,it seems, been offerslittleinformation. In the MH-LH period we navigable),our materialunfortunately knowthatceramicswerebeingimportedto theMenelaion111 fromwesternCretevia Kythera; and Agios Stephanoshas large-scaleobsidianworkingdated to the EH II period.Fromthe Kynouriaregioneast of Parnonthereis evidenceforproductionand importation,112 though crossingthe mountainrangewould not have been as simpleas a tripup the Evrotasvalley. Dissemination fromthecentresoftheArgolidis also possible,buta moredetailedstudyofthis issueis requiredbeforeanything definite can be said.113 As has been briefly discussedabove,moreoftenthannot notablylargerconcentrations of

105Renfrew, £"0476-504. 106Clark(n. 92),273. 107 J. E. Clark and J. E. Parry,'Craft specialisation and

cultural complexity', Research in EconomicAnthropology, 12

(1990),289-346.

108D. in Early BronzeAge Greece:A J. Pullen, Social Organisation

Multi-dimensional Approach (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, Microfilms 198^:University Interational, 8<w66^), 267-8. 109Cf. Nakou (n. 76). Though social differentiation is most obvious fromthe earlier EB II period, the originsof the

commoditization of lithictechnologymay go back as faras theFN1/EBI. 110Carter1994(n. 20). 111H. W. Catling(pers.comm.). 112e.g.at KoutriAno Meligous,Phaklaris2 pis 44-5 (Chapter 23 below,siteAA18). 113See e.g. M. Attas,J. M. Fossey, and L. Yaffe, 'An archaeometric study of Early Bronze Age potteryand exchangein Argolisand Korinthia(Corinthia),Greece',JFA 14(1987),77-90.

170 Chapter 18

obsidianare to be foundat coastalsitesas comparedto thosefromthe interior.114 Certainly, movement ofgoodsoverlongdistanceswouldhavebeen fareasieroverwaterthanland until in Greekhistory. The recovery of'Cycladica',includingobsidian,acrossthe relatively recently in EB II a the is Aegean period115 likelytestimonyto just such lengthyvoyages being undertaken at thistime.116 The reportedwreckof a boat discoveredoffthe islandof Dokos, nearthesouth-east coastoftheArgolid,mayrepresent The excavationof just suchmovement. EB thisunderwater dated to includes a wide EH of II, ceramics,ground assemblage, range stoneand obsidian.117 FUNCTION

In spite of its potential, little functionalanalysis has been undertakenon stone tool Our materialis unfortunately unsuitableformicrowear assemblagesin theAegean region.118 is which on obsidian to be The analysis, beginning trulyproductive.119 one instancewe haveof is the 'sicklegloss' on the denticulatedblade of silex traits to function recognizable relating is mostlikelyto be associatedwithplant fromR287/1.This macroscopicsurfacealteration120 one cannot between tracesmade by the harvesting of distinguish cuttingactivities;however, It also reflects deliberate a or reeds. choice of silex as medium for cereals,fodder,thatch, denticulatedpieces,mostlikelylinkedto its durability comparedwiththe sharpbut fragile characterofobsidian.121 of functional activityto the flakedstonefromany of our sites Beyondthis,any attribution wouldbe purespeculation.

114For the Péloponnèse w of the Argolid, large assemblageshave been notedat the followinglaterNl-EH II sites: Alepotrypa cave (Mani): Laconia Catalogue (Chapter 23 below), LL164; G. A. Papathanasopoulos, 'ΣπήλαιαΔίρου, 1971',ΑΛΑ4.3 (1971),289-304, at p. 292;

Agios Stephanos and Elaphonisi- Pavlopetri (SE

Laconia): Laconia Catalogue, NN250;Kardulias 426-32; PL ii. 145-8; A. Harding, G. Cadogan, and R. Howell, 'Pavlopetri:an underwaterBronze Age town in Laconia', BSA 64 (1969), 113-42; Agios Dimitrios (Messenia): Zachos (n. 42), 147, 291-2. Korakochorio (Arkadia): Torrence1986a, 128. 115Renfrew, EC fig.20.5.; Carter1994 (n. 20). In particular, the obsidianrecoveredfromPelikataand the R-Gräbenon Leukas is likelyto have been introducedto theserespective 'Excavationsin Ithaca, IF, BSA sitesby sea: W. A. Heurtley, 25 (1934-5), 1-45; W. Dörpfeld,Alt-Ithaka:einBeitragzur Homer-Frage (Osnabrück,1927). 116Broodbank (n. 67); id., 'Ulysses withoutsails: trade, distance,knowledgeand powerin the earlyCyclades',World

diss.,Instituteof Archaeology, London, 1979);P. Vaughan, in 'Use-wearanalysisof Mesolithicchippedstoneartifacts', Perles1990b. 119S. Lewenstein, StoneToolUsesat Cerros (Austin,Tex., 1987); L. Hurcombe, 'The potential of functionalanalysis of obsidiantools:a close view', in E. Malone and S. Stoddart iv (BAR S244; 1985),50-60; (eds),PapersinItalianArchaeology, in AustralianuseR. L. K. Fullager,'Recentdevelopments wear and residue studies', in S. Beyries (ed.), Industries ettechnologie lithiques:traceologie (BAR S411; 1988), ii. 133-45.

120For formation theorem see P. Anderson-Gerfaud,

à l'analysedes microtraces d'utilisation Contribution méthodologique

wear Patternsand ChippedStoneArtefacts from theNeolithicand

sur les outilspréhistoriques (thèse de doctorat, Institutdu Quaternaire,Universitéde Bordeaux,Talène, 1981);C. A. Bettison, 'An experimental approach to sickle sheen deposition and archaeological interpretation', Lithic 14. 1 (1985), 26-32; N. D. Meeks, G. de G. Technology, Sieveking,M. S. Tite, and J. Cook, 'Gloss and use-wear traceson flintsicklesand similarphenomena',JAS9 (1982), 317-40. This wear is usually associated withthe abrasive presentin plants,thougha qualitiesof the opal phytoliths silicious-based material is not essential: I. Levi-Sala, 'Processes of polish formationon flinttool surface', in Beyries(n. 119),ii. 83-98. 121ror a relateddiscussionsee C. Perlesand r. Vaughan, 'Pièces lustrées,travaildes planteset moissonsà Franchthi (Grèce) (Xème à IVème mill. av.J.-C.)', in M. C. Cauvin

Chippedand GroundStoneToolsfromSeskloCA'(unpublished Ph.D.

(Travauxde la Maison de l'Orient,5; Lyonand Paris,1983); Perlés1981,135.

Archaeology, 24. 3 (1993), Z^-'o1·

117G. A. Papathanasopoulos, 'To πρωτοελλαδικόναυάγιο της Δόκου', ΑΑΑ 9· ι (ΐ97^), !7~23J id., Y. Vichos, E. Hadzidaki,and Y. Lolos, 'Dokos: 1990campaign',Ennalia,2 (1992),4-23, at p. 8. 1Iö bee, however,Ο. r. Diamond,A òtuayoj Microscopic UsePh.D. thesis,Univ.of Bronze AgeUvelsqfKnossos (unpublished London, 1974); A. Christopoulou, MicrowearAnalysisof

du Proche-Onent sur les outilsnéolithiques (ed.), Tracesd'utilisation

Groundstone 171

THE GROUND STONE INTRODUCTION

ofthe abouteitherthelocale or thenatureofthemanufacture Littlecan be saidwithcertainty either is that most of these artefacts were formed The reason for this by implements. following in mainly peckingor grindingaway thenaturalsurfaceof the chosenraw material,resulting microscopicdetritusunrecoverablein the majorityof excavationcontexts,let alone field remainupon thetool'ssurface(as opposed wheretracesofmanufacture Furthermore, survey. as to such to use-wearor post-depositional modification), detailsmayonlyconveyinformation later processes.For example,the techniqueof polishingwitnessedon many of the tools discussedbelow has usuallyobliteratedany evidenceof earlierstagesin the implement's production. There is a stronglikelihoodthat the majorityof these itemswere manufacturedfrom ifnot the immediatevicinity. For such simplepieces as materialslocal to the Péloponnèse,122 there would be little or no need for and rubbers, miningand long-distance pounders collected from the banks of a river Waterworn (suchas theEvrotas)would pebbles transport. suitableforsuchtasks. havebeen eminently 1. POLISHED

STONE CELTS (ILL. 18.10; PLATE 5)

A class coveringimplements witha workingedge designedforeithera percussive(director indirect) action,e.g. axes, adzes, chisels,or forslicing,as withards and hoes. Withinthe surveymaterialit has been possibleto definethreegroups:the firstupon thevisualappearanceof itsraw material,the last twobytheirdistinctive forms. a. Black stone celts (ILL. 18.10,a-b; PLATE5 a-b). Formedfroma dense, black, lustrous,fine-grainedstone; These findsare similarto thoughR429SF 1 had smallred spots.123 generallythereare no macroscopicinclusions, In the pieces made of 'hématitebleu ardoise'recoveredfromKouphovounoand otherGreekmainlandsites.124 thatthestoneis notlocal. addition,theirrelativeraritysuggesting The artefactsare verysmoothfrompolishing,withtheirdelicatefacetingoftenonlyvisibleunder oblique thecuttingedge is convexin plan withan acute-angledsection,whilethebuttis short Wherepreserved, lighting. and rounded.Theirsmallsize was probablydictatedbythedimensionsofthenaturalpebbles,as thelargestofsix unused)blackstone,recoveredfromE48,measuredonly2.98 X 1.83X (thoughnotnecessarily piecesofunmodified 1.22cm and weighs13g. Function. The hardnessof the stone,combinedwiththe formof the tools,suggeststhattheywerepercussive bestsuitedto working wood or bone,ratherthanards.125 implements, Date.Their associationis withboth Late or Final Neolithic(E77,R429)and EarlyHelladic (U3006,Γ276)sites. Dated comparandaare few:thosefromKouphovounoare unstratified finds;a possibleparallelfromMalthiis MH. AtAgiosStephanosand Zygouries, wherethemajority ofceltsweremade ofthisstone,all wereEH II.126 E77,P267,N415,R429,T480,U498,U3006.

122 All descriptions offered beloware based uponvisual of only.See Renard, Kouphovouno, 79,fora review inspection thelikely sources fortherawmaterial ofground stonetools found atthisnearby site. 123Compare celtHS266from AgiosStephanos: Taylour 243. 124 Kouphovouno:Renard,Kouphovouno, 88-9,nos.193-5, pis20.8;,19.3-4;PL i. 74andpl. 22.2; Zygouries:Biegen 199;Eutresis:Goldman, fig.274.3. 125ror the applicationof multivanateapproachesin

functional theFunction of analysissee R. Grace,Interpreting

Stone Tools: The Quantification and Computerisation of Microwear et le bronze Analysis(BAR S474; 1989); R. Treuil, L· néolithique ancien égéens:les problèmesstratigraphiques et chronologiques, les

les hommes(Paris, 1983), 175, suggests that techniques, striationson the workingedge may indicate the angle of use. 12bRenard,Kouphovouno, 79; Valmin,SME 348 and 351,pl. 26 F 6, fig.74. 5; Taylour243,pl. 51 c; Biegen199.

172 Chapter 18 b. Flat celts.A groupofsub-triangular celtswhoselengthand widthalwaysexceedtheirbreadth;theclasscan be further subdividedintosquatand elongated,flatcelts. Squat.A singlecompleteexample:A3018SF 1. Comparableformsfromexcavatedsitesare ofEH date.127 Six whole examplesof similarsize: L. 6.48-7.50 (A3019SF 1; £48(80)SF 7), W. 4.09-5.16 (U3006 SF Elongated. 5; and H12 SF 1), breadth 1.30-2.80 (£48(80) SF 7; U500 B4 SF 15), weight60-146 g (A3019SF 1; U500 B4 SF l8).!28

The featurescommon to both subtypesare rounded butts,facetingto definethe sides and cuttingedge (whichis acute and convexin profile),and flat,broad faces.The materialsused are largelya rangeof fine-to coarse-grainedgreenishstones, the coarser usually having macroscopic inclusions. H12 SF 1 is the main exception,beingmade froma brownishstone.The discoveryof unworked,naturallysmoothedpebblesat R287 oftheseartefacts. It maywell also (SF 1: 4.04 X 2.81 X 1.52,24 g) and LS 10985impliessome on-sitemanufacture suggestthatthe stoneswere procuredfromsecondarysources(possiblycollectedas riverpebbles)ratherthan fromquarries. and the absence of heavydamage to the edge Function. Unknown;the cuttingedge would suitwoodworking, arguesagainsttheidea thattheywereards. Date.Apartfromthe LN1/FN1contextof the piece fromE48, the majorityare fromEH sites(U501and U502 beingperipheralto themainEH siteU500)and shouldbe datedto theEarlyBronzeAge. H12, E48, R275, R428, U500, U501, U502, U3006, A3018, LS 10939.129

froma and b byhigheredge anglesand by c. Axes.A smallgroupoflarge,heavy,thickimplements distinguished The materialis usuallya coarse-grained less attention to thefacetingand polishingof surfaces.130 greenishstone, similarto thatof some elongatedflatcelts.The mostcompleteexampleis U519SF 3, whichcould be brokenbut (ILL.18.10,d; PLATE5 b,upperL). A morerecognizabletypeis U502SF 2, halfofa drilledshaftmightbe flat-based holeaxe (PLATE 5 b,upperr.).131 Function. Unknown,but the angle of theirworkingedge, theirweight,and the breadth of theirbodies rule out delicate cuttingwork. No care was taken to polish these artefacts,and they are more heavily abraded than other celts of similarappearance and provenance.It is thereforemost likelythat theywere heavy-dutyimplementsemployed as axes or ards, which would explain their ratherbattered condition. The exception,a shaft-holeaxe fromU502 (PLATE5 d), may have been a weapon and is recognized as a typeof implementintroducedinto the Helladic world fromthe northtowardsthe latterpart of the Early Bronze Age.132 thematerialsare similarto thoseused fortheflatcelts.Parallelsfor Date.EH findspots moreover, predominate; in use intotheME133 OtherfindsfromU502 axe U502SF 2 date to the EH III period,continuing the shaft-hole wouldseemto favouran EH dateforthisparticularexample.134 U500, U502, U519, U3006.

127See Blegen'ssecond group of celts at Zygouries,'small and approximatelyheart-shaped',of EH II date (Biegen 199). The small celts of 'type a' fromEutresis are EH: Goldman202 fig.274. 1-3. 128Plainly,weightvariesaccordingto the densityof the raw material:notall theseare ofthesame stone. 129Renard,Kouphovouno. 8 Το

αρχαιολογικό έργο στη Μακεδονίακαι Θράκη, vi

(Thessaloniki, 1992),85-91)pi· 5· 152Though there may have been some overlap with the hoppertype. 153V G. Childe,'Rotaryquernson thecontinentand in the Mediterraneanbasin',Antiquity, 17 (1943),19-26; Morijtz(n. J45)> 53-61,67-73. 154Moritz(n. 145),53-61,morecautiousthanRobinsonand Graham(n. 145),332.

i8o Chapter 18 [Upperrow,r.)6 e. R422DSF 2. Dark-greysandstone,broken.Top surfacepecked;undersidein coarse,unworked state.8.20 X 15.20X 4.60-5.65. sandstonefragment. Traces ofpeckingon all surfaces;top wornand {Lower row,/.)6 e. U519SF 5. Yellowish-grey flattened. 11.00X 13.00X 1.70-5.60. 6 e. U491SF 1 (ii). Smallfragment ofmillstone, made froma piece ofimportedvolcanictuff. row,centre) 8.70 {Jjower x 6.00 χ 4.05. withdarkergreeninclusions.12.00x 10.20X stone(sandstone?), row,r.)6 e. U491SF 1 (i). Olive-grey-green [Jjower 2.60-2.94. 7. 'POT-LIDS'

(PLATE 8 b) Seven circular stone discs were collected from six differentsites. They were manufactured from greenish-greyschist,by working the edges from both sides, using (hard-hammer?) direct percussion. Only S475 SF 1, of light yellow schist, was knapped in just one direction. n4i2 SF 1, the largest at D. 31.50-32.50, had chisel markson one face, and 163 SF 1 (D. c.16.00), is pierced at the centreby a hole 1 cm across. The smallest,U511 SF 7, has D. c.8.5; theiraverage breadth is 2.35 cm. Function. Association with pithoi at Malthi suggeststheir use as lids. The site's excavator also noted, in the 1930s similar discs were used in Messenia as architecturalsupports in houses.155 that however, The pierced example fromS163 could have been used as a weightor spindle whorl. Date. Parallels at Malthi date MH-LH,156 which would fitwith the prehistoricdates fromn4io, n4i2, and U500, though the remainingthreefindspotsare all post-BronzeAge. n4io (JV= 2); S163, n4i2, S475, U500, U511. Plate8 (b) [Upper/.)7. n4i2 SF 1. Slate-like grey-blueschist; edges modified in bi-directionalpercussive manner, hard-hammer mode. A single surfacehas been chiselled flat.D. 31.50-32.50. [Upperr.) 7. n4io SF 2. Same material and production as n4i2 SF 1. D. 29.00-32.00. {LowerI.) 7· S475C SF 1. Light yellow schist,uni-directionallystruck.D. c.11.00. [2ndfromI.) 7. n4io SF 1. As n4i2 SF 1. D. c.10.00. {jrdfromI.) 7. U511 SF 7. As n4i2 SF 1. D. c.8.50. [4thfromI.) 7. U500 A2 SF 2. As n4i2 SF 1. D. 12.00-15.00. [Far r.) 7. S163 SF 1. Light green schist;D. c.16.00. Has central hole, D. c.i.oo (worn ratherthan struck). 8. WHETSTONES (PLATE 8 c) A small group of undatable sharpening tools, all fragmentary. That from LS 10555 (PLATE 8 c, bottom) is of sandstone; those from 111330may be modern. 111330(JV= 2); hi 1, LS 10555. 9. MARBLE

VESSELS (PLATE 8 d) (1)J67BF 15. Rim of square or rectangularbasin, with traces of pecking inside and out. 16.60 X 11.40 X 4.10-7.08. Date: unknown. (2) B103BSF 1. Rim of marble basin, with traces of pecking. 23.90 X 10.00 X 5.62-7.20. Date: Archaic-classical. (3) Bin SF 2. Foot of small grey marble or limestone basin; smoothed after chiselling inside, pecking marks externally.D. 25 cm. Date: Classical-early hellenistic. (4) M175SF 2. Vertical rim of white marble basin. 11.50 X 7.95 x 3.50-4.10. Date: Early hellenistic? (5) M341 SF 1. Stand with a hole in the centre. 19.30 x 8.00 X 3.30-7.60. Date: Roman-Byzantine.

155Valmin,SME 354-5.

156Valmin,SM£,pl. 27J.

Ground stone

i8i

(6) R421 SF 1. Vertical rim, slightlythickenedinside. 26.00 X 19.60 x 4.25-5.47. Date: hellenistic. (7) U3024 SF 1. Complete profileof basin, with handle placed just below the slightlybevelled, vertical rim. 21.40 x

27.60X 2.22-4.50.

Date:classical.

in PLATE Severalsimilarfragments werenoted(butnotrecovered)at D306; one is illustrated 8 (d). 10. ARROWSTRAIGHTENER (PLATE 8 b) hi6 SF 1. Smalloval stone(ofgranite?) withfivegroovesdeliberately wornintouppersurface. Plate8 (c)

10. hi6 SF 1. Arrowstraightener (?), workedon all sides;itsgrooves(max. depth0.244 cm) seem to have {Upper.) assisteditsuse as a rubbingimplement. 6.87 X 4.90 X 3.35. LS 10555SF I{Lower Ï) 8. Whetstone.

Plate8 (d)

marblevesselat D306. 9. Fragmentary

Discussion:

The Ground

Stone

Industries

of East-central

Laconia

chronology it is rarethatanynew or moredetaileddatingcan be As withthechippedstoneassemblages, ceramicdata.A fewpiecesfromsitesoftheclassicaland addedto thatwhichis providedthrough hellenistic quern5(6 c) and the hopperrubbers(6 d), are periods,notablythe 'Egyptian-boat elsewhere in corroborative to offer datingfromexcavatedcontexts sufficiently idiosyncratic good EBA it a from one of the sites which offer is theHellenicworld.Surprisingly, however, may piece theassociatedceramicevidence. distinction thanwaspossiblethrough a finerchronological axe (1 c) fromU502 has parallelsin the Péloponnèsesecurelydated to the The shaft-hole material in EH III period, a phase forwhich there is a notable absence of recognizable Laconia.157While it is truethatthisclass of implementcan also be foundin MH levelsof southernmainlandsites,the lack of such materialfromU502 makes the recognitionof a at leastpartlydatedto EH III all themoretempting. settlement TOOL FUNCTION AND SETTLEMENT ECONOMY

fromsitesof The mostunexpectedresultwas the completeabsence of grindingimplements thoselargercelts/axes(1 b-c), whoseformand wear tracessuggest LN1/FN1date. Similarly, are once morevirtually absentfromsitesofpre-BronzeAge date. thattheyare partsofards,158 between theseanomaliesas being indicativeof functionaldifferentiation Can one interpret sitesof the laterNeolithicand thoseof the EBA? Certainlythereis a recognizedemphasis thoughone shouldbe waryof upon pastoraleconomiesin southernGreece at thistime,159 thattoolsmade from the the evidence Survey.Ethnographic parallelsdemonstrate overstating With the of organicmaterialscan be employedin cultivation querns(6 a) also, practices.160 157See n. 134.158e.g.Goldman202. 159Démoule and Perlés389. 160See Y. Koda, 'Woodenfarming toolsof thesouthcoastof M. Otte,and H. Plisson Peru',in P. C. Anderson,S. Beyries,

retrouvés international deLiège) etfonctions: lesgestes (eds),Traces (colloque for (ÉditionsERAUL, 50; 1993),339-60; B. Orme,Anthropology Archaeologists (London,1981),39-40,figs,io-ii, 57-62.

i82 Chapter18 one mustexercisecautionin linkingformwithfunction.Runnels,dealingwithcomparable uses.161Given thatthe material,has speculatedon a numberof potentialnon-agricultural materialwas collected in surfacesurvey,functionalanalyses would providelittlesecure archaeobotanicaldata would information;162 ideally,morecontextualand, mostimportantly, be required. RAWMATERIAL PROCUREMENT OVER TIME

Whatcan be said aboutthegrinding is thatthereare diachronicdifferences in the implements raw materialsemployedin theirmanufacture. All the EBA quernswere made fromlocally available stones,predominantly sandstoneand schist.We have no examplesof any saddle or querns, 'AgiosKosmas-typemortars',made of andésite,whichappear on a numberof earlierand contemporary sitesin theArgolidand Attica.163 This wouldseem to confirmthe made Runnels and that this volcanic material was beingcommonly used only point by Murray 'at siteslocatedclose to thesources'.164 It is onlyin theclassicalperiodthatthereis evidence of volcanicpieces beingimportedon a regularbasis,mostlikelyready-made, thoughat the time the exact source or sources are unknown. present Lithicresearchin thesouthernAegean,comparedto otherareas ofmaterialculturestudies, is a relatively new field.As yetthe main interesthas focusedupon chipped-and (to a lesser industriesof the earlierprehistoric thispictureis extent)ground-stone periods.Fortunately in to with Runnels, particular, beginning change, havingemphasizedthe need withinlithic studiesforboth a diachronicperspectiveand a broadeningof the materialscope.165It is therefore natureofthedata and conclusions, the hoped thatdespitetheoccasionallytentative workpresentedheremakesjust sucha positivecontribution to thefield.

161Runnels1985b,33-4. 162Fordevelopments in thisfieldseeJ. L. Adams,'Use-wear stones',JFA15 (1988), analysison manosand hide-processing factor fancy?', 307-15;C. E. RolandJones,Archaeochemistry:

in A. E. Close (ed.), ThePrehistory ii: Stratigraphy, ofWadiKubbaniya,

andEnvironment Palaeoeconomy (Dallas,Tex., 1989),260-6; R. M. Yohe II, M. E. Newman,andJ. S. Schneider, 'Immunological

identification of small-mammal proteinson aboriginalmilling equipment',American Antiquity, 56. 4 (1991),659-66. These thefunction ofthelasttask. methods, however, mayonlyindicate 163Runnels1085b;1088. 164G. N. Runnels and P. M. Murray,'Milling in ancient Greece',Archaeology, φ. 6 (10,83), 62-3 and 75,at p. 75. 165Runnels1982;1983;1985c.

19 THE SMALL FINDS MarcoOverbeek The Laconia SURVEY produceda largenumberof smallfinds,mostlyin a fragmentary The chippedand groundstoneartefacts are treatedin Chapter18,thestone condition. in includea variety of architectural and sculptural fragments Chapter20; theremainder kiln as architectural terracotta implements, objectssuch fragments, supports, lamps,weaving andplaques.Coinsandothermetaland stoneobjectswerealso.pickedup,as were figurines, someglassfragments.1 TERRACOTTA (1-110) Architectural

Fragments (1-6) Six architectural four have been found:one fragment of a disc akroterion, fragments of and a Each seems to be of a voussoir. antefix fragments antefixes, probably fragment different but all are remains of back the tile. the of the of cover type, top 1. VOUSSOIR?(PLATE9 a-b) H31 SF 1. L. 0.124. Base 0.071 X 0.061. Very coarse,

medium-hard, orangeclay(5 YR7/6)withgrit.Upper partmissing.Partlymouldmade.Object withstraight front,slightlycurving back, and sides widening towardsbrokentop. Radiatingincisedlines at upper front.Remainsof roughlyapplied clay acrossincised linesand at lowerfront. The objectmayperhapshavebeen a voussoirofan arch,as suggestedby its shape and size. The applied clayat thefrontmaythenhavehelpedto fititintothe wall. Date uncertain. 2. ANTEFIX(FIG. 19.1, /) N415 SF 1. L. 0.03, W. 0.057, Th. 0.031. Core; fine,hard

orangeclay (5 YR 7/6) withsome whitegrit.Surface:

1 I am gratefulto Dr J. P. A. van der Vin forinformation on thecoins,and to MrJ.J. V M. Derksenforhis helpwith the lamp fragments.Thanks are also due to Dr W. G.

(7.5YR7/2).Dark reddish-grey slip lightbrownish-grey (7.5 R 3/1).Fragmentof back of covertile,bothends Frontmissing. convex,with missing. Upperpartslightly tracesofslip.Lowerpartconcave.Back partendingin ridge. projecting triangular Archaic? 3. ANTEFIX(FIG. 19.1,2) N415ASF 1. L. 0.077, W. 0.036, Th. 0.032. Core: fine,

medium-hardorange clay (5 YR 7/6). Surface:dull· orange(7.5YR 6/4). Blackslip(5 YR7/1).Fragmentof back of cover tile, both ends missing.Upper part convex,withtracesofslip.Lowerpartofback slightly endingin largeprojectingtriangularridge,part of it missing.Top divided into two large ridges, with convex. horizontallinesin relief.Frontpartslightly Archaic?

Cavanagh and Prof. J. H. Crouwel for suggesting to thetext. improvements

184 Chapter19 4. DISCAKROTERION (FIG.19.1,3) N415D SF 1. L. 0.094, W. 0.085, Th. 0.021. Fine, dullyellow-orange medium-soft, clay (10 YR 7/4) with somemica and a littlebrowngrit.Two coloursofslip: black (10 YR 2/1), dull brown (7.5 YR 6/3). Mouldmade. Only a small fragmentpreserved.Flat backwithroughsurfaceand sometracesofblackslip. On front,two parallel, slightlycurved edgings in relief,dividedby a ridge.Horizontalsurfaceof edges concave.Loweredgingsomewhathigherthan slightly upper. On horizontal surface of edgings no slip preserved.On verticalsurfaceoflowestedging,traces ofblackslip. in relief. Belowtheedgings,tonguesare represented ofa thirdtongueare Onlytwotonguesand a fragment Each tongueis £.0.017 wide.The lefttongue preserved. has a black slip on its horizontalsurface;edges of tongueand verticalsurfaceare plain. The tonguein the middlehas a dull brownslip all over.The right tongue has traces of black slip. It is likelythat the

blackand dullbrown. tongueswerepaintedalternately Thereare no tracesofslipon thebackground.2 Archaic. 5. ANTEFIX (FIG.19.1,4) N415 SF 2. L. 0.07, W. 0.052, Th. 0.019. Fine pale yellowclay(2.5 Y 8/3) withsomesmallblackparticles. Black slip (10 YR 2/1).Fragmentof back of covertile, bothends missing.Lowerpartconcave.Frontslightly convex. Back part ending in projectingtriangular ridge,withtracesof slip on it. Two smallhorizontal ridgeson top,withtracesofslip. Archaic? 6. ANTEFIX N415 SF 3. L.0.069, W. 0.041, Th. 0.019. Fine, very hard,lightyellow-orange clay (7.5 YR).Black slip (7.5 YR 2/1). Square, flatfragmentof top of cover tile? Plainsurface.Convexridgecoveredwithslip. Archaic?

Tuyère and Kiln Supports (7-10) formtoonefound kilnsupports werefoundon twosites.Threehavea similar Fourhandmade date. a Romanor Byzantine in theAthenian withthelattermaysuggest Agora.Comparison A tuyère wasalsofound(ioa). 7. N315 SF 1. D. 0.023-0.045, L. 0.10. Fine, hard orangeclay (7.5 YR 7/6) withred particlesand some mica. Handmade, roughlyshaped, flaringcylinder; angularsides.Brokenoffat widestpart. Roman-Byzantine period?

10. M321 SF 5. L. 0.053, W. 0.039. Medium-fine orange clay (5 YR 7/6). Top and projectingflange Handmade,identicalto 8. missing. Roman-Byzantine period?

8. N315SF 2. L. 0.04, W. 0.038. Hard, medium-fine orange clay (5 YR 7/6) with some particles. Top Handmade,roughlyshapedpiece ofclaywith missing. at rightanglesfrombase on front.3 flangeprojecting Roman-Byzantine period;early6thcent.AD?

J67SF 2. L. 0.245, Th. 0.028. D. (complete)c.0.148. Medium-fine,hard, lightyellow-orangeclay (10 YR 8/3). Some fine brownish-blackslip (10 YR 8/3). Wheelmade. Top and largestpart of foot missing. Large chipsoffsurface.Slip wornoffridges.Conical, hollow stand, with horizontal,outward-projecting, ridgesc. every0.017.4 slip-covered Archaic?

orange 9. M321SF4. L. 0.042,W. 0.046. Medium-fine clay (5 YR 7/6) with white particles. Top missing. Handmade,identicalto 8· Roman-Byzantine period?

2 Cf. A. Terracottas Ramage, Lydian Houses and Architectural

(Cambridge,Mass., 1978),34 and figs119-21.Â. Âkerstrom,

Die architektonùcken Terrakotten Kleinasiens (Lund, 1966), pl. 20, nos in the 1-2; pl. 21, no. 3; E. D. van Buren, GreekFictileRevetments ArchaicPeriod(London, 1926), 182, no. 15, pl. 17 fig.56, pl. 18, Dachterrakotten, figs 57-8; H. Koch, Studienzu den campanischen

Rom.Mitt.30 (1915),1-115,at p. 49 fig.45; Α. Μ. Woodward, 'Sparta: the acropolis',BSA 28 (1926-7),37-48, fig.2; W. S. terracottas', Georgeand A. M. Woodward,'The architectural

IOa.

TUYÈRE (PLATE 13 c)

in AO 117-44,pl. 22 no. 1,pl. 23. It shouldbe mentioned that, citedabove,thetongues reference in contrast to theakroteria in reliefand notby oftheakroterion N415SF4 are represented and incisedlines.Cf.Ramage,op. cit.34. painting 3 Cf. S. Robinson, The AthenianAgora,v: Pottery oftheRoman

Period(Princeton,NJ; 1959), pl. 50; J. K. Papadopoulos, Άάσανα, tuyèresand kilnfiringsupports',Hesp.61 (1992), 203-21,pis 49 b-c,51 b,figs.5-6. 4 Cf. Papadopoulos(n. 3), pl. 48 c-d' fig.2, Β 1519,B 1598.

Smallfinds 185 Lamps (11-35) foundare all Roman,exceptforone thatis Greek(11). The The terracotta lamp fragments Roman lampsare all datablebetweenthe thirdand sixthcenturiesAD. The Greekfragment can be dated to the classical-hellenistic period.Judgingby fabric,one Roman lamp could be African (32). possibly 11. U490A SF 4. L. 0.039, W. 0.038, Th. 0.008. Fragmentof nozzle and base. Fine, dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4). Glaze black (7.5 YR 2/1). Wheelmade. Large part of base, part of nozzle, handle,and disc Oval wick-hole withconcaverimand flattop. missing. Flat, circular,raised base. Glaze all over,except on base. Interiorfullyglazed.5 Second quarterof 5thcent,to earlyin last quarter of4thcent.BC. 12. N415SF 4. L. 0.029, W. 0.023, Th. 0.004. Disc fragment.Fine, softorange clay (2.5 YR 7/6) with somemica.Plainfragment. 3rdcent.AD? 13. N415SF 6. L. 0.021,W. 0.023, Th. 0.01. Pierced ringhandle. Fine, softorange clay (5 YR 7/6) with mica.6 3rdcent.AD. 14. N415SF 7. L. 0.023, W. 0.016, Th. 0.02. Pierced ringhandle.Fine orangeclay(5 YR7/6)withparticles and somemica. 3rdcent.AD. 15. N415SF 33. L. 0.023,W. 0.017,Th. 0.012. Pierced clay(10 YR ringhandle.Fine,hard,dullyellow-orange 7/4)withsomemica. 3rdcent.AD. 16. N415SF 56. L. 0.021,W. 0.015,Th. 0.011.Pierced ringhandle.Hard, orangeclay (5 YR 6/6) withvery finewhiteparticles. 3rdcent.AD. 17. N415SF 126. L. 0.026, W.0.02,Th. 0.013. Pierced ringhandle withpart of body preserved.Fine, soft, dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4) with particles. Handmade? 3rdcent.AD?

18. N415SF 160. L. 0.02, W.0.02,Th. 0.013. Pierced clay (10 YR ringhandle.Fine,soft,dull yellow-orange 7/4)withmica. 3rdcent.AD. 19. N415ASF 3 (PLATE9 d). L. 0.028, W. 0.043, Th. 0.02. Fine, soft,dull orange clay (7.5 YR 6/4) with particles.Ring handle withpart of disc preserved. Disc withincisedline;handlepierced. 3rdcent.AD. 20. N415ASF 4. L. 0.04, W.0.033,Th. 0.025. Pierced clay (10 YR 7/4) ringhandle.Fine,dull yellow-orange withparticlesand mica. 3rdcent.AD. 21. N415ASF 5. L. 0.029, W. 0.024, Th. 0.01. Pierced clay (10 YR 7/4) ringhandle.Fine,dull yellow-orange withparticlesand mica. 3rdcent.AD. 22. N415ASF 8. L. 0.039,W. 0.026, Th. 0.021.Pierced ringhandle withpart of disc preserved.Fine, hard, dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4) withparticles.Handle grooved.Two incisedlineson disc. 3rdcent.AD. 23. N415ASF 10. L. 0.023, W. 0.013,Th. 0.014. Disc fragment.Fine, dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4). Very worn,plainfragment. 3rdcent.AD? 24. N415ASF 11. L. 0.023, W. 0.017,Th. 0.004. Disc Fine,hard,lightyellow-orange fragment. clay (7.5 YR 8/6). Decoratedwithincisedline. 3rdcent.AD? 25. N415ASF 12. L. 0.025, W. 0.019, Th. 0.005. Disc Fine,softorangeclay(5 YR7/6).Decorated fragment. withincisedlineand inciseddots. 3rdcent.AD?

5 Close to O. Broneer,Corinth, iv. 2: Terracotta BritishMuseum, iii: Roman ProvincialLamps (London, 1988), Lamps Mass.,1930),typeIV,p. 42,andI. Margreiter, Q, 3268 fromAthens,firsthalf of 3rd cent. AD; or (Cambridge, aus demApollon-Heiligtum no. 2069. N415SF 6-7, 33, 56, 126,and 160, (Mainz Alt-Agina,ii. 3: Die Kleinfiinde Perlzweig, am Rhein,1988),pl. 47,nos 490-1. N415ASF 3-5 and 8, and N415BSF 9 are all of thesame 6 Cf. handle of D. M. Bailey, A CatalogueoftheLamps in the type.

i86 Chapter19 26. N415BSF 9. L. 0.031, W. 0.015, Th. 0.014. Pierced ring handle. Fine, hard, dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4) withparticles. 3rd cent. AD. 27. F136 SF 1. L. 0.076, W. 0.086, Th. 0.01. Fragment of disc (FIG. 19.1,5). Fine, hard orange clay (5 YR 7/6) with limestone particles and mica. Clay mould. Base, nozzle, handle, and some parts of disc missing. Airhole in centre with rays in relief around, defined by rim; row of rectanglesin relief.7 Second half of 4th cent. AD. 28. G252 SF 1. L. 0.058, W. 0.04, Th. 0.005. Fragment of disc (FIG. 19.1, 6). Fine, softyellow-orange clay (7.5 YR 7/8) with white particles. Clay mould. Handle, large parts of base and disc missing.Flat base. Flaring walls curving. Trace of nozzle. Disc with rosette decoration defined by outer ring of three incised lines. Air-hole pierced at edge of disc.8 3rd~4th cent. AD. 29. R281D SF 2. Fragments of lamp. Nozzle L. 0.037, W. 0.031, Th. 0.006. Very soft, orange clay (7.5 YR 7/6). Handmade? Large parts of base and disc and all of handle missing. Base rounded. Black traces of fire on edge of nozzle.9 3rd~4th cent. AD. 30. M321 SF 3. L. 0.07, W. 0.039, Th. 0.003. Fragment of disc. Fine, hard orange clay (7.5 YR 7/6) with some mica; unevenly fired, greyish-brown (partly 7.5 YR 6/2). Clay mould. Base, nozzle, handle, and large part missing. Air-hole partly preserved. Around air-hole, rays in relief,defined by rim decorated with an olive branch.10 5th-6th cent. AD.

Weaving

31. M321 SF 4. L. 0.043, W. 0.031, Th. 0.015. Fragment of handle with part of wall. Fine, soft orange clay (5 YR 7/6) with white particles. Handmade. Convex wall. Roughly shaped, curvinghandle. Same type as 28. 3rd~4th cent. AD. 32. M321 (plate 9 c). L. 0.055, W. 0.058, Th. 0.011. Fragment of disc with handle. Fine, very hard orange clay (5 YR 7/6). Clay mould. Base, nozzle and large part of disc missing.Flat disc with upper part of cross and ring of dots in centre. Defined by rim; raised wreath and circles. Knob handle. Judging by fabric, African?11 5th-6th cent. AD. 33· U490A SF 2. L. 0.031, W. 0.028, Th. 0.01. Fragment of disc. Fine, hard, dull yellow-orange clay (10 YR 6/3). Clay mould. Base, nozzle, handle, and most of disc missing. Back slightly concave. Decoration of circle in relief. Defined by rim; meandering line and dots in relief.Same type as 27. Second half of 4th cent. AD. 34. LS 11105 SF 1. L. 0.044, W. 0.032, Th. 0.008. Fragment of disc. Fine, very hard orange clay (5 YR 6/4). Clay mould. Base, part of nozzle, handle, and large part of disc missing. Decoration on disc not identifiable.Defined by rim; row of rosettesin relief.12 5th-6th cent. AD. LAMPMOULD(PLATE9 e) OF TERRACOTTA 35. FRAGMENT A3013SF 1. L. 0.076, W. 0.047. Medium-fineorange clay (5 YR 7/6) with finewhite particles.Handmade. Lower half and righthalf missing.Surface of outside irregular, inside smooth. Part of disc with channel to wick-hole. Disc and channel surroundedby high ridge.13 6th cent. AD or later.

Implements

(36-54)

spindle whorls (36-40) discswitha suspensionhole in the Three of thefollowing objects(38-40) are flatterracotta to a stoneobjectof the same form,statesthatthisformis centre.Davidson,whilereferring The usual formof spindle It maybe Roman or later.15 rarelyfoundamongspindlewhorls.14 and whorlis discoidor conical,as seemsto be represented by36 37.

7 Close to Perlzweig, no. 1460,pl. 28, or Robinsonno. L 62,

80, pl. 45. 8 Close to Perlzweig, pl. 30, no. 1649. 9 Close to Perlzweig, pl. 30, no. 1631. 10Close to Broneer(n. 5), types31-2.

11Close to Perlzweig, nos 2021,2024. 12Close to Perlzweig, pl. 39, no. 2444. 13Close to Perlzweig, pl. 46, no. 2883. 14Davidson,pl. 78, no. 1222. 15Davidson172.

Small finds 187 36. T468 SF ι. Conical spindlewhorl?H. 0.034, D. 0.065, Th. 0.016. Veryhard,fine,lightyellow-orange clay(10 YR8/4). Wheelmade.Conical shape.Chip off bottom.16 Archaic? 37. Q,i80 SF 1. Conical spindlewhorl.L. 0.062, W. 0.057.D. (complete)c.0.046.Coarse,orangeclay(5 YR 7/6) with much grit. Surface worn. Handmade. Conical shape with lengthwisehole. Half of cone preserved. Roman. 38. K247BSF 1. D. 0.037,Th. 0.012. Complete.Fine, softorangeclay (5 YR 7/6). Flat disc,suspensionhole LOOM-WEIGHTS

in centre.Handmade.Surfacescratched;chipsoffside and surface. Byzantine. 39. n3i8 SF2. D. 0.05,Th. 0.013.Complete.Mediumfine,dull orange clay (5 YR 7/4) withsome gritand mica. Handmade. Flat disc withsuspensionhole in centre. Roman? 40. R428 SF 8. D. c.0.059,Th. 0.012. Half preserved. Soft,orangeclay (5 YR 7/6). Handmade. Half of flat disc and part of suspensionhole preserved.Surface scratched. Roman?

(41-54)

werefound.The fabricsvary,but A largenumberofcompleteand fragmentary loom-weights ofa are made ofthelocal orangeclay.None oftheweightsbearstheimpressions themajority and is theonly seal or anyincisedmarks.M348SF 1 (see undertypeΒ 3, 46), is possiblyAttic,17 to weightthatshowstracesofblackslip.It seemsthattheweightswereoftoo littleimportance be made or decoratedwithgreatcare. They could be used fora longperiod,maybeevenfor notexist.18 A chronological based on theirshapemaytherefore centuries. development are dividedintotwobasic shapes,conicaland pyramidal. In general,Greekloom-weights In Laconia both shapeswere used. The Laconian conical weightshave slopingsides and a thebottomedge always concaveor flat,circularbase. The top is eitherpointedor flattened, more bevelled.The Laconianpyramidalweightsare largerin number,and perhapstherefore in variedin executionand size,thanthe conical ones. The bases are square or rectangular; mostcases the loweredge is bevelled.Nearlyall have slopingsides; the top may be either roundedor flattened. Apartfroma generaldivisionintoconicaland pyramidalshapes,theweightsfoundcan be dividedintoseveralsmallergroupsaccordingto shapeand size. Conical 41. TYPE A I (PLATE 10 a)

42. TYPE A 2 (PLATE 10 a)

Circular base, steeply sloping sides, lower edge somewhatbevelled,pointedtop. Bin SF3: H. 0.048,D. (base) 0.05; fairly fineorange clay (7.5 YR 7/6). U511SF 1 (PLATE10 a): H. 0.059, D· clay(10YR7/4). (base)0.055;fine>dullyellow-orange The appearance of these weightsis rathercrude and squat.19 Classical-hellenistic.

Circular,slightlyconcave base, slopingsides, lower edge bevelled,pointedtop. Η19 SF 1: H. 0.057,D. (base) 0.042; fine,softorange clay (5 YR 7/8). J226 SF 1 (plate io a): H. 0.07, D. (base) 0.04; fine,softorangeclay(5 YR7/8)withsome particles.20 Hellenistic.

16Davidson,pl. 77, nos 1214,1216.In view of the factthat theobjectis hollow,itcouldalso be thebase ofa vessel. 17Cf.Davidsonand Thompson80, fig.32, no. 4. 18In general,thedatingofloom-weights is stilla problem. An attempt has been made by Davidson 146-72 (Corinthian) and by Davidson and Thompson 65-96

are (Attic).The dates givento the Laconian loom-weights based on those of the Corinthianand Atticones, but it is uncertainwhetherthe Laconian weightswere in any way connectedwiththem. 19Cf.Davidson,pl. 74,no. 1073(6th-early5thcent.BC). 20Cf.Davidson,pl. 74,no. 1116 (early5thcent.BC).

i88 Chapter 19 43. typea 3 (plate 10 a) Circular,concave base, slopingsides,loweredge just bevelled,flattened slightly top.

M328 SF 1: H. 0.098, D. (base) 0.06. Fine, softorange clay (5 YR 7/8).21 Classical?

Pyramidal 44. type β ι (plate 10 b) Squarish base, sloping sides, no bevelling at lower edge, top rounded or flattened.H. 0.045 or êssH36 SF 1 (plate 10 b): H. 0.032, base 0.024; vei7 fine,softorange clay (5 YR 7/8). D96 SF 1 (PLATE10 b)' H. 0.03, top 0.0 1, base 0.025; coarse, pale yellow clay (2.5 Y 8/3). M344 SF 2 (PLATE 10 b): H. 0.042, base 0.027; veiT fme>s°ft orange clay (5 YR 7/8). This group consists of very small, neatly made, pyramidal weights. They may thereforebe compared to the typical small Attic weights,datable to the fifth and fourth centuries BC.22 It is also possible that weightsof this size were used as children'stoys.23 Classical-Roman? 45. TYPE Β 2 (PLATE10 a) Squarish base, sloping sides, rounded edges, lower edge bevelled to a high point, top rounded. R281B SF 1 (PLATE 10 a): H. 0.064, base 0.03; fine orange clay (7.5 YR 7/6). R428 SF 9: H. 0.08, base 0.04; fairlyrough orange clay (5 YR 7/6) with some littleparticles.24 Classical-hellenistic? 46. type β 3 (plate 10 b-d) Square base, slightlysloping sides, edges not rounded, no bevelling, square flat top. H. 0.08 or less. The fabric varies fromfine orange clay (5 YR 7/6) to fine, lightyellow-orangeclay (10 YR 8/4). Nearly all fabrics have large white particles included. H31 SF 2; J67 SF I, 7, 9; D85 SF i; Bill SF 4; AI18B SF 4; M171SF 1; mi73 SF 2 (PLATE10 b); M176 SF ι; Ν186 SF 1 (PLATE10 c); N188 SF 1; A196 SF 1; K204A SF 2; K235 SF 2; N313 SF 1; n3l8 SF I (PLATE10 c)' ΠΙ320 SF 2; 111323SF ι; Π1330 SF ι; Π1331SF 1 (plate 10 d)' 11^345SF ι; Μ348 SF I (PLATE10 b), 2; M350 SF 2; R422D SF ι; Τ467 SF I, 2a; T481 SF 1; U490 SF 9; U516A SF 1-2; U519 SF 1-2; S524BSF3. This group seems to represent the most common type of loom-weights in Laconia. As already stated, one of the weights (M348 SF 1) might be Attic. The type may have existed fora long period, fromclassical to Roman times. Groups Β 4-6 are similar but display slightdifferences.

21Cf.Davidson,pl. 74,no. 1069(late8th-early 7thcent.BG). 22Diverging from 0.04 to 0.011 m, Davidson and Thompson73 n. 80.

47. TYPE Β 4 (PLATE10 d) Rectangular base, two narrowsides verysteeplysloping, two wide sides nearly horizontal, bevelled, edges and top rounded. Suspension hole at top on wide sides. J230 SF 1: H. 0.07, base missing;fine,dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4). U499 SF 3 (PLATE io d)' Η. 0.081, base 0.054 x Ο·Ο37; rough, yellow-orange clay (10 YR 7/4) with red particles.S509 SF 2: H. 0.084, Dase 0.042, both narrow sides missing;fine,dull orange clay (5 YR 7/4). Classical. 48. type Β 5 Squarish base, sloping sides, bevelled, top and edges slightlyrounded. C108 SF 1: H. 0.064, base 0.036; fine orange clay (5 YR 7/8). T467 SF 2: H. 0.064, Dase °-°5; rough, dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4), with many particles. T471 SF 1: H. 0.067, Dase 0.045; fine orange clay (5 YR 7/8). U493 SF 2: H. 0.06, base 0.042; fine,dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4). S509 SF 1: H. 0.07, base 0.044; ^ne orange clay (5 YR 7/6). LS n 172 SF 1: H. 0.079, base 0.051; fine orange clay (5 YR 7/8). Classical-hellenistic. 49. type β 6 (plate 10 d) Rectangular base, all sides sloping,bevelled, edges not rounded, top rounded. K204 SF 1: H. 0.09, base 0.03 X 0.053; rough orange clay (7.5 YR 6/8) with some particles. Hellenistic-Roman. 50. TYPE Β 7 (PLATE10 d) Square base, slightlysloping sides, bevelling,rounded edges, flat top. The weight is rather rectangular in outline. J317SF 1: H. 0.057, base 0.035, t0P °-0I3; hard, dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4) with some mica. M342 SF 1 (plate 10 d): H. 0.063, Dase °-°34> toP 0.018; dull orange clay (5 YR j/4).25 Hellenistic-Byzantine? 51. TYPE Β 8 (PLATE10 b) Squarish, slightly concave base, bevelled, rounded edges and top.

sloping sides,

23Davidson153. 24Davidson,pl. 77,no. 1202(istcent.BC). 25Davidsonand Thompson80, fig.32, no. 52.

Smallfinds 189 aii8a SF ι (plate io b): H. 0.07, base 0.05; fine,soft, dull orange clay (5 YR 7/6). 11486SF 1: H. 0.069, Dase and top missing;rough orange clay (5 YR 7/8).26 Classical-Roman. 52. TYPE Β g (PLATE 10 c)

Squarish base, sloping, slightlyconvex sides, bevelled, edges not rounded, top missing. J67SF 10 (PLATE10 c)' H. 0.11, base 0.052; fineyelloworange clay (7.5 YR 7/8). M352 SF 2: H. 0.12, base 0.05; fine,dull orange clay (5 YR 7/4). U511ASF 10: Η. 0.114, base missing;rough,dull orange clay (5 YR 7/4). All neatly made. This shape has, to my knowledge, no parallels outside Laconia. Classical-hellenistic.

53. TYPE Β 10 (PLATE 10 c)

Square base, straight sides, no bevelling, edges not rounded, top not preserved. M332 SF 1 (plate 10 c): H. 0.078, base 0.06; fine yellow clay (2.5 YR 7/8). 111330SF 5: H. 0.064, Dase 0.056; lightyellow-orangeclay (10 YR 8/3). Though none of these weights is complete, they are large and heavy, if crudely shaped and carelessly made. They could be Hellenistic or Roman, since Davidson states that during these periods weights in Corinth and Athens seem to increase in size and gravity and less attention is paid to their shape.27 Hellenistic?

Fragmentary 54. Π1330 SF 2; U490 SF 12; U493 SF 1, 3; U494 SF 1; I. U5IIASF2;U52OSF

Figurines (55-94) of terracotta The largenumberof fragments figurines comprisesexamplesfromEarly In mostcasesno sliporpaintispreserved. HelladictoRomantimes. PREHISTORIC

(55-7)

55. BOVINE(PLATEII a) U3001 SF 1. L. 0.045, H. 0.028. Fine, fairlysoft, light yellow-orange clay (10 YR 8/4). Handmade. Right forepaw and lefthind paw missing.Left horn missing. Body and head angular. Short paws, shorttail.28 Early Helladic. 56. FRAGMENT OF FEMALE (PLATE II b) H45 SF 8. L. 0.031, D. (foot) 0.027, (stem) 0.017. Fairly

soft, light yellow-orange clay (7.5 YR 8/3), no inclusions. Surface worn. Traces of black slip on base. Handmade. Upper part of figurine missing. Part of stem and base broken off.Circular, flatbase with thin stem on top of it. Stem somewhat oblique.29 Late Helladic.

26 Though consistingof pyramidal weights,this group could have been influenced by developments of the shape of the conical loom-weights at Corinth. Cf. Davidson, pl. 74, no. VII (no. 1093, early 5th cent.). 27 Davidson 161; Davidson and Thompson 74. 28 Cf. C. Tzavella-Evjen, Lithares(Athens, 1984), pis 81 a-b,

57. FRAGMENT OF FEMALE (PLATE II b) Q360 SF 1. L. 0.028. D. (foot) 0.027. D. (stem) 0.019.

Soft, fine orange clay (5 YR 7/6), no inclusions. Surface worn. No paint or slip. Flat, circular foot. Thin, flaringstem. Late Helladic.

58. FRAGMENT OF FEMALE (PLATE II b) Q360A SF 1. L. 0.032, D. (foot) 0.027,

(stem) 0.019.

Fine, light grey clay (7.5 YR 8/2), no inclusions. Handmade. Surface worn. No paint or slip. Roughly circular footwith somewhat sloping stem.30 Late Helladic.

84 θ and λ; Κ. Müller, Tiryns, iv: Die Urfirniskeramik (München, 1938), pl. 5, nos 6, 8-10; pl. 25, nos 1. 2, 9; PL i. 80, fig.6. 3; pl. 23 a, no. 1. 29 E. irench, The development 01 Mycenaean terracotta figurines',BSA 66 (iQ7i), 101-87, at p. ioq, fig.1. 30 French (n. 29), fig.1.

190 Chapter 19 ARCHAIC FIGURINES FROM SITE N415 (58-68)

A largenumberoffragments and nearlycompletegrotesquefigurines werefoundat a singlesite, In viewofthisitis N415(incorporating n4i6).31Theyare handmadeand ofsimpleworkmanship. The clayis ofthelocalvariety, too;itis in mostcasesfine verylikelythattheyare localproducts. and verysoft,sometimes withinclusions.The colourrangesfromlightyellow-orange (7.5 YR are made ofan exceptionalfabric,either 8/6) to dullorange(5 YR 7/4).A numberoffigurines hardor softgreyor brownish Sometimes tracesofa blackglazecan be seen. clay.32 Many of these figurines,which belong to the archaic period,33bear a remarkable At the resemblance to thearchaicgrotesquefigurines fromthesanctuaryofArtemisOrthia.34 Menelaiontoo,similarfigurines appearto havebeen found.35 Animals 59. QUADRUPEDS(PLATEII c)

Four fragmentsof thistypewere found(N415SF 1; ofbodiesand legs; 191).All are fragments N415/141-2, no headsare preserved. No glaze.L. 0.059-0.021.36 60. OTHER ANIMALS(PLATEII d)

Two indefinableanimalswere found.One (N415SF and preservesa head with two 89) is fragmentary,

holes to reproduceeyes and a long neck; no glaze; L. 0.036. The other (N415SF 140) is completeand looks rather like a seal (PLATE11 d).37It has two paws in front,the rightone withthreelines incised, and a roundedtail. The righteye is indicatedby a circle, the rightnostrilby a hole. The lefteye is missing,the leftnostrilis not indicated. No glaze. L. 0.057.

Human:female GENITALS(PLATE12 a) 61. DISPLAYING

Fifteen are ofthefemalesex(N415SF29,37,38, figurines 47»49»58~9>91»94~5>IQ2,m, 113,38 135,and 164).Legs andarmsaremissing. The mostcomplete examplesrange in lengthfrom0.031to 0.057.Basic position:armsand legsspread,genitalsexposed.Some havetracesofblack on fiveexamples,as wellas glaze.The heads,preserved Breasts arenotindicated. thebodies,varyinexecution.39

62. PREGNANT (PLATE13 a)

There are two examples.N415SF 83: head and legs missing; back flat, belly round, both hands on belly;small curveindicatingbreasts(PLATE13 a); L. 0.034. N415SF 137: head missing;verybadly worn, circular base, columnar body, hands on belly; L. 0.057.

Human:male 63. ITHYPHALLIC MALES, SITTING OR SQUATTING

(plate 12b) Thirty-two examples(N415CSF 1; n4i6 (#502)SF 1; N415SF 2-7, 10,34-5, 43, 45, 48, 50, 82, 85, 103-5,40

106, 114, 116, 123, 130-4, 136, 138, and 152). Often legs, arms, and phalluses are missing.The nearly varyin lengthfrom0.036 to 0.056. completefigurines There seems to be one basic position: sittingor

31This site,knownas Tsákona,was excavatedby Dr H. W. Catlingin 1989. It has been identifiedas a shrineof Zeus Messapeus (see below,Inscription22; Catling 1990a, 284; 1990Ä,22, 32-3). Over 2,600 completeor nearlycomplete figurinesof the type described here were registered(cf. ofthetypes. Catling1990«,286; 1990Ä,30),withdescriptions 32N415SF82: medium-fine, hard,dullbrownclay(7.5YR5/3) SF83: fine,soft,light-grey withmanyparticles. clay(5 Y 8/2).SF SF 84: fine,light-grey clay(7/5YR8/2)withsomeredparticles. to brownclay(10 YR 6/2) with 103:fine,hard,greyish-yellow SF119:hard,greyish-yellow veryfineparticles. clay(2.5Y 7/2).SF 131:hard,lightgreyclay(2.5Y 8/2).SF 140,fine,soft,light-grey clay(7.5YR8/2). clay(io'YR8/2).SF145:fine,hard,light-grey 33Catlingand Shipley187-8.

34Farrell50-5. It shouldbe notedthatFarrellthinkssome whereasin myviewall are bearsor monkeys, ofthefigurines sitting or squatting figurines, however crude their appearance,are human. 35R. W. V. Catling,'Excavationsat the Menelaion, 1985', Lak.spoud.8 (1986),205-16,fig.13and pp. 211-12. 36Cf.Farrell50, fig.1 a, c-d' Higgins,pl. 141,no. 1021. 37This couldbe a bird:cf.Davidson,nl. ^, no. 6«*. 38SF nq is similarto Farrellw'*fie.2 d. 39Farrell51 givesa generaldescription ofthe ofthefeatures heads.Cf.M. S. Thompson,BSA 15(1908-9),pl. 6. 26 and p. 121,fromtheMenelaion. 40For drawingof N415SF 105 see Cavanagh and Crouwel 80, fig.3.

Simplefinds 191 squatting, phallus erect with arms around it.41 Executionofhead and bodyvaries.42 Only N415SF 82 and n4i6 (#502)SF 1 have beards,

indicated by small holes. The latter figurine is exceptional because of its liftedhead.

Human:sexuncertain 64. SITTINGOR SQUATTING This group, containing thirty-sixexamples, consists of fragments and nearly complete figurines without genitals43(ls 10503 SF 1; LS 10504 SF ι; Ν415 SF 8-9, 11-12, 14-15, 35, 39-42, 44, 46, 51-2, 54-5, 87-8, 90, 92, 108-9, II2> Il8> !22, 124-5, !39> 148-5°» !53> and 159).44The nearly complete examples range in length from0.037 to 0.048. 65. ON BASES(PLATE12 c) Eleven examples (N415 SF 13, 36, 62, 65, 93, 107, 115, 120-1, 143, 154). All are columnar.45The one nearly complete example of this group (N415 SF 107) is 0.056 long. N415 SF 62, 65, 93, and 120-1 are bases, their upper part missing.N415 SF 62 (H. 0.015) and 65 (H. 0.016) are both fragments consisting of a roughly circular

foot with a somewhat sloping stem. Their appearance is very similar to H45 SF 8, Q360A SF 1, and Q360 SF ι.46Ν415 SF 36 has a concave base.47 66. WITH RAISED ARM(S) (PLATE 12 d)

This group contains threeexamples, none complete. Of N415SF no (H. 0.044) and N415SF 146 (H. 0.034) the legs, large parts of the body and the rightarm are missing. The leftarm is raised to the leftpart of the head.48 On N415SF 162 (H. 0.04) the leftarm, both legs,and the head are missing.It seems a phallus is missingtoo. The body is squat; the rightarm is raised towardsthe head. No figurine of this type has been preserved completely, so one cannot be certain whether these figurineswere ithyphallic and had both arms raised. The break of the missing arms, however, seems to indicate that both were raised.

Human:fragmentary

Due totheirincompleteness a number offragments cannotbe arranged underanyoneoftheclasses. 67. HEADS N415 SF 17-28, 32, 57, 84, 86, 96-100, 117, 119, 144-5, 147, 163, and 165-6.49 The length of these fragments varies from0.018 to 0.048. 68. PHALLUSES N415 SF 20, 30, 64-6, 69, 101, 128, and 156-8. The

phallusesare all crudelyshapedcylinders, wideningat

theend. Some havea hole at thecentreoftheirwider end. Theirlengthvariesfrom0.017to 0.038. 69. LIMBS

N415 SF 63, 67-8, 70-4, 76-81, and 129. All very betweenarmsand legsis crudelymade; thedifference not clearlydistinguishable. The lengthof the limbs variesfrom0.015to 0.036.

ARCHAIC AND LATER, FROM SITES OTHER THAN N415 (69-94) OF PLASTICVASE? 70. FRAGMENT U499 SF 2. L. 0.051, W. 0.033, Th. 0.007. Fine orange

withslip.Back concave;a hollowat front.Apparently partofupperbodyand neck. Archaic?

41N415SF 4 is verysimilarto Farrell,fig.1 g. The typein generalis similarto Higgins,pl. 141,nos 1014-16,1018. 42Farrell51; cf.Catling19900,fig.11;1990^,pl. 6 d (except toprow,secondfromr.). 43Eitherthegenitalswerenotindicatedor no traceofthem is left. 44N415SF9 and 109are similarto Farrell,fig.if. 45N415SF 115,143,and 154are trefoils or crosses,identical to Farrell,fig.1 h. As Farrellstates(p. 53), thesetrefoils seem ofthehumanform. merelysimplified representations

46Cf. Catling1990a,fig.10,top row,figurine on extremer. 47N415SF 13 is similarto Farrell, fig.1,p. N415SF 107 is similar to ibid. fig. 1 k. In general the type is similarto Higgins,pl. 141,no. 1005. 48Cf. Catling1990a,fig.10,top row,second from1.; figurine Catling1990^», pl. 6 d, top row,secondfromr.Note thatboth theseexamplesraisetheright armto therightpartofthehead. 49Cf. Higgins, pl. 141, nos 1009-10, 1012-13, 1017. See Farrell51 fora descriptionof the featuresof the heads in general.

clay (5 YR 7/6) withsome dull reddish-brown slip (5 YR 5/4). Handmade. Frontveryworn;back covered

192 Chapter 19 71. FRAGMENT

U516ASF 6. L. 0.044,W. 0.035,Th. 0.015.Fairlyhard, fine, dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4). Mouldmade. Hollow.Back missing. Irregularly shaped,convexfront withthreeflaring ridges(folds?). Archaic-classical? 72. HEADOF BOVINE S524B SF 2. L. 0.04, W. 0.025, D. (neck) 0.015. Fine

orange clay (7.5 YR 7/6) withsome mica. Body and paws missing.Handmade. Head solid, neck partly hollow. Surface worn. No paint, slip, or details. neck.Small horns, Triangularhead. Long cylindrical eyes,and snoutnotindicated. Archaic-classical? OF BOVINE 73. FRAGMENT M325 SF 1. L. 0.046, W. 0.038, Th. 0.03. Fine, soft

clay (7.5 YR 8/4) withveryfine,bright yellow-orange redparticles.Handmade.Head, forelegs, largepartof body,and lower parts of hind feetmissing.Limbs roughlyformed.Very thin body; heavy hind legs; shorttailhangingdownrighthindleg. Classical. 74. FEMALEFIGURINESEATEDON THRONE U516B SF 1. H. 0.081, W. 0.035, Th. 0.036. Rough

yellow-orangeclay (7.5 YR 8/8) with large white chalkstoneparticles.Mouldmade. Head, hands,and feetmissing.Surfaceveryworn. Arms along body, endingon knees.Solid. Largehole in back.50 Secondhalfof5thcent.BC. 75. HEADOF FEMALEFIGURINE N430 SF 1. L. 0.037, W. 0.022, Th. 0.014. Fine orange

clay (5 YR 7/6) withsome mica. Mouldmade. Body missing.Head and neck complete but veryworn. Surfaceverysmooth.Solid. Polos head-dress.Back concave.51 slightly Late 5thor early4thcent.BC. OF FEMALEFIGURINE 76. FRAGMENT U3010 SF 2. L. 0.027, W. 0.024, Th. 0.01. Hard, pale

orangeclay (5 YR 8/4) withmica. Mouldmade.Flat. on back.Polossimilarto 75? Fingerprints Late 5thor early4thcent.BC?

butrestofbody Small partofleftshoulderpreserved, missing.Surfaceworn,but tracesof eyesand mouth. Solid. Back concave.Same typeas 75, but somewhat larger. Late 5thor early4thcent.BC. 78. ARMOR LEG? H31 SF 3. L. 0.06, W. 0.016,Th. 0.009. Medium-soft, orangeclay (5 YR 6/8) withwhitelimestoneparticles. Flat, flaring,stick-likearm or leg. Brokenat widest end. Late classical-hellenistic? 79. FRAGMENT N430 SF 2. L. 0.043, W. 0.038, Th. 0.019. Fine, dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4); unevenly fired, partly orange (2.5 YR 6/8). No paint or slip. Handmade. Shape irregular.Convex surfacewithsmall ridgein middle. Classical-hellenistic? 80. HEAD OF FEMALE FIGURINE

U492 SF 1. L. 0.047,W. 0.032, Th. 0.024. Fine orange clay (5 YR 7/8). Mouldmade. Body missing.Head, neck,and part of both shoulderspreserved.Surface veryworn.Solid. No paintor slip.Hair-doin 'melon hair-style'? Classical-hellenistic. 81. SHOULDEROF FEMALEFIGURINE A118ASF 6. L. 0.043, W. 0.026, Th. 0.011. Medium-

fine,dull orangeclay (5 YR 7/4). Mouldmade.Three on one point. parallelroundedridges,converging Hellenistic. 82. FRAGMENT Ai 19 SF 1. L. 0.028, W. 0.025, Th. 0.006. Fine orange

clay (5 YR 6/6). Unevenlyfired;on convexside,light brownish-grey(5 YR 6/6). Mouldmade? Square, Surfacesmooth. convexfragment. Hellenistic. OF FEMALEFIGURINE 83. FRAGMENT A119 SF 2. L. 0.046, W. 0.032, Th. 0.012. Soft, orange

orange clay (5 YR 7/6) with some fine dark grit. Mouldmade.Head, neck,and partofpolos preserved.

clay (7.5 YR 7/6) wkh some particles.Mouldmade. Hollow.Only frontof rightshoulderwithupperpart of arm and breastpreserved.Concave back. No paint worn.Armalongbody.Chiton or slip.Surfaceslightly fastenedwith pin on shoulder,girdle under chest. Some shallowfolds. Hellenistic.

50 Close to A. A. Peredolskaja, AttischeTonfiguren aus einem südrussischen Grab (Antike Kunst, Beiheft 2; Ölten, 1964), pis

(n. 5), pl. 12,no. 175. 2-3; Margreiter 51Close to Davidson,pl. 7, fig.103.

77. HEAD OF FEMALEFIGURINE U3010 SF 1. L. 0.046, W. 0.033, Th. 0.016. Hard, fine

Small finds 193 84. FRAGMENT Ai19 SF 3. L. 0.04, W. 0.023, Th. 0.008. Soft,orange clay (7.5 YR 7/6) withsome particles.Mouldmade. Slightlyconvex.No paint or slip. Irregularly shaped Possiblybelongingwith83. fragment. Hellenistic? 85. FRAGMENT A119SF 4. L. 0.042, W. 0.024, Th. 0.008. Fine, soft orangeclay(7.5YR7/6).Surfaceworn.No paintor slip. flatfragment withfourparallelincisedlines. Elongated, Hellenistic? 86. FEMALEFIGURINE(PLATE13 b) U492ASF 1. L. 0.073,W. 0.049, Th. 0.027. Fine orangeclay (5 YR 7/6) withsome fineblack grit.Mouldmade? Head solid,body hollow.Lower part of body below breastsand both arms missing.Surface veryworn. On leftshoulder and below neck,tracesof chiton.Traces of both eyes on face. Head slightlyturnedtowardsrightshoulder.Shape ofhair-doindicatesso-called'melon hair-style'.52 Last quarter of 4th cent. BC. OF FEMALEFIGURINE 87. FRAGMENT U3010 SF 2. L. 0.048, W. 0.041, Th. 0.014. Medium-

fineorangeclay(5 YR7/8)withsomeblack,mediumfineinclusions.Mouldmade.Leftshoulder,leftbreast and upperleftpartpreserved.Restofbody,head, and neck missing. Solid. Arm, shoulder, and breast coveredwithlarge,shallow,curvingfolds.Arm along body.Scarfunderbreast.53 MiddleHellenistic. 88. FIGURINE FRAGMENT?

F135 SF 1. L. 0.046, W. 0.025, Th. 0.016. Medium-fine

orangeclay (5 YR 7/6) withsome grit.Surfaceworn. No paint or slip. Mouldmade? Solid. Elongated, raggedfragment. Hellenistic-Roman? 89. FRAGMENT F148 SF 9. L. 0.034, W. 0.033, Th. 0.008. Fine, soft orangeclay (7.5 YR 7/6). Back is of unequallyfired,

light brownish clay (7.5 YR 7/1). Mouldmade. A convex front,with cylinder(arm?) parallel to it. Concaveback. Hellenistic? FRAGMENT? 90. FIGURINE M321SF 4. L. 0.018,W. 0.016,Th. 0.005. Fine orange withthreeridges clay (7.5 YR 7/6). Square fragment foldsofcloth). (possiblyrepresenting Hellenistic-Roman? OF FEMALEMASK? 91. FRAGMENT

H45 SF 2. L. 0.08, W. 0.06, Th. 0.028. Rough orange clay (5 YR 7/6) with many large red terracotta particles. Back surface irregular,large chips off. Mouldmade. Irregularly On front, shaped fragment. small part slightlyconvex and plain, largest part consistsofwavylines(representing hair?).54 istor early2ndcent.AD. 92. FIGURINEFRAGMENT F135 SF 2. L. 0.051, W. 0.034, Th. 0.014. Very soft,fine,

lightyellow-orange clay (7.5 YR 8/6). Unevenlyfired, edges brownish-grey (7.5 YR 6/1). Surfaceworn.No paint or slip. Mouldmade. Long ridge along length (foldofcloak?).Irregularshape. Roman? 93. PARTOF KNEEANDCALFOF MALE? 1163SF 1. L. 0.1 19, W. 0.084, Th. 0.017. Fine orange

clay (2.5 YR 7/8). Surface veryworn. No paint or slip. Very rough surface on back. Handmade. Irregularly shaped half-cylinder.Front convex, back concave. On front,three ridges representing knee (?). Date uncertain. 94. FRAGMENT 1164 SF 1. L. 0.045, W. 0.021, Th. 0.011. Fine orange

clay(2.5 YR 7/8). Flat stickwithbulgeat one end, the otherend missing. Date uncertain.

Plaques (95-101) Severalfragments of thetypicalLaconianplaques werefound(J230SF 1; K235SF 1;J3X7SF 2; SF SF 1; R426A U492 3; LS 10853SF l' see 95"9)· Theirstyleis mostlyarchaic.Those datedchiefly to the6thcentury couldalso havebeenmadelater,sincethetypelastedfora longerperiod.55 Alsoincludedhereare twolaterplaque fragments (100-1). 52Close to P. G. Leyenaar-Plaisier, Us Terres cuites et grecques iii:Planches romaines, (Leiden,1979),pl. 35,no. 208. 53ClosetoMargreiter (η.5),pl. 16,no.209(2nd-istcent.BC);or

H. Goldman etal., Tarsus,i: Excavations at Go'zlüKule:TheHellenistic

andRoman Periods (Princeton, NJ,1950),pl.239,no.363,andp. 355. 54Cf. Goldman(n. 53), pl. 235,nos 295 and 347; Davidson, pl. 40, fig.438. 55Wace and Hasluck,Angelona, 84.

194 Chapter 19 NAKEDFIGURE REPRESENTING 95. FRAGMENT SF 1. H. W. J230 0.07, 0.041. Hard, fine orange clay

(7.5 YR 7/6) with mica and fine black grit. Mouldmade. Solid. Surface worn. Head and shouldersmissing. Left Legs brokenoffat knee-height. arm missing.Right arm along body.Flat back. No paintor slip,no details.56 6thcent.BC. 96. FRAGMENT REPRESENTING (NAKED?) HUMAN FIGURE K235 SF 1. H. 0.057, W. 0.045, Th. 0.023. Fairly hard,

fine, orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4) with some mica. Mouldmade.Solid. Surfaceveryworn.Lowerpartof body missing.No tracesof leftarm; tracesof right arm visiblealong body.Flat back. Same typeas 95. Archaicstyle. 6thcent.BC. 97. FRAGMENT (FIG. 19.I, 7) R426A SF 1. L. 0.103, W. 0.1 14, Th. 0.033. Rough, light

clay (7.5 YR 8/4) withmuchdarkgrit. yellow-orange Mouldmade. Lower rightcorner and upper part missing.Surfacewornand scratched.Severalchipsoff edges,surface,and back.No paintor slip.Solid. Plaque framedbythin,lowband. On upperpart,in relief;twolegs in diagonalposition;parallelto them, butsomewhathigherto leftremains,ofstaffor cloth? To right,remainsof chair-leg?The completeplaque a figureseatedon a chair.57 mayhaverepresented 6thcent.BCor later.

Miscellaneous

98. FRAGMENT U492SF 3. L. 0.046,W. 0.044,Th. 0.011.Medium-fine yellow-orange clay (7.5 YR 7/8). Mouldmade.Surface veryworn.Flat back. Solid. Same typeas 95. Archaic style. 6thcent.BC. 99. CORNERWITHHUMANHEAD IN RELIEF LS 10853 SF 1. L. 0.04, W. 0.038, Th. (plaque) 0.007,

(plaque and head) 0.019. Medium-hard,fairlyfine orange clay (5 YR 7/8) with large white particles. Right corner and lower part missing.Mouldmade. Solid. Surfaceworn.Leftcornerrounded. Oval head enfacein upperleftcorner,veryclose to edge.No detailson head.58 6thcent.BCor later. 100. PLAQUE (?) WITH HOLE

T445ASF 1. L. 0.047,W. 0.03,Th. 0.018. Coarse,hard, orangeclay (2.5 YR 7/6) withmica and red particles. Surfacescratchedand chipped. Edges badly worn. Edge of rectangular,flatobject with trace of hole. Reusedtile? Roman,judgingbyfabric. OF PLAQUE ΙΟΙ. FRAGMENT J317 SF 2. L. 0.048, W. 0.048, Th. 0.021. Coarse,

orange clay (5 YR 7/6) withmica and red particles. Small Mouldmade.Flat, irregularly shapedfragment. slopingridgeat back.Trianglein reliefat front. Roman-Byzantine?

(102-8)

Among the terracottaobjects found are also the spout of a water-pipe or hookah (106), a crucible (102), and a so-called anchor (103). Moreover, some potteryis included (104-5), as well as pithoslids (107-8). 102. CLAY CRUCIBLE (FIG. 19.I, 5)

103. 'anchor' (fig. 19.1,0) U500BSF 1. Th. c.o.025. Medium-hard,thick,coarse, firedclay.Surfaceorange(5 YR7/8),coreditto. unevenly Inclusions: somesmallquartzand somesmallblackgrit cf.LS 11122/69,bodysherdtype48. (nomica).Forfabric, Anchor-shaped objectwithcentralverticalprongand two(incompletely curvedsides.59 preserved) EarlyHelladicII-III.

56Identical to Higgins,pl. 21 g, and Wace and Hasluck, Angelona',84, fig.6, no. 12.Archaicstyle. 57Cf. Wace and Hasluck, Angelona', 86, fig.7; A. J. B. Wace, 'The heroön', in 'Excavations at Sparta', BSA 12 (1905-6),288-94,fig.4. Archaicstyle.

58Close to Wace and Hasluck, Angelona', 86, fig.7, and Wace (n. 57),figs3-4. Archaicstyle. 59Cf. H. J. Weisshaar,AgäischeTonanker',AM 95 (1980), 33-49,at p. 35,fig.1.5.

n4io/79. D. 0.09, Th. 0.018. Outside orange,with many small to mediumwhite inclusions,evidently limeand quartz.Rim and interior burntgrey. Rim and body of thick-walled, coarse, vessel.Small vesiclesburnt,especially hemispherical aroundrimand upperbody. Late MiddleHelladic-earlyLate Helladic.

Smallfinds 195 [104.Numberdiscarded.]

107. DISC (PITHOS LID?)

OF STRAINER(FIG. 19.1, 10) 105. FRAGMENT A118B SF 3. L. 0.02, W. 0.018, Th. 0.007. Fine,

medium-hard orangeclay (2.5 YR 7/6). Straight,flat formirregular. No traceof rim.One hole fragment; tracesoftwootherholes. completely preserved; Late classical-hellenistic, judgingbyfabric. 106. WATER-PIPE (HOOKAH)

K247ESF 1. Fragmentof spout of Turkishclay pipe (hookah).L. 0.041,D. 0.022 (ifcomplete),Th. (edge) 0.007. Hard, veryfine,dull orangeclay (7.5 YR 7/3). Half of spout preserved. Surface scratched. at top;markedlip. Cylindrical, slightly flaring Ottoman?

U511ASF 12. D. (complete)0.078. Fine, hard, light yellow-orange clay (7.5 YR 8/3). No slip.Wheelmade. Two large chips missing.Back flat.Fronthas three ridgesnear edge. Frontside convex in centre,with threeconcentric ridgesnearedge.Possiblya pithoslid. Byzantine-Ottoman? 108. CIRCULAR PITHOS LID?

J67 SF 12. Th. 0.049, D. (complete) c.0.205. Hard, coarse orange clay (2.5 YR 6/6) with grit and limestoneparticles.Unevenlyfired;on edgesgrey(5 Y 6/1). Handmade? One halfpreserved;some chipsoff edges and surface.Incised withrough,intersecting lineson one side. Date uncertain.

METAL (108-20) Miscellaneous

(108-13) Amongthe fivemetalobjectsfoundare two buttons(112-13), whichcannotbe dated with certainty. TypicalforLaconia is thelead wreath(no), ofwhichmanywereexcavatedin the the head of an archaic sanctuaryof ArtemisOrthia and at the Menelaion. Furthermore, were found. bronzepin (109) and a candelabrumfragment (in) 109. HEAD OF BRONZE PIN (PLATE 13 d)

h62 SF 1. L. 0.045. Light greenish-grey patina (5 G 7/1) all over.Lower part of stembrokenoff.Thick disc with globe on top. Two bobbins, each separated by two ridges. One ridge underneath lowestbobbin. Top surfaceof disc plain; itsvertical surface grooved horizontally. Upper bobbin somewhat larger than lower. Vertical surface of bobbinsgrooved.60 Archaic. 110. LEAD WREATH

J221 SF 1. L. 0.018. Thin, flat rosette with pointed leaves and open circle in centre.61 500-425 BC.

60Cf. M. Kilian-Dirlmeier,'Nadeln der frühhelladischen bis archaischenZeit von der Peloponnes',in Prähistorische xiii. 8 (München,1984),pl. 100, typeΒ VI, pl. Bronzefunde, ofthistype:ibid. 221. Cf. 100,no. 4252. Generaldescription also P. Jacobsthal, GreekPins and theirConnexionswithEurope andAsia (Oxford, 1956), no. 83; H. Payne et ai, Perachora:The

111. FRAGMENT OF BRONZE CANDELABRUM (PLATE 14 a)

K247CSF 2. D. 0.054,Th. 0.002. Dome-shapedobject witheverted,flatedge.Hole in centre. The object may have belongedto a candelabrum, of a typefoundin manyGreek Orthodoxchurches. If so, it would have been hangingjust below thepart in which the oil is kept. However, its shape also recalls bronze lids such as have been found at Sardis.62 Byzantine. 112. IRONBUTTON

iron H31SF 4. D. 0.048. Rust-coloured, yellow-orange (7.5YR7/8).Concaveback. Date uncertain.

SanctuanesofHera Akraia and Limenaia (Oxford, 1940), 75, no.

4 and pl. 136,no. 2. 61Cf. A. J. B. Wace, 'The lead figurines', in AO pl. 199,no. 24, lead V 62J. C. Waldbaum,Metalworkfiom Sardis(Cambridge,Mass., 1983),pl. 36, no. 551.

196 Chapter19 113. CONVEXBRONZEBUTTON(FIG. 19.I, //)

K299 SF 1. D. 0.026, Th. 0.002. Frontrounded.Back withsmallbarinmiddleforattachment tocloth. concave, Date uncertain.

114. PIECE OF LEAD U511 SF 8. L. 0.018, W. 0.011, Th. 0.002. Very worn,

smallhole on edge. Date uncertain.

Coins

(115-21) Severalcoinswerefound,datingfromlate classicalto Ottomantimes.A hellenistic coin of AlexandertheGreat(116) could indicatecommercialrelationswithKolophon,an Ionian city. In addition,a rare Turkishcoin of Ahmed III (121) was found;thiswas laterused as an as is indicatedbythefactthata holewas made neartheedge. adornment, OF ELIS (PLATE14 b) 115. TRITARTEMORION Bin SF 12. D. 0.017, Th. 0.004. Obverse: illegible. Reverse(illustrated):inscriptionFA; eagle with closed wings,looking back.63 362-312 BC. 116. SILVER DRACHMA OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT (PLATE14 ή

e8i SF 1. Struckin Kolophon.D. 0.017,Th. 0.003. Obverse: head ofAlexander. Reverse: Zeus seated on backless throne;rightleg drawnback,holdingsceptreand eagle; to leftofZeus, crescent;under throne,monogramPA; to rightof ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ.64 Zeus,inscription 336-323BC. 117. ROMAN(?) BRONZECOIN K237 SF 1. D. 0.017, Th. 0.002. Heavily eroded, with

some greenpatina. Neitheron obverseor reverseis or figureidentifiable. anyinscription Judgingbyitssize,possiblya Roman coin ofend of istcent.AD? 118. FOLLISOF NIKEPHOROSIII

U490 SF 13.BronzeByzantinefollisofNikephorosIII. D. 0.025, Th. 0.002.

Obverse:three-quarter-lengthfigure of Christ standingfacing,wearingnimbuscrown,pallium,and colobiumand raisingrighthand in benediction;in left hand, Book of Gospels.In fieldto left,IC overlarge star,to rightXC overlargestar. Reverse: cross with globule at each extremity;at

centre,circle containingstar of eight rays; in the angles,CO. and ΝΔ.65 AD 1078-81.

OF ALEXIOSI 119. TETARTERON

of U490 SF 5. OctangularbronzeByzantinetetarteron AlexiosI. Struckin Thessalonica.D. 0.015,Th. 0.005. Obverse: crossontwosteps;infield ΑΔ. | ΚΦ. patriarchal Reverse: ΑΛΕΣΙ. Bust facing,wearingcrownand loros,holdingjewelledsceptreand gl. cr.66 AD 1092-1118.

ISO. BRONZECOIN OF GUY II (?)

U490 SF 14 10 1051.BronzeFrankishcoin, possiblyof Guy II (1287-1308),struckunderregimeofHuguesde Brienne(1292-1294)?67D. 0.017,Th. 0.005. Obverse: crossin circlewiththefollowing motto: -+ : GVIOT : DVX . Th and dots.Reverse: veryworn.68 AD 1292-4?

121. PARAOF AHMEDIII (PLATE14 d)

e79 SF 1. SilverTurkishcoin (para)of AhmedIII (AD 1703-30, 1115-1143h). Struckin Constantinoplein 1703. D. 0.015, Th. 0.005. Hole near edge; was reusedas an adornment. evidently Obverse: Tugra: 'Ahmedson of Mehmud,Lord, the evervictorious'. Reverse: 'Struckin Constantinople1115'. To leftof date,variousmarks.69 AD 1703.

Museum Oxford,3: Macedonia (London, 1976), pl. 52, Colophon,no. 2749.

66Sear (n. 65),no. 1932. 67The coin is very worn, but definitelyFrankish.The is notcompletely inscription legible,butsuggestsGuv II. 68Close to G. Schlumberger, de VOúentlatin Numismatique (Paris,1878),pl. 13,no. 7. Possiblytype7b.

no. 1888and DOC IX: 830.

(California,1977),pl. 145,AhmedIII, no. 1826,typeic/5a.

63 Close to P. Gardner, Catalogueof GreekCoins: Peloponnesus

torinth) (London1887),67,no. 87, type1 (pl. 13. 11). (excluding

64 C. M. Kraay, SyllogeNummorumGraecorum,v: Ashmolean 65 D. R. Sear, ByzantineCoinsand theirValues(London, 1987),

69 Sultan, Coins theOttoman of Empireand theTurkish Republic J.

Smallfinds 197

STONE (122-6) Five stoneobjectswerepickedup. The beads (122, 124) and the disc fragment (125) cannot be dated.The crystal pendant(123) and thehandleofa knife(126) maybe modern. 122. STONEBEAD

P284C SF 1. D. c.o.028, Th. 0.013. Hard, dark grey, ferriferous steatite(n 3/0). Circularbead, suspension surfaceworn. holein middle.Halfpreserved; Date uncertain.

stone(10 YR 4/1). Circularbead, suspensionhole in middle.Complete,surfaceworn. Date uncertain. 125. STONEDISC U500B SF 11. L. 0.04, W. 0.029, Th. 0.007. Hard grey

OF CRYSTALPENDANT 123. FRAGMENT SF L. 2. 0.018, W. 0.01. Transparent rock P284E

oflargedisc? slate(n 5/0). Surfacepolished.Fragment convex,hole nearedge. Edge slightly Date uncertain.

124. STONEBEAD U490A SF 6. D. 0.022, Th. 0.01. Hard brownish-grey

ofstonehiltofknife?L. U511ASF 1. Severalfragments Green 0.031,W. 0.022, Th. 0.008 (largestfragment). Outside surfacescratched.Outside lapislacedaemonius. rectangular, pointedmouldingon inside. Or modern? Byzantine-Ottoman?

crystal,slightly pink.Top brokenoff,some chipsoff corners.Hexagonal; two sides somewhatwiderthan otherfoursides. Modern?

KNIFEHILT (?) 126. LAPISLACEDAEMONIUS

GLASS (127-39) of vessels.In addition,a Severalglassfragments werefound,mostlybody or ringfragments Roman mosaic tessera(127), the base of a Byzantineglass lamp (135), and the neck of a Venetianor Turkishbottle(136) werefound. 127. MOSAICTESSERA H34 SF 1. H. 0.006, L. 0.014, W. 0.004. Light blue

butslightly formed. irregularly glass.Rectangular Roman.

128. BODY FRAGMENT Aioi SF 1. Th. 0.002, L. 0.034, W. 0.027. Light green,

Convex. slightly bubblyglass.Some weathering. Roman.

129. RIM FRAGMENT H28 SF 1. Th. 0.003, L. 0.027, W. 0.016. Light turquoise

Rim fragment of vesselwith glass.Some weathering. Rimcurved;bodyconvex. partofbodypreserved. Roman-Byzantine?

green,verybubblyglass. Mostlyconvex,but small partconcave.Sherdofsmallbottle? Roman-Byzantine? 132. BODYFRAGMENT P284CSF 3. Th. 0.0015,L. 0.018,W. 0.017.Dull, very bubblyturquoiseglass. Roman-Byzantine? 133. BODYFRAGMENT

U488 SF 1. Th. 0.002, L. 0.022, W. 0.021. Dull turquoise glass. Convex. Same appearance as 129· Roman-Byzantine?

130. RIM FRAGMENT P284A SF 1. Th. 0.004. L. 0.02, W. 0.018. Light

134. NECK FRAGMENT? K247 SF 8. Th. 0.002, L. 0.022, W. 0.018. Light turquoise glass with some weathering.Convex. Byzantine?

131. BODY FRAGMENT P284B SF 1. Th. 0.004, L. 0.025, W. 0.018. Light blue-

135. FRAGMENTOF LAMP D306 SF 1. L. 0.041, D. 0.008-0.016. Olive-green, bubbly glass. Weathering all over. Flaring, slightly irregularly-shaped,solid cylinderending in a bulb.70 nth to mid-i2th cent. AD.

turquoiseglass withsome weathering.Slightlybent; ironrodthrough rim.Same fabricas 129. Roman-Byzantine?

70Close to Davidson,pl. 60, no. 801.

198 Chapter19 136. NECKOF BOTTLE(FIG.19.1,12) N418SF 1. L. 0.042, D. (complete)0.038. Thick dark brown glass. Half of upper part, neck, and body missing.Flat-topped,roundedrim. Cylindricalneck with vertical parallel lines in relief. Coil wound aroundneckbelowrim.71 Venetianor Turkish. 137. FRAGMENT J67SF 8. Th. 0.003, L. 0.026, W. 0.015. Ultramarine glasswithsomeweathering. Rectangularshape. Modern?

138. RIMFRAGMENT Π1173SF 1. Th. 0.004, L. 0.019. Clear,lightgreyglass of vessel.Cylindricalrim (2.5 GY 8/1). Rim fragment withthinmetalrodinside. Date uncertain. 139. RIMFRAGMENT U490 SF 7. Th. 0.001, L. 0.021,W. 0.016. Lightgreygreen, very bubbly, thin glass. Thick rim with ofconvexbody. fragment Date uncertain.

71Close to Davidson,pl. 60, no. 796.

20

THE STONE ARCHITECTURAL AND SCULPTURAL FRAGMENTS1 David Hibler This CHAPTER containsdescriptions of thefindsof stonearchitecture and sculpturemade by theSurveythatwererecoveredfromthefieldforfurther studyin theapotheke.(In thecase of made in the were takenand descriptions the blocksfromAgios Theodoros,measurements in Of items the are one the architectural, field.) sculptural, catalogue,twenty-three twenty-fi'|e and one impossibleto attribute certainlyto eithergroup. WiththeexceptionofthefindsfromH45 (1-2), and perhapsthosefromJ220(22) and P274 (23), it is likelythatall theobjectswerefoundout oftheiroriginalcontext.They wereeither and reusedor had been excavatedpreviously, perhapsfromsomemodernbuildingsitenearby, from the bed of the true of the numerous architectural This is fragments certainly dumped. riverKelephina(J67,3-10; j68, 11, 13-19), and is verylikelyto applyalso to theobjectsfrom J70(20-1). This lack of contextclearlyrendersthe materialof verylimitedvalue to the all the findsweremade in Survey'swiderarchaeologicalaims,thoughthe factthatvirtually the Evrotasplain, or not farfromit, is striking.Given the relativescarcityof published to recordthedetailsofthefindsas a group. architecture fromLaconia,itwas feltworthwhile The findsrange in date fromthe archaic to late Roman periods; at least one may be Byzantine.Only two are likelyto be archaic,and none is certainlyclassical. The largest or Roman.Manycannotbe datedwithanydegreeofprecision. numberare hellenistic Nineteenof the twenty-five objectsare probablyor certainlymade of the local grey-blue of non-localmarble;the remainderare of other Laconian marble;threeare almostcertainly one ofporoswithstucco). stone(twooflimestone, Althougha proportionof the findsare so brokenand weatheredas to make themvery someofthegroupappear to be ofsufficient interest to warrantseparate difficult to interpret, mentionhere. The two objectswhichmay be archaic are both capitals:one (20) an anta ofAeolicor proto-Ionicform;theother(18) partofa largeDoric capital, capital,apparently in similar its Doric capitaloftheAmyklaion. AnotherDoric profileto thesole surviving very in is hellenistic date. The cornice block is evidence ofa Roman (23) large capital(6) probably considerable scale and and the four architrave blocks found of importance, together building (25) mustalso come froma buildingof some size thatstood,perhaps,at or near the church wheretheywerediscovered.

1I shouldliketo thankMissCatrionaTurnerand Mrs Elizabeth Catling, who produced the drawingsof architectural members here.I amalsograteful to published DrJ.Coulton, O. Palagia,Dr A. Spawforth, Dr S. Professor

Walker,and ProfessorG. Waywell,who discussedthe materialwith me and gave me the benefitof their ofarchitecture and Spartanhistory. knowledge Anyerrors aremineentirely. remaining

200 Chapter 20

Given the fragmentary natureof the materialit is hazardousto speculateon associations betweentheobjectsand knownLaconianbuildings.Nevertheless, whereit seemspossiblethat a connectionexists,thishas been pointedoutin thetext. 1. PARTOF REVETMENT (PLATE 15 a)

local marble.Max. près. Η. ο.265,2max. près.W. 0.255,max· depth.0.075. H45.11SF 1. Grey-white Weatheredand broken;twoedgespreserved. One side is workedflat,witha simplecrowningmoulding.The otherside has a flattened marginat itsupperand loweredges,and at theupperpartofone end. The lowermarginhas claw-chisel marks. Betweenthesemarginstherestofthefaceis workedroughlysmoothin threedistinct areas,withmarks ofpointand claw-chisel apparent. It seemslikelythatthepiece was originally a revetment, perhapsfora podiumor base. The workon thereversesuggests reuse,perhapsas a threshold. or Roman. Probablyhellenistic 2. PARTOF MOULDING

local marble.Max. près.W. 0.16,max.près.H. 0.09,près,depth0.055. H45.13SF2. Grey-white Shortpiece ofmouldingwithone finished surface.The mouldingconsistsofa filletprojecting slightly convexelementabove (orbeneath)it.Perhapsfroma sarcophagus. beyondtheplainhalf-round Too littlepreserved to allowdating. 3. PARTOF PODIUM OR STATUE BASE (?) (ILL. 20. i)

marble,withsome darkgreystreaks;probablylocal. Max. près.W. 0.13,max. près. J67SF 3. Blue-grey H. 0.22,max.près,depth0.16. Broken. Partsoftwofinished surfaces and detailsofthecymareversa,cavetto,and taeniaare preserved. Marks ofa pointand twotypesofclaw-chisel arevisible.Probablyfromthetopofa podiumor statuebase. Hellenisticor Roman. :·.'.··.·.·.'.·. ··.····. '.•'••'•'..-^-î •'.•'..:.:·ν··.;..νι.o.28. Roughlycuton 1.,claw-chiselled but interlinear letters, Verydeep square irregularly proportioned(H. 0.057; space c.0.026); the monumental oftheAntonineor Severanperiod. styleis characteristic ]ENEK[ ]IOY[ 1.Possibly as inhonorific texts(cf.IG ν.ι. 455^·)>orPart°fa personal name,mostlikely ενεκ[α], [Μ]ενεκ[λής], ofwhomthereareseveral inthelateristcent.AD(including a patronomos ofAD97).16 ofa publicinscription, fromSparta.Partofan honorific dedication(AJSS). Fragment presumably 11. VOTIVESTELETO ANTONINUS PIUS(PLATE 20 a) Small steleof blue-grey marblerecoveredfromdumpsin the Kelephina(c.06781455).j68 SF 8. Not in situ;doubtlessfromSparta. R. and bottomedgesslightly damaged;top1.and bottom1.cornersbrokenoffat front.0.20 X 0.36 X .0.08. R. side of inscribedface worn.Workingof 1. side suggestsa reusedolder block. Vacat£.0.025 above;c.0.06belowwreath. H. of letters£.0.03;averagel.h. £.0.04-0.05.Lines slightly lettersof imperial irregular. Lightly-cut curvedlines,occasionallightserifs. Lunatesigmaand epsilon,squareomega,etc. period;someslightly

[Za] viΕλευθέριοι Άντωνείν0 [ «] 4 σωτήρι wreath andpalm branches and presumably themissingiota,are made smalland superscript in orderto fitthemin. 3. The lastvisibleletter,

Dedicationto Antoninus Pius (emperorAD 138-61;perhapssignificantly, proconsulofAsia 133-6).Many Woodwardpublishesa drawingof copiesofthesametexthavebeen foundin different partsofthecity;17 a similardedicationof a different form.18 Their identicalformulaeshowthattheywereerectedon one and layoutdemonstrate thattheywere cut by many occasion;but the variedorthography, lettering, different in layout.19 some not literate. Tod's no. 1. seems closest 670 (IGv. 419) people, very Cf. 15 y,foundnearAphisiou. 15I owe thesedata, and the proposedrestoration, to Richard Catling. 16I owethisinformation toRichard Catling. 17See Tod, SMC 45-6, nos.226-36(alsop. 24); IG v. 1. SEG xxxvi.359).Fora recent 407-45;etc. (mostrecently additionsee E. Kourinou-Pikoula, 'Επιγραφέςαπό τη ΣπάρτηΙΓ, Horos, 8-9 (ΐ99θ~05 93~8,atpp.94~5>no·2·

18Woodward 1923-55 239?no·3°· 19Forthewreathcf.Woodward1923-5,239,no. 30. For an examplewithsimilarline-divisions see Woodward 1907-8, 105,no. 2 (IG ν. 1. 410); id., 'Excavationsat BSA 29 (1927-8), Sparta,1924-28.§2: theinscriptions', stone, 2-56,at pp. 50-1,no. 74 (thelatteron an 'elliptical' however).

Inscriptions 219 12. METRICAL GRAVE-EPIGRAMOF LYKOS (PLATE 20 b)

Small steleoflightgreymarblewithdarkgreyflecks,at Agioi Saranda (L534);builtintoinward-facing wallofWrange,nearitsΝ end (11441705). There is no reasonto thinkthestoneis evenapproximately in a from somewhere closer than but have come situ; may Sparta. gravestone Tillyard,and earliervisitorsmayhavemissedthisifit was elsewhere.The evidence Sakellaropoulos, thatthestonemayhavebeen placed hereas recently as 1972. of43, however, suggests All edges apparentlypreservedthoughchipped;1.,r.,and bottomedgespartiallyvisiblewithinthe thatthisis theend of thetext.£.0.22X 0.21 X more wall plaster.Crowdingoflettersin line4 confirms than0.03 (H. of inscribedpanel 0.09). A pedimentor gable (H. 0.07) is carvedabove the inscribed weatheredbutsmooth. panel,witha circularshield(D. 0.05) in thecentre.Inscribedfaceslightly but overallsurprisingly H. of letters0.011-0.017;averagel.h. 0.025. Lines slightly irregular, elegant. of 2nd or 3rd cent.AD: lunateepsilonand sigma;asymmetrical Letter-forms splayedalpha (like13). The carverhas made a goodjob of expandingthelastletterof line 2 to filltheremainderof theline: but he chose ratherto dividethetextpleasinglybetween therewouldhave been space fortwoletters, fourlinesand fillthemall up. ένθαΛύκος κει -

ταιμετάΠρατούσηςσυνομεύ 4 .ου*τρειςδεκάδας 3· Firstletter gammaortau. letter A trace of thetopr.cornerofthefirst however, gamma,pi,sigma,ortau.Perhaps, maysurvive; possibly 4. be a nominative The lasttwelve letters readσυνομεύγου? ('a manof30 years')or accusative mayconceivably sigmain line4 is smalland raised,eitherto savespaceor morelikely lived]threedecades');thefirst ('[having Forτρειςδεκάδαςcf.IGν.ι.732(Lakonia). inserted later. The text,downto thecolon in line4, is a hexameter;thelasttwowords,perhapsindicatingthedead man'sage,are eithera choriambor notpartofthemetricalscheme. ofLykosand hiswife(?) Pratousa.2nd~3rdcent.AD. metricalgravestone, Pre-Christian apparently 13. GRAVESTONE OF DAMATRIOS (PLATE 20 d)

In the SW Fragmentof marblebuiltintochurchofAgiosNikolaos(J4007,07621560)at Kokkinorachi. ofSparta. wall,to 1.of6. Not insitu;probablyfromthevicinity Brokenat r. (top,1.,and loweredgessurvivein parts).0.25 X 0.28 X morethan0.03. Assumingtext whitemarblebut weatheredpale was centredon the inscribedface,thiswas £.0.49wide.Apparently zeroat 1. Vacat smooth. Inscribed surface to below, above, 0.05 0.15 golden pink. H. of letters0.32. l.h. 0.038. Formsof 2nd or 3rd cent. AD, beautifullycut betweenguidelines centrallineat x-height). (including Δαμάτριε[χαίρε,ετη] βιώσα[ςnumeral] Restoredon theanalogyof manyexemplarsin IG v. 1. 740-822; χαίρεis almostalwayspresentwhen ετη is. ofDamatrios.2nd~3rdcent.AD. Pre-Christian gravestone 14. SEMI-LITERATE BOUNDARY MARKER (?), NEAR APHISIOÚ (PLATE 20 d)

Small stone with vernacular inscription,found c.1.5 km S of Aphisioú (08971293). M348 SF 3. Presumably approx.insitu;foundby thelargeterrace(or enclosure?)wall runningΝ 170W on theside ofthehilltop.

220 Chapter 21 round Preserved all round.0.19 X 0.19 x 0.10. Roughlysphericalbutcutflaton one sideand trimmed theedges.Inscribedsurfacehas weathering smooth.Vacat 0.04-0.06 all round. depositsbutis stillfairly H. ofletters0.024-0.033;C 0.015wide,£0.018, 0 0.029. Lettersmisshapenbutfirmly cut.The first lettereitherlunatesigmaor c; thesecondepsilon(or e) withfourbars;thethirdan omicron(or 0) on its side. More likelyGreek than Roman letters,given the rural contextand the absence of Latin in thesurveyarea. inscriptions CE Ο sincea boundary Perhapsa horos,thoughrathersmall;thiswouldaccountforthecrypticinscription, stoneonlyrequiresto be recognizedby twopersonsand a witness.Since thepotteryfromthesite,on and Byzantine, we can concludeno morethanthatthe preliminary dating,is late classical,hellenistic, lettersare morelikelyto be post-classical. Possiblya weight?Forster publishesa possiblecomparandum.20

Earlier

and Independent Finds (15-16) Underthisheadingare listedinscriptions inscriptions reported byearlierscholarsin the orstudied area,butnotrediscovered survey bytheSurvey. 15. INSCRIPTIONS ON STONE

Not includedhereare thepossibleinscriptions fromTherapneclaimedby Fourmont;see Introduction to VolumeI. a. Grave-stele, Pikromygdaliá

IGv. 1. 371;SEG ii. 165.Archaicgrave-stele ofHermas (or dedicationto Hermes?),foundnear Chrysapha with16 a. (See siteU3001.) together b. Marble base with artist'ssignatureof Eumythis,near Palaiogoulas(?)

IG ν. ι. 920, found 'prope Sellasiam': i.e. near Palaiogoulas?Kolbe followsGurtiusand Bursianin cui nomen placingSellasia'in summocolleproperivum, viae quae Spartaet Tegeamet Argos Oenus,a sinistra fert'.7th-6th cent.BC.Cf.SEGxi. 889. (See siteA118.) c. Dioskouroirelief, nearSellasia

IGv. 1. 919; LSAG2200, no. 24; ibid.446, cf.CEG 373; SEG xi. 888, withmetricalinscription, found'iuxta vicumVurliam'(nowSellasia).Earlyclassical? d. Gravestone in war3,nearSellasia of(Telestor

IG ν. ι. 921, found 'prope Κράββατα' in the Kelephinavalley.Classical?(See siteA5003.)For this type of gravestonecf. SEG xxxvii. 327 (withrefs.); xxxiii.313. For a similargravestonefromthe bed of

the Kelephina near Vresthena.See now SEG xxxii. 397 (A. D. Papanikolaou,Άθήνη, j6 (1976-7),202-4); and cf.Chapter23,siteEE52. e. Porosbasededicated toHelen,fromMenelaion H. W. Catling, Lak. spoud.3 (1977), 415 {AR 24 (1977-8), 31; SEG xxviii. 407). 6th cent. BC. f. Inscnbedstoneball dedicated fromMenelaion byAnkaidas, ndge R. W. V Catling, Lak. spoud.8 (1986), 212 (SEG xxxv. 319). c.6oo BC. nearMenelaion g. DedicationtoArtemis,

IGv. 1. 224,foundΕ ofMenelaion.Ed. pr.Woodward 1908-9, 87, no. 91; dated to 7th-6th cent, in IG; LSAG1199,no. 13; later 'c.600-550?'by L. H. Jeffery, in thatperiod,or evenafter550, byA. W.Johnstonat LSAG?448). h. DedicationtoHelen,fromMenelaion

IGv. 1. 234;Woodward1908-9,86, no. 88; SEGxxxvi. 356.

20Forster1903-4,182,no. 5.

Inscriptions

221

nexttoMenelaion ofElephas,from j. Gravestone

r. Dedication toArtemis Eulakia W. Peek, 'ArtemisEulakia', in Mélangeshellénistiques à Georges Daux (Paris, 1974), 295-302, on a offerts dedicationfoundbetweenMenelaionand Aphisiou.

BC.

nearAgioiSaranda s. Catalogueofephebes,

i. DedicationtoHelen,fromMenelaion

IGv. i. 235;Woodward1908-9,86, no. 90. IGv. 1. 699; Woodward1908-9,86, no. 89: 6th-cent. dedicationbyDamonon,fromAgioi Saranda and k. Victory Sparta

IG ν. ι. 213. Part was found at Agioi Saranda by was foundin thefoundations Leake; anotherfragment of a late Roman buildingon the Spartan acropolis (Tillyard1906-7,176).Late 5thcent.BC.Cf. SEGxxvi. 463 and refs.

IG v. 1. 493, found by Ross in ruined church 'D. Sotirae' near Agioi Saranda: i.e. Ágios Sotíras,site P284.Romanperiod. t. Honorific forJuliusCharixenos, Aphisiou inscription

IG ν. ι. 508 (Tillyard 1905-6, 466, no. 18; cf. Woodward 1908-9, 103), foundat Aphisiou 'penes Matalam'. Romandate.

haltêr(jumping-weight) 1. Inscribed fromTsakona

u. Thronededicated HI, nearAphisiou byKingKleomenes

m. Inscribed pillarfromTsakona

stated. 225-222 BC.22

Excavatedby H. W. Catling:BSA 85 (1990),32. See also nextitem;16 g; and cf.22. Archaic. Excavated.Ibid.

IG ν. ι. 458, found 'iuxta Eurotam flumenprope on Matalam',whichis nearAphisiou(cf.commentary IG ν. ι. 508); but on which side of the riveris not

nearSparta v. Fragmentary sculptor's signature,

IGv. 1. 704; Woodward1908-9, 139,no. 69, foundin villageofKephalas(cf.U5007).

IG ν. ι. 697, found'Spartae prope Menelaeum'; on whichside of the riveris not stated.225-222BC. 5th cent.BC.

Menelaion toMenelaos,from ο. Stelededicated

w. Bilingualgravestone ofDeciusLivius£euxis,Aphisiou

n. Gravestone of 'Mkahiklesin war3

H. W Catling,AR 23 (1976-7),36-7 {SEG xxvi.459). c.500 BC.

p. Altar(?) toHadrian,Aphisiou

Tillyard1905-6,457,no. 6; IGv. 1. 400, 'nuncin muro scholaein vico,quernvocantΑφεσού' (i.e.Aphisiou). q. RepairstoEvrotasbridge(mid-jrdcent.AD)

ofJuliusPaulinus.21 IGv. 1. 538 (CIG 1330).Inscription Forthesitesee SiteCatalogue,J5008.

IG ν. ι. 741; Tillyard1905-6,474, no. 32, seen in the school at Aphisiou. In Greek and Latin. Imperial date.

AD 102J x. Construction ofnewEvrotasbridge,

CIG 8704. Found by Boeckh 'near the bridge of ancient Sparta' and published by him from Fourmont'snotes. Records the constructionof a bridge across the Iri (Evrotas) by 'Nikodemos the monk'in AM6535(AD1027).See siteJ5009.

Pius,nearAphisiou(PLATE20 e) y. AltartoAntoninus

Foundwithinthe surveyarea in 1992 by Dr Anna Poelstra-Traga,and publishedhere throughher generosity.23 The stonewas in an irrigationditchin an orange-groveon the left(e) bank of the Evrotas,at Kámbos (cf.sitesM194and M174-7,ofwhichonlyM176is earlyRoman). columnor made in thatform,with Drum (D. £.0.23;H. c.0.30)ofgreymarble,cut froman unfluted on 1. side of text,otherwise irregularupperand (especially)lowersurfaces.Slightencrustation slightly ifslightly uneven. thesurfaceis well-preserved Lettersfirmly incisedin an unskilledbut fairlyregularhand. Averagel.h. c.0.047; ^mes3~4 sl°Pe

21See AJ.S. Spawforth, 'Notes on the thirdcenturyAD in BSA 79 (1984),263-88, at pp. 274-7 no· Spartanepigraphy', 131,216no. 5. 7; Cartledgeand Spawforth 22Dr A. Poelstra-Tragainformsme that Matalas is the

name of a familythatonce ownedmuchof theland around an exactspot. Aphisiou;itcannotbe used to identify 23Mon vtdi;studied from photographs supplied by Dr Poelstra-Traga.

222 Chapter 21 downto r.Letters:H. typically 0.03-0.04; epsilon£.0.039and £.0.030;curvedomega (D. £.0.031);lunate one crossbar, sigma,epsilon;thêtaa circlewithcrossbaralmostall theway across;alpha withstraight a F with r. into descender. the stroke extended short withstraight sidesand one slightly splayed;upsilon strokes uneven.The textextendsabouthalfwayroundthedrum,theotherfacebeing generally Straight blank.

4

ΖανιΈλευ θεριοιΆν τωνείνοι σωτήρι olivesprays

are incisedbelowthe1.halfofline4. Threeschematicolive-branches Cf. 11 forthisclass of inscription.The discoveryof thistext,unusually,on the east bank of the EvrótasmayindicatetheextentofthecityofSpartain the2ndcent.AD. toHelen (?),fromMenelaion d. Sherdinscribed

16. INSCRIPTIONSON OTHER MATERIALS . a. Terracotta plaque,Pikromygdaliâ

IG ν. 1. 372; SEG ii. 166,withdedicationto Zeus Te-, foundtogether with15 a, q.v. b. Bronzearyballosdedicated toHelen,fromMenelaion

H. W. Catlingand H. Cavanagh, Kadmos,15 (1976), 147-52(SEG xxvi.457;LSAG2446, no. 3 a). Inscription c.675-650 BC.

Ibid. (SEG xxxv.320).5thcent.BC.

toMenelaos, e. Bronzephialededicated fromMenelaion

Ibid. (SEG xxxv.321).6thcent.BC.

f. StampedtileofAthena fromMenelaion

H. W. Catling, Lak. spoud.2 (1975), 267. Stamped δαμοσιοςΑθανας(cf.17). Tsâkona(N415) g. Tile-stampof£eusMessapeus,from

H. W. Catling,BSA 85 (1990), 32; SEG xxxix. 373; xxxvi.460. Cf. 22.

c. Bronzemeathookfrom Menelaion

Ibid. 153-7{SEG xxvi.458). 6thcent.BC.

Stamped Tiles

and Bricks

(17-21)

These stamps(conveniently byWace and Tillyardin articlescitedbelowand again in broughttogether IG ν. ι. 850-917)weremainlyor whollyfoundin thevicinityof the city.Wace showsthatthe stamps weremade ofwood.24It is interesting thattheheightoftheframessurrounding thelettersseemsto be ofwoodenbattensirrancientSparta. standardized at £.0.033mJperhapsthiswas theregularthickness 17. PUBLIC TILE OF NIK- (PLATE 21 a)

Fragmentof curvedtile of pale orange medium-coarsefabricwithinclusionsup to 0.004; stamp with19 on shallowspurnearAphisiou(09791380). partially preservedon innersurface.Foundtogether on thesiteis all hellenistic. M342SF2. Possiblyinsitu;thepottery Brokenall round,thoughbothoriginalsurfacespreserved.0.079 x 0.065 Χ 0.020. Top and bottomof H. ofstamp0.032.Worn.Anyglaze lost. stampedpanelpartlypreserved; cent.BC. H. ofletters0.012-0.015;averagel.h. £.0.016.Formsofc..2io ^^C. Tainaro

Λ.

MM

W"^>'

10

V

f' ^v

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