Coenzyme Q10 - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

OENZYME A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES J AMES N. P A...

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OENZYME A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright Ó2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright Ó2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1 Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Coenzyme Q10: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84379-1 1. Coenzyme Q10-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on coenzyme Q10. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications.

Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COENZYME Q10........................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Coenzyme Q10.............................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 12 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COENZYME Q10.............................................................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Coenzyme Q10............................................................................. 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 62 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COENZYME Q10 ....................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 65 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 74 General References ....................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON COENZYME Q10 ......................................................................... 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Dissertations on Coenzyme Q10.................................................................................................. 83 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 84 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND COENZYME Q10 .................................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Recent Trials on Coenzyme Q10.................................................................................................. 85 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 86 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON COENZYME Q10 .................................................................................... 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Patents on Coenzyme Q10........................................................................................................... 89 Patent Applications on Coenzyme Q10 ..................................................................................... 107 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 126 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON COENZYME Q10...................................................................................... 127 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 127 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 127 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers ......................................................................................... 128 Chapters on Coenzyme Q10....................................................................................................... 129 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON COENZYME Q10 ........................................................ 131 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 131 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 131 Academic Periodicals covering Coenzyme Q10 ......................................................................... 133 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 137 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 137 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 137 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 139 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 141 The Genome Project and Coenzyme Q10................................................................................... 141 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 145 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 145 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 145 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 148 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 151 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 151

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Preparation................................................................................................................................. 151 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 151 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 151 ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................ 157 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 157 COENZYME Q10 DICTIONARY ............................................................................................... 159 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 223

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading." 1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with coenzyme Q10 is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about coenzyme Q10, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to coenzyme Q10, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on coenzyme Q10. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to coenzyme Q10, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on coenzyme Q10. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COENZYME Q10 Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on coenzyme Q10.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and coenzyme Q10, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “coenzyme Q10” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: ·

Health Benefits of Coenzyme Q10 Source: The CFIDS Buyers Club Newsletter. Contact: Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome Association, PO Box 220398, Charlotte, NC, 28222-0398, (800) 442-3437, http://www.cfids.org. Summary: This newsletter article discusses the health benefits of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ). It states that CoQ levels decline with advancing age and cites published papers and international symposia on CoQ to describe clinical experiences with CoQ. The article lists the cardiovascular benefits and anti-aging effects of CoQ. It concludes with an argument for considering CoQ not as a drug, its current classification by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but as a vitamin.

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Coenzyme Q10

Federally Funded Research on Coenzyme Q10 The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to coenzyme Q10. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to coenzyme Q10. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore coenzyme Q10. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for coenzyme Q10: ·

Project Title: COENZYME HUNTINGTONS DISEASE

Q10

AND

REMACEMIDE--EVALUATION

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Siemers, Eric; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: COENZYME HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE

Q10

AND


IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Cudkowicz, Merit E.; Assistant Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: COENZYME Q10 AND HUNTINGTONS DISEASE (CARE HD)


IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Algin, Roger L.; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

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Project Title: COMBINATION DRUG THERAPY IN HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Ferrante, Robert J.; Professor; Neurology; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JAN-2004; Project End 31-DEC-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive and fatal neurological disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the gene coding for a protein of unknown function, huntingtin (htt). There is no known treatment for HD. Although the exact cause of neuronal death in HD remains unknown, it has been postulated that the abnormal aggregation of the mutant huntingtin protein may cause toxic effects in neurons, leading to pathogenic mechanisms of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, energy metabolism defects, and subsequent excitotoxicity. We have identified a number of drug compounds that separately target these mechanisms and have shown that they significantly ameliorate the phenotype of HD transgenic mice. These compounds or their analogs are available for human use and represent the immediate pipeline of candidate neuroprotective agents for clinical trials in HD. We have shown that these drugs have great potential for combined use to maximize neuroprotection. Much as treatment for cancer and AIDS has evolved, the most effective neuroprotection for HD will likely come from a cocktail of medications. Such combination therapies in HD mouse models would provide critical pre-clinical data to pilot combined therapies in humans. We propose a logical series of combination therapeutic trials in both HD transgenic mice and HD knock-in mice with proven drug compound regimens, using phenotype analysis, histopathology, toxicology, biochemistry, and pharmacokinetics as outcome measures. We will begin with two-drug trails using creatine and coenzyme Q10. These compounds are under trial in HD patients and will serve as a foundation to build further two-drug combinations. We will continue to add compounds to both creatine and coenzyme Q10 that we have already shown to be efficacious in transgenic HD mice. Because planning is underway for cysteamine to enter early phase clinical testing, a high priority will be to combine it with creatine and coenzyme Q10. Once the best combinations with creatine and coenzyme Q10 are determined, we will select additional compound pairs based on their potential for the greatest efficacy and least toxicity in humans (ie. inhibitors of htt aggregation, histone deacetylase inhibition, and transcription dysregulation). To model medication trials in presymptomatic individuals, as well as symptomatic individuals, we will perform studies in R6/2 mice initiating treatment upon weaning and repeated with treatment initiated once symptoms are present (6 weeks, analogous to early stages of human HD). We will confirm the most efficacious single and combination drug strategies identified in the transgenic HD mice within the full-length HD knock-in mice. By modeling combination therapeutic trials in both transgenic and knock-in HD mice we expect to emerge knowing which combinations have the most promise for prospective clinical drug-trials in HD patients and will initiate treatment strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

·

Project Title: EFFECT OF PRAVASTATIN AND ATORVASTATIN ON COENZYME Q10 Principal Investigator & Institution: Bleske, Barry E.; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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·

Coenzyme Q10

Project Title: EFFECTS OF COENZYME Q10 IN EARLY PARKINSON'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kurlan, Roger M.; Professor; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

·

Project Title: HUNTINGTON PROTEIN AND THE HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE MUTATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hersch, Steven M.; Associate Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: adapted from applicant's abstract): Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant inherited neurodegenerative disorder that causes characteristic motor, psychiatric and cognitive disturbances. Currently, there is no cure or effective treatment for Huntington's disease, which is relentlessly progressive leading to death in 10-25 years. This disease affects approximately 35,000 Americans and another 175,000 are at genetic risk for developing it. Pathologically, Huntington's disease is characterized by the selective vulnerability of particular populations of neurons in the striatum, most prominently, but also in other brain regions. The genetic mutation responsible for Huntington's disease is a triple-repeat expansion in the coding region of a specific protein of unknown function, named huntingtin. It appears that a proteinlevel alteration of the normal function of huntingtin is responsible for the disease phenotype and it has been postulated that protein-protein interactions are affected leading eventually to neuronal death. Proteolysis of the mutant huntingtin may play a role, whereby an abnormal and ultimately toxic N-terminus fragment of huntingtin is released. This fragment has been shown in humans and animal and cellular models to from aggregates in the nucleus and cytoplasm of neurons. Transglutaminases have been hypothesized to catalyze aggregation and it has been suggested that the huntingtin aggregated may be toxic. The mechanism of this toxicity is unknown, however these aggregates could cause intracellular transport and localization disturbances due to their large size or they could bind and interfere with the function of other protein constituents of the cytoplasm and nucleus. Other studies, primarily using cell culture models, however, have suggested that huntingtin aggregates might be benign or even protective. Thus, it remains unproven that huntingtin aggregation contributes to HD pathogenesis. The first Specific Aim will directly address this question by examining huntingtin aggregate in human Huntington's disease and animal models and correlating their presence with neuropathology that occurs. In Specific Aim two, we will examine whether transgutaminase inhibition affects aggregation and phenotypic expression in Huntington's disease transgenic mice. Clear pathways from mutant huntingtin or huntingtin aggregates to known mechanisms of cell death have not yet been established. Nevertheless, there is increasing experimental and pathologic evidence that neuronal death in Huntington's disease occurs by an excitotoxic mechanism linked to an underlying energetic defect and oxidative damage leading ultimately to apoptotic cell death. We have shown that oxidative injury is involved in animal models of Huntington's disease using mitochondiral toxins and that it may also be in human Huntington's disease. We have preliminary evidence that coenzyme Q10, an antioxidant, and creatine, an energy buffer, can extend survival in transgenic models of Huntington's disease. In Specific Aim 3, we will examine oxidative injury as a

Studies

7

mechanism of neuronal death by seeking markers of oxidative stress in transgenic models of Huntington's disease and b breeding these animals with transgenic models of Huntington's disease and by breeding these animals with transgenic lines expected to moderate or worsen oxidative injury. In Specific Aim 4, we will examine apoptosis as a mechanism of cell death in transgenic HD animals by direct examination and by crossing tem with transgenic animal lines relevant to apoptotic death. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: LONG-CIRCULATING POLYMER-MODIFIED LIPOSOMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Torchilin, Vladimir P.; Professor and Chairperson; Pharmaceutical Sciences; Northeastern University 360 Huntington Ave Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Long-circulating liposomes coated with amphiphilic derivatives of certain soluble polymers have high potential as drug carriers. They increase the duration of drug action, decrease toxicity of various drugs, and are able to accumulate nonspecifically in tissues with leaky vasculature (infarcts and tumors). Targeted longcirculating liposomes can be made by simultaneous attachment of specific ligands (monoclonal antibodies) onto their surface or directly only distal termini of liposomegrafted protecting polymers. We have designed a set of polymers to be used as liposome steric protectors and developed a simple and fast method for the attachment of specific ligands, including monoclonal antibodies, to distal termini of polymeric chains via pnitrophenylcarbonyl (pNP) group. Such sterically-protected targeted liposomes demonstrated superior properties including target accumulation compared with plain liposomes, immunoliposomes or long-circulating liposomes both in vitro and in vivo. We hypothesize that: i. Drug-loaded long-circulating targeted liposomes can provided higher therapeutic effects compared with other liposome-based drug delivery systems; ii. Experimental myocardial infarction and tumors represent convenient models for studies with drug-loaded long- circulating immunoliposomes; iii. Long-circulating infarct- specific anti-myosin immunoliposomes loaded with ATP or coenzyme Q10 can diminish heart damage upon induced ischemia in vitro and in vivo; iv. Long-circulating tumor-specific anti-nucleosome immunoliposomes loaded with doxorubicin can enhance tumor cell killing in vivo. The use of new general approaches a new polymers for the preparation of polymer- modified long-circulating (targeted) liposomes may increase the potential of liposomes as drug carriers as well as the therapeutic efficacy of liposome-entrapped drugs. To test our hypothesis, we plan: (1) To prepare a set of longcirculating immunoliposomes coated with protecting polymers and antimyosin or antinucleosome antibody attached to distal end of the liposome surface-grafted polymer via p-NP- group, and load liposomes with ATP or coenzyme Q10 (for infarct-related experiments) and with doxorubicin (for a few cancer-related experiments); (2) To study the ability of long-circulating anti-myosin immunoliposomes to deliver ATP or coenzyme Q10 to affected areas and decrease damage to the heart in a model of ischemia in perfused isolated rat and rabbit heart in vitro and in a model of experimental myocardial infarction in rabbits in vivo; (3) To study the ability of longcirculating anti-nucleosome liposomes to deliver higher quantities of anticancer drug doxorubicin to cancer cells and increase the level of cell death in growing murine tumor in C57BL mice and human tumor in nude mice. This study could bring to life new liposomal drugs with controlled in vivo stability and biodistribution. Specifically, liposomal drugs can be prepared for the treatment of the consequences of myocardial ischemia and for the inhibition of tumor growth.

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Coenzyme Q10

Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MENTORED DEVELOPMENT

PATIENT

ORIENTED

RESEARCH

CAREER

Principal Investigator & Institution: Escolar, Diana M.; Associate Professor of Neurology & Pedia; Children's Research Institute Washington, D.C., Dc 20010 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The applicant is a neurologist and has extensive clinical experience in pediatric and adult neuromuscular diseases. This award will allow her to obtain the training and mentoring to become an independent clinical investigator focusing on neuromuscular disorders. The educational plan includes didactic courses covering epidemiology, statistics, clinical trial design and health policies. DMD is a relatively common fatal genetic disease in children, with equal incidence throughout the world. The goal of this research is to conduct therapeutic human clinical trials with chemicals shown to improve muscle strength in the mdx. The aims of the proposed research plan are: 1) to conduct a double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-arm clinical trial of creatine and L-glutamine in patients with DMD and to assess the effect of these compounds on muscle strength as measured by manual muscle testing (MMT), quantitative muscle testing (QMT) and other functional measurements. Aim 2 is to conduct a double-blind, placebo- controlled clinical trial of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in patients with DMD to assess its effects on: a) muscle strength, measured by QMT, compound Medical Research Council (MRC) score and functional measures; b) exercise capacity, to be measured by a fatigability protocol; and c) quality of life, to be measures by the Child Health Questionnaire. Aim 3 is to validate the specificity of the pediatric QMT system measuring maximal voluntary isometric contraction sequentially in children with DMD. The studies will be conducted at Pediatric Clinical Research Center (PCRC) at the Children's National Medical Center (CNMC), satellite to Georgetown General Clinical Research Center (GCRC). Three cores of the PCRC will be involved: the Biostatistics Core, the Genetics Core Laboratory and the Bioanalytical Core Laboratory. In addition, to increase the statistical power of this study, the applicant has assembled an international collaborative group that will conduct identical protocols and submit the data to the study center at CNMC. Future studies will test several other drugs with potential to improve muscle strength in DMD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MITOCHONDRIAL METABOLITES TO TREAT PARKINSON'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Ames, Bruce N.; Professor; Children's Hospital & Res Ctr at Oakland Research Center at Oakland Oakland, Ca 94609 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: Mitochondrial decay due to oxidation is an important contributor to Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative diseases of aging. We have previously shown that mitochondrial decay in old rats can be ameliorated by feeding them the normal mitochondrial metabolites R-alpha-lipoic acid (LA) and acetyl-Lcarnitine (ALCAR), which inhibited oxidative damage and restored much of the mitochondrial structure and function in old animals. There is evidence that some mitochondrial metabolites may protect against PD. For example, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) has been shown to protect against PD in clinical trials in humans; and ALCAR has been shown to protect against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced

Studies

9

toxicity, a PD mimic in monkeys. These metabolites protect by restoring mitochondrial antioxidants and function. We hypothesize that a mixture of mitochondrial antioxidants/metabolites, CoQ, ALCAR and LA, could be optimized to be more effective than any single compound in preventing or treating PD. We will test our hypothesis using behavioral, biochemical, and immunohistochemical techniques on two models of PD: the chronic rotenone-exposed SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma cell model and the chronic rotenone-treated rat model. This project on PD is a new direction for our work on preventing mitochondrial decay and could lead to an effective and cost efficient prevention /therapy for PD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: OXIDATIVE DAMAGE & MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN ALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Beal, M Flint.; Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The pathogenesis of cell death in ALS is unknown, but there is substantial evidence that both mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage are involved in the process. This study will use an improved method to measure 8-hydroxy-2deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), a marker of oxidative damage to DNA, in urine, plasma and CSF. The PL will now examine concentrations of 8- OH-dG in patients with both sporadic ALS, as well as in patients with specific gene mutations associated with ALS. He will determine if concentrations of 8- OH-dG change with the course of the illness. He will also sequence mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from postmortem tissue of ALS patients to determine if there are polymorphisms that increase the risk of ALS or if there is increased mtDNA damage which could be a consequence of oxidative damage. He will then correlate any changes in mtDNA with the concentrations of OHadG in postmortem cerebral cortex from the same patients. The investigative team will also determine if there are changes in mtDNA in transgenic mice with the G93A SOD1 mutation. They will also examine markers of oxidative damage in two transgenic mouse models of ALS associated with Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) mutations. They will examine mice with the G93A and the G85R SOD1 mutations which show very disparate pathologic changes. They will examine mice both for biochemical and immunohistochemical indices of oxidative damage at various time points and correlate changes with both behavioral changes, cell loss and mitochondrial changes. They will measure mitochondrial membrane potential and markers of oxidative damage in neuronal cultures from transgenic ALS mice with the G93A and G85R mutations. Lastly, they will determine if creatine and coenzyme Q10, which can improve survival in transgenic mice with the G93A SODI mutation, also improve survival in transgenic ALS mice with the G85R SOD1 mutation, and if there are additive neuroprotective effects when the two compounds are administered together. These studies are designed to determine the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of ALS and help develop new therapies for treating ALS patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

·

Project Title: OXIDATIVE STRESS IN NOVEL MODELS OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Sherer, Todd B.; Neurology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract) The goal of this research is to understand the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease (PD). These experiments will utilize both a novel in viovo model of PD as well a a cell culture model to elucidate the mechanisms by which complex I inhibition and oxidative damage result in neuronal cell death. Chronic, systemic rotenone treatment to rats will be used as a model of complex I dysfunction and selective nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration seen in PD. Specifically, levels of aoxidative stress will be determined biochemically using an oxyblot technique. Regional distribution of oxidative damage will be studied using immunocytochemical protocols. Additionally, a c ell culture model in which cells are treated chronically with sublethal doses of rotenone will be used. In this system, we will use fluorescent techniques to determine whether chronic complex I dysfunction increases the susceptibility to cell death following exposure to apoptogenic agents. Finally, we will test new potential therapeutic agents for PD such as the antioxidant, coenzyme Q10 that also enhances mitochondrial function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: REDOX ACTIVITY OF THE PULMONARY ENDOTHELIAL SURFACE Principal Investigator & Institution: Merker, Marilyn P.; Anesthesiology; Medical College of Wisconsin Po Box26509 Milwaukee, Wi 532264801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Transplasma membrane electron transport (TPMET) systems in pulmonary endothelial cells effect reduction of extracellular electron acceptors via transport of intracellular donors to the extracellular acceptors. The physiological role and mechanisms of pulmonary TPMET are not well understood. A general hypothesis motivating the proposed research is that pulmonary endothelial TPMET influences the redox status of systemic arterial blood constituents. This function can have either antioxidant or prooxidant consequences depending on the nature of the electron acceptors arriving via the mixed venous blood. In its antioxidant role, pulmonary endothelial TPMET regeneration of plasma lipoprotein antioxidants contributes to antioxidant defense of the systemic circulation. This is, in part, a functional outcome of the large pulmomary endothelial surface area and the location of the lung in the circulatory system. The very properties of lung TPMET that promote its protective effects also have the potential to initiate oxidant injury when TPMET systems are presented with redox active toxins or free transition metal electron acceptors. The goal of the proposed studies is to examine these concepts and to further elucidate cellular mechanisms involved in pulmonary endothelial TPMET. The specific aims of the proposed research are as follows: I. Determine the influence of pulmonary endothelial TPMET on the extracellular redox state of physiological or toxicological redox active compounds. The specific hypotheses are that pulmonary endothelial TPMET systems (1) reduce the oxidized form of coenzyme Q0 and Trolox C quinone to their antioxidant hydroquinone forms, (2) regenerate the reduced forms of the plasma lipoprotein antioxidant coenzyme Q10 as a mechanism underlying endothelial protection of plasma lipoprotein from oxidation, and 3) reduce the pulmonary toxin paraquat to its prooxidant monocation form. The general approach will be to demonstrate that reduction products of these electron acceptors appear in the extracellular medium when the intact cells are exposed to the oxidized forms, and to determine whether there are proteins on the cell surface that are capable of mediating the reduction carried out by the intact cells. II. Elucidate cellular mechanisms involved in TPMET. The specific

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hypotheses are that the activity of one of the pulmonary endothelial TPMET systems (1) depends on intracellular redox status as reflected in the intracellular NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios, and (2) involves a TPMET flavoprotein, and possibly other, redox centers. The general approach will be to correlate TPMET activity and pyridine nucleotide redox poise in intact cells and to determine some of the effects of redox prosthetic group inhibitors on the reductase activity of isolated plasma membrane redox components. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: REGULATION OF NOVEL MITOCHONDRIAL UNCOUPLING PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Garlid, Keith D.; Biology; Portland State University Box 751 Portland, or 97207 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) Recent evidence suggests that there is a link between enhanced expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) and development of type II diabetes. A major focus of this proposal is to investigate UCP2 function and pancreatic Beta-cell bioenergetics in an effort to clarify this connection. We will employ our yeast expression system for UCP2 to perform the reference experiments, which are required to confirm that a particular property is inherent to UCP2. Thus, experiments will be performed in vitro with recombinant yeast-expressed UCP2 and also with mitochondria isolated from pancreatic 13-cells. The Specific Aims of the proposal are: To study substrate requirements of recombinant yeast-expressed UCP2 to determine whether UCP2-mediated proton transport has a particular requirement for fatty acid chain and saturation. To study nucleotide binding and inhibition of UCP2 and to identify other natural and artificial inhibitors of UCP2. To study the bioenergetics of mitochondria isolated from pancreatic beta-cells that have been treated or untreated with PPAR agonists. Aims 1 and 2 will employ reconstitutions and measurements of proton flux. They will also include a test of the hypothesis that fatty acid-induced proton transport by UCP2 exhibits an absolute requirement for coenzyme Q10. Aim 3 will utilize sensitive and precise measurements of oxygen consumption to detect UCP2 activity in Beta-cell mitochondria. We will attempt to distinguish between the contributions of increased UCP2 expression and altered biochemical regulation of UCP2 in mitochondria from treated and untreated cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: UBIQUINONE AND MITOCHONDRIAL OXIDATIVE DISORDERS OF AGIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Ebadi, Manuchair; Professor; Pharm/Toxicology/Therapeutics; University of North Dakota 264 Centennial Drive Grand Forks, Nd 58202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract) The long-term objective of the proposal is to clarify the mechanism of mitochondrial-linked apoptosis associated with aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Human mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) deletion mutations have been found in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, and with aging. Abnormalities in mitochondrial metabolism likewise have been associated with neurodegenerative disease, e.g., Huntington's

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disease. In addition, a decline of aerobic energy metabolism in the affected tissue is often associated with the progression of these neurodegenerative diseases. A decline in aerobic metabolism has been observed in aging tissues. Ubiquinone(coenzyme Q10), in addition to its function as an electron and proton carrier in mitochondrial electron transport coupled to ATP synthesis, acts in its reduced form(ubiqionol) as an antioxidant, inhibiting lipid peroxidation in biological membranes and protecting mitochondrial inner-membrane proteins and DNA against oxidative damage accompanying lipid peroxidation. Ubiquinol is the only known lipid-soluble antioxidant that animal cells can synthesize de novo and for which there exists enzymic mechanisms which can regenerate it from its oxidized product formed in the course of its antioxidant function. Tissue ubiqionone levels are subject to regulation by physiological factors that are related to the oxidative activity of the organism: they increase under the influence of oxidative stress, e.g. physical exercise, cold adaptation, thyroid hormone treatment, and decrease during aging. The specific aims of this proposal are: A) to ascertain the natural distribution and comprehensive pharmacokinetic parameters of ubiquinone(coenzyme Q10) and its regional distribution in the CNS; B) to search for one of the molecular links to neurodegeneration by studying the interaction among ubiquitin, ATP-dependent pathways, G actin, and neurofilaments in neurons; C) to test the effects of neuroprotectants such as selegiline on the striatal-, hippocampal-, and cortical levels of coenzyme Q10; D) to explore the antioxidant coregulation governing the status of Mn++ superoxide dismutase found in the mitochondria, Cu++, Zn++ superoxide dismutase located in the cytoplasm; and coenzyme Q10 found both in the mitochondria and cytoplasm; and E) to learn whether or not the administration of coenzyme Q10 could protect glial elements and neurons against neurotoxins such as MPTP causing Parkinsonism or NMDA- and non NMDA receptor activation causing excitatoxic disruption of Ca++ homeostasis and ensuing oxidative stress. The completion of these studies will undoubtedly provide additional items of information on reactive oxygen species-induced damage of mitochondrial DNA and the protective effects of coenzyme Q10(ubiquinol) to minimize it. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “coenzyme Q10” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for coenzyme Q10 in the PubMed Central database:

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Coenzyme Q10 administration increases brain mitochondrial concentrations and exerts neuroprotective effects. by Matthews RT, Yang L, Browne S, Baik M, Beal MF.; 1998 Jul 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21173

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The Roles of Coenzyme Q10 and Vitamin E on the Peroxidation of Human Low Density Lipoprotein Subfractions. by Alleva R, Tomasetti M, Battino M, Curatola G, Littarru GP, Folkers K.; 1995 Sep 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40990

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with coenzyme Q10, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “coenzyme Q10” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for coenzyme Q10 (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): ·

“Care,” cancer and coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Sinatra ST. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1999 March; 33(3): 897-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10080498&dopt=Abstract

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A case of diabetic amyotrophy associated with 3243 mitochondrial tRNA(leu; UUR) mutation and successful therapy with coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Suzuki Y, Kadowaki H, Atsumi Y, Hosokawa K, Katagiri H, Kadowaki T, Oka Y, Uyama K, Mokubo A, Asahina T, et al. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1995 April; 42(2): 141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7542975&dopt=Abstract

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A case of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy associated with a muscle coenzyme Q10 deficiency. Author(s): Boitier E, Degoul F, Desguerre I, Charpentier C, Francois D, Ponsot G, Diry M, Rustin P, Marsac C. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1998; 156(1): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9559985&dopt=Abstract

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A modified determination of coenzyme Q10 in human blood and CoQ10 blood levels in diverse patients with allergies. Author(s): Ye CQ, Folkers K, Tamagawa H, Pfeiffer C. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1988 December; 1(4): 303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3255359&dopt=Abstract

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A new enzymic assay for human deficiencies of coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Nakamura R, Littarru GP, Folkers K. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1973 April; 43(4): 526-36. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4149067&dopt=Abstract

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A new method to determine the level of coenzyme Q10 in one drop of human blood for biomedical research. Author(s): Morita M, Folkers K. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1993 March 31; 191(3): 950-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8466535&dopt=Abstract

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A one year bioavailability study of coenzyme Q10 with 3 months withdrawal period. Author(s): Folkers K, Moesgaard S, Morita M. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S281-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752840&dopt=Abstract

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A possible role of coenzyme Q10 in the etiology and treatment of Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Shults CW, Haas RH, Beal MF. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1999; 9(2-4): 267-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10416040&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 and remacemide in Huntington's disease. Author(s): Huntington Study Group. Source: Neurology. 2001 August 14; 57(3): 397-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502903&dopt=Abstract

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A six-year clinical study of therapy of cardiomyopathy with coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen PH, Folkers K. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1990; 12(3): 169-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2276895&dopt=Abstract

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A superior analysis of coenzyme Q10 in blood of humans, rabbits and rats for research. Author(s): Muratsu K, Komorowski J, Shen ZX, Folkers K. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1988 July; 1(2): 157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3255352&dopt=Abstract

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Absorption, tolerability, and effects on mitochondrial activity of oral coenzyme Q10 in parkinsonian patients. Author(s): Shults CW, Beal MF, Fontaine D, Nakano K, Haas RH. Source: Neurology. 1998 March; 50(3): 793-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9521279&dopt=Abstract

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Adriamycin cardiotoxicity: early detection by systolic time interval and possible prevention by coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Cortes EP, Gupta M, Chou C, Amin VC, Folkers K. Source: Cancer Treat Rep. 1978 June; 62(6): 887-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=667863&dopt=Abstract

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Altered redox state of platelet coenzyme Q10 in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Gotz ME, Gerstner A, Harth R, Dirr A, Janetzky B, Kuhn W, Riederer P, Gerlach M. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2000; 107(1): 41-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10809402&dopt=Abstract

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An open, pilot study to evaluate the potential benefits of coenzyme Q10 combined with Ginkgo biloba extract in fibromyalgia syndrome. Author(s): Lister RE. Source: J Int Med Res. 2002 March-April; 30(2): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12025528&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of coenzyme Q10 content in human plasma and other biological samples. Author(s): Graves S, Sikorska M, Borowy-Borowski H, Ho RJ, Bui T, Woodhouse C. Source: Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). 1998; 108: 353-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9921544&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant ascorbate is stabilized by NADH-coenzyme Q10 reductase in the plasma membrane. Author(s): Gomez-Diaz C, Rodriguez-Aguilera JC, Barroso MP, Villalba JM, Navarro F, Crane FL, Navas P. Source: Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes. 1997 June; 29(3): 251-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9298710&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidative effect of dietary coenzyme Q10 in human blood plasma. Author(s): Weber C, Sejersgard Jakobsen T, Mortensen SA, Paulsen G, Holmer G. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1994; 64(4): 311-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7883471&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidative efficacy of parallel and combined supplementation with coenzyme Q10 and d-alpha-tocopherol in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical study. Author(s): Kaikkonen J, Nyyssonen K, Tomasi A, Iannone A, Tuomainen TP, PorkkalaSarataho E, Salonen JT. Source: Free Radical Research. 2000 September; 33(3): 329-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10993487&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidative properties of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E in exposure to xylene and gasoline and their mixture with methanol. Author(s): Piotrowska D, Dlugosz A, Pajak J. Source: Acta Pol Pharm. 2002 November-December; 59(6): 427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12669764&dopt=Abstract

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Apparent partial remission of breast cancer in 'high risk' patients supplemented with nutritional antioxidants, essential fatty acids and coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Lockwood K, Moesgaard S, Hanioka T, Folkers K. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S231-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752835&dopt=Abstract

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Application of derivative spectrophotometry for determination of coenzyme Q10 in pharmaceuticals and plasma. Author(s): Karpinska J, Mikoluc B, Piotrowska-Jastrzebska J. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1998 September; 17(8): 134550. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9800653&dopt=Abstract

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Ask the doctor: I have a leaky aortic valve and my left ventricle is slowly enlarging. I have started taking coenzyme Q10, which is supposed to help my heart beat stronger. I know that you have not been enthusiastic about this supplement in the past, but has any new information come in? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 2000 July; 10(11): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10877882&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of coenzyme Q10 tolerability in Huntington's disease. Author(s): Feigin A, Kieburtz K, Como P, Hickey C, Claude K, Abwender D, Zimmerman C, Steinberg K, Shoulson I. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1996 May; 11(3): 321-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8723151&dopt=Abstract

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beta2-Integrin and lipid modifications indicate a non-antioxidant mechanism for the anti-atherogenic effect of dietary coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Turunen M, Wehlin L, Sjoberg M, Lundahl J, Dallner G, Brismar K, Sindelar PJ. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 August 16; 296(2): 255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163010&dopt=Abstract

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Bioavailability of four oral coenzyme Q10 formulations in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Weis M, Mortensen SA, Rassing MR, Moller-Sonnergaard J, Poulsen G, Rasmussen SN. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S273-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752839&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical deficiencies of coenzyme Q10 in HIV-infection and exploratory treatment. Author(s): Folkers K, Langsjoen P, Nara Y, Muratsu K, Komorowski J, Richardson PC, Smith TH. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1988 June 16; 153(2): 888-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3382410&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical functions of coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Crane FL. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2001 December; 20(6): 591-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11771674&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical rationale and myocardial tissue data on the effective therapy of cardiomyopathy with coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Folkers K, Vadhanavikit S, Mortensen SA. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1985 February; 82(3): 901-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3856239&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical rationale and the cardiac response of patients with muscle disease to therapy with coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Folkers K, Wolaniuk J, Simonsen R, Morishita M, Vadhanavikit S. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1985 July; 82(13): 4513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3859873&dopt=Abstract

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Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. IX. Gingival and leucocytic deficiencies of coenzyme Q10 in patients with periodontal disease. Author(s): Hansen IL, Iwamoto Y, Kishi T, Folkers K, Thompson LE. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1976 August; 14(4): 729-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=959667&dopt=Abstract

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Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. Studies on coenzyme Q10 and essential hypertension. Author(s): Yamagami T, Shibata N, Folkers K. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1975 June; 11(2): 273-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1153873&dopt=Abstract

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Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. VI. adjunctive treatment of periodontal disease with coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Wilkinson EG, Arnold RM, Folkers K. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1976 August; 14(4): 715-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=785563&dopt=Abstract

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Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. VIII. Adminstration of coenzyme Q10 to patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Yamagami T, Shibata N, Folkers K. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1976 August; 14(4): 721-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=785564&dopt=Abstract

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Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. XVI. Reduction of hypertension in patients by therapy with coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Folkers K, Drzewoski J, Richardson PC, Ellis J, Shizukuishi S, Baker L. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1981 January; 31(1): 129-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7255868&dopt=Abstract

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Blood mononuclear cell coenzyme Q10 concentration and mitochondrial respiratory chain succinate cytochrome-c reductase activity in phenylketonuric patients. Author(s): Hargreaves IP, Heales SJ, Briddon A, Land JM, Lee PJ. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 2002 December; 25(8): 673-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12705497&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiac outputs of control individuals and cancer patients and evidence of deficiencies of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin B6. Author(s): Folkers K, Kaji M, Baker L, Richardson PC, Saji S, Shizukuishi S. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1980 April; 28(1): 145-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7394311&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiac performance and coenzyme Q10 in thyroid disorders. Author(s): Suzuki H, Naitoh T, Kuniyoshi S, Banba N, Kuroda H, Suzuki Y, Hiraiwa M, Yamazaki N, Ishikawa M, Hashigami Y, et al. Source: Endocrinol Jpn. 1984 December; 31(6): 755-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6532793&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiovascular diseases, oxidative stress and antioxidants: the decisive role of coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Bliznakov EG. Source: Cardiovascular Research. 1999 July; 43(1): 248-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10536710&dopt=Abstract

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Carnitine and coenzyme Q10: biochemical properties and functions, synergism and complementary action. Author(s): Bertelli A, Ronca G. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1990; 12(3): 183-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2276898&dopt=Abstract

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Cellular coenzyme Q10 redox poise constitutes a major cell metabolic and gene regulatory system. Author(s): Linnane AW. Source: Biogerontology. 2002; 3(1-2): 3-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12014838&dopt=Abstract

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Cellular redox activity of coenzyme Q10: effect of CoQ10 supplementation on human skeletal muscle. Author(s): Linnane AW, Kopsidas G, Zhang C, Yarovaya N, Kovalenko S, Papakostopoulos P, Eastwood H, Graves S, Richardson M. Source: Free Radical Research. 2002 April; 36(4): 445-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069109&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebellar ataxia and coenzyme Q10 deficiency. Author(s): Lamperti C, Naini A, Hirano M, De Vivo DC, Bertini E, Servidei S, Valeriani M, Lynch D, Banwell B, Berg M, Dubrovsky T, Chiriboga C, Angelini C, Pegoraro E, DiMauro S. Source: Neurology. 2003 April 8; 60(7): 1206-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12682339&dopt=Abstract

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Choreic movements and MRI abnormalities in the subthalamic nuclei reversible after administration of coenzyme Q10 and multiple vitamins in a patient with bilateral optic neuropathy. Author(s): Chariot P, Brugieres P, Eliezer-Vanerot MC, Geny C, Binaghi M, Cesaro P. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1999 September; 14(5): 855-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10495052&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and biochemical correlations in mitochondrial myopathies treated with coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Bresolin N, Bet L, Binda A, Moggio M, Comi G, Nador F, Ferrante C, Carenzi A, Scarlato G. Source: Neurology. 1988 June; 38(6): 892-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3368070&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical experience of coenzyme Q10 to enhance intraoperative myocardial protection in coronary artery revascularization. Author(s): Sunamori M, Tanaka H, Maruyama T, Sultan I, Sakamoto T, Suzuki A. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1991 March; 5 Suppl 2: 297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1854669&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical implications of the correlation between coenzyme Q10 and vitamin B6 status. Author(s): Willis R, Anthony M, Sun L, Honse Y, Qiao G. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1999; 9(2-4): 359-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10416053&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical improvement after administration of coenzyme Q10 in a patient with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. Author(s): Goda S, Hamada T, Ishimoto S, Kobayashi T, Goto I, Kuroiwa Y. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1987 January; 234(1): 62-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3819789&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical study of cardiac arrhythmias using a 24-hour continuous electrocardiographic recorder (5th report)--antiarrhythmic action of coenzyme Q10 in diabetics. Author(s): Fujioka T, Sakamoto Y, Mimura G. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1983 December; 141 Suppl: 45363. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6680522&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 administration and its potential for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Author(s): Beal MF. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1999; 9(2-4): 261-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10416039&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 administration increases antibody titer in hepatitis B vaccinated volunteers--a single blind placebo-controlled and randomized clinical study. Author(s): Barbieri B, Lund B, Lundstrom B, Scaglione F. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1999; 9(2-4): 351-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10416052&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 administration increases brain mitochondrial concentrations and exerts neuroprotective effects. Author(s): Matthews RT, Yang L, Browne S, Baik M, Beal MF. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998 July 21; 95(15): 8892-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9671775&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 and antioxidants in acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Kuklinski B, Weissenbacher E, Fahnrich A. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752825&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 and cardiovascular disease: a review. Author(s): Sarter B. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2002 July; 16(4): 9-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597259&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 and colorectal neoplasms in aged patients. Author(s): Palazzoni G, Pucello D, Littarru GP, Nardone L, Marin AW, Romagnoli A. Source: Rays. 1997 January-March; 22(1 Suppl): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9250020&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 and congestive heart failure. Author(s): Sinatra ST. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2000 November 7; 133(9): 745-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11074911&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 and coronary artery disease. Author(s): Hanaki Y, Sugiyama S, Ozawa T, Ohno M. Source: Clin Investig. 1993; 71(8 Suppl): S112-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8241693&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 and differences in coronary heart disease risk in Asian Indians and Chinese. Author(s): Hughes K, Lee BL, Feng X, Lee J, Ong CN. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2002 January 15; 32(2): 132-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11796201&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 and insulin secretion in vitro. Author(s): Conget I, Manzanares JM, Barrientos A, Cardellach F, Gomis R. Source: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 1996 July; 33(2): 135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8879969&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 and key enzyme activities in papillary muscle related to left ventricle function in mitral valve disease. Author(s): Karlsson J, Sylven C, Jansson E, Book K, Muratsu K, Folkers K. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 1988 November; 84(1): 59-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3231216&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 and periodontal disease. Author(s): Lister RE. Source: British Dental Journal. 1995 September 23; 179(6): 200-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8541149&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 and periodontal treatment: is there any beneficial effect? Author(s): Watts TL. Source: British Dental Journal. 1995 March 25; 178(6): 209-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7718355&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 and respiratory chain enzyme activities in hypertrophied human left ventricles with aortic valve stenosis. Author(s): Maurer I, Bernhard A, Zierz S. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1990 August 15; 66(4): 504-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2143625&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 as a possible treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Author(s): Beal MF. Source: Free Radical Research. 2002 April; 36(4): 455-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069110&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 as an adjunctive in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. The Q10 Study Group. Author(s): Hofman-Bang C, Rehnqvist N, Swedberg K, Wiklund I, Astrom H. Source: Journal of Cardiac Failure. 1995 March; 1(2): 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9420639&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 as an adjunctive therapy in patients with congestive heart failure. Author(s): Mortensen SA. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2000 July; 36(1): 304-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10898453&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 can in some circumstances block apoptosis, and this effect is mediated through mitochondria. Author(s): Kagan T, Davis C, Lin L, Zakeri Z. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1999; 887: 31-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10668462&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 concentrations and antioxidant status in tissues of breast cancer patients. Author(s): Portakal O, Ozkaya O, Erden Inal M, Bozan B, Kosan M, Sayek I. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 2000 June; 33(4): 279-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10936586&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 concentrations in normal and pathological human seminal fluid. Author(s): Mancini A, De Marinis L, Oradei A, Hallgass ME, Conte G, Pozza D, Littarru GP. Source: Journal of Andrology. 1994 November-December; 15(6): 591-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7721661&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 content in different parts of the normal human heart. Author(s): Lin L, Sotonyi P, Somogyi E, Karlsson J, Folkers K, Nara Y, Sylven C, Kaijser L, Jansson E. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1988 August; 8(4): 391-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3409652&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 depletion and mitochondrial energy disturbances in rejection development in patients after heart transplantation. Author(s): Gvozdjakova A, Kucharska J, Mizera S, Braunova Z, Schreinerova Z, Schramekova E, Pechan I, Fabian J. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1999; 9(2-4): 301-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10416044&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 depletion is comparatively less detrimental to human cultured skin fibroblasts than respiratory chain complex deficiencies. Author(s): Geromel V, Rotig A, Munnich A, Rustin P. Source: Free Radical Research. 2002 April; 36(4): 375-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069100&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 enrichment decreases oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Author(s): Tomasetti M, Littarru GP, Stocker R, Alleva R. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1999 November; 27(9-10): 1027-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10569635&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 fetal plasma levels. Author(s): Noia G, Romano D, De Santis M, Mariorenzi S, Caruso A, Mancuso S. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1998 March-April; 13(2): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9650661&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 improves blood pressure and glycaemic control: a controlled trial in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Hodgson JM, Watts GF, Playford DA, Burke V, Croft KD. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 November; 56(11): 1137-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428181&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 improves mitochondrial respiration in patients with mitochondrial cytopathies. An in vivo study on brain and skeletal muscle by phosphorous magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Author(s): Barbiroli B, Frassineti C, Martinelli P, Iotti S, Lodi R, Cortelli P, Montagna P. Source: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 1997 July; 43(5): 741-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9298596&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 improves psychiatric symptoms in adult-onset mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes: a case report. Author(s): Shinkai T, Nakashima M, Ohmori O, Terao T, Nakamura J, Hiramatsu N, Hashiguchi H, Tsuji S. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 December; 34(6): 1034-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11127618&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 improves the tolerance of the senescent myocardium to aerobic and ischemic stress: studies in rats and in human atrial tissue. Author(s): Rosenfeldt FL, Pepe S, Ou R, Mariani JA, Rowland MA, Nagley P, Linnane AW. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1999; 9(2-4): 291-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10416043&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 in dilated cardiomyopathy. Author(s): Manzoli U, Rossi E, Littarru GP, Frustaci A, Lippa S, Oradei A, Aureli V. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1990; 12(3): 173-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2276896&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 in early Parkinson disease. Author(s): Hunter DA. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 August; 60(8): 1170; Author Reply 1172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12925382&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 in essential hypertension. Author(s): Digiesi V, Cantini F, Oradei A, Bisi G, Guarino GC, Brocchi A, Bellandi F, Mancini M, Littarru GP. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S257-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752838&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 in health and disease. Author(s): Overvad K, Diamant B, Holm L, Holmer G, Mortensen SA, Stender S. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 October; 53(10): 764-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10556981&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 in plasma and erythrocytes: comparison of antioxidant levels in healthy probands after oral supplementation and in patients suffering from sickle cell anemia. Author(s): Niklowitz P, Menke T, Wiesel T, Mayatepek E, Zschocke J, Okun JG, Andler W. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2002 December; 326(1-2): 155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417107&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 in pregnancy. Author(s): Noia G, Littarru GP, De Santis M, Oradei A, Mactromarino C, Trivellini C, Caruso A. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1996 July-August; 11(4): 264-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8823607&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 in the central nervous system and its potential usefulness in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Author(s): Beal MF, Matthews RT. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S169-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9266519&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 increases T4/T8 ratios of lymphocytes in ordinary subjects and relevance to patients having the AIDS related complex. Author(s): Folkers K, Hanioka T, Xia LJ, McRee JT Jr, Langsjoen P. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1991 April 30; 176(2): 786-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1673841&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 level in plasma of children with inflammatory process. Author(s): Mikoluc B, Karpinska J, Motkowski R, Piotrowska-Jastrzebska J. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 2002; 47: 123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12533954&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 levels correlate with the activities of complexes I and II/III in mitochondria from parkinsonian and nonparkinsonian subjects. Author(s): Shults CW, Haas RH, Passov D, Beal MF. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1997 August; 42(2): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9266740&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 levels in human seminal fluid: diagnostic and clinical implications. Author(s): Mancini A, Conte B, De Marinis L, Hallgass ME, Pozza D, Oradei A, Littarru GP. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752837&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 levels in idiopathic and varicocele-associated asthenozoospermia. Author(s): Balercia G, Arnaldi G, Fazioli F, Serresi M, Alleva R, Mancini A, Mosca F, Lamonica GR, Mantero F, Littarru GP. Source: Andrologia. 2002 April; 34(2): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966577&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 levels in Prader-Willi syndrome: comparison with obese and nonobese subjects. Author(s): Butler MG, Dasouki M, Bittel D, Hunter S, Naini A, DiMauro S. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2003 June 1; 119A(2): 168-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12749057&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 levels, plasma lipids and peroxidation extent in renal failure and in hemodialytic patients. Author(s): Lippa S, Colacicco L, Calla C, Sagliaschi G, Angelitti AG. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752833&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 protects the aging heart against stress: studies in rats, human tissues, and patients. Author(s): Rosenfeldt FL, Pepe S, Linnane A, Nagley P, Rowland M, Ou R, Marasco S, Lyon W, Esmore D. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 April; 959: 355-9; Discussion 463-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11976209&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 reverses pathological phenotype and reduces apoptosis in familial CoQ10 deficiency. Author(s): Di Giovanni S, Mirabella M, Spinazzola A, Crociani P, Silvestri G, Broccolini A, Tonali P, Di Mauro S, Servidei S. Source: Neurology. 2001 August 14; 57(3): 515-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502923&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 supplementation provides mild symptomatic benefit in patients with Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Muller T, Buttner T, Gholipour AF, Kuhn W. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 May 8; 341(3): 201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12697283&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 treatment in mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. Short-term doubleblind, crossover study. Author(s): Chen RS, Huang CC, Chu NS. Source: European Neurology. 1997; 37(4): 212-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9208260&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 treatment in serious heart failure. Author(s): Munkholm H, Hansen HH, Rasmussen K. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1999; 9(2-4): 285-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10416042&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 treatment may be protective during coronary artery bypass operations. Author(s): Mortensen SA. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1996 October; 62(4): 1243-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8823136&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 with multiple vitamins is generally ineffective in treatment of mitochondrial disease. Author(s): Matthews PM, Ford B, Dandurand RJ, Eidelman DH, O'Connor D, Sherwin A, Karpati G, Andermann F, Arnold DL. Source: Neurology. 1993 May; 43(5): 884-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8492942&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10, a cutaneous antioxidant and energizer. Author(s): Hoppe U, Bergemann J, Diembeck W, Ennen J, Gohla S, Harris I, Jacob J, Kielholz J, Mei W, Pollet D, Schachtschabel D, Sauermann G, Schreiner V, Stab F, Steckel F. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1999; 9(2-4): 371-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10416055&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10, alpha-tocopherol and free cholesterol in HDL and LDL fractions. Author(s): Johansen K, Theorell H, Karlsson J, Diamant B, Folkers K. Source: Annals of Medicine. 1991 December; 23(6): 649-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1777220&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10, exercise lactate and CTG trinucleotide expansion in myotonic dystrophy. Author(s): Siciliano G, Mancuso M, Tedeschi D, Manca ML, Renna MR, Lombardi V, Rocchi A, Martelli F, Murri L. Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 2001 October-November 1; 56(3-4): 405-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11719279&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10, iron, and vitamin B6 in genetically-confirmed Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Imagawa M, Naruse S, Tsuji S, Fujioka A, Yamaguchi H. Source: Lancet. 1992 September 12; 340(8820): 671. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1355228&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10, vitamin E, and dihydrothioctic acid cooperatively prevent diene conjugation in isolated low-density lipoprotein. Author(s): Schneider D, Elstner EF. Source: Antioxidants & Redox Signalling. 2000 Summer; 2(2): 327-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229536&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Pepping J. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1999 March 15; 56(6): 519-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10192685&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10: a new drug for myocardial ischemia? Author(s): Greenberg SM, Frishman WH. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1988 January; 72(1): 243-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3276986&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10: a vital therapeutic nutrient for the heart with special application in congestive heart failure. Author(s): Sinatra ST. Source: Conn Med. 1997 November; 61(11): 707-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9419958&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10: absorption, antioxidative properties, determinants, and plasma levels. Author(s): Kaikkonen J, Tuomainen TP, Nyyssonen K, Salonen JT. Source: Free Radical Research. 2002 April; 36(4): 389-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069102&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10: another biochemical alteration linked to infertility in varicocele patients? Author(s): Mancini A, Milardi D, Conte G, Bianchi A, Balercia G, De Marinis L, Littarru GP. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2003 April; 52(4): 402-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701049&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10: blood levels and metabolic demand. Author(s): Littarru GP, Lippa S, Oradei A, Serino F. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1990; 12(3): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2276891&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10: clinical benefits with biochemical correlates suggesting a scientific breakthrough in the management of chronic heart failure. Author(s): Mortensen SA, Vadhanavikit S, Muratsu K, Folkers K. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1990; 12(3): 155-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2276893&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10: the prophylactic effect on low cardiac output following cardiac valve replacement. Author(s): Tanaka J, Tominaga R, Yoshitoshi M, Matsui K, Komori M, Sese A, Yasui H, Tokunaga K. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1982 February; 33(2): 145-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7039533&dopt=Abstract

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Combined effect of coenzyme Q10 and fenofibrate on forearm microcirculatory function in type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Playford DA, Watts GF, Croft KD, Burke V. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2003 May; 168(1): 169-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12732401&dopt=Abstract

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Combined treatment of coenzyme Q10 and aprotinin with intraaortic balloon pumping following aorto-coronary bypass surgery. Author(s): Okamura T, Sunamori M, Amano J, Hirooka Y, Ozeki M, Tanaka A, Suzuki A. Source: Jpn J Surg. 1984 March; 14(2): 97-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6205203&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative bioavailability of two novel coenzyme Q10 preparations in humans. Author(s): Joshi SS, Sawant SV, Shedge A, Halpner AD. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 January; 41(1): 42-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12564745&dopt=Abstract

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Could coenzyme Q10 affect hemostasis by inhibiting platelet vitronectin (CD51/CD61) receptor? Author(s): Serebruany VL, Gurbel PA, Ordonez JV, Herzog WR, Rohde M, Mortensen SA, Folkers K. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9266521&dopt=Abstract

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Could coenzyme Q10 and L-carnitine be a treatment for diabetes secondary to 3243 mutation of mtDNA? Author(s): Silvestre-Aillaud P, BenDahan D, Paquis-Fluckinger V, Pouget J, Pelissier JF, Desnuelle C, Cozzone PJ, Vialettes B. Source: Diabetologia. 1995 December; 38(12): 1485-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8786027&dopt=Abstract

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Creatine and coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of ALS. Author(s): Strong MJ, Pattee GL. Source: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders : Official Publication of the World Federation of Neurology, Research Group on Motor Neuron Diseases. 2000 December; 1 Suppl 4: 17-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11466954&dopt=Abstract

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Deficiency of activity of succinate dehydrogenase-coenzyme Q10 reductase in leucoytes from patiens with essential hypertension. Author(s): Yamagami T, Iwamoto Y, Folkers K. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1974; 44(3): 404-14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4156526&dopt=Abstract

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Determinants of plasma coenzyme Q10 in humans. Author(s): Kaikkonen J, Nyyssonen K, Tuomainen TP, Ristonmaa U, Salonen JT. Source: Febs Letters. 1999 January 25; 443(2): 163-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9989597&dopt=Abstract

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Determination and levels of coenzyme Q10 in human blood. Author(s): Redalieu E, Nilsson IM, Farley TM, Folkers K, Koniuszy FR. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 1968 April; 23(1): 132-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5645120&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of coenzyme Q10, alpha-tocopherol and cholesterol in biological samples by coupled-column liquid chromatography with coulometric and ultraviolet detection. Author(s): Edlund PO. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1988 March 4; 425(1): 87-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3360880&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetes mellitus associated with 3243 mitochondrial tRNA(Leu(UUR)) mutation: clinical features and coenzyme Q10 treatment. Author(s): Suzuki Y, Taniyama M, Muramatsu T, Atsumi Y, Hosokawa K, Asahina T, Shimada A, Murata C, Matsuoka K. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S181-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9266520&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary coenzyme Q10 supplementation alters platelet size and inhibits human vitronectin (CD51/CD61) receptor expression. Author(s): Serebruany VL, Ordonez JV, Herzog WR, Rohde M, Mortensen SA, Folkers K, Gurbel PA. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1997 January; 29(1): 16-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9007665&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary supplementation with coenzyme Q10 results in increased levels of ubiquinol10 within circulating lipoproteins and increased resistance of human low-density lipoprotein to the initiation of lipid peroxidation. Author(s): Mohr D, Bowry VW, Stocker R. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1992 June 26; 1126(3): 247-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1637852&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in coenzyme Q10 content in deltoid and quadriceps muscles. Author(s): Benoist JF, Rigal O, Nivoche Y, Martin C, Biou D, Lombes A. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2003 March; 329(1-2): 147-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589978&dopt=Abstract

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Does coenzyme Q10 play a role in opposing oxidative stress in patients with agerelated macular degeneration? Author(s): Blasi MA, Bovina C, Carella G, Genova ML, Jansen AM, Lenaz G, Brancato R. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 2001 January-February; 215(1): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11125270&dopt=Abstract

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Does exogenous coenzyme Q10 affect aerobic capacity in endurance athletes? Author(s): Weston SB, Zhou S, Weatherby RP, Robson SJ. Source: Int J Sport Nutr. 1997 September; 7(3): 197-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9286743&dopt=Abstract

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Dose-related decrease of serum coenzyme Q10 during treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Author(s): Mortensen SA, Leth A, Agner E, Rohde M. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S137-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9266515&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of coenzyme Q10 and Ginkgo biloba on warfarin dosage in stable, long-term warfarin treated outpatients. A randomised, double blind, placebo-crossover trial. Author(s): Engelsen J, Nielsen JD, Winther K. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2002 June; 87(6): 1075-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083489&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of coenzyme Q10 in patients with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS): evaluation by noninvasive tissue oximetry. Author(s): Abe K, Matsuo Y, Kadekawa J, Inoue S, Yanagihara T. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1999 January 1; 162(1): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10064171&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of coenzyme Q10 on hemodynamic response to ocular timolol. Author(s): Takahashi N, Iwasaka T, Sugiura T, Onoyama H, Kurihara S, Inada M, Miki H, Uyama M. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1989 September; 14(3): 462-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2476627&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of coenzyme Q10 on stress-induced cardiac dysfunction in paediatric patients with mitral valve prolapse: a study by stress echocardiography. Author(s): Oda T. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1985; 11(8): 557-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3836874&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of coenzyme Q10 on the stress-induced decrease of cardiac performance in pediatric patients with mitral valve prolapse. Author(s): Oda T, Hamamoto K. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1984 December; 48(12): 1387. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6512947&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of coenzyme Q10 therapy in patients with congestive heart failure: a long-term multicenter randomized study. Author(s): Morisco C, Trimarco B, Condorelli M. Source: Clin Investig. 1993; 71(8 Suppl): S134-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8241697&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of combined coenzyme Q10 and d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation on exercise-induced lipid peroxidation and muscular damage: a placebo-controlled double-blind study in marathon runners. Author(s): Kaikkonen J, Kosonen L, Nyyssonen K, Porkkala-Sarataho E, Salonen R, Korpela H, Salonen JT. Source: Free Radical Research. 1998 July; 29(1): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9733025&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of dietary coenzyme Q10 as an antioxidant in human plasma. Author(s): Weber C, Jakobsen TS, Mortensen SA, Paulsen G, Holmer G. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752850&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of hydrosoluble coenzyme Q10 on blood pressures and insulin resistance in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): Singh RB, Niaz MA, Rastogi SS, Shukla PK, Thakur AS. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1999 March; 13(3): 203-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10204818&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of oral coenzyme Q10 supplementation on the oxidation resistance of human VLDL+LDL fraction: absorption and antioxidative properties of oil and granulebased preparations. Author(s): Kaikkonen J, Nyyssonen K, Porkkala-Sarataho E, Poulsen HE, Metsa-Ketela T, Hayn M, Salonen R, Salonen JT. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1997; 22(7): 1195-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9098093&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of taurine and coenzyme Q10 in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Singh RB, Kartikey K, Charu AS, Niaz MA, Schaffer S. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2003; 526: 41-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12908582&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of topical application of coenzyme Q10 on adult periodontitis. Author(s): Hanioka T, Tanaka M, Ojima M, Shizukuishi S, Folkers K. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S241-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752836&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of treatment with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors on serum coenzyme Q10 in diabetic patients. Author(s): Miyake Y, Shouzu A, Nishikawa M, Yonemoto T, Shimizu H, Omoto S, Hayakawa T, Inada M. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1999 April; 49(4): 324-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10337451&dopt=Abstract

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Effective and safe therapy with coenzyme Q10 for cardiomyopathy. Author(s): Langsjoen PH, Folkers K, Lyson K, Muratsu K, Lyson T, Langsjoen P. Source: Klin Wochenschr. 1988 July 1; 66(13): 583-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3062263&dopt=Abstract

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Effective treatment with coenzyme Q10 of patients with chronic myocardial disease. Author(s): Langsjoen PH, Vadhanavikit S, Folkers K. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1985; 11(8): 577-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3836875&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of coenzyme Q10 on myocardial preservation during hypothermic cardioplegic arrest. Author(s): Chen YF, Lin YT, Wu SC. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1994 January; 107(1): 242-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8283892&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of coenzyme Q10 administration on pulmonary function and exercise performance in patients with chronic lung diseases. Author(s): Fujimoto S, Kurihara N, Hirata K, Takeda T. Source: Clin Investig. 1993; 71(8 Suppl): S162-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8241703&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of coenzyme Q10 in early Parkinson disease: evidence of slowing of the functional decline. Author(s): Shults CW, Oakes D, Kieburtz K, Beal MF, Haas R, Plumb S, Juncos JL, Nutt J, Shoulson I, Carter J, Kompoliti K, Perlmutter JS, Reich S, Stern M, Watts RL, Kurlan R, Molho E, Harrison M, Lew M; Parkinson Study Group. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2002 October; 59(10): 1541-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374491&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of coenzyme Q10 on exercise tolerance in chronic stable angina pectoris. Author(s): Kamikawa T, Kobayashi A, Yamashita T, Hayashi H, Yamazaki N. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1985 August 1; 56(4): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3927692&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of coenzyme Q10 on myocardial protection during cardiac valve replacement and scavenging free radical activity in vitro. Author(s): Zhou M, Zhi Q, Tang Y, Yu D, Han J. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1999 June; 40(3): 355-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10412920&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on exercise performance, VO2max, and lipid peroxidation in trained cyclists. Author(s): Braun B, Clarkson PM, Freedson PS, Kohl RL. Source: Int J Sport Nutr. 1991 December; 1(4): 353-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1844568&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of oral supplementation of coenzyme Q10 on 31P-NMR detected skeletal muscle energy metabolism in middle-aged post-polio subjects and normal volunteers. Author(s): Mizuno M, Quistorff B, Theorell H, Theorell M, Chance B. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S291-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9266539&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of short-term supplementation with coenzyme Q10 on myocardial protection during cardiac operations. Author(s): Taggart DP, Jenkins M, Hooper J, Hadjinikolas L, Kemp M, Hue D, Bennett G. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1996 March; 61(3): 829-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8619701&dopt=Abstract

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Energy metabolism defects in Huntington's disease and effects of coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Koroshetz WJ, Jenkins BG, Rosen BR, Beal MF. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1997 February; 41(2): 160-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9029064&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of metabolic status in amiodarone-induced thyroid disorders: plasma coenzyme Q10 determination. Author(s): Mancini A, De Marinis L, Calabro F, Sciuto R, Oradei A, Lippa S, Sandric S, Littarru GP, Barbarino A. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1989 September; 12(8): 511-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2592737&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of the possible role of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E in juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (JNCL). Author(s): Westermarck T, Aberg L, Santavuori P, Antila E, Edlund P, Atroshi F. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S259-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9266533&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for a deficiency of coenzyme Q10 in human heart disease. Author(s): Folkers K, Littarru GP, Ho L, Runge TM, Havanonda S, Cooley D. Source: Int Z Vitaminforsch. 1970; 40(3): 380-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5450999&dopt=Abstract

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Familial cerebellar ataxia with muscle coenzyme Q10 deficiency. Author(s): Musumeci O, Naini A, Slonim AE, Skavin N, Hadjigeorgiou GL, Krawiecki N, Weissman BM, Tsao CY, Mendell JR, Shanske S, De Vivo DC, Hirano M, DiMauro S. Source: Neurology. 2001 April 10; 56(7): 849-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11294920&dopt=Abstract

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Growth of rho 0 human Namalwa cells lacking oxidative phosphorylation can be sustained by redox compounds potassium ferricyanide or coenzyme Q10 putatively acting through the plasma membrane oxidase. Author(s): Martinus RD, Linnane AW, Nagley P. Source: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1993 December; 31(6): 997-1005. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8193603&dopt=Abstract

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Heart failure is a dominant deficiency of coenzyme Q10 and challenges for future clinical research on CoQ10. Author(s): Folkers K. Source: Clin Investig. 1993; 71(8 Suppl): S51-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8241705&dopt=Abstract

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High serum coenzyme Q10, positively correlated with age, selenium and cholesterol, in Inuit of Greenland. A pilot study. Author(s): Pedersen HS, Mortensen SA, Rohde M, Deguchi Y, Mulvad G, Bjerregaard P, Hansen JC. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1999; 9(2-4): 319-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10416047&dopt=Abstract

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Human aging and global function of coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Linnane AW, Zhang C, Yarovaya N, Kopsidas G, Kovalenko S, Papakostopoulos P, Eastwood H, Graves S, Richardson M. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 April; 959: 396-411; Discussion 463-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11976213&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) treatment on glycaemic control, insulin requirement and well-being in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Henriksen JE, Andersen CB, Hother-Nielsen O, Vaag A, Mortensen SA, BeckNielsen H. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 1999 April; 16(4): 312-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10220205&dopt=Abstract

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Improved high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of coenzyme Q10 in plasma. Author(s): Grossi G, Bargossi AM, Fiorella PL, Piazzi S, Battino M, Bianchi GP. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1992 February 28; 593(1-2): 217-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1639907&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement of abnormal pyruvate metabolism and cardiac conduction defect with coenzyme Q10 in Kearns-Sayre syndrome. Author(s): Ogasahara S, Yorifuji S, Nishikawa Y, Takahashi M, Wada K, Hazama T, Nakamura Y, Hashimoto S, Kono N, Tarui S. Source: Neurology. 1985 March; 35(3): 372-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3974895&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement of Kearns-Sayre syndrome with controlled carbohydrate intake and coenzyme Q10 therapy. Author(s): Berio A, Piazzi A. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 1994; 208(6): 342-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7845654&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo supplementation with coenzyme Q10 enhances the recovery of human lymphocytes from oxidative DNA damage. Author(s): Tomasetti M, Alleva R, Borghi B, Collins AR. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2001 June; 15(8): 1425-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11387245&dopt=Abstract

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Increase in levels of IgG in serum of patients treated with coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Folkers K, Shizukuishi S, Takemura K, Drzewoski J, Richardson P, Ellis J, Kuzell WC. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1982 November; 38(2): 335-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7163631&dopt=Abstract

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Ineffectiveness of oral coenzyme Q10 supplementation in 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, type 3. Author(s): Costeff H, Apter N, Elpeleg ON, Prialnic M, Bohles HJ. Source: Brain & Development. 1998 January; 20(1): 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9533558&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition by adriamycin of the mitochondrial biosynthesis of coenzyme Q10 and implication for the cardiotoxicity of adriamycin in cancer patients. Author(s): Folkers K, Liu M, Watanabe T, Porter TH. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1977 August 22; 77(4): 1536-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=901549&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of two human tumor cell lines by antimetabolites of coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Folkers K, Porter TH, Bertino JR, Moroson B. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1978 March; 19(3): 485-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=653103&dopt=Abstract

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Is coenzyme Q10 helpful for patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy? Author(s): Vitetta L, Sali A, Reavley NJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2001 October 15; 175(8): 447; Author Reply 447-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11700847&dopt=Abstract

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Is coenzyme Q10 helpful for patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy? Author(s): Watson PS, Scalia GM, Gaibraith AJ, Burstow DJ, Aroney CN, Bett JH. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2001 October 15; 175(8): 447; Author Reply 447-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11700846&dopt=Abstract

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Is coenzyme Q10 helpful for patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy? Author(s): Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB, Sanders SL. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2001 April 16; 174(8): 421. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11346090&dopt=Abstract

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Italian multicenter study on the efficacy and safety of coenzyme Q10 as adjuvant therapy in heart failure. Author(s): Lampertico M, Comis S. Source: Clin Investig. 1993; 71(8 Suppl): S129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8241696&dopt=Abstract

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Italian multicenter study on the safety and efficacy of coenzyme Q10 as adjunctive therapy in heart failure (interim analysis). The CoQ10 Drug Surveillance Investigators. Author(s): Baggio E, Gandini R, Plancher AC, Passeri M, Carmosino G. Source: Clin Investig. 1993; 71(8 Suppl): S145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8241700&dopt=Abstract

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Italian multicenter study on the safety and efficacy of coenzyme Q10 as adjunctive therapy in heart failure. CoQ10 Drug Surveillance Investigators. Author(s): Baggio E, Gandini R, Plancher AC, Passeri M, Carmosino G. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S287-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752841&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Prevention by coenzyme Q10 (NSC-140865) of the inhibition by adriamycin (NSC-123127) of coenzyme Q10 enzymes. Author(s): Kishi T, Folkers K. Source: Cancer Treat Rep. 1976 March; 60(3): 223-4?u9eng. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1260779&dopt=Abstract

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Levels of coenzyme Q10 in asthmatics. Author(s): Gazdik F, Gvozdjakova A, Horvathova M, Weissova S, Kucharska J, Pijak MR, Gazdikova K. Source: Bratisl Lek Listy. 2002; 103(10): 353-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12583504&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid-lowering drugs (statins), cholesterol, and coenzyme Q10. The Baycol case--a modern Pandora's box. Author(s): Bliznakov EG. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 2002 February; 56(1): 56-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11905511&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term coenzyme Q10 therapy for a mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency: a 31P NMR study. Author(s): Nishikawa Y, Takahashi M, Yorifuji S, Nakamura Y, Ueno S, Tarui S, Kozuka T, Nishimura T. Source: Neurology. 1989 March; 39(3): 399-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2538775&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term coenzyme Q10 therapy: a major advance in the management of resistant myocardial failure. Author(s): Mortensen SA, Vadhanavikit S, Baandrup U, Folkers K. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1985; 11(8): 581-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3836876&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term efficacy and safety of coenzyme Q10 therapy for idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Author(s): Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen PH, Folkers K. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1990 February 15; 65(7): 521-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2305693&dopt=Abstract

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Low erythrocyte coenzyme Q10 level in schizophrenic patients. Author(s): Imagawa M. Source: Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1989 June; 43(2): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2796023&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement and stability of plasma reduced, oxidized and total coenzyme Q10 in humans. Author(s): Kaikkonen J, Nyyssonen K, Salonen JT. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1999 October; 59(6): 457-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10612557&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of the ratio between the reduced and oxidized forms of coenzyme Q10 in human plasma as a possible marker of oxidative stress. Author(s): Lagendijk J, Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJ. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1996 January; 37(1): 67-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8820103&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic changes in patients with mitochondrial myopathies and effects of coenzyme Q10 therapy. Author(s): Chan A, Reichmann H, Kogel A, Beck A, Gold R. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1998 October; 245(10): 681-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9776469&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic implications of coenzyme Q10 in red blood cells and plasma lipoproteins. Author(s): Littarru GP, Battino M, Tomasetti M, Mordente A, Santini S, Oradei A, Manto A, Ghirlanda G. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S67-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752846&dopt=Abstract

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Micro-analysis for coenzyme Q10 in endomyocardial biopsies of cardiac patients and data on bovine and canine hearts. Author(s): Vadhanavikit S, Morishita M, Duff GA, Folkers K. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1984 September 28; 123(3): 1165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6487325&dopt=Abstract

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Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (MELAS): pathological study and successful therapy with coenzyme Q10 and idebenone. Author(s): Ihara Y, Namba R, Kuroda S, Sato T, Shirabe T. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1989 May; 90(3): 263-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2738608&dopt=Abstract

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Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with coenzyme Q10 deficiency. Author(s): Sobreira C, Hirano M, Shanske S, Keller RK, Haller RG, Davidson E, Santorelli FM, Miranda AF, Bonilla E, Mojon DS, Barreira AA, King MP, DiMauro S. Source: Neurology. 1997 May; 48(5): 1238-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9153450&dopt=Abstract

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Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes with recurrent abdominal symptoms and coenzyme Q10 administration. Author(s): Yamamoto M, Sato T, Anno M, Ujike H, Takemoto M. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1987 November; 50(11): 1475-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2826704&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular mechanisms of glutamate neurotoxicity in mixed cultures of NT2-derived neurons and astrocytes: protective effects of coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Sandhu JK, Pandey S, Ribecco-Lutkiewicz M, Monette R, Borowy-Borowski H, Walker PR, Sikorska M. Source: Journal of Neuroscience Research. 2003 June 15; 72(6): 691-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12774309&dopt=Abstract

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Monounsaturated diet lowers LDL oxidisability in type IIb and type IV dyslipidemia without affecting coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E contents. Author(s): Svegliati Baroni S, Amelio M, Fiorito A, Gaddi A, Littarru G, Battino M. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1999; 9(2-4): 325-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10416048&dopt=Abstract

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Muscle coenzyme Q10 in mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. Author(s): Matsuoka T, Maeda H, Goto Y, Nonaka I. Source: Neuromuscular Disorders : Nmd. 1991; 1(6): 443-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1822356&dopt=Abstract

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Myocardial preservation by therapy with coenzyme Q10 during heart surgery. Author(s): Judy WV, Stogsdill WW, Folkers K. Source: Clin Investig. 1993; 71(8 Suppl): S155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8241702&dopt=Abstract

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Neonatal presentation of coenzyme Q10 deficiency. Author(s): Rahman S, Hargreaves I, Clayton P, Heales S. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 September; 139(3): 456-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11562630&dopt=Abstract

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New procedures for assay and stability of coenzyme Q10 in human blood. Author(s): Redalieu E, Nilsson IM, Nilsson JL, Kjaer-Pedersen DL, Folkers K. Source: Int Z Vitaminforsch. 1968; 38(3): 345-54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5708610&dopt=Abstract

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No effect of supplementation with vitamin E, ascorbic acid, or coenzyme Q10 on oxidative DNA damage estimated by 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine excretion in smokers. Author(s): Prieme H, Loft S, Nyyssonen K, Salonen JT, Poulsen HE. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 February; 65(2): 503-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9022536&dopt=Abstract

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Noninvasive evaluation of cardiac hemodynamics during exercise in patients with chronic heart failure: effects of short-term coenzyme Q10 treatment. Author(s): Morisco C, Nappi A, Argenziano L, Sarno D, Fonatana D, Imbriaco M, Nicolai E, Romano M, Rosiello G, Cuocolo A. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S155-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752827&dopt=Abstract

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On the role of coenzyme Q10 in cardiovascular diseases. Author(s): Singal PK, Khaper N, Palace V, Kumar D. Source: Cardiovascular Research. 1999 July; 43(1): 250-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10536711&dopt=Abstract

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Open label trial of coenzyme Q10 as a migraine preventive. Author(s): Rozen TD, Oshinsky ML, Gebeline CA, Bradley KC, Young WB, Shechter AL, Silberstein SD. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2002 March; 22(2): 137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11972582&dopt=Abstract

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Oxidative stress and plasma concentrations of coenzyme Q10, alpha-tocopherol, and beta-carotene in patients with a mild to moderate decrease of kidney function. Author(s): Gazdikova K, Gvozdjakova A, Kucharska J, Spustova V, Braunova Z, Dzurik R. Source: Nephron. 2001 July; 88(3): 285. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423766&dopt=Abstract

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Parameters in determining the specific activity of the succinate dehydrogenasecoenzyme Q10 reductase in mitochondria of leucocytes. Author(s): Iwamoto Y, Yamagami T, Folkers K. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1974; 20(5): 343-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4156366&dopt=Abstract

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Partial and complete regression of breast cancer in patients in relation to dosage of coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Lockwood K, Moesgaard S, Folkers K. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1994 March 30; 199(3): 1504-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7908519&dopt=Abstract

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Participation of coenzyme Q10 in the rejection development of the transplanted heart: a clinical study. Author(s): Kucharska J, Gvozdjakova A, Mizera S, Braunova Z, Schreinerova Z, Schramekova E, Pechan I, Fabian J. Source: Physiological Research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca. 1998; 47(6): 399-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10453746&dopt=Abstract

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Perspectives on therapy of cardiovascular diseases with coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone). Author(s): Mortensen SA. Source: Clin Investig. 1993; 71(8 Suppl): S116-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8241694&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetic study of deuterium-labelled coenzyme Q10 in man. Author(s): Tomono Y, Hasegawa J, Seki T, Motegi K, Morishita N. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1986 October; 24(10): 536-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3781673&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma coenzyme Q10 concentrations are not decreased in male patients with coronary atherosclerosis. Author(s): van de Vijver LP, Weber C, Kardinaal AF, Grobbee DE, Princen HM, van Poppel G. Source: Free Radical Research. 1999 March; 30(3): 165-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10711786&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma coenzyme Q10 concentrations in breast cancer: prognosis and therapeutic consequences. Author(s): Jolliet P, Simon N, Barre J, Pons JY, Boukef M, Paniel BJ, Tillement JP. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998 September; 36(9): 506-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9760013&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma coenzyme Q10 reference intervals, but not redox status, are affected by gender and race in self-reported healthy adults. Author(s): Miles MV, Horn PS, Morrison JA, Tang PH, DeGrauw T, Pesce AJ. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2003 June; 332(1-2): 123-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12763289&dopt=Abstract

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Potential usefulness of coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in children. Author(s): Elshershari H, Ozer S, Ozkutlu S, Ozme S. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2003 March; 88(1): 101-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659993&dopt=Abstract

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Pronounced increase of survival of patients with cardiomyopathy when treated with coenzyme Q10 and conventional therapy. Author(s): Langsjoen PH, Folkers K, Lyson K, Muratsu K, Lyson T, Langsjoen P. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1990; 12(3): 163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2276894&dopt=Abstract

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Protection by coenzyme Q10 from myocardial reperfusion injury during coronary artery bypass grafting. Author(s): Chello M, Mastroroberto P, Romano R, Bevacqua E, Pantaleo D, Ascione R, Marchese AR, Spampinato N. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1994 November; 58(5): 1427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7979670&dopt=Abstract

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Protection by coenzyme Q10 of tissue reperfusion injury during abdominal aortic cross-clamping. Author(s): Chello M, Mastroroberto P, Romano R, Castaldo P, Bevacqua E, Marchese AR. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1996 June; 37(3): 229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8698756&dopt=Abstract

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Protective effect of coenzyme Q10 on anthracyclines cardiotoxicity: control study in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Author(s): Iarussi D, Auricchio U, Agretto A, Murano A, Giuliano M, Casale F, Indolfi P, Iacono A. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752832&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative determination of coenzyme Q10 in human blood for clinical studies. Author(s): Vadhanavikit S, Sakamoto N, Ashida N, Kishi T, Folkers K. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 1984 October; 142(1): 155-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6517310&dopt=Abstract

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Quinone-responsive multiple respiratory-chain dysfunction due to widespread coenzyme Q10 deficiency. Author(s): Rotig A, Appelkvist EL, Geromel V, Chretien D, Kadhom N, Edery P, Lebideau M, Dallner G, Munnich A, Ernster L, Rustin P. Source: Lancet. 2000 July 29; 356(9227): 391-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10972372&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Singh RB, Wander GS, Rastogi A, Shukla PK, Mittal A, Sharma JP, Mehrotra SK, Kapoor R, Chopra RK. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1998 September; 12(4): 347-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9825179&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in isolated systolic hypertension. Author(s): Burke BE, Neuenschwander R, Olson RD. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2001 November; 94(11): 1112-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780680&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid visual recovery after coenzyme q10 treatment of leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Author(s): Huang CC, Kuo HC, Chu CC, Kao LY. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 2002 March; 22(1): 66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11937918&dopt=Abstract

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Reconstitution of recombinant uncoupling proteins: UCP1, -2, and -3 have similar affinities for ATP and are unaffected by coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Jaburek M, Garlid KD. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 July 11; 278(28): 25825-31. Epub 2003 May 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734183&dopt=Abstract

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Recovery of load-induced left ventricular diastolic dysfunction by coenzyme Q10: echocardiographic study. Author(s): Oda T. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752826&dopt=Abstract

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Recovery of the Frank-Starling mechanism by coenzyme Q10 in patients with loadinduced contractility depression. Author(s): Oda T. Source: Clin Investig. 1993; 71(8 Suppl): S150-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8241701&dopt=Abstract

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Recovery of the systolic time intervals by coenzyme Q10 in patients with a loadinduced cardiac dysfunction. Author(s): Oda T. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9266517&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction in blood viscosity by treatment with coenzyme Q10 in patients with ischemic heart disease. Author(s): Kato T, Yoneda S, Kako T, Koketsu M, Hayano I, Fujinami T. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1990 March; 28(3): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2318549&dopt=Abstract

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Refractory congestive heart failure successfully managed with high dose coenzyme Q10 administration. Author(s): Sinatra ST. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S299-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9266540&dopt=Abstract

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Relative bioavailability and antioxidant potential of two coenzyme q10 preparations. Author(s): Kurowska EM, Dresser G, Deutsch L, Bassoo E, Freeman DJ. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 2003; 47(1): 16-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12624483&dopt=Abstract

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Relative bioavailability of coenzyme Q10 formulations in human subjects. Author(s): Chopra RK, Goldman R, Sinatra ST, Bhagavan HN. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998; 68(2): 109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9565826&dopt=Abstract

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Relevance of the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q10 and of the four bases of DNA as a rationale for the molecular causes of cancer and a therapy. Author(s): Folkers K. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1996 July 16; 224(2): 358-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8702395&dopt=Abstract

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Research on coenzyme Q10 in clinical medicine and in immunomodulation. Author(s): Folkers K, Wolaniuk A. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1985; 11(8): 539-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3836873&dopt=Abstract

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Response of patients in classes III and IV of cardiomyopathy to therapy in a blind and crossover trial with coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Langsjoen PH, Vadhanavikit S, Folkers K. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1985 June; 82(12): 4240-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3858877&dopt=Abstract

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Role of coenzyme Q10 in chronic heart failure, angina, and hypertension. Author(s): Tran MT, Mitchell TM, Kennedy DT, Giles JT. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2001 July; 21(7): 797-806. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444576&dopt=Abstract

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Serum coenzyme Q10 in uremic patients on chronic hemodialysis. Author(s): Triolo L, Lippa S, Oradei A, De Sole P, Mori R. Source: Nephron. 1994; 66(2): 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8139734&dopt=Abstract

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Serum coenzyme Q10 levels in thyroid disorders. Author(s): Ogura F, Morii H, Ohno M, Ueno T, Kitabatake S, Hamada N, Ito K. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1980 October; 12(10): 537-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7439878&dopt=Abstract

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Serum concentration of lipoprotein(a) decreases on treatment with hydrosoluble coenzyme Q10 in patients with coronary artery disease: discovery of a new role. Author(s): Singh RB, Niaz MA. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1999 January; 68(1): 23-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10077397&dopt=Abstract

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Serum levels of coenzyme Q10 and lipids in patients during total parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Okamoto T, Fukui K, Nakamoto M, Kishi T, Kanamori N, Kataoka K, Nishii S, Kishi H, Hiraoka E, Okada A. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1986 February; 32(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3086525&dopt=Abstract

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Serum levels of coenzyme Q10 in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): de Bustos F, Molina JA, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Garcia-Redondo A, GomezEscalonilla C, Porta-Etessam J, Berbel A, Zurdo M, Barcenilla B, Parrilla G, Enriquez-deSalamanca R, Arenas J. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2000; 107(2): 233-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10847562&dopt=Abstract

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Serum levels of coenzyme Q10 in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Author(s): Molina JA, de Bustos F, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Gomez-Escalonilla C, GarciaRedondo A, Esteban J, Guerrero-Sola A, del Hoyo P, Martinez-Salio A, Ramirez-Ramos C, Indurain GR, Arenas J. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2000; 107(8-9): 1021-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11041280&dopt=Abstract

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Serum levels of coenzyme Q10 in patients with multiple sclerosis. Author(s): de Bustos F, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Molina JA, Gomez-Escalonilla C, de Andres C, del Hoyo P, Zurdo M, Tallon-Barranco A, Berbel A, Porta-Etessam J, Parrilla G, Arenas J. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2000 March; 101(3): 209-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10705945&dopt=Abstract

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Serum levels of coenzyme Q10 in patients with Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Molina JA, de Bustos F, Garcia-Redondo A, GomezEscalonilla C, Martinez-Salio A, Berbel A, Camacho A, Zurdo M, Barcenilla B, Enriquez de Salamanca R, Arenas J. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2000; 107(2): 177-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10847558&dopt=Abstract

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Similar therapeutic serum levels attained with emulsified and oil-based preparations of coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Lyon W, Van den Brink O, Pepe S, Wowk M, Marasco S, Rosenfeldt FL. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001; 10(3): 212-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11708311&dopt=Abstract

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Statins and coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Ellis CJ, Scott R. Source: Lancet. 2003 March 29; 361(9363): 1134-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672343&dopt=Abstract

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Statistical data support prediction of death within 6 months on low levels of coenzyme Q10 and other entities. Author(s): Jameson S. Source: Clin Investig. 1993; 71(8 Suppl): S137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8241698&dopt=Abstract

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Study of CoQ10-enzymes in gingiva from patients with periodontal disease and evidence for a deficiency of coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Nakamura R, Littarru GP, Folkers K, Wilkinson EG. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1974 April; 71(4): 1456-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4151519&dopt=Abstract

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Survival of cancer patients on therapy with coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Folkers K, Brown R, Judy WV, Morita M. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1993 April 15; 192(1): 241-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8476426&dopt=Abstract

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The activities of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin B6 for immune responses. Author(s): Folkers K, Morita M, McRee J Jr. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1993 May 28; 193(1): 88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8503942&dopt=Abstract

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The clinical and hemodynamic effects of coenzyme Q10 in congestive cardiomyopathy. Author(s): Sacher HL, Sacher ML, Landau SW, Kersten R, Dooley F, Sacher A, Sacher M, Dietrick K, Ichkhan K. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 1997 February-March; 4(2-3): 66-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10423594&dopt=Abstract

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The coenzyme Q10 content of the average Danish diet. Author(s): Weber C, Bysted A, Hllmer G. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1997; 67(2): 123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9129255&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of coenzyme Q10 administration on metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Eriksson JG, Forsen TJ, Mortensen SA, Rohde M. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1999; 9(2-4): 315-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10416046&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of coenzyme Q10 in patients with congestive heart failure. Author(s): Khatta M, Alexander BS, Krichten CM, Fisher ML, Freudenberger R, Robinson SW, Gottlieb SS. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2000 April 18; 132(8): 636-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10766682&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of coenzyme Q10 on blood glucose and insulin requirement in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Andersen CB, Henriksen JE, Hother-Nielsen O, Vaag A, Mortensen SA, BeckNielsen H. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S307-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9266541&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of coenzyme Q10 on sperm motility and function. Author(s): Lewin A, Lavon H. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9266524&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of coenzyme Q10 on the exercise performance of cross-country skiers. Author(s): Ylikoski T, Piirainen J, Hanninen O, Penttinen J. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S283-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9266538&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of coenzyme Q10 therapy in Parkinson disease could be symptomatic. Author(s): Horstink MW, van Engelen BG. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 August; 60(8): 1170-2; Author Reply 1172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12925381&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of oral coenzyme Q10 on the exercise tolerance of middle-aged, untrained men. Author(s): Porter DA, Costill DL, Zachwieja JJ, Krzeminski K, Fink WJ, Wagner E, Folkers K. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1995 October; 16(7): 421-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8550248&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of pravastatin and atorvastatin on coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Bleske BE, Willis RA, Anthony M, Casselberry N, Datwani M, Uhley VE, Secontine SG, Shea MJ. Source: American Heart Journal. 2001 August; 142(2): E2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11479481&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of coenzyme Q10 treatment on maternally inherited diabetes mellitus and deafness, and mitochondrial DNA 3243 (A to G) mutation. Author(s): Suzuki S, Hinokio Y, Ohtomo M, Hirai M, Hirai A, Chiba M, Kasuga S, Satoh Y, Akai H, Toyota T. Source: Diabetologia. 1998 May; 41(5): 584-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9628277&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of Coenzyme Q10 on total serum calcium concentration in two patients with Kearns-Sayre Syndrome and hypoparathyroidism. Author(s): Papadimitriou A, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Divari R, Papagalanis N, Comi G, Bresolin N. Source: Neuromuscular Disorders : Nmd. 1996 January; 6(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8845718&dopt=Abstract

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The redox status of coenzyme Q10 in total LDL as an indicator of in vivo oxidative modification. Studies on subjects with familial combined hyperlipidemia. Author(s): de Rijke YB, Bredie SJ, Demacker PN, Vogelaar JM, Hak-Lemmers HL, Stalenhoef AF. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1997 January; 17(1): 127-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9012647&dopt=Abstract

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The roles of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E on the peroxidation of human low density lipoprotein subfractions. Author(s): Alleva R, Tomasetti M, Battino M, Curatola G, Littarru GP, Folkers K. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1995 September 26; 92(20): 9388-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7568138&dopt=Abstract

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The use of phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy to study in vivo the effect of coenzyme Q10 treatment in retinitis pigmentosa. Author(s): Lodi R, Iotti S, Scorolli L, Scorolli L, Bargossi AM, Sprovieri C, Zaniol P, Meduri R, Barbiroli B. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S221-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752834&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic effects of coenzyme Q10 and remacemide in transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease. Author(s): Ferrante RJ, Andreassen OA, Dedeoglu A, Ferrante KL, Jenkins BG, Hersch SM, Beal MF. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2002 March 1; 22(5): 1592-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880489&dopt=Abstract

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Therapy with coenzyme Q10 of patients in heart failure who are eligible or ineligible for a transplant. Author(s): Folkers K, Langsjoen P, Langsjoen PH. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1992 January 15; 182(1): 247-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1731784&dopt=Abstract

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Total coenzyme Q10 concentrations in Asian men following multiple oral 50-mg doses administered as coenzyme Q10 sustained release tablets or regular tablets. Author(s): Lu WL, Zhang Q, Lee HS, Zhou TY, Sun HD, Zhang DW, Zheng L, Lee M, Wong SM. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2003 January; 26(1): 52-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12520172&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of congestive heart failure with coenzyme Q10 illuminated by metaanalyses of clinical trials. Author(s): Soja AM, Mortensen SA. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S159-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9266518&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of essential hypertension with coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Langsjoen P, Langsjoen P, Willis R, Folkers K. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S265-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752851&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen A, Willis R, Folkers K. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S145-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9266516&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of Kearns-Sayre syndrome with coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Ogasahara S, Nishikawa Y, Yorifuji S, Soga F, Nakamura Y, Takahashi M, Hashimoto S, Kono N, Tarui S. Source: Neurology. 1986 January; 36(1): 45-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3941783&dopt=Abstract

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Two successful double-blind trials with coenzyme Q10 (vitamin Q10) on muscular dystrophies and neurogenic atrophies. Author(s): Folkers K, Simonsen R. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1995 May 24; 1271(1): 281-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7599221&dopt=Abstract

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Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) and complex I in mitochondrial oxidative disorder of Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Ebadi M, Muralikrishnan D, Pellett LJ, Murphy T, Drees K. Source: Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 2000; 43: 55-63. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11056957&dopt=Abstract

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Ubiquinone (coenzyme q10) and mitochondria in oxidative stress of parkinson's disease. Author(s): Ebadi M, Govitrapong P, Sharma S, Muralikrishnan D, Shavali S, Pellett L, Schafer R, Albano C, Eken J. Source: Biological Signals and Receptors. 2001 May-August; 10(3-4): 224-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11351130&dopt=Abstract

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Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) in the long-term treatment of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Author(s): Permanetter B, Rossy W, Klein G, Weingartner F, Seidl KF, Blomer H. Source: European Heart Journal. 1992 November; 13(11): 1528-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1464342&dopt=Abstract

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Usefulness of coenzyme Q10 in clinical cardiology: a long-term study. Author(s): Langsjoen H, Langsjoen P, Langsjoen P, Willis R, Folkers K. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S165-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752828&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COENZYME Q10 Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and coenzyme Q10.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Coenzyme Q10 The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “coenzyme Q10” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “coenzyme Q10” (or a synonym): ·

A close look at coenzyme Q10 and policosanol. Do these supplements live up to their claims for improving heart health? Source: Anonymous Harv-Heart-Lett. 2002 December; 13(4): 6 1051-5313

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A high diffusion coefficient for coenzyme Q10 might be related to a folded structure. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry G. Moruzzi, University of Bologna, Italy. Source: Di Bernardo, S Fato, R Casadio, R Fariselli, P Lenaz, G FEBS-Lett. 1998 April 10; 426(1): 77-80 0014-5793

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A possible mode of solubilization of coenzyme Q10 with HCO-60. Source: Takada, M Watanabe, J J-Pharmacobiodyn. 1987 March; 10(3): 124-7 0386-846X

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Altered redox state of platelet coenzyme Q10 in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Clinical Neurochemistry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Wurzburg, Federal Republic of Germany. Source: Gotz, M E Gerstner, A Harth, R Dirr, A Janetzky, B Kuhn, W Riederer, P Gerlach, M J-Neural-Transm. 2000; 107(1): 41-8

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An experimental model of mitochondrial myopathy: germanium-induced myopathy and coenzyme Q10 administration. Author(s): Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Wu, C M Matsuoka, T Takemitsu, M Goto, Y Nonaka, I Muscle-Nerve. 1992 November; 15(11): 1258-64 0148-639X

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An open, pilot study to evaluate the potential benefits of coenzyme Q10 combined with Ginkgo biloba extract in fibromyalgia syndrome. Author(s): Phylax Ltd, Beaconsfield, UK. [email protected] Source: Lister, R E J-Int-Med-Res. 2002 Mar-April; 30(2): 195-9 0300-0605

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Analysis of coenzyme Q10 content in human plasma and other biological samples. Author(s): NeoRx Corporation, Seattle, WA, USA. Source: Graves, S Sikorska, M Borowy Borowski, H Ho, R J Bui, T Woodhouse, C Methods-Mol-Biol. 1998; 108353-65 1064-3745

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Assessment of coenzyme Q10 tolerability in Huntington's disease. Author(s): Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York, USA. Source: Feigin, A Kieburtz, K Como, P Hickey, C Claude, K Abwender, D Zimmerman, C Steinberg, K Shoulson, I Mov-Disord. 1996 May; 11(3): 321-3 0885-3185

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Beneficial effects of coenzyme Q10 on impaired left ventricular performance in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Author(s): Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan. Source: Serizawa, T Oku, J Iizuka, M Ohya, T Ohtani, Y Sugiura, S Murakami, T Sugimoto, T Jpn-Heart-J. 1988 March; 29(2): 233-42 0021-4868

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Cellular coenzyme Q10 redox poise constitutes a major cell metabolic and gene regulatory system. Author(s): Centre for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Epworth Medical Centre, Richmond, VIC, Australia. [email protected] Source: Linnane, A W Biogerontology. 2002; 3(1-2): 3-6 1389-5729

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Choreic movements and MRI abnormalities in the subthalamic nuclei reversible after administration of coenzyme Q10 and multiple vitamins in a patient with bilateral optic neuropathy. Author(s): Department of Pathology, Hopital Henri-Mondor, Universite Paris XII, Creteil, France. Source: Chariot, P Brugieres, P Eliezer Vanerot, M C Geny, C Binaghi, M Cesaro, P MovDisord. 1999 September; 14(5): 855-9 0885-3185

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Clinical improvement after administration of coenzyme Q10 in a patient with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. Source: Goda, S Hamada, T Ishimoto, S Kobayashi, T Goto, I Kuroiwa, Y J-Neurol. 1987 January; 234(1): 62-3 0340-5354

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Coenzyme Q10 and cardiovascular disease: a review. Author(s): Department of Nursing, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. Source: Sarter, B J-Cardiovasc-Nurs. 2002 July; 16(4): 9-20 0889-4655

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Coenzyme Q10 as an adjunctive in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. The Q10 Study Group. Author(s): Department of Cardiology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Source: Hofman Bang, C Rehnqvist, N Swedberg, K Wiklund, I Astrom, H J-Card-Fail. 1995 March; 1(2): 101-7 1071-9164

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Coenzyme Q10 attenuates the progression of cardiomyopathy in hamsters. Author(s): Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan. Source: Momomura, S Serizawa, T Ohtani, Y Iizuka, M Sugimoto, T Jpn-Heart-J. 1991 January; 32(1): 101-10 0021-4868

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Coenzyme Q10 deficiency in cancer patients: potential for immunotherapy with coenzyme Q10. Source: Folkers, K. Ellis, J. Yang, O. Tamagawa, H. Nara, Y. Nara, K. Ye, C.Q. Shen, Z.X. Vitamins and cancer prevetion / editors, Stewart A Laidlaw, Marin E Swendseid. New York : Wiley-Liss, c1991. page 103-110. ISBN: 0471560669

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Coenzyme Q10 exogenous administration attenuates cold stress cardiac injury. Author(s): Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil. Source: Murad, N Takiuchi, K Lopes, A C Bonilha, A M Souza, M M Demarchi, L M Higuchi, M L Tucci, P J Jpn-Heart-J. 2001 May; 42(3): 327-38 0021-4868

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Coenzyme Q10 fetal plasma levels. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy. Source: Noia, G Romano, D De Santis, M Mariorenzi, S Caruso, A Mancuso, S FetalDiagn-Ther. 1998 Mar-April; 13(2): 127-30 1015-3837

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Coenzyme Q10 level in plasma of children with inflammatory process. Author(s): Department of Propedeutics of Pediatrics, Medical Academy of Bialystok, Poland. Source: Mikoluc, B Karpinska, J Motkowski, R Piotrowska Jastrzebska, J Rocz-AkadMed-Bialymst. 2002; 47: 123-9

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Coenzyme Q10 levels in idiopathic and varicocele-associated asthenozoospermia. Author(s): Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Ancona, Italy. [email protected]

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Source: Balercia, G Arnaldi, G Fazioli, F Serresi, M Alleva, R Mancini, A Mosca, F Lamonica, G R Mantero, F Littarru, G P Andrologia. 2002 April; 34(2): 107-11 0303-4569 ·

Coenzyme Q10 protects coronary endothelial function from ischemia reperfusion injury via an antioxidant effect. Author(s): Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. Source: Yokoyama, H Lingle, D M Crestanello, J A Kamelgard, J Kott, B R Momeni, R Millili, J Mortensen, S A Whitman, G J Surgery. 1996 August; 120(2): 189-96 0039-6060

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Coenzyme Q10, vitamin E, and dihydrothioctic acid cooperatively prevent diene conjugation in isolated low-density lipoprotein. Author(s): Institute of Phytopathology, Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephen, Germany. Source: Schneider, D Elstner, E F Antioxid-Redox-Signal. 2000 Summer; 2(2): 327-33 1523-0864

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Coenzyme Q10: a vital therapeutic nutrient for the heart with special application in congestive heart failure. Author(s): Manchester Hospital. Source: Sinatra, S T Conn-Med. 1997 November; 61(11): 707-11 0010-6178

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Composition of Pneumocystis carinii neutral lipids and identification of coenzyme Q10 as the major ubiquinone homolog. Author(s): Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA. Source: Ellis, J E Wyder, M A Zhou, L Gupta, A Rudney, H Kaneshiro, E S J-EukaryotMicrobiol. 1996 May-June; 43(3): 165-70 1066-5234

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Creatine and coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of ALS. Author(s): University Campus, LHSC, 339 Windermere Road, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5A5. [email protected] Source: Strong, M J Pattee, G L Amyotroph-Lateral-Scler-Other-Motor-Neuron-Disord. 2000 December; 1 Suppl 4: 17-20 1466-0822

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Determinants of plasma coenzyme Q10 in humans. Author(s): Research Institute of Public Health, University of Kuopio, Finland. Source: Kaikkonen, J Nyyssonen, K Tuomainen, T P Ristonmaa, U Salonen, J T FEBSLett. 1999 January 25; 443(2): 163-6 0014-5793

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Does coenzyme Q10 play a role in opposing oxidative stress in patients with agerelated macular degeneration? Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy. Source: Blasi, M A Bovina, C Carella, G Genova, M L Jansen, A M Lenaz, G Brancato, R Ophthalmologica. 2001 Jan-February; 215(1): 51-4 0030-3755

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Dual involvement of coenzyme Q10 in redox signaling and inhibition of death signaling in the rat heart mitochondria. Author(s): Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan. Source: Yamamura, T Otani, H Nakao, Y Hattori, R Osako, M Imamura, H Das, D K Antioxid-Redox-Signal. 2001 February; 3(1): 103-12 1523-0864

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Effect of carnitine and coenzyme Q10 on the calcium uptake in heart sarcoplasmic reticulum of rats treated with anthracyclines. Author(s): Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Pisa, Italy.

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Source: Ronca Testoni, S Zucchi, R Ronca, F Bertelli, A Drugs-Exp-Clin-Res. 1992; 18(10): 437-42 0378-6501 ·

Effect of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on superoxide dismutase activity in ET-1 and ET-3 experimental models of cerebral ischemia in the rat. Author(s): Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Centre, PASci, Warszawa. Source: Ostrowski, R P Folia-Neuropathol. 1999; 37(4): 247-51

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Effect of hydrosoluble coenzyme Q10 on blood pressures and insulin resistance in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): NKP Salve Institute of Medical Science, Nagpur, India. Source: Singh, R B Niaz, M A Rastogi, S S Shukla, P K Thakur, A S J-Hum-Hypertens. 1999 March; 13(3): 203-8 0950-9240

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Effective and safe therapy with coenzyme Q10 for cardiomyopathy. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Scott and White Clinic, Temple, Texas. Source: Langsjoen, P H Folkers, K Lyson, K Muratsu, K Lyson, T Langsjoen, P KlinWochenschr. 1988 July 1; 66(13): 583-90 0023-2173

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Effects of coenzyme Q10 on recovery of hypoxia-induced changes in ATP and creatine phosphate contents of sinoatrial nodal cells of the rabbit's heart after reoxygenation. Source: Yoshikawa, Y Kano, T Higuchi, M Nishi, K Arch-Int-Pharmacodyn-Ther. 1987 May; 287(1): 96-108 0003-9780

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Effects of dietary coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E on lipid peroxidation in adriamycintreated rat. Author(s): Yeoungnam University, Kyungsan (Korea Republic). Department of Food and Nutrition Source: Seo, J.S. Yang, K.M. Joung, Y.A. Journal-of-The-Korean-Society-of-Food-andNutrition (Korea Republic). (August 1991). volume 20(4) page320-328. 0253-3154

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Effects of long-term coenzyme Q10 and captopril treatment on survival and functional capacity in rats with experimentally induced heart infarction. Author(s): Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Aarhus, Denmark. Source: Bech, O M Sorensen, J D Jensen, M K Diamant, B Steiness, E J-Pharmacol-ExpTher. 1990 October; 255(1): 346-50 0022-3565

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Effects of tamoxifen, melatonin, coenzyme Q10, and L-carnitine supplementation on bacterial growth in the presence of mycotoxins. Author(s): Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Source: Atroshi, F Rizzo, A Westermarck, T Ali vehmas, T Pharmacol-Res. 1998 October; 38(4): 289-95 1043-6618

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Evaluation of morphological changes after treatment with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in endothelin-1 induced experimental ischemia in the rat. Author(s): Department of Neuropathology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa. Source: Ostrowski, R P Piotrowski, P Pankowska, T Smialek, M Folia-Neuropathol. 1998; 36(3): 185-8

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Fumonisin B1-induced DNA damage in rat liver and spleen: effects of pretreatment with coenzyme Q10, L-carnitine, alpha-tocopherol and selenium. Author(s): Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland. Source: Atroshi, F Rizzo, A Biese, I Veijalainen, P Saloniemi, H Sankari, S Andersson, K Pharmacol-Res. 1999 December; 40(6): 459-67 1043-6618

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Improvement of cardiac function and myocardial energy metabolism of rats with chronic heart failure by long-term coenzyme Q10 treatment. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo College of Pharmacy, Japan. Source: Sanbe, A Tanonaka, K Niwano, Y Takeo, S J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1994 April; 269(1): 51-6 0022-3565

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Influence of coenzyme Q10 on doxorubicin uptake and metabolism by mouse myocardial cells in culture. Source: Takahashi, K Mayumi, T Kishi, T Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 1988 April; 36(4): 1514-8 0009-2363

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Ischemic damage prevention by coenzyme Q10 treatment of the donor before orthotopic liver transplantation: biochemical and histologic findings. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Sumimoto, K Inagaki, K Ito, H Marubayashi, S Yamada, K Kawasaki, T Dohi, K Surgery. 1987 November; 102(5): 821-7 0039-6060

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Italian multicenter study on the efficacy and safety of coenzyme Q10 as adjuvant therapy in heart failure. Author(s): Medical Department, Inverni della Beffa S.p.A. Milan. Source: Lampertico, M Comis, S Clin-Investig. 1993; 71(8 Suppl): S129-33 0941-0198

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L-carnitine and coenzyme Q10 protective action against ischaemia and reperfusion of working rat heart. Author(s): Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Pisa, Italy. Source: Bertelli, A Ronca, F Ronca, G Palmieri, L Zucchi, R Drugs-Exp-Clin-Res. 1992; 18(10): 431-6 0378-6501

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Levels of coenzyme Q10 in asthmatics. Author(s): Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia. [email protected] Source: Gazdik, F Gvozdjakova, A Horvathova, M Weissova, S Kucharska, J Pijak, M R Gazdikova, K Bratisl-Lek-Listy. 2002; 103(10): 353-6 0006-9248

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Metabolic changes in patients with mitochondrial myopathies and effects of coenzyme Q10 therapy. Author(s): Neurologische Universitatsklinik, Wurzburg. Source: Chan, A Reichmann, H Kogel, A Beck, A Gold, R J-Neurol. 1998 October; 245(10): 681-5 0340-5354

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Myocardial preservation by therapy with coenzyme Q10 during heart surgery. Author(s): Department of Medical Research and Anesthesiology, St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis. Source: Judy, W V Stogsdill, W W Folkers, K Clin-Investig. 1993; 71(8 Suppl): S155-61 0941-0198

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Open label trial of coenzyme Q10 as a migraine preventive. Author(s): Jefferson Headache Center/Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. [email protected] Source: Rozen, T D Oshinsky, M L Gebeline, C A Bradley, K C Young, W B Shechter, A L Silberstein, S D Cephalalgia. 2002 March; 22(2): 137-41 0333-1024

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Oral coenzyme Q10 administration prevents the development of ischemic brain lesions in a rabbit model of symptomatic vasospasm. Author(s): Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Medical Research Centre, Warsaw, Poland. [email protected]

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Source: Grieb, P Ryba, M S Sawicki, J Chrapusta, S J Acta-Neuropathol-(Berl). 1997 October; 94(4): 363-8 0001-6322 ·

Participation of coenzyme Q10 in the rejection development of the transplanted heart: a clinical study. Author(s): Pharmacobiochemical Laboratory of the Medical Faculty, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Source: Kucharska, J Gvozdjakova, A Mizera, S Braunova, Z Schreinerova, Z Schramekova, E Pechan, I Fabian, J Physiol-Res. 1998; 47(6): 399-404 0862-8408

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Perspectives on therapy of cardiovascular diseases with coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone). Author(s): Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Rigshospitalet B 2142, State University Hospital, Copenhagen. Source: Mortensen, S A Clin-Investig. 1993; 71(8 Suppl): S116-23 0941-0198

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Pharmacokinetics of coenzyme Q10 in recovery of acute sensorineural hearing loss due to hypoxia. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Japan. Source: Sato, K Acta-Otolaryngol-Suppl. 1988; 45895-102 0365-5237

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Possible mechanism by which coenzyme Q10 improves reoxygenation-induced recovery of cardiac contractile force after hypoxia. Author(s): Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Japan. Source: Takeo, S Tanonaka, K Tazuma, Y Miyake, K Murai, R J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1987 December; 243(3): 1131-8 0022-3565

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Protective action of L-carnitine and coenzyme Q10 against hepatic triglyceride infiltration induced by hyperbaric oxygen and ethanol. Author(s): Department of Medical Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Toxicology, University of Milan, Italy. Source: Bertelli, A Cerrati, A Giovannini, L Mian, M Spaggiari, P Bertelli, A A DrugsExp-Clin-Res. 1993; 19(2): 65-8 0378-6501

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Protective effect of coenzyme Q10 on thyrotoxic heart in rabbits. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Kotake, C Ito, Y Yokoyama, M Fukuzaki, H Heart-Vessels. 1987; 3(2): 84-90 09108327

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Quercetin, coenzyme Q10, and L-canavanine as protective agents against lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide generation in endotoxin-induced shock in rat brain. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. Source: Abd El Gawad, H M Khalifa, A E Pharmacol-Res. 2001 March; 43(3): 257-63 1043-6618

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Recovery of the Frank-Starling mechanism by coenzyme Q10 in patients with loadinduced contractility depression. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University. Source: Oda, T Clin-Investig. 1993; 71(8 Suppl): S150-4 0941-0198

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Serum levels of coenzyme Q10 in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain. Source: de Bustos, F Molina, J A Jimenez Jimenez, F J Garcia Redondo, A Gomez Escalonilla, C Porta Etessam, J Berbel, A Zurdo, M Barcenilla, B Parrilla, G Enriquez de Salamanca, R Arenas, J J-Neural-Transm. 2000; 107(2): 233-9

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Stability and bioequivalence studies of two marketed formulations of coenzyme Q10 in beagle dogs. Author(s): Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Northeast Louisiana University, Monroe, LA-71209, USA. Source: Kommuru, T R Ashraf, M Khan, M A Reddy, I K Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 1999 July; 47(7): 1024-8 0009-2363

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Statistical data support prediction of death within 6 months on low levels of coenzyme Q10 and other entities. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Samariterhemmet Hospital, Uppsala. Source: Jameson, S Clin-Investig. 1993; 71(8 Suppl): S137-9 0941-0198

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The effects of coenzyme Q10 treatment on maternally inherited diabetes mellitus and deafness, and mitochondrial DNA 3243 (A to G) mutation. Author(s): Third Department of Internal Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. Source: Suzuki, S Hinokio, Y Ohtomo, M Hirai, M Hirai, A Chiba, M Kasuga, S Satoh, Y Akai, H Toyota, T Diabetologia. 1998 May; 41(5): 584-8 0012-186X

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Therapeutic effects of coenzyme Q10 and remacemide in transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease. Author(s): Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, USA. [email protected] Source: Ferrante, Robert J Andreassen, Ole A Dedeoglu, Alpaslan Ferrante, Kimberly L Jenkins, Bruce G Hersch, Steven M Beal, M Flint J-Neurosci. 2002 March 1; 22(5): 1592-9 1529-2401

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Tissue concentration of doxorubicin (adriamycin) in mouse pretreated with alphatocopherol or coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Okayama University Medical School, Japan. Source: Shinozawa, S Gomita, Y Araki, Y Acta-Med-Okayama. 1991 June; 45(3): 195-9 0386-300X

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Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) in the long-term treatment of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Author(s): First Department of Internal Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany. Source: Permanetter, B Rossy, W Klein, G Weingartner, F Seidl, K F Blomer, H EurHeart-J. 1992 November; 13(11): 1528-33 0195-668X

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: ·

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: ·

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to coenzyme Q10; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: ·

Vitamins Vitamin B6 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Minerals Atorvastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Carnitine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Fluvastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lovastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pravastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Simvastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Statin Drugs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com ·

Food and Diet Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COENZYME Q10 Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to coenzyme Q10. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to coenzyme Q10 and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “coenzyme Q10” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to coenzyme Q10: ·

Adriamycin cardiotoxicity: early detection by systolic time interval and possible prevention by coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Cortes EP, Gupta M, Chou C, Amin VC, Folkers K. Source: Cancer Treat Rep. 1978 June; 62(6): 887-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=667863&dopt=Abstract

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Aminooxyacetic acid striatal lesions attenuated by 1,3-butanediol and coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Brouillet E, Henshaw DR, Schulz JB, Beal MF. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 1994 August 15; 177(1-2): 58-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7824183&dopt=Abstract

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An open, pilot study to evaluate the potential benefits of coenzyme Q10 combined with Ginkgo biloba extract in fibromyalgia syndrome. Author(s): Lister RE. Source: J Int Med Res. 2002 March-April; 30(2): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12025528&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-atherogenic effect of coenzyme Q10 in apolipoprotein E gene knockout mice. Author(s): Witting PK, Pettersson K, Letters J, Stocker R. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2000 August; 29(3-4): 295-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11035258&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidative effect of dietary coenzyme Q10 in human blood plasma. Author(s): Weber C, Sejersgard Jakobsen T, Mortensen SA, Paulsen G, Holmer G. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1994; 64(4): 311-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7883471&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidative efficacy of parallel and combined supplementation with coenzyme Q10 and d-alpha-tocopherol in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical study. Author(s): Kaikkonen J, Nyyssonen K, Tomasi A, Iannone A, Tuomainen TP, PorkkalaSarataho E, Salonen JT. Source: Free Radical Research. 2000 September; 33(3): 329-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10993487&dopt=Abstract

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Apparent partial remission of breast cancer in 'high risk' patients supplemented with nutritional antioxidants, essential fatty acids and coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Lockwood K, Moesgaard S, Hanioka T, Folkers K. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S231-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752835&dopt=Abstract

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Ask the doctor: I have a leaky aortic valve and my left ventricle is slowly enlarging. I have started taking coenzyme Q10, which is supposed to help my heart beat stronger. I know that you have not been enthusiastic about this supplement in the past, but has any new information come in? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 2000 July; 10(11): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10877882&dopt=Abstract

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beta2-Integrin and lipid modifications indicate a non-antioxidant mechanism for the anti-atherogenic effect of dietary coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Turunen M, Wehlin L, Sjoberg M, Lundahl J, Dallner G, Brismar K, Sindelar PJ.

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Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 August 16; 296(2): 255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163010&dopt=Abstract ·

Bioavailability of four oral coenzyme Q10 formulations in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Weis M, Mortensen SA, Rassing MR, Moller-Sonnergaard J, Poulsen G, Rasmussen SN. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S273-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752839&dopt=Abstract

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Carnitine and coenzyme Q10: biochemical properties and functions, synergism and complementary action. Author(s): Bertelli A, Ronca G. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1990; 12(3): 183-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2276898&dopt=Abstract

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Cellular redox activity of coenzyme Q10: effect of CoQ10 supplementation on human skeletal muscle. Author(s): Linnane AW, Kopsidas G, Zhang C, Yarovaya N, Kovalenko S, Papakostopoulos P, Eastwood H, Graves S, Richardson M. Source: Free Radical Research. 2002 April; 36(4): 445-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069109&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebellar ataxia and coenzyme Q10 deficiency. Author(s): Lamperti C, Naini A, Hirano M, De Vivo DC, Bertini E, Servidei S, Valeriani M, Lynch D, Banwell B, Berg M, Dubrovsky T, Chiriboga C, Angelini C, Pegoraro E, DiMauro S. Source: Neurology. 2003 April 8; 60(7): 1206-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12682339&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 and cardiovascular disease: a review. Author(s): Sarter B. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2002 July; 16(4): 9-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597259&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 as a possible treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Author(s): Beal MF. Source: Free Radical Research. 2002 April; 36(4): 455-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069110&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 improves blood pressure and glycaemic control: a controlled trial in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Hodgson JM, Watts GF, Playford DA, Burke V, Croft KD.

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Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 November; 56(11): 1137-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428181&dopt=Abstract ·

Coenzyme Q10 in health and disease. Author(s): Overvad K, Diamant B, Holm L, Holmer G, Mortensen SA, Stender S. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 October; 53(10): 764-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10556981&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 in plasma and erythrocytes: comparison of antioxidant levels in healthy probands after oral supplementation and in patients suffering from sickle cell anemia. Author(s): Niklowitz P, Menke T, Wiesel T, Mayatepek E, Zschocke J, Okun JG, Andler W. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2002 December; 326(1-2): 155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417107&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 supplementation and recovery from ischemia in senescent rat myocardium. Author(s): Lonnrot K, Tolvanen JP, Porsti I, Ahola T, Hervonen A, Alho H. Source: Life Sciences. 1999; 64(5): 315-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10072191&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10 supplementation provides mild symptomatic benefit in patients with Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Muller T, Buttner T, Gholipour AF, Kuhn W. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 May 8; 341(3): 201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12697283&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme q10. Author(s): Pepping J. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1999 March 15; 56(6): 519-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10192685&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10: a vital therapeutic nutrient for the heart with special application in congestive heart failure. Author(s): Sinatra ST. Source: Conn Med. 1997 November; 61(11): 707-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9419958&dopt=Abstract


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Coenzyme Q10: absorption, antioxidative properties, determinants, and plasma levels. Author(s): Kaikkonen J, Tuomainen TP, Nyyssonen K, Salonen JT. Source: Free Radical Research. 2002 April; 36(4): 389-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069102&dopt=Abstract

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Coenzyme Q10-containing composition (Immugen) protects against occupational and environmental stress in workers of the gas and oil industry. Author(s): Korkina L, Deeva I, Ibragimova G, Shakula A, Luci A, De Luca C. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2003; 18(1-4): 245-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14695940&dopt=Abstract

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Control of arterial tone after long-term coenzyme Q10 supplementation in senescent rats. Author(s): Lonnrot K, Porsti I, Alho H, Wu X, Hervonen A, Tolvanen JP. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1998 August; 124(7): 1500-6. Erratum In: Br J Pharmacol 1998 December; 125(8): 1788. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9723964&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary coenzyme Q10 supplementation alters platelet size and inhibits human vitronectin (CD51/CD61) receptor expression. Author(s): Serebruany VL, Ordonez JV, Herzog WR, Rohde M, Mortensen SA, Folkers K, Gurbel PA. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1997 January; 29(1): 16-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9007665&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary supplementation with coenzyme Q10 results in increased levels of ubiquinol10 within circulating lipoproteins and increased resistance of human low-density lipoprotein to the initiation of lipid peroxidation. Author(s): Mohr D, Bowry VW, Stocker R. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1992 June 26; 1126(3): 247-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1637852&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary supplements of vitamin E, beta-carotene, coenzyme Q10 and selenium protect tissues against lipid peroxidation in rat tissue slices. Author(s): Leibovitz B, Hu ML, Tappel AL. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1990 January; 120(1): 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2303916&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of coenzyme Q10 and Ginkgo biloba on warfarin dosage in stable, long-term warfarin treated outpatients. A randomised, double blind, placebo-crossover trial. Author(s): Engelsen J, Nielsen JD, Winther K.

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Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2002 June; 87(6): 1075-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083489&dopt=Abstract ·

Effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on cardiac hypertrophy of male rats consuming a high-fructose, low-copper diet. Author(s): Lewis CG, Fields M, Burns WA, Lure MD. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 1993 May-June; 37(2-3): 137-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7688527&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on mitochondrial function after myocardial ischemia reperfusion. Author(s): Crestanello JA, Doliba NM, Doliba NM, Babsky AM, Niborii K, Osbakken MD, Whitman GJ. Source: The Journal of Surgical Research. 2002 February; 102(2): 221-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11796022&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of combined coenzyme Q10 and d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation on exercise-induced lipid peroxidation and muscular damage: a placebo-controlled double-blind study in marathon runners. Author(s): Kaikkonen J, Kosonen L, Nyyssonen K, Porkkala-Sarataho E, Salonen R, Korpela H, Salonen JT. Source: Free Radical Research. 1998 July; 29(1): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9733025&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of dietary coenzyme Q10 as an antioxidant in human plasma. Author(s): Weber C, Jakobsen TS, Mortensen SA, Paulsen G, Holmer G. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752850&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of intermittent sound stimulation on cochlear microphonics and the possible preventive effect of coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Morimitsu T, Hagiwara T, Ide M, Matsumoto I, Okada S. Source: Hearing Research. 1980 August; 3(2): 155-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7419483&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of oral coenzyme Q10 supplementation on the oxidation resistance of human VLDL+LDL fraction: absorption and antioxidative properties of oil and granulebased preparations. Author(s): Kaikkonen J, Nyyssonen K, Porkkala-Sarataho E, Poulsen HE, Metsa-Ketela T, Hayn M, Salonen R, Salonen JT. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1997; 22(7): 1195-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9098093&dopt=Abstract


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Effect of topical application of coenzyme Q10 on adult periodontitis. Author(s): Hanioka T, Tanaka M, Ojima M, Shizukuishi S, Folkers K. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S241-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752836&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on exercise performance, VO2max, and lipid peroxidation in trained cyclists. Author(s): Braun B, Clarkson PM, Freedson PS, Kohl RL. Source: Int J Sport Nutr. 1991 December; 1(4): 353-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1844568&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of oral coenzyme Q10 supplementation on sodium nitrite-induced lipid peroxidation in rats. Author(s): Grudzinski IP, Frankiewicz-Jozko A. Source: Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2001; 52(3): 213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11771113&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of oral supplementation of coenzyme Q10 on 31P-NMR detected skeletal muscle energy metabolism in middle-aged post-polio subjects and normal volunteers. Author(s): Mizuno M, Quistorff B, Theorell H, Theorell M, Chance B. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S291-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9266539&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of short-term supplementation with coenzyme Q10 on myocardial protection during cardiac operations. Author(s): Taggart DP, Jenkins M, Hooper J, Hadjinikolas L, Kemp M, Hue D, Bennett G. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1996 March; 61(3): 829-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8619701&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of tamoxifen, melatonin, coenzyme Q10, and L-carnitine supplementation on bacterial growth in the presence of mycotoxins. Author(s): Atroshi F, Rizzo A, Westermarck T, Ali-vehmas T. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 1998 October; 38(4): 289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9774492&dopt=Abstract

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Hemostatic changes after dietary coenzyme Q10 supplementation in swine. Author(s): Serebruany VL, Herzog WR, Atamas SP, Gurbel PA, Rohde M, Mortensen SA, Folkers K. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1996 August; 28(2): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8856471&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo supplementation with coenzyme Q10 enhances the recovery of human lymphocytes from oxidative DNA damage. Author(s): Tomasetti M, Alleva R, Borghi B, Collins AR. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2001 June; 15(8): 1425-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11387245&dopt=Abstract

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Ineffectiveness of oral coenzyme Q10 supplementation in 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, type 3. Author(s): Costeff H, Apter N, Elpeleg ON, Prialnic M, Bohles HJ. Source: Brain & Development. 1998 January; 20(1): 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9533558&dopt=Abstract

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Italian multicenter study on the efficacy and safety of coenzyme Q10 as adjuvant therapy in heart failure. Author(s): Lampertico M, Comis S. Source: Clin Investig. 1993; 71(8 Suppl): S129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8241696&dopt=Abstract

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Monounsaturated diet lowers LDL oxidisability in type IIb and type IV dyslipidemia without affecting coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E contents. Author(s): Svegliati Baroni S, Amelio M, Fiorito A, Gaddi A, Littarru G, Battino M. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1999; 9(2-4): 325-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10416048&dopt=Abstract

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No effect of supplementation with vitamin E, ascorbic acid, or coenzyme Q10 on oxidative DNA damage estimated by 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine excretion in smokers. Author(s): Prieme H, Loft S, Nyyssonen K, Salonen JT, Poulsen HE. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 February; 65(2): 503-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9022536&dopt=Abstract

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Partial and complete regression of breast cancer in patients in relation to dosage of coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Lockwood K, Moesgaard S, Folkers K. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1994 March 30; 199(3): 1504-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7908519&dopt=Abstract

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Protection of vitamin E, selenium, trolox C, ascorbic acid palmitate, acetylcysteine, coenzyme Q0, coenzyme Q10, beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, and (+)-catechin against oxidative damage to rat blood and tissues in vivo. Author(s): Chen H, Tappel AL.


Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1995 May; 18(5): 949-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7797106&dopt=Abstract ·

Protective action of L-carnitine and coenzyme Q10 against hepatic triglyceride infiltration induced by hyperbaric oxygen and ethanol. Author(s): Bertelli A, Cerrati A, Giovannini L, Mian M, Spaggiari P, Bertelli AA. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1993; 19(2): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8223144&dopt=Abstract

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Protective synergic effect of coenzyme Q10 and carnitine on hyperbaric oxygen toxicity. Author(s): Bertelli A, Bertelli AA, Giovannini L, Spaggiari P. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1990; 12(3): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2276900&dopt=Abstract

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Quercetin, coenzyme Q10, and L-canavanine as protective agents against lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide generation in endotoxin-induced shock in rat brain. Author(s): Abd El-Gawad HM, Khalifa AE. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 2001 March; 43(3): 257-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11401418&dopt=Abstract

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Rabbit liver mitochondria coenzyme Q10 and hydroperoxide levels: an experimental model of atherosclerosis. Author(s): Ramirez-Tortosa MC, Quiles JL, Gil A, Mataix J. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9266527&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in isolated systolic hypertension. Author(s): Burke BE, Neuenschwander R, Olson RD. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2001 November; 94(11): 1112-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780680&dopt=Abstract

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Relevance of the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q10 and of the four bases of DNA as a rationale for the molecular causes of cancer and a therapy. Author(s): Folkers K. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1996 July 16; 224(2): 358-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8702395&dopt=Abstract

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Stability and bioequivalence studies of two marketed formulations of coenzyme Q10 in beagle dogs. Author(s): Kommuru TR, Ashraf M, Khan MA, Reddy IK. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1999 July; 47(7): 1024-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10434405&dopt=Abstract

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The coenzyme Q10 content of the average Danish diet. Author(s): Weber C, Bysted A, Hllmer G. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1997; 67(2): 123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9129255&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic effects of coenzyme Q10 and remacemide in transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease. Author(s): Ferrante RJ, Andreassen OA, Dedeoglu A, Ferrante KL, Jenkins BG, Hersch SM, Beal MF. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2002 March 1; 22(5): 1592-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880489&dopt=Abstract

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Virgin olive oil and coenzyme Q10 protect heart mitochondria from peroxidative damage during aging. Author(s): Huertas JR, Martinez-Velasco E, Ibanez S, Lopez-Frias M, Ochoa JJ, Quiles J, Parenti Castelli G, Mataix J, Lenaz G. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1999; 9(2-4): 337-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10416050&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: ·

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.comÒ: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/


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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to coenzyme Q10; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: ·

General Overview Alzheimer's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Angina Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Angina Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arteriosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease Prevention Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bone Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brain Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Breast Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Cardiomyopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiomyopathy Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colon Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Coronary Artery Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Emphysema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endocarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gingivitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com


Glaucoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gum Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Alternative names: High Blood Pressure Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hyperthyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Immune System Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lyme Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Male Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Male Infertility Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Miscarriage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Muscular Dystrophy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pericarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Periodontal Disease Alternative names: Gum Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pulmonary Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pulmonary Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Radiation Damage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raynaud's Phenomenon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Senile Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shock Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spontaneous Abortion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sprains and Strains Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Stroke Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Water Retention Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com


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Herbs and Supplements Acetaminophen Alternative names: Acephen, Aceta, Amaphen, Anoquan, Apacet, Arthritis Foundation Aspirin Free, Arthritis Foundation Nighttime, Aspirin Free Anacin, Aspirin Free Excedrin, Bayer Select, Dapacin, Dynafed, Endolor, Esgic, Excedrin P.M., Fem-Etts, Femcet, Feverall, Fioricet, Fiorpap, Genapap, Genebs, Halenol, Isocet, Liquiprin, Mapap, Maranox, Meda, Medigesic, Midol, Multi-Symptom Pamprin, Neopap, Nighttime Pamprin, Oraphen-PD, Panadol, Phrenilin, Repan, Ridenol, Sedapap, Silapap, Sominex Pain Relief, Tapanol, Tempra, Tylenol, Uni-Ace, Unisom with Pain Relief Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Alpha Lipoic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alpha2-Adrenergic Agonists Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Antioxidants and Free Radicals Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Arginine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Beta-Blockers Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-Blockers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Clonidine Alternative names: Catapres Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Coenzyme Q10 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coenzyme Q10 Alternative names: CoQ10 Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com CoQ10 Alternative names: Coenzyme Q10 Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Doxorubicin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Eleuthero Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng, Eleuthero; Acanthopanax/Eleutherococcus senticosus Rupr. & Maxim. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Fibric Acid Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gemfibrozil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hydralazine Alternative names: Apresoline Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Methyldopa Alternative names: Aldomet Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oral Hypoglycemics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Perphenazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenothiazine Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phenothiazines Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Propranolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Red Yeast Rice Alternative names: Monascus purpureus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfonylureas Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Taurine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thioridazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com


Thioxanthene Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Timolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tricyclic Antidepressants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tricyclic Antidepressants Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vasodilators Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Warfarin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Warfarin Alternative names: Coumadin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON COENZYME Q10 Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to coenzyme Q10. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “coenzyme Q10” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on coenzyme Q10, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Coenzyme Q10 ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to coenzyme Q10. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: ·

Breast Cancer Patients' Use of Coenzyme Q10 by Jarman, Gina Lynn, PhD from Texas Tech University, 2003, 97 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083339

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Gene Expression Profile of Aging and Its Modification by Caloric Restriction, AlphaLipoic Acid, and Coenzyme Q10 in Mice by Lee, Cheol-Koo, PhD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2003, 216 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3089645

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The Effect of Coenzyme Q10 on Physical Performance in Sedentary Asymptomatic Individuals by Roberts, Joanne Marie, PhD from Texas A&M University, 1989, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9015570

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND COENZYME Q10 Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning coenzyme Q10.

Recent Trials on Coenzyme Q10 The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to coenzyme Q10.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. ·

An open-label pilot study of Coenzyme Q10 in steroid-treated Duchenne muscular dystrophy Condition(s): Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group Purpose - Excerpt: This study will help to determine the safety and efficacy of the nutritional supplement Coenzyme Q10 when added to steroids as a treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Boys with DMD who are enrolled in this study will should be on a stable dose of steroids for at least six months, and will remain on their usual dose throughout the study. They will complete two screening visits within a one-week period, and if enrolled will then have their strength tested monthly for three months before beginning therapy with Coenzyme Q10. Once Coenzyme Q10 therapy is started, participants will have their strength tested monthly for six months. Following the six month treatment period, participants will be given the option to remain on Coenzyme Q10 until the study is completed. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00033189

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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·

Coenzyme Q10

Parkinson's disease treatment with coenzyme Q10 Condition(s): Parkinson's Disease Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of varying dosage of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) versus a placebo in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) in patients with early, untreated PD. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004731

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “coenzyme Q10” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: ·

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON COENZYME Q10 Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “coenzyme Q10” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on coenzyme Q10, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Coenzyme Q10 By performing a patent search focusing on coenzyme Q10, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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Coenzyme Q10

example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on coenzyme Q10: ·

Archaesomes, archaeosomes containing coenzyme Q10 and other types of liposomes containing coenzyme Q10 adjuvants and as delivery vehicles Inventor(s): Makabi-Panzu; Boby (Gatineau, CA), Patel; Girishchandra B. (Nepean, CA), Sprott; G. Dennis (Orleans, CA) Assignee(s): National Research Council of Canada (ottawa, Ca) Patent Number: 6,403,117 Date filed: July 6, 2000 Abstract: Novel archaeosome compositions and their use in vaccine formulations as adjuvants and/or delivery systems, to enhance the immune response to immunogens in an animal such as a human, are described. Another aspect relates to the use of these archaeosomes to enhance the delivery of compounds such as pharmaceuticals to specific cell types and tissues in animals and other life forms, via various routes of administration such as subcutaneous, intramuscular, and oral. The efficacy of the archaeosomes and also of conventional liposomes can be further improved in these applications, by incorporation of coenzyme Q.sub.10 and/or polyethyleneglycol-lipid conjugate into liposomes made from these archaeosomes. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to liposomes (closed lipid vesicles) made from archaeobacterial lipids, from non-archaeobacterial lipids, and mixtures thereof, and to the use of such liposomes for the enhanced delivery of pharmaceutical and other compounds to specific cell types such as macrophages/phagotocytes/antigen processing cells and to specific tissues in life-forms such as humans, and for the enhancement of the immune response to antigen(s) presented to a life-form such as a human. The vesicles of this invention may be used in vaccine formulations after encapsulation of, or in conjunction with, one or more immunogen, with or without mediation by the presence of other adjuvants or compounds. The invention may also be used, without limitations, for delivery of drugs, antibiotics, pharmaceuticals, biological compounds such as enzymes or DNA or hormones, therapeutics, imaging agents etc to specific cell types or specific tissues in an animal such as a human and other life-forms. Another application may be to use antibiotics/antiviral agents encapsulated in archaeosomes to treat diseases, where the infective organisms may reside as intracellular reservoirs (such as in macrophages) for re-infection. Liposomes are closed lipid vesicles containing an entrapped aqueous volume. The hydrophilic head groups of the lipids forming liposomes are oriented towards the aqueous environments present inside and outside the liposomes, whereas the hydrophobic regions of the lipids are sandwiched between the polar head groups and away from the aqueous environments. Liposomes may be unilamellar containing a single lipid bilayer, or multilamellar containing multiple bilayers (onion-like in structure) with an aqueous space separating each bilayer from the other. Various techniques for forming liposomes have been described in the literature, including but not limited to, pressure extrusion, detergent dialysis, dehydration-rehydration, reverse-phase evaporation, remote loading, sonication and other methods (13). Liposomes made from conventional ester phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine are referred to herein as conventional liposomes, even if they contain sterols or other compounds in their bilayer. Liposomes consisting of a lipid bilayer, a monolayer or a combination thereof, made from any lipid(s) which include in their composition ether lipids extracted from or found in

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Archaeobacteria, or those synthesized to mimic lipids found in archaeobacteria, are referred to herein as archaeosomes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06403117__ ·

Coenzyme Q10 formulation Inventor(s): Anderson; Mark L. (Carmel, NY), Kelker; Abdullah (Clifton, NJ) Assignee(s): Triarco Inductries, Inc. (paterson, Nj) Patent Number: 6,403,116 Date filed: November 3, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to compositions comprising coenzyme Q10, methyl sulfonyl methane, citric acid, at least one polysorbate materials, and at least one watersoluble polysaccharide, and methods of administering nutritionally significant and/or therapeutically effective amounts of coenzyme Q10 in an oral formulation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions and methods for providing aqueous formulations of aqueous insoluble dietary supplements. In particular, this invention relates to compositions and methods for providing an aqueous formulation of the dietary supplement coenzyme Q10. Formulations of aqueous-insoluble dietary supplements are known in the art. Nutritional supplements incorporating lipophilic or fat-soluble essential nutrients such as vitamins or fatty acids are widely used in human and animal health care. One compound receiving particular attention lately as a nutritional supplement and therapeutic agent is coenzyme Q10 ("Co-Q10"), a naturally occurring coenzyme chemically named 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decaprenyl-1,4benzoquinone. Co-Q10 is also known by the names ubiquinone, ubidecarenone, and Vitamin Q and is classified as a fat soluble quinone. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06403116__

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Composition for the treatment of migraine Inventor(s): Van Der Zee; Luutsche (Arnhem, NL) Assignee(s): N.v. Nutricia (zoetermeer, Nl) Patent Number: 6,465,517 Date filed: July 11, 2000 Abstract: The present invention describes a novel composition for the treatment of migraine, a common neurovascular syndrome, which can be elicited by functional and/or structural (symptomatic) disorders. This composition comprises taurine, coenzyme Q10 and additionally creatine, L-carnitine, certain vitamins and minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, fats and herbal extracts. Furthermore, the invention describes a method for the treatment of migraine. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to a nutritional composition and a method for the treatment of migraine. Migraine is a neurological multifactorial syndrome, of which headache is only one of the many ways the disease manifests itself. Migraine is characterised by recurrent attacks of severe, pulsating and disabling headache, vomitting, photo- and phonofobia and malaise, which worsens with movement. In 20% of the patients additional transient focal neurological (aura) symptoms may occur. The

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exact mechanism is unknown, but generic factors might be involved in the disease. Patients may suffer from a defect in ion channels and have a disturbed energy metabolism in brain and skeletal muscle. These above described features are not observed with ordinary headache such as for example tension headache. The prevalence or migraine is 17.6% for women and 6% for men. The disease is characterised by attacks of severe headache and autonomic or neurological symptoms. The attacks occur in two forms, migraine without aura (common migraine), which occurs in 75% of the patients and with aura (classic migraine), occur in about 30% of the migraineurs. Both types however are experienced in one third of the subjects. Enhanced central neuronal excitability and susceptibility to spontaneous neuronal depolarisation characterise migraine with aura and possibly without aura. The mechanism behind a migraine attack is still not completely unravelled, due to the diversity of the complaints and the lack of good animal models for migraine. However, there is increasing evidence that a wide range of mechanisms is involved in the pathogenesis of migraine, of which the phenomenon of spreading depression (SD) plays an obligate part. A wave of hyperexcitability spreads out and passes over the cortical surface at a rate of 2-3 mm per minute. In the wake of the wave of excitation, the previously hyperactive cortical neurons become depolarised and electrically quiescent--or depressed--for some minutes. The loss of proper ionic gradients across the membrane following hyperexcitation is associated with marked changes in ion levels of the cortical extracellular fluid, including a remarkable increase in extracellular potassium. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06465517__ ·

Dentifrice for the mineralization and remineralization of teeth Inventor(s): Abbate; Joseph M. (24095 Farmington Rd., Farmington, MI 48335) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,372,198 Date filed: September 14, 2000 Abstract: Dentifrice compositions for mineralizing and remineralizing a surface or subsurface of at least one tooth, are described. The compositions primarily include at least one water soluble calcium salt, at least one water soluble phosphate salt, and at least one antioxidant, such as coenzyme Q10. Additionally, at least one water soluble non-toxic divalent metal compound, wherein the metal is other than calcium, such as magnesium, may also be added. Furthermore, at least one selenium-containing material, as well as at least one bromine-containing material, may also be added to the composition. The respective materials are then mixed and formed into a paste and applied to the tooth surface for a sufficient period of time to allow sufficient amounts of calcium and phosphate ions in the mixture to diffuse through the tooth surface, where the diffused ions react together to form an insoluble precipitate on the surface or subsurface of the tooth. The co-enzyme Q10, selenium, and bromine are believed to contribute to the overall health of the oval cavity, especially gum tissues. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to dentifrices, and more particularly to dentifrice compositions containing enhanced levels of minerals for mineralizing and remineralizing teeth, as well as various chemical compounds for promoting beneficial oral cavity health. A dentifrice is a substance or preparation used with a toothbrush to aid mechanical cleaning of the accessible surfaces of the teeth. A typical formulation for a dentifrice (e.g., toothpaste) contains varying amounts of humectants (e.g., glycerine, sorbital, propylene glycol, xylitol, polyethylene glycol), water, buffers/salts/tartar

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controls (e.g., tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate), organic thickeners and gums (e.g., sodium carboxylmethyl cellulose, cellulose ethers, xanthan gum, carrageenans, sodium alginate, and carbopols), inorganic thickeners (e.g., silica thickeners, sodium aluminum silicates, and clays), abrasives (e.g., hydrated silica, dicalcium phosphate digydrate, calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, calcium pyrophosphate, and alumina), active ingredients (e.g., fluoride, and TRICLOSAN.TM.), surfactants (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium N-lauryl sarcosinate, pluronics, sodium lauryl sulfoacetate), and flavors and sweeteners (e.g., wintergreen, cinnamon, peppermint, etc.). On the basis of clinical studies involving the use of dentifrices containing sodium monofluorophosphate, Na.sub.2 PFO.sub.3, as the active ingredient have been accepted by the Council on Dental Therapeutics of the American Dental Association (ADA) as effective in helping to prevent caries. Examples of dentifrices containing sodium monofluorophosphate are Colgate with MFP and Macleans Fluoride. When incorporated in dentifrice formulations at a level of ca. 0.76%, sodium monofluorophosphate has been shown to be of benefit in 17-38% reduction of dental caries. These findings are in the same general range as those reported for dentifrices already accepted by the ADA that contain 0.4% stannous fluoride (SnF.sub.2) (e.g., Crest and Aim). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06372198__ ·

Dietary supplemental method for fat and weight reduction Inventor(s): Carthron; James Alexander (4901 McWillie Cir., Apt-801, Jackson, MS 39206) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,277,842 Date filed: October 17, 2000 Abstract: A natural method for promoting fat, and weight loss while decreasing food cravings comprising administrating to an individual in need thereof L-carnitine, chromium, coenzyme Q10, creatine, lipoic acid, niacin, pyruvate, riboflavin, and thiamine. Pyruvate is a major promoter of the oxidation of dietary fuels like carbohydrates and fatty acids in the citric acid cycle. L-carnitine allow the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria were they can be degraded in the citric acid cycle. Lipoic acid is a major intracellular antioxidant, and component of key enzymes in the citric acid cycle. Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamine are key components of enzymes that lead to the breakdown of dietary fuel molecules such as fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates that enter the citric acid cycle. The breakdown of these dietary fuels leads to the production of high energy hydrogen atoms. Coenzyme Q10 accepts these hydrogen atoms and utilizes them for cellular energy production. Chromium helps reduce food cravings by normalizing insulin levels. Creatine allows increased storage of cellular energy, and promotes lean muscle tissue. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for promoting fat, and weight loss. This method also helps increase lean muscle mass in the individual user. More particularly, the invention relates to coadministration of L-carnitine, chromium, creatine, lipoic acid, niacin, pyruvate, riboflavin, thiamine, and Coenzyme Q10. Many current weight-lose strategies require significant limitations on the amount of caloric intake, and the amount of fat, and carbohydrates consumed by an individual. However, due to the inherent causes of obesity, and overeating, dieting by itself is often unsuccessful in achieving individual goals. There are two primary reasons for this. First, there is an immense amount of patience required by the dieter to lose significant

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amounts of weight. Second, and perhaps more important, are the inherent reasons that the vast majority of over-eating is done to satisfy anxiety. This fact lead to the development of another type of weight control method known collectively as the appetite suppression. In the past, appetite suppression has been accomplished by the use of centrally-acting neuro-stimulants such as cocaine, caffeine, methamphetamine hydrochloride, dextroamphetamine sulfate, and other derivatives of the amphetamine molecule. These drugs typically are effective for a short period of time, but tachyphylaxis invariably develops, and there are other inherent side-effects, such as nervousness, insomnia, and GI tract irritation, which develop with the use of such drugs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06277842__ ·

Method and device for administering medicine to the periodontium Inventor(s): Gupta; Subhash (P.O. Box 1064, Leominster, MA 01453) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,106,286 Date filed: January 22, 1999 Abstract: A dental loop for delivering Coenzyme Q10 to the periodontium by direct physical contact therewith, and a method using such loop. The loop is a loop of plain gut defining a series of pockets for carrying a medicament. Coenzyme Q10 is placed within the pockets, so that it is available directly at the site to which said loop is applied. The loop is slipped over a tooth and placed against the periodontium, and left in place for sufficient time for the Q10 to dissolve and act, and the loop dissolve. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and device for administering medicine to the periodontium. Coenzyme Q10, disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,908,613 and 5,925,335, is an orally absorbable gum tissue regenerating agent. It will be most useful if applied directly to the area to be treated, and left in contact with the area for about 40-45 minutes. This invention features a dental loop for delivering Coenzyme Q10 to the periodontium by direct physical contact therewith, and a method using such loop. The loop is a loop of plain gut defining a series of pockets for carrying a medicament. Coenzyme Q10 is placed within the pockets, so that it is available directly at the site to which said loop is applied. The loop is slipped over a tooth and placed against the periodontium, and left in place for sufficient time for the Q10 to dissolve and act. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06106286__

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Method for supplementing the diet Inventor(s): Deffner; Kathleen (Taylorsville, UT), Rosenberg; Thomas D. (Salt Lake City, UT) Assignee(s): Nutriex, L.l.c. (salt Lake City, Ut) Patent Number: 6,579,544 Date filed: May 31, 2000 Abstract: A dietary supplement blend composition is disclosed, the basic formulation of the composition containing vitamins, minerals, and carotenoids. The composition can also contain bioflavonoids, cartilage protectors such as glucosamine or

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chondroitin,.alpha.-lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10, and a source of omega-3 fatty acids such as flax seed oil. The composition is beneficial for improving health and preventing disease, particularly for degenerative conditions. A method for supplementing the diet is also disclosed, wherein the quantity of daily rations of the dietary supplement blend composition is determined based on the person's age, body weight, and quality of diet. Excerpt(s): Not Applicable. This invention relates to dietary supplements. More particularly, the invention relates to compositions and methods for supplementing the diet for improving health and preventing disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06579544__ ·

Method of treating benign forgetfulness Inventor(s): Hamilton; Nathan D. (Palo Alto, CA) Assignee(s): Juvenon Inc. (orinda, Ca) Patent Number: 6,335,361 Date filed: November 2, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods to treat cognition disorders, particularly those associated with aging. The method comprises administering a combination of a carnitine and an oxidant. Preferably the oxidant is thioctic acid. Preferably 0.12 grams to 3 grams of carnitine (particularly ALC) and 0.12 and 1.5 grams of R-.alpha.-lipoic acid are administered. Optionally, coenzyme Q and/or creatine also are administered. Preferably 10 mg to 500 mg/day of coenzyme Q10 and 1 to 30 grams/day of creatine are administered. The same method can be used to treat cognition deficits associated with carbon monoxide poisoning, mild traumatic brain injury, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, obsessive-compulsive disorder, environmental toxin exposure, and other conditions. Excerpt(s): This invention is related to the prevention and amelioration of memory deficits related to aging and other causes. More specifically, this invention is related to the administration of micronutrients, such as an antioxidant, a canitine product, and optionally coenzyme Q and/or creatine to those at risk of memory loss. Many adults gradually develop noticeable difficulties in memory, at first for names, then for events, and sometimes even occasionally for spatial relationships. The majority of healthy older people complain about forgetfulness and decreased concentration, and this compromises their quality of life. It is well established that virtually all aspects of cognitive functioning deteriorate with age. There has also been a rapid increase in the interest of clinicians, researchers and the pharmaceutical industry in the development of new classes of drugs for the palliative treatment of age-related cognitive deficits and dementing conditions. This widely experienced so-called benign forgetfulness, or benign senescent forgetfulness, bears no proven relationship to degenerative dementia but may be a forewarning, since there are some similarities. Kral was the first to introduce diagnostic terminology for age-associated changes in memory (J Gerontol 13: 169-176, 1958; Can Med Assoc J 86: 257-260, 1962). He used the term "benign senescent forgetfulness" (BSF) to distinguish subjects with mild memory decline from those with more severe, "malignant" changes (MSF), and also from those with normal memory functions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06335361__

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Oral care compositions comprising coenzyme Q10 Inventor(s): Manning; Laura D. (Kirkland, WA), Masterson; Robert V. (Vashon Island, WA) Assignee(s): Q-pharma, Inc. (edmonds, Wa) Patent Number: 6,200,550 Date filed: December 11, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides oral care compositions comprising high concentrations of Coenzyme Q.sub.10 which are uniform, stable, and retain characteristics favorable to the consumer. The oral care compositions of the present invention include toothpastes and tooth gels, pastes, irragants, ointments, films, dental gels, mouth rinse, mouth spray, chewing gum, lozenges and a base composition for coating toothpicks and dental floss. In formulating the oral care compositions of the present invention, the Coenzyme Q.sub.10 is solubilized in a non-toxic solubilizing agent which is compatible with use in the oral cavity. The formulations further comprise a water soluble flavoring agent. Methods are also provided for preparing the oral care compositions of the present invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to oral care compositions containing a solubilized and uniformly dispersed antioxidant. In particular, the antioxidant is ubiquinone (2,3-dimethoxy-3-methyl-6-decaprenyl-1,4-benzoquinone) otherwise designated, Coenzyme Q.sub.10. Coenzyme Q.sub.10 is a potent water insoluble antioxidant that is involved in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. Oral care compositions include solutions, emulsions and devices that help maintain healthy teeth and gums for use by individuals and by dental professionals. These compositions include toothpastes, tooth gels, mouth rinse, oral sprays, pastes, ointments, films, dental gels, irragants, dental floss, and other related products that are designed for the maintenance and care of the oral cavity. It is generally accepted that compositions designed to deliver an active substance, for example a drug, to a given tissue are more effective when the substance is solubilized and dispersed in a uniform manner. In the formulation of oral care compositions which are designed to last in the oral cavity for short periods of time, the availability of an active ingredient is particularly important. For example, toothpastes are generally used for less than two minutes for cleaning teeth. The delivery of active oral care ingredients, such as sodium fluoride, must be formulated in a manner to reach the desired target, e.g., teeth and gums, before it is removed from the oral cavity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06200550__

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Pharmaceutical composition comprising coenzyme Q10 Inventor(s): Hidaka; Takayoshi (Kobe, JP), Mae; Tatsumasa (Kakogawa, JP), Morikawa; Souichi (Himeji, JP), Sakamoto; Yoshitomo (Akashi, JP) Assignee(s): Kaneka Corporation (osaka, Jp) Patent Number: 6,184,255 Date filed: May 26, 1999 Abstract: The present invention has for its object to provide a medicinal composition comprising coenzyme Q.sub.10 as an active ingredient, which composition features an enhanced absorption after oral administration. The present invention is directed to a

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medicinal composition comprising coenzyme Q.sub.10 as an active ingredient with the reduced form of coenzyme Q.sub.10 accounting for more than 20 weight % of said coenzyme Q.sub.10. Excerpt(s): Coenzyme Q.sub.10 is a class of physiological substances occurring as component factors of the mitochondrial electron transfer system within the biological cell. Coenzyme Q.sub.10 acts directly as an electron carrier in the oxidative phosphorylation reactions, through metabolic pathways, particularly aerobic pathways, to produce ATP and hence energy. It seems that the demand for coenzyme Q.sub.10 is increased in normal subjects in the state of severe physical fatigue and patients with cardiovascular disease, chronic debilitating disease, or on prolonged pharmacotherapy. It has been shown that a deficiency of coenzyme Q.sub.10 occurs particularly in ischemic heart diseases, senile myocardial sclerosis, and hypertensive heart diseases. Therefore, it is a sound therapeutic choice to administer coenzyme Q.sub.10 to those patients. Moreover, coenzyme Q.sub.10 has been used for non-therapeutic purposes as a nutrient or nutritional supplement just like vitamins. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06184255__ ·

Pharmaceutical formulation for treating liver disorders Inventor(s): Henriksen; Bent (Morpeth, DK) Assignee(s): Pharma Nord Aps (vojens, Dk) Patent Number: 6,136,859 Date filed: October 23, 1998 Abstract: A pharmaceutical formulation comprising organic or inorganic selenium,.beta.-carotene or vitamin A, ascorbic acid or a salt or ester thereof;.alpha.tocopherol or a derivative thereof, methionine and coenzyme Q10 together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor suitable for treating such diseases as primary biliary cirrhosis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical formulation suitable for use in the treatment of liver disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), viral hepatitis, steatohepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis and related hepatic and biliary disorders. The invention also relates to the use of particular vitamins, amino acids, trace elements and ubiquinone for the preparation of a medicament suitable for the treatment of such liver disorders. Primary biliary cirrhosis is a chronic cholestatic liver disease with an autoimmune aetiology which results in the destruction of the bile ducts in the liver. The disease is progressive in nature, with a significant proportion of affected patients going on to develop cirrhosis with all its sequelae. Females are more commonly affected, with approximately 90% of all cases of PBC occurring in females. This disease has been diagnosed in patients as young a 23 years and as old as 72. The majority of cases are diagnosed in the 40-60 age group. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06136859__

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Process for producing coenzyme Q10 Inventor(s): Hasegawa; Junzo (Hyogo-ken, JP), Ikenaka; Yasuhiro (Hyogo-ken, JP), Kawamukai; Makoto (Shimane-ken, JP), Matsuda; Hideyuki (Shimane-ken, JP), Nishi; Kenichi (Kyoto-fu, JP), Takahashi; Satomi (Hyogo-ken, JP), Yajima; Kazuyoshi (Hyogoken, JP) Assignee(s): Kaneka Corporation (osaka, Jp) Patent Number: 6,461,842 Date filed: October 10, 2000 Abstract: A gene of decaprenyl diphosphate synthase, which is the key gene participating in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q.sub.10 was isolated from a bacterium belonging to the family Rhizobiaceae. By transferring this gene into a microorganism such as Escherichia coli and expressing therein, coenzyme Q.sub.10 can be effectively produced. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for producing coenzyme Q.sub.10, which can be used as a pharmaceutical agent and the like. In more detail, the present invention relates to a process for producing coenzyme Q.sub.10 by isolating a gene coding for an enzyme responsible for biosynthesizing coenzyme Q.sub.10 side chain, the key enzyme in the coenzyme Q.sub.10 biosynthetic pathway, i.e. decaprenyl diphosphate synthase, from a bacterium belonging to the family Rhizobiaceae, and transferring said gene into a microorganism to produce coenzyme Q.sub.10. Industrially, coenzyme Q.sub.10 has been produced by isolating a coenzyme from plants such as tobacco and synthetically altering the side chain. In addition, it has been known that coenzyme Q.sub.10 is produced by a wide variety of organisms including from microorganisms such as bacterium and yeast, to higher plants and animals. One of the most effective processes for producing coenzyme Q.sub.10 is believed to be a process which comprises culturing the microorganism and extracting the compound from the culture. Said process has also been used in industrial production of coenzyme Q.sub.10. However, the above known processes do not provide enough productivity because of their low yield or complicated operation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06461842__

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Process to modulate disease risk with doses of a nutraceutical Inventor(s): Evans; Steven (Omaha, NE), Block; Jerome Bernard (Rancho Palos Verdes, CA) Assignee(s): Genetic Services Management, Inc. (omaha, Ne) Patent Number: 6,630,160 Date filed: September 5, 2000 Abstract: A dietary supplement is created, comprised of material from the following nutrients, vitamins, herbs, minerals, and food and plant substances and food and plant derivatives: lycopene, vitamin E, selenium, green tea, coenzyme Q10, garlic, folic acid, vitamin C, curcumin, seaweed, Cordyceps sinsensis mushroom, Lentinus edodes (shiitake) mushroom, and Ganoderma lucidum (reishi) mushroom. The composition is administered orally for individuals who wish to reduce their risk of disease, particularly cancer-risk.

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Excerpt(s): Cancer care is reported to have cost Americans more than $110 billion in 1992, more than 11% of all expenditures spent on diseases in America. Researchers have indicated that from 50-90% of all cancers could be prevented through proper nutrition. There has evolved a new professional descriptive term "nutraceuticals" which combines the term "nutrient" and the term "pharmaceuticals" to describe this genre of medicinal agents that may be comprised of one or more complex combinations of ingredients made from nutrients, vitamins, minerals, herbs, and food and plant derivatives. We shall employ this term "nutraceutical" to refer to such a composition of one or more ingredients. This invention addresses the need for a dietary supplement that can reduce risk of disease, particularly cancer risk, that will be efficacious for a significant segment of the population. There have been tests and clinical trials on numerous individual agents for their role as cancer preventatives, such as coenzyme Q10 or selenium, but the daunting task of intelligently combining complex compositions has precluded exploration of complex compositions of nutraceuticals for cancer risk reduction. Thus in the past, one single ingredient would be selected and tested for its role as a cancer preventative for some specific cancer, usually in individuals who already had cancer. For example, selenium was tested for cancer prevention in patients who had had carcinoma of the skin [Clark, L. C., Combs; G. F., Jr., Turnbull, B. W., Slate, E. H., Chalker, D. K., Chow, J., Davis, L. S., Glover, R. A., Graham, G. F., Gross, E. G., Krongrad, A., Lesher, J. L., Park, H. K., Sanders, B. B., Jr., Smith, C. L., Taylor, J. R. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 276 (24): 1957-1963, Dec. 1996]. Similarly the effects of coenzyme Q10 suggested possible efficacious results in limited case studies with individuals with breast cancer [Lockwood, K., Moesgaard, S., Folkers, K. Partial and complete regression of breast cancer in patients in relation to dosage of coenzyme Q10. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 199: 1504-1508, 1994]. However researchers as noted have been preoccupied with traditional experimental design methodology whereby these investigators wish to determine whether one specific ingredient is effective or not, usually for one specific cancer, and even then, as a treatment rather than a preventative. Another reason single individual ingredients were selected is because researchers have focused on just one of the following biologic, cancer-fighting, etiologically-oriented domains of interest: (1) anti-tumor activity, or (2) immune stimulating activity, or (3) anti-viral activity, or (4) anti-inflammatory activity, or (5) antimutagenic activity, or (6) antiproliferative activity, or (7) anti-free-radical development. This micro-focus has precluded the realization that by combining all those ingredients which work for one subset or another of the population, for one type of cancer or another, for one etiological reason or another, a powerful net effect can be achieved, along with the synergy of the ingredients working together. The present invention provides a complex composition (a "nutraceutical") comprising material from known nutrients, vitamins, herbs, minerals, and food and plant substances and food and plant derivatives which are useful to reduce risk of disease, particularly cancer risk, for one or more of all the known etiological factors that affect cancer development and hence yields cancer prevention for the consumer of this nutraceutical. This nutraceutical profoundly reduces risk of cancers through the multiple actions of all the etiological factors addressing cancer-causing conditions, such as providing (1) anti-tumor activity, and (2) immune stimulating activity, and (3) anti-viral activity, and (4) antiinflammatory activity, and (5) antimutagenic activity, and (6) antiproliferative activity, and (7) anti-free-radical development. The nutraceutical is comprised of lycopene, vitamin E, selenium, green tea polyphenols, Coenzyme Q-10, garlic, folic acid, vitamin C, curcumin, seaweed, Cordyceps sinsensis mushroom, Lentinus edodes (shiitake) mushroom, and Ganoderma lucidum (reishi) mushroom. Preferably the material from each of such entries is in dried powder form.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06630160__ ·

Restoration of impaired cardiac function of patients with diverse muscular dystrophies by therapy with coenzyme Q10 Inventor(s): Folkers; Karl (Austin, TX), Wolaniuk; Janusz (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, the University of Texas System (austin, Tx) Patent Number: 4,885,167 Date filed: February 16, 1988 Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of Coenzyme Q in the treatment of slow muscle degeneration, commonly known to those of skill in the art so a dystrophy or atrophy, and the accompanying cardiac complications typically identified in such patients. Administration of Coenzyme Q, and particularly the analog Coenzyme Q.sub.10 (CoQ.sub.10) to humans increases the pumping of blood by the heart, and thereby increases tissue oxygeneration throughout the body. The net physiological effect halts the progression of muscle deterioration and improves cardiac function. An overall improvement in the quality of life for these human subjects is also observed, said patients reportedly experiencing less fatigue.A method for treating human patients with progressive muscular dystrophies or the neurogenic atrophies with Coenzyme Q.sub.10 (CoQ.sub.10) specifically disclosed. The method is similarly effective for the treatment of any form of muscle degeneration or cardiac muscular dysfunction independently. Excerpt(s): We have made three related discoveries on the administration of coenzyme Q.sub.10 (vitamin Q.sub.10) to patients with diverse muscular dystrophies and diverse neurogenic atrophies. The first discovery was the recognition that, in spite of the unknown and variable genetic defects, a patient with a form of muscular dystrophy or a patient with a form of neurogenic atrophy, could have the impaired cardiac function be significantly improved by treatment with coenzyme Q.sub.10 and not improved by treatment with a matching placebo. The second discovery was the recognition that all patients with eight diverse forms of muscular dystrophies and neurogenic atrophies had an increase in their impaired cardiac function by treatment with coenzyme Q.sub.10. It was almost unbelievable that all patients with such diverse genetic diseases should all respond by this therapy and show a significant increase in the pumping of the blood by their hearts. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04885167__

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Solid lipid compositions of lipophilic compounds for enhanced oral bioavailability Inventor(s): Amselem; Shimon (Rehovot, IL) Assignee(s): Pharmos Ltd. (rehovot, Il) Patent Number: 5,989,583 Date filed: April 2, 1997 Abstract: Lipophilic substances of poor oral bioavailability are mixed with at least one solid fat and phospholipid to obtain a dried solid composition suitable as an oral dosage form. The solid lipid compositions are exemplified for food additives or dietary supplements such as Coenzyme Q10 and for pharmaceuticals such as dexanabinol. The Coenzyme Q10-dry lipid mixtures shows improved drug release in vitro and enhanced

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oral bioavailability in vivo compared to a commercial CoQ10 formulation. The dexanabinol-dry lipid mixture similarly shows greatly enhanced oral bioavailability compared to known formulations. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns compositions comprising dry lipid mixtures of lipophilic compounds and to methods for the preparation and use of these compositions. Lipophilic substances possessing low water solubility often have poor oral bioavailability. These compounds, being hydrophobic by nature, show wetting difficulties and poor dissolution. These properties obviously represent a rate-limiting step in their absorption from solid oral dosage forms and, in turn, cause a subsequent reduction in their bioavailability. To address the foregoing issues, these lipophilic substances are usually administered in the form of liquid preparations dissolved in edible oils or formulated in oil-in-water emulsions or microemulsions. Even in these formulations, however, the oral bioavailability of many of them is still very low. Thus, even today, there remains an unresolved need to provide safe and useful formulations that provide enhanced oral bioavailability for such substances. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05989583__ ·

Synthesis of coenzyme Q10 ubiquinone Inventor(s): West; Daniel David (1 Warren Ct., Rockport, ME 01966) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,506,915 Date filed: June 14, 2001 Abstract: Processes for the stereospecific synthesis of coenzyme Q10, ubiquinone, are disclosed; a total synthetic procedure using geraniol as the starting material. The process of the invention results in high yields of isometrically pure ubiquinone. The synthetic coenzyme Q10 can be used as an antioxidant, a nutritional supplement and as a pharmaceutical in treating many conditions. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an improved process for the stereospecific synthesis of Coenzyme Q10, ubiquinone. The present invention also relates to the therapeutically useful optically pure isomers of Coenzyme 10 and refers to new pharmaceutical compositions which contain the optically pure isomers of coenzyme Q10 dissolved or suspended in a suitable vehicle which are useful for example in preventing anoxic tissular damage, particularly in the myocardium. Previous procedures for ubiquinone isolation had several drawbacks; many steps were involved, the yields were low, the intermediates were difficult to purify, overall costs were high, and the final products were obtained as mixtures of isomers, cis(Z) and trans (E). Coenzyme Q gives reference to a series of quinones which are widely distributed in animals, plants and microorganisms. These quinones have been shown to function in biological electron transport systems which are responsible for energy conversion within living cells. In structure, the coenzyme Q group closely resembles the members of the vitamin K group and the tocopherylquinones, which are derived from tocopherols (vitamin E), in that they all possess a quinone ring attached to a long hydrocarbon tail. The quinones of the coenzyme Q series which are found in various biological species differ only slightly in chemical structure and form a group of related, 2-3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-benzoquinones with a polyisoprenoid side chain in the 6-position which varies in length from 30 to 50 carbon atoms. Since each isoprenoid unit in the chain contains five carbon atoms, the number of isoprenoid units in the side chain varies from 6 to 10. The different numbers

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of the groups have been designated by a subscript following the Q to denote the number of isoprenoid units in the side chain, as in Q10. Difference in properties are due to the difference in length of the side chain. The members of the group known to occur naturally are Q6 through Q10. Coenzyme Q functions as an agent for carrying out oxidation and reduction within cells. Its primary site of function is in the terminal electron transport system where it acts as an electron or hydrogen carrier between the flavoproteins (which catalyze the oxidation of succinate and reduced pyridine nucleotides) and the cytochromes. This process, is carried out in the mitochondria of cells of higher organisms. Certain bacteria and lower organisms do not contain any coenzyme Q. It has been shown that many of these organisms contain vitamin K, instead and that this quinone functions in electron transport in much the same way as coenzyme Q. Similarly, plant chloroplasts do not contain coenzyme Q, but do contain plastoquinones, which are structurally related to coenzyme Q. Plastoquinone functions in the electron transport process involved in photosynthesis. In some organisms, coenzyme Q is present together with other quinones, such as vitamin K, tocopherylquinones, and plastoquinones; and each type of quinone can carry out different parts of the electron transport functions. Coenzyme Q10, is a ubiquinone. Ubiquinones are a class of lipid soluble benzoquinones that are involved in mitochondrial electron transport and are essential electron and proton carriers that function in the production of biochemical energy in all cells of aerobic organisms; participating in the transport of electrons from organic substrates to oxygen in the respiratory chain of mitochondria. In addition, coenzyme Q10 has antioxidant and membrane stabilizing properties that serve to prevent cellular damage resulting from normal metabolic processes. It plays an important role as an antioxidant to neutralize potentially damaging free radicals created in part by the energy-generating process. As an energy carrier, coenzyme Q10 is continually going through an oxidation reduction cycle. As each coenzyme Q10 molecule accepts electrons, it is reduced, when it gives up electrons, it becomes oxidized again. In coenzyme Q10's reduced form (ubiquinol), the coenzyme Q10 molecule holds electrons loosely and will quite easily give up one or two electrons to neutralize free radicals. In its electron rich reduced form, coenzyme Q10 is as potent an antioxidant as vitamin E. Coenzyme Q10's main role as an antioxidant is in the mitochondria where it first participates in the process by which free radicals are generated and then helps to quench the extra free radicals that threaten cellular components such as DNA, RNA, and cell membranes. One of coenzyme Q10's key antioxidant actions is within the cell membrane, where it counters the oxidative attack of polyunsaturated lipids (lipid peroxidation), which causes damage in a self-propagating, destructive chain reaction that ultimately results in membrane degeneration leading to cell death. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06506915__ ·

Therapy with coenzyme Q10 to reduce subgingival microorganisms in patients with periodontal disease Inventor(s): Folkers; Karl (Austin, TX), Hanioka; Takashi (Suita-Osaka, JP), McRee; Judson T. (Lockhart, TX) Assignee(s): Biomedical and Clinical Research (austin, Tx) Patent Number: 6,461,593 Date filed: February 19, 1992

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Abstract: The presence of diverse microorganisms in the gingiva of patients having periodontal disease is very well known to be deleterious to gingival health, and particularly to facilitate the appearance and development of dental cavities. Such microorganisms are always associated with periodontal disease, and if such microorganisms remain unchecked or uncontrolled, extraction of teeth are likely to occur.In the past, the presence of microorganisms in the gingiva of patients with periodontal disease has been periodically and erratically treated with anti-microbial agents, including antibiotics. For anti-microbial agents and antibiotics to be effective in the gingiva, such agents and antibiotics must come into direct contact with microorganisms, and such contact is known to be incomplete, partly because there may be barriers of fluid and tissue which prevent direct contact between the agents and antibiotics with the microorganisms. Also, such agents can be inactive for certain microorganisms and even when there is activity, such microorganisms can become metabolically resistant to the agents and antibiotics.A more effective way to reduce and to control microorganisms in the gingiva of patients with periodontal disease is to increase the efficacy of the immune system of the host. Coenzyme Q.sub.10 (CoQ.sub.10) has been known to increase the immune system, but previously it was unknown that CoQ.sub.10 could be a very effective mechanism to reduce and to eliminate microorganisms in the gingiva of patients with periodontal disease. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a new and very safe therapy which involves treatment with coenzyme Q.sub.10 (CoQ.sub.10) of patients in the normal practice of dentistry who have periodontal disease. The gingiva of these patients with periodontal disease are afflicted with diverse microorganisms which are the primary cause of the initiation and development of dental caries and loss of bone support. There has never been a completely effective and safe therapy to diminish or eradicate microorganisms in periodontal disease. Anti-microbial agents and antibiotics have been used but have never been totally effective, although they have been widely and commonly used in dental practice across the country. Many periodontal patients do not respond to treatment with such agents and antibiotics. Many or most patients with periodontal disease have depressed immune systems which allow the growth and presence of microorganisms in the diseased gingiva. A new and far better approach to reduce subgingival microorganisms of patients with periodontal disease is to rejuvenate the depleted immune system of patients. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06461593__ ·

Ubiguinone-containing composition suitable for promoting enhanced intramitochondrial transportation of ubiguinones and methods of using same Inventor(s): Feher; Janos (Montopoli di Sabina, IT), Sears; Grazia (S. Maria Maddalena, IT) Assignee(s): Sigma-tau Healthscience S.p.a. (rome, It) Patent Number: 6,417,233 Date filed: May 23, 2001 Abstract: Compositions containing as active ingredients a lipid-soluble benzoquinone, e.g. Coenzyme Q10 and at least one omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid selected from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and linolenic acid (LNA), for the prevention and/or treatment of mitochondriopathies.

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Excerpt(s): This is A371 of PCT/IT99/00331 filed Oct. 19, 1999. The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical/nutritional composition for supporting and/or providing therapy to individuals at risk and/or under treatment for dysfunctions of energy metabolism, and specifically, for mitochondrial diseases. More specifically, the present invention relates to a composition comprising (a) an amount of a lipid-soluble benzoquinone selected from the group consisting of ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q.sub.10, CoQ.sub.10), its reduced form, ubiquinol-10 (CoQ.sub.10 H.sub.2) or mixtures thereof, effective for performing a therapeutical and/or preventive and/or nutritional activity, and (b) at least a further component suitable for stimulating and enhancing the intramitochondrial transportation of component (a), the resulting composition being potently effective for the prevention and/or treatment of mitochondriopathies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06417233__ ·

Use of a composition Inventor(s): Gidlund; Bo (Marmorvagen 11 D, S-752 44 Uppsala, SE) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,436,449 Date filed: March 2, 2001 Abstract: Use of an extract derived from the fruits, leaves, the bark or the roots of Morinda citrifolia L. for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a mammal suffering from tinnitus. The extract may be a liquid present in the medicament in an amount such as to give a daily dosage of 0.1-2 ml, or 0.2-1 ml, e.g. 0.4-0.7 ml, per kg body weight of the patient. The extract also may be a solid present in the medicament in an amount such as to give a daily dosage of 5-200 mg, or 10-100 mg, e.g. 20-70 mg, per kg body weight of the patient. Optionally, the medicament also may comprise lycopene, vitamine C, coenzyme Q10 and an extract from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba. The medicament may be given e.g. by oral, rectal, transdermal or inhalation administration. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a mammal suffering from tinnitus. More specifically the present invention relates to the use of a composition comprising an extract from Morinda citrifolia L. (Rubiaceae) for the manufacture of such a medicament. Morinda citrifolia L. (Rubiaceae), the Indian mulberry, also called noni, is an evergreen shrub tree which is native to Asia, Australia and some Pacific Islands. Its botanical description is given e.g. in Levand O. (Part I Some chemical constituents of Morinda citrifolia L (noni), thesis, University of Hawaii, 1963). The roots, bark, stem, leaves and fruits thereof have traditionally been used in medicine, in food and as a dye in different cultures, e.g. on Hawaii and in the French Polynesia. As an example, a plurality of indications of use is reported in the indigenous Samoan medicine, (Dittmar A."Morinda citrifolia L.--Use in Indigenous Samoan Medicine", J. of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, Vol. 1(3) pp 77-91 (1993)), covering a wide range of ailments, such as tooth ache (roots), septicemia (leaf), diarrhea of infants (bark) and eye complaints (fruit). just to mention a few. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06436449__

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·

Use of L-acetylcarnitine, L-isovalerylcarnitine, L-propionylcarnitine for increasing the levels of IGF-1 Inventor(s): De Simone; Claudio (Ardrea, IT) Assignee(s): Mendes S.r.l. (ardea, It), Sigma-tau Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.p.a. (rome, It) Patent Number: 6,380,252 Date filed: February 22, 2000 Abstract: A method is provided for increasing the levels of IGF-1 for the therapeutic treatment or prophylaxis of cytological disorders or diseases related to IGF-1 selected from the group including neuropathies of the optic nerve and of the olfactory nerve, neuralgia of the trigmeninal nerve, Bell's paralysis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, osteoporosis, anthropathy, arthritis, cervical spondylosis and hernia of the intervertebral discs clinical syndromes of reduced height, cachexia and acute or chronic hepatic necrosis, Turner's syndrome, sarcopoenia, growth hormone insensitivity syndromes, obesity, asthenia, myasthenia and heart asthenia, immunodeficiences and reperfusion injuries, and for the cicatrization of wounds, the healing of ulcers, the treatment of burns, tissue regeneration, cutaneous, intestinal and hepatic tissue regeneration and the formation of dentine, that includes administering, to a patient in need thereof, at least one selected from the group including L-acetylcarnitine, L-isovalerylcarnitine, and Lpropionylcarnitine or pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof. The present invention also relates to a method and composition for treating HCV and/or increasing the levels of IGF-1 of a patient in need thereof, the composition including at least one selected from the group including L-acetylcarnitine, L-isovalerylcarnitine, L-propionylcarnitine and pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof and mixtures thereof; and at least one selected from the group including L-carnitine, coenzyme Q10, vitamin E and Se-Lmethionine and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel therapeutic use of L-acetylcarnitine, L-isovalerylcarnitine, L-propionylcarnitine or pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof for increasing the levels of IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) for the therapeutic treatment or prophylaxis of cytological disorders or diseases related to IGF-1. More particularly, the present invention relates to the use of L-acetylcarnitine, Lisovalerylcarnitine, L-propionylcarnitine or pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof for the therapeutic treatment or prophylaxis of individuals in whom IGF-1 contributes towards the pathogenesis of a particular disease or provokes cytological disorders. The present invention also relates to the use of any of L-acetylcarnitine, L-isovalerylcarnitine, L-propionylcarnitine or pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof in combination with any of L-carnitine, coenzyme Q10, vitamin E and/or Se-L-methionine and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and derivatives thereof in the treatment of hepatitis-C virus and/or for increasing the levels of IGF-1. Like other growth factors, IGF-1 promotes cell growth and differentiation. The administration of IGF-1 obtained as a protein purified by molecular biology methods has made it possible to confirm the effects observed in vitro with cells, on animal models and in man. Essentially, the action of IGF-1 is similar to that of insulin, that is to say an increase in the uptake of glucose, a reduction in ketones and fatty acids in the serum and an increase in protein synthesis. In accordance with these and other metabolic effects, clinical studies have been undertaken in order to evaluate the efficacy of IGF-1 in a range of diseases. IGF-1 has been administered to patients with type-II diabetes, to cachectic patients, to patients with ischemic damage at the neuronal, myocardial or renal level, and has been proposed for

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repairing and regenerating tissues (W. L. Lowe, Insulin-like growth factors, Scientific American Science and Medicine p. 62, March 1996). From the above, it is clear that the administration of IGF-1 may be therapeutically useful in various morbid conditions. Examples of diseases or disorders which may be prevented, cured or improved by the administration of IGF-1 include neuropathies of the optic nerve and of the olfactory nerve, neuralgia of the trigeminal nerve, Bell's paralysis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron diseases, degeneration of the retina, osteoporosis, arthropathy, arthritis, cervical spondylosis and hernia of the intervertebral discs, clinical syndromes of reduced height, cachexia, acute or chronic hepatic necrosis, Turner's syndrome, sarcopoenia, growth hormone insensitivity syndromes, diabetes, obesity, asthenia in general and in particular myasthenia and heart asthenia, immunodeficiencies and reperfusion injuries. IGF-1 moreover appears to be useful for the cicatrization of wounds, the healing of ulcers, the treatment of burns, tissue regeneration in general and in particular that of cutaneous, intestinal and hepatic tissue, and the formation of dentine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06380252__ ·

Weight loss composition for burning and reducing synthesis of fats Inventor(s): Barnes; David J. (St. Louis, MO), Hastings; Carl W. (Glenco, MO) Assignee(s): Reliv International, Inc. (chesterfield, Mo) Patent Number: 5,626,849 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: The present invention involves a dietary supplement that can be used as a weight loss composition. The composition comprises of an essentially dry mixture of chromium, L-carnitine, gamma-linolenic acid, (-) hydroxycitric acid, choline, inositol, antioxidants and herbs. The preferred antioxidants are Coenzyme Q10 and the herbs are ginkgo biloba leaves. The essentially dry mixture can be prepared as a beverage and delivered enterally. The present invention also involves a method for inducing weight loss in a mammal. The method involves administering to a mammal, preferably a human, a weight loss inducing effective amount of the above described essentially dry mixture. The weight loss inducing effective amount of the above composition is administered daily in at least two separate portions of 7.325 grams each. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition that supplies chromium, L-carnitine, gamma-linolenic acid, (-) hydroxycitric acid, choline, inositol, antioxidants and herbs to the human body. The composition of this invention can be used as a dietary supplement to help facilitate weight loss. The composition can be prepared as a beverage and delivered enterally. 1. Citrimax.RTM. Power (by Natures Herbs)--Provides Citrimax.RTM. which is a stabilized non-lactonized calcium salt of the free form of (-) hydroxycitric acid. 2. Energy (by Excel)--Provides 20 mg of (-) HCA, chromium, Uva Ursi, Cayenne, Ma Huang and Kola Nut. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05626849__

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Patent Applications on Coenzyme Q10 As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to coenzyme Q10: ·

Cancer immune composition for prevention and treatment of individuals Inventor(s): Gorsek, Wayne F.; (Boynton Beach, FL) Correspondence: Hoffman Wasson & Gitler, P.C.; Suite 522; 2361 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020164317 Date filed: May 3, 2001 Abstract: An orally ingested composition for prevention, stabilization, reversal and treatment of cancer. Most notably, a nutrient compositions for the treatment of cancer containing omega 3 fatty acids, polysaccharide dietary fibers and coenzyme Q10. Excerpt(s): This application relates to a composition for the prevention, stabilization, reversal and treatment of cancer. An orally ingested composition is provided which contains effective amounts of nutrients which have been demonstrated to provide unique health benefits. The formulation significantly increases immune function thus allowing immune cells to kill cancer cells. The formulation also prevents metastases which is the main reason people die from cancer. It is an object of the present invention to provide a unique formulation which stops these cancer cells from harming individuals. The key to the unique formulation is a combination of specific nutrients that help to prevent, protect and neutralize cancer cells which appear in the body. These nutrients, namely Omega 3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid, or docosahexaenoic acid, and optionally, Vitamin E restore immunodeficiency and prolong survival for severely ill patients with general malignancy. Polysaccharide dietary fiber from rice bran(hemicellulose B) with the enzymatic extract of Shiitake mushroom and Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) help regress metastases. The three essential components work together to synergistically prevent and fight malignancy by boosting the body's immune system. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Co-enzyme Q10 dietary supplement Inventor(s): Selzer, Jonathan A.; (Cheshire, CT) Correspondence: John L. Cordani; Carmody & Torrance Llp; 50 Leavenworth Street; P.O. Box 1110; Waterbury; CT; 06721-1110; US Patent Application Number: 20030113307 Date filed: December 12, 2001 Abstract: A liquid dietary supplement useful in increasing bodily levels of coenzyme Q10 is disclosed. The supplement comprises an oil in water emulsion of coenzyme Q10. The dietary supplement disclosed is pleasant tasting, is effectively absorbed into the body and is believed to provide substantial therapeutic effects.

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and composition for providing a Coenzyme Q10 product in liquid form as a dietary supplement and/or therapeutic supplement. The uses of coenzyme Q10 as a dietary supplement are manifold and well documented in the scientific literature. Also known as ubidecarenone, it is an antioxidant that plays a critical role in cellular mitochondrial generation of energy, stimulates the immune system, increases circulation and strengthens the cardiovascular system. Deficiencies in coenzyme Q10 have been linked to several debilitating diseases. Current research, and clinical trials around the world are substantiating these and further claims, including periodontal disease, diabetes, asthma, allergies and other respiratory diseases, mental and psychological diseases, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, male impotency and diabetes. It is also being used to reduce side effects of cancer chemotherapy and the treatment of degenerative heart diseases. Coenzyme Q10 is a class of physiological substances occurring as component factors of the mitochondrial electron transfer system within the biological cell. Coenzyme Q10 acts directly as an electron carrier in oxidative phosphorylation reactions, through metabolic pathways, particularly aerobic pathways, to produce ATP and hence energy. It seems that the demand for coenzyme Q10 is increased in normal subjects in the state of physical fatigue and patients with cardiovascular disease, chronic debilitating disease or on prolonged pharmacotherapy. As a result it may be a sound therapeutic choice to administer coenzyme Q10 to patients suffering from such problems. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Coenzyme Q10 formulation and process methodology for soft gel capsules manufacturing Inventor(s): Hari, Siva P.; (Riverside, CA), Udell, Ronald G.; (Beverly Hills, CA) Correspondence: Kamran Fattahi; Kelly Bauersfeld Lowry And Kelley, Llp; 6320 Conago Avenue; Suite 1650; Woodland Hills; CA; 91367; US Patent Application Number: 20020098172 Date filed: June 1, 2001 Abstract: A process and formulation for a soft gel capsule that results in at least half the normal daily requirement of Coenzyme Q.sub.10 being absorbed by a healthy human from a capsule having a reduced amount of Coenzyme Q.sub.10, GelOil SC, Vitamin E and an optional additional antioxidant. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an improved formulation and process methodology of Coenzyme Q.sub.10 for producing soft gel capsules with improved absorption. Coenzyme Q.sub.10 (CoQ.sub.10 or Ubiquinone) is a large molecular weight (863.63 grams) lipid compound that is produced in the liver and perhaps other body organs. The total human body content is estimated to be 1.4 to 1.8 grams, depending on the age and the physical fitness of the individual. Although CoQ.sub.10 is found in the mitochondria and other organelles of every living cell, it appears to be most abundant in tissues with a high number of mitochondria and a high level of metabolic activity. For example, in the metabolically inactive blood there is approximately 4 mg, in the heart, and in the skeletal muscle 1000 mg. The blood acts as a CoQ.sub.10 reservoir and transport media between endogenous CoQ.sub.10 synthesis in the liver, exogenous CoQ.sub.10 absorption from digested food substances in the intestinal tract, and the body cells. Endogenous synthesis appears to be responsible for 56 percent and exogenous sources for 44 percent of the body is CoQ.sub.10, requirements. These

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numbers are currently being studied and endogenous CoQ.sub.10 synthesis may be significantly deficient in the elderly. Furthermore, certain disease states, such as mitochondrial myopathy, and prescription drugs, such as cholesterol-lowering statin drugs, seem to deplete the endogenous CoQ.sub.10 levels in the body. These deficiencies are not related to the total caloric intake, but rather to the vitamin content of ingested foods as the body requires multiple vitamins for the synthesis of CoQ.sub.10. CoQ.sub.10 requirements of the body are also variable between individuals and are dependent on age, physical activity, and disease. It is estimated that the body CoQ.sub.10 utilization is between 5 and 9 mg per day. Intercellular CoQ.sub.10 is required for the synthesis of energy and therefore essential for life. Energy synthesis occurs in the mitochondria, where CoQ.sub.10 provides an electron for the electron transport chain in the cytochrome system, in which adenosine tripohosphate (ATP) is synthesized. As CoQ.sub.10 gives up an electron for ATP synthesis, it gets oxidized. If CoQ.sub.10 is used as an antioxidant, it gets oxidized and is no longer available to provide electrons and function in the synthesis of ATP. Under conditions of high metabolic stress, endogenous sources may become inadequate to meet the body is CoQ.sub.10 requirement for ATP synthesis. Under such conditions, dietary CoQ.sub.10 supplementation has been shown to be an effective source. An improved soft gel formulation and process of CoQ.sub.10 soft gel capsule manufacturing has used to treat heart failure, chronic fatigue and patients with psoriasis and planter warts. In all cases, it has been found that the improved soft gel formulation, at doses of 30-100 mg/day of CoQ.sub.10, have been proven to be superior to commercially available 60 mg dry powder capsules, and existing 100 mg/day CoQ.sub.10 soft gel formulations. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Composition and method for modulating nutrient partitioning Inventor(s): McCleary, Larry; (Golden, CO) Correspondence: Glenn Parma; 1104 Biemert Street; Green Bay; WI; 54304 Patent Application Number: 20020132219 Date filed: December 28, 2000 Abstract: A nutritional supplement composition for modulating nutrient partitioning in a human so as to increase oxidation of fat and promote increased storage of glycogen is composed of hydroxycitric acid, carnitine, biotin, a gluconeogenic substrate, and, optionally, one or more of chromium, conjugated linoleic acid, coenzyme Q10, eicosapentaenoic acid, pyridoxine, alpha-lipoic acid, magnesium, and gymnema sylvestre. A method for modulating nutrient partitioning in a human involves orally or parenterally administering the aforementioned composition to the human, preferably on a daily basis, for a therapeutically effective period of time. Preferably, the method further involves having the human follow a specific dietary regimen wherein the glycemic index is less than 60 and the daily calorie consumption from carbohydrates is less than about 50% and the daily calorie consumption from protein is at least about 20%. Optionally, the method further involves an exercise program, a stress reduction program and/or a blood donation program. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions and methods for modulating nutrient partitioning. More particularly, the present invention provides a composition and a method for modulating nutrient partitioning in humans so as to normalize nutrient pathways which play a key role in numerous metabolic disorders, the composition and method being designed to prevent, delay or reverse such disorders. Disorders of

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nutrient partitioning leading to biochemical signaling abnormalities form the basis for a group of metabolic disorders. These include but are not limited to insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, Syndrome X, hypertriglyceridemia and/or low HDL syndrome, high RQ (respiratory quotient) syndrome, obesity, chronic fatigue syndrome, small dense LDL syndrome, recidivism from weight loss, glucolipoxia, premature aging, memory loss, endothelial dysfunction, vascular disease, hypertension, postprandial hyperlipidemia, certain types of cancer, metabolic inflexibility and others. The basic abnormality is similar in each circumstance but manifests clinically in different ways depending upon the organ involved, the individual's genetic makeup, age, sex and other factors. The two major macronutrient fuels are fat and carbohydrate (which is stored in the body as glycogen). In the body, fat and carbohydrate are combined in certain proportions to generate the fuel mix the body burns at any point in time. If the fuel mix contains more carbohydrate, it contains relatively less fat and vice versa. Because there is minimal metabolic transformation between carbohydrate and fat, if more fat is being burned, then less is being stored and vice versa. The same holds true for carbohydrate, i.e., if more carbohydrate is being burned, then less is being stored and vice versa. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Composition for improvement of cellular nutrition and mitochondrial energetics Inventor(s): Jeejeebhoy, Khursheed N.; (Toronto, CA), Sole, Michael J.; (Toronto, CA) Correspondence: Kevin S. Lemack; Nields & Lemack; Suite 8; 176 E. Main Street; Westboro; MA; 01581; US Patent Application Number: 20010041741 Date filed: May 14, 2001 Abstract: This invention provides a dietary supplement comprising L-Carnitine (or its functional analogues such as Acetyl-Carnitine or Proprionyl-1-Carnitine), Coenzyme Q10 and Taurine for the correction of the abnormality in mitochondrial energetics in cardiac failure and certain other diseases. A high protein nutritional feeding supplementation with Cysteine, Creatine, Vitamin E (RRR-d-alpha-tocopherol), Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), Selenium, and Thiamin in may be added. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/002,765, filed Jan. 6, 1998, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/826,234 filed Mar. 27, 1997. There are four critical organ systems that are especially likely to fail in aging and critical illness. They are the cardiovascular, central nervous, musculoskeletal and immune systems. Protein-calorie malnutrition contributes to both skeletal and cardiac.sup.1 muscle dysfunction in patients with cardiac failure. Muscle is composed of water, minerals, nitrogen and glycogen.sup.2,3. Feeding wasted individuals results in a gain of the multiple elements in lean tissue.sup.4 including potassium. Body potassium, has been used as an index of body cell mass.sup.5, the metabolically active component of the lean tissue. In contrast to body nitrogen, body potassium responds rapidly to feeding by both oral and intravenous routes.sup.6,7,8,9,10. It has been shown that in malnutrition there is a change in muscle membrane potential resulting in reduced intracellular ionic potassium. The reduced cellular potassium cannot be simply corrected by giving potassium but requires restitution of nutrition. The above mentioned observations suggest that cell ion uptake, an energy dependent process, occurs earlier than protein synthesis during nutritional support. This concept has received experimental support by two studies using.sup.31P-

Patents 111

NMR which showed that malnutrition was associated with a reduced rate of oxidative phosphorylation, suggesting a mitochondrial abnormality.sup.11,12. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Composition for prevention and/or treatment of vascular diseases, comprising propionyl l-carnitine and coenzyme q10 Inventor(s): Cavazza, Claudio; (Rome, IT) Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye; 1100 North Glebe Road 8th Floor; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20030059418 Date filed: October 22, 2002 Abstract: A composition is disclosed which is suitable for the prevention and/or treatment of vasculopathic, cardiac, central and peripheral cerebral disturbances and for the prevention of learning disorders or disorders related to ageing, as well as for coping with increased energy requirements, and which may take the form of a dietary supplement or an actual medicine in its own right, containing the following as its characterising active ingredients: (a) propionyl L-carnitine or one of its pharmacologically acceptable salts; and (b) coenzyme Q.sub.10. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a combination composition suitable for the prevention and/or treatment of vasculopathic, cardiac, central and peripheral cerebral disturbances and of learning disorders or disorders related to ageing, as well as for coping with increased energy requirements and which comprises as its characterising ingredients propionyl L-carnitine or one of its pharmacologically acceptable salts and coenzyme Q.sub.10. Correspondingly, the composition may take the form and perform the activities of a dietary supplement or of an actual medicine in its own right, depending on whether the action of the composition is meant to be supportive or preventive, or more strictly therapeutic according to the particular individuals for whom it is to be used. U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,232 discloses a pharmaceutical composition containing L-carnitine or acetyl L-carnitine and coenzyme Q.sub.10 suitable for the therapeutic treatment of atherosclerotic disorders, myocardial and coronary insufficiency and pathological conditions deriving from tissue anoxia. The composition according to the present invention is more effective than that disclosed in the aforementioned patent, as will be described in detail here below, on account of the potent, synergistic effect exerted by its components. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Composition for reducing plasma triglycerides, platelet aggregation, and oxidative capacity Inventor(s): Cincotta, Anthony H.; (Tiverton, RI) Correspondence: Raymond J. Lillie ESQ.; C/o Carella, Byrne, Bain,gilfillan,; Cecchi, Stewart & Olstein; 6 Becker Farm Road; Roseland; NJ; 07068; US Patent Application Number: 20020146400 Date filed: January 5, 2001

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Abstract: A composition comprising at least one unsaturated fatty acid, such as an omega-3 fatty acid; pantethine; and an antioxidant selected from the group consisting of Vitamin C, Vitamin E, tocotrienol, at least one carotenoid, at least one flavenoid, coenzyme Q10, and grape seed extract. Such active ingredients may be encapsulated in an encapsulating medium to form microparticles, which may be suspended in an aqueous solution. Such a composition reduces plasma triglyceride levels, platelet hyperaggregation, endothelium dysfunction, and tissue oxidative capacity, and thus reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority based on, and is a continuation-in-part of provisional application Serial No. 60/175,176, filed Jan. 7, 2000. This invention relates to a composition which reduces plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels, acts as a systemic antioxidant, and reduces the risk of endothelium dysfunction and platelet hyperaggregation, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. More particularly, this invention relates to a composition which includes at least one unsaturated fatty acid, pantethine, and an antioxidant such as Vitamin C, Vitamin E, tocotrienol, lycopene, pycnogenol, coenzyme Q10, or grape seed extract. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in the world. (Martin, Am. J. Pathol., Vol. 153, pgs. 1319-1320 (1998)). Research indicates that a complex interaction of multiple cellular and biochemical events participate in the development of cardiovascular disease. (Griffin, Proc. Nutr. Soc., Vol. 58, pgs. 163-169 (1999)). Within the myriad of identified biochemical events and factors contributing to cardiovascular disease, there are included hypertriglyceridemia, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and platelet aggregation. It has been demonstrated in a variety of studies that hypertriglyceridemia (elevated plasma levels of triglycerides) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary artery disease. (Hokanson, et al., J. Cardiovasc. Risk, Vol. 3, pgs. 213-219 (1996); Stampfer, et al., JAMA, Vol. 11, pgs. 882888 (1996); Patsch, et al., Arterioscler. Thromb., Vol. 12, pgs. 1336-1345 (1992)). In intervention studies wherein hypertriglyceridemia is reduced by the administration of pharmaceutical agents, the risk of cardiovascular disease also is reduced. (Ericsson, et al., Am. J. Cardiol., Vol. 80, pgs. 1125-1129 (1997); Ericsson, et al., Lancet, Vol. 347, pgs. 849-853 (1996); Rubins, et al., N. Engl. J. Med., Vol. 341, pgs. 410-418 (1999)). Plasma triglycerides contained within circulating very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) molecules potentiate cardiovascular disease by a variety of proposed mechanisms. (Reaven, et al., Circulation, Vol. 93, pgs. 1780-1783 (1996)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Compositions and methods for promoting healthy joints Inventor(s): Bland, Jeffrey S.; (Fox Island, WA) Correspondence: Grant R Clayton; Clayton Howarth & Cannon, PC; P O Box 1909; Sandy; UT; 84091-1909; US Patent Application Number: 20020025310 Date filed: February 2, 2001 Abstract: A dietary supplement for promoting healthy joints and joint tissues is disclosed. The dietary supplement comprises a member selected from the group consisting of niacinamide, niacin, and mixtures thereof and an antioxidant nutrient. Illustrative antioxidant nutrients include N-acetylcysteine, lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10, vitamin E, carotenoids, and zinc. The dietary supplement supports optimal function and health of joints and joint tissues by interrupting a cascade of events involving reactive

Patents 113

oxygen species, cytokines, and poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase, which self-amplifying, positive feed-forward cycle is inversely correlated with joint tissue integrity. A method for promoting healthy joints and joint tissues is also described. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/179,885, filed Feb. 2, 2000. Not applicable. This invention relates to dietary supplements. More particularly, this invention relates to compositions and methods for providing nutritional support for healthy joints. In its most basic form, the invention comprises a mixture of niacinamide or niacin and an antioxidant nutrient, such as Nacetylcysteine, in a formula designed to support the optimal function and health of joints and joint tissues. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Compositions for the skin comprising fibers and ubiquinones and methods of using the same Inventor(s): Chevalier, Veronique; (Villecresnes, FR) Correspondence: Oblon Spivak Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt PC; Fourth Floor; 1755 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020197288 Date filed: March 22, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition for topical application on the skin, comprising fibers and at least one or two or more compounds selected from the group of the ubiquinones and derivatives thereof. The ubiquinone can in particular be coenzyme Q10. The composition of the invention makes it possible to improve the appearance of the skin, immediately as well as in the longer term, and to mask the imperfections and/or signs of ageing of the skin while maintaining a natural appearance of the skin. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to French Patent Application No. 0103960, filed on Mar. 23, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to compositions for topical application on the skin and to methods of using such compositions, particularly in the fields of cosmetology and dermatology. The use of ubiquinones in particular in cosmetic compositions, for example for treating the signs of ageing of the human skin, is known. For example, it is known that, in the course of the ageing process, various signs appear on the human skin which are highly characteristic of this ageing and which are manifested in particular in a modification of the structure and of the cutaneous function. The main clinical signs of skin ageing are in particular the following: the appearance of fine lines and then deep wrinkles which increases with age, and the disruption of the "grain" of the skin; that is, the microrelief is less uniform and exhibits an anisotropic character. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Dietary supplement energy-providing to skeletal muscles and protecting the cardiovascular tract Inventor(s): Gaetani, Franco; (Roma, IT) Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye, PC; 1100 N Glebe Road; 8th Floor; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20030129177 Date filed: January 14, 2003 Abstract: A dietary supplement is disclosed which supplies the skeletal muscle with energy and protects the cardiovascular tract, the characterising components of which comprise propionyl L-carnitine, coenzyme Q10, nicotinamide, riboflavin and pantothenic acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an energy-giving dietary supplement aimed particularly at facilitating the adaptation of skeletal and cardiac muscle of subjects engaging in physical and/or recreational activity that may be particularly intense and prolonged. Anyone engaging in sports activities, whether professionally or as an amateur, wishes to achieve as soon as possible and maintain for as long as possible the maximum degree of adaptation of the skeletal muscles to the ability to sustain prolonged periods of intense physical activity. The quest for optimal physical fitness may favour the inappropriate use of drugs, particularly steroids. It is well known that such drugs may enhance protein synthesis and consequently boost the growth of muscle masses to a greater extent than can be achieved by training and dieting. The use of such drugs, however, is unquestionably damaging to health as well as being illegal when practised in professional sport. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Electrochemical analysis of coenzyme Q10 and reduced coenzyme Q10 Inventor(s): Grauw, Ton de; (Cincinnati, OH), Miles, Michael V.; (Cincinnati, OH), Tang, Peter H.; (Cincinnati, OH) Correspondence: Frost Brown Todd Llc; 2200 Pnc Center; 201 E. Fifth Street; Cincinnati; OH; 45202-4182; US Patent Application Number: 20020125193 Date filed: March 4, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to an apparatus and method for the simultaneous and rapid determination of CoQ.sub.10 and CoQ.sub.10H.sub.2 concentrations in human samples using HPLC-EC. The electrochemical reactions are monitored at electrodes that measure the current produced by the reduction of the hydroquinone group of CoQ.sub.10 or by the oxidation of the hydroquinol group of CoQ.sub.10H.sub.2. Excerpt(s): This application is based on and claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/273,684, Peter H. Tang, Ton deGrauw, Michael V. Miles. filed Mar. 6, 2001. The present invention relates to a method of electrochemical analysis of an aqueous solution containing materials having quinone and hydroquinone moieties. More particularly, the present invention relates to an electrochemical apparatus and method for the simultaneous measurements of coenzyme Q.sub.10 and the reduced form of coenzyme Q.sub.10 concentrations in human plasma samples.

Patents 115

Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Energy fitness water Inventor(s): Choudhry, Muhammad S.; (Algonquin, IL) Correspondence: Muhammad S. Choudhry; 1420 - Brandywine Circle; Algonquin; IL; 60102; US Patent Application Number: 20030148016 Date filed: February 7, 2002 Abstract: A method of making an alternative bottled water comprising as main ingredients, D-ribose, L-carnitine, Coenzyme Q10, Adenosine triphosphate, Taurine, Garcinia combgia, Chromium polynicotinate, or chromium picolate with or without LAspartic acid to provide cardiovascular fitness and overall physical energy. Said energy fitness water may also contain a non-nutritive or nutritive sweetener, aroma and coloring.The bottled water prepared from these ingredients has pH range from 3.5 to 7.0 dependent on processing and packaging of the bottled water. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a bottled water that increases overall cardiovascular and physical energy and supress appetite to reduce weight by inhibiting fat production and keeping the taste as water. Traditionally bottle water is plain or in some cases flavor is added to increase the palatability and drinkability of the water. Currently some bottled water are sold as spring water that contains flavors, vitamins, non-nutritive or nutritive sweeteners and processed at 195 F by lowering pH using fruit acids, such as citric, malic, or phosphoric acid. A taste test was conducted using experience sensory panel comparing spring water with flavor and sweetener verses plain bottled water. The plain bottled water was significantly preferred over spring water with fruit acids and sweetener. The panel made comments that spring water tasted like diet beverage and was not acceptable as bottled water. The use of fruit acids in bottled water causes strong sour taste that is usually eliminated by adding non-nutritive or nutritive sweetener with flavor. The present energy fitness water comprising energy ingredients, such as, DRibose, L-Carnitine, Co-enzyme Q10, Adenosine triphosphate, Taurine; fitness ingredients that is Garcinia combogia (Super CitriMax HCA), Chromium picolate, Chromium polynicotinate; minerals and vitamins such as Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Zinc, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, (Vitamin B6), Cyanocobalamine (Vitamin B12), Folic Acid, Niacin, Calcium pantothenate, and stabilized with L-Aspartic acid to reduce the pH below 4.6 for hot fill or without L-Aspartic acid for aseptic processing while keeping the taste similar to plain bottled water. This energy fitness water may also contain non-nutritive sweeteners, masking flavor, fruit flavors, and food coloring. Water prepared from such energy fitness ingredients may have the pH 4.0-7.0 and processed at 195-210F. or aseptically. The advantage of energy fitness water is to increase cardiovascular fitness and overall physical energy, increased performance and endurance, to suppress appetite and inhibit fat production to help weight loss, and to provide essential minerals and vitamins to enhance the intake of bottled water with added value. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Formulation and manufacturing process for coenzyme Q10 soft gel capsules Inventor(s): Hari, Siva P.; (Irvine, CA), Naguib, Yousry M.A.; (Arcadia, CA), Udell, Ronald G.; (Beverly Hills, CA) Correspondence: Kamran Fattahi; Law Offices OF Kamran Fattahi; Suite 330 (BLDG.2); 6345 Balboa BLVD.; Encino; CA; 91316; US Patent Application Number: 20030157083 Date filed: February 18, 2003 Abstract: A soft gelatine capsule formulation for improved manufacturing of Coenzyme Q10, comprising Coenzyme Q10 in a thixatropic gelatine carrier capable of admixing without heating with Coenzyme Q10, and capable of keeping Coenzyme Q10 in suspension at ambient temperature. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/873,156 which was filed Jun. 1, 2001 that in turn claims priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/263,953 filed Jan. 24, 2001. This invention relates to a composition and process of manufacturing Coenzyme Q10 with improved human absorption characteristics in a thixatropic gelatin carrier capable of admixing without heating the Coenzyme Q10, and capable of suspending Coenzyme Q10 in a uniform dispersion. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10 or Ubiquinone) is a large molecular weight (863.63 grams) lipid compound that is produced in the liver and perhaps other body organs. The total human body content is estimated to be 1.4 to 1.8 grams, depending on the age and the physical fitness of the individual. Although CoQ10 is found in the mitochondria and other organdies of every living cell, it appears to be most abundant in tissues with a high number of mitochondria and a high level of metabolic activity. For example, there is approximately 4 mg of CoQ10 in the heart tissues, and about 1000 mg in the skeletal muscle. The blood acts as a CoQ10 reservoir and transport media between endogenous CoQ10 synthesis in the liver, exogenous COQ10 absorption from digested food substances in the intestinal tract, and the body cells. Endogenous synthesis appears to be responsible for 56 percent and exogenous sources for 44 percent of the body's CoQ10 requirements. These numbers are currently being studied and endogenous CoQ10 synthesis may be significantly deficient in the elderly. Furthermore, certain disease states, such as mitochondrial myopathy, and prescription drugs, such as cholesterol-lowering statin drugs, seem to deplete the endogenous CoQ10 levels in the body. These deficiencies are not related to the total caloric intake, but rather to the vitamin content of ingested foods as the body requires multiple vitamins for the synthesis of CoQ10. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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INTEGRATED MULTI-VITAMIN AND MINERAL COMBINATION Inventor(s): BENJAMIN, SAMUEL D.; (EAST SETAUKET, NY), WEIL, ANDREW; (VAIL, AZ) Correspondence: Richard B. Klar; 875 Avenue OF The Americas; Suite 2301; New York; NY; 10001; US Patent Application Number: 20020155163 Date filed: December 27, 1999 Abstract: A daily multi-vitamin and mineral combination for use in the adjunct care of humans with asthma comprising thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, Vitamin B.sub.6, folate,

Patents 117

Vitamin B.sub.12, biotin, pantothenic acid, choline, inositol, para-amino benzoic acid, Vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, iodine, selenium, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, boron, zinc, potassium, silicon, sulfur, vanadium, citrus bioflavonoid complex, hesperidin complex, rutin, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, lycopene, lutein, Coenzyme Q10 and N-acetyl cysteine. For adjunct care of humans with diabetes, alphalipoic acid is substituted for N-acetyl cysteine and the amount of inositol is increased. A method of supplementing the nutritional intake of humans with diabetes and/or asthma through daily oral administration of the appropriate multi-vitamin and mineral combination. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a daily integrated multi-vitamin and mineral combination, and more particularly pertains to a daily multi-vitamin and mineral combination containing phytonutrients that is useful in the adjunct care of asthma and/or diabetes. The use of multi-vitamin and mineral combination formulations to supplement the nutritional needs of humans is known. It is recognized that vitamins and minerals play important physiological roles, and that a deficiency or excess of certain vitamins and minerals has been linked to the etiology of certain diseases. The B vitamins perform several well-known functions. Vitamin B.sub.1, thiamin, helps maintain smooth muscle and helps in the formation of blood cells. It is necessary, also, for proper nervous system function. Vitamin B.sub.2, riboflavin, is necessary for healthy hair, nails and mucous membranes. It also plays an important role in the formation of red blood cells and the production of antibodies. Vitamin B.sub.3, niacin, helps in the production of most sex hormones, and also helps to lower cholesterol and maintain blood circulation. Vitamin B.sub.6, pyridoxine, is involved in the synthesis of RNA and DNA, and helps relieve water retention in women. Folic acid is essential to the production of red blood cells and hormones, and is involved, as well, in DNA synthesis. Vitamin B.sub.12, cyanocobalamin, is necessary for overall metabolism and nervous system function, and is essential for the metabolism of folic acid. It also is necessary to prevent anemia. Biotin is necessary for the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, as well as for healthy hair and skin. Vitamin B.sub.5, pantothenic acid, is important for the production of adrenal gland hormones. It is referred to as the "anti-stress vitamin." Choline is necessary for nervous system and brain function, and is important in gall bladder and liver function. Inositol helps remove fats from arteries and from the liver, and has been noted to be necessary for brain function. Para-amino benzoic acid ("PABA") aids in the metabolism of proteins and in the production of red blood cells. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Method and composition for improving fertility health in female and male animals and humans Inventor(s): Trant, Aileen Sontag; (Mountain View, CA) Correspondence: James C. Wray; Suite 300; 1493 Chain Bridge Road; Mclean; VA; 22101; US Patent Application Number: 20020122834 Date filed: December 22, 2000 Abstract: In a new pharmaceutical combination, the herb, Vitex agnus-castus (chasteberry), enhances hormone balance by increasing progesterone release and, therefore, ovulation frequency. The antioxidants, green tea, vitamin E, and selenium, improve overall reproductive health. L-arginine, an amino acid, stimulates the reproductive organs by improving circulation. Folic acid, vitamins B6 and B12, iron, zinc

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and magnesium help promote womens' fertility. Sperms are highly susceptible to free radical or oxidative damage from environmental toxicants and natural aging. Vitamins C and E, coenzyme Q10 and selenium are all potent antioxidants that help improve sperm counts and quality. Ferulic acid, an antioxidant found in Dong quai, also improves sperm quality. Zinc and B vitamins (B6, B12 and folate) are critical nutrients in male reproductive systems for hormone metabolism, sperm formation and motility. The amino acid, L-carnitine, promotes formation of healthy sperm. Excerpt(s): Because of delayed child bearing, unhealthy diets and use of tobacco, caffeine, alcohol, drugs and environmental contaminants, difficulties in conceiving have been experienced. Needs exist for pharmaceutical compounds that improve fertility in both women and men. This invention provides combinations of bioeffecting compounds for promoting fertility in men and women. The combinations include nutritional components that benefit fertility health. All the components have been studied separately, to determine their individual efficacy. The invention provides the first products to put these components together synergistically in women's and men's formulations. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Method for producing a coenzyme q10/ y-cyclodextrin complex Inventor(s): Cully, Jan; (Garching/Alz, DE), Moldenhauer, Jens; (Burghausen, DE) Correspondence: William Collard; Collard & Roe, P.C.; 1077 Northern Boulevard; Roslyn; NY; 11576; US Patent Application Number: 20030012774 Date filed: June 27, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a coenzyme Q10/.gamma.cyclodextrin complex. Said method is characterized in that a mixture of.gamma.cyclodextrin and coenzyme Q1O is treated by homogenisation and inputting energy. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process for preparing a coenzyme Q10/.gamma.cyclodextrin complex. Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides composed of 6, 7 or 8.alpha.(1-4)-linked anhydroglucose units. The.alpha.-,.beta.- or.gamma.-cyclodextrins, which are prepared for example by enzymatic conversion of starch, differ in the diameter of their hydrophobic cavity and are generally suitable for inclusion of numerous lipophilic substances. Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) is an endocellular component which plays an important part in mitochondrial electron transport. Since it has been known that coenzyme Q10 improves the respiratory chain of the cell and strengthens the mitochondrial membrane, coenzyme Q10 has been employed for treating heart disease. Coenzyme Q10 also acts as free radical scavenger. It is also used for treating degenerative disorders. In addition, coenzyme Q10 improves the release of energy in the body. This property is utilized by the dietary supplement industry in the manufacture of products for sportsmen and for slimming. Coenzyme Q10 is moreover the active component in various cosmetic formulations. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method of treating age-related vision impairment Inventor(s): Hamilton, Nathan D.; (Palo Alto, CA) Correspondence: Skinner, Sutton, Watson & Rounds; 548 California Street; Reno; NV; 89509; US Patent Application Number: 20020077349 Date filed: April 27, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods to treat age-related vision losses. The method comprises administering a combination of a carnitine and an oxidant. Preferably the oxidant is thioctic acid. Preferably 0.12 grams to 3 grams of carnitine (particularly ALC) and 0.12 and 1.5 grams of R-.alpha.-lipoic acid are administered. Optionally, coenzyme Q and/or creatine also are administered. Preferably 10 mg to 500 mg/day of coenzyme Q10 and 1 to 30 grams/day of creatine are administered. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/706,207, now pending, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/223,167, filed Aug. 7, 2000, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/163,352, filed Nov. 3, 1999. This invention is related to the prevention and amelioration of vision impairment due to aging and other causes. More specifically, this invention is related to the administration of micronutrients, such as an antioxidant, a carnitine product, and optionally coenzyme Q and/or creatine to those at risk of age-related vision loss. With age prominent changes occur in the brain and include a decrease in brain weight, gyral atrophy, ventricular dilation, and selective loss of neurons within different brain regions (Kemper, Neuroanatomical and neuropathological changes during aging and dementia. In: Martin A L, Knoefel J E (eds). GERIATRIC NEUROLOGY (2nd ed). Oxford University Press, New York City, pp. 3-67, 1994). The relevance of these changes to behavioral measurements is still largely ambiguous (e.g., Lezak, NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT (3rd ed). Oxford University Press, New York, 1995). In addition to biological changes, environmental contexts are reflected in age-related cognitive changes (Arbuckle et al., Psychol Aging 7: 25-36, 1992). Recent studies with advanced brain imaging methods (especially PET and functional MRI) have elucidated the neuroanatomical localization of cognitive functions (e.g., Frackowiak, Trends Neurosci 17: 109-115, 1994; Moscovitch et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 37213725, 1995; Schacter et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 321-325, 1996). So far, very few of these studies have considered the effects of aging (Eustache et al., Neuropsychologia 33: 867-887, 1995; Grady et al., Science 269: 218-221, 1995). However, some associations between age-related cerebral and cognitive changes have been suggested. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method to assay coenzyme Q10 in blood plasma or blood serum Inventor(s): Bompadre, Stefano; (Ancona, IT), Fattorini, Daniele; (Ancona, IT), Littarru, Gian Paolo; (Ancona, IT), Mosca, Fabrizio; (Monsano, IT) Correspondence: Cummings & Lockwood Llc; Granite Square; 700 State Street; New Haven; CT; 06509-1960; US Patent Application Number: 20040033553 Date filed: May 23, 2003

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Abstract: A method is described for determining CoQ.sub.10 concentrations in plasma samples. CoQ.sub.10 in the plasma sample is oxidized by treating the sample with an oxidizing agent having a redox potential higher than the redox potential of CoQ.sub.10, such as, for example, para-benzoquinone. Following oxidation of the CoQ.sub.10, the CoQ.sub.10 in the plasma sample is extracted with an alcohol, such as, for example, 1propanol. The alcohol extract is analyzed using direct injection into the HPLC apparatus. This method achieves a rapid, accurate analysis of plasma CoQ.sub.10 levels, which can be used for monitoring the bioavailability of orally administered CoQ.sub.10 used as a food supplement or as an adjunctive therapy. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/382,943 filed on May 23, 2002. Coenzyme Q.sub.10 (2,3 dimethyl-5-methyl-6decaprenyl benzoquinone) ("CoQ.sub.10") levels in whole blood and plasma have been the subject of much inquiry as described, for example, in Tomasetti, M., Alleva, R., Solenghi, M. D., Littarru, G. P., Distribution of antioxidants among blood components and lipoproteins: significance of lipids/CoQ.sub.10 ratio as a possible marker of increased risk for atherosclerosis. BioFactors, 9, 231-240 (1999), the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. It is likely that plasma concentrations of CoQ.sub.10 reflect an overall metabolic demand, as discussed in Littarru, G. P., Lippa, S., Oradei, A., Fiorini, R. M., Mazzanti, L., Metabolic and diagnostic implications of human blood CoQ.sub.10 levels, in Biomedical and Clinical Aspects of Coenzyme Q vol. VI, (eds. K. Folkers, G. P. Littarru, T. Yamagami), Elsevier North Holland, pp. 167-178 (1991), the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. In addition, together with other lipophilic antioxidants, CoQ.sub.10 plays an intrinsic role in protecting circulating lipoproteins against oxidative damage. Therefore, the concentration of CoQ.sub.10 in lipoproteins and blood plasma could be of clinical importance regarding oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. Increased levels of CoQ.sub.10 enhance its antioxidant protection, even though the potential to act as an antioxidant in vivo probably depends not only on total CoQ.sub.10 concentration, but also on its redox status. The content of CoQ.sub.10 in single classes of lipoproteins has been found to be strictly correlated with CoQ.sub.10 plasma concentration. Previous reports have shown that the LDL-cholesterol/CoQ.sub.10 ratio significantly correlates with the total-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio which is usually considered a risk factor for atherosclerosis as described, for example in Alleva, R., Tomasetti, M., Bompadre, S., Littarru, G. P., Oxidation of LDL and their subfractions: kinetic aspects and CoQ.sub.10 content. Molec Asp Med, 18, s105-s112 (1997), the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. Some effective hypocholesterolemic agents, namely the statins, also lower plasma CoQ.sub.10 concentrations, owing to the common biosynthetic pathway of cholesterol and the isoprenoide side chain of coenzyme Q as described, for example, in Mortensen, S. A., Leth, A., Agner, E., Rohde, M., Dose-related decrease of serum coenzyme Q.sub.10 during treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Molec Asp Med, 18, s137-s144 (1997), the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. Therefore, it would be desirable to have an effective, reliable, fast method to measure CoQ.sub.10 concentrations in blood plasma or blood serum to monitor the CoQ.sub.10 levels in patients receiving hypocholesterolemic agents. CoQ.sub.10 is used as a food supplement or as an adjunctive therapy in several diseases and the blood plasma or blood serum levels achieved upon oral administration of CoQ10 can correlate with clinical efficacy. Tests of blood plasma or blood serum levels of CoQ.sub.10 are useful for monitoring the bioavailability of orally administered coenzyme Q.sub.10. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Methods for treatment of human skin damaged by laser treatment or chemical peelings and compositions useful in such methods Inventor(s): Cardozo-Hofmann, Nicola; (Unterkulm, CH), Neuenschwander, Margrit; (Rombach, CH), Zulli, Fred; (Kuttigen, CH) Correspondence: Paul J. Maginot; Maginot, Moore & Bowman; Bank One Center/tower; 111 Monument Circle, Suite 3000; Indianapolis; IN; 46204-5115; US Patent Application Number: 20030012762 Date filed: June 25, 2002 Abstract: Methods for treatment of human skin damaged by laser treatment or chemical peelings, said method comprising topical application of a lamellar oil-in-water system, said lamellar oil-in-water system comprising at least one vegetable oil as the oily component and at least one hydrogenated phospholipid as emulsifier, said at least one hydrogenated phospholipid comprising not more than 10 percent by weight of negatively charged phospholipids the remainder being neutral phospholipids. Compositions useful in carrying out said methods are lamellar oil-in-water systems comprising at least one vegetable oil as the oily component and at least one hydrogenated phospholipid as emulsifier, said at least one hydrogenated phospholipid comprising not more than 10 percent by weight of negatively charged phospholipids the remainder being neutral phospholipids. Said lamellar oil-in-water system may further comprises sodium carboxymethyl.beta.-glucan (Sodium Carboxymethyl Betaglucan) as a compound for improving wound healing and/or coenzyme Q10 as a compound for improving skin regeneration. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with methods for treatment of human skin damaged by laser treatment or chemical peelings and compositions useful in carrying out such methods. This laser provides a high penetration depth and produces a photothermolysis. By superposition of a potassium titanyl phosphate crystal the frequency can be doubled, thus halving the wave length to 532 nm. The emerging green light is well absorbed by structures containing melanine or oxyhemoglobin. Thus, this laser is used for the treatment of epidermic pigmented lesions. The red light of the ruby laser, which is very well absorbed by melanin and dark colored particles, is suitable for the treatment of Lentigo benigna (caf au lait spot) for its short exposure time (25 to 40 ns) by which the thermic lesion of the surrounding tissues is minimized. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING DIETARY SUPPLEMENT Inventor(s): BARNES, DAVID J; (WILDWOOD, MO), DALEY, CHRISTINE A; (COLUMBIA, IL), HASTINGS, CARL W; (GLENCOE, MO) Correspondence: Marshall, O'toole, Gerstein, Murray & Borun; 600 Sears Tower, 233 Wacker Drive; Chicago; IL; 60606-6402; US Patent Application Number: 20010041187 Date filed: October 20, 1998 Abstract: A dietary supplement for enhancing physical performance of human subjects is disclosed. The supplement in dry, finely-divided form includes as a major ingredient a soy protein isolate containing at least 80% protein on a moisture-free basis with lesser amounts of carbohydrate, free form amino acids, medium chain triglycerides, creatine

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monohydrate, l-carnitine, grape seed extract, coenzyme Q10, piper nigrum extract, and alpha lipoic acid. In a preferred embodiment, the supplement also includes minor amounts of conjugated linoleic acid and phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine complex. Excerpt(s): Soy protein is known to be the only plant protein equal in quality to protein derived from milk, meat or eggs. The most concentrated source of soy protein is soy protein isolate which, preferably, is manufactured by water extraction (rather than alcohol extraction) of defatted and dehulled soybeans and therefore retains its natural isoflavones. On a Protein Digestability Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) of 1.0, soy protein isolate is highly digestible and meets or exceeds the essential amino acid requirements for children and adults. Such an isolate contains naturally high levels of branched chain amino acids to provide an energy source during physical activity, it having been reported that during the first 20 minutes of strenuous sports activity muscle glycogen serves as the primary energy source but that after 20 minutes bioavailable fatty acids and branched chain amino acids become the primary energy sources. Isolated soy protein is therefore known to be a highly desirable energy source for athletes that also helps to reduce muscle fatigue and enhance muscle recovery. In addition, isolated soy protein is known to contain naturally high levels of arginine which stimulates the release of anabolic hormones to promote muscle formation, enhances wound healing, helps to maintain a strong and healthy immune system, and is believed to be beneficial in reducing stress. Such isolated soy protein is also a good source of naturally occurring iron, a fact of considerable importance for athletes who are highly susceptible to "sports anemia" resulting from loss of iron occurring in sweat and urine. There is compelling evidence from both animal and human studies that, compared to animal protein, soy protein also reduces elevated levels of LDL-cholestrol. A meta-analysis of 38 clinical studies reported in 29 scientific articles has provided quantitative data showing that consumption of soy protein rather than animal protein significantly decreases blood concentrations of total cholestrol, LDLcholestrol, and triglycerides in humans. Anderson J. W., Johnstone B. M. and Cook-Newell M. E., NEJM 1995; 333:276-282. Such studies provide motivation for recommending the increased consumption of soy protein, particularly isolated soy protein, as part of an integrated dietary approach to the control of hypercholesterolemia. It is therefore believed that the intake of protein isolates may be advantageous to athletes and others concerned about the risk of developing coronary heart disease. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Super absorption coenzyme Q10 Inventor(s): Hari, Siva P.; (Riverside, CA), Udell, Ronald G.; (Beverly Hills, CA) Correspondence: George W Finch; 1620 26th Street, North Tower; Suite 6000; Santa Monica; CA; 90404; US Patent Application Number: 20020018772 Date filed: June 22, 2001 Abstract: An improved soft gelatin formulation and process methodology that increases single Coenzyme Q.sub.10 molecules presented to the absorption channels of the small intestines by providing medium chain triglycerides, Vitamin E and natural beta carotene to Coenzyme Q.sub.10 in a soft gel capsule to increase the absorption thereof.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an important improved soft gelatin formulation and process methodology that increases single Coenzyme Q.sub.10 molecules presented to the absorption channels of the small intestines. Coenzyme Q.sub.10 (CoQ.sub.10) is a large molecular weight lipid compound that is produced in the liver and other organs. The total human body content is 1.4 to 1.8 grams depending on the individual's age and fitness level. CoQ.sub.10 is found in all tissues of the body. It is mostly concentrated in the mitochondria and other organelles that help the body metabolize nutrients into energy. These include organs with high levels of metabolic activity. Organs, whose primary purpose is energy production, tend to store and use CoQ.sub.10 in large amounts. Such organs include the heart, liver, and skeletal muscle tissue. The heart and skeletal muscle of an aaverage human contain about 1000 mg of CoQ.sub.10. This is in contrast to metabolically inactive body components such as the blood, which only contains about 4 mg of CoQ.sub.10. However, blood plays an important role in as a CoQ.sub.10 reservoir. Blood helps to transport CoQ.sub.10 from endogenous CoQ.sub.10 made in the liver and exogenous CoQ.sub.10 absorbed from digested food in the intestinal tract. Endogenous CoQ.sub.10 accounts for approximately 56 percent of the body's supply. The remaining 44 percent must be provided through diet and supplementation. These numbers are currently being studied but the latest studies indicate lower endogenous production of CoQ.sub.10, which indicates a significant deficiency, in correlation with increased age. Furthermore, certain disease states such as cardio myopathy and high cholesterol levels, which are treated with Statin drugs, seem to deplete endogenous CoQ.sub.10 production thereby indicating a need for supplementation. These deficiencies in the nutrient have no relation to daily caloric intake but are indicative of poor vitamin absorption from ingested foods. The body requires the addition of vitamins to aid in the endogenous production of CoQ.sub.10; in particular, the B Vitamins play a crucial role in this synthesis. The human body's need for CoQ.sub.10 varies between individuals. Factors that affect this are age, physical activity, and health. The body uses an estimated 5 to 9 mg per day of CoQ.sub.10. This nutrient is essential for life because it is important in the synthesis of energy. The vast majority of energy synthesis occurs in the mitochondria of cells. Here CoQ.sub.10 primarily functions as an electron carrier in the Electron Transport Chain where Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is synthesized. CoQ.sub.10 donates an electron during ATP synthesis and is subsequently oxidized. CoQ.sub.10 also can function as an antioxidant during synthesis where oxidation removes its electron making it nonfunctional for use in ATP synthesis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Synthesis of coenzyme Q10, ubiquinone Inventor(s): West, Daniel David; (Rockport, MA) Correspondence: Evelyn M. Sommer; 30th Floor; 825 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20020156302 Date filed: April 19, 2001 Abstract: Processes for the stereospecific synthesis of coenzyme Q10, ubiquinone, are disclosed; a semi synthetic procedure using solanesol derived from tobacco waste as the starting material. The process of the invention results in high yields of isometrically useful compositions containing the optically pure isomers.

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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an improved process for the stereospecific synthesis of Coenzyme Q10, ubiquinone. The present invention also relates to the therapeutically useful optically pure isomers of Coenzyme 10 and refers to new pharmaceutical compositions which contain the optically pure isomers of coenzyme Q10 dissolved or suspended in a suitable vehicle which are useful for example in preventing anoxic tissular damage, particularly in the myocardium. Previous procedures for ubiquinone isolation had several drawbacks; many steps were involved, the yields were low, the intermediates were difficult to purify, overall costs were high, and the final products were obtained as mixtures of isomers, cis(Z) and trans(E). Coenzyme Q gives reference to a series of quinones which are widely distributed in animals, plants and microorganisms. These quinones have been shown to function in biological electron transport systems which are responsible for energy conversion within living cells. In structure, the coenzyme Q group closely resembles the members of the vitamin K group and the tocopherylquinones, which are derived from tocopherols (vitamin E), in that they all possess a quinone ring attached to a long hydrocarbon tail. The quinones of the coenzyme Q series which are found in various biological species differ only slightly in chemical structure and form a group of related, 2-3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-benzoquinones with a polyisoprenoid side chain in the 6-position which varies in length from 30 to 50 carbon atoms. Since each isoprenoid unit in the chain contains five carbon atoms, the number of isoprenoid units in the side chain varies from 6 to 10. The different numbers of the groups have been designated by a subscript following the Q to denote the number of isoprenoid units in the side chain, as in Q10. Difference in properties are due to the difference in length of the side chain. The members of the group known to occur naturally are Q6 through Q10. Coenzyme Q functions as an agent for carrying out oxidation and reduction within cells. Its primary site of function is in the terminal electron transport system where it acts as an electron or hydrogen carrier between the flavoproteins (which catalyze the oxidation of succinate and reduced pyridine nucleotides) and the cytochromes. This process, is carried out in the mitochondria of cells of higher organisms. Certain bacteria and lower organisms do not contain any coenzyme Q. It has been shown that many of these organisms contain vitamin K, instead and that this quinone functions in electron transport in much the same way as coenzyme Q. Similarly, plant chloroplasts do not contain coenzyme Q, but do contain plastoquinones, which are structurally related to coenzyme Q. Plastoquinone functions in the electron transport process involved in photosynthesis. In some organisms, coenzyme Q is present together with other quinones, such as vitamin K, tocopherylquinones, and plastoquinones; and each type of quinone can carry out different parts of the electron transport functions. Coenzyme Q10, is a ubiquinone. Ubiquinones are a class of lipid soluble benzoquinones that are involved in mitochondrial electron transport and are essential electron and proton carriers that function in the production of biochemical energy in all cells of aerobic organisms; participating in the transport of electrons from organic substrates to oxygen in the respiratory chain of mitochondria. In addition, coenzyme Q10 has antioxidant and membrane stabilizing properties that serve to prevent cellular damage resulting from normal metabolic processes. It plays an important role as an antioxidant to neutralize potentially damaging free radicals created in part by the energy-generating process. As an energy carrier, coenzyme Q10 is continually going through an oxidation reduction cycle. As each coenzyme Q10 molecule accepts electrons, it is reduced, when it gives up electrons, it becomes oxidized again. In coenzyme Q10's reduced form (ubiquinol), the coenzyme Q 10 molecule holds electrons loosely and will quite easily give up one or two electrons to neutralize free radicals. In its electron rich reduced form, coenzyme Q10 is as potent an antioxidant as vitamin E. Coenzyme Q10's main role as an antioxidant is in the mitochondria where it first participates in the process by which free radicals are

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generated and then helps to quench the extra free radicals that threaten cellular components such as DNA, RNA, and cell membranes. One of coenzyme Q10's key antioxidant actions is within the cell membrane, where it counters the oxidative attack of polyunsaturated lipids (lipid peroxidation), which causes damage in a self-propagating, destructive chain reaction that ultimately results in membrane degeneration leading to cell death. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

TRANSDERMAL, ORAL AND INTRAVENOUS PREPARATIONS DIMETHOXY-5-METHYL-6- -DECAPRENYL-1,4-BENZOQUINONE

OF

2,3-

Inventor(s): ENZMANN, FRANZ; (BAD HOMBURG, DE), LACHMANN, BURKHARD; (ROTTERDAM, NL) Correspondence: Jacobson Price Holman & Stern; 400 Seventh Street NW; Washington; DC; 20004 Patent Application Number: 20020155151 Date filed: October 12, 1999 Abstract: Transdermal, oral and intravenous formulations of 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decaprenyl-1,4-benzoquinone (coenzyme Q10), containing an effective amount of pulmonary surfactant, also in combination with liposomes, in addition to usual excipients. Excerpt(s): 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decaprenyl-1,4-benzoquinone is also known by the designation of coenzyme Q10. This substance plays a role in the respiratory chain and, in addition, is an antioxidant which is capable of scavenging free radicals, which are transmitted by vitamins, in particular. In addition, Q10 determines the elasticity and dynamics of cell membranes. Therefore, it is recommended as a monopreparation and in combination with other active substances for oral administration. For skin care, it is additionally offered in the form of a liposome cream which allows the active ingredient to penetrate through the horny layer barriers and then to accumulate in the various strata of the skin. The liposome cream used to date has been prepared on the basis of lecithins, forming a lipid bilayer around an aqueous interior space. Q10 deposits inside the membrane. It has now been found that transdermal, oral and intravenous formulations of 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decaprenyl-1,4-benzoquinone can be improved and made more effective if they contain an effective amount of pulmonary surfactant in addition to the usual excipients. Pulmonary surfactant is a complex of phospholipids, neutral lipids and surfactant proteins which together form a monolayered barrier between the air and the liquid surface of the lung. Pulmonary surfactant is produced in the alveolar type II cells from which it is released into the alveolar space. Since pulmonary surfactant is released from the alveolar type II cells into the air cavity of the lungs, it was not considered that pulmonary surfactant might penetrate into tissue layers. Therefore, to date, pulmonary surfactant has only been employed for instillation in diseases or deficiencies of the lung, and for the transport of antibiotics and corticosteroids into the lung. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with coenzyme Q10, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “coenzyme Q10” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on coenzyme Q10. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning coenzyme Q10. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON COENZYME Q10 Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to coenzyme Q10. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on coenzyme Q10 include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “coenzyme Q10” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on coenzyme Q10: ·

Numb Toes and Aching Soles: Coping with Peripheral Neuropathy Source: San Antonio, TX: MedPress. 1999. 300 p. Contact: Available from MedPress. P.O. Box 691546, San Antonio, TX 78269. (888) 6339898. Website: www.medpress.com. PRICE: $19.95 for soft back book; $29.95 for case bound book; plus shipping and handling. ISBN 0967110726. Summary: This book serves as a resource for people who experience pain related to peripheral neuropathy. About one half of peripheral neuropathies are related to complications from diabetes mellitus. The book focuses on traditional, conventional, and alternative treatments for neuropathic pain. The book begins with a chapter that defines peripheral neuropathy and discusses this condition in terms of its types, symptoms and effects, causes, and evaluation. The next chapter explains the physical and psychological aspects of peripheral neuropathic pain. The following chapter discusses medications for

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treating peripheral neuropathic pain, including nonopioid drugs, opioids, and topical medications. A discussion of nonopioid drug costs is included. The fourth chapter focuses on other medical therapies for treating peripheral neuropathic pain, including hematologic treatments such as plasmapheresis, immunosuppressant medications, and nerve based treatments such as nerve blocks and direct nerve stimulation. This is followed by a chapter on alternative treatments, including physical therapy; psychotherapeutic methods such as relaxation and meditation training, biofeedback, self hypnosis, and prayer; hyperbaric oxygen therapy; acupuncture; touch therapies such as massage, reflexology, Reiki, Qigong, and therapeutic touch; magnets; and chelation. Treating peripheral neuropathic pain with various nutrients (vitamins A, B, C, and E; minerals such as selenium, magnesium, chromium, and zinc; and herbs such as ginkgo biloba, St. John's wart, bioflavonoids, and others) is the topic of the next chapter. In addition, the chapter provides information on other supplements such as alpha-lipoic acid, gamma linolenic acid, acetyl-L-carnitine, N-acetyl cysteine, glutamine, coenzyme Q10, S-adenosylmethionine, dimethyl sulfoxide, and methyl sulfonyl methane. The focus of the next chapter is on experimental or unapproved drugs, including aldose reductase inhibitors; aminoguanidine; COX-2; ABT-594; SNX-111; lamotrigine; memantine; natural pain relievers such as bimoclomol, cannabinoids, endorphins, and nocistatin/OFQ2; nerve regenerating compounds such as NGF, IGF-1, neutrophin-3, and GPI 1046; nimodipine; peptide T; and PN 401. This is followed by a chapter that examines diabetes and HIV. Diabetes classifications and diabetic neuropathy (types, risk factors, blood sugar control, and treatment approaches) are discussed. The final chapter presents ways of coping with peripheral neuropathy, including exercising, using heat or cold therapy, creating conducive conditions for sleeping, avoiding certain foods, and selecting appropriate footwear. The book concludes with an index.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in PrintÒ). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “coenzyme Q10” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “coenzyme Q10” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “coenzyme Q10” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): ·

All About Coenzyme Q10 (Frequently Asked Questions) by Ray Sahelian, Jack Challem (Editor); ISBN: 0895299046; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895299046/icongroupinterna

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Coenzyme Q10 by William H. Lee; ISBN: 0879834277; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879834277/icongroupinterna

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Coenzyme Q10 And The Heart by Stephen T. Sinatra, Stephen T. Sinatra; ISBN: 0879838086; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879838086/icongroupinterna

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Coenzyme Q10: All-Around Nutrient for All-Around Health! Latest Research As a Heart Strengthener, Energy Promoter, Aging Fighter and Much More by Beth M. Ley-

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Jacobs; ISBN: 1890766062; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890766062/icongroupinterna ·

Coenzyme Q10: Nature's Heart Energizer by Ray Sahelian; ISBN: 1890694010; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890694010/icongroupinterna

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Effect of Supplemental Antioxidants Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention and Tr by Southern California Evidence-Based Pract; ISBN: 1587630907; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1587630907/icongroupinterna

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The Coenzyme Q10 Phenomenon by Stephen T., M.D. Sinatra; ISBN: 0879839570; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879839570/icongroupinterna

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The Miracle Nutrient : Coenzyme Q10 by Emile Bliznakov (Author); ISBN: 0553262335; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553262335/icongroupinterna

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User's Guide to Coenzyme Q10: Don't Be a Dummy. Become an Expert on What Coenzyme Q10 Can Do for Your Health by Martin Zucker; ISBN: 1591200105; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1591200105/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Coenzyme Q10 In order to find chapters that specifically relate to coenzyme Q10, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and coenzyme Q10 using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “coenzyme Q10” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON COENZYME Q10 Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover coenzyme Q10.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on coenzyme Q10 is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing.

PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “coenzyme Q10” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance.

Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to coenzyme Q10. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “coenzyme Q10” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for coenzyme Q10: ·

Suboptimal coenzyme Q10 levels found in bronchial asthma patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 01, 2002

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Coenzyme Q10 may stave off migraine Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 10, 2002

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Coenzyme Q10 may benefit some patients with familial cerebellar ataxia Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 09, 2001

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CoEnzyme Q10 not effective in treatment of congestive heart failure Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 15, 1998

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.

Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “coenzyme Q10” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “coenzyme Q10” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to coenzyme Q10, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “coenzyme Q10” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Coenzyme Q10 Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to coenzyme Q10. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering coenzyme Q10 that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: ·

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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·

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 ·

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

·

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

·

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

·

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

·

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

·

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

·

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

·

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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·

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

·

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “coenzyme Q10” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1180 4 378 1 11 1574

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “coenzyme Q10” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: ·

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

·

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Coenzyme Q10 In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and coenzyme Q10.

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).22 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 19 Adapted from 20

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 22 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “coenzyme Q10” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for coenzyme Q10: ·

Coenzyme Q10 Deficiency Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=607426

Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map) The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: ·

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

·

Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

·

Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

·

Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html

·

Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

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·

Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

·

Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html

Entrez Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: ·

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

·

Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

·

Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

·

NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

·

Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

·

OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

·

PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

·

ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

·

Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

·

PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

·

Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

·

Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then

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select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “coenzyme Q10” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.”

Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database23 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html.

The Genome Database24 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “coenzyme Q10” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

23 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 24 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on coenzyme Q10 can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to coenzyme Q10. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.

The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.

Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to coenzyme Q10. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “coenzyme Q10”:

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Other guides Antioxidants http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/antioxidants.html Cancer Alternative Therapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/canceralternativetherapy.html Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html Huntington's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/huntingtonsdisease.html Muscular Dystrophy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/musculardystrophy.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.

The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on coenzyme Q10. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: ·

Questions and Answers About Coenzyme Q10 Source: Gaithersburg, MD: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2001. 8 p. Contact: Available from National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clearinghouse. P.O. Box 7923, Gaithersburg, MD 20898. (888) 644-6226; INTERNATIONAL PHONE: (301) 519-3153; TTY: (866) 464-3615; FAX: (866) 464-3616; EMAIL: [email protected]. PRICE: Free. Publication Number: D011. Summary: This fact sheet provides information about a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) called coenzyme Q10, which is used for treating cancer. In a question and answer format, it discusses what coenzyme Q10 is, the history of its discovery and use as a CAM for cancer, how it is generally administered, and its potential side effects and other drawbacks of its use. The fact sheet also details the preclinical and clinical studies conducted with coenzyme Q10 and whether the Food and Drug Administration has approved coenzyme Q10 for use in the United States. It also provides information about CAMs in general, including a list of questions patients should ask their health

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care provider when considering CAM therapies; how CAM approaches are evaluated; and how patients and their health care providers can learn more about CAM therapies. ·

Coenzyme Q10 Source: Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. 2001. 14 p. Contact: Available from National Cancer Institute. Publications Ordering Service, P.O. Box 24128, Baltimore, MD 21227. (800) 4-CANCER or (800) 422-6237; TTY: (800) 3328615; FAX: (301) 330-7968. PRICE: Free. Summary: This Physician Data Query (PDQ) statement provides information about a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatment called coenzyme Q10, which is used for cancer. It gives general information about coenzyme Q10, including its chemical make-up, how the compound is administered, and its use as a CAM for cancer. The history of its discovery is traced and its possible mechanisms of action are described. The PDQ statement also provides details about results from a variety of studies of coenzyme Q10, including laboratory, animal, preclinical, and human/clinical studies. The adverse effects of coenzyme Q10 are listed after the scientific evidence. The PDQ statement concludes with a ranking of the overall level of evidence for coenzyme Q10. A glossary of terms is provided. 60 references.

Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: ·

Coenzyme Q10 (PDQ®) Summary: An overview of the use of coenzyme Q10 in cancer therapy. The summary includes a history of coenzyme Q10 research, a review of laboratory studies, and data from investigations involving humans. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5388

·

Questions and Answers About Coenzyme Q10 Summary: Answers to frequently asked questions about Coenzyme Q10, a complementary and alternative therapy for cancer and other diseases. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6459

The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to coenzyme Q10. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for

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professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: ·


·

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

·

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

·

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

·

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

·

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

·

WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to coenzyme Q10. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with coenzyme Q10.

The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about coenzyme Q10. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/.

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Simply type in “coenzyme Q10” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.

The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “coenzyme Q10”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “coenzyme Q10” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “coenzyme Q10” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.25

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

25

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)26: ·

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

·

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

·

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

·

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

·

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

·

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

·

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

·

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

·

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

·

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

·

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

·

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

26

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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·

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: ·

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: ·

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

·

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

159

COENZYME Q10 DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of carnitine that facilitates movement of acetyl CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine

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derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjunctive Therapy: Another treatment used together with the primary treatment. Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adjuvant Therapy: Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy. [NIH]

Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, or cell respiration. [NIH] Aerobic Respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions

Dictionary 161

and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldose Reductase Inhibitor: A class of drugs being studied as a way to prevent eye and nerve damage in people with diabetes. Aldose reductase is an enzyme that is normally present in the eye and in many other parts of the body. It helps change glucose (sugar) into a sugar alcohol called sorbitol. Too much sorbitol trapped in eye and nerve cells can damage these cells, leading to retinopathy and neuropathy. Drugs that prevent or slow (inhibit) the action of aldose reductase are being studied as a way to prevent or delay these complications of diabetes. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

Ameliorated: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amiodarone: An antianginal and antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of

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ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting Na,K-activated myocardial adenosine triphosphatase. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amyotrophy: A type of diabetic neuropathy that causes muscle weakness and wasting. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anoxia: Clinical manifestation of respiratory distress consisting of a relatively complete absence of oxygen. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthracyclines: Organic compounds that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine. [NIH] Antianginal: Counteracting angina or anginal conditions. [EU] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of

Dictionary 163

which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Valve: The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle. [NIH] Aortic Valve Stenosis: Constriction in the opening of the aortic valve or of the supravalvular or subvalvular regions. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA

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fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arthropathy: Any joint disease. [EU] Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asthenia: Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atherogenic: Causing the formation of plaque in the lining of the arteries. [NIH]

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Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Aura: A subjective sensation or motor phenomenon that precedes and marks the of a paroxysmal attack, such as an epileptic attack on set. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Composition: The relative amounts of the purines and pyrimidines in a nucleic acid. [NIH]

Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is

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conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Benzoquinones: Benzene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. [NIH] Beta carotene: A vitamin A precursor. Beta carotene belongs to the family of fat-soluble vitamins called carotenoids. [NIH] Beta Rays: A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content

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of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Viscosity: The internal resistance of the blood to shear forces. The in vitro measure of whole blood viscosity is of limited clinical utility because it bears little relationship to the actual viscosity within the circulation, but an increase in the viscosity of circulating blood can contribute to morbidity in patients suffering from disorders such as sickle cell anemia and polycythemia. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to

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the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]

Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Cachexia: General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calcium Pyrophosphate: Diphosphoric acid, calcium salt. An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably hypophosphatasia and pseudogout. [NIH] Caloric intake: Refers to the number of calories (energy content) consumed. [NIH] Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract. [NIH] Cannabinoids: Compounds extracted from Cannabis sativa L. and metabolites having the cannabinoid structure. The most active constituents are tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, and cannabidiol. [NIH] Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L. [NIH] Canthaxanthin: A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. It is believed that it inhibits development of tumor cells and neoplastic transformation through its antioxidant properties. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a

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network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiology: The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions. [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH]

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Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catechin: Extracted from Uncaria gambier, Acacia catechu and other plants; it stabilizes collagen and is therefore used in tanning and dyeing; it prevents capillary fragility and abnormal permeability, but was formerly used as an antidiarrheal. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH]

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Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Ceroid: A naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to lipofuscin. It accumulates in various tissues in certain experimental and pathological conditions. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chloroplasts: Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, which is associated with the membrane of thylakoids. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of higher plants. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chorioretinitis: Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH]

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Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Cicatrix: The formation of new tissue in the process of wound healing. [NIH] Cicatrization: The formation of a cicatrix or scar. [EU] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citric Acid Cycle: A series of reactions involving oxidation of a two-carbon acetyl unit to carbon dioxide and water with the production of high-energy phosphate bonds by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediate. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Classic Migraine: Migraine preceded or accompanied by characteristic visual sensory disturbances, especially peripheral scintillations and hemianopsia. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH]

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Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Coenzyme Q10: An organic compound which combines with an enzyme and plays an essential part in its catalytic reaction. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cognition Disorders: Disturbances in the mental process related to thinking, reasoning, and judgment. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of

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the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Colorectal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the either the colon or rectum or both. The most frequent malignant tumor in the United States. Etiological factors which increase the risk of colorectal cancer include chronic ulcerative colitis, familial polyposis of the colon, exposure to asbestos, irradiation of the cervix. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is

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exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the coronary arteries. [NIH] Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]

Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried

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by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Coumarin: A fluorescent dye. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]

Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Critical Illness: A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curcumin: A dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of Curcuma longa Linn. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclodextrins: A homologous group of cyclic glucans consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances. [NIH] Cystamine: A radiation-protective agent that interferes with sulfhydryl enzymes. It may also protect against carbon tetrachloride liver damage. [NIH] Cysteamine: A radiation-protective agent that oxidizes in air to form cystamine. It can be given intravenously or orally to treat radiation sickness. The bitartrate has been used for the

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oral treatment of nephropathic cystinosis. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]

De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial

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relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Dentifrices: Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. [NIH] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Deoxyguanosine: A nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose. [NIH]

Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH]

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Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilated cardiomyopathy: Heart muscle disease that leads to enlargement of the heart's chambers, robbing the heart of its pumping ability. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Drug Carriers: Substances that facilitate time-controlled delivery, organ-specific targeting, protection, prolonged in vivo function, and decrease of toxicity of drugs. Liposomes, albumin microspheres, soluble synthetic polymers, DNA complexes, protein-drug conjugates, and carrier erythrocytes among others have been employed as biodegradable drug carriers. [NIH]

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Drug Costs: The amount that a health care institution or organization pays for its drugs. It is one component of the final price that is charged to the consumer (fees, pharmaceutical or prescription fees). [NIH] Drug Delivery Systems: Systems of administering drugs through controlled delivery so that an optimum amount reaches the target site. Drug delivery systems encompass the carrier, route, and target. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyslexia: Partial alexia in which letters but not words may be read, or in which words may be read but not understood. [NIH] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH]

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Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endorphin: Opioid peptides derived from beta-lipotropin. Endorphin is the most potent naturally occurring analgesic agent. It is present in pituitary, brain, and peripheral tissues. [NIH]

Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU]

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Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excitatory Amino Acids: Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear. [NIH]

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Excitotoxicity: Excessive exposure to glutamate or related compounds can kill brain neurons, presumably by overstimulating them. [NIH] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exercise Tolerance: The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an exercise test. [NIH]

Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Fallopian Tubes: Two long muscular tubes that transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus. They extend from the horn of the uterus to the ovaries and consist of an ampulla, an infundibulum, an isthmus, two ostia, and a pars uterina. The walls of the tubes are composed of three layers: mucosal, muscular, and serosal. [NIH] Familial polyposis: An inherited condition in which numerous polyps (tissue masses) develop on the inside walls of the colon and rectum. It increases the risk for colon cancer. [NIH]

Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciculation: A small local contraction of muscles, visible through the skin, representing a spontaneous discharge of a number of fibres innervated by a single motor nerve filament. [EU]

Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste.

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[NIH]

Fluid Therapy: Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to water-electrolyte balance. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by hypodermoclysis. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]

Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma-Endorphin: An endogenous opioid peptide derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor peptide. It differs from alpha-endorphin by one amino acid. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH]

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Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.59. [NIH] Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

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[NIH]

Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or

Dictionary 187

as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heart Transplantation: The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another. [NIH]

Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemianopsia: Partial or complete loss of vision in one half of the visual field(s) of one or both eyes. Subtypes include altitudinal hemianopsia, characterized by a visual defect above or below the horizontal meridian of the visual field. Homonymous hemianopsia refers to a visual defect that affects both eyes equally, and occurs either to the left or right of the midline of the visual field. Binasal hemianopsia consists of loss of vision in the nasal hemifields of both eyes. Bitemporal hemianopsia is the bilateral loss of vision in the temporal fields. Quadrantanopsia refers to loss of vision in one quarter of the visual field in one or both eyes. [NIH] Hemicellulose: A general term to describe those polysaccharides other than cellulose which are constituents of vegetable cell walls. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic

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alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]

Hesperidin: Predominant flavonoid in lemons and sweet oranges. [NIH] Histone Deacetylase: Hydrolyzes N-acetyl groups on histones. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH]

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Hyperlipoproteinemia: Metabolic disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. The inherited form is attributed to a single gene mechanism. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Heart muscle disease that leads to thickening of the heart walls, interfering with the heart's ability to fill with and pump blood. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunogen: A substance that is capable of causing antibody formation. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impotency: Lack of power in the male to copulate, i. e. inability to achieve penile erection; the cause may be exposure to organic solvents or other toxic substances. [NIH]

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In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Instillation: . [EU] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU]

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Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervention Studies: Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized causeeffect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. [NIH] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Isometric Contraction: Muscular contractions characterized by increase in tension without change in length. [NIH]

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Coenzyme Q10

Isoprenoid: Molecule that might anchor G protein to the cell membrane as it is hydrophobic. [NIH]

Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Learning Disorders: Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These disorders may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipofuscin: A naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to

Dictionary 193

ceroid. It accumulates in various normal tissues and apparently increases in quantity with age. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoprotein(a): A family of lipoprotein particles varying in density and size depending on the protein-lipid ratio and the protein composition. These particles consist of apolipoprotein B-100 covalently linked to apolipoprotein-a by one or two disulfide bonds. There is a correlation between high plasma levels of this lipoprotein and increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. [NIH] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]

Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Mitochondria: Yellow discoloration of the liver due to fatty degeneration of liver parenchymal cells; the cause may be chemical poisoning. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lycopene: A red pigment found in tomatoes and some fruits. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells

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Coenzyme Q10

that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Nerve: The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura. [NIH]

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Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Memantine: Amantadine derivative that has some dopaminergic effects. It has been proposed as an antiparkinson agent. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to dextroamphetamine. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body

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Coenzyme Q10

functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]

labeled

with

Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitral Valve: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Mitral Valve Prolapse: Abnormal protrusion of one or both of the leaflets of the mitral valve into the left atrium during systole. This may be accompanied by mitral regurgitation, systolic murmur, nonejection click, or cardiac arrhythmia. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH]

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Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle Fatigue: A state arrived at through prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle. Studies in athletes during prolonged submaximal exercise have shown that muscle fatigue increases in almost direct proportion to the rate of muscle glycogen depletion. Muscle fatigue in short-term maximal exercise is associated with oxygen lack and an increased level of blood and muscle lactic acid, and an accompanying increase in hydrogen-ion concentration in the exercised muscle. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle Hypertonia: Abnormal increase in skeletal or smooth muscle tone. Skeletal muscle hypertonicity may be associated with pyramidal tract lesions or basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH]

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Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mycotoxins: Toxins derived from bacteria or fungi. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]

Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis,

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prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Nervousness: Excessive excitability and irritability, with mental and physical unrest. [EU] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neurofilaments: Bundle of neuronal fibers. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Diseases: A general term encompassing lower motor neuron disease; peripheral nervous system diseases; and certain muscular diseases. Manifestations include muscle weakness; fasciculation; muscle atrophy; spasm; myokymia; muscle hypertonia, myalgias, and musclehypotonia. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuroprotective Agents: Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids. [NIH] Neuroretinitis: Inflammation of the optic nerve head and adjacent retina. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU]

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Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neurotoxins: Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Niacinamide: An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. [NIH] Night Blindness: Anomaly of vision in which there is a pronounced inadequacy or complete absence of dark-adaptation. [NIH] Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrosamines: A class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Support: The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include fluid therapy which normalizes body fluids to restore water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH]

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Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Opioid Peptides: The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the enkephalins, the dynorphins, and the endorphins. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and proopiomelanocortin, respectively. There are also at least three classes of opioid receptors, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor

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molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oximetry: The determination of oxygen-hemoglobin saturation of blood either by withdrawing a sample and passing it through a classical photoelectric oximeter or by electrodes attached to some translucent part of the body like finger, earlobe, or skin fold. It includes non-invasive oxygen monitoring by pulse oximetry. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Partial response: A decrease in the size of a tumor, or in the extent of cancer in the body, in response to treatment. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease.

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[NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penile Erection: The state of the penis when the erectile tissue becomes filled with blood and causes the penis to become rigid and elevated. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH]

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Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorous: Having to do with or containing the element phosphorus. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of

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organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmapheresis: Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use. [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's

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life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases). [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prescription Fees: The charge levied on the consumer for drugs or therapy prescribed under written order of a physician or other health professional. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: A chronic liver disease. Slowly destroys the bile ducts in the liver. This prevents release of bile. Long-term irritation of the liver may cause scarring and cirrhosis in later stages of the disease. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Pro-Opiomelanocortin: A precursor protein, MW 30,000, synthesized mainly in the anterior pituitary gland but also found in the hypothalamus, brain, and several peripheral tissues. It incorporates the amino acid sequences of ACTH and beta-lipotropin. These two hormones, in turn, contain the biologically active peptides MSH, corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide, alpha-lipotropin, endorphins, and methionine enkephalin. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH]

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Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]

Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

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Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Quinones: Hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to

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crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Rehydration: The restoration of water or of fluid content to a body or to substance which has become dehydrated. [EU] Reishi: A mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, of the aphyllophorales order of basidomycetous fungi. It has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine in various forms. Contains sterols, coumarin, mannitol, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH]

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Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restitution: The restoration to a normal state. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. [NIH] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retinitis Pigmentosa: Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN

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and FAD. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rotenone: A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. [NIH]

Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcolemma: The plasma membrane of a smooth, striated, or cardiac muscle fiber. [NIH] Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscles that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal,

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excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase. It is used in newly diagnosed patients with Parkinson's disease. It may slow progression of the clinical disease and delay the requirement for levodopa therapy. It also may be given with levodopa upon onset of disability. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p385) The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminal fluid: Fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of the man's body during orgasm. Seminal fluid contains sugar as an energy source for sperm. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter)

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is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Sodium Fluoride: A source of inorganic fluoride which is used topically to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in analytical chemistry. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic

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and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrophotometry: The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Count: A count of sperm in the ejaculum, expressed as number per milliliter. [NIH] Sperm Motility: Ability of the spermatozoon to move by flagellate swimming. [NIH] Spermatozoon: The mature male germ cell. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU]

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Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroke Volume: The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH]

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Coenzyme Q10

Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systole: Period of contraction of the heart, especially of the ventricles. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Tartar: A mass of calcium and magnesium salts deposited around the teeth and upon artificial dentures. [NIH] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetrahydrocannabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-THC. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss,

Dictionary 217

movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]

hydroxyethyl)-4-

Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thylakoids: Membranous cisternae of the chloroplast containing photosynthetic pigments, reaction centers, and the electron-transport chain. Each thylakoid consists of a flattened sac of membrane enclosing a narrow intra-thylakoid space (Lackie and Dow, Dictionary of Cell Biology, 2nd ed). Individual thylakoids are interconnected and tend to stack to form aggregates called grana. They are found in cyanobacteria and all plants. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Timolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to propranolol. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of migraine and tremor. [NIH]

Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures

218

Coenzyme Q10

preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigeminal Nerve: The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the trigeminal ganglion and project to the trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the

Dictionary 219

appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in electron transport in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals. [NIH] Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH] Varicocele: A complex of dilated veins which surround the testicle, usually on the left side. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venoms: Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. [NIH]

220

Coenzyme Q10

Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH]

Dictionary 221

Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

223

INDEX 1 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6tetrahydropyridine, 8, 159 A Abdominal, 41, 45, 159, 185, 202, 219 Acceptor, 159, 192, 201 Acetylcarnitine, 105, 159 Acetylcholine, 159, 171, 200 Acetylcysteine, 72, 112, 113, 159 Acidosis, 24, 32, 41, 159 Actin, 12, 159, 197, 198 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 45, 159 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 159 Adaptability, 159, 170 Adaptation, 12, 114, 159, 200 Adenine, 159, 208 Adenosine, 109, 115, 123, 159, 162, 168, 204 Adjunctive Therapy, 23, 39, 120, 160 Adjustment, 159, 160 Adjuvant, 39, 60, 72, 160, 185 Adjuvant Therapy, 39, 60, 72, 160 Adrenal Cortex, 160, 206, 209 Adrenergic, 79, 160, 179, 207, 216, 217 Adverse Effect, 147, 160, 212 Aerobic, 12, 25, 32, 97, 102, 108, 124, 160, 183, 196, 202, 219 Aerobic Metabolism, 12, 160, 202 Aerobic Respiration, 160, 202 Aetiology, 97, 160 Affinity, 160, 164, 193, 213 Age of Onset, 160, 219 Ageing, 111, 113, 160 Agonist, 160, 179, 216 Albumin, 160, 179 Aldose Reductase Inhibitor, 128, 161 Alertness, 161, 168 Algorithms, 161, 166 Alimentary, 161, 178, 202 Alkaline, 159, 161, 162, 168, 204 Alkaloid, 161, 173 Alpha-1, 161, 176 Alternative medicine, 132, 161 Aluminum, 93, 161 Ambulatory Care, 161 Ameliorated, 8, 161 Amino Acid Sequence, 161, 162, 206

Amino Acids, 93, 97, 121, 122, 161, 182, 203, 207, 215, 219 Amiodarone, 36, 161 Ammonia, 162, 186, 216, 219 Amphetamine, 94, 162, 178 Amyotrophy, 13, 162 Anabolic, 122, 162, 179 Analog, 100, 162 Analogous, 5, 162, 218 Anatomical, 162, 165, 181, 189, 211 Anemia, 25, 68, 117, 122, 143, 162, 167, 184 Angina, 35, 47, 75, 162, 207 Angina Pectoris, 35, 162, 207 Angioplasty, 162, 198 Animal model, 6, 92, 105, 162 Anions, 161, 162, 191, 216 Anoxia, 111, 162 Antagonism, 162, 168 Anthracyclines, 45, 58, 162 Antianginal, 161, 162 Antiarrhythmic, 21, 161, 162, 217 Antibiotic, 162, 177, 179, 214 Antibodies, 7, 117, 162, 163, 194, 197, 205 Antibody, 7, 21, 160, 163, 174, 177, 188, 189, 190, 191, 197, 208, 214 Anticoagulant, 163, 207, 221 Antidote, 163, 213 Antigen, 90, 160, 163, 174, 188, 190 Antihypertensive, 163, 217 Anti-infective, 163, 184, 188, 191, 213 Anti-Infective Agents, 163, 184 Anti-inflammatory, 99, 163 Antiproliferative, 99, 163 Antiviral, 90, 159, 163 Antiviral Agents, 90, 163 Anus, 163, 167, 209 Anxiety, 94, 163, 207 Aorta, 163, 175, 220 Aortic Valve, 17, 22, 66, 163 Aortic Valve Stenosis, 22, 163 Apolipoproteins, 163, 193 Apoptosis, 5, 7, 11, 23, 27, 163 Aqueous, 90, 91, 112, 114, 125, 164, 165, 177, 181, 188, 193 Arginine, 79, 117, 122, 164, 200 Arrhythmia, 162, 164, 196 Arterial, 10, 69, 164, 169, 171, 189, 207, 216

224

Coenzyme Q10

Arteries, 117, 163, 164, 167, 175, 193, 196, 198 Arterioles, 164, 167, 168, 198, 219 Arteriosclerosis, 51, 75, 164, 189 Arthropathy, 106, 164 Asbestos, 164, 174 Ascorbic Acid, 42, 72, 97, 110, 164 Aseptic, 115, 164, 215 Assay, 14, 42, 119, 164 Asthenia, 105, 106, 164 Astrocytes, 41, 164, 197 Ataxia, 20, 36, 67, 132, 142, 143, 164, 217 Atherogenic, 17, 66, 164 Atmospheric Pressure, 165, 188 Atrial, 25, 162, 165, 221 Atrial Fibrillation, 165, 221 Atrium, 165, 196, 220 Atrophy, 100, 119, 142, 165, 199 Attenuated, 65, 165 Aura, 91, 165 Autoimmune disease, 165, 197 Autonomic, 92, 159, 165, 203 Axons, 165, 201, 210 B Bacteria, 102, 124, 162, 163, 165, 166, 174, 178, 180, 181, 196, 198, 208, 214, 219 Bacterial Physiology, 159, 165 Bactericidal, 165, 182 Bacterium, 98, 165, 175 Basal Ganglia, 164, 165, 184, 197 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 164, 165, 197 Base, 96, 159, 165, 178, 182, 192, 203, 204 Base Composition, 96, 165 Benign, 6, 95, 165, 184, 186 Benzene, 165, 166, 191 Benzoic Acid, 117, 165 Benzoquinones, 101, 124, 166 Beta carotene, 122, 166 Beta Rays, 166, 180 Bilateral, 20, 57, 166, 187, 210 Bile, 97, 166, 184, 193, 206, 215, 216 Bile Acids, 166, 215, 216 Bile Acids and Salts, 166 Bile Ducts, 97, 166, 206 Biliary, 97, 166 Bioavailability, 14, 17, 30, 47, 67, 100, 101, 120, 166 Bioavailable, 122, 166 Biological therapy, 166, 186 Biological Transport, 166, 179 Biosynthesis, 38, 47, 73, 98, 166

Biotechnology, 12, 13, 132, 139, 141, 142, 143, 166 Biotin, 109, 117, 166 Bladder, 117, 167, 197, 199, 207, 219 Blood Coagulation, 167, 168, 217 Blood Glucose, 50, 167, 187, 190 Blood pressure, 24, 33, 59, 67, 163, 167, 169, 189, 196, 200, 213 Blood vessel, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 181, 191, 194, 203, 213, 215, 216, 217, 219 Blood Viscosity, 46, 167 Body Fluids, 167, 168, 184, 200, 213 Bone Marrow, 159, 165, 167, 189, 193, 194, 214 Boron, 117, 167, 176 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 167 Bowel, 167, 179, 191, 219 Bowel Movement, 167, 179 Bradykinin, 167, 200 Brain Stem, 167, 171, 218 Branch, 155, 167, 177, 194, 203, 214, 217 Breakdown, 93, 167, 179, 184 Breeding, 7, 167 Bromine, 92, 167 Bronchi, 168, 218 Bronchial, 131, 168 Buffers, 92, 168 Burns, 70, 105, 106, 110, 168 Burns, Electric, 168 Bypass, 30, 168, 198 C Cachexia, 105, 106, 168 Caffeine, 94, 118, 168, 208 Calcium, 51, 58, 92, 93, 106, 115, 117, 164, 168, 172, 174, 198, 200, 211, 213, 216 Calcium Carbonate, 93, 168 Calcium Pyrophosphate, 93, 168 Caloric intake, 93, 109, 116, 123, 168 Cannabidiol, 168 Cannabinoids, 128, 168 Cannabinol, 168 Canthaxanthin, 72, 168 Capillary, 167, 168, 169, 170, 211 Capillary Fragility, 169, 170, 211 Capsules, 108, 116, 169, 179, 185 Captopril, 59, 169 Carbohydrate, 37, 110, 121, 169, 186, 200, 205 Carbon Dioxide, 169, 172, 184, 204, 210, 220 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, 95, 169

Index 225

Carcinogenic, 165, 169, 190, 200, 206, 214, 215 Carcinogens, 169, 172, 201 Carcinoma, 99, 169 Cardiac Output, 29, 169, 215 Cardiology, 13, 22, 23, 35, 40, 44, 48, 54, 57, 61, 169 Cardiomyopathy, 15, 18, 34, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 57, 59, 76, 169 Cardiotoxicity, 15, 38, 45, 65, 169 Cardiovascular disease, 19, 21, 43, 57, 61, 67, 97, 108, 112, 169, 193 Cardiovascular System, 108, 169 Carotene, 43, 69, 72, 97, 166, 169, 210 Carotenoids, 94, 112, 166, 170 Case report, 24, 170, 172 Case series, 170, 172 Catechin, 72, 170 Catecholamine, 170, 179, 204 Catheterization, 162, 170, 198 Cathode, 166, 170, 180 Cations, 170, 191 Causal, 170, 191 Cause of Death, 112, 170 Cell Death, 6, 7, 9, 10, 102, 125, 163, 170, 199 Cell Division, 142, 165, 170, 177, 186, 196, 204 Cell membrane, 102, 125, 166, 170, 192, 204 Cell Respiration, 160, 170, 196, 202, 210 Cell Survival, 170, 186 Cellobiose, 170 Cellulose, 93, 170, 187, 204 Central Nervous System Infections, 171, 187 Cerebellar, 20, 36, 67, 132, 164, 171, 209, 218 Cerebellum, 171, 209 Cerebral, 9, 59, 111, 119, 164, 165, 167, 171, 175 Cerebrovascular, 165, 169, 171, 200, 217 Cerebrum, 171, 219 Ceroid, 36, 171, 193 Cervical, 105, 106, 171 Cervix, 171, 174, 210 Character, 113, 162, 171, 177 Chelation, 128, 171 Chemotherapy, 61, 108, 160, 171 Chlorophyll, 171 Chloroplasts, 102, 124, 171

Cholesterol, 28, 31, 37, 39, 77, 109, 112, 116, 117, 120, 123, 166, 171, 172, 176, 180, 188, 189, 193, 215, 216 Cholesterol Esters, 171, 193 Choline, 106, 117, 171 Chorioretinitis, 171, 210 Choroid, 171, 210 Chromatin, 163, 172 Chromium, 93, 106, 109, 115, 117, 128, 172 Chromosomal, 172, 211 Chromosome, 172, 175, 186, 192, 211 Chronic, 3, 9, 10, 23, 29, 34, 35, 42, 47, 57, 60, 76, 97, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 142, 168, 172, 174, 181, 190, 192, 205, 206, 207, 215, 219 Chronic Disease, 168, 172 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 110, 172 Chronic renal, 172, 205 Chylomicrons, 172, 193 Cicatrix, 172 Cicatrization, 105, 106, 172 Circulatory system, 10, 172 CIS, 101, 124, 172, 210 Citric Acid, 91, 93, 172 Citric Acid Cycle, 93, 172 Citrus, 117, 164, 172 Classic Migraine, 92, 172 Clinical Medicine, 18, 47, 60, 172, 206 Clinical study, 15, 16, 21, 43, 61, 66, 172, 175 Clinical trial, 4, 5, 8, 52, 85, 86, 99, 108, 139, 172, 197, 207, 208 Cloning, 166, 173 Coagulation, 167, 173, 187, 217, 221 Coca, 173 Cocaine, 94, 173 Cochlea, 173 Cochlear, 70, 173, 217, 220 Cochlear Diseases, 173, 217 Cod Liver Oil, 173, 181 Cofactor, 173, 207, 217 Cognition, 95, 173 Cognition Disorders, 95, 173 Collagen, 170, 173, 183, 185, 205 Collapse, 167, 173 Colorectal, 21, 173, 174 Colorectal Cancer, 173, 174 Colorectal Neoplasms, 21, 174 Complement, 174 Complementary and alternative medicine, 65, 81, 146, 147, 174 Complementary medicine, 65, 174

226

Coenzyme Q10

Computational Biology, 139, 141, 174 Conduction, 37, 174 Congestive heart failure, 22, 23, 29, 33, 46, 50, 52, 57, 58, 68, 132, 174 Conjugated, 109, 122, 166, 174, 177 Conjugation, 28, 58, 174 Conjunctiva, 175, 218 Connective Tissue, 164, 167, 173, 175, 183, 184, 185, 193 Consciousness, 175, 178 Constitutional, 175, 198, 210 Constriction, 163, 175, 191, 211 Consumption, 109, 122, 175, 178, 185, 202 Contractility, 46, 61, 175 Contraindications, ii, 175 Controlled clinical trial, 8, 175 Conventional therapy, 44, 175 Conventional treatment, 175 Convulsions, 175, 199 Coordination, 171, 175, 197 Coronary, 20, 22, 27, 30, 33, 44, 48, 58, 59, 76, 111, 112, 122, 162, 169, 175, 176, 196, 198 Coronary Arteriosclerosis, 175, 198 Coronary Artery Bypass, 27, 44, 175 Coronary Circulation, 162, 175 Coronary heart disease, 22, 122, 169, 175 Coronary Thrombosis, 176, 196, 198 Corpus, 176, 203, 206 Corpus Luteum, 176, 206 Cortex, 9, 164, 176, 209 Cortical, 12, 92, 176, 182, 211, 216 Corticosteroids, 125, 176 Coumarin, 176, 209 Cranial, 171, 176, 186, 191, 194, 199, 201, 203, 218, 220 Craniocerebral Trauma, 165, 176, 187, 217 Creatine, 5, 6, 8, 9, 30, 58, 59, 91, 93, 95, 110, 119, 121, 176 Creatinine, 176 Critical Illness, 110, 176 Curative, 176, 200, 217 Curcumin, 98, 99, 176 Cutaneous, 28, 105, 106, 113, 176 Cyanide, 176, 213 Cyclic, 118, 168, 176, 186, 200 Cyclodextrins, 118, 176 Cystamine, 176 Cysteamine, 5, 176 Cysteine, 110, 117, 128, 159, 177, 215 Cystine, 177 Cytochrome, 19, 40, 109, 177, 202

Cytogenetics, 177, 211 Cytokines, 113, 177 Cytoplasm, 6, 12, 163, 170, 177, 211 D Databases, Bibliographic, 139, 177 Daunorubicin, 177, 179 De novo, 12, 177 Decubitus, 177, 213 Decubitus Ulcer, 177, 213 Degenerative, 95, 108, 118, 177, 187, 194, 210 Dehydration, 90, 177 Deletion, 11, 163, 177 Dementia, 76, 78, 95, 119, 177 Dendrites, 178, 199 Density, 13, 52, 112, 178, 180, 193, 201, 205, 214 Dental Caries, 93, 103, 178, 213 Dentifrices, 92, 178 Dentures, 178, 216 Deoxyguanosine, 9, 42, 72, 178 Dermatology, 113, 178 Detergents, 178, 213 Deuterium, 44, 178, 188 Developed Countries, 178, 184 Dextroamphetamine, 94, 162, 178, 195 Diabetes Mellitus, 37, 50, 51, 62, 76, 127, 178, 185, 187 Diagnostic procedure, 89, 132, 178 Dialyzer, 178, 187 Diarrhea, 104, 178 Diastole, 178 Diastolic, 46, 178, 189 Dietary Fiber, 107, 178 Diffusion, 56, 166, 179, 190 Digestion, 161, 166, 167, 178, 179, 191, 193, 215, 219 Digestive system, 87, 179 Digestive tract, 179, 213 Dihydrotestosterone, 179, 209 Dihydroxy, 179, 211 Dilated cardiomyopathy, 25, 40, 44, 53, 62, 179 Dilation, 119, 167, 179 Dimethyl, 120, 128, 179 Diploid, 179, 205 Direct, iii, 7, 94, 103, 120, 128, 172, 179, 197, 209 Disinfectant, 179, 182 Distal, 7, 175, 179, 203, 207 Diuresis, 168, 179 Dopamine, 162, 173, 178, 179, 192, 197

Index 227

Dosage Forms, 101, 179, 203 Doxorubicin, 7, 60, 62, 79, 179 Drug Carriers, 7, 179 Drug Costs, 128, 180 Drug Delivery Systems, 7, 180 Drug Interactions, 180 Drug Tolerance, 180, 217 Duodenum, 166, 180, 215 Dyslexia, 180, 192 Dyslipidemia, 42, 72, 180 Dysplasia, 143, 180 Dystrophy, 78, 85, 100, 108, 142, 146, 180 E Echocardiography, 33, 180 Edema, 76, 78, 180, 191, 198 Efficacy, 5, 7, 16, 39, 40, 60, 66, 72, 85, 90, 103, 105, 118, 120, 180 Elasticity, 125, 164, 175, 180 Electrolyte, 180, 184, 200, 206, 213 Electrons, 102, 109, 124, 163, 165, 166, 170, 180, 191, 194, 202, 208 Elementary Particles, 180, 194, 207 Emboli, 180, 181, 221 Embolism, 181, 208, 221 Embolization, 181, 221 Embolus, 181, 190 Emollient, 181, 186, 201 Emulsion, 107, 181 Enamel, 178, 181 Encapsulated, 90, 112, 181, 193 Encephalopathy, 24, 32, 41, 181 Endemic, 181, 214 Endorphin, 181, 184 Endothelial cell, 10, 181, 217 Endothelium, 112, 181, 200 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 181 Endothelium, Vascular, 181 Endothelium-derived, 181, 200 Endotoxin, 61, 73, 181 End-stage renal, 172, 181, 205 Energetic, 6, 181 Environmental Exposure, 182, 201 Environmental Health, 138, 140, 182 Enzymatic, 107, 118, 168, 169, 174, 178, 182, 210 Epidemic, 182, 214 Epidermis, 182, 188 Epithelium, 181, 182 Erythrocytes, 25, 68, 162, 167, 179, 182, 209 Esophagus, 179, 182, 215 Essential Tremor, 142, 182 Estrogen, 182, 212, 216

Ethanol, 61, 73, 182 Ether, 90, 182 Eukaryotic Cells, 182, 201, 219 Excipients, 125, 182, 184, 203 Excitability, 92, 182, 199 Excitation, 92, 182 Excitatory, 182, 185, 199 Excitatory Amino Acids, 182, 199 Excitotoxicity, 5, 183 Exercise Test, 183 Exercise Tolerance, 35, 51, 183 Exogenous, 32, 57, 108, 116, 123, 169, 183, 219 Expiration, 183, 210 Extensor, 183, 207 Extracellular, 10, 92, 164, 175, 183, 213 Extracellular Matrix, 175, 183 Extraction, 103, 122, 183 F Fallopian Tubes, 183, 210 Familial polyposis, 174, 183 Family Planning, 139, 183 Fasciculation, 183, 199 Fatigue, 3, 97, 100, 108, 109, 172, 183, 187, 197 Fatty acids, 16, 66, 91, 93, 105, 107, 122, 159, 161, 183, 186, 213 Fibroblasts, 24, 183 Fibrosis, 143, 183, 211 Flatus, 183, 184 Flavoring Agents, 183, 184, 203 Fluid Therapy, 184, 200 Folate, 116, 118, 184 Fold, 184, 202 Folic Acid, 98, 99, 115, 117, 184 Food Additives, 100, 184 Food Coloring Agents, 184 Food Preservatives, 184 Forearm, 30, 167, 184 Fructose, 70, 184 Fungi, 174, 184, 186, 196, 198, 209, 221 Fungistatic, 165, 184 G Gallbladder, 159, 166, 179, 184 Gamma-Endorphin, 184 Ganglia, 159, 165, 184, 199, 203 Ganglion, 184, 210, 218, 220 Gas, 69, 162, 169, 179, 183, 184, 188, 200, 220 Gas exchange, 184, 220 Gasoline, 16, 165, 185 Gastric, 169, 179, 185

228

Coenzyme Q10

Gastrin, 185, 188 Gastroenteritis, 168, 185 Gastrointestinal, 164, 167, 182, 185, 212, 215 Gastrointestinal tract, 182, 185, 212 Gelatin, 116, 122, 123, 185, 186, 216 Gels, 96, 185 Gene, 5, 9, 19, 56, 66, 83, 98, 143, 144, 166, 185, 189, 201 Genetics, 8, 26, 175, 177, 185 Genotype, 185, 204 Germanium, 56, 185 Ginkgo biloba, 15, 32, 56, 66, 69, 104, 106, 128, 185 Gland, 117, 160, 185, 193, 202, 206, 207, 211, 215, 216, 217 Glomerular, 185, 194, 209 Glucans, 176, 185 Glucose, 105, 142, 161, 164, 167, 170, 172, 176, 178, 185, 186, 187, 190, 211, 214 Glucose Intolerance, 178, 185 Glutamate, 41, 183, 185 Glutamic Acid, 184, 185, 186 Glutamine, 8, 128, 186 Glutathione Peroxidase, 186, 212 Glycerol, 186, 204 Glycerophospholipids, 186, 204 Glycine, 166, 186 Glycogen, 109, 110, 122, 186, 197 Glycosidic, 162, 170, 186, 201 Gonadal, 186, 215 Governing Board, 186, 206 Graft, 186, 188, 189, 198 Graft Rejection, 186, 189 Grafting, 44, 175, 186 Granule, 34, 70, 186 Grasses, 184, 186 Growth factors, 105, 186 Guanylate Cyclase, 186, 200 H Habitual, 171, 186 Haploid, 186, 205 Headache, 43, 60, 91, 168, 186, 187 Headache Disorders, 187 Heart attack, 169, 187 Heart failure, 27, 29, 36, 39, 42, 47, 52, 60, 72, 109, 187 Heart Transplantation, 24, 187 Heme, 177, 187 Hemianopsia, 172, 187 Hemicellulose, 107, 187 Hemodialysis, 47, 168, 178, 187

Hemodynamics, 42, 187 Hemoglobin, 162, 182, 187, 202 Hemoglobinuria, 142, 187 Hemorrhage, 176, 187, 198, 215 Hemostasis, 30, 187, 212 Hepatic, 61, 73, 97, 105, 106, 161, 187, 197 Hepatitis, 21, 105, 187, 220 Hepatocytes, 188 Hereditary, 11, 46, 188, 199, 210 Heredity, 185, 188 Hernia, 105, 106, 188 Hesperidin, 117, 188 Histone Deacetylase, 5, 188 Homeostasis, 12, 188 Homologous, 176, 188 Hormonal, 165, 188 Hormone, 12, 48, 105, 106, 117, 160, 176, 185, 188, 190, 191, 195, 206, 212, 216, 217 Hormone therapy, 160, 188 Horny layer, 125, 182, 188 Host, 103, 188, 189, 220 Hydrogen, 93, 102, 124, 159, 165, 168, 169, 178, 186, 188, 192, 196, 197, 201, 207, 216 Hydrogen Peroxide, 186, 188, 192, 216 Hydrophilic, 90, 178, 188 Hydrophobic, 90, 101, 118, 178, 186, 188, 192, 193 Hygienic, 188, 213 Hyperbaric, 61, 73, 128, 188 Hyperbaric oxygen, 61, 73, 128, 188 Hypercholesterolemia, 77, 122, 180, 188 Hyperlipidemia, 51, 110, 180, 188 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 189 Hypertension, 18, 25, 31, 33, 45, 47, 53, 64, 73, 77, 78, 110, 169, 189, 191, 207 Hypertriglyceridemia, 110, 112, 180, 189 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 53, 189 Hypertrophy, 70, 189 Hypoxia, 59, 61, 189, 217 I Id, 63, 74, 142, 148, 154, 156, 189 Idiopathic, 26, 38, 39, 40, 44, 53, 57, 62, 189 Imidazole, 166, 189 Immune function, 107, 189 Immune response, 49, 90, 160, 163, 165, 186, 189, 215, 220 Immune system, 103, 107, 108, 110, 122, 166, 189, 194, 197, 219, 221 Immunity, 189, 201 Immunization, 189 Immunodeficiency, 107, 142, 189 Immunogen, 90, 189

Index 229

Immunoglobulin, 162, 189, 197 Immunology, 60, 160, 189 Immunosuppressant, 128, 189 Immunosuppressive, 189 Immunosuppressive therapy, 189 Immunotherapy, 57, 166, 189 Impairment, 119, 164, 189, 195 Impotency, 108, 189 In vitro, 7, 11, 22, 35, 100, 105, 167, 190 In vivo, 7, 24, 38, 51, 52, 72, 101, 120, 179, 190, 214 Indicative, 123, 128, 190, 203, 219 Infarction, 7, 59, 190, 209 Infection, 17, 90, 163, 164, 166, 185, 189, 190, 193, 194, 199, 215, 221 Infertility, 29, 77, 78, 190 Infiltration, 61, 73, 190 Inflammation, 161, 163, 171, 183, 185, 187, 190, 199, 203, 210, 219 Infusion, 190, 198 Ingestion, 168, 190, 195, 205 Inhalation, 104, 164, 190, 205 Initiation, 31, 69, 103, 190 Inorganic, 93, 97, 168, 190, 213 Inositol, 106, 117, 190 Insomnia, 94, 190 Instillation, 125, 190 Insulator, 190, 197 Insulin, 22, 33, 37, 50, 59, 77, 93, 105, 110, 190, 219 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 190 Insulin-like, 105, 190 Intermittent, 70, 184, 190 Interstitial, 191, 209 Intervention Studies, 112, 191 Intervertebral, 105, 106, 191 Intestinal, 105, 106, 108, 116, 123, 169, 191, 194 Intestine, 166, 167, 174, 191, 192 Intoxication, 191, 219, 221 Intracellular, 6, 10, 90, 93, 110, 168, 190, 191, 195, 200, 206, 212 Intracellular Membranes, 191, 195 Intracranial Hypertension, 187, 191, 217 Intramuscular, 90, 191, 202 Intravenous, 110, 125, 190, 191, 202 Intrinsic, 120, 160, 191 Invasive, 189, 191, 194, 202 Involuntary, 165, 182, 191, 198, 209, 214 Iodine, 117, 191 Ion Channels, 92, 164, 191 Ions, 92, 165, 168, 180, 188, 191, 211

Irradiation, 167, 174, 191 Ischemia, 7, 58, 59, 68, 165, 177, 191, 198, 199, 209 Isoflavones, 122, 191 Isometric Contraction, 8, 191 Isoprenoid, 101, 124, 192 J Joint, 112, 113, 164, 192, 216 K Kb, 138, 192 Keratolytic, 178, 192 Kidney Disease, 87, 138, 143, 192 Kinetic, 120, 192 L Large Intestine, 173, 179, 191, 192, 209, 213 Learning Disorders, 111, 192 Lectin, 192, 195 Lesion, 121, 175, 192, 193 Leukemia, 142, 179, 192 Leukocytes, 167, 177, 192 Levo, 192, 217 Levodopa, 192, 212 Library Services, 154, 192 Ligament, 192, 207 Ligands, 7, 192 Linkage, 162, 170, 192 Lipid Peroxidation, 12, 31, 33, 35, 59, 61, 69, 70, 71, 73, 102, 125, 192, 202 Lipofuscin, 171, 192 Lipophilic, 91, 100, 101, 118, 120, 193 Lipoprotein, 10, 13, 48, 52, 112, 180, 193 Lipoprotein(a), 48, 193 Liposomal, 7, 193 Liposome, 7, 125, 193 Liver Mitochondria, 73, 193 Liver Transplantation, 60, 193 Localization, 6, 119, 193 Localized, 178, 181, 190, 193, 197, 204, 205 Locomotion, 193, 205 Loop, 94, 188, 193 Low-density lipoprotein, 28, 31, 58, 69, 112, 180, 193 Lycopene, 98, 99, 104, 112, 117, 193 Lymph, 171, 172, 181, 193, 194 Lymph node, 171, 193, 194 Lymphatic, 181, 190, 193, 214 Lymphatic system, 193, 214 Lymphoblastic, 194 Lymphoblasts, 159, 194 Lymphocyte, 163, 194 Lymphoid, 163, 176, 194 Lymphoma, 45, 77, 142, 194

230

Coenzyme Q10

M Macula, 194 Macula Lutea, 194 Macular Degeneration, 32, 58, 194 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 194 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 24, 52, 194 Malabsorption, 142, 194 Malaise, 91, 194 Malignancy, 107, 194 Malignant, 95, 142, 174, 194 Malignant tumor, 174, 194 Malnutrition, 110, 161, 165, 168, 194, 197 Mammary, 175, 194, 216 Mannitol, 194, 209 Mastication, 194, 218 Maxillary, 194, 218 Maxillary Nerve, 194, 218 Meat, 122, 195, 213 Medicament, 94, 97, 104, 195, 216 MEDLINE, 139, 141, 143, 195 Megaloblastic, 184, 195 Melanin, 121, 195 Melanocytes, 195 Melanoma, 142, 167, 195 Memantine, 128, 195 Membrane Proteins, 12, 195 Memory, 95, 110, 177, 195 Meninges, 171, 176, 195 Menstrual Cycle, 195, 206 Mental Disorders, 87, 195, 207 Meta-Analysis, 122, 195 Metabolic disorder, 109, 195 Metabolite, 179, 195, 206 Methamphetamine, 94, 195 Methanol, 16, 195 Methionine, 97, 105, 179, 195, 206, 215 MI, 92, 157, 196 Microbe, 196, 218 Microbiology, 159, 196 Micronutrients, 95, 119, 196 Microorganism, 98, 173, 196, 220 Micro-organism, 178, 196 Microspheres, 179, 196 Milliliter, 196, 214 Mineralization, 92, 196 Mitochondria, 11, 12, 23, 26, 43, 53, 58, 74, 93, 102, 108, 116, 123, 124, 159, 196, 198, 201 Mitochondrial Swelling, 196, 199 Mitosis, 164, 196 Mitral Valve, 22, 33, 196

Mitral Valve Prolapse, 33, 196 Modeling, 5, 196 Modification, 51, 83, 113, 196, 208 Molecule, 94, 102, 124, 163, 165, 173, 174, 181, 182, 186, 192, 196, 201, 208, 212 Monitor, 120, 176, 196, 200 Monoamine, 162, 178, 197, 212 Monoamine Oxidase, 162, 178, 197, 212 Monoclonal, 7, 191, 197, 208 Monoclonal antibodies, 7, 197 Mononuclear, 19, 197 Morphological, 59, 160, 195, 197 Motility, 118, 197, 212 Mucolytic, 159, 197 Multicenter study, 39, 60, 72, 197 Multiple sclerosis, 48, 108, 197 Muscle Contraction, 197, 211 Muscle Fatigue, 122, 197 Muscle Fibers, 197, 198 Muscle Hypertonia, 197, 199 Muscular Atrophy, 142, 197 Muscular Dystrophies, 53, 100, 180, 197 Mutagenic, 198, 200, 213 Myasthenia, 105, 106, 198 Mycotoxins, 59, 71, 198 Mydriatic, 179, 198 Myelin, 197, 198 Myocardial infarction, 7, 21, 34, 45, 176, 196, 198, 207, 221 Myocardial Ischemia, 7, 29, 70, 162, 198 Myocardial Reperfusion, 44, 198, 210 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 44, 198, 210 Myocardium, 25, 68, 101, 124, 162, 196, 198 Myopathy, 24, 32, 41, 56, 109, 116, 123, 198 Myosin, 7, 197, 198 Myotonic Dystrophy, 28, 142, 198 N Narcolepsy, 178, 198 Nausea, 179, 185, 198, 219 NCI, 1, 86, 137, 172, 198 Necrosis, 105, 106, 163, 190, 196, 198, 199, 209, 210 Need, 3, 93, 99, 101, 105, 123, 127, 129, 149, 160, 172, 186, 199, 217 Neoplasia, 142, 199 Neoplastic, 168, 194, 199 Nephropathy, 192, 199 Nervous System, 26, 117, 142, 159, 162, 165, 168, 171, 173, 178, 184, 185, 192, 195, 197, 199, 200, 201, 203, 212, 216

Index 231

Nervousness, 94, 199 Neuralgia, 105, 106, 199 Neuroblastoma, 9, 199 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 8, 11, 21, 23, 26, 67, 165, 199 Neurofilaments, 12, 199 Neurogenic, 53, 100, 199 Neurologist, 8, 199 Neuromuscular, 8, 42, 51, 85, 159, 199 Neuromuscular Diseases, 8, 199 Neuronal, 5, 6, 9, 10, 36, 92, 105, 199 Neurons, 5, 6, 12, 41, 92, 119, 173, 178, 182, 183, 184, 192, 199, 220 Neuropathy, 11, 20, 46, 57, 127, 161, 162, 199, 203 Neuroprotective Agents, 5, 199 Neuroretinitis, 199, 210 Neurotoxic, 159, 199, 200 Neurotoxicity, 41, 200 Neurotoxins, 12, 200 Niacin, 93, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 200 Niacinamide, 112, 113, 200 Night Blindness, 200, 210 Nimodipine, 128, 200 Nitric Oxide, 61, 73, 200 Nitrogen, 110, 161, 186, 200 Nitrosamines, 200, 214 Nuclear, 165, 174, 180, 182, 184, 199, 200, 210 Nuclei, 20, 57, 175, 180, 194, 196, 200, 201, 207, 220 Nucleic acid, 165, 200, 208 Nucleus, 6, 163, 165, 166, 172, 176, 177, 178, 180, 182, 197, 200, 207, 216, 218, 220 Nutritional Support, 110, 113, 200 Nutritive Value, 184, 200 O Ocular, 32, 201 Ointments, 96, 179, 201, 213 Oligosaccharides, 118, 201 Omega-3 fatty acid, 95, 112, 201 Oncogene, 142, 201 Opacity, 178, 201 Ophthalmic, 201, 218 Opioid Peptides, 201 Optic Chiasm, 201 Optic Nerve, 105, 106, 199, 201, 210 Organelles, 108, 123, 177, 195, 201, 205 Orgasm, 201, 212 Osteoporosis, 105, 106, 201 Outpatient, 201 Ovaries, 183, 201, 210

Ovulation, 117, 201 Ovum, 176, 201, 206, 221 Oxidative metabolism, 160, 202 Oxidative Phosphorylation, 36, 96, 97, 108, 111, 202 Oxidative Stress, 5, 7, 10, 12, 19, 32, 40, 53, 58, 120, 202 Oximetry, 32, 202 Oxygen Consumption, 11, 183, 202, 210 P Paediatric, 33, 202 Palliative, 95, 202, 217 Pancreas, 159, 166, 179, 190, 202 Pancreatic, 11, 142, 169, 202 Pancreatic cancer, 142, 202 Papilla, 202 Papillary, 22, 202 Paralysis, 105, 106, 202 Parenteral, 48, 202 Parenteral Nutrition, 48, 202 Paroxysmal, 142, 162, 165, 187, 202 Partial remission, 16, 66, 202, 209 Partial response, 202 Particle, 193, 202, 214 Patch, 202, 218 Pathogenesis, 6, 9, 92, 105, 202 Pathologic, 6, 9, 159, 164, 175, 203, 207 Pathologic Processes, 164, 203 Patient Education, 146, 152, 154, 157, 203 Pelvic, 203, 207 Penile Erection, 189, 203 Penis, 203, 210 Peptide, 128, 184, 201, 203, 206, 207 Perfusion, 189, 203 Periodontal disease, 18, 22, 49, 102, 103, 108, 203 Periodontitis, 34, 71, 203 Peripheral Nervous System, 199, 203, 215 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 199, 203 Peripheral Neuropathy, 127, 203 Petrolatum, 181, 203 Petroleum, 185, 203 Pharmaceutic Aids, 184, 203 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 170, 182, 185, 203, 207 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 179, 204 Pharmacokinetic, 12, 44, 204 Pharmacologic, 204, 218 Pharmacotherapy, 20, 39, 45, 47, 97, 108, 204 Phenolphthalein, 181, 204

232

Coenzyme Q10

Phenotype, 5, 6, 27, 204 Phenyl, 204 Phospholipids, 90, 121, 125, 183, 190, 193, 204 Phosphorous, 24, 204 Phosphorus, 52, 168, 204 Phosphorylated, 173, 204 Physical Fitness, 108, 114, 116, 204 Physical Therapy, 128, 204 Physiologic, 160, 166, 195, 196, 204, 208, 218 Physiology, 23, 61, 169, 204 Pigment, 168, 171, 192, 193, 195, 204 Pilot study, 15, 37, 56, 66, 85, 204 Placenta, 204, 206 Plaque, 162, 164, 205 Plasma cells, 163, 205 Plasmapheresis, 128, 205 Plastids, 201, 205 Platelet Aggregation, 111, 112, 200, 205 Platelets, 200, 205, 212, 217 Platinum, 193, 205 Poisoning, 185, 191, 193, 198, 205, 212, 213 Polycystic, 143, 205 Polyethylene, 92, 205 Polymerase, 163, 205 Polymers, 7, 179, 205, 207 Polysaccharide, 91, 107, 163, 170, 205 Polyunsaturated fat, 103, 205 Posterior, 164, 171, 202, 205 Postmenopausal, 201, 205 Postprandial, 110, 206 Potassium, 36, 92, 110, 115, 117, 121, 206, 213 Potentiate, 112, 206 Practice Guidelines, 140, 206 Pravastatin, 51, 64, 206 Preclinical, 146, 147, 206 Precursor, 166, 171, 179, 182, 184, 192, 206 Prescription Fees, 180, 206 Prevalence, 92, 206 Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, 97, 206 Progeny, 175, 206 Progesterone, 117, 206, 215 Progression, 12, 57, 100, 162, 206, 212 Progressive, 5, 6, 97, 100, 172, 178, 180, 186, 197, 198, 199, 206, 209, 210 Projection, 201, 206, 209 Promoter, 93, 128, 206 Pro-Opiomelanocortin, 184, 201, 206 Prophylaxis, 105, 163, 206, 210, 221 Propranolol, 80, 207, 217

Propylene Glycol, 92, 207 Prostate, 78, 142, 207, 210, 212 Protective Agents, 61, 73, 207 Protein C, 6, 161, 163, 193, 207, 219 Protein S, 105, 110, 114, 122, 143, 163, 166, 207 Protocol, 8, 207 Protons, 188, 194, 207, 208 Protozoa, 174, 196, 207 Proximal, 179, 207 Psoriasis, 109, 207, 210 Psychiatric, 6, 24, 195, 207 Psychiatry, 24, 40, 41, 56, 207 Psychotomimetic, 162, 178, 207 Public Policy, 139, 207 Publishing, 12, 207 Pulmonary, 10, 35, 76, 78, 125, 167, 175, 183, 208, 216, 220, 221 Pulmonary Artery, 167, 208, 220 Pulmonary Embolism, 208, 221 Pulse, 196, 202, 208 Pupil, 179, 198, 208 Purines, 165, 208 Q Quality of Life, 8, 95, 100, 208 Quiescent, 92, 208 Quinones, 101, 124, 208 R Race, 44, 208 Radiation, 78, 160, 162, 176, 180, 182, 188, 191, 208 Radiation therapy, 160, 188, 191, 208 Radioactive, 188, 191, 197, 200, 208 Randomized, 14, 16, 21, 33, 45, 66, 73, 99, 180, 208 Reactive Oxygen Species, 12, 113, 208 Reagent, 208, 213 Receptor, 12, 30, 31, 69, 159, 163, 179, 208, 212, 213 Recombinant, 11, 46, 208 Recombination, 175, 208 Rectal, 104, 209 Rectum, 163, 167, 173, 174, 179, 183, 184, 192, 207, 209, 216 Red blood cells, 41, 117, 182, 209, 211 Red Nucleus, 164, 209 Reductase, 11, 16, 19, 31, 32, 34, 43, 64, 120, 161, 206, 209 Refer, 1, 99, 174, 184, 185, 193, 194, 209 Reflex, 128, 209 Regeneration, 10, 105, 106, 121, 209 Regimen, 109, 180, 204, 209

Index 233

Regurgitation, 196, 209 Rehydration, 90, 209 Reishi, 98, 99, 209 Remission, 209 Renal failure, 27, 209 Renin, 169, 209 Renin-Angiotensin System, 169, 209 Reperfusion, 45, 58, 60, 70, 105, 106, 198, 209, 210 Reperfusion Injury, 45, 58, 209, 210 Reproductive system, 118, 210 Respiration, 24, 169, 196, 210 Restitution, 110, 210 Restoration, 100, 198, 204, 209, 210, 221 Retina, 106, 171, 194, 199, 201, 210, 211, 220 Retinal, 201, 210 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 201, 210 Retinitis, 52, 210 Retinitis Pigmentosa, 52, 210 Retinoblastoma, 142, 210 Retinoids, 210, 220 Retinopathy, 161, 168, 210 Riboflavin, 93, 114, 116, 117, 210 Ribose, 113, 115, 159, 211 Rigidity, 204, 211 Risk factor, 112, 120, 128, 211 Rod, 165, 211 Rotenone, 9, 10, 211 Rutin, 117, 211 S Salivary, 179, 202, 211 Salivary glands, 179, 211 Saphenous, 175, 211 Saphenous Vein, 175, 211 Saponins, 211, 215 Sarcolemma, 198, 211 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, 58, 211 Satellite, 8, 211 Schizoid, 211, 221 Schizophrenia, 211, 221 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 211, 221 Sclerosis, 30, 48, 78, 97, 105, 106, 142, 164, 197, 211 Screening, 85, 172, 211 Secretion, 22, 190, 211, 212, 219 Seizures, 202, 211 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 212, 216 Selegiline, 12, 212 Selenium, 37, 59, 69, 72, 92, 97, 98, 99, 110, 117, 128, 212

Semen, 207, 212 Seminal fluid, 23, 26, 212 Senile, 78, 97, 201, 212 Septic, 164, 212 Septicemia, 104, 212 Serotonin, 197, 204, 212 Serous, 181, 212 Serum, 32, 34, 37, 38, 47, 48, 49, 51, 61, 105, 119, 120, 161, 174, 193, 212 Sex Determination, 143, 212 Shock, 61, 73, 78, 212, 218 Side effect, 108, 146, 160, 166, 212, 218 Signal Transduction, 190, 212 Silicon, 117, 213 Silicon Dioxide, 213 Skeletal, 19, 24, 35, 67, 71, 92, 108, 110, 114, 116, 123, 197, 211, 213, 214 Skeleton, 159, 192, 213 Skin Care, 125, 213 Small intestine, 122, 123, 166, 172, 180, 188, 191, 213 Smooth muscle, 117, 168, 197, 209, 213, 214, 215 Soaps, 213 Social Environment, 208, 213 Sodium, 71, 93, 96, 121, 213, 216 Sodium Bicarbonate, 93, 213 Sodium Fluoride, 96, 213 Sodium Nitrite, 71, 213 Solid tumor, 179, 214 Solvent, 165, 182, 186, 195, 204, 207, 214 Somatic, 196, 203, 214 Sorbitol, 161, 194, 214 Sound wave, 174, 214 Soybean Oil, 205, 214 Spasm, 199, 214 Specialist, 148, 179, 214 Species, 101, 124, 176, 185, 196, 197, 208, 214, 215, 218, 220, 221 Specificity, 8, 160, 214 Spectrophotometry, 16, 214 Spectrum, 176, 214 Sperm, 50, 118, 172, 212, 214 Sperm Count, 118, 214 Sperm Motility, 50, 214 Spermatozoon, 214 Spinal cord, 164, 167, 171, 184, 195, 199, 203, 209, 214 Spleen, 59, 193, 194, 214 Sporadic, 9, 199, 210, 214 Stabilization, 107, 215 Steel, 215, 219

234

Coenzyme Q10

Sterile, 164, 215 Sterility, 190, 215 Steroid, 85, 166, 211, 215 Stimulant, 162, 168, 178, 195, 215 Stimulus, 175, 182, 191, 209, 215, 217 Stomach, 159, 179, 182, 185, 188, 198, 213, 214, 215 Stress, 10, 12, 25, 27, 33, 43, 57, 69, 109, 117, 122, 169, 170, 185, 198, 202, 215 Striatum, 6, 215 Stroke, 24, 32, 78, 86, 87, 138, 169, 199, 215 Stroke Volume, 169, 215 Subacute, 190, 215 Subarachnoid, 187, 215 Subclinical, 190, 211, 215 Subcutaneous, 90, 180, 202, 215 Subspecies, 214, 215 Substance P, 125, 195, 211, 215 Substrate, 11, 109, 215 Sulfur, 117, 195, 215 Superoxide, 9, 12, 59, 215, 216 Superoxide Dismutase, 9, 12, 59, 216 Supplementation, 16, 19, 25, 27, 31, 33, 34, 35, 38, 42, 59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 99, 109, 110, 123, 216 Suppositories, 185, 216 Suppression, 94, 216 Surfactant, 125, 216 Sweat, 122, 216 Sweat Glands, 216 Sympathomimetic, 162, 178, 179, 195, 216 Symphysis, 207, 216 Symptomatic, 5, 27, 51, 60, 68, 91, 216 Synergistic, 111, 216 Systemic, 10, 112, 163, 167, 187, 190, 191, 208, 212, 213, 216, 219, 221 Systole, 196, 216 Systolic, 15, 45, 46, 65, 73, 189, 196, 216 T Tamoxifen, 59, 71, 212, 216 Tartar, 92, 216 Taurine, 34, 80, 91, 110, 115, 166, 216 Telangiectasia, 143, 216 Testosterone, 209, 216 Tetrahydrocannabinol, 168, 216 Thalamic, 164, 216 Thalamic Diseases, 164, 216 Therapeutics, 11, 50, 90, 93, 197, 217 Thiamine, 93, 217 Threshold, 182, 189, 217 Thrombin, 205, 207, 217 Thrombomodulin, 207, 217

Thrombosis, 32, 51, 70, 207, 215, 217 Thrombus, 176, 190, 198, 205, 217, 220 Thylakoids, 171, 217 Thyroid, 12, 19, 36, 48, 191, 217 Timolol, 32, 81, 217 Tin, 203, 205, 217 Tinnitus, 104, 217, 220 Tolerance, 25, 159, 185, 217 Tooth Preparation, 159, 217 Topical, 34, 71, 113, 121, 128, 182, 188, 203, 213, 218 Torsion, 190, 218 Toxic, iv, 5, 6, 92, 96, 165, 169, 175, 176, 177, 182, 186, 189, 195, 199, 200, 212, 213, 218 Toxicity, 5, 6, 7, 9, 73, 169, 179, 180, 218 Toxicology, 5, 11, 61, 140, 218 Toxins, 6, 10, 163, 190, 197, 198, 212, 218, 219 Trace element, 97, 167, 172, 213, 217, 218 Trachea, 168, 217, 218 Transdermal, 104, 125, 218 Transfection, 166, 218 Transmitter, 159, 164, 179, 182, 191, 218 Trauma, 199, 218 Tremor, 217, 218 Trigeminal, 106, 194, 218 Trigeminal Nerve, 106, 218 Triglyceride, 61, 73, 112, 189, 218 Tuberculosis, 175, 218 Tuberous Sclerosis, 143, 218 Type 2 diabetes, 24, 30, 50, 67, 95, 219 U Ubiquitin, 12, 219 Ulcerative colitis, 174, 219 Unconscious, 189, 219 Urea, 216, 219 Uremia, 209, 219 Urethra, 203, 207, 219 Urine, 9, 122, 167, 176, 179, 187, 210, 219 Uterus, 171, 176, 183, 201, 206, 210, 219 V Vaccine, 90, 160, 207, 219 Vacuoles, 201, 219 Vagina, 171, 210, 219 Vanadium, 117, 219 Varicocele, 26, 29, 57, 219 Vascular, 51, 110, 111, 162, 171, 181, 187, 190, 200, 204, 217, 219 Vascular Resistance, 162, 219 Vasodilator, 167, 179, 198, 219 Vein, 191, 200, 211, 219, 220

Index 235

Venoms, 200, 219 Venous, 10, 207, 220, 221 Venous blood, 10, 220 Venous Thrombosis, 220, 221 Ventricle, 17, 22, 66, 163, 196, 208, 216, 220 Ventricular, 46, 56, 119, 162, 198, 220 Vertebrae, 191, 214, 220 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 217, 220 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 217, 220 Veterinary Medicine, 59, 139, 220 Viral, 97, 99, 159, 163, 220 Viral Hepatitis, 97, 220 Virulence, 165, 218, 220 Virus, 105, 163, 171, 205, 220 Virus Diseases, 163, 220 Viscosity, 159, 167, 220 Visual field, 187, 201, 210, 220 Vitamin A, 116, 117, 123, 190, 220

Vitreous Body, 171, 210, 220 Vitro, 7, 220 Vivo, 7, 20, 36, 67, 220 W Warfarin, 32, 69, 81, 221 Wart, 128, 221 White blood cell, 159, 163, 192, 193, 194, 205, 221 Windpipe, 217, 221 Withdrawal, 14, 221 Womb, 210, 219, 221 Wound Healing, 121, 122, 172, 221 X Xenograft, 162, 221 Y Yeasts, 184, 204, 221 Z Zygote, 175, 221 Zymogen, 207, 221

236

Coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q10 - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Coenzyme Q - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Coenzyme Q10 - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Coenzyme Q - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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