Conjoined Twins - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CONJOINED TWINS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AM...

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CONJOINED TWINS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Conjoined Twins: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83839-9 1. Conjoined Twins-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on conjoined twins. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CONJOINED TWINS ................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Conjoined Twins ........................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CONJOINED TWINS ......................................................................... 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Finding Nutrition Studies on Conjoined Twins.......................................................................... 45 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 46 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CONJOINED TWINS ................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 49 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 52 General References ....................................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CONJOINED TWINS ................................................................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 53 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 54 Chapters on Conjoined Twins...................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON CONJOINED TWINS ......................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Bibliography: Multimedia on Conjoined Twins........................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CONJOINED TWINS ...................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 57 Academic Periodicals covering Conjoined Twins ........................................................................ 59 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 63 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 65 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 67 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 69 Associations and Conjoined Twins .............................................................................................. 71 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 71 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 73 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 73 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 73 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 79 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 79 CONJOINED TWINS DICTIONARY.......................................................................................... 81 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 93

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with conjoined twins is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about conjoined twins, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to conjoined twins, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on conjoined twins. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to conjoined twins, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on conjoined twins. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CONJOINED TWINS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on conjoined twins.

Federally Funded Research on Conjoined Twins The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to conjoined twins. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to conjoined twins. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore conjoined twins.

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text 2

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with conjoined twins, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “conjoined twins” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for conjoined twins (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of conjoined twins, with a brief historical review. Author(s): Aynalem G. Source: Ethiop Med J. 1988 January; 26(1): 41-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3276510&dopt=Abstract

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A case of conjoined twins. Author(s): Myrianthopoulos NC, de la Burde B. Source: Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma). 1976; 25: 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1031542&dopt=Abstract

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A case of dystocia in conjoined twins. Author(s): Jongen VH. Source: Trop Doct. 1999 January; 29(1): 54-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10418286&dopt=Abstract

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A case of thoraco-omphalo-ischiopagus bipus conjoined twins. Author(s): Melikoglu M, Aslan A, Mete A, Ozkaynak C, Inan M, Karaveli S. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1997 April; 32(4): 656-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9126782&dopt=Abstract

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A case of thoracopagus: conjoined twins. Author(s): Gilbert EF, Suzuki H, Kimmel DL, Klingberg WG, Lancaster JR. Source: Teratology. 1972 October; 6(2): 197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5079709&dopt=Abstract

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A false positive diagnosis of conjoined twins in a triplet pregnancy: pitfalls of first trimester ultrasonographic prenatal diagnosis. Author(s): Usta IM, Awwad JT. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2000 February; 20(2): 169-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10694695&dopt=Abstract

journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A new technique for evaluating cutaneous vascularity in complicated conjoined twins. Author(s): Ross AJ 3rd, O'Neill JA Jr, Silverman DG, Brousseau DA, Gatti JE, Templeton JM Jr. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1985 December; 20(6): 743-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4087104&dopt=Abstract

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A philosophical approach to conjoined twins. Author(s): Raffensperger J. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 1997 April; 12(4): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9099639&dopt=Abstract

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A review of the problem of conjoined twins. Author(s): Dinner M. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1968 April 27; 42(17): 409-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4871082&dopt=Abstract

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A surgical field flash fire during the separation of dicephalus dipus conjoined twins. Author(s): Ashcraft KE, Golladay ES, Guinee WS. Source: Anesthesiology. 1981 October; 55(4): 457-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7294383&dopt=Abstract

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Acardiac monsters and conjoined twins. Author(s): Naji AF, Manning TL, Connell TL. Source: Ohio State Med J. 1969 December; 65(12): 1232-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5356844&dopt=Abstract

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Acute renal failure following renal vein thrombosis in conjoined twins. Management by exchange transfusions. Author(s): Ghai OP, Singh M, Qadeer I, Upadhyaya P. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1971 January; 121(1): 57-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5539816&dopt=Abstract

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Advanced necrotizing enterocolitis: an indication for emergency separation of omphalopagus conjoined twins. Author(s): Saing H, Tam PK, Lau JT, Wong J. Source: Aust Paediatr J. 1987 April; 23(2): 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3619783&dopt=Abstract

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Anaesthesia for conjoined twins during magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Sury MR, Brown JL, Aitken K. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1994 March; 11(2): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8174536&dopt=Abstract

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Anaesthesia for separation of conjoined twins in the neonatal period. Author(s): Harrison VL, Keneally JP, Gold PD, Malcolm PS, Overton JH. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1985 February; 13(1): 82-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3977068&dopt=Abstract

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Anaesthesia for separation of conjoined twins. Author(s): Roy M. Source: Anaesthesia. 1984 December; 39(12): 1225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6517250&dopt=Abstract

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Anaesthesia for separation of conjoined twins. Author(s): Fournier L, Goulet C, Waugh R, Chouinard R. Source: Can Anaesth Soc J. 1976 July; 23(4): 425-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=947503&dopt=Abstract

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Anaesthesia for the separation of conjoined twins. Author(s): Towey RM, Kisia AK, Jacobacci S, Muoki M. Source: Anaesthesia. 1979 February; 34(2): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=443517&dopt=Abstract

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Anaesthetic management of conjoined twins: experience with six sets of twins. Author(s): Norsidah AM, Lim SK, Ibtisan I, Misiran K. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1996 December; 51(4): 420-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10968028&dopt=Abstract

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Anaesthetic managements for conjoined twins with complex cardiac anomalies. Author(s): Chen TL, Lin CJ, Lai HS, Chen WJ, Chao CC, Liu CC. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1996 November; 43(11): 1161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8922775&dopt=Abstract

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Anatomic description of conjoined twins: a plea for standardized terminology. Author(s): Spencer R. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1996 July; 31(7): 941-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8811563&dopt=Abstract

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Anatomic findings in dicephalic conjoined twins: implications for morphogenesis. Author(s): Siebert JR, Machin GA, Sperber GH. Source: Teratology. 1989 October; 40(4): 305-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2814892&dopt=Abstract

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Anencephalic conjoined twins. Author(s): O'Toole VE. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1976 November; 83(11): 908-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=62587&dopt=Abstract

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Anencephaly and unilateral cleft lip and palate in conjoined twins. Author(s): Rowlatt U. Source: Cleft Palate J. 1978 January; 15(1): 73-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=272246&dopt=Abstract

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Anencephaly in female thoracopagus conjoined twins. Author(s): Buchta RM. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1973 October; 12(10): 598-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4743980&dopt=Abstract

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Anencephaly, dorsal hypermelia, and duplication of the vertebral column: a rare type of rachipagus conjoined twins. Author(s): Spencer R, Chuaqui B, Garcia CJ. Source: Teratology. 1996 April; 53(4): 253-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8864167&dopt=Abstract

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Angiographic evaluation of conjoined twins. Author(s): Marcinski A, Lopatec HU, Wermenski K, Wocjan J, Gajewski Z, Kaminski W, Dura W. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1978 February 28; 6(4): 230-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=643352&dopt=Abstract

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Antenatal diagnosis of a set of conjoined twins presenting with unusual ultrasound findings. Author(s): Hurren AJ, Sommerville AJ, Warren VF. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1988 November-December; 16(9): 672-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3142929&dopt=Abstract

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Antenatal diagnosis of conjoined twins with multiple malformations. Author(s): Balakumar K. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1993 April; 30(4): 545-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8288347&dopt=Abstract

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Antenatal diagnosis of conjoined twins. Author(s): Hsieh FJ, Chang DY, Chen HY, Huang LS, Lu CC, Huang DS. Source: Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1988 March; 87(3): 393-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3294346&dopt=Abstract

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Antenatal sonographic diagnosis of conjoined twins in a triplet pregnancy. Author(s): Koontz WL, Layman L, Adams A, Lavery JP. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 September 15; 153(2): 2301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3898849&dopt=Abstract

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Antepartum diagnosis of conjoined twins by ultrasonography. Author(s): Fagan CJ. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1977 November; 129(5): 921-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=410265&dopt=Abstract

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Antepartum diagnosis of discordant anencephaly in dicephalic conjoined twins. Author(s): Chatkupt S, Chatkupt S, Kohut G, Chervenak FA. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1993 February; 21(2): 138-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8381135&dopt=Abstract

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Antepartum ultrasonographic diagnosis of conjoined twins in early pregnancy. Author(s): Schmidt W, Heberling D, Kubli F. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1981 April 15; 139(8): 961-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7223800&dopt=Abstract

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Antepartum ultrasonographic diagnosis of ischiopagus: a rare variety of conjoined twins. Author(s): Wilson DA, Young GZ, Crumley CS. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1983 June; 2(6): 281-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6876260&dopt=Abstract

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Asplenia syndrome in conjoined twins: a case report. Author(s): Ursell PC, Wigger HJ. Source: Teratology. 1983 June; 27(3): 301-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6879453&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment and management of conjoined twins. Author(s): Jakobowski DS, Hagelgans NA, Leson JK. Source: The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing. 1989 July; 3(1): 66-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2471823&dopt=Abstract

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Asymmetric conjoined twins. Author(s): Kapur VK, Kulkarni MS, Shenoy MU. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 1997 April; 12(4): 308-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9099654&dopt=Abstract

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Asymmetric conjoined twins: atypical ischiopagus parasite. Author(s): Mahajan JK, Devendra K, Mainak D, Rao KL. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 October; 37(10): E33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12378479&dopt=Abstract

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Asymmetry and discordance for congenital anomalies in conjoined twins: a report of six cases. Author(s): Ornoy A, Navot D, Menashi M, Laufer N, Chemke J. Source: Teratology. 1980 October; 22(2): 145-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7444804&dopt=Abstract

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Biliary tract anomalies in thoraco-omphalopagus conjoined twins. Author(s): Meyers RL, Matlak ME. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 December; 37(12): 1716-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12483639&dopt=Abstract

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Bioethical issues in caring for conjoined twins and their parents. Author(s): Pearn J. Source: Lancet. 2001 June 16; 357(9272): 1968-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11425439&dopt=Abstract

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Birth of conjoined twins. Author(s): Prasad B, Ghosh N. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1980 January 1; 74(1): 19-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7229392&dopt=Abstract

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Blastopathies--symmetrical conjoined twins. Author(s): Kalgutkar AD, Pethe V, Pandit SP, Karmarkar S, Deshmukh SS, Ramdwar S, Deodhar KP. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1996 July; 39(3): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8972157&dopt=Abstract

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Breastfeeding conjoined twins. Author(s): LaFleur EA, Niesen KM. Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing : Jognn / Naacog. 1996 March-April; 25(3): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8683359&dopt=Abstract

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B-scan and real-time ultrasound in the antepartum diagnosis of conjoined twins and pericardial effusion. Author(s): Morgan CL, Trought WS, Sheldon G, Barton TK. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1978 March; 130(3): 578-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=415576&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiac catheterization in diagnosis and management of congenital heart disease in thoracopagus conjoined twins. Author(s): McMahon CJ, Mullins CE, Vick GW 3rd, Caville CC, Bezold LI, Nihill MR. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2000 October; 51(2): 159-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11025568&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiac relocation and chest wall reconstruction after separation of thoracopagus conjoined twins with a single heart. Author(s): Fishman SJ, Puder M, Geva T, Jenkins K, Ziegler MM, Shamberger RC. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 March; 37(3): 515-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11877679&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiovascular malformations in lecanosomatopagus conjoined twins: a cardiologic curiosity. Author(s): Antonelli D, Avni G, Antonelli J, Rosenfeld T. Source: Cardiology. 1989; 76(1): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2706646&dopt=Abstract

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Caring for conjoined twins. Author(s): Liang D. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1999 January 6-12; 13(16): 14-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10076345&dopt=Abstract

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CASE REPORTS: anomalies in cephalothoracopagus synotus twins and their implications for morphogenesis in conjoined twins. Author(s): Bates AW, Dodd SM. Source: Pediatric and Developmental Pathology : the Official Journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society. 1999 September-October; 2(5): 464-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10441624&dopt=Abstract

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Case study: conjoined twins and anencephaly. Author(s): Williamson RA, Soper RT, Widness JA, Weir RF. Source: J Clin Ethics. 1990 Spring; 1(1): 30-1; Discussion 31-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2131055&dopt=Abstract

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Cephalopagus conjoined twins. Author(s): Kuroda K, Kamei Y, Kozuma S, Kikuchi A, Fujii T, Unno N, Baba K, Taketani Y. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 September; 16(3): 293. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11169301&dopt=Abstract

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Comment on “Whose best interest?” Judging and balancing the interests of conjoined twins. Author(s): Wasserman D. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 2002 September-October; 28(5): 530-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12424992&dopt=Abstract

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Congenital vertebral anomalies in ischiopagus and pyopagus conjoined twins. Author(s): Spiegel DA, Ganley TJ, Akbarnia H, Drummond DS. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2000 December; (381): 137-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11127650&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins : the limits of reason and the transcendent hope--part one. Author(s): Phang A. Source: Law Justice. 2001; (146): 38-56. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12962087&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins and abdominal pregnancy. Author(s): Offringa PJ, Wildschut HI, Tutein Nolthenius-Puylaert MC, Leon S, Boersma ER. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1989 September; 30(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2572478&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins and Catholic moral analysis: extraordinary means and casuistical consistency. Author(s): Kaveny MC. Source: Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal. 2002 June; 12(2): 115-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12476911&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins and in utero early exposure to prochlorperazine. Author(s): Brambati B, Lanzani A, Sanchioni L, Tului L. Source: Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.). 1990; 4(4): 331-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2136053&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined Twins

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Conjoined twins discordant for cleft lip and palate. Author(s): Seller MJ. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1990 December; 37(4): 530-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2260601&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins in a monozygotic triplet pregnancy: prenatal diagnosis and Xinactivation. Author(s): Zeng SM, Yankowitz J, Murray JC. Source: Teratology. 2002 December; 66(6): 278-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486760&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins in a septate uterus. Author(s): Puri M, Rathee U, Rathee S. Source: Trop Doct. 1997 October; 27(4): 244-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9316378&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins in a triplet pregnancy. Author(s): Baskaran A. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1997 September; 52(3): 291-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10968100&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins in a triplet pregnancy. Author(s): Gardeil F, Greene R, NiScanaill S, Skinner J. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 October; 92(4 Pt 2): 716. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9764683&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins in a triplet pregnancy: early prenatal diagnosis with threedimensional ultrasound and review of the literature. Author(s): Sepulveda W, Munoz H, Alcalde JL. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 August; 22(2): 199-204. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12905520&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins in Hungary, 1970-1986. Author(s): Metneki J, Czeizel A. Source: Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma). 1989; 38(3-4): 285-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2631499&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins in the 16th century. Author(s): Bates AW. Source: Twin Research : the Official Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies. 2002 December; 5(6): 521-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573183&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins in the Aggadah (a two-headed man). Author(s): Gurvich TR. Source: Korot. 1998-99; 13: 201-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11624319&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins in Zambia. Author(s): Nath S, Munkonge L. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1996 August; 41(4): 2504. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8772076&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins of Malta: a survey of Catholic opinion. Author(s): Latkovic MS, Nelson TA. Source: Natl Cathol Bioeth Q. 2001 Winter; 1(4): 585-614. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12854552&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins separated after long legal battle. Author(s): Dyer C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 November 11; 321(7270): 1175. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11073502&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins should be separated. Author(s): Dyer C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 September 30; 321(7264): 783. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11009503&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins, conception, pregnancy, and delivery: a reproductive history of the pygopagus Blazek sisters (1878-1922). Author(s): Sills ES, Vrbikova J, Kastratovic-Kotlica B. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 December; 185(6): 1396402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11744915&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined Twins

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Conjoined twins. Author(s): Spitz L, Kiely EM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 March 12; 289(10): 1307-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12633195&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins. Author(s): Spitz L. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1996 August; 83(8): 1028-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8869298&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins. Author(s): Kulkarni ML, Sureshkumar C, George VG, Venkataramana V. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1994 August; 31(8): 1017-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7883339&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins. Author(s): Johnston I. Source: Lancet. 2001 January 13; 357(9250): 149. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11197432&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins: 2000 version. British Supreme Court's decision. Author(s): Rosen L. Source: Assia Jew Med Ethics. 2001 February; 4(1): 28-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11878328&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins: a multidisciplinary approach. Author(s): Ramp JB, Baylor JR, Casamento VK, Gerald AL, Golczynski CD, McComiskey CA. Source: Neonatal Netw. 1989 August; 8(1): 29-39. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2474749&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins: multiorgan system evaluation by multidetector CT and 3D volume rendering. Author(s): Lawler LP, Spevak P, Fishman EK. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2001 November-December; 25(6): 870-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11711797&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins: prenatal diagnosis and assessment of associated malformations. Author(s): Barth RA, Filly RA, Goldberg JD, Moore P, Silverman NH. Source: Radiology. 1990 October; 177(1): 201-7. Erratum In: Radiology 1991 January; 178(1): 287. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2204966&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins: report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Wittich AC. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1989 September; 89(9): 1175-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2676926&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins: whose best interest should prevail? An argument for separation. Author(s): Mainous RO. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 2002 September-October; 28(5): 525-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12424991&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins--the Cape Town experience. Author(s): Cywes S, Millar AJ, Rode H, Brown RA. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 1997 April; 12(4): 234-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9099638&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined twins--the limits of law at the limits of life. Author(s): Annas GJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 April 5; 344(14): 1104-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11287982&dopt=Abstract

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Continent urinary reconstruction in ischiopagus tripus conjoined twins. Author(s): Holcomb GW 3rd, Keating MA, Hollowell JG, Murphy JP, Duckett JW. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1989 January; 141(1): 100-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2908928&dopt=Abstract

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Delivery of conjoined twins by lower segment caesarean section. Author(s): Dalmia A. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1997 June; 95(6): 203. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9420415&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of conjoined twins at 10 weeks using three-dimensional ultrasound: a case report. Author(s): Bega G, Wapner R, Lev-Toaff A, Kuhlman K. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 September; 16(4): 388-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11169318&dopt=Abstract

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Conjoined Twins

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Diamniotic placentation associated with omphalopagus conjoined twins: implications for a contemporary model of conjoined twinning. Author(s): Kapur RP, Jack RM, Siebert JR. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1994 August 15; 52(2): 188-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7802007&dopt=Abstract

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Dicephalus conjoined twins: a historical review with emphasis on viability. Author(s): Bondeson J. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2001 September; 36(9): 1435-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11528623&dopt=Abstract

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Dicephalus dipus conjoined twins: a surgical separation and review of previously reported cases. Author(s): Golladay ES, Williams GD, Seibert JJ, Dungan WT, Shenefelt R. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1982 June; 17(3): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7108714&dopt=Abstract

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Dicephalus dipus dibrachius: an unusual case of conjoined twins. Author(s): Groner JI, Teske DW, Teich S. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1996 December; 31(12): 1698-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8986994&dopt=Abstract

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Dicephalus dipus tribrachius conjoined twins in a female infant. Author(s): Hamon A, Dinno N. Source: Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1978; 14(6A): 213-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=728555&dopt=Abstract

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Dicephalus: unusual case of conjoined twins and its prepartum diagnosis. Author(s): Hubinont C, Pratola D, Rothschild E, Rodesch F, Schwers J. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 July 15; 149(6): 693-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6742059&dopt=Abstract

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Did you bring two isolettes? Transport of conjoined twins. Author(s): DeBoer SL, Jaracz G, Lass N. Source: Air Medical Journal. 1999 January-March; 18(1): 35-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10345783&dopt=Abstract

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Differential energy metabolism in conjoined twins. Author(s): Powis M, Spitz L, Pierro A. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1999 July; 34(7): 1115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10442603&dopt=Abstract

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Documentary and artistic evidence for conjoined twins from sixteenth century England. Author(s): Anderson T. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 April 22; 109(2): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11977166&dopt=Abstract

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Documentary evidence for conjoined twins in the sixteenth century. Author(s): Bates AW. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 November 1; 112(4): 430-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12376951&dopt=Abstract

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Early cardiac evaluation of thoracically conjoined twins. Author(s): Kaplan M, Glaser J, Eidelman AI. Source: Cardiology. 1983; 70(3): 152-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6616510&dopt=Abstract

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Early diagnosis of conjoined twins in triplet pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and assisted hatching. Author(s): Skupski DW, Streltzoff J, Hutson JM, Rosenwaks Z, Cohen J, Chervenak FA. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1995 August; 14(8): 611-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7474060&dopt=Abstract

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Early diagnosis of conjoined twins using two-dimensional color Doppler and threedimensional ultrasound. Author(s): Bonilla-Musoles F, Raga F, Bonilla F Jr, Blanes J, Osborne NG. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1998 September; 90(9): 552-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9770956&dopt=Abstract

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Emergency separation of conjoined twins. Author(s): Walton JM, Gillis DA, Giacomantonio JM, Hayashi AH, Lau HY. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1991 November; 26(11): 1337-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1839835&dopt=Abstract

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Emergency separation of omphaloischiopagus tetrapus conjoined twins in the newborn period. Author(s): Chen WJ, Chen KM, Chen MT, Liu TK, Chu SH, Tsai TC, Hwang FY. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1989 December; 24(12): 1221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2593050&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemic of conjoined twins in Cardiff. Author(s): Rees AE, Vujanic GM. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1993 July; 100(7): 701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8369260&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemic of conjoined twins in Cardiff. Author(s): Rees AE, Vujanic GM, Williams WM. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1993 April; 100(4): 388-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8494843&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemic of conjoined twins in Southern Africa? Author(s): Bhettay E, Nelson MM, Beighton P. Source: Lancet. 1975 October 18; 2(7938): 741-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=52773&dopt=Abstract

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Ethical issues surrounding separation of conjoined twins. Author(s): Kohli N. Source: J La State Med Soc. 2001 November; 153(11): 559-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11789859&dopt=Abstract

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Ethics: English high court orders separation of conjoined twins. Author(s): Appel JM. Source: The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics : a Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2000 Fall; 28(3): 312-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11210387&dopt=Abstract

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Expansion and division of conjoined twins. Author(s): Hilfiker ML, Hart M, Holmes R, Cooper M, Kriett J, Collins D, Allshouse M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1998 May; 33(5): 768-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9607496&dopt=Abstract

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Experience in the management of conjoined twins. Author(s): Spitz L, Kiely EM. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2002 September; 89(9): 1188-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190687&dopt=Abstract

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Experience with treatment of three pairs of conjoined twins. Author(s): Kato T, Yoshino H, Hebiguchi T, Koyama K. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1997 January; 14(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9259892&dopt=Abstract

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Experience with urogenital reconstruction of ischiopagus conjoined twins. Author(s): Hsu HS, Duckett JW, Templeton JM Jr, O'Neill JA Jr. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1995 August; 154(2 Pt 1): 563-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7609138&dopt=Abstract

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Extrauterine twin-twin transfusion affects renal function and perioperative management of conjoined twins. Author(s): Klein DJ, Filler RM, Azarow KS, Geary DF. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1998 February; 33(2): 354-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9498416&dopt=Abstract

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Extrauterine twin-twin transfusion syndrome after birth in conjoined twins. Author(s): Shyu MK, Shih JC, Lee CN, Wu CC, Jou HJ, Hsieh FJ, Chang MH, Tsou Yau KI, Teng RJ, Lin GJ, et al. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 December; 6(6): 447-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8903923&dopt=Abstract

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Extremely rare type of conjoined twins: cephalothoracopagus deradelphus. Author(s): Turgut F, Turgut M, Basaloglu H, Basaloglu HK, Haberal A. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1998 October; 80(2): 191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9846666&dopt=Abstract

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False positive diagnosis of conjoined twins in the first trimester. Author(s): Weiss JL, Devine PC. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 November; 20(5): 516-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423494&dopt=Abstract

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Female pseudohermaphroditism in conjoined twins. Author(s): Khanna KK, Roy PB, Bhatt VP. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1969 April; 23(4): 201-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5799717&dopt=Abstract

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Female pseudohermaphroditism in conjoined twins. Case report. Author(s): Lawson GW. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1980 December; 87(12): 1166-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7437383&dopt=Abstract

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Figure-of-eight circulation in thoracopagus conjoined twins with a shared heart. Author(s): Joffe HS, Rose A, Gersh BJ, Beck W. Source: Eur J Cardiol. 1977 October-November; 6(3): 157-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=590292&dopt=Abstract

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Final stage surgical treatment of the conjoined twins of Masasi, Tanzania: case report. Author(s): Shija JK, Ngiloi PJ. Source: East Afr Med J. 2000 March; 77(3): 172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12858896&dopt=Abstract

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First trimester diagnosis of conjoined twins in a triplet pregnancy after IVF and ICSI: case report. Author(s): Goldberg Y, Ben-Shlomo I, Weiner E, Shalev E. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2000 June; 15(6): 1413-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10831580&dopt=Abstract

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First-trimester diagnosis of conjoined twins. Author(s): Hubinont C, Kollmann P, Malvaux V, Donnez J, Bernard P. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1997 May-June; 12(3): 185-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9313079&dopt=Abstract

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First-trimester diagnosis of conjoined twins: a report of three cases. Author(s): Tongsong T, Chanprapaph P, Pongsatha S. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 December; 14(6): 434-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10658285&dopt=Abstract

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First-trimester ultrasonographic investigation of cardiovascular anatomy in thoracoabdominally conjoined twins. Author(s): Ohkuchi A, Minakami H, Sato I, Nakano T, Tateno M. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 2001; 29(1): 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11234621&dopt=Abstract

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Four symmetrical thoracopagi: organ-weights in conjoined twins. Author(s): Oakeshott S. Source: Acta Anatomica. 1974; 90(1): 1-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4446924&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of thoracoomphalopagus conjoined twins in Thailand. Author(s): Ubolcholket S. Source: Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma). 1976; 25: 53-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1031540&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic analyses on a set of parasitic conjoined twins. Author(s): Steele MW, Wenger SL, Deka R, Mulvihill JJ, Sukarachana K. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1992 April 1; 42(6): 856. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1554027&dopt=Abstract

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Griseofulvin teratology, including two thoracopagus conjoined twins. Author(s): Rosa FW, Hernandez C, Carlo WA. Source: Lancet. 1987 January 17; 1(8525): 171. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2880014&dopt=Abstract

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Head-counting vs. heart-counting: an examination of the recent case of the conjoined twins from Malta. Author(s): Barilan YM. Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 2002 Fall; 45(4): 593-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388890&dopt=Abstract

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Heart and soul: the case of the conjoined twins. Author(s): Sulmasy DP. Source: America. 2000 December 2; 183(18): 12-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11769757&dopt=Abstract

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Hematometra-hematocolpos: a late complication of successful separation of conjoined twins. Author(s): Beller U, Quagliarello J, Lope de Haro H, Orderica S. Source: Surgery. 1988 June; 103(6): 704-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3375997&dopt=Abstract

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Heteropagus conjoined twins due to fusion of two embryos. Author(s): Machin GA. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1998 July 24; 78(4): 388-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9714447&dopt=Abstract

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Heteropagus conjoined twins due to fusion of two embryos: report and review. Author(s): Logrono R, Garcia-Lithgow C, Harris C, Kent M, Meisner L. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1997 December 19; 73(3): 239-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9415676&dopt=Abstract

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Historical documents concerning craniopagi and conjoined twins. Author(s): Schumacher GH, Gill H, Persaud TV, Gill H. Source: Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb. 1988; 134(4): 541-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3066678&dopt=Abstract

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History of conjoined twins. Author(s): Rockoff MA. Source: Anesthesiology. 1988 May; 68(5): 823-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3285737&dopt=Abstract

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Imaging in the preoperative assessment of conjoined twins. Author(s): Kingston CA, McHugh K, Kumaradevan J, Kiely EM, Spitz L. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 2001 September-October; 21(5): 1187-208. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553825&dopt=Abstract

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Imposed separation of conjoined twins--moral hubris by the English courts? Author(s): Gillon R. Source: Journal of Medical Ethics. 2001 February; 27(1): 3-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11233374&dopt=Abstract

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Improvising care for conjoined twins in India. Author(s): McPhail DB. Source: Tex Nurs. 1991 June-July; 65(6): 8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1866707&dopt=Abstract

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In re: Theoretical and analytical embryology of conjoined twins, parts I and II. Clinical anatomy,13:36-53 and 13:97-120. Author(s): Spencer R. Source: Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.). 2001; 14(2): 165. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11241754&dopt=Abstract

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Internal organs of the conjoined twins. Author(s): Ichev K, Ovtscharoff W, Vankova M, Surchev L. Source: Anat Anz. 1985; 160(3): 221-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4083517&dopt=Abstract

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Intra-abdominal tissue expansion: an adjunct in the separation of conjoined twins. Author(s): Zuker RM, Filler RM, Lalla R. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1986 December; 21(12): 1198-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2947990&dopt=Abstract

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Intrapartum diagnosis of conjoined twins. Report of a case. Author(s): Melin JR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1967 January; 29(1): 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6017944&dopt=Abstract

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Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring in conjoined twins: a case report. Author(s): Sorosky J, Ingardia CJ, Burchell RC, Kates R, Rasoulpour M. Source: J Reprod Med. 1982 February; 27(2): 107-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7097662&dopt=Abstract

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Ischiopagus tetrapus conjoined twins. Author(s): Sarin YK, Mahajan JK. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1998 August; 35(8): 773-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10216572&dopt=Abstract

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Ischiopagus tetrapus conjoined twins. Author(s): Somasundaram K, Wong KS. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1986 September; 73(9): 738-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3756439&dopt=Abstract

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Ischiopagus tripus conjoined twins: case report of a successful separation. Author(s): Mestel AL, Golinko RJ, Wax SH, Steiger B, Kenin A, Filler R, Landau S. Source: Surgery. 1971 January; 69(1): 75-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4923364&dopt=Abstract

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Isomerism of the left atrial appendage and left lung in conjoined twins. Author(s): Ho SY, Frescura C, Thiene G. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1990 May; 27(2): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2365517&dopt=Abstract

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Janiceps: a case of conjoined twins. Author(s): Jackson MC, Twomey JC. Source: J R Nav Med Serv. 1975 Spring; 61(1): 33-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1177177&dopt=Abstract

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Jodie and Mary. Ethical and legal implications of separating conjoined twins. Author(s): Mifflin PC. Source: Pract Midwife. 2001 July-August; 4(7): 48-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12026642&dopt=Abstract

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Laterality defects in conjoined twins. Author(s): Levin M, Roberts DJ, Holmes LB, Tabin C. Source: Nature. 1996 November 28; 384(6607): 321. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8934513&dopt=Abstract

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Laterality defects in conjoined twins: implications for normal asymmetry in human embryogenesis. Author(s): Cunniff C, Jones KL, Jones MC, Saunders B, Shepard T, Benirschke K. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1988 November; 31(3): 669-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3228146&dopt=Abstract

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Lessons from conjoined twins. Author(s): Machin GA, Sperber GH. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1987 September; 28(1): 89-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3674121&dopt=Abstract

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Lin and Win Htut: the conjoined twins from Burma. Author(s): Sweeting T, Patterson P. Source: Can Nurse. 1984 December; 80(11): 18-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6210138&dopt=Abstract

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Liver scan in a case of conjoined twins. Author(s): Pedroso de Lima JJ, Teixeira Santos N. Source: Nucl Med (Stuttg). 1967 October 15; 6(3): 363-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6059884&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography in the antenatal evaluation of conjoined twins. Author(s): Turner RJ, Hankins GD, Weinreb JC, Ziaya PR, Davis TN, Lowe TW, Gilstrap LC 3rd. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1986 September; 155(3): 645-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3529968&dopt=Abstract

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Maltese conjoined twins. Author(s): Mallia P. Source: The Hastings Center Report. 2001 November-December; 31(6): 4; Author Reply 4-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12945443&dopt=Abstract

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Management of anesthesia for surgical separation of newborn conjoined twins. Author(s): Furman EB, Roman DG, Hairabet J, Yokoyama M, Carmona R. Source: Anesthesiology. 1971 January; 34(1): 95-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5540373&dopt=Abstract

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Management of conjoined twins. Author(s): Grover V, Chawla R, Mishra SL. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1990 January; 31(1): 67-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1968021&dopt=Abstract

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Management of hydrocephalus in ilio-omphalopagus conjoined twins. Author(s): Mawk JR, Hurlbert BJ. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1988 December; 4(6): 367-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3073003&dopt=Abstract

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Management of xiphopagus conjoined twins with small bowel obstruction. Author(s): Wong TJ, Lyou YT, Chee CP, Tan KC. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1986 January; 21(1): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3944759&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanisms of twinning. V. Conjoined twins, stem cells and the calcium model. Author(s): Steinman G. Source: J Reprod Med. 2002 April; 47(4): 313-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12012884&dopt=Abstract

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Monocephalus diprosopus, a rare form of conjoined twins, and associated congenital anomalies. Author(s): Rodriguez-Morales EL, Correa-Rivas MS, Colon-Castillo LE. Source: P R Health Sci J. 2002 September; 21(3): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12243115&dopt=Abstract

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Monochorionic diamniotic minimally conjoined twins: a case report. Author(s): Weston PJ, Ives EJ, Honore RL, Lees GM, Sinclair DB, Schiff D. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1990 December; 37(4): 558-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2260608&dopt=Abstract

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Morphological and cytogenetic studies on conjoined twins. Author(s): Konstantinova B. Source: Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma). 1976; 25: 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1031541&dopt=Abstract

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Morphology of the cardiovascular system in conjoined twins: spatial and sequential segmental arrangements in 36 cases. Author(s): Gerlis LM, Seo JW, Ho SY, Chi JG. Source: Teratology. 1993 February; 47(2): 91-108. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8446930&dopt=Abstract

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Mothering conjoined twins. Author(s): Hedrick G. Source: Matern Child Nurs J. 1979 Summer; 8(2): 125-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=255726&dopt=Abstract

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MRI of conjoined twins illustrating advances in fetal imaging. Author(s): Spielmann AL, Freed KS, Spritzer CE. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2001 January-February; 25(1): 88-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11176299&dopt=Abstract

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Necrotizing enterocolitis in omphalopagus conjoined twins. Author(s): Jaffray B, Russell SA, Bianchi A, Dickson AP. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1999 August; 34(8): 1304-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10466622&dopt=Abstract

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Negative effect of vascular shunt on renal autotransplant in conjoined twins is reversible after separation. Author(s): Van Savage JG, Churchill BM, Khoury AE. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1998 June; 159(6): 2108-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9598550&dopt=Abstract

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Neurophysiological studies on conjoined twins. Author(s): Hughes JR, Fino JJ. Source: Neuropediatrics. 1984 October; 15(4): 220-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6493454&dopt=Abstract

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Neuroradiological findings in adult cranially conjoined twins. Case report. Author(s): Jansen O, Mehrabi VA, Sartor K. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1998 October; 89(4): 635-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9761059&dopt=Abstract

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Obstetric management of conjoined twins. Author(s): Sakala EP. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1986 March; 67(3 Suppl): 21S-25S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3511423&dopt=Abstract

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Obstetric management of conjoined twins. Author(s): Lu T, Lee KH. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1967 October; 74(5): 757-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6058541&dopt=Abstract

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Obstetrical problems of conjoined twins. Author(s): Ruskiewicz D. Source: Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma). 1974; 22 Suppl: 75-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4474783&dopt=Abstract

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Obstructed labour due to undiagnosed conjoined twins. Author(s): Mukerji S. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1975 July 1; 65(1): 20-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1184991&dopt=Abstract

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Omphalopagus conjoined twins. Author(s): Tongsong T, Chanprapaph P, Pongsatha S. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 December; 14(6): 439. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10658287&dopt=Abstract

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Omphalopagus--successful separation of conjoined twins in the newborn period. Author(s): Prasad CN, Haran RH, Prasad GR, Kumar MS, Prabhakar V. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1989 September; 26(9): 953-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2634015&dopt=Abstract

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One or two: an examination of the recent case of the conjoined twins from Malta. Author(s): Michael Barilan Y. Source: The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 2003 February; 28(1): 27-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12715280&dopt=Abstract

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Parasitic conjoined twins with omphalocele and tetralogy of Fallot. Author(s): Husain AN, Muraskas J, Lambert G, Dado D, Lynch J. Source: Pediatr Pathol. 1989; 9(3): 321-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2748492&dopt=Abstract

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Parasitic conjoined twins, two cases, and their relation to limb morphogenesis. Author(s): Stephens TD, Siebert JR, Graham JM Jr, Beckwith JB. Source: Teratology. 1982 October; 26(2): 115-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7157188&dopt=Abstract

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Parasitic conjoined twins: a case report. Author(s): Juretschke LJ. Source: Neonatal Netw. 2000 August; 19(5): 9-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949116&dopt=Abstract

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Parasitic conjoined twins: external, internal (fetuses in fetu and teratomas), and detached (acardiacs). Author(s): Spencer R. Source: Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.). 2001 November; 14(6): 428-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11754238&dopt=Abstract

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Pathological findings in dicephalus dipus dibrachius: implications for mechanisms in two pairs of lateral conjoined twins. Author(s): Itoh K, Imai Y, Obayashi C, Hayashi Y, Hanioka K, Itoh H. Source: The Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences. 1993 June; 39(3): 95-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8255077&dopt=Abstract

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Peculiarities of the bones, muscles, and nervous system of the conjoined twins. Author(s): Ovtscharoff W, Ichev K, Surchev L, Vankova M. Source: Anat Anz. 1984; 157(1): 83-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6486474&dopt=Abstract

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Perinatal management of conjoined twins. Author(s): Herbert WN, Cefalo RC, Koontz WL. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1983 October; 1(1): 58-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6680654&dopt=Abstract

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Perineal reconstruction of female conjoined twins. Author(s): Kim SS, Waldhausen JH, Weidner BC, Grady R, Mitchell M, Sawin R. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 December; 37(12): 1740-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12483645&dopt=Abstract

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Perioperative management of conjoined twins. Author(s): Diaz JH, Furman EB. Source: Anesthesiology. 1987 December; 67(6): 965-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3318563&dopt=Abstract

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Poorly organized parasitic conjoined twins: report of four cases. Author(s): Drut R, Garcia C, Drut RM. Source: Pediatr Pathol. 1992 September-October; 12(5): 691-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1437881&dopt=Abstract

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Positioning of separated conjoined twins with scoliosis/lordosis. Author(s): Belcher MA. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1987 May; 41(5): 329-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3688147&dopt=Abstract

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Prenatal diagnosis of anatomical connections in conjoined twins by use of contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Zoppini C, Vanzulli A, Kustermann A, Rizzuti T, Selicorni A, Nicolini U. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1993 October; 13(10): 995-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8309906&dopt=Abstract

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Prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart defects in thoracoabdominally conjoined twins. Author(s): Sanders SP, Chin AJ, Parness IA, Benacerraf B, Greene MF, Epstein MF, Colan SD, Frigoletto FD. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1985 August 8; 313(6): 370-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4010753&dopt=Abstract

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Prenatal diagnosis of conjoined twins (diprosopus) with myelomeningocele. Author(s): Rydnert J, Holmgren G, Nielsen K, Bergman F, Joelsson I. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1985; 64(8): 687-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2421524&dopt=Abstract

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Prenatal diagnosis of conjoined twins by real-time sonography: a case report. Author(s): Chen HY, Hsieh FJ, Huang LH. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1983 February-March; 11(2): 94-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6404943&dopt=Abstract

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Prenatal diagnosis of conjoined twins with real-time ultrasound. A case report. Author(s): Gao J, Gao YF. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1988 January; 101(1): 58-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3142735&dopt=Abstract

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Prenatal diagnosis of conjoined twins. Author(s): Chatterjee MS, Weiss RR, Verma UL, Tejani NA, Macri J. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1983 October; 3(4): 357-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6197706&dopt=Abstract

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Prenatal diagnosis of conjoined twins. Author(s): Apuzzio JJ, Ganesh V, Landau I, Pelosi M. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 February 1; 148(3): 343-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6695983&dopt=Abstract

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Prenatal diagnosis of dicephalic conjoined twins: report of a case. Author(s): Yang CC, Wu RC, Kuo PL, Yang HB, Chou NH. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1994 July; 93(7): 626-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7866063&dopt=Abstract

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Prenatal diagnosis of dicephalous conjoined twins in a triplet pregnancy. Author(s): Apuzzio JJ, Ganesh VV, Chervenak J, Sama JC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1988 November; 159(5): 1214-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3056008&dopt=Abstract

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Prenatal evaluation of cephalopagus conjoined twins by means of three-dimensional ultrasound at 13 weeks of pregnancy. Author(s): Kuroda K, Kamei Y, Kozuma S, Kikuchi A, Fujii T, Unno N, Baba K, Taketani Y. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 September; 16(3): 264-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11169294&dopt=Abstract

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Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of conjoined twins in the first trimester: two case reports. Author(s): Lam YH, Sin SY, Lam C, Lee CP, Tang MH, Tse HY. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 April; 11(4): 289-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9618856&dopt=Abstract

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Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of conjoined twins. Author(s): Siegfried MS, Koptik GF. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1983 March; 73(3): 317-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6828399&dopt=Abstract

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Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of dicephalus conjoined twins. Author(s): Hammond DI, Okun NB, Carpenter BF, Martin DJ, Krzaniak S. Source: Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal = Journal L'association Canadienne Des Radiologistes. 1991 October; 42(5): 357-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1933505&dopt=Abstract

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Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of thoracopagus conjoined twins. Author(s): Quiroz VH, Sepulveda WH, Mercado M, Bermudez R, Fernandez R, Varela J. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 1989; 17(4): 297-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2696776&dopt=Abstract

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Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of conjoined twins. Author(s): van den Brand SF, Nijhuis JG, van Dongen PW. Source: Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 1994 September; 49(9): 656-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7991234&dopt=Abstract

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Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of thoracopagus conjoined twins. Author(s): Kalchbrenner M, Weiner S, Templeton J, Losure TA. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1987 January; 15(1): 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3106426&dopt=Abstract

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Prosopo-thoracopagus conjoined twins and other cephalopagus-thoracopagus intermediates: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Spencer R, Robichaux WH. Source: Pediatric and Developmental Pathology : the Official Journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society. 1998 March-April; 1(2): 164-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9507043&dopt=Abstract

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Pygopagus conjoined twins. Author(s): Gupta JM. Source: British Medical Journal. 1966 October 8; 2(518): 868-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5917407&dopt=Abstract

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Rachipagus conjoined twins: they really do occur! Author(s): Spencer R. Source: Teratology. 1995 December; 52(6): 346-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8711621&dopt=Abstract

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Radiocontrast-induced nephropathy in a pair of xiphaomphalopagus conjoined twins during the neonatal period. Author(s): Boo NY, Mahmud MN, Samad SA. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1991 June-July; 80(6-7): 735-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1867096&dopt=Abstract

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Real-time ultrasound diagnosis of conjoined twins. Author(s): Wood MJ, Thompson HE, Roberson FM. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1981 April; 9(4): 195-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6793639&dopt=Abstract

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Renal scans in conjoined twins. Author(s): Goldstein HA, Velchik M, Heyman S. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1982 October; 7(10): 477-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6754204&dopt=Abstract

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Response to “commentary on Thomson's Violinist and Conjoined Twins” by John K. Davis (CQ vol 8, no 4) Author(s): Himma KE. Source: Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics : Cq : the International Journal of Healthcare Ethics Committees. 2000 Winter; 9(1): 120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10721473&dopt=Abstract

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Reversal of fortune--Re A (Conjoined Twins) and beyond: who should make treatment decisions on behalf of young children? Author(s): Michalowski S. Source: Health Law J. 2001; 9: 149-69. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12141219&dopt=Abstract

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Scintigraphy in assessment of the feasibility of separation of a set of xiphoomphalopagous conjoined twins. Author(s): Rubini G, Paradies G, Leggio A, D'Addabbo A. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1995 December; 20(12): 1074-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8674294&dopt=Abstract

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Separating conjoined twins: a care plan. Author(s): Bell AN. Source: Aorn Journal. 1982 January; 35(1): 47-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6915746&dopt=Abstract

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Separating conjoined twins: legal reverberations of Jodie and Mary's predicament. Author(s): Sawday JN. Source: Loyola Los Angel Int Comp Law J. 2002 January; 24(1): 65-86. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12741403&dopt=Abstract

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Separation of brachio-thoraco-omphalo-ischiopagus bipus conjoined twins. Author(s): Spitz L, Stringer MD, Kiely EM, Ransley PG, Smith P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1994 April; 29(4): 477-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8014797&dopt=Abstract

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Separation of complex pygopagus conjoined twins. Author(s): Fowler CL, Pulito AR, Warf BC, Vandenbrink KD. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1999 April; 34(4): 619-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10235337&dopt=Abstract

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Separation of conjoined twins in the newborn period. Author(s): Gans SL, Morgenstern L, Gettelman E, Zukow AH, Cooperman H. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1968 October; 3(5): 565-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5681666&dopt=Abstract

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Separation of conjoined twins using chest wall prosthesis. Author(s): Hisano K, Nakamura K, Okada M, Iwai S. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1989 September; 24(9): 928-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2778589&dopt=Abstract

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Separation of conjoined twins with the twin reversed-arterial-perfusion sequence after prenatal planning with three-dimensional modeling. Author(s): Norwitz ER, Hoyte LP, Jenkins KJ, van der Velde ME, Ratiu P, RodriguezThompson D, Wilkins-Haug L, Tempany CM, Fishman SJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 August 10; 343(6): 399-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10933739&dopt=Abstract

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Separation of conjoined twins. Author(s): Campbell GD, Brown SW, Anderson M, Anderson PG. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1990 January; 60(1): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2139320&dopt=Abstract

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Separation of conjoined twins. Author(s): Wirt SW, Algren CL, Wallace VR, Glass N. Source: Aorn Journal. 1995 October; 62(4): 527-40, 543-5; Quiz 546-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8787375&dopt=Abstract

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Separation of conjoined twins: a case study in critical care. Author(s): Winch AE, Gonyea MT. Source: Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America. 1994 December; 6(4): 807-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7766354&dopt=Abstract

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Separation of ischiopagus tetrapus conjoined twins in the Sultanate of Oman. Author(s): Freeman NV, Fahr J, Al-Khusaiby S. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 1997 April; 12(4): 256-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9099640&dopt=Abstract

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Separation of ischiopagus tripus conjoined twins. Author(s): Chen WJ, Lai HS, Chu SH, Lee PH, Chen MT, Chen SC, Huang SC. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1994 November; 29(11): 1417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7844711&dopt=Abstract

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Separation of omphalopagus conjoined twins using combined caudal epiduralgeneral anesthesia. Author(s): Greenberg M, Frankville DD, Hilfiker M, Frenchville DD. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2001 May; 48(5): 478-82. Erratum In: Can J Anaesth 2001 October; 48(9): 931. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11394518&dopt=Abstract

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Separation of thoraco-omphalopagus conjoined twins with complex hepato-biliary anatomy. Author(s): Spitz L, Crabbe DC, Kiely EM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1997 May; 32(5): 787-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9165482&dopt=Abstract

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Sequential computer-assisted hepatobiliary scintigraphy in the evaluation of conjoined twins. Author(s): Wong DF, Espinola D, Camargo EE, Douglass KH, Koller DW, Wagner HN Jr. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1984 March; 142(3): 479-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6607628&dopt=Abstract

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Sequential genetic events leading to conjoined twins in a monozygotic triplet pregnancy. Author(s): Lipitz S, Ravia J, Zolti M, Achiron R, Wolf Y, Kazanstein A, Goldenberg M, Seidman DS. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1995 December; 10(12): 3130-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8822428&dopt=Abstract

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Sequential scintiangiography of the hepato-splenic system of xiphopagus conjoined twins. Author(s): Margouleff D, Harper RG, Kenigsberg K, Horn D, Sia CG. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1980 March; 21(3): 246-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7365516&dopt=Abstract

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Situs inversus in conjoined twins. Author(s): Layton WM. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1989 October; 34(2): 297. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2817014&dopt=Abstract

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Sonographic antepartum diagnosis of conjoined twins. Its impact on obstetric management. Author(s): Gore RM, Filly RA, Parer JT. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1982 June 25; 247(24): 3351-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7087079&dopt=Abstract

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Sonographic findings in cephalothoracopagus-conjoined twins. Author(s): Preziosi P, Medici D, Maiorana A. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1984; 14(6): 453-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6390325&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal cord involvement in pygopagus conjoined twins: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Fieggen G, Millar A, Rode H, Ngiloi P, Andronikou S, Peter J. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 March; 19(3): 183-7. Epub 2003 February 22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12644871&dopt=Abstract

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Spontaneous vaginal delivery of conjoined twins by a special mechanism. Author(s): Nirmala AV, Vijaya R. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1983 December; 81(11-12): 207-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6678282&dopt=Abstract

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Square pegs in round holes: the dilemma of conjoined twins and individual rights. Author(s): Munro VE. Source: Social & Legal Studies. 2001 December; 10(4): 459-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12741382&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on symmetrically conjoined twins. Author(s): Bender C. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1967 June; 70(6): 1010-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6027285&dopt=Abstract

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Success rate for surgery of conjoined twins. Author(s): Spitz L, Kiely E. Source: Lancet. 2000 November 18; 356(9243): 1765. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11095277&dopt=Abstract

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Successful early separation of a premature xipho-omphalopagus conjoined twins: a case report. Author(s): Lai HS, Lee PH, Chu SH, Chen MT, Lin TW, Duh YC, Chen WJ. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1997 April; 40(2): 139, 141-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9126129&dopt=Abstract

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Successful separation of ischiopagus tetrapus--conjoined twins. Author(s): Eades JW, Thomas CG Jr. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1966 December; 164(6): 1059-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5926243&dopt=Abstract

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Successful separation of ischiopagus tripus conjoined twins with comparative analysis of methods for abdominal wall closure and use of the tripus limb. Author(s): Doski JJ, Heiman HS, Solenberger RI, Stefko RM, Kuivila T, Rozanski TA, Flack CA, Thurman RT, Milbourn CT, Cheu HW. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1997 December; 32(12): 1761-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9434022&dopt=Abstract

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Successful separation of ischiopagus tripus conjoined twins with one twin suffering from brain damage. Author(s): Tran DA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1993 July; 28(7): 965-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8229582&dopt=Abstract

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Successful separation of ischiopagus tripus conjoined twins. Author(s): Hung WT, Chen WJ, Chen HT, Hsu TC, Chao CC, Wu TT. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1986 November; 21(11): 920-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2947986&dopt=Abstract

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Successful separation of xiphopagous conjoined twins. Author(s): DeAngelis RR, Dursi JF, Ibach JR Jr. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1970 August; 172(2): 302-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5450119&dopt=Abstract

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Successful separation of Xiphopagus-conjoined twins. Author(s): Kling S, Johnston RJ, Michalyshyn B, Turner FW, Brownlee RT. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1975 April; 10(2): 267-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=123583&dopt=Abstract

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Supraventricular electrical interaction in conjoined twins with common coronary sinus. Author(s): Hornung TS, Sholler GF, Lau KC. Source: Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : Pace. 1999 September; 22(9): 1416-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10527028&dopt=Abstract

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Surgery for conjoined twins. Author(s): Spitz L. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2003 July; 85(4): 230-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12855023&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical experience with thirteen conjoined twins. Author(s): O'Neill JA Jr, Holcomb GW 3rd, Schnaufer L, Templeton JM Jr, Bishop HC, Ross AJ 3rd, Duckett JW, Norwood WI, Ziegler MM, Koop CE. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1988 September; 208(3): 299-312. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3421755&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical separation of conjoined twins. Author(s): Hoyle RM. Source: Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1990 June; 170(6): 549-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2188386&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical separation of conjoined twins. Author(s): Votteler TP. Source: Aorn Journal. 1982 January; 35(1): 35-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6915745&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical separation of xiphoomphalopagous conjoined twins. Author(s): Upadhyaya P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1971 August; 6(4): 462-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5563888&dopt=Abstract

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Symmetrical conjoined twins: an analysis of the birth records of twenty-two sets. Author(s): Milham S Jr. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1966 October; 69(4): 643-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5921342&dopt=Abstract

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The conjoined twins and the limits of rationality in applied ethics. Author(s): Cowley C. Source: Bioethics. 2003 February; 17(1): 69-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12722730&dopt=Abstract

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The conjoined twins Mary and Jodie: ethical analysis of their case. Author(s): Murphy-O'Connor C. Source: Origins. 2000 October 5; 30(17): 269-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12557888&dopt=Abstract

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The conjoined twins of Gusau, Nigeria. Author(s): Aiyedun TA. Source: West Afr J Med. 2002 July-September; 21(3): 256-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12744584&dopt=Abstract

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The conjoined twins of Lowen. Author(s): Blickstein I. Source: Twin Research : the Official Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies. 2000 December; 3(4): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11463137&dopt=Abstract

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The conjoined twins of Malta: direct or indirect killing? Author(s): Guevin B. Source: Natl Cathol Bioeth Q. 2001 Autumn; 1(3): 397-405. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12866526&dopt=Abstract

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The conjoined twins. Author(s): Green C. Source: Prof Nurse. 2000 December; 16(3): 972-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12029882&dopt=Abstract

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The conjoined twins. Transcript of the speeches given at the BAFS annual dinner on 28 February 2002. British Academy of Forensic Sciences. Author(s): Whitfield A. Source: Med Sci Law. 2002 October; 42(4): 277-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487511&dopt=Abstract

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The conjoined twins. Transcript of the speeches given at the BAFS annual dinner on 28 February 2002. British Academy of Forensic Sciences. Author(s): Spitz L. Source: Med Sci Law. 2002 October; 42(4): 284-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12545995&dopt=Abstract

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The conjoined twins. Transcript of the speeches given at the BAFS annual dinner on 28 February 2002. British Academy of Forensic Sciences. Author(s): O'Dononvan O. Source: Med Sci Law. 2002 October; 42(4): 280-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12545994&dopt=Abstract

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The contribution of modern imaging to planning separation strategies in conjoined twins. Author(s): Martinez L, Fernandez J, Pastor I, Garcia-Guereta L, Lassaletta L, Tovar JA. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2003 April; 13(2): 120-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12776245&dopt=Abstract

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The Court of Appeal and conjoined twins: condemning the unworthy life? Author(s): Huxtable R. Source: Bull Med Ethics. 2000 October; (162): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11764807&dopt=Abstract

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The dilemma of conjoined twins. Author(s): Cooper R. Source: Br J Perioper Nurs. 2003 September; 13(9): 357-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14533310&dopt=Abstract

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The ethics of caring for conjoined twins. The Lakeberg twins. Author(s): Thomasma DC, Muraskas J, Marshall PA, Myers T, Tomich P, O'Neill JA Jr. Source: The Hastings Center Report. 1996 July-August; 26(4): 4-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8854113&dopt=Abstract

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The first-trimester ultrasonographic diagnosis of dicephalus conjoined twins. Author(s): van Eyndhoven HW, ter Brugge H. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1998 April; 77(4): 464-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9598961&dopt=Abstract

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The Ibadan conjoined twins: a report of omphalopagus twins and a review of cases reported in Nigeria over 60 years. Author(s): Omokhodion SI, Ladipo JK, Odebode TO, Ajao OG, Famewo CE, Lagundoye SB, Sanusi A, Gbadegesin RA. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 2001 September; 21(3): 263-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11579866&dopt=Abstract

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The lesser of two evils: a contextual view of the English case of the conjoined twins. Author(s): Levy S. Source: Med Law. 2003; 22(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12809338&dopt=Abstract

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The Maltese conjoined twins. A separate peace. Author(s): London AJ. Source: The Hastings Center Report. 2001 January-February; 31(1): 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11478095&dopt=Abstract

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The Maltese conjoined twins. Hubris in the court. Author(s): Knowles LP. Source: The Hastings Center Report. 2001 January-February; 31(1): 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11478097&dopt=Abstract

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The Maltese conjoined twins. Two views of their separation. Author(s): London AJ. Source: The Hastings Center Report. 2001 January-February; 31(1): 48-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11478094&dopt=Abstract

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The management of severely malformed newborn infants: the case of conjoined twins. Author(s): Dickens BM, Cook RJ. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2001 April; 73(1): 69-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11336726&dopt=Abstract

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The natural history of prenatally diagnosed conjoined twins. Author(s): Mackenzie TC, Crombleholme TM, Johnson MP, Schnaufer L, Flake AW, Hedrick HL, Howell LJ, Adzick NS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 March; 37(3): 303-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11877639&dopt=Abstract

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The separating of conjoined twins. Author(s): Smith AM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 September 30; 321(7264): 782. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11009501&dopt=Abstract

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The sonographic detection of early first-trimester conjoined twins. Author(s): Hill LM. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1997 October; 17(10): 961-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9358576&dopt=Abstract

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The value of multidisciplinary working: a report on the management of conjoined twins. Author(s): Baruah S, Downey GP. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 May; 23(3): 311-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12918466&dopt=Abstract

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Theoretical and analytical embryology of conjoined twins: part I: embryogenesis. Author(s): Spencer R. Source: Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.). 2000; 13(1): 36-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10617886&dopt=Abstract

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Theoretical and analytical embryology of conjoined twins: part II: adjustments to union. Author(s): Spencer R. Source: Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.). 2000; 13(2): 97-120. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10679855&dopt=Abstract

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Thermocoagulation for selective reduction of conjoined twins at 12 weeks of gestation. Author(s): Lam YH, Lee CP, Tang MH, Lau E. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 September; 16(3): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11169295&dopt=Abstract

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Thomson's violinist and conjoined twins. Author(s): Himma KE. Source: Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics : Cq : the International Journal of Healthcare Ethics Committees. 1999 Fall; 8(4): 428-35; Discussion 435-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10513300&dopt=Abstract

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Three-dimensional transvaginal sonography of conjoined twins at 10 weeks: a case report. Author(s): Maymon R, Halperin R, Weinraub Z, Herman A, Schneider D. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 April; 11(4): 292-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9618857&dopt=Abstract

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Three-dimensional ultrasound of conjoined twins. Author(s): Johnson DD, Pretorius DH, Budorick N. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 October; 90(4 Pt 2): 701-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11770606&dopt=Abstract

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Transcervical embryoscopic diagnosis of conjoined twins in a ten-week missed abortion. Author(s): Yin CS, Chen WH, Wei RY, Chan CC. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 June; 18(6): 626-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9664611&dopt=Abstract

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Two early case reports on conjoined twins. Author(s): van der Weiden RM. Source: Twin Research : the Official Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies. 1999 March; 2(1): 30-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10392800&dopt=Abstract

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Two-dimensional and three-dimensional sonography of conjoined twins. Author(s): Bonilla-Musoles F, Machado LE, Osborne NG, Blanes J, Bonilla F Jr, Raga F, Machado F. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2002 February; 30(2): 68-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11857511&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging of cephalopagus conjoined twins. Author(s): Casele HL, Meyer JR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 June; 95(6 Pt 2): 1015-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10808009&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasonographic diagnosis of thoracopagus conjoined twins in a monoamniotic triplet gestation. Author(s): Wax JR, Royer D, Steinfeld JD, Ingardia CJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 September; 181(3): 755-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10486497&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasonography in the antepartum diagnosis of conjoined twins. A report of two cases. Author(s): Koontz WL, Herbert WN, Seeds JW, Cefalo RC. Source: J Reprod Med. 1983 September; 28(9): 627-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6631851&dopt=Abstract

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Unbalanced cross circulation in conjoined twins. Author(s): Lai HS, Chu SH, Lee PH, Chen WJ. Source: Surgery. 1997 May; 121(5): 591-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9142161&dopt=Abstract

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Unique anomalies in cephalothoracopagus janiceps conjoined twins with implications for multiple mechanisms in the abnormal embryogenesis. Author(s): Baron BW, Shermeta DW, Ismail MA, Ben-Ami T, Yousefzadeh D, Carlson N, Amarose AP, Esterly JR. Source: Teratology. 1990 January; 41(1): 9-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2406989&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual cardiac malformations in conjoined twins: thoracopagus twins with conjoined pentalogy of Cantrell and an omphalopagus twin with atretic ventricles. Author(s): Spencer R, Robichaux WH, Superneau DW, Lucas VW Jr. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 2002 November-December; 23(6): 631-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530497&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual xiphopagus conjoined twins. Author(s): Rathore AH, Farooq Y. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1981 May; 31(5): 111-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6788982&dopt=Abstract

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Urological problems in conjoined twins. Author(s): Wilcox DT, Quinn FM, Spitz L, Kiely EM, Ransley PG. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1998 June; 81(6): 905-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9666780&dopt=Abstract

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Use of magnetic resonance imaging in planning the separation of omphalopagus conjoined twins. Author(s): Richardson RJ, Applebaum H, Taber P, Woolley MM, Chwals WJ, Warden MJ, Dietrich R. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1989 July; 24(7): 683-4; Discussion 684-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2754585&dopt=Abstract

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Use of skin expansion in separation of conjoined twins. Author(s): Zubowicz VN, Ricketts R. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1988 March; 20(3): 272-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3358621&dopt=Abstract

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Use of two stage keratinocyte-dermal grafting to treat the separation site in conjoined twins. Author(s): Higgins CR, Navsaria H, Stringer M, Spitz L, Leigh IM. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1994 February; 87(2): 108-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8196026&dopt=Abstract

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Utilization of magnetic resonance imaging in autopsy planning with specimen preservation for thoraco-omphalopagus symmetricus conjoined twins. Author(s): Sergi C, Dorfler A, Albrecht F, Klapp J, Jansen O, Sartor K, Otto HF. Source: Teratology. 1998 September-October; 58(3-4): 71-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9802185&dopt=Abstract

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Vaginal delivery of conjoined twins. Author(s): Greening DG. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1981 October 3; 2(7): 356-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7300779&dopt=Abstract

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Xiphoomphaloischiopagus tripus conjoined twins: successful separation following abdominal wall expansion. Author(s): Spitz L, Capps SN, Kiely EM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1991 January; 26(1): 26-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1826029&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CONJOINED TWINS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and conjoined twins.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Conjoined Twins The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “conjoined twins” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “conjoined twins” (or a synonym): •

Mechanisms of twinning. V. Conjoined twins, stem cells and the calcium model. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York, USA. [email protected] Source: Steinman, G J-Reprod-Med. 2002 April; 47(4): 313-21 0024-7758

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

Nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CONJOINED TWINS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to conjoined twins. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to conjoined twins and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “conjoined twins” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to conjoined twins: •

A history of the autopsy. A review. Author(s): King LS, Meehan MC. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1973 November; 73(2): 514-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4586127&dopt=Abstract

•

A philosophical approach to conjoined twins. Author(s): Raffensperger J. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 1997 April; 12(4): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9099639&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic procedures leading to successful separation of xipho-omphalopagus twins.

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Author(s): Abel M, Greiner P, Fiedler L, Farthmann EH, Schumichen C, Struwe FE, Reinwein H, Pringsheim W, Kunzer W. Source: Helv Paediatr Acta. 1986 May; 41(1-2): 41-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3487531&dopt=Abstract •

Ethics: English high court orders separation of conjoined twins. Author(s): Appel JM. Source: The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics : a Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2000 Fall; 28(3): 312-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11210387&dopt=Abstract

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New techniques in the diagnosis and operative management of Siamese twins. Author(s): Miller D, Colombani P, Buck JR, Dudgeon DL, Haller JA Jr. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1983 August; 18(4): 373-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6604800&dopt=Abstract

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One or two: an examination of the recent case of the conjoined twins from Malta. Author(s): Michael Barilan Y. Source: The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 2003 February; 28(1): 27-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12715280&dopt=Abstract

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Reversal of fortune--Re A (Conjoined Twins) and beyond: who should make treatment decisions on behalf of young children? Author(s): Michalowski S. Source: Health Law J. 2001; 9: 149-69. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12141219&dopt=Abstract

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Scintigraphic evaluation of craniopagus twins. Author(s): Sathekge MM, Venkannagari RR, Clauss RP. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1998 October; 71(850): 1096-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10211074&dopt=Abstract

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Scintigraphy in assessment of the feasibility of separation of a set of xiphoomphalopagous conjoined twins. Author(s): Rubini G, Paradies G, Leggio A, D'Addabbo A. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1995 December; 20(12): 1074-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8674294&dopt=Abstract

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The Biddenden Maids: a curious chapter in the history of conjoined twins. Author(s): Bondeson J.

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Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1992 April; 85(4): 217-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1433064&dopt=Abstract •

The conjoined twins and the limits of rationality in applied ethics. Author(s): Cowley C. Source: Bioethics. 2003 February; 17(1): 69-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12722730&dopt=Abstract

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The conjoined twins of Lowen. Author(s): Blickstein I. Source: Twin Research : the Official Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies. 2000 December; 3(4): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11463137&dopt=Abstract

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The conjoined twins. Transcript of the speeches given at the BAFS annual dinner on 28 February 2002. British Academy of Forensic Sciences. Author(s): Spitz L. Source: Med Sci Law. 2002 October; 42(4): 284-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12545995&dopt=Abstract

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The conjoined twins. Transcript of the speeches given at the BAFS annual dinner on 28 February 2002. British Academy of Forensic Sciences. Author(s): O'Dononvan O. Source: Med Sci Law. 2002 October; 42(4): 280-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12545994&dopt=Abstract

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The conjoined twins. Transcript of the speeches given at the BAFS annual dinner on 28 February 2002. British Academy of Forensic Sciences. Author(s): Whitfield A. Source: Med Sci Law. 2002 October; 42(4): 277-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487511&dopt=Abstract

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The management of severely malformed newborn infants: the case of conjoined twins. Author(s): Dickens BM, Cook RJ. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2001 April; 73(1): 69-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11336726&dopt=Abstract

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Twinning and conjoined placentation in mice. Author(s): Wan YJ, Wu TC, Damjanov I.

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Source: The Journal of Experimental Zoology. 1982 May 20; 221(1): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7097179&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CONJOINED TWINS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to conjoined twins. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on conjoined twins include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “conjoined twins” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “conjoined twins” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “conjoined twins” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Conjoined Twins: An Historical, Biological and Ethical Issues Encyclopedia by Christine Quigley (2003); ISBN: 0786415266; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0786415266/icongroupinterna

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Conjoined Twins: Developmental Malformations and Clinical Implications by Rowena, MD Spencer; ISBN: 0801870704; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801870704/icongroupinterna

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Joined at Birth: The Lives of Conjoined Twins (First Book) by Elaine Landau; ISBN: 053120331X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/053120331X/icongroupinterna

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One of Us: Conjoined Twins and the Future of Normal by Alice Domurat Dreger (2004); ISBN: 0674012941; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0674012941/icongroupinterna

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•

Psychological Profiles of Conjoined Twins: Heredity, Environment, and Identity by J. David Smith (Author); ISBN: 0275929655; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0275929655/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “conjoined twins” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:5 •

Conjoined twins. Editor: Daniel Bergsma; guest editors: Russell J. Blattner [et al. Author: Bergsma, Daniel,; Year: 1975; New York, National Foundation, 1967]

Chapters on Conjoined Twins In order to find chapters that specifically relate to conjoined twins, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and conjoined twins using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “conjoined twins” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

5 In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON CONJOINED TWINS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on conjoined twins. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Conjoined Twins The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in conjoined twins (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on conjoined twins: •

Conjoined twins: successful separation [videorecording] Source: Continuing Education in the Health Sciences; [produced by] University of California, San Francisco Medical Center; Year: 1962; Format: Videorecording; [San Francisco: The University, 1962

•

Conjoined twins [videorecording] Source: a presentation of Gentle Pulse Video; Year: 1984; Format: Videorecording; [Charlotte, N.C.]: Gentle Pulse Video, 1984

•

Separation of conjoined twins [videorecording] Source: from the Film Library and the Clinical Congress of ACS; from Texas Children's Hospital; video production services provided by Texas Heart Institute, Biocommunications; Year: 1993; Format: Videorecording; Woodbury, CT: Davis + Geck Surgical Video Library, [1993]

•

Strategies in the separation of omphalopagus conjoined twins [videorecording] Source: Kaiser Permanente, Southern California Permanente Medical Group; Year: 1990; Format: Videorecording; [S.l.: s.n., 1990]

•

Surgical management and long term follow-up of a partial conjoined twin [videorecording]: monocephalus, tripus, dibrachius Source: produced by Jordan

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Weitzman and Wexler Films; Year: 1999; Format: Videorecording; Los Angeles, CA: Wexler Film Productions, [1999] •

Surgical separation of ischiopagus tripus conjoined twins [videorecording] Source: [produced by] Dept. of Biomedical Communications, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas; Year: 1979; Format: Videorecording; Dallas, Tex.: The Department, c1979

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CONJOINED TWINS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover conjoined twins.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on conjoined twins is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “conjoined twins” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to conjoined twins. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “conjoined twins” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for conjoined twins: •

Austrian doctors separate day-old conjoined twins Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 03, 2003

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•

S. Korean conjoined twins improving, hospital says Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 24, 2003

•

Surgery begins for conjoined twins in Los Angeles Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 05, 2002

•

US hospital to separate Guatemalan conjoined twins Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 07, 2002

•

No separation yet for UK conjoined twins Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 01, 2002

•

UK conjoined twin must die to save other Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 04, 2002

•

Most conjoined twins survive surgical separation Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 17, 2000 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “conjoined twins” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

Periodicals and News

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Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “conjoined twins” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to conjoined twins, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “conjoined twins” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Conjoined Twins Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to conjoined twins. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering conjoined twins that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute6: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

6

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.7 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:8 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 8 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html. 7

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The NLM Gateway9

The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.10 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “conjoined twins” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1178 28 0 0 0 1206

HSTAT11 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.12 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.13 Simply search by “conjoined twins” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 11 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 12 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 13 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 9

10

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists14 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.15 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.16 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 16 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 14

15

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on conjoined twins can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to conjoined twins. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to conjoined twins. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “conjoined twins”:

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•

Other guides Genetic Brain Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/geneticbraindisorders.html Genetic Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/geneticdisorders.html Head and Brain Malformations http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandbrainmalformations.html Metabolic Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/metabolicdisorders.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to conjoined twins. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Associations and Conjoined Twins The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to conjoined twins: •

Conjoined Twins International Telephone: (520) 445-0572 Toll-free: TTY: Fax: (520) 445-8043 Background: Conjoined Twins International (CTI) is a voluntary organization dedicated to providing moral and personal support to families of conjoined twins. Established in 1996 and consisting of 30 family members, CTI has support groups, provides networking services, promotes research, and offers referrals to physicians and hospitals with expertise in working with conjoined twins. The organization also offers educational and supportive materials through its database, reports, and regular newsletter. Relevant area(s) of interest: Conjoined Twins

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to conjoined twins. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with conjoined twins. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about conjoined twins. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “conjoined twins” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received

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your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “conjoined twins”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “conjoined twins” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “conjoined twins” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.17

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

17

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)18: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

18

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

75

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

77

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

79

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

81

CONJOINED TWINS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH]

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Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Caesarean section: A surgical incision through the abdominal and uterine walls in order to deliver a baby. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual

Dictionary 83

patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]

Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin

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system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU]

Dictionary 85

Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Critical Care: Health care provided to a critically ill patient during a medical emergency or crisis. [NIH] Cross Circulation: The circulation in a portion of the body of one individual of blood supplied from another individual. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dystocia: Difficult childbirth or labor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Embryology: The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life. [NIH] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH]

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Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fetal Heart: The heart of the fetus of any viviparous animal. It refers to the heart in the postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (heart/embryology) only on the basis of time. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Hepatobiliary: Pertaining to the liver and the bile or the biliary ducts. [EU] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH]

Dictionary 87

In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Lordosis: The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = posture + sex behavior, animal). [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of

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radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]

Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A condition in which part of the tissue in the intestines is destroyed. Occurs mainly in under-weight newborn babies. A temporary ileostomy may be necessary. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatal period: The first 4 weeks after birth. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is

Dictionary 89

comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericardial Effusion: Presence of fluid within the pericardium. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Placentation: Development of a site of fetomaternal union for physiologic exchange, a placenta or placenta-like organ. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Diagnosis: Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation embryo, fetus, or pregnant female before birth. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to

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recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal vein thrombosis: Blood clots in the vessel that carries blood away from the kidney. This can occur in people with the nephrotic syndrome. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Scoliosis: A lateral curvature of the spine. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Septate: An organ or structure that is divided into compartments. [NIH] Sex Behavior: Sexual activities of humans. [NIH] Sex Behavior, Animal: Sexual activities of animals. [NIH] Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or

Dictionary 91

Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Expansion: Process whereby tissue adjacent to a soft tissue defect is expanded by means of a subcutaneously implanted reservoir. The procedure is used in reconstructive surgery for injuries caused by trauma, burns, or ablative surgery. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH]

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Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]

93

INDEX A Abdominal, 11, 22, 36, 44, 81, 82, 88 Adverse Effect, 81, 90 Algorithms, 81, 82 Alkaline, 81, 82 Alternative medicine, 58, 81 Anatomical, 29, 81 Anesthesia, 24, 34, 81 Anomalies, 6, 9, 10, 11, 25, 43, 81 Arterial, 33, 81, 83, 90 Arteries, 81, 82, 84, 88 Ataxia, 81, 86 Atrial, 23, 81 Atrium, 81 Atypical, 9, 81 Autopsy, 44, 49, 81 B Base, 81, 87 Bile, 81, 82, 86, 87 Bile Ducts, 82 Biliary, 9, 34, 82, 86 Biotechnology, 3, 54, 58, 65, 82 Blastocyst, 82, 84, 89 Blood Coagulation, 82 Blood vessel, 82, 83, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92 Bone scan, 82, 90 Bowel, 25, 82, 85, 87 Brain Neoplasms, 82, 86 Branch, 77, 82, 89, 90, 91 Burns, 82, 91 C Caesarean section, 15, 82 Calcium, 25, 46, 82, 83 Callus, 82, 85 Cardiac, 5, 6, 10, 17, 43, 82, 88 Cardiovascular, 10, 20, 26, 82 Cardiovascular System, 26, 82 Case report, 8, 15, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 35, 36, 41, 42, 82 Catheterization, 10, 83, 87 Caudal, 34, 83, 89 Cell, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88 Central Nervous System, 82, 83, 86 Central Nervous System Infections, 83, 86 Cerebral, 81, 82, 83, 86 Cerebral Infarction, 83, 86 Cerebrospinal, 83, 86, 90 Cerebrospinal fluid, 83, 86, 90

Cervical, 83, 87 Chest wall, 10, 33, 83 Clinical trial, 3, 65, 83 Cloning, 82, 83 Cofactor, 83, 89 Complement, 83, 84 Complementary and alternative medicine, 49, 52, 84 Complementary medicine, 49, 84 Computational Biology, 65, 84 Computed tomography, 84, 90 Computerized axial tomography, 84, 90 Conception, 13, 84, 86 Contraindications, ii, 84 Coronary, 37, 84, 88 Coronary Thrombosis, 84, 88 Cranial, 26, 84, 85, 86, 87 Craniocerebral Trauma, 85, 86 Critical Care, 33, 85 Cross Circulation, 42, 85 Curative, 85, 91 Cutaneous, 5, 85 D Databases, Bibliographic, 65, 85 Dermal, 43, 85 Diagnostic procedure, 49, 58, 85 Digestion, 81, 82, 85, 87, 91 Dilation, 85, 86 Direct, iii, 38, 85, 90 Dorsal, 7, 85, 89 Dorsum, 85 Drug Interactions, 85 Duct, 83, 85 Dystocia, 4, 85 E Embryo, 82, 85, 89 Embryogenesis, 24, 41, 43, 85 Embryology, 22, 41, 85, 86 Enterocolitis, 26, 85 Environmental Health, 64, 66, 85 Enzymatic, 82, 84, 85 Epidural, 34, 85, 87 F Family Planning, 65, 86 Fetal Heart, 23, 86 Fetus, 86, 89, 92 G Gallbladder, 81, 82, 86

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Ganglia, 81, 82, 86, 88 Gene, 54, 82, 86 Genital, 86, 92 Genitourinary, 86, 92 Gestation, 41, 42, 86, 89 Glomerular, 86, 90 Governing Board, 86, 89 Grafting, 43, 86 H Headache, 86 Hepatobiliary, 34, 86 Heredity, 54, 86 Hydrocephalus, 25, 86, 87 I Id, 16, 46, 52, 70, 76, 78, 86 Ileostomy, 86, 88 Implantation, 84, 86 In vitro, 17, 86, 87 In vivo, 86, 87 Incision, 82, 87 Incontinence, 86, 87 Indicative, 53, 87, 89, 92 Infarction, 83, 84, 87, 88 Infusion, 87, 91 Interstitial, 87, 90 Intestinal, 85, 87 Intestine, 82, 87, 92 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 86, 87 Intracranial Hypertension, 86, 87 Intubation, 83, 87 Invasive, 87 K Kb, 64, 87 L Lethargy, 86, 87 Library Services, 76, 87 Ligaments, 84, 87 Lip, 7, 12, 87 Liver, 24, 81, 82, 86, 87, 90 Liver scan, 24, 87, 90 Lordosis, 29, 87 Lumbar, 87 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 6, 29, 42, 43, 44, 87, 90 MEDLINE, 65, 88 MI, 79, 88 Microbiology, 81, 88 Modeling, 33, 88 Molecular, 65, 67, 82, 84, 88 Morphogenesis, 7, 10, 27, 88 Mucosa, 85, 88

Myocardium, 88 N Necrosis, 83, 87, 88 Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 5, 88 Need, 54, 72, 88 Neonatal, 6, 8, 9, 14, 28, 31, 88 Neonatal period, 6, 31, 88 Nephropathy, 31, 88 Nephrotic, 88, 90 Nephrotic Syndrome, 88, 90 Nerve, 81, 88 Nervous System, 25, 28, 35, 83, 88 Neurologic, 86, 88 Nuclei, 87, 88 O Ovum, 86, 88, 92 P Palate, 7, 12, 88 Palliative, 88, 91 Pancreas, 81, 88 Parasite, 9, 89 Parasitic, 21, 27, 28, 89 Pathologic, 84, 89, 90 Perfusion, 33, 89 Pericardial Effusion, 10, 89 Pericardium, 89 Perioperative, 19, 28, 89 Pharmacologic, 81, 89, 91 Phosphorus, 82, 89 Physiologic, 89, 90 Placenta, 89 Placentation, 16, 51, 89 Posterior, 81, 85, 88, 89 Postnatal, 89, 91 Practice Guidelines, 66, 89 Prenatal, 4, 12, 15, 29, 30, 31, 33, 40, 42, 85, 89 Prenatal Diagnosis, 4, 12, 15, 29, 40, 42, 89 Progressive, 88, 89, 90 Prosthesis, 33, 89 Protein S, 54, 82, 89 Public Policy, 65, 90 R Radiation, 90, 92 Radioactive, 82, 86, 87, 90 Refer, 1, 83, 90 Renal failure, 5, 90 Renal vein thrombosis, 5, 90 Resorption, 86, 90 S Scans, 32, 90 Scoliosis, 29, 90

Index 95

Screening, 83, 90 Segmental, 26, 90 Segmentation, 90 Septate, 12, 90 Sex Behavior, 87, 90 Sex Behavior, Animal, 87, 90 Shunt, 26, 90 Side effect, 81, 90, 91 Soft tissue, 90, 91 Somatic, 85, 90 Specialist, 71, 85, 90 Species, 89, 90 Spinal cord, 35, 83, 85, 88, 91 Staging, 90, 91 Stem Cells, 25, 46, 91 Stomach, 81, 91 Support group, 71, 91 T Therapeutics, 91 Thrombosis, 90, 91 Tissue, 22, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 Tissue Expansion, 22, 91 Toxic, iv, 91 Toxicity, 85, 91 Toxicology, 11, 66, 91 Transfection, 82, 91 Transfusion, 19, 91

Trauma, 88, 91 U Ultrasonography, 8, 24, 42, 91 Unconscious, 86, 91 Uremia, 90, 91 Urinary, 15, 86, 87, 91, 92 Urine, 87, 91, 92 Urogenital, 19, 86, 92 Uterus, 12, 83, 92 V Vagina, 92 Vaginal, 35, 44, 92 Vascular, 26, 87, 89, 92 Vein, 92 Venous, 83, 90, 92 Ventricles, 43, 83, 86, 92 Ventricular, 86, 92 Vertebral, 7, 11, 92 Veterinary Medicine, 65, 92 Villi, 86, 92 Vitro, 92 W Womb, 92 X X-ray, 84, 90, 92 Z Zygote, 84, 92

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