COCCIDIOSIS A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET
R EFERENCES
COCCIDIOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Coccidiosis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00276-0 1. Coccidiosis-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on coccidiosis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COCCIDIOSIS ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Coccidiosis..................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 7 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COCCIDIOSIS ................................................................................... 11 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 11 Finding Nutrition Studies on Coccidiosis ................................................................................... 11 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 13 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COCCIDIOSIS ............................................................. 15 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 15 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 15 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 17 General References ....................................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON COCCIDIOSIS ............................................................................... 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 Dissertations on Coccidiosis ........................................................................................................ 19 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON COCCIDIOSIS .......................................................................................... 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 Patents on Coccidiosis.................................................................................................................. 21 Patent Applications on Coccidiosis.............................................................................................. 36 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON COCCIDIOSIS ............................................................................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 47 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 51 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 53 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 55 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 57 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 61 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 61 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 61 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 67 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 67 COCCIDIOSIS DICTIONARY ..................................................................................................... 69 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 95
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with coccidiosis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about coccidiosis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to coccidiosis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on coccidiosis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to coccidiosis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on coccidiosis. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COCCIDIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on coccidiosis.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and coccidiosis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “coccidiosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Gastrointestinal Manifestations Source: Medical Clinics of North America. 76(1): 45-62. January 1992. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company, Periodicals Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 654-2452. Summary: Gastrointestinal (GI) involvement is common during the course of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In this article, the authors review the GI symptoms that attend AIDS and their causes. Topics include esophageal symptoms; abdominal pain; biliary tract disease; pancreatic disorders; obstruction and perforation of the GI tract; GI bleeding; general considerations regarding diarrhea; protozoal causes of diarrhea, including coccidiosis, microsporidia, entamoeba histolytica, and giardia lamblia; bacterial and fungal causes of diarrhea, including mycobacterium avium-
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intracellulare infections, salmonella, shigellosis, campylobacter jejuni, clostridium difficile, and chlamydia trachomatis; and viral causes of diarrhea, including HIV itself, cytomegalovirus, and herpes. The authors conclude with a brief discussion of AIDS enteropathy and its treatment. 1 table. 95 references.
Federally Funded Research on Coccidiosis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to coccidiosis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to coccidiosis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore coccidiosis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for coccidiosis: •
Project Title: CHARACTERIZATION OF AN AIDS-RELATED RECEPTOR, CSL-R Principal Investigator & Institution: Langer, Rebecca C.; Pathology; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAY-2004; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cryptosporidium parvum, an opportunistic infection of AIDS patients, has become well recognized as a causative agent of persistent and life-threatening diarrhea for these individuals. Additionally, C. parvum can cause severe diarrhea in healthy humans, calves and other economically important food animals. Since both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals are affected by this emerging pathogen, worldwide attention has focused on possible control mechanisms. Recently, the circumsporozoite-like antigen (CSL), an approximately 1,300-kDa glycoprotein, was determined to contain a sporozoite ligand for intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, it has been determined that CSL recognizes an 85-kDa receptor that is conserved among mucosal epithelial cells. The hypothesis of this proposal is that C. parvum sporozoites invade host cells by attaching to a conserved receptor on the surface of mucosal epithelial cells, making this invasion process susceptible to receptor-mediated blockade. Specific aims used to test this hypothesis will include molecularly characterizing the 85-kDa receptor (CSL-R), present on the surface of human intestinal epithelium, bound by CSL during C. parvum sporozoite invasion of the host cell. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) will be produced against CSL-R and whole Caco-2 cell lysate and screened for the ability to inhibit C. parvum invasion. Anti- CSL-R and anti-Caco-2 (recognizing additional receptors) mAbs will provide valuable tools for analyzing present and future C. parvum zoite/host cell interaction studies. Aim 3 will
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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focus on mapping the inhibitory epitope (or binding motif) of CSL-R recognized by antiCSL-R inhibitory mAbs (or CSL) and the subsequent generation of short synthetic peptides that mimic the receptor motif. These peptides will be analyzed for the ability to inhibit sporozoite invasion from a receptor-based approach. Such characterizations of a host cell receptor/sporozoite ligand interactions for C. parvum will be essential to targeted drug discovery, immunization, and other specific modalities for life cycle disruption. Ongoing molecular studies of parasite ligand/host receptor interactions may present exploitable events for novel approaches in the control of cryptosporidiosis, and given the supporting data - CSL/CSL-R seems to be the logical starting point. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETIC AND MOLECULAR STUDY OF TOXOPLASMA EGRESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Arrizabalaga, Gustavo A.; Microbiology and Immunology; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001 Summary: The infectious agent Toxoplasma gondii is a member of the phylum Apicomplexa, which includes the organisms responsible for malaria and coccidiosis. Although most T. gondii infections are asymptomatic, they can lead to severe disease and even death in utero and in individuals immunocompromised by AIDS or cancer. The devastating effects of a Toxoplasma infection are a direct consequence of its lytic cycle, which consists of attachment to the host cell invasion, intracellular replication and egress. Both invasion and egress involve fluctuation in intracellular [Ca], morphological changes and secretion from various organelles. The process of egress is often lethal to the cell but little is known about this process at the genetic or molecular lever. The goal of this proposal is to identify and characterize genes that play critical roles during egress. Mutations that affect egress can be isolated since this process can be induced by calcium ionophore and affecting genes involved in ionophore-induced egress (HE might not necessarily be lethal to the parasite. Two distinct genetic screens will be performed to isolate TIE mutants. The study of these mutants and the genes affected will help us characterize the steps involved in ionophore-induced and normal egress and identify the signals that induct the parasite to exit the host cell. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HOW DO YOU BUILD A PARASITE? Principal Investigator & Institution: Murray, John M.; Associate Professor; Anatomy; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (Provided by applicant): Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous pathogen infecting an estimated one-third of the US population and 10-90 percent of individuals worldwide (depending on the country, various sociological and behavioral factors, etc). This parasite replicates intracellularly in a wide range of cell types and can persist for years in latent (tissue) cyst form. In addition to Toxoplasma, the protozoan phylum Apicomplexa includes many other parasites of clinical and/or veterinary importance. Although the diseases caused by these organisms differ greatly in nature (compare malaria, for example, with toxoplasmosis, or coccidiosis), the pathogenic impact of all apicomplexan parasites is ultimately attributable to proliferation, which makes understanding parasite replication an important goal. All Apicomplexana replicate by a distinctive process in which multiple daughters assemble simultaneously within the mother cell (termed 'schizogony'). This application proposes to explore the dynamics of
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parasite assembly in Toxoplasma, because (1) T. gondii normally forms only two parasites at a time, making studies on the morphology of replication much more tractable than in Plasmodium or Eimeria species, and (2) a wide range of cell biological and molecular genetic tools are now available for T. gondii. In particular, fluorescent protein reporters now permit virtually all known subcellular structures to be visualized in living parasites, and the efficiency of transient transfection permits rapid assessment of recombinant plasmid function (even for lethal transgenes). Imaging techniques permit the analysis of relationships between various subcellular organelles over time, using quantitative time-lapse video microscopy and image deconvolution, laser scanning confocal microscopy, fluorescence photobleaching and recovery, and laser ablation. Molecular genetic approaches permit the mutation of essentially any parasite gene by either random or targeted methods, and identification of the lesions responsible. We aim to deterrnine the chronological order of critical events in T. gondii replication, the cause and effect relationships associated with these processes, and the molecular mechamsms involved. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SEROLOGICAL & MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES-- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CYCLOSPORA CAYETANENSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Seas, Carlos; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Heredia Lima, Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Description (provided by applicant): Cyclospora cayetanensis was identified as a coccidian in 1993 by Dr. Ynes Ortega, a Peruvian investigator who named the organism for Cayetano Heredia, the University in Peru where initial work was performed. In areas of endemnicity in Peru, Guatemala, and Nepal, Cyclospora has been shown to be a fairly common enteric pathogen among children living in poor communities. Large outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in North America in 1996, 1997 and 1998 have been linked to ingestion of contaminated imported fresh produce. The overall aim of this study is to apply the newly developed tools of Cyclospora Immunoblot assay, PCR-based detection in stool specimens, water and sewage, and molecular genotyping to further our understanding of the epidemiology of Cyclospora cayetanensis. Specifically we will1, determine the seroprevalence of Cyclospora using an immunoblot assay in communities of different geographical locations; 2, use of PCR in field studies as a sensitive and specific method to detect Cyclospora in stool specimens, water and sewage; and 3, determine the sensitivity of PCR performed on rectal swab specimens as a detection method compared to PCR and microscopic examination of whole stool specimens. T o better define the epidemiology of Cyclospora we will evaluate potential risk factors associated with Cyclospora infection over different ecologic zones, variations in socioeconomic status, and within an endemic community , and examine genotype variations in families with more than one infection, and in individuals infected more than once. Under this TMRC program approach, this component will primarily emphasize the use of new techniques (molecular epidemiology, immunological assays, GPS/GIS) towards the characterization of the epidemiology and transmission of Cyclospora. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “coccidiosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for coccidiosis in the PubMed Central database: •
Immunization against experimental coccidiosis produces contrasting results in inbred mice of differing susceptibility to infection. by Rose ME, Hesketh P, Wakelin D.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186169
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with coccidiosis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “coccidiosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for coccidiosis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
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A case of human coccidiosis. Author(s): Montasser MF, Morsy TA, Saleh MS. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1988 June; 18(1): 355-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3373062
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A case of severe human coccidiosis in Israel. Author(s): Syrkis I, Fried M, Elian I, Pietrushka D, Lengy J. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1975 April; 11(4): 373-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1140956
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Amprolium for coccidiosis in AIDS. Author(s): Veldhuyze van Zanten SJ, Lange JM, Sauerwein HP, Rijpstra AC, Laarman JJ, Rietra PJ, Danner SA. Source: Lancet. 1984 August 11; 2(8398): 345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6146883
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Chronic intestinal coccidiosis in man: intestinal morphology and response to treatment. Author(s): Trier JS, Moxey PC, Schimmel EM, Robles E. Source: Gastroenterology. 1974 May; 66(5): 923-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4826994
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Coccidiosis among immuno-competent and -compromised adults. Author(s): Rezk H, el-Shazly AM, Soliman M, el-Nemr HI, Nagaty IM, Fouad MA. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2001 December; 31(3): 823-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11775108
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Coccidiosis among malnourished children in Mansoura, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. Author(s): Rizk H, Soliman M. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2001 December; 31(3): 877-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11775113
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Coccidiosis and coprophagy in pigs. Author(s): Joyner LP, Gregory MW, Norton CC, Done JT, Wells GW. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1981 March 21; 108(12): 264-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7196638
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Coccidiosis and toxoplasmosis. Author(s): Mott KE. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1971 February 25; 284(8): 448-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4993112
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Coccidiosis of lambs. V. The clinical response to long term infection with a mixture of different species of coccidia. Author(s): Pout DD, Catchpole J. Source: Br Vet J. 1974 July-August; 130(4): 388-99. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4529649
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Control of coccidiosis: lessons from other sporozoa. Author(s): Cox FE. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 1998 January; 28(1): 165-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9504343
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Enteric coccidiosis among patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Whiteside ME, Barkin JS, May RG, Weiss SD, Fischl MA, MacLeod CL. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1984 November; 33(6): 1065-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6334448
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Evaluation of five stains in diagnosing human intestinal coccidiosis. Author(s): El Naggar HH, Handousa AE, El Hamshary EM, El Shazly AM. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1999; 29(3): 883-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12561927
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Geographical distribution and clinical significance of human coccidiosis. Author(s): Smitskamp H, Oey-Muller E. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1966 June; 18(2): 133-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5962841
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Human coccidiosis caused by Isospora belli. A second case observed in Belgium. Author(s): Limbos P, Fain A, de Mulder P. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1965 June; 17(2): 169-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5853468
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Human coccidiosis in Saskatchewan. Author(s): Eaton RD. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1966 December 24; 95(26): 1384-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5928539
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Human coccidiosis--a possible cause of malabsorption. Author(s): Brandborg LL, Goldberg SB, Breidenbach WC. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1970 December 10; 283(24): 1306-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5478452
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Intestinal coccidiosis in a patient with alpha-chain disease. Author(s): Henry K, Bird RG, Doe WF. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 March 23; 1(907): 542-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4131643
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Intractable diarrhea of infancy due to intestinal coccidiosis. Author(s): Liebman WM, Thaler MM, DeLorimier A, Brandborg LL, Goodman J. Source: Gastroenterology. 1980 March; 78(3): 579-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7351295
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Malabsorption syndrome, coccidiosis, combined immune deficiency, and fulminant lymphoproliferative disease. Author(s): Hallak A, Yust I, Ratan Y, Adar U. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1982 January; 142(1): 196-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7053725
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Small-intestinal coccidiosis: an emergent clinical problem. Author(s): Cook GC. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1988 May; 16(3): 213-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3294297
•
Spiramycin and coccidiosis. Author(s): Markus MB. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1987 November 2; 147(9): 472. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3670209
11
CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COCCIDIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and coccidiosis.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Coccidiosis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “coccidiosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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Coccidiosis
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “coccidiosis” (or a synonym): •
Effects of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acid ethyl esters on coccidiosis in chickens. Author(s): USDA, ARS, Livestock and Poultry Sciences Institute, Beltsville, MD. Source: Allen, P.C. Danforth, H.D. Poultry-science (USA). (November 1998). volume 77(11) page 1631-1635.
•
Interactive effects of sodium bentonite and coccidiosis with monensin or salinomycin in chicks. Author(s): Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA. Source: Gray, S.J. Ward, T.L. Southern, L.L. Ingram, D.R. Poultry-science (USA). (April 1998). volume 77(4) page 600-604.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
Alteration of neutrophil function associated with coccidiosis in cattle: influence of decoquinate and dexamethasone. Author(s): Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011. Source: Roth, J A Jarvinen, J A Frank, D E Fox, J E Am-J-Vet-Res. 1989 August; 50(8): 1250-3 0002-9645
•
Concurrent outbreak of avitaminosis A and coccidiosis in a poultry flock. Source: Uche, U.E. Bull-Anim-Health-Prod-Afr-Bull-Sante-Prod-Anim-Afr. Nairobi : Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources. March 1986. volume 34 (1) page 3-7. ill.
•
Effect of selenium and vitamin E on the development of immunity to coccidiosis in chickens [Eimeria, Eimeria tenella, Eimeria maxima]. Source: Colnago, G.L. Jensen, L.S. Long, P.L. Poult-Sci. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association. June 1984. volume 63 (6) page 1136-1143. 0032-5791
•
Effects of daily oral doses of L-arginine on coccidiosis infections in chickens. Author(s): USDA, ARS, Livestock and Poultry Sciences Institute, Parasite Biology and Epidemiology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
[email protected] Source: Allen, P C Poult-Sci. 1999 November; 78(11): 1506-9 0032-5791
•
Effects of different concentrations of monensin and monensin withdrawal upon the control of coccidiosis in the turkey. Author(s): Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA.
[email protected] Source: Chapman, H D Saleh, E Poult-Sci. 1999 January; 78(1): 50-6 0032-5791
•
Efficacy of different anticoccidials against experimental coccidiosis in large white turkeys. Author(s): Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701. Source: Cabel, M C Norton, R A Yazwinski, T A Waldroup, P W Poult-Sci. 1991 February; 70(2): 289-92 0032-5791
•
Efficacy of maduramicin against turkey coccidiosis in battery: a clinical and pathological study. Author(s): Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Universita degli Studi di Torino. Source: Cerruti Sola, S Leoni, A Agostini, A Castagnaro, M Schweiz-Arch-Tierheilkd. 1996; 138(4): 201-6 0036-7281
Nutrition
13
•
Experimental coccidiosis in goats. 2. Effect of parasitism on nutritional balances and some blood parameters. Source: Aumont, G. Yvore, P. Esnault, A. Ann-Rech-Vet-Ann-Vet-Res. Paris : Un Periodique de L'institut national de la recherche agronomique. 1986. volume 17 (2) page 191-196. 0003-4193
•
Preventive treatment of rabbit coccidiosis with alpha-difluoromethylornithine. Author(s): Departamento de Farmacologia y Toxicologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. Source: San Martin Nunez, B V Ordonez Escudero, D Alunda, J M Vet-Parasitol. 1988 November; 30(1): 1-10 0304-4017
•
Use of fish oil to control coccidiosis examined. Source: Korver, D. Feedstuffs (USA). (7 September 1998). volume 70(37) page 13, 15. fish oils disease control eimeria tenella coccidiosis chickens 0014-9624
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
•
The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
•
The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
•
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
•
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
•
Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
•
Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Coccidiosis
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
15
CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COCCIDIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to coccidiosis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to coccidiosis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “coccidiosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to coccidiosis: •
“Ayush -64”--a new anti malarial herbal compound. Author(s): Ali H. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1996 December; 39(5): 499-500. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9002379
•
15-Deoxyspergualin, an immunosuppressive agent, used in organ transplantation showed suppressive effects on malarial parasites. Author(s): Midorikawa Y, Haque QM. Source: Chemotherapy. 1997 January-February; 43(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8996739
•
A clinical trial of 'AM', a Ugandan herbal remedy for malaria. Author(s): Willcox ML.
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Coccidiosis
Source: Journal of Public Health Medicine. 1999 September; 21(3): 318-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10528960 •
A comparison of three different dihydroartemisinin formulations for the treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Thailand. Author(s): Wilairatana P, Chanthavanich P, Singhasivanon P, Treeprasertsuk S, Krudsood S, Chalermrut K, Phisalaphong C, Kraisintu K, Looareesuwan S. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 1998 August; 28(8): 1213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9762567
•
A comparison of use of a pyrethroid either for house spraying or for bednet treatment against malaria vectors. Author(s): Curtis CF, Maxwell CA, Finch RJ, Njunwa KJ. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1998 August; 3(8): 619-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9735932
•
A controlled trial of lambda-cyhalothrin-impregnated bed nets and/or dapsone/pyrimethamine for malaria control in Sierra Leone. Author(s): Marbiah NT, Petersen E, David K, Magbity E, Lines J, Bradley DJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998 January; 58(1): 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9452282
•
Association of lowered plasma carotenoids with protection against cecal coccidiosis by diets high in n-3 fatty acids. Author(s): Allen PC, Danforth HD, Morris VC, Levander OA. Source: Poultry Science. 1996 August; 75(8): 966-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8829228
•
Dietary fish oil or lofrin, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, decrease the growth-suppressing effects of coccidiosis in broiler chicks. Author(s): Korver DR, Wakenell P, Klasing KC. Source: Poultry Science. 1997 October; 76(10): 1355-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9316110
•
Dietary modulation of avian coccidiosis. Author(s): Allen PC, Danforth HD, Augustine PC. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 1998 July; 28(7): 1131-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9724884
•
Effect of dietary raw soybeans on coccidiosis in chickens. Author(s): Mathis GF, Dale NM, Fuller AL.
Alternative Medicine 17
Source: Poultry Science. 1995 May; 74(5): 800-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7603956 •
Effects of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acid ethyl esters on coccidiosis in chickens. Author(s): Allen PC, Danforth HD. Source: Poultry Science. 1998 November; 77(11): 1631-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9835336
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
•
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
•
Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
•
drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to coccidiosis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Herbs and Supplements Curcuma Alternative names: Turmeric; Curcuma longa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
18
Coccidiosis
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
19
CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON COCCIDIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to coccidiosis. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “coccidiosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on coccidiosis, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Coccidiosis ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to coccidiosis. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
An evaluation of the relationships between breeds, coccidiosis control programs, and lighting programs on broiler performance by Bray, Joey Lynn, MS from STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIVERSITY, 2003, 40 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1416493
•
Evaluation of a recently developed coccidiosis vaccine as compared to ionophore coccidiostats and a commercially available vaccine by Thompson, Seth Anderson, MS from STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIVERSITY, 2003, 44 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1416504
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Coccidiosis
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
21
CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON COCCIDIOSIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “coccidiosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on coccidiosis, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Coccidiosis By performing a patent search focusing on coccidiosis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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Coccidiosis
example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on coccidiosis: •
Coccidiosis polypeptide and vaccines Inventor(s): Kuiper; Catharina Maria ('s-Hertogenbosch, NL), Schaap; Theodorus Cornelis ('s-Hertogenbosch, NL), Vermeulen; Arnoldus Nicolaas (Cuyk, NL) Assignee(s): Akzo Nobel N.V. (Arnhem, NL) Patent Number: 6,203,801 Date filed: October 4, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to hydrophilic Eimeria polypeptides, DNAfragments encoding those peptides, recombinant DNA molecules comprising such DNA-fragments, live recombinant carriers comprising such DNA-fragments or recombinant DNA molecules and host cells comprising such DNA-fragments, recombinant DNA molecules or live recombinant carriers. Furthermore, the invention relates to antibodies against the polypeptides and to coccidiosis vaccines based upon said polypeptides. The invention also relates to methods for the preparation of such antibodies and vaccines, and to methods for the detection of Eimeria parasites and antibodies against Eimeria parasites. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to Eimeria polypeptides, DNA-fragments encoding those peptides, recombinant DNA molecules comprising such fragments, live recombinant carriers comprising such fragments or molecules, host cells comprising such fragments, molecules or carriers, antibodies against the polypeptide and coccidiosis vaccines. The invention also relates to methods for the preparation of such antibodies and vaccines, and to methods for the detection of Eimeria parasites and antibodies against Eimeria parasites. Parasitic protozoa belonging to the genus Eimeria are the causative agents of intestinal coccidiosis, an enteritis which affects birds. This causes significant economic loss, especially to the poultry industry. (For the purposes of the present application, the term "poultry" is taken to mean birds that serve as sources of eggs or meat. It includes, inter alia, chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, guinea fowl, pheasants, pigeons and pea fowl). Nowadays, coccidiosis is mainly controlled by the use of antibiotic drugs in the feed. The rapid emergence of drug resistant strains (Chapman H. D. Parasitology Today 9, 159-162 (1993)) and the prohibitive costs of development and registration of a novel drug have led to increased interest in the development of an alternative method of control. The development of effective vaccines has therefore been desirable for many years. However only partial success has been obtained. Currently available vaccination strategies consist of controlled infections with either virulent or live attenuated parasites (Shirley M. W. In: Proceedings of the Vlth. International Coccidiosis Conference (Eds.: J. R. Barta and M. A. Fernando) Moffitt Print Craft Ltd., Guelph. pp. 61-72 (1993)). For reasons of safety and cost, the most desirable method of immunoprophylaxis against coccidiosis appears to be the use of a subunit vaccine. Although many attempts have been made to immunise chickens against coccidiosis with fractions of parasite material (Murray P. K., Bhogal B. S., Crane M. S. J. & MacDonald T. T. In: Research in Avian Coccidiosis. Proceedings of the Georgia Coccidiosis Conference (Eds.: L. R. McDougald, Joyner L. P. and P. L. Long) Athens, University of Georgia. pp. 564-573 (1986), McKenzie M. E. & Long P. L. Poultry Science 65, 892-897 (1986)) or recombinant Eimeria polypeptides (Danforth H. D., Augustine P. C., Ruff M. D., McCandliss R., Strausberg R. L. & Likel M. Poultry Science 68, 1643-1652 (1989), Jenkins M. C., Augustine P. C., Danforth H. D. & Barta J. R. Infection and
Patents 23
Immunity 59, 4042-4048 (1991)) only limited protection against challenge infection could be achieved. The parasite stages responsible for the induction of protective immunity are generally thought to be early asexual developmental stages (Jenkins et al. 1991). Initially, selection of candidate antigens was performed using antibodies from immune chickens but, in view of the fundamental role of cell mediated responses in protective immunity (reviewed in Lillehoj H. S. & Trout J. M. Avian Pathology 22, 3-31 (1993), Rose M. E. In: Poultry Immunology (Ed.: T. F. Davison, T. R. Morris and L. N. Payne), Carfax Publishing Company, Oxfordshire, U. K. pp. 265-299 (1996), attention has now focused, next to B-cell inducing antigens, on screening antigens for their ability to stimulate specific T-cell responses (Dunn P. P. J., Billington K., Bumstead J. M. & Tomley F. M. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 70, 211-215 (1995)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06203801__ •
Coccidiosis poultry vaccine DNA encoding an elmeria 20K antigen Inventor(s): Kok; Jacobus Johannus (DH Nijmegen, NL), van den Boogaart; Paul (SC Oss, NL), Vermeulen; Arnoldus Nicolaas (HH Cuijk, NL) Assignee(s): Akzo Nobel N.V. (Arnhem, NL) Patent Number: 5,780,289 Date filed: June 6, 1995 Abstract: The invention is concerned with novel Eimeria proteins with immunogenic properties as well as with DNA sequences encoding these proteins. These proteins can be administered to chickens thereby protecting the chickens against coccidiosis. In addition the DNA encoding these proteins can be used for the preparation of a vector vaccine against coccidiosis. Excerpt(s): Coccidiosis is a disease which is caused by intracellular parasites, protozoa, of the subphylum Apicomplexa and the genus Eimeria. These parasites multiply in cells which form part of the gastro-intestinal tract and digestive organs. Due to the increase in intensive production, the damage which is caused by these parasites in the poultry industry has risen alarmingly in recent decades. For example, the losses which poultry farmers in the Netherlands suffer every year run into millions of guilders; the loss in 1986 was about 13 million guilders; in the same year a loss of U.S. $ 300 million was suffered in the U.S., despite the use of coccidiostats. The pathogens of coccidiosis in chickens can be subdivided into nine different species, i.e. Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, E. mitis, E. praecox, E. mivati and E. hagani. However, some people doubt the existence of the last two species. All of these species have only the chicken as host and display a high degree of tissue specificity. The life cycles of the said species are, however, similar. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05780289__
•
Coccidiosis-relieving agent and feed containing the same Inventor(s): Nakai; Yutaka (Miyagi, JP), Toyomizu; Masaaki (Miyagi, JP) Assignee(s): Takasago International Corporation (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,725,894 Date filed: February 22, 1996
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Coccidiosis
Abstract: A coccidiosis-relieving agent comprising cashew nut shell oil and/or anacardic acids as an active ingredient and a feed for relieving coccidiosis comprising cashew nut shell oil and/or anacardic acids. Cecal lesions of livestock and poultry, in particular poultry such as fowl, can be relieved by adding cashew nut shell oil and/or anacardic acids to a feed. The coccidiosis-relieving agent according to the present invention does not completely inactivate Coccidium protozoa, but induces slight infection to immunize an animal, thus achieving a so-called "passive immunological effect". The coccidiosis-relieving agent is efficacious in allowing Coccidium protozoa to grow and imparting sufficient immunological stimuli while relieving lesions to thereby lessen damage to poultry such as fowls. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a coccidiosis-relieving agent and a feed containing the same. More particularly, it relates to a coccidiosis-relieving agent containing cashew nut shell oil and/or anacardic acids as an active ingredient and a feed containing the same. It is known that the pathogenicity of coccidiosis, which is an infectious disease observed in various animals including livestock and poultry, lies in protozoa belonging to EIMERIORINA (the true coccidia) of the Protozoa. However, coccidiosis in livestock (cow, sheep, goat, rabbit, etc.), poultry (fowl, turkey, quail, etc.) and pets (dog, cat, etc.) are mostly caused by infection with protozoa belonging to the genus Eimeria or Isospora. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05725894__ •
Compositions containing thymol and carvacrol gastrointestinal infections with the compositions
and
methods
of
treating
Inventor(s): Ninkov; Dusan (Amstelveen, NL) Assignee(s): Ropapharm B.V. (Zaandam, NL) Patent Number: 6,322,825 Date filed: July 19, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to pharmaceutical compounds which are based on the anti-flammatory properties of etheric oils selected from the group consisting of Origanum vulgaris, Thymus vulgaris, Mentha piperita, Thymus serpilum, Saturea hortensis, Saturea montana, Saturea subricata, Carum corticum, Thymus zugis, Ocimum gratisimum, Moranda pungtata, Mosla japanoica and Salvia officinalis. Preferably the etheric oils, obtained at the distillation of Origanum vulgaris, Thymus vulgaris and/or Mentha piperita are used. Such pharmaceutical compounds, compared to synthetic sulfonamids, antibiotics and cortisones do not create biorecidives in the human body as well as in animal meat and milk and milk and do not contribute to the resistance of microorganism against pharmaceutical compositions in general. The composition according to the invention can be used in the treatment of colibacillosis, dermatomycosis, lice, perspiration and fungas on feet, dermatitis, acne and of veterinary diseases such as coccidiosis and mastitis. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions, comprising etheric oils extracted from specific plants, a process for preparing such pharmaceutical compositions, as well as to the application of said compositions in the human and veterinary medical field. 4. are not toxic, mutagenic or teratogenic. 2. the resistance of microorganisms-bacteria against the prior art products. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06322825__
Patents 25
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Compositions for treating coccidiosis Inventor(s): Koivistoinen; Mika (Hirvihaara, FI), McNaughton; James L. (Easton, MD), Virtanen; Erkki (Helsinki, FI) Assignee(s): Cultor, Ltd. (Helsinki, FI) Patent Number: 5,876,780 Date filed: June 11, 1997 Abstract: The invention is directed to compositions useful in methods for the treatment of coccidiosis. The compositions are designed to be administered to animals infected with coccidiosis-inducing organisms and contain an osmoprotectant, e.g. betaine, and an anticoccidial agent or coccidiostat. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions, especially animal feeds, for treating coccidiosis in animals, such compositions containing an osmoprotectant, and especially, betaine, with or without coccidiostat. The compositions of the invention are also useful for the treatment of clinical or subclinical coccidiosis symptoms, including such symptoms that arise after vaccination against the disease. Loses due to parasitic diseases are among the chief causes of economic loss to the livestock and poultry industry. The availability of antiparasitic treatments has enabled the development of higher levels of livestock and poultry production. Efficient and economic antiparasitic treatments also facilitate a worldwide supply of relatively cheap protein. Effective parasite prevention and control is especially important in the poultry industry, where the positive economic impact of antiparasitic prophylaxis, treatment and therapy is significant. Coccidiosis is a common disease in domestic food animals, caused by protozoa belonging to the Eimeria family. Coccidiosis is found worldwide, and its economical impact, particularly on poultry farming, is huge. In the U.S. poultry industry alone, coccidiosis causes losses of 200-250 million dollars yearly. World-wide, coccidiosis is estimated to cause one third of all disease and mortality losses in the poultry industry (Trends in Veterinary Research and Development, part 6, Anti-coccidials, Lloyd-Evans, L. P. M. (ed.), PJB Publications Ltd., 1991). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05876780__
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Diaryl piperidyl pyrrole derivatives as antiprotozoal agents Inventor(s): Biftu; Tesfaye (Westfield, NJ), Feng; Danqing Dennis (Branchburg Township, NJ), Fisher; Michael H. (Ringoes, NJ), Liang; Gui-Bai (Scotch Plains, NJ), Ponpipom; Mitree M. (Branchburg, NJ), Qian; Xiaoxia (New York, NY), Wyvratt; Matthew J. (Mountainside, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 6,291,480 Date filed: November 10, 2000 Abstract: Trisubstituted pyrroles are antiprotozoal agents useful in the treatment and prevention of protozoal diseases in human and animals, including the control of coccidiosis in poultry. Excerpt(s): Parasitic protozoa are responsible for a wide variety of infections in man and animals. Many of the diseases are life threatening to the host and cause considerable
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economic loss in animal husbandry. For example, malaria remains a significant health threat to humans despite massive international attempts to eradicate the disease; trypanosomiasis such as Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and African sleeping sickness caused by T. brucei are not uncommon in Africa and South America; and opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts caused by Pneumocystis carinii, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium sp. are becoming increasingly significant in the developed countries. A protozoal infection of great economic importance is coccidiosis, a widespread disease of domesticated animals produced by infections by protozoa of the genus Eimeria. Some of the most significant of Eimeria species are those in poultry namely E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. necatrix, E. brunetti and E. maxima. The disease is responsible for high levels of morbidity and mortality in poultry and can result in extreme economic losses. In some protozoal diseases, such as Chagas disease, there is no satisfactory treatment; in others, drug-resistant strains of the protozoa may develop. Accordingly, there exists a continued need to identify new and effective antiprotozoal drugs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06291480__ •
DNA encoding eimeria antigen Inventor(s): Binger; Mary-Helen (Hopewell, NJ), Pasamontes; Luis (Trimbach, CH) Assignee(s): Roche Vitamins Inc. (Parsippany, NJ) Patent Number: 6,008,342 Date filed: December 19, 1996 Abstract: The invention provides an immunogenic polypeptide having the amino acid sequence Excerpt(s): This application relates to a novel antigen of Eimeria protozoan parasites. This antigen can be used, through various routes of administration, to protect poultry against coccidiosis. Coccidiosis is a disease of poultry caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. The disease is endemic in large, intensive poultry breeding establishments. The estimated cost of control of the disease through chemotherapy exceeds $100 million each year in the United States of America alone. The development of resistance to the known anti-coccidial drugs necessitates a continuing development of new agents, at a time when drug development is becoming increasingly expensive and consumer acceptance of drug residues in food animals is diminishing. Protective immunity to natural coccidiosis infection has been well documented. Controlled, daily administration of small numbers of viable oocysts for several weeks has been shown to result in complete immunity to a challenge infection of a normally virulent dose [Rose et al., Parasitology 73:25 (1976); Rose et al., Parasitology 88:199 (1984)]. The demonstration of acquired resistance to infection suggests the possibility of constructing a vaccine to induce immunity in young chickens, circumventing the need for chemical coccidiostats. In fact, such a concept has been tested in the Coccivac.TM. formulation of Sterwin Laboratories, Opelika, Ak. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06008342__
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Eimeria antigenic composition which elicits antibodies against avian coccidiosis Inventor(s): Augustine; Patricia C. (Laurel, MD), Danforth; Harry D. (Severn, MD), Jacobson; James W. (Rockville, MD), Pope; Sharon H. (Gaithersburg, MD), Ruff; Michael D. (Bowie, MD), Strausberg; Robert L. (Silver Spring, MD), Strausberg; Susan L. (Silver Spring, MD), Wilson; Susan D. (Rockville, MD) Assignee(s): British Technology Group USA Inc. (Gulph Mills, PA), The United States of America as represented by the Dept. of Agriculture (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,482,709 Date filed: November 8, 1993 Abstract: This invention relates to novel recombinant antigenic proteins of avian coccidiosis, and fragments thereof containing antigenic determinants, and to the genes that encode the antigenic peptides. This invention also relates to vaccines made using the novel antigenic proteins of avian coccidiosis and to methods of immunizing chickens against avian coccidia. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of avian coccidiosis and is directed to recombinant antigenic proteins of avian coccidia and to the genes that encode the proteins. These antigenic proteins may be used in a vaccine against avian coccidia. Coccidiosis is a disease of both invertebrates and vertebrates, including man, caused by intracellular parasitic protozoa which generally invade the epithelial cells lining the alimentary tract and the cells of associated glands. The crowded conditions under which many domestic animals are raised have contributed to increased incidence of the disease. Virtually every domestic animal is susceptible to infection, and distribution of the parasite is world-wide. Coccidiosis is therefore the cause of significant economic loss throughout the world. Of the nine genera of coccidia known to infect birds, the genus Eimeria contains the most economically important species. Various species of Eimeria infect a wide range of hosts, including mammals, but nine species have been recognized as being pathogenic to varying degrees in chickens: Eimeria acervulina, E. mivati, E. mitis, E. praecox, E. hagani, E. necatrix, E. maxima, E. brunetti and E. tenella. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05482709__
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Eimeria tenella vaccine Inventor(s): Dijkema; Rein (Oss, NL), Kok; Jacobus J. (Nijmegen, NL), Van Den Boogaart; Paul (Oss, NL), Vermeulen; Arno (Cuyk, NL) Assignee(s): Akzo Nobel N.V. (Arnhem, NL) Patent Number: 5,637,487 Date filed: December 21, 1989 Abstract: The invention is concerned with a polypeptide of Eimeria tenella which can be used for the immunization of chickens against coccidiosis.The invention also relates to a nucleic acid sequence encoding such a polypeptide. Said nucleic acid sequence is especially useful for the preparation of vector vaccines. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a nucleic acid sequence encoding an Eimeria tenella polypeptide, a recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising such a nucleic acid sequence, a vector or a host cell containing said nucleic acid sequence, a polypeptide of Eimeria tenella, vaccines against coccidiosis which are based on these products as well as an antibody or antiserum immuno-reactive with said polypeptide. Coccidiosis is a
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disease which is caused by intra-cellular parasites, protozoa, of the subphylum Apicomplexa and the genus Eimeria. These parasites multiply in cells which form part of the gastrointestinal tract and digestive organs of their hosts. Due to the increasing intensive production, the damage which is caused by these parasites in the poultry industry has risen alarmingly in recent decades. The losses which poultry farmers in the Netherlands suffer every year run into millions of guilders; the loss in 1986 was about 13 million guilders. In the same year a loss of U.S. $ 300 million was suffered in the U.S., despite the use of coccidiostats. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05637487__ •
Feed additive for livestock and feed for livestock Inventor(s): Hayashi; Masaharu (Wakayama, JP) Assignee(s): Kao Corporation (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,462,967 Date filed: June 16, 1992 Abstract: A feed additive which is effective for preventing and/or treating protozoiasis of livestock such as coccidiosis and for suppressing accumulation of fat of livestock is disclosed, which comprises (a) a triglyceride of a medium-chain fatty acid having 6 to 12 carbon atoms; and (b) at least one substance selected from a medium-chain fatty acid having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, a monoglyceride of the fatty acid and a diglyceride of the fatty acid. A feed for livestock containing the feed additive, and a method for preventing and/or treating protozoiasis of livestock and a method for suppressing excess accumulation of fat of livestock using the feed are also disclosed. The feed and method of the present invention are particularly effective for broiler. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a feed additive for livestock and a feed for livestock. More particularly, it relates to a feed additive for livestock and a feed for livestock having anti-protozoiasis effect and which is effective in suppressing an excess formation of systemic fat of, in particular, broiler (domestic fowl). In these days, so-called concentrated feeds for livestock of a high protein content and a high energy value are preferred in order to elevate feed efficiency. However, it has been found out that feeding with these concentrated feeds would deteriorate the function of the liver, which acts an important role in nutritional metabolism, so that it induces enlargement of liver or yellow hepatization and, furthermore, cause the abnormal accumulation of fat which induces fatty liver or deterioration in meat qualities due to excessively high fat content. In order to solve these problems, JP-A-1-215247 (the term "JP-A" as used herein means an "unexamined published Japanese patent application.) provides a feed for livestock whereby triglycerides of medium-chain fatty acids having 6 to 12 carbon atoms are fed to livestock to thereby reduce the accumulation of excessive fat and to efficiently utilize energy. In recent years, on the other hand, the livestock industry has been tending toward intensive systems with an increase in feeding density and the enlargement of feeding scale. As a result, livestock industry can be managed under the factory system, which makes it possible to stably supply animal products over a long period of time. However, environmental management is worsened as the livestock industry becomes intensive. Consequently there arises a serious problem, i.e., the outbreak of diseases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05462967__
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Feed for prevention and/or treatment of coccidiosis Inventor(s): Arai; Nobuyuki (Tochigi, JP), Azuma; Ryuichi (Tochigi, JP), Hatano; Kazuhiro (Tochigi, JP) Assignee(s): Nisshin Feed Inc. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,379,694 Date filed: November 22, 2000 Abstract: Provided in this invention are a feed for animals which comprises, in addition to a cashew nut shell oil and/or anacardic acid, at least one substance selected from organic zinc compounds, betaines and microorganisms of the genus Bacillus; and a coccidiostat, which comprises, in addition to a cashew nut shell oil and/or anacardic acid, at least one substance selected from organic zinc compounds, betaines and microorganisms of the genus Bacillus.The coccidiostat and animal feed of the present invention have excellent safety, are free from problems such as side effects, do not undergo a deterioration in their effect which otherwise occurs due to acquisition of drug resistance and exhibits high preventive or remedial effects against coccidiosis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a feed for prevention and treatment of animal coccidiosis, a coccidiostat, and a method for preventing or treating coccidiosis by supplying an animal with this feed or coccidiostat. Coccidiosis of poultry such as chicken, turkey, quail and guinea fowl, domestic animals such as rabbit, cow, sheep, goat and pig, and pets such as dog and cat is a disease caused by infection with a certain kind of protozoan parasite and it is frequently found worldwide. Coccidiosis is known to be caused by, in chickens, Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria brunetti, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria mivati, Eimeria mitis, Eimeria precox or Eimeria hagani; while, in turkeys, by Eimeria meleagrimitis, Eimeria adenoides or Eimeria gallopovonis. As is apparent from the above description, species of parasitic protozoa belonging to the genus Eimeria differ between chicken and turkey. The parasitization of protozoa of the genus Eimeria is host specific. Species parasitic on chicken are not parasitic on another bird or animal, but their life cycles are much in common. Described specifically, when an animal ingests a mature oocyst with food or the like from the external world, the wall of the oocyst is broken down inside the gizzard and 4 sporocysts are liberated from one oocyst. These sporocysts are carried to the intestine, at which 2 sporozites are discharged from one sporocyst by the action of an enzyme. These two sporozoites invade the intestinal mucosa cell. By repetition of fission, sporozites each becomes a schizont embracing several to several hundreds merozites in 1 or 2 days. These merozites are released from the broken cell membrane of the schizont and penetrate through the cell of the intestinal membrane. Most of the merozites undergo sexual reproduction into microgametos (male) and macrogametos (female). They are joined and fertilized into oocysts, which are excreted into feces, dropping from the intestinal mucosa. At the time when the oocysts are discharged from the body, they are still immature and not infectious, but in several days, they become mature oocysts equipped with infectiousness. The above-described life cycle is thereafter repeated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06379694__
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Immunostimulation methods for providing disease protection in poultry Inventor(s): Brown; Jenaay M. (Tampa, FL), McDougald; Larry R. (Watkinsville, GA) Assignee(s): Munova Corporation (Tampa, FL) Patent Number: 6,019,985 Date filed: February 27, 1998 Abstract: Methods are provided for improved immunization against coccidiosis and other bacterial, viral, or parasitic diseases in poultry. One method includes administering a solution of Propionibacterium acnes suspended in normal saline to a chick at age day one, following hatching. An anticoccidial vaccine and/or other vaccine is then administered to the chick such as by oral administration. Alternatively the method includes the steps of aseptically injecting Propionibacterium acnes in ovo at about day 18 in development, followed by post-hatching vaccination with an anticoccidial vaccine and/or other vaccine. Alternatively, either method can be utilized without the subsequent vaccination step for stimulating non-specific cell-mediated immune responses in poultry. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed generally to methods and apparatus for preventing diseases in poultry. More specifically the present invention is related to methods and apparatus for immunizing poultry against diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Commercial poultry husbandry and breeding practices have resulted in immune system deficiencies in chickens making disease more prevalent and devastating to the birds. Coccidiosis is a disease which costs the poultry industry hundreds of millions of dollars annually. This disease is primarily caused by parasites from the genus Eimeria. These parasites have short, direct life cycles and high reproductive potentials which intensifies the potential for outbreaks of disease, especially where 15-30,000 chickens are housed in total confinement. McDougald, L. R., Reid, W. M., Coccidiosis, Diseases of Poultry, (B. W. Calnek et al. eds., 1 0th ed. 1997). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06019985__
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Method and composition for treatment and/or prophylaxis of coccidiosis Inventor(s): Bedford; Michael R. (Marlborough, GB), Catchpole; Janet (Addlestone, GB), Morgan; Andrew J. (Marlborough, GB), Taylor; Michael A. (Addlestone, GB) Assignee(s): Finnfeeds International Limited (Wiltshire, GB3), Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (London, GB3) Patent Number: 5,624,678 Date filed: May 10, 1995 Abstract: The present invention provides a method of use, and a composition, of a carbohydrase and/or a protease for the manufacture of an agent for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of coccidiosis. The agent can be in the form of a cereal-based animal feed. The carbohydrase may be a polysaccharidase such as a xylanase or a cellulase e.g.,.beta.-glucanase. The agent may include conventional non-enzymic anticoccidial agents. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of certain enzymes for the manufacture of an agent for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of coccidiosis. Coccidiosis is a common cause of disease in intensively-reared farm livestock, particularly in poultry. Coccidiosis is caused by a protozoa, a single-celled parasite, of
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the subphylum Apicomplexa. Many of the species that cause the disease in domestic animals belong to the genus Eimeria. The parasites multiply in the epithelium of the intestine. In chickens, seven species of Eimeria have been described, five of which are considered to be pathogenic. These are E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. necratrix, E. tenella and E. brunetti. Coccidia are ubiquitous organisms and are generally endemic wherever chickens are raised. Outbreaks of disease can vary from severe to very mild infections. Like many parasitic protozoa, the life cycle of the Eimeria is relatively complex. Sexual and asexual multiplication occurs within the chickens' intestines. During this process of multiplication and development of the parasite, the host tissue is destroyed which leads to the various clinical manifestations observed in outbreaks of coccidiosis. The oocysts produced and excreted develop further outside the host where they may undergo further development and infect other chickens. Oocysts can in fact survive outside the host for a long period of time which enables them to infect subsequent crops of birds. They may also be spread between flocks by other agents including people, pets, insects, rodents, dust and other birds. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05624678__ •
Method for controlling coccidiosis Inventor(s): Ostlind; Dan A. (Watchung, NJ), Tamas; Tamas (East Brunswick, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 5,646,135 Date filed: March 12, 1996 Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved method for controlling coccidiosis in poultry which comprises administering to poultry on shuttle medication an additional medication prior to switching from the starter compound to the grower compound, and continuing the additional medication for a period after the switching. Excerpt(s): Coccidiosis is a widespread poultry disease which is produced by infections with protozoans of the genus Eimeria which cause severe pathology in the intestines and ceca of poultry. Some of the most significant of these species are E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. necatrix, E. brunetti and E. maxima. This disease is generally spread by the birds picking up the organism at its infectious stage in droppings on contaminated litter or ground, or by way of food or drinking water. The disease is manifested by hemorrhage, accumulation of blood in the ceca, passage of blood in the droppings, weakness and digestive disturbances. The disease often terminates in the death of the animal, but the fowl which survive severe infections have had their market value substantially reduced as a result of the infection. Coccidiosis is, therefore, a disease of great economic importance and extensive work has been done to find new and improved methods for controlling and treating coccidial infections in poultry. In the poultry industry it is common practice to include anticoccidial agents in poultry feed for most of the bird's life. Because the continuous administration of an anticoccidial agent promotes the likelihood of resistance to the agent, most poultry growers have adopted a so-called "shuttle program." In this medication strategy two or more anticoccidial agents are used sequentially during the broiler growout period. In a typical shuttle program the chickens are fed a first anticoccidial product (starter compound) for 21 days, and then switched to a ration containing a different anticoccidial product (grower compound). There may be a finisher product applied towards the end of the growout, and/or a 5-10 day drug withdrawal period. The principal objective of shuttle programs is to prevent or delay the emergence of drug-resistant coccidial strains that may be
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selected by continuous medication, as well as to control the disease itself. The present inventors have found that the sequential use of anticoccidial agents leaves windows of compromised efficacy during or shortly after switching compounds, as manifested in increased lesions and oocyst shedding and decreased anticoccidial indices. This finding accords with industry observations that litter counts in commercial operations peak during the fourth week of the growout period, i.e. a week following the switch from starter to grower products in shuttle programs. Thus, even though the "shuttle" program may slow down resistance development, and/or the disease, it does not represent the optimal medication strategy in view of the gap of efficacy that may result from the switching of drugs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05646135__ •
Pharmaceutical compositions containing herbal-based active ingredients; methods for preparing same and uses of same for medical and veterinary purposes Inventor(s): Nitsas; Fotios A. (Kristoni, GR-611 00 Kilkis, GR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,106,838 Date filed: December 29, 1997 Abstract: Methods for treating and preventing coccidiosis in poultry, and inflammation, infection, and diarrhea in mammals are provided utilizing an antimicrobial pharmaceutical composition comprising an herbal essential oil which contains thymol and carvacrol as its main ingredients. The essential oil is preferably obtained from the genus Origanum, especially Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the preparation of various forms of pharmaceuticals for medical and veterinary uses, said pharmaceuticals comprising as active ingredients special herbal essences, capable of substituting antibiotics and sulphamide based drugs, due to their important activity against germs causing inflammations, infections and diarrhoea in humans and animals. The presently used methods for treatment of inflammations, infections and diarrhoea in humans and animals rely on the use of pharmaceuticals that contain antibiotics and sulphamides. It is known that these pharmaceuticals are often the cause of severe short and long term side effects, for example the accumulation of bioresidues. In addition, microorganisms that are to be combatted by these pharmaceuticals develop with time a resistance to these drugs, thus reducing the efficiency of the treatment. This is because the living organism of humans or animals is incapable of fully assimilating or rejecting these chemicals, resulting in accumulation of chemical in the organism and causing serious side effects exemplified by hereditary changes or sensitivity to microorganisms against which these chemicals had been used. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06106838__
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Recombinant and native group B eimeria tenella immunogens useful as coccidiosis vaccines Inventor(s): Liberator; Paul A. (Holmdel, NJ), Profous-Juchelka; Helen (Staten Island, NY), Turner; Mervyn J. (Westfield, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 5,824,656 Date filed: June 2, 1995 Abstract: Genes coding for novel Group B Eimeria tenella protein immunogens have been isolated and inserted into a novel expression vector which in turn has been used to transform appropriate hosts. The transformed host cells produce recombinant Group B E. tenella proteins which are capable of inducing immunity in chickens to coccidiosis. Excerpt(s): Coccidiosis is a disease caused by infection with one or more of the many species of coccidia. Coccidia are intracellular parasites which can infect a wide range of hosts and may result in severe economic loss to the sheep, goat, cattle, swine and poultry industry. Indeed, coccidiosis resulting from infection with Eimeria species has caused economically devastating losses to the poultry industry. Among domesticated birds, chicken production is the most susceptible to the economic losses from coccidiosis, although losses also occur with turkeys, geese, ducks, and guinea fowl. Coccidiosis also produces serious losses in pheasants and quail raised in captivity. Coccidiosis may be acute and characterized by devastating flock mortality or the disease may be chronic and characterized by lack of weight gain. Poultry are infected by coccidia following ingestion of the vegetative stage of the parasite, the sporulated oocyst. The infective stage, the sporozoite, is released in the intestine where it rapidly invades epithelial cells subsequently under-going several generations of rapid intracellular asexual multiplication (schizogony) before entering the stage of sexual differentiation and mating (gametogony) leading to the formnation of immature oocysts. Immature oocysts are shed in droppings; the immature oocysts then undergo an extracellular sporulation process (sporogony) resulting in the generation of mature oocysts. Low level infection with any of the Eimeria species (spp.), E. acervulina, E. mivati, E. mitis, E. praecox, E. hagani, E. necatrix, E. maximal, E. brunetti and E. tenella results in a protective immunity to reinfection. There may be as many as twelve distinct cell types involved in the development of the parasite, each morphologically and antigenically different. At least three of these cell types have been shown to induce a protective immune response in the host. Both the sporozoite as well as the first and second generation schizont appear to contain antigens which elicit an immunizing effect in chickens. Unlike the sporozoite surface of other parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum which is composed of a single dominant antigen, the sporozoite surface of the Eimeria spp. generally and, in particular, E. tenella sporozoite surface, is antigenically complex. Because the sporozoite stage cannot be cultivated in vitro and large amounts of sporozoite material would be necessary for conventional biochemical analysis and for subunit vaccine evaluation, the purification of these antigens has posed a problem. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05824656__
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Steroidal sapogenins for the control of coccidiosis in animals Inventor(s): Walker; Reuben D. (Naperville, IL) Assignee(s): Distributors Processing, Inc. (Porterville, CA) Patent Number: 6,569,843 Date filed: July 20, 2000 Abstract: Steroidal sapogenins and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, useful in the prevention of coccidiosis in animals and methods of administering an effective amount of steroidal sapogenin or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof in the diet or drinking water of the animal. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of steroidal sapogenins in the feed or water of animals to control disease (coccidiosis) caused by species of the coccidia Eimeria. Coccidiosis is a common disease in animals, resulting in intestinal lesions, diarrhea, enteritis and death. Coccidiosis is an economically important disease in domestic livestock production. As a result of extensive research with plant extracts the inventor has attained the following invention. According to the present invention steroidal sapogenins extracted from plants belonging to the Lilliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Dioscoraceae families have been discovered to effective control the damaging effects of the disease coccidoisis and its negative effects on the animal when added to the feed or water of the animal. The following examples of steroidal sapogenins extracted from plants are given merely as illustrative of the present invention and are not to be considered limiting. Agavogenin, Chlorogenin, 9-Dehydrohecogenin, 9Dehydromanogenin, Digitogenin, Disosgenin, Gitogenin, Hectogenin, Kammogenin, Kryptogenin, Lilagenin, Manogenin, Markogenin, Mexogenin, Neotigogenin, Nologenin, Pennogenin, Rockogenin, Samogenin, Sarsasapogenin, Smilagenin, Texogenin, Tigogenin, Yamogenin and yuccagenin. This invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not to be construed as imposing any limitation on the scope thereof. On the contrary, it is to be clearly understood that resort may be had various other embodiments, modifications and equivalents thereof which readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention and/or the scope of the appended claims. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06569843__
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Treatment or prevention of coccidiosis Inventor(s): Canning; Peter C. (Terre Haute, IN), Evans; Nigel A. (East Lyme, CT), Hassfurther; Renee L. (Sullivan, IN) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 6,608,033 Date filed: August 1, 2000 Abstract: Coccidiosis in a bovine animal is prevented by administration of an effective amount of a macrolide antibiotic. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the treatment or prevention of coccidiosis in bovine animals that are susceptible to coccidia infection. Coccidiosis is an intestinal disease that affects several animal species. The disease, however, represents a particularly important problem in the raising of poultry and cattle. In cattle, coccidiosis is primarily a disease of the young where there is crowding, stress, and/or nonimmune
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animals. Older cows act as a reservoir and shed oocysts into the environment. Shipping, weaning, dietary changes, and steroid therapy can precipitate coccidiosis. Even cattle immune to their own endemic species of coccidia can become ill when exposed to different species. Coccidiosis may result in death. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06608033__ •
Uses of avian interferon gamma (IFN-.gamma.) Inventor(s): Johnson; Michael A. (Thornbury, AU), Lowenthal; John W. (Belmont, AU), O'Neil; Terri E. (Highton, AU), York; Jennifer J. (Clifton Hill, AU) Assignee(s): Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australian Capital Territory, AU) Patent Number: 6,642,032 Date filed: November 19, 1999 Abstract: The present invention provides compositions comprising recombinant avian IFN-.gamma. polypeptides and methods using said recombinant avian IFN-.gamma. polypeptides and compositions to enhance the immune responses of birds, and to enhance growth and/or prevent weight loss in birds. The present invention is particularly useful in the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of birds against coccidiosis and the causative agent thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to recombinant avian interferon polypeptides and genetic sequences encoding same, and uses therefor. In particular, the present invention is directed to the use of recombinant avian IFN-.gamma. polypeptides as an immune response modulator and as a growth enhancing agent in avian species. The present invention is particularly useful in the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of birds against coccidiosis and the causative agent thereof. The rapidly increasing sophistication of recombinant DNA technology is greatly facilitating research into the medical and veterinary fields. Cytokine research is of particular importance, especially as these molecules regulate the proliferation, differentiation and function of a great variety of cells, such as cells involved in mediating an immune response. Administration of recombinant cytokines or regulating cytokine function and/or synthesis is becoming, increasingly, the focus of medical research into the treatment of a range of disease conditions in humans and animals. The present invention seeks to provide novel reagents and methods that employ recombinant cytokine polypeptides, for the treatment of disease conditions in birds. In mammals, interferons (IFN) represent a family of cytokines that share the capacity to inhibit viral replication and to exert effects on immune function. There are two distinct types of IFN. Type I IFN is produced by a variety of cell types in response to viral infection and includes IFN-.alpha. and .beta. Typically, IFN-.alpha. is produced by leukocytes such as monocytes and macrophages while fibroblasts and epithelial cells are the major source of IFN-.beta. Type I IFNs share a high degree of amino acid homology, bind to the same cell surface receptor and there biological functions are resistant to heat and low pH treatment. (Weissmann and Weber, 1986). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06642032__
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Patent Applications on Coccidiosis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to coccidiosis: •
Additive for an animal feed Inventor(s): Apajalahti, Juha; (Helsinki, FI), Bedford, Michael Richard; (Marlborough, GB), Rautonen, Nina; (Espoo, FI) Correspondence: Fitch Even Tabin And Flannery; 120 South LA Salle Street; Suite 1600; Chicago; IL; 60603-3406; US Patent Application Number: 20030059498 Date filed: June 7, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a combination of a protease and an inner salt of a quaternary amine carboxylic acid for the preparation of an agent for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of coccidiosis and bacterial infections such as necrotic enterities in animals. Preferred embodiments of the invention comprise the inclusion of a xylanase and/or an.alpha.-amylase in the agent. A nutritional additive comprising a combination of an inner salt of a quaternary amine carboxylic acid protease and (optionally) a xylanase and an.alpha.-amylase is also disclosed. It can be used for improving the rate of weight gain of animals. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an additive for an animal feed and particularly to such an additive which improves the rate of weight gain of an animal fed with a feed in which it is incorporated. It furthermore relates to such an additive which is useful for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of coccidiosis and/or a bacterial infection including those which can result in necrotic enteritis. The farming of many different types of animals is important throughout the world for the production of food for human consumption. Whilst the animals are being reared, they can come into contact with a variety of infection-causing bacteria and parasites such as Eimeria, Campylobacter, Clostridium, Salmonella, E. coli and Listeria. Coccidiosis is a common cause of disease in intensively-reared farm livestock, particularly in poultry. Coccidiosis is caused by a protozoa, a single-celled parasite, of the subphylum Apicomplexa. Many of the species that cause the disease in domestic animals belong to the genus Eimeria. The parasites multiply in the epithelium of the intestine. In chickens, seven species of Eimeria have been identified, five of which are considered to be pathogenic. These are E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. necratrix, E. tenella and E. brunetti. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Coccidial vaccine and methods of making and using same Inventor(s): Fuller, Alberta L.; (Athens, GA), McDougald, Larry R.; (Watkinsville, GA) Correspondence: Judy Jarecki-Black; PH.D., J.D.; 3239 Satellite BLVD. 3rd Floor; Duluth; GA; 30096; US Patent Application Number: 20040120973 Date filed: December 8, 2003 Abstract: The present invention relates to a vaccine for coccidiosis in chickens prepared from four attenuated Eimeria species: E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. mitis and E. tenella. The vaccine was similar to or superior to other anticoccidial drugs in stimulating protective immunity against coccidiosis. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/432,298 entitled : "COCCIDIAL VACCINE AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME", filed Dec. 9, 2002, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The foregoing applications, and all documents cited therein or during their prosecution ("appln cited documents") and all documents cited or referenced in the appln cited documents, and all documents cited or referenced herein ("herein cited documents"), and all documents cited or referenced in herein cited documents, together with any manufacturer's instructions, descriptions, product specifications, and product sheets for any products mentioned herein or in any document incorporated by reference herein, are hereby incorporated herein by reference, and may be employed in the practice of the invention. The present invention relates to the preparation of immunogenic compositions and vaccines against diseases caused by coccidia. The present invention also provides for attenuated vaccines against coccidiosis. Coccidiosis is a disease caused by infection with one or more of the many species of coccidia which is a subdivision of the phylum Protozoa, intracellular protozoal parasites of the subphylum Apicomplexa and the genus Eimeria. The genus Eimeria contains the species of major economic importance in domestic birds, such as chickens, ducks, geese, guinea fowl, peafowl, pheasants, pigeons and turkeys. While coccidiosis occurs in practically all kinds of birds, the parasites are host specific and each species occurs in a single or in a limited group of related hosts. On the other hand, avian hosts are known to harbor more than one species of coccidia. Species of Eimeria that cause coccidiosis in chickens include E. acervulina, E. brunette, E. hagani, E. maxima, E. mitis, E. mivati, E. necatrix, E. praecox and E. tenella. E. acervulina is one of the most common species found in the litter of broiler houses. It has a great reproductive potential and is regarded as pathogenic because it produces a marked depression in gain of body weight, higher feed conversion and it produces gross lesions in the upper small intestine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Coccidiosis vaccines Inventor(s): Schetters, Theodorus Petrus Maria; (Sering, NL), Vermeulen, Arnoldus Nicolaas; (Korhoederveld, NL) Correspondence: William M. Blackstone; Akzo Nobel; #206; 1300 Piccard Drive; Rockville; MD; 20850-4373; US Patent Application Number: 20010005910 Date filed: December 18, 2000
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Abstract: The present invention relates to coccidiosis strains and, in another embodiment to microbiological cultures comprising such strains. Another embodiment of the invention relates to vaccines based thereon. Still other embodiments relate to the use of such strains for the preparation of vaccines for the protection against coccidiosis and to methods for the preparation of such vaccines. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to coccidiosis strains, microbiological cultures comprising such strains, vaccines based thereon, use of such strains for the preparation of such vaccines and methods for the preparation of such vaccines. Coccidiosis is a highly contagious disease that has been known since long. Coccidiosis is known to occur in many economically important animal species such as chickens, cattle, sheep, rabbits, goats and turkeys. The causative agent of this disease is a parasite of the genus Eimeria. This parasite is a member of the coccidia. Especially poultry coccidiosis is a problem world-wide. High stocking densities and specific housing conditions of the modern poultry industry facilitate the spread of coccidia as there is little or no separation between animals and faecal matter. Since the oocysts are extremely resistant, surviving even partial desiccation, bleaching and chemical treatment with most disinfectants, it is extremely difficult to avoid environmental contamination with oocysts. The parasites cause an enteritis in the gut in general, more specifically in poultry. The infection severely attacks the epithelium of the intestines. Therefore, the first clinical signs of infection with the parasite are i.a. diarrhoea. Later in infection a broader scale of clinical signs becomes manifest including reduced food intake, malabsorbtion, decrease in feed conversion efficiency and reduced weight gain. In the worst case the infection is lethal. (Gregory M. W. Pathology of coccidial infections. In: Coccidiosis of man and domestic animals (Ed.: P. L. Long) CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. Pp. 235-261 (1990)). Ruff, M.D. Pathophysiology and coccidial infections. In: Coccidiosis of man and domestic animals (Ed.: P. L. Long) CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. Pp. 263-280 (1990)). Even when the infection develops non-lethal and the animal recovers, the economic losses due to reduced weight gain are large world-wide, especially in the many countries where poultry is an important food source. Costs involved in controlling the disease are estimated to exceed USD 600.000.000 yearly. Apart from factors such as housing conditions, general state of health, age, immune status and genetic make-up of the host, the degree of pathogenicity depends primarily on the Eimeria species. (Ruff, M. D. In: Proceedings of the VI.sup.th International Coccidiosis Conference (Eds.: J. R. Barta and M. A. Fernando) Moffit Print Craft Ltd., Guelph. Pp. 73-79 (1993). The genus Eimeria comprises at least seven named species: E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. maxima, E. brunetti, E. acervulina, E. mitis and E. praecox. Of these, tenella and necatrix are the most pathogenic, followed by maxima and brunette. (Rose, M. E. and Long, P. L. Vaccination against coccidiosis in chickens. In: Vaccines against parasites. (Eds.: A. E. R. Taylor, and R. Muller) Blackwell Scientific Publication, Ltd., Oxford, U.K. pp. 57-74 (1980)). Infection with E. tenella and E. necatrix leads to haemorrhage, and in heavy infections to anaemia and death due to blood loss and shock. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Improved Methods for producing oocysts Inventor(s): Hutchins, James E.; (Durham, NC), Tyczkowski, Julius K.; (Cary, NC) Correspondence: Myers Bigel Sibley & Sajovec; PO Box 37428; Raleigh; NC; 27627; US Patent Application Number: 20030143717 Date filed: August 29, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides improved methods and compositions for producing oocysts. The oocysts produced according to the invention find use in the manufacture of vaccines. In preferred embodiments, the present invention provides methods and compositions for the production of Eimeria oocysts. Vaccines containing Eimeria oocysts, sporocysts and/or sporozoites produced according to the present invention may be used to immunize birds against coccidiosis either in ovo or post hatch. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/316,310 filed Aug. 30, 2001, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The present invention provides methods and compositions for the production of oocysts from protozoa; in particular, the present invention provides methods and compositions for the production of Eimeria oocysts. Coccidiosis of poultry is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. Oocysts of Eimeria species are ubiquitous in the environment and persist for many months in poultry litter. Ingestion of oocysts leads to infection of the various regions of the intestinal tract in a species-specific manner. The organism proliferates in the intestine over a period of several days, resulting in the excretion of the next generation of oocysts in the feces. Multiple cycles of infection lead to immunity, and when the infection is presented to a flock early and in a uniform dosage among the flock, the immunity developed over several cycles of exposure can be quite robust. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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IN OVO VACCINATION AGAINST COCCIDIOSIS Inventor(s): EVANS, NIGEL A; (EAST LYME, GB), FINDLY, ROBERT CRAIG; (WETHERSFIELD, CT), WEBER, FREDERICK H.; (TERRE HAUTE, IN) Correspondence: Paul H. Ginsberg; Pfizer INC.; 235 East 42nd Street; New York; NY; 10017-5755; US Patent Application Number: 20020031530 Date filed: December 1, 1997 Abstract: The Invention relates to a method of vaccinating a domesticated bird against coccidiosis comprising administering in ova an effective itmmunwning dose of live Ekneria sporozoites or merozoites, or a mixture thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the domesticated bird that is vaccinated is a chicken or turkey. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of vaccinating domesticated birds against coccidiosis. In particular, the invention relates to the in ovo administration of live Eimeria spp sporozoites or merozoites, or mixtures thereof, into the developing eggs of domesticated birds in order to immunize the hatched chicks against coccidiosis. Coccidiosis is an enteric disease of domesticated birds caused by infection with intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. Coccidiosis is the most economically devastating parasitic disease of domesticated birds. It is estimated that
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anticoccidial medications and losses due to coccidiosis cost the poultry industry hundreds of millions of dollars every year. Various attempts to vaccinate domesticated birds against coccidiosis have been reported since the early 1950's. Current vaccination methods include administering live Eimeria oocysts to birds through feed or water. These methods, however, are inconvenient and inefficient because not all birds get the intended oocyst dose and many are either unprotected by the vaccine or receive a pathogenic infection. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
METHOD FOR ASSESSING VIABILITY OF LIVE MICROBIAL THERAPEUTIC AGENTS Inventor(s): DASGUPTA, TAPASHI; (GUELPH, CA), LEE, ENG-HONG; (GUELPH, CA) Correspondence: John C Jeffrey; Dennison Associates; Suite 301; 133 Richmond Street West; Toronto; M5h2l7; CA Patent Application Number: 20020009765 Date filed: August 27, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides for a method of assessing for viability of organisms in a live microbial therapeutic preparations. The method involves first measuring a suspension of the organisms for the quantity of a selectable marker indicative of viable organisms. The measurements are then compared against a standard curve to give a count of the viable organisms in the suspension. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention is directly a method of assessing the viability of Eimeria oocysts in a live coccidiosis vaccine. The method involves first measuring a suspension of the Eimeria oocysts for the quantity of ATP bioluminescence in the suspension. The quantity of ATP bioluminescence in the suspension may be compared against a predetermined standard to give a count of the viable Eimeria oocysts in the live coccidiosis vaccine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for assessing viability of organisms in a live microbial therapeutic agent, and in particular, a method for assessing the viability of organisms in a live vaccine or probiotic. There are many disease states which are prevented or controlled through the use of live microbial therapeutic agents. One such example is the use of live attenuated vaccines to immunize animals against a disease state caused by a microbial organism. When administering the vaccine, it is important to know the titer of the vaccine or the number of viable organisms present in the vaccine. When the vaccines are freshly prepared, it is relatively simple to formulate the vaccine to have the required number of viable organisms for proper treatment. However, with storage of the vaccine, even under recommended conditions, the viability of the organisms gradually decreases. If the vaccine is stored under potentially detrimental conditions or if stored for long periods of time, the viability of the organisms may decrease to a level which may not provide adequate protection against the disease state. This is particularly important for vaccines which utilize low numbers of organisms or where the storage conditions may not be ideal. For example, at the present time, poultry hatchlings, within the first few days of life, are required to be immunized against various diseases and the type of vaccine used for each disease dictates its method of administration. Live vaccines are commonly administered once the hatchlings are established in their brooding trays in the form of aqueous suspensions either sprayed on feed or added to the drinking water.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods and compositions for the control of coccidiosis Inventor(s): Allington, Tony; (Valparaiso, NE), Bull, Lance; (St. John, MO), Green, Jackie; (O'Fallon, MO), Pfannenstiel, Mary Ann; (Lincoln, NE), Schasteen, Charles S.; (St. Louis, MO), Uraizee, Farooq; (Valley Park, MO) Correspondence: Senniger Powers Leavitt And Roedel; One Metropolitan Square; 16th Floor; ST Louis; MO; 63102; US Patent Application Number: 20020160022 Date filed: November 8, 2001 Abstract: Methods are provided for the sporulation, sterilization and storage of coccidial oocyst which are characterized by an absence of the highly toxic chemical potassium dichromate. Also provided are compositions containing sporulated oocysts which are free of potassium dichromate. Excerpt(s): Coccidiosis is a disease of various animals in which the intestinal mucosa is invaded and damaged by a protozoa of the subclass Coccidia. The economic effects of coccidiosis can be especially severe in the poultry industry where intensive housing of birds favors the spread of the disease. Infection by coccidial protozoa is, for the most part, species specific. Numerous species, however, can infect a single host. For example, there are seven species of coccidial protozoa which infect chickens, six of which are considered to be moderately to severely pathogenic. The life cycle of the coccidial parasite is complex. For example, protozoa of the genera Eimeria, Isospora, Cystoisospora, or Cryptosporidium typically only require a single host to complete their life cycle, although Cystoisospora may utilize an intermediate host. Under natural conditions, the life cycle begins with the ingestion of sporulated oocysts from the environment. When sporulated oocysts are ingested by a susceptible animal, the wall of the sporulated oocyst is broken in order to release the sporocysts inside. In poultry, the release of the sporocyst is the result of mechanical disruption of the sporulated oocyst in the gizzard. Within the sporocysts, are the sporozoites which are the infective stage of the organism. In poultry, the breakdown of the sporocyst coat and release of the sporozoites is accomplished biochemically through the action of chymotrypsin and bile salts in the small intestine. Once released, the sporozoites invade the intestinal mucosa or epithelial cells in other locations. The site of infection is characteristic of the species involved. For example, in the genus Eimeria, E. tenella is localized in the ceca; E. necatrix is found in the anterior and middle portions of the small intestine; E. acervulina and E. praecox occur in the upper half of the small intestine; E. brunetti occurs in the lower small intestine, rectum, ceca, and cloaca; E. mitis is found in the lower small intestine, while E. maxima can be found in any of these physiological locations. Once inside the host animals' cells, sporozoites develop into multinucleate meronts, also called schizonts. Each nucleus of the meront develops into an infective body called a merozoite which enters new cells and repeats the process. After a variable number of asexual generations, merozoites develop into either microgametocytes or macrogametes. Microgametocytes develop into many microgametes which, in turn, fertilize the macrogametes. A resistant coat then forms around the resulting zygotes. The encysted zygotes are called oocysts and are shed unsporulated in the feces. Infected birds may shed oocysts in the feces for days or weeks. Under proper conditions of temperature and moisture, the oocysts become infective through the process of sporulation. Susceptible birds then ingest the sporulated oocysts through normal pecking activities or
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ground/litter foraging and the cycle repeats itself. Ingestion of viable, sporulated oocysts is the only natural means of infection. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
NOVEL USES OF AVIAN INTERFERON GAMMA (IFN-Y) Inventor(s): JOHNSON, MICHAEL A.; (THORNBURY, AU), LOWENTHAL, JOHN W.; (BELMONT, AU), O'NEIL, TERRI E.; (HIGHTON, AU), YORK, JENNIFER J.; (CLIFTON HILL, AU) Correspondence: Greenlee Winner And Sullivan P C; 5370 Manhattan Circle; Suite 201; Boulder; CO; 80303; US Patent Application Number: 20030099610 Date filed: November 19, 1999 Abstract: The present invention provides compositions comprising recombinant avian IFN-.gamma. polypeptides and methods using said recombinant avian IFN-.gamma. polypeptides and compositions to enhance the immune responses of birds, and to enhance growth and/or prevent weight loss in birds. The present invention is particularly useful in the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of birds against coccidiosis and the causative agent thereof. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/765,381, filed Dec. 19, 1996, and U.S. Ser. No. 091272,032 filed Mar. 18, 1999. U.S. Ser. No. 08/765,381 is the United States national phase application of International application No. PCT/AU96/00114 filed on Mar. 5, 1996, which claims priority from Australian Patent Application No. PN 1542/95, filed Mar. 6, 1995. U.S. Ser. No. 09/272,032 is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/448,617, filed Sep. 8, 1995, which is the United States national phase application of International application No. PCT/AU94/00189 filed Apr. 14, 1994, which claims priority from Australian Patent Application No. PL 8297, filed Apr. 14, 1993. The present invention relates generally to recombinant avian interferon polypeptides and genetic sequences encoding same, and uses therefor. In particular, the present invention is directed to the use of recombinant avian IFN-.gamma. polypeptides as an immune response modulator and as a growth enhancing agent in avian species. The present invention is particularly useful in the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of birds against coccidiosis and the causative agent thereof. The rapidly increasing sophistication of recombinant DNA technology is greatly facilitating research into the medical and veterinary fields. Cytokine research is of particular importance, especially as these molecules regulate the proliferation, differentiation and function of a great variety of cells, such as cells involved in mediating an immune response. Administration of recombinant cytokines or regulating cytokine function and/or synthesis is becoming, increasingly, the focus of medical research into the treatment of a range of disease conditions in humans and animals. The present invention seeks to provide novel reagents and methods that employ recombinant cytokine polypeptides, for the treatment of disease conditions in birds. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Recombinant coccidiosis vaccines Inventor(s): Altenburger, Werner; (Muenchenstein, CH), Binger, Mary-Helen; (Hopewell, NJ), Chizzonite, Richard Anthony; (South Kent, CT), Kramer, Richard Allen; (West Orange, NJ), Lomedico, Peter Thomas; (Montclair, NJ), McAndrew, Stephen J.; (Meriden, CT) Correspondence: Stephen M. Haracz, ESQ.; Bryan Cave Llp; 245 Park Avenue; New York; NY; 10167-0034; US Patent Application Number: 20030175311 Date filed: October 9, 2002 Abstract: This invention provides DNA sequences coding for Eimeria surface antigens, recombinant vectors containing such DNA sequences, transformed microorganisms containing such vectors and methods for producing the antigens using the transformed microorganisms. Methods are also provided for protecting poultry against coccidiosis using the Eimeria surface antigens. The surface antigens can be administered for such protection either as purified proteins or in the form of DNA encoding the proteins in a suitable viral vector such as vaccinia virus. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 07/202,721, filed Jun. 3, 1988, now pending. This application relates to the use of recombinant DNA technology to produce antigens of Eimeria protozoan parasites. These recombinantly produced antigens can be used, through various routes of administration, to protect poultry against coccidiosis. Coccidiosis is a costly disease of poultry caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. The disease is endemic in the large, intensive poultry breeding establishments in this country, and the estimated cost of control of the disease through chemotherapy exceeds $100 million each year. Resistance to the anti-coccidial drugs develops, necessitating a continuing development of new agents, at a time when drug development is becoming increasingly expensive and consumer acceptance of drug residues in food animals is diminishing. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Recombinant scFV antibodies specific to Eimeria spp. responsible for coccidiosis Inventor(s): Han, Jae-Yong; (Seoul, KR), Kim, Jin-Kyoo; (Kyongsangnam-do, KR), Kim, Sung-Won; (Kyongsangnam-do, KR), Lillehoj, Erik Peter; (Beltsville, MD), Lillehoj, Hyun Soon; ( Beltsville, MD), Min, Won-Gi; ( Beltsville, MD), Son, Eun-Jung; (Beltsville, MD), Song, Ki-Duck; (Daejon Metropolitan City, KR) Correspondence: Harness, Dickey & Pierce, P.L.C.; P.O. Box 828; Bloomfield Hills; MI; 48303; US Patent Application Number: 20030104497 Date filed: February 26, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to (a) variable regions of heavy and light chains of an antibody specific to a surface antigen in sporozoite of Eimeria spp.; (b) a recombinant scFV (single chain variable fragment) antibody prepared using the variable regions; (c) a method for preparing a recombinant scFv antibody; and (d) an expression vector for expressing a recombinant scFv antibody. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to antibody and more particularly, relates to variable regions of heavy and light chains of an antibody specific to a surface
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antigen in sporozoite of Eimeria spp. and scFV (single chain variable fragment) prepared using the variable regions. Avian coccidiosis, caused by intestinal parasites belonging to genus Eimeria, is an obligate protozoan disease of chickens, resulting in a significant economic loss in the poultry industry. Despite increasing interest in developing protection strategies, the use of whole parasites or chemotherapy has major drawbacks. For example, due to the complexity of the parasite life-cycle and the existence of multiple species infecting chickens, immunity developed by using whole parasites, in general, is species-specific and cross-species protection has not been observed (Reynaud, C. A. et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 21:2661(1991)). The application of anticoccidia drugs is also hindered by high costs and development of drug resistance. Therefore, research has been focused on the development of immunological controls, which is dependent on the identification and characterization of target antigens to induce protective immune responses by the host immune system. Current efforts to develop an immunological control against coccidiosis involve identification of immunogenic epitope of Eimeria parasites to elicit cell mediated immunity (Lillehoj, H. S. et al., Avian Dis., 44:408-425(2000)). In general, two immunological strategies have been envisioned. The first uses recombinant subunit vaccines derived from parasite proteins used to bind to host cell receptors since avian coccidian parasites are known to invade cells of intestinal surface epithelium (Al-Attar, M. A. et al., J. Parasitol., 73:494502(1987); and Lawn, A. M. et al., J. Parasitol., 68:1117-1123 (1982)). The second approach involves passive immunization with antibodies that actively block the interaction of parasites with host cells (Sasaki, K. et al., J. Parasitol., 82:82-87(1996)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Selection of poultry Eimeria strains through extra-intestinal sporozoites Inventor(s): Davelaar, Frans Gerrit; (Putten, NL) Correspondence: John F. Levis; Five Giralda Farms; Madison; NJ; 07940; US Patent Application Number: 20030170277 Date filed: February 21, 2003 Abstract: A method for obtaining an immunogenic strain useful for producing a vaccine against Coccidiosis comprises the cycle of infecting at least one first group of specific pathogen-free donor birds with oocysts from an Eimeria species. Blood is then collected from these donor birds, and is then used to infect a second group of specific pathogenfree birds. Oocysts are collected from the second group of birds. These oocysts are then multiplicated to complete the cycle. The cycle is then repeated using the multiplicated oocysts. After a total of about three cycles, a final antigen may be harvested and utilized as a source to generate oocysts for a vaccine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a poultry vaccine, and more particularly, to a novel vaccine against Coccidiosis. The invention also relates to newly developed strains of Eimeria species with strong immunogenic properties and low pathogenicity which are useful in producing oocysts for anti-coccidia vaccines. In addition, the invention is directed to novel methods of obtaining attenuated strains of Eimeria species which are useful in formulating vaccines against Coccidiosis. Cocciodiosis is an avian disease caused by infection with one or more of the many species of coccidia, which are intracellular protozoal parasites of the subphylum Apicomplexa and the genus Eimeria. Cocciodiosis is known to be caused by several different species of Eimeria, namely Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, E. mitis, E. praecox, and possibly E. mivati and E. hagani. The species do differ in their pathogenic effect on
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birds, with the type of birds also playing a role. Thus, a broiler chicken will be subjected to a great deal of damage by a parasite such as E. acervulina because it infects large portions of the small intestine, where food digestion plays a major role. During its life cycle, the Eimeria parasite passes through a number of stages. The life cycle begins when the chicken ingests the infectious stage, known as the sporulating oocyst, during ground feeding or by inhalation of dust. The wall of the sporulated oocyst is ruptured by the mechanical action in the gizzard and intestinal tract, resulting in the release of four sporocysts. The sporocysts pass into the duodenum where they are exposed to bile and digestive enzymes resulting in the release of an average of two sporozoites per sporocyst. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
VACCINES AGAINST EIMERIA MEDIATED DISORDER Inventor(s): CLERCX-BREED, DOMINIQUE G J; (NIJMEGEN, NL), VERMEULEN, ARNO N; (CUIJK, NL) Correspondence: William M Blackstone; Akzo Nobel; 1300 Piccard Drive NO 206; Rockville; MD; 208504373 Patent Application Number: 20020006408 Date filed: April 8, 1998 Abstract: Compositions comprising Eimeria proteins or variants/fragments of such proteins can be used to produce a coccidiosis vaccine.The proteins are present in the hydrophilic phase of a Triton X-114 extract of Eimeria sporozoites and have molecular masses of 26-30 kDa.+-.5 kDA when determined by SDS PAGE under reducing conditions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates, inter alia, to coccidiosis vaccines. Parasitic protozoa belonging to the genus Eimeria are the causative agents of intestinal coccidiosis, an enteritis which affects birds. This causes significant economic loss, especially to the poultry industry. (For the purposes of the present application, the term "poultry" is taken to mean birds that serve as sources of eggs or meat. It includes, inter alia, chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, guinea fowl, pheasants, pigeons and pea fowl). Nowadays, coccidiosis is mainly controlled by the use of antibiotic drugs in the feed. The rapid emergence of drug resistant strains (Chapman 1993) and the prohibitive costs of development and registration of a novel drug have led to increased interest in the development of an alternative method of control. The development of effective vaccines has therefore been desirable for many years. However only partial success has been obtained. Currently available vaccination strategies consist of controlled infections with either virulent or live attenuated parasites (Shirley 1993). For reasons of safety and cost, the most desirable method of immunoprophylaxis against coccidiosis appears to be the use of a subunit vaccine. Although many attempts have been made to immunize chickens against coccidiosis with fractions of parasite material (Murray et al. 1986, McKenzie & Long 1986) or recombinant Eimeria proteins (Danforth et al. 1989, Jenkins et al. 1991) only limited protection against challenge infection could be achieved. The parasite stages responsible for the induction of protective immunity are generally thought to be early asexual developmental stages (Jenkins et al. 1991). Initially. selection of candidate antigens was performed using antibodies from immune chickens but in view of the fundamental role of cell mediated responses in protective immunity (reviewed in Lillehoj & Trout 1993, Rose 1996), attention has now focused on screening antigens for their ability to stimulate specific T-cell responses (Dunn et al. 1995). It has
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been reported previously that around 8 days after a primary E. tenella infection in chickens parasite-specific T-cells circulate in the peripheral blood (Breed et al. 1996). These cells appeared to be primed to proliferate and/or to produce IFN-.gamma. in response to triggering with total sporozoite antigens (Breed et al. 1997). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with coccidiosis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “coccidiosis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on coccidiosis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning coccidiosis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON COCCIDIOSIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to coccidiosis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on coccidiosis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “coccidiosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
10
Coccidia and coccidiosis of domesticated, game and laboratory animals and of man, by Elery R. Becker. Author: Becker, Elery Ronald, 1896-; Year: 1934
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
49
APPENDICES
51
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “coccidiosis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 45588 23 896 1 12 46520
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “coccidiosis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
Physician Resources
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on coccidiosis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to coccidiosis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to coccidiosis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas.
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You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “coccidiosis” (or synonyms). Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to coccidiosis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on coccidiosis can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee.
Patient Resources
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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to coccidiosis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with coccidiosis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about coccidiosis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “coccidiosis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received
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your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “coccidiosis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “coccidiosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “coccidiosis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
65
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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COCCIDIOSIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]
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Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amebic dysentery: A form of dysentery, usually mild, found especially in childhood epidemics in many temperate countries. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Animal Husbandry: The science of breeding, feeding, and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on
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the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antiprotozoal Agents: Substances that are destructive to protozoans. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bentonite: A colloidal, hydrated aluminum silicate that swells 12 times its dry size when
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added to water. [NIH] Beta-glucans: Polysaccharides made by several types of mushrooms. Beta-glucans have been used to treat patients with gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. They may be able to stimulate the immune system. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Bioluminescence: The emission of light by living organisms such as the firefly, certain mollusks, beetles, fish, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH]
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Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Campylobacter: A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic. [NIH] Campylobacter jejuni: A species of bacteria that resemble small tightly coiled spirals. Its organisms are known to cause abortion in sheep and fever and enteritis in man and may be associated with enteric diseases of calves, lambs, and other animals. [NIH] Carbohydrates: The largest class of organic compounds, including starches, glycogens, cellulose, gums, and simple sugars. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cellulase: An enzyme isolated from fungi and bacteria. It catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans. EC 3.2.1.4. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Chlamydia trachomatis: Type species of Chlamydia causing a variety of ocular and urogenital diseases. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, chymotrypsinogen and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated
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by trypsin. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloaca: The common chamber into which the intestinal, urinary, and genital tracts discharge in birds, reptiles, amphibians and many fishes; also a phylogenetically related embryonic structure in mammals. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clostridium: A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Bacillaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals. [NIH] Clostridium difficile: A common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. It produces a toxin that causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis in patients receiving antibiotic therapy. [NIH] Coccidia: A subclass of protozoans commonly parasitic in the epithelial cells of the intestinal tract but also found in the liver and other organs. Its organisms are found in both vertebrates and higher invertebrates and comprise two orders: Eimeriida and Eucoccidiida. [NIH]
Coccidiostats: Agents useful in the treatment or prevention of coccidiosis in man or animals. [NIH]
Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1
Dictionary 75
to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cowpox: A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal. [NIH] Cowpox Virus: A species of orthopoxvirus that is the etiologic agent of cowpox. It is closely related to but antigenically different from vaccina virus. [NIH] Crowding: Behavior with respect to an excessive number of individuals, human or animal, in relation to available space. [NIH]
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Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclosporiasis: Infection with parasitic protozoa of the genus Cyclospora. It is distributed globally and causes a diarrheal illness. Transmission is waterborne. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Decoquinate: A coccidiostat for poultry. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatomycosis: A superficial infection of the skin or its appendages by fungi. The term includes dermatophytosis and the various clinical forms of tinea, as well as deep fungous infections. Called also epidermomycosis. [EU] Dermatophytosis: Any superficial fungal infection caused by a dermatophyte and involving the stratum corneum of the skin, hair, and nails. The term broadly comprises onychophytosis and the various form of tinea (ringworm), sometimes being used specifically to designate tinea pedis (athlete's foot). Called also epidermomycosis. [EU] Desiccation: Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.). [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Difluoromethylornithine: DFMO. An anticancer drug that has been shown to reduce the risk of cancer in animals. [NIH]
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Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Eimeria: A genus of protozoan parasites of the subclass Coccidia. Various species are parasitic in the epithelial cells of the liver and intestines of man and other animals. [NIH] Eimeria tenella: A species of coccidian protozoa that mainly infects domestic poultry. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Entamoeba: A genus of ameboid protozoa characterized by the presence of beaded chromatin on the inner surface of the nuclear membrane. Its organisms are parasitic in invertebrates and vertebrates, including humans. [NIH] Entamoeba histolytica: A species of parasitic protozoa causing entamoebiasis and amebic dysentery. Characteristics include a single nucleus containing a small central karyosome and peripheral chromatin that is finely and regularly beaded. [NIH] Entamoebiasis: Infection with amoebae of the genus Entamoeba. Infection with E. histolytica causes dysentery, amebic and liver abscess, amebic. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health.
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[NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermomycosis: An infection caused by dermatophytes. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]
Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fish Oils: Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the livers. Those from the liver are usually high in vitamin A. The oils are used as dietary supplements, in soaps and detergents, as protective coatings, and as a base for other food products such as vegetable shortenings. [NIH]
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Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giardia: A genus of flagellate intestinal protozoa parasitic in various vertebrates, including humans. Characteristics include the presence of four pairs of flagella arising from a complicated system of axonemes and cysts that are ellipsoidal to ovoidal in shape. [NIH] Giardia lamblia: A species of parasitic protozoa that attaches itself to the intestinal mucosa and feeds on mucous secretions. The organism is roughly pear-shaped and motility is somewhat erratic, with a slow oscillation about the long axis. Considered for many years to be non-pathogenic and often found in completely asymptomatic individuals, there is presently strong evidence for its pathogenic potential. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of health-
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related institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Hormones: Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various endocrine glands and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the
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antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunocompromised Host: A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical
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signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Litter: Appliance consisting of an oblong frame over which is stretched a canvas or other material, used for carrying an injured or disabled person. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH]
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Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lymphadenitis: Inflammation of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms,
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including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microscopy, Fluorescence: Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]
Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular mass: The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16). [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mycobacterium: A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts. [NIH]
Mycobacterium avium: A bacterium causing tuberculosis in domestic fowl and other birds. In pigs, it may cause localized and sometimes disseminated disease. The organism occurs occasionally in sheep and cattle. It should be distinguished from the M. avium complex,
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which infects primarily humans. [NIH] Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection: A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Organ Transplantation: Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. [NIH]
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Parasitism: A) The mode of life of a parasite; b) The relationship between an organism (parasite) that derives benefits from, and at the expense of, another organism (host). [NIH] Parasitization: The act or state of infestation by one or more parasites. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Perspiration: Sweating; the functional secretion of sweat. [EU] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of
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muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH]
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Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reinfection: A second infection by the same pathogenic agent, or a second infection of an organ such as the kidney by a different pathogenic agent. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH]
Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility. [NIH] Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature. [NIH] Saponin: A substance found in soybeans and many other plants. Saponins may help lower cholesterol and may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Schizogony: Reproduction by fission. [NIH]
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Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shigellosis: Infection with the bacterium Shigella. Usually causes a high fever, acute diarrhea, and dehydration. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters
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distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporocyst: A stage in the life-cycle of many protozoa and of trematoda. [NIH] Sporozoite: In the sporozoa the product of schizogony of the zygote. [NIH] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH]
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Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]
Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transgenes: Genes that are introduced into an organism using gene transfer techniques. [NIH]
Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trematoda: Class of parasitic flukes consisting of three subclasses, Monogenea, Aspidogastrea, and Digenea. The digenetic trematodes are the only ones found in man. They are endoparasites and require two hosts to complete their life cycle. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH]
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Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]
Unsaturated Fats: A type of fat. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urogenital Diseases: Diseases of the urogenital tract. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH]
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Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Zinc Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain zinc as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdominal, 3, 69, 79, 85 Abdominal Pain, 3, 69, 79 Ablation, 6, 69 Acne, 24, 69 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 3, 9, 69 Adverse Effect, 69, 89 Aerobic, 69, 84 Aerosol, 69, 90 Affinity, 69, 89 Algorithms, 69, 72 Alimentary, 27, 69 Alkaline, 69, 70, 73 Allylamine, 69, 70 Alternative medicine, 69 Aluminum, 70, 71 Amebic dysentery, 70, 77 Amine, 36, 70 Amino Acid Sequence, 26, 70, 79 Amino Acids, 70, 74, 79, 86, 87, 89 Ammonia, 70, 91 Amylase, 36, 70 Anaemia, 38, 70 Anaerobic, 70, 88 Anaesthesia, 70, 81 Analogous, 70, 91 Anemia, 70, 83 Animal Husbandry, 26, 70 Anomalies, 70, 91 Antibiotic, 22, 34, 45, 70, 74 Antibodies, 4, 22, 27, 43, 44, 45, 70, 71, 80, 84, 86 Antibody, 27, 43, 69, 70, 71, 74, 78, 81, 90 Anticoagulant, 71, 87 Antigen, 4, 23, 26, 33, 43, 44, 69, 70, 71, 75, 80, 81 Anti-inflammatory, 71, 75, 76, 79 Antimicrobial, 32, 71, 76 Antiprotozoal Agents, 25, 71 Antiseptic, 71, 87 Antiserum, 27, 71 Anus, 71, 72, 74, 88 Aqueous, 40, 71, 76 Arginine, 12, 71, 91 Arterial, 69, 71, 87 Assay, 6, 71 Astringent, 71, 87
Asymptomatic, 5, 71, 79 Attenuated, 22, 37, 40, 44, 45, 71 Avian, 16, 22, 27, 35, 37, 42, 44, 71 B Bacteremia, 71, 88 Bacteria, 24, 30, 36, 70, 71, 72, 73, 78, 80, 84, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92 Bacterial Infections, 36, 71 Bacterium, 71, 84, 89 Base, 71, 78, 79, 82 Bentonite, 12, 71 Beta-glucans, 72, 73 Bile, 41, 45, 72, 79, 82, 90 Bile Acids, 72, 90 Bile Acids and Salts, 72 Bile duct, 72 Biliary, 3, 72 Biliary Tract, 3, 72 Biochemical, 23, 33, 72, 84 Biological response modifier, 72, 82 Bioluminescence, 40, 72 Biotechnology, 7, 47, 53, 72 Blood Coagulation, 72, 73, 91 Blood pressure, 72, 89 Body Fluids, 72, 89 Bone Marrow, 72, 81, 83, 84 Bowel, 72, 77, 82, 90 Bowel Movement, 72, 90 Breeding, 26, 30, 43, 70, 72 C Calcium, 5, 73, 74 Campylobacter, 4, 36, 73 Campylobacter jejuni, 4, 73 Carbohydrates, 73 Carcinogenic, 73, 90 Cardiac, 69, 73, 90 Carotenoids, 16, 73 Caustic, 73, 87, 89 Cell, 4, 5, 23, 27, 29, 30, 33, 35, 44, 45, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92, 93 Cell Cycle, 73, 92 Cell Division, 71, 73, 86 Cell membrane, 29, 73, 86 Cellulase, 30, 73 Chemotherapy, 15, 26, 43, 44, 73 Chlamydia, 4, 73 Chlamydia trachomatis, 4, 73
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Cholesterol, 72, 73, 88, 90 Chromatin, 73, 77, 83 Chromosomal, 73, 86 Chronic, 8, 33, 73, 81, 90, 93 Chymotrypsin, 41, 73 Clinical trial, 4, 15, 53, 74, 88 Cloaca, 41, 74 Cloning, 72, 74 Clostridium, 4, 36, 74 Clostridium difficile, 4, 74 Coccidia, 9, 24, 27, 31, 33, 34, 37, 38, 41, 44, 47, 74, 77 Coccidiostats, 19, 23, 26, 28, 74 Cofactor, 74, 87, 91 Collagen, 74, 78 Colloidal, 71, 74, 90 Colon, 74, 82 Complement, 74, 75 Complementary and alternative medicine, 15, 18, 75 Complementary medicine, 15, 75 Computational Biology, 53, 75 Contamination, 38, 75 Contraindications, ii, 75 Corticosteroid, 75, 90 Cortisone, 75, 76 Cowpox, 75, 92 Cowpox Virus, 75, 92 Crowding, 34, 75 Cryptosporidiosis, 5, 76 Cutaneous, 76, 92 Cyclosporiasis, 6, 76 Cyst, 5, 76 Cytokine, 35, 42, 76 Cytomegalovirus, 4, 76 Cytoplasm, 73, 76, 83, 84 D Decoquinate, 12, 76 Dehydration, 76, 89 Dementia, 69, 76 Dermatitis, 24, 76 Dermatomycosis, 24, 76 Dermatophytosis, 76 Desiccation, 38, 76 Detergents, 76, 78 Developed Countries, 26, 76 Dexamethasone, 12, 76 Diagnostic procedure, 21, 76 Diarrhea, 3, 4, 10, 32, 34, 76, 89 Diarrhoea, 32, 38, 76, 79 Difluoromethylornithine, 13, 76 Digestion, 45, 69, 72, 77, 82, 90, 92
Digestive tract, 77, 89 Diploid, 77, 86 Direct, iii, 5, 30, 77, 85, 88 Domesticated, 26, 33, 39, 47, 77 Drug Resistance, 29, 44, 77 Drug Tolerance, 77 Duodenum, 45, 72, 73, 77, 85, 90 E Efficacy, 12, 32, 77 Eimeria, 6, 12, 13, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 77 Eimeria tenella, 12, 13, 27, 29, 33, 77 Electrolyte, 75, 77, 87, 89 Emaciation, 69, 77 Embryo, 77, 81 Endemic, 6, 26, 31, 35, 43, 77, 83 Entamoeba, 3, 77 Entamoeba histolytica, 3, 77 Entamoebiasis, 77 Enteritis, 22, 34, 36, 38, 45, 73, 77 Enterocolitis, 74, 77 Environmental Health, 52, 54, 77 Enzymatic, 73, 75, 78 Enzyme, 29, 70, 73, 78, 79, 87, 91, 93 Epidermomycosis, 76, 78 Epithelial, 4, 27, 33, 35, 41, 74, 77, 78, 84 Epithelial Cells, 4, 27, 33, 35, 41, 74, 77, 78, 84 Epithelium, 4, 31, 36, 38, 44, 78 Epitope, 5, 44, 78 Erythrocytes, 70, 72, 78 Esophageal, 3, 78 Esophagus, 77, 78, 90 Eukaryotic Cells, 78, 85 Exhaustion, 78, 83 Extracellular, 33, 78, 89 Extracellular Matrix, 78 F Faecal, 38, 76, 78 Family Planning, 53, 78 Fat, 28, 72, 75, 78, 82, 91, 92 Fatty acids, 16, 28, 78, 89 Fatty Liver, 28, 78 Feces, 29, 39, 41, 78, 90 Fermentation, 78, 88 Fibroblasts, 35, 78 Fish Oils, 13, 78 G Gallbladder, 69, 72, 79 Gas, 70, 79, 80, 85, 90 Gastroenteritis, 79, 88
97
Gastrointestinal, 3, 24, 28, 79, 83, 90 Gastrointestinal tract, 28, 79 Gene, 6, 47, 72, 79, 91 Genetic Code, 79, 85 Genital, 74, 79, 92 Genotype, 6, 79 Giardia, 3, 79 Giardia lamblia, 3, 79 Gland, 75, 79, 83, 85, 89 Glucocorticoid, 76, 79 Glutathione Peroxidase, 79, 89 Glycogen, 73, 79 Glycoprotein, 4, 79, 91 Goats, 13, 38, 79 Gonadal, 79, 90 Governing Board, 79, 87 Gram-negative, 73, 80, 88 Gram-positive, 74, 80, 84 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 74, 80 H Habitat, 80, 84 Haematoma, 80 Haemorrhage, 38, 80 Hair follicles, 80, 93 Haploid, 80, 86 Hemorrhage, 31, 80, 88 Hereditary, 32, 80 Heredity, 79, 80 Herpes, 4, 80 Herpes Zoster, 80 Hormones, 75, 79, 80, 90 Hydrogen, 70, 71, 73, 79, 80, 84 Hydrolysis, 80, 86, 91 Hydrophilic, 22, 45, 76, 80 I Immune response, 30, 33, 35, 42, 44, 71, 75, 80, 81, 90, 92 Immune Sera, 80, 81 Immune system, 30, 44, 72, 80, 81, 92, 93 Immunity, 12, 23, 26, 33, 37, 39, 44, 45, 69, 81, 84, 91 Immunization, 5, 7, 27, 30, 44, 81 Immunocompromised, 4, 5, 26, 81 Immunocompromised Host, 26, 81 Immunodeficiency, 69, 81 Immunogenic, 23, 26, 37, 44, 81 Immunologic, 81 Immunosuppression, 81, 85 Immunosuppressive, 15, 79, 81 In vitro, 33, 81 In vivo, 81 Induction, 23, 45, 81
Infancy, 10, 81 Infestation, 81, 86 Inflammation, 32, 69, 71, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, 86, 90, 93 Ingestion, 6, 33, 39, 41, 82, 86 Inhalation, 45, 69, 82, 86 Interferon, 35, 42, 82 Interferon-alpha, 82 Intestinal, 4, 8, 9, 10, 22, 23, 29, 34, 39, 41, 44, 45, 73, 74, 76, 77, 79, 82, 83, 84 Intestinal Mucosa, 29, 41, 77, 79, 82 Intestine, 29, 31, 33, 36, 39, 41, 72, 77, 82 Intoxication, 82, 93 Intracellular, 5, 23, 26, 27, 33, 37, 39, 43, 44, 81, 82, 86, 89 Invasive, 81, 82 Invertebrates, 27, 74, 77, 82 K Kb, 52, 82 L Large Intestine, 77, 82, 88, 89 Latent, 5, 82 Lethal, 5, 6, 38, 82 Lice, 24, 82 Life cycle, 5, 23, 29, 30, 31, 41, 45, 82, 91 Linkages, 73, 82 Lipid, 82, 91 Litter, 31, 37, 39, 42, 82 Liver, 28, 69, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82 Localized, 41, 80, 81, 83, 84, 86 Locomotion, 83, 86 Lymphadenitis, 83, 85 Lymphatic, 81, 83, 90, 91 Lymphocyte Count, 69, 83 Lymphocytes, 69, 71, 81, 83, 90, 91, 93 Lymphoid, 70, 83 Lymphoproliferative, 10, 83 Lytic, 5, 83, 92 M Malabsorption, 9, 10, 83 Malaria, 5, 15, 16, 26, 83 Malaria, Falciparum, 83 Malaria, Vivax, 83 Malignant, 69, 83, 85 Mammary, 83 Manifest, 38, 83 Mastitis, 24, 83 Meat, 22, 24, 28, 45, 83 MEDLINE, 53, 83 Membrane, 29, 73, 75, 77, 78, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86 Microbiological, 38, 83
98
Coccidiosis
Microbiology, 5, 12, 83, 84 Microorganism, 24, 74, 84, 86, 93 Microscopy, 6, 84 Microscopy, Fluorescence, 6, 84 Mitochondria, 84, 85 Modulator, 35, 42, 84 Molecular, 5, 6, 23, 45, 53, 55, 70, 72, 75, 84, 91 Molecular mass, 45, 84 Molecule, 27, 71, 75, 78, 80, 84, 86, 88, 92, 93 Monensin, 12, 84 Monocytes, 35, 84 Mononuclear, 84 Morphological, 5, 77, 84 Morphology, 6, 8, 84 Motility, 79, 84 Mucosa, 29, 41, 84 Mutagenic, 24, 84 Mycobacterium, 3, 84, 85, 92 Mycobacterium avium, 3, 84, 85 Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection, 4, 85 N Neoplasms, 69, 85 Nervous System, 85, 90, 92 Neutrophil, 12, 85 Nitrogen, 70, 84, 85 Nuclear, 77, 78, 85 Nucleic acid, 27, 79, 85 Nucleus, 41, 73, 76, 77, 78, 83, 84, 85 O Ocular, 73, 85 Opportunistic Infections, 26, 69, 85 Organ Transplantation, 15, 85 Organelles, 5, 6, 76, 84, 85, 86 Ovum, 82, 85, 87, 93 P Pancreas, 69, 73, 85, 91 Pancreatic, 3, 73, 85 Pancreatic Juice, 73, 85 Parasite, 5, 12, 22, 25, 27, 29, 30, 33, 36, 38, 41, 44, 45, 85, 86 Parasitic, 22, 25, 27, 29, 30, 31, 39, 45, 74, 76, 77, 79, 81, 82, 85, 91 Parasitic Diseases, 25, 30, 85 Parasitism, 13, 86 Parasitization, 29, 86 Pathogen, 4, 5, 6, 44, 86 Peptide, 86, 87 Perforation, 3, 86 Peripheral blood, 46, 82, 86
Perspiration, 24, 86 Petechiae, 80, 86 Pharmacologic, 86, 91 Phospholipids, 78, 86 Phosphorus, 73, 86 Physiologic, 86, 88 Plants, 24, 34, 72, 84, 86, 88, 91, 92 Plasma, 16, 70, 73, 86 Plasma cells, 70, 86 Plasmid, 6, 86, 92 Plastids, 85, 86 Pneumonia, 75, 86 Poisoning, 79, 82, 86, 88 Polypeptide, 22, 26, 27, 70, 74, 86, 87, 93 Polysaccharide, 71, 86 Potassium, 41, 86, 87, 89 Potassium Dichromate, 41, 87 Practice Guidelines, 54, 87 Progesterone, 87, 90 Progressive, 76, 77, 87 Prophylaxis, 25, 30, 36, 87, 92 Protease, 30, 36, 87 Protein C, 28, 70, 87 Protein Conformation, 70, 87 Protein S, 47, 72, 79, 87 Proteins, 23, 27, 33, 43, 44, 45, 70, 71, 73, 74, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 92 Protozoa, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 36, 37, 39, 41, 45, 72, 76, 77, 79, 84, 87, 90, 91 Protozoal, 3, 25, 26, 37, 44, 87 Protozoan, 5, 26, 29, 39, 43, 44, 76, 77, 83, 87 Psychoactive, 87, 93 Public Policy, 53, 87 Publishing, 7, 23, 88 Pulmonary, 72, 85, 88 Purpura, 80, 88 Q Quaternary, 36, 87, 88 R Radiation, 81, 88 Randomized, 77, 88 Receptor, 4, 35, 71, 88 Recombinant, 6, 22, 27, 33, 35, 42, 43, 44, 45, 88, 92 Rectal, 6, 88 Rectum, 41, 71, 72, 74, 77, 79, 82, 88 Refer, 1, 74, 80, 83, 88, 91 Regimen, 77, 88 Reinfection, 33, 88 Rigidity, 86, 88 Risk factor, 6, 88
99
Rod, 71, 88 Ruminants, 79, 88 S Saline, 30, 88 Salivary, 76, 88 Salivary glands, 76, 88 Salmonella, 4, 36, 79, 88 Sapogenins, 34, 88 Saponin, 88 Schizogony, 5, 33, 88, 90 Schizoid, 89, 93 Schizophrenia, 89, 93 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 89, 93 Screening, 23, 45, 74, 89 Sebaceous, 89, 93 Secretion, 5, 75, 86, 89, 92 Selenium, 12, 89 Serine, 73, 89, 91 Serum, 71, 74, 80, 89 Shigellosis, 4, 89 Shock, 38, 89 Side effect, 29, 32, 69, 89, 91 Small intestine, 37, 41, 45, 77, 82, 89, 91 Smallpox, 89, 92 Soaps, 78, 89 Sodium, 12, 84, 89, 91 Specificity, 23, 69, 90 Spleen, 76, 83, 90 Sporocyst, 29, 41, 45, 90 Sporozoite, 4, 33, 43, 44, 46, 90 Steatosis, 78, 90 Sterilization, 41, 90 Steroid, 35, 72, 75, 88, 90 Steroid therapy, 35, 90 Stomach, 69, 77, 78, 79, 88, 89, 90 Stool, 6, 74, 82, 90 Stress, 34, 79, 90 Subacute, 81, 90 Subclinical, 25, 81, 90 Subspecies, 89, 90, 92 Substance P, 89, 90 Supplementation, 12, 17, 90 Suppression, 75, 90 Suppressive, 15, 90 Suspensions, 40, 90 Sweat, 86, 91 Systemic, 28, 72, 81, 85, 91, 92 Systemic disease, 85, 91 T Teratogenic, 24, 91 Thrombin, 87, 91
Thrombomodulin, 87, 91 Thrombosis, 87, 91 Thymus, 24, 81, 83, 91 Tissue, 5, 23, 31, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 89, 91 Toxic, iv, 24, 41, 81, 89, 91 Toxicology, 54, 91 Toxin, 74, 91 Toxoplasmosis, 5, 8, 91 Transfection, 6, 72, 91 Transfer Factor, 81, 91 Transgenes, 6, 91 Transplantation, 81, 91 Trematoda, 90, 91 Triglyceride, 28, 91 Trypanosomiasis, 26, 91 Trypsin, 74, 91, 93 Tuberculosis, 84, 85, 92 Tunica, 84, 92 U Unsaturated Fats, 78, 92 Urinary, 74, 92 Urogenital, 73, 92 Urogenital Diseases, 73, 92 V Vaccination, 22, 25, 30, 38, 40, 45, 92 Vaccine, 19, 22, 23, 26, 27, 30, 33, 37, 40, 44, 45, 92 Vaccinia, 43, 92 Vaccinia Virus, 43, 92 Vacuoles, 85, 92 Variola, 92 Vascular, 69, 81, 92 Vector, 23, 27, 33, 43, 85, 92 Vegetative, 33, 92 Venous, 87, 92 Veterinary Medicine, 12, 53, 92 Viral, 4, 30, 35, 43, 92 Viral vector, 43, 92 Virulence, 71, 92 Virulent, 22, 26, 45, 92 Virus, 69, 75, 82, 89, 92 Vitro, 93 Vulgaris, 24, 93 W White blood cell, 70, 83, 85, 86, 93 Withdrawal, 12, 31, 93 Z Zinc Compounds, 29, 93 Zygote, 90, 93 Zymogen, 73, 87, 93
100
Coccidiosis
