Clomipramine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CLOMIPRAMINE A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET R EFERE...

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CLOMIPRAMINE A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET

R EFERENCES

CLOMIPRAMINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Clomipramine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00270-1 1. Clomipramine-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on clomipramine. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CLOMIPRAMINE ........................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Clomipramine................................................................................ 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CLOMIPRAMINE .............................................................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Clomipramine .............................................................................. 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CLOMIPRAMINE ........................................................ 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 65 General References ....................................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CLOMIPRAMINE ........................................................................................ 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 69 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CLOMIPRAMINE........................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 71 Academic Periodicals covering Clomipramine............................................................................. 73 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 75 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 76 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 79 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 81 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 85 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 89 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 89 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 89 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 95 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 95 CLOMIPRAMINE DICTIONARY................................................................................................ 97 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 133

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with clomipramine is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about clomipramine, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to clomipramine, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on clomipramine. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to clomipramine, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on clomipramine. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CLOMIPRAMINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on clomipramine.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and clomipramine, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “clomipramine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Risks for Oral Health with the Use of Antidepressants Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 20(3): 150-154. May 1998. Contact: Available from Elsevier Science. P.O. Box 945, New York, NY 10010. (800) 4374636 or (212) 633-3730. Fax (212) 633-3680. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This article explores the risks for oral health with the use of antidepressants. The authors focus their attention on oral pathology, particularly dental caries, caused by hyposalivation (low salivation) as a consequence of long term use of antidepressants. Changes in clinical psychiatric practice and increasing numbers of prescriptions of antidepressants in primary care and specialty care settings have made awareness of this risk even more relevant than in the past. The authors describe the normal physiology of salivary glands and changes in the secretion of saliva during use of antidepressants. The

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consequences of drug-induced hyposalivation include dryness of the mouth (xerostomia), thirst, nocturnal oral discomfort, burning sensation, periodontal disease, progressive dental caries, oral functioning difficulties, and denture discomfort. The article includes a case report of a 51 year old male patient being treated with clomipramine 300 mg daily for severe recurrent major depression. The authors encourage monitoring, prevention, and treatment of hyposalivation induced by antidepressants, as an adjunct in the clinical management of depression. 2 tables. 29 references.

Federally Funded Research on Clomipramine The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to clomipramine. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to clomipramine. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore clomipramine. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for clomipramine: •

Project Title: BASIC MECHANISMS OF ANTIDEPRESSANT AUGMENTATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Newman, Michael E.; Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Ctr Box 12000 Jerusalem, 91120 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) Although many antidepressant (AD) drugs of different classes are available, two major problems remain unsolved. The first is that there is almost always a lag period before they are effective, and the second that 20-30 percent of depressed patients do not respond adequately to AD medication. Several agents including the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) have been used to reduce the lag period of ADs and augment their effects in refractory patients. Work in our laboratory has focussed on basic mechanisms of such augmenting agents, which are only minimally understood, in order to strengthen the scientific basis for their clinical application. The focus of this proposal is on T3 and on the hypothesis that increased synaptic availability of serotonin (5-HT) and effects on 5-HT receptors of the 5-HT-1A and 5-HT-1B subtypes are pivotal to the augmentation of ADs by thyroid hormones. Our preliminary experiments have shown that 7-day administration of T3 to rats increases basal levels of 5-HT, as determined by in vivo microdialysis, in frontal cortex, and also potentiates the increase in 5-HT levels induced by chronic administration of clomipramine. In the present project we seek to establish the

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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relationship between T3 and 5-HT levels by performing dose-dependence and time course studies, in the latter case both with T3 alone and with T3 given in conjunction with an AD. As well as measuring basal 5-HT levels, presynaptic 5-HT-1A receptor functioning will be determined by the effect of the 5-HT-1A receptor agonist 8-OHDPAT to reduce 5-HT release as a result of somatodendritic autoreceptor activation. Terminal 5-HT-1B autoreceptor function will be assessed using the 5-HT-1B/1D receptor antagonist GR 127935. These measurements of presynaptic function will be performed in frontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus since all these areas have been implicated in the pathology of depression. Post-synaptic 5-HT-1A receptor functioning in the hippocampus will be determined by the effect of 8-OH-DPAT on cyclic AMP levels. Post-synaptic 5-HT-1A receptor functioning in the hypothalamus will be measured by means of neuroendocrine challenge tests in which 8-OH-DPAT induced release of plasma corticosterone, ACTH and oxytocin is measured. In addition, mRNA levels for the 5-HT-1A and 5-HT-1B receptors, and protein levels, will be determined in a variety of brain areas including pre- and post-synaptic sites. These experiments will permit a comprehensive assessment of the role of serotonergic mechanisms in AD augmentation by T3 and an empirical basis for its use in the treatment of depression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CBT AUGMENTATION OF SRI PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR OCD Principal Investigator & Institution: Foa, Edna B.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1990; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): This is one-half of a two-site study proposed jointly by Foa and Franklin at the University of Pennsylvania, and Liebowitz and Simpson at Columbia University, who are submitting separate but similar proposals (collaborative CSMD). Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is prevalent, chronic, and debilitating. Both cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) by exposure and ritual prevention (EX/RP) and serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are recommended for OCD. However, recommended doses of the widely used SRIs leave many patients with substantial residual symptoms and a need for more help. This proposal addresses an important problem in treating OCD: how to augment the limited efficacy of SRIs. This study will examine the immediate and long-term value of adding an established CBT for OCD, i.e., EX/RP, to continuing SRI treatment, for reducing residual symptoms and increasing general functioning. Participants will be 136 individuals (68/site) with clinically significant OCD despite having benefited somewhat from an adequate trial of a SRI. While continuing on an SRI, patients will be randomized to adjunctive EX/RP or another CBT, Stress Management Training (SMT). SMT targets generalized anxiety symptoms, but has not been found effective for OCD. As a credible comparison therapy, SMT will control for time, attention, and other non-specific effects of CBT. Both adjunctive CBT treatments will occur twice a week for 2 months. Responders will enter a 6 month Maintenance Phase, during which they will continue their medication and receive monthly 45 min. maintenance sessions. Those who remain in remission will then enter a 6 month Follow-up Phase, in which they will be allowed to reduce or discontinue medication, and will have no further CBT. Non-responders and relapsers will be treated appropriately and evaluated every 3 months. Assessments will focus on OCD symptoms and on general functioning; they will occur during an Acute Phase (0, 1, 2 mos) and every 3 months thereafter (5, 8, 11, 14 months). The proposed sample will allow sufficient power to test both treatment and site effects. This study has several

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unique features. 1. It offers a model for pharmacotherapy-psychotherapy studies because experts in each modality will deliver both treatments; this guards against expert biases for either treatment. 2. We wanted the results to be directly applicable to OCD patients seen in routine clinical practice. Accordingly, exclusion criteria are few. 3. The EX/RP protocol was designed to maintain efficacy while maximizing practicality. 4. Patients who are unable to remain in the treatment protocol for any reason will continue to be assessed; this will allow us to describe the long-term outcome of the whole sample. Long-term goals are: a) to provide clinicians with new strategies for treating OCD patients who remain symptomatic despite an adequate trial of a SRI and b) to establish effective treatments that reduces the considerable social costs of unremittant OCD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEUROGENETICS OF SEROTONIN IN DEPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Esposito, Sharon J.; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: OCD TREATMENT OUTCOMES--BEYOND PHASE 3 DRUG TRIALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ackerman, Deborah L.; Epidemiology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The research career award would provide Dr. Ackerman with didactic and research training to conduct epidemiologic studies of treatment outcomes and clinical trials, including methods of psychiatric screening and psychological assessment, diagnostic procedures, and advanced statistical techniques. Her previous research has focused on the identification of predictors of response to psychotherapeutics by performing secondary analyses of data collected by pharmaceutical companies in randomized clinical trials (RCTs). During the first 3 years of this grant, formal course work and directed study will train Dr. Ackerman in the biological and methodological principles of clinical psychopharmacology and pharmacoepidemiology. An observational study during the fourth and fifth years will evaluate treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and extend the findings from industry-sponsored clinical trials to clinic settings. A cohort will be drawn by retrospective chart review of all patients with OCD treated in the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Hospital Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program during the previous 4 years. Two types of cohorts will be chosen. One will include all patients and will assess short and long-term outcomes of all treatments. The other will be restricted to patients who received either clomipramine or fluoxetine and will be subject to the same exclusion criteria and follow-up periods that were employed in the Phase 3 RCTs sponsored by the two drugs' developers. Results from the two cohorts will be compared with respect to predictors of all possible outcomes, including response, partial response, added medications, drop- outs. Predictors of response from the cohorts will then be compared with predictors of response that were identified by analyzing data from two Phase 3 trials of clomipramine and fluoxetine. Statistical methods will be used that can identify and resolve problems of biological heterogeneity, i.e., when people vary in their response to a particular treatment and in their risk for a given condition, and multiple- comparison artifacts that are frequently encountered in analyzing data from multicenter studies.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES OF HUMAN AND CANINE NARCOLEPSY Principal Investigator & Institution: Nishino, Seiji; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sci; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): This proposal is a request for a K01 Mentored Research Scientist Development Award. The candidate is a neuropsychiatrist who is experienced in neurochemistry and neuropharmacology. The candidate proposes to gain experience in clinical and basic neuropharmacology. His goal is to develop better pharmacological treatments for human narcolepsy. Human narcolepsy is a sleep disorder affecting 0.050.16% of the general population. The objective of this proposal is to dissect the neurochemical control of sleep in narcolepsy using a pharmacological approach and to apply this knowledge to improve the treatment for human narcolepsy. This will not only benefit narcoleptic patients but also provide critical information on the neurochemical mechanisms generating normal sleep. The research is greatly facilitated by the use of a unique animal model of narcolepsy in which the condition is transmitted as a fully penetrant autosomal recessive trait. In the past several years, the candidate has focused on the pharmacological control of canine cataplexy, a pathological manifestation of REM sleep atonia. The results indicate that this symptom, as REM sleep, is mainly controlled by cholinergic and monoaminergic systems. Several receptor subtypes that mediate this neuropharmacological control (muscarinic M2, adrenergic alpha-lb and alpha-2/D2(3)) have been identified. In this award period, the candidate will: (1) apply the knowledge that the adrenergic system is the most important monoaminergic system for the control of cataplexy obtained using the canine model to improve the treatment of human cataplexy, (2) test the hypothesis that the wakepromoting effects of amphetamine-like compounds are mediated via presynaptic stimulation of the dopaminergic transmission by attempting to correlate the in vivo effects on sleep and in vitro binding affinities for dopamine transporter site, in vitro potencies of dopamine uptake inhibition and in vivo effects on dopamine efflux of various wake-promoting compounds, and (3) determine the sites of action of wakepromoting compounds. This will involve local drug injection and in vivo microdialysis experiments. As preliminary results suggest the involvement of the mesolimbocortical dopaminergic system in narcolepsy, the candidate will principally focus on this anatomical system. Results from the canine model concerning excessive sleepiness could also apply to human narcoleptics at a later stage. With this Research Scientist Development Award, the candidate will contribute to the development or better pharmacological treatments of human narcolepsy while also furthering the candidate's career objective to be an independent scientist. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STEREOTYPIES & MENTAL RETARDATION: NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lewis, Mark H.; Professor and Associate Chair; Psychiatry; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 23-SEP-1992; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Abnormal repetitive behaviors (stereotypies, selfinjury, compulsions) are foremost among the varieties of aberrant behavior exhibited by

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individuals with mental retardation. Despite this, little is known about their pathobiology and efficacious somatic treatments are largely unconfirmed by controlled trials. For example, few controlled studies have examined the efficacy of pharmacological treatment of abnormal repetitive behavior in individuals with mental retardation. There is evidence, however, to hypothesize the efficacy of both 5-HT uptake inhibitors and atypical antipsychotics. Currently, there is little information to guide the clinician in deciding which drug class may be more effective for which categories of abnormal repetitive behaviors and for which individuals. Moreover, little work has attempted to identify variables that may predict differential treatment response. Thus, the focus of this proposal is to assess the relative efficacy of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and an atypical antipsychotic across multiple categories of abnormal repetitive behaviors. In addition, we will build upon our previous work to establish sets of measures that (a) will provide novel information about repetitive behavior disorders, (b) will predict drug response, and (c) that will serve as outcome measures of drug efficacy. The specific aims will include: 1) identifying the temporal structure and environmental dependence of repetitive and non-repetitive behavior disorders; 2) identifying physiological (motor, autonomic) variables that discriminate subjects with and without discrete categories of abnormal repetitive behaviors; 3) evaluating the differential efficacy of an atypical antipsychotic and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) in treating abnormal repetitive behaviors in individuals with mental retardation; 4) evaluating the utility of temporal, environmental and physiological variables as both predictors of drug response and outcomes of pharmacotherapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TREATMENT OF PEDIATRIC OCD Principal Investigator & Institution: Franklin, Martin E.; Assistant Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This competing continuation proposal, Treatment of Pediatric OCD, addresses an important problem in the management of pediatric OCD, namely partial response to initial treatment with a serotonin reuptake inhibitor(SRI). For most pediatric OCD patients treated in the community, the first line initial treatment is monotherapy with an SRI. Recommended doses of these medications leave the great majority of patients with clinically significant residual symptoms. While OCD experts typically recommend augmenting SRI partial responders with cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT), this recommendation is seldom followed. An alternative augmentation strategy widely used in community practice but considered second-line by OCD experts is to add an atypical neuroleptic, such as risperidone (RIS), to SRI monotherapy. Because CBT and augmenting medications may differ in relative benefit and in risk, it is Imperative to conduct a well-controlled comparison of these two augmentation strategies against a control condition in the same patient population. The proposed study, which will be conducted at Duke University (John March), University of Pennsylvania (Martin Franklin) and Brown University (Henrietta Leonard), will meet this vital public health objective. Specifically, using a volunteer sample of 135 youth (45/site) age 8-17 with a primary DSM-IV diagnosis of OCD partially responsive to SRI pharmacotherapy, we propose to conduct a 5 year outcome study that will evaluate the relative efficacy of augmentation with: (1) OCD-specific CBT; (2) risperidone (RIS); and (3) pill placebo (PBO). We propose a balanced 3 (site) x 3 (CBT, RIS, or PBO) x 4 (assessment point) 12-week comparison of the three conditions. At study exit, all

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participants will be given clinical recommendations regarding further treatment based on their clinical status and will be followed up naturalistically for 12 additional months. PBO non-responders at the end of acute treatment will be given a choice of open treatment with either CBT or RIS delivered at no cost by the study team; non-responders to CBT or RIS will receive the alternative treatment delivered at no cost by the study team or, if they prefer, will be referred for community treatment. Blind assessments will be conducted for all patients at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12 (Phase I); the IE but not the patient will be blind for assessments during naturalistic follow-up, which will be conducted at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months post treatment. By examining the relative benefit and risk of CBT and RIS augmentation in the same patient population, the proposed study will provide an empirical basis for formulating practice guidelines. Health professionals then will be better able to advise their pediatric OCD patients regarding the management of partial response to SRls. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: WAKE/SLEEP DEVELOPMENT AND DEPRESSIVE SUBSTRATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Feng, Pingfu; Assistant Professor; Medicine; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 16-DEC-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our long-term goal is to determine the role for neonatal rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in normal growth and development as well as in the determination of mood and sleep-wake behaviors in the adult. This is relevant to the neurobiologic and genetic mechanisms underlying depression. Extensive literature, including our previous studies, supports our hypothesis that neonatal REM sleep deprivation (RSD) alters the balance of development of wake promoting consequences and creates a disinhibited REM generation system that affects behavior and mood. Previous findings show that a rat with neonatal exposure to clomipramine has more REM sleep as an adult and our recent findings reveal that neonatal treatment with clomipramine reduce the brain levels of orexin B and/or delay the development of orexinergic neurons, which are identified as wake promotion neurons. This data supports a novel idea that neonatal RSD produces behavioral consequences by altering orexinergic as well as monoaminergic systems, then acting through MAPK signaltransduction pathways in the frontal cortex. We propose to test this hypothesis by examining the molecular changes occurring with wake/REM sleep alterations in two neonatal RSD models. One is made by treatment with REM sleep suppressant clomipramine and the other is made by non-pharmacological RSD. We will examine neuronal and molecular markers in the adult, the ontogenetic response of wake promoting related molecules to neonatal RSD, and interventions to reverse the effect of neonatal RSD. We will also examine the behavioral and molecular effect of the treatment by modulating wake regulation with either drug or non-drug methods and comparing with classic antidepressant. Results showing the impact of neonatal RSD on signaling pathways and on chronic changes in monoaminergic functions is relevant to a number of human illness, including depression and schizophrenia in the adult. Identifying modifiers of the adult behavioral alteration may provide insight into alternative countermeasures for these common illnesses. The present research plan addresses fundamental needs towards developing animal models of depression, the impact of sleep on the plasticity of systems regulating sleep and mood, and understanding the mechanisms of pharmacologic interventions. This proposal is also involved in a test of orexinergic effect on behavior and molecular alteration that may open a new scope toward the discovery of new antidepressant drugs.

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Clomipramine

Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with clomipramine, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “clomipramine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for clomipramine (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of trichotillomania successfully treated with clomipramine. Author(s): Takei A. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2000 August; 54(4): 513. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10997872

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A case report of refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder improved by risperidone augmentation of clomipramine treatment. Author(s): Kawahara T, Ueda Y, Mitsuyama Y. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2000 October; 54(5): 599-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11043813

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A case with fear of emitting body odour resulted in successful treatment with clomipramine. Author(s): Kizu A, Miyoshi N, Yoshida Y, Miyagishi T. Source: Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi. 1994 November; 69(6): 1477-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7705756

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A comparison of live and videotape ratings: clomipramine and haloperidol in autism. Author(s): Sanchez LE, Adams PB, Uysal S, Hallin A, Campbell M, Small AM. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1995; 31(2): 371-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7491394

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

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A comparison of paroxetine, clomipramine and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder. Collaborative Paroxetine Panic Study Investigators. Author(s): Lecrubier Y, Bakker A, Dunbar G, Judge R. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1997 February; 95(2): 145-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9065680

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A dose-finding and discontinuation study of clomipramine in panic disorder. Author(s): Lotufo-Neto F, Bernik M, Ramos RT, Andrade L, Gorenstein C, Cordas T, Melo M, Gentil V. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2001 March; 15(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11277602

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A double-blind comparison of clomipramine and desipramine in the treatment of developmental stuttering. Author(s): Gordon CT, Cotelingam GM, Stager S, Ludlow CL, Hamburger SD, Rapoport JL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995 June; 56(6): 238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7775365

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A double-blind crossover trial of clomipramine for rapid ejaculation in 15 couples. Author(s): Althof SE, Levine SB, Corty EW, Risen CB, Stern EB, Kurit DM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995 September; 56(9): 402-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7665538

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A double-blind placebo-controlled study of clomipramine in depressed patients with Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Petracca G, Teson A, Chemerinski E, Leiguarda R, Starkstein SE. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1996 Summer; 8(3): 270-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8854297

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A double-blind six months comparative study of milnacipran and clomipramine in major depressive disorder. Author(s): Steen A, Den Boer JA. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 September; 12(5): 269-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9466161

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A double-blind study of fluvoxamine and clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Milanfranchi A, Ravagli S, Lensi P, Marazziti D, Cassano GB. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 May; 12(3): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9248868

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A double-blind study of the efficacy and safety of sertraline and clomipramine in outpatients with severe major depression. Author(s): Lepine JP, Goger J, Blashko C, Probst C, Moles MF, Kosolowski J, Scharfetter B, Lane RM. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 September; 15(5): 263-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10993128

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A double-blind, comparative study of dothiepin and clomipramine in the treatment of major depressive illness. Author(s): Welch CP, Tweed JA, Smithers A, Gostick NK, Raniwalla J. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 1997 September; 51(6): 360-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9489063

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A double-blind, multicenter study in primary care comparing paroxetine and clomipramine in patients with depression and associated anxiety. Paroxetine Study Group. Author(s): Ravindran AV, Judge R, Hunter BN, Bray J, Morton NH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997 March; 58(3): 112-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9108813

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A fatality involving clothiapine and clomipramine. Author(s): Romano G, Di Bono G. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1994 May; 39(3): 877-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7911824

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A pilot study of clomipramine in young autistic children. Author(s): Sanchez LE, Campbell M, Small AM, Cueva JE, Armenteros JL, Adams PB. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996 April; 35(4): 537-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8919717

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A placebo-controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy and clomipramine in trichotillomania. Author(s): Ninan PT, Rothbaum BO, Marsteller FA, Knight BT, Eccard MB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000 January; 61(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10695646

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A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparison of venlafaxine and clomipramine in outpatients with major depression. Author(s): Samuelian JC, Hackett D. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 1998; 12(3): 273-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10958254

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Acute chemical pancreatitis associated with a tricyclic antidepressant (clomipramine) overdose. Author(s): Roberge RJ, Martin TG, Hodgman M, Benitez JG. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1994; 32(4): 425-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8057402

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Acute vs. chronic EEG effects in maprotiline- and in clomipramine-treated depressive inpatients and the prediction of therapeutic outcome. Author(s): Ulrich G, Haug HJ, Fahndrich E. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1994 November; 32(3): 213-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7852663

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Adverse effects of clomipramine. Author(s): Brasic JR, Barnett JY, Sheitman BB, Tsaltas MO. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997 September; 36(9): 1165-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9291715

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Alprazolam, citalopram, and clomipramine for stuttering. Author(s): Brady JP, Ali Z. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 April; 20(2): 287. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10770483

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Altered prolactin response to clomipramine rechallenge in healthy subjects. Author(s): Gilmore JH, Ruegg RG, Ekstrom RD, Knight B, Carson SW, Mason GA, Golden RN. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1993 December 15; 34(12): 885-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8110915

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Amaurosis fugax on standing and angle-closure glaucoma with clomipramine. Author(s): Schlingemann RO, Smit AA, Lunel HF, Hijdra A. Source: Lancet. 1996 February 17; 347(8999): 465. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8618496

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Andrological findings in young patients under long-term antidepressive therapy with clomipramine. Author(s): Maier U, Koinig G. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1994 November; 116(3): 357-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7892427

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Anxiolytic effects of low-dose clomipramine in highly anxious healthy volunteers assessed by frontal midline theta activity. Author(s): Suetsugi M, Mizuki Y, Ushijima I, Yamada M, Imaizumi J. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1998 January; 22(1): 97-112. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9533169

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Apparent intrauterine fetal withdrawal from clomipramine hydrochloride. Author(s): Bromiker R, Kaplan M. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 December 14; 272(22): 1722-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7966912

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Application of HPLC with silica-phase and reversed-phase eluents for the determination of clomipramine and demethylated and 8-hydroxylated metabolites. Author(s): Coudore F, Hourcade F, Molinier-Manoukian C, Eschalier A, Lavarenne J. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1996 March-April; 20(2): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8868400

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Attacks of jealousy that responded to clomipramine. Author(s): Lawrie SM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998 June; 59(6): 317-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9671346

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Automated determination of clomipramine and its major metabolites in human and rat serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with on-line columnswitching. Author(s): Weigmann H, Hartter S, Hiemke C. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1998 June 12; 710(1-2): 227-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9686892

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Behavior therapy versus clomipramine for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Author(s): de Haan E, Hoogduin KA, Buitelaar JK, Keijsers GP. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1998 October; 37(10): 1022-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9785713

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Behavioral and endocrine responses to clomipramine in panic disorder patients with or without alcoholism. Author(s): George DT, Nutt DJ, Rawlings RR, Phillips MJ, Eckardt MJ, Potter WZ, Linnoila M. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1995 January 15; 37(2): 112-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7718674

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Bioanalysis and pharmacokinetics of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine in man by means of liquid chromatography. Author(s): Westenberg HG, De Zeeuw RA, De Cuyper H, Van Praag HM, Korf J. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1977; 53 Suppl 4: 124-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=600889

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Biochemical changes during clomipramine treatment of childhood obsessivecompulsive disorder. Author(s): Flament MF, Rapoport JL, Murphy DL, Berg CJ, Lake CR. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1987 March; 44(3): 219-25. Erratum In: Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987 June; 44(6): 548. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3548637

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Biphasic time-course of serum concentrations of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine after a near-fatal overdose. Author(s): Dale O, Hole A. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1994 August; 36(4): 309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7975135

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Bowel obsession responsive to clomipramine. Author(s): Caballero R. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1988 May; 145(5): 650-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3358472

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Bowel obsessions and clomipramine. Author(s): Sharma V. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1991 April; 36(3): 233-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2059941

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Carbamazepine augmentation of clomipramine in the treatment of refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Iwata Y, Kotani Y, Hoshino R, Takei N, Iyo M, Mori N. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000 July; 61(7): 528-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10937614

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Central serotonergic responsiveness in neurocardiogenic syncope: a clomipramine test challenge. Author(s): Theodorakis GN, Markianos M, Livanis EG, Zarvalis E, Flevari P, Kremastinos DT. Source: Circulation. 1998 December 15; 98(24): 2724-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9851959

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Changes in cerebrospinal fluid neurochemistry during treatment of obsessivecompulsive disorder with clomipramine. Author(s): Altemus M, Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Richter D, Rubinow DR, Potter WZ, Rapoport JL. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1994 October; 51(10): 794-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7524463

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Changes in platelet markers of obsessive-compulsive patients during a double-blind trial of fluvoxamine versus clomipramine. Author(s): Marazziti D, Pfanner C, Palego L, Gemignani A, Milanfranchi A, Ravagli S, Lensi P, Presta S, Cassano GB. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997 November; 30(6): 245-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9442546

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Changes in the generation of reactive oxygen species and in mitochondrial membrane potential during apoptosis induced by the antidepressants imipramine, clomipramine, and citalopram and the effects on these changes by Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L). Author(s): Xia Z, Lundgren B, Bergstrand A, DePierre JW, Nassberger L. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1999 May 15; 57(10): 1199-208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11230808

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Citalopram pharmacokinetic interaction with clomipramine. UDPglucuronosyltransferase inhibition? A case report. Author(s): Haffen E, Vandel P, Bonin B, Vandel S. Source: Therapie. 1999 November-December; 54(6): 768-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10709456

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Clomipramine ameliorates adventitious movements and compulsions in prepubertal boys with autistic disorder and severe mental retardation. Author(s): Brasic JR, Barnett JY, Kaplan D, Sheitman BB, Aisemberg P, Lafargue RT, Kowalik S, Clark A, Tsaltas MO, Young JG. Source: Neurology. 1994 July; 44(7): 1309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8035936

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Clomipramine and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Scahill L, Lynch KA. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing : Official Publication of the Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nurses, Inc. 1995 April-June; 8(2): 42-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7795952

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Clomipramine and sexual function in men with premature ejaculation and controls. Author(s): Haensel SM, Rowland DL, Kallan KT. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1996 October; 156(4): 1310-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8808861

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Clomipramine augmentation in treatment-resistant depression. Author(s): Amsterdam JD, Garcia-Espana F, Rosenzweig M. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 1997; 5(2): 84-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9262938

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Clomipramine challenge responses covary with Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire scores in healthy subjects. Author(s): Ruegg RG, Gilmore J, Ekstrom RD, Corrigan M, Knight B, Tancer M, Leatherman ME, Carson SW, Golden RN. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1997 December 15; 42(12): 1123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9426882

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Clomipramine concentration as a predictor of delayed response: a naturalistic study. Author(s): Gex-Fabry M, Balant-Gorgia AE, Balant LP. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 February; 54(12): 895-902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10192748

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Clomipramine efficacy for Tourette syndrome and major depression: a case study. Author(s): Iancu I, Kotler M, Bleich A, Lepkifker E. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1995 September 15; 38(6): 407-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8547461

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Clomipramine enhances the cortisol response to 5-HTP: implications for the therapeutic role of 5-HT2 receptors. Author(s): Sargent PA, Quested DJ, Cowen PJ. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1998 November; 140(1): 120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9862411

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Clomipramine in adults with pervasive developmental disorders: a prospective openlabel investigation. Author(s): Brodkin ES, McDougle CJ, Naylor ST, Cohen DJ, Price LH. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 1997 Summer; 7(2): 10921. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9334896

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Clomipramine treatment and behaviour therapy with agoraphobic women. Author(s): Johnston DG, Troyer IE, Whitsett SF, Dalby JT. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1995 May; 40(4): 192-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7621388

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Clomipramine treatment for self-injurious behavior of individuals with mental retardation: a double-blind comparison with placebo. Author(s): Lewis MH, Bodfish JW, Powell SB, Parker DE, Golden RN. Source: Am J Ment Retard. 1996 May; 100(6): 654-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8735578

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Clomipramine treatment for stereotype and related repetitive movement disorders associated with mental retardation. Author(s): Lewis MH, Bodfish JW, Powell SB, Golden RN. Source: Am J Ment Retard. 1995 November; 100(3): 299-312. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8554777

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Clomipramine treatment of panic disorder: pros and cons. Author(s): Papp LA, Schneier FR, Fyer AJ, Leibowitz MR, Gorman JM, Coplan JD, Campeas R, Fallon BA, Klein DF. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997 October; 58(10): 423-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9375591

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Clomipramine treatment of paraphilias in elderly demented patients. Author(s): Leo RJ, Kim KY. Source: Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 1995 April; 8(2): 123-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7794477

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Clomipramine withdrawal in newborns. Author(s): Bloem BR, Lammers GJ, Roofthooft DW, De Beaufort AJ, Brouwer OF. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 1999 July; 81(1): F77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10744432

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Clomipramine-induced pheochromocytoma crisis: a near fatal complication of a tricyclic antidepressant. Author(s): Korzets A, Floro S, Ori Y, Weizer N, Gruzman C. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 October; 17(5): 428-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9315999

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Clomipramine-induced tourettism in obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical and theoretical implications. Author(s): Moshe K, Iulian I, Seth K, Eli L, Joseph Z. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1994 August; 17(4): 338-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9316681

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Combination of clomipramine and nortriptyline in the treatment of obsessivecompulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Noorbala AA, Hosseini SH, Mohammadi MR, Akhondzadeh S. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 1998 April; 23(2): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9786103

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Combination treatment with clomipramine and fluvoxamine: drug monitoring, safety, and tolerability data. Author(s): Szegedi A, Wetzel H, Leal M, Hartter S, Hiemke C. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996 June; 57(6): 257-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8666564

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Combination treatment with clomipramine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Author(s): Figueroa Y, Rosenberg DR, Birmaher B, Keshavan MS. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 1998; 8(1): 61-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9639080

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Combined treatment with venlafaxine and tricyclic antidepressants in depressed patients who had partial response to clomipramine or imipramine: initial findings. Author(s): Gomez Gomez JM, Teixido Perramon C. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000 April; 61(4): 285-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10830150

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Comparative effects of low and high doses of clomipramine and placebo in panic disorder: a double-blind controlled study. French University Antidepressant Group. Author(s): Caillard V, Rouillon F, Viel JF, Markabi S. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1999 January; 99(1): 51-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10066007

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Comparison of aerobic exercise, clomipramine, and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder. Author(s): Broocks A, Bandelow B, Pekrun G, George A, Meyer T, Bartmann U, HillmerVogel U, Ruther E. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 May; 155(5): 603-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9585709

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Comparison of peripheral inhibitory effects of clomipramine with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors on contraction of vas deferens: in vitro and in vivo studies. Author(s): Seo KK, Kim SC, Lee MY. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 June; 165(6 Pt 1): 2110-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11371937

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Decreased plasma serotonin in melancholic patients: a study with clomipramine. Author(s): Sarrias MJ, Artigas F, Martinez E, Gelpi E, Alvarez E, Udina C, Casas M. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1987 December; 22(12): 1429-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3676370

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Delirious episodes induced by intravenous administration of clomipramine associated with an acute increase in its plasma concentrations. Author(s): Ueda N, Yoshimura R, Eto S, Terao T, Nakamura J. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2000 December; 54(6): 669-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11145466

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Delusional depression responding to clomipramine in Binswanger's disease. Author(s): Turkington D, Geddes J. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1990 July; 178(7): 459-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2366061

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Demonstration of clomipramine and venlafaxine occupation at serotonin reuptake sites in man in vivo. Author(s): Malizia AL, Melichar JM, Brown DJ, Gunn RN, Reynolds A, Jones T, Nutt DJ. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 1997; 11(3): 279-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9305421

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Determination of appropriate clomipramine dosage among depressed African outpatients in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Author(s): Kilonzo GP, Kaaya SF, Rweikiza JK, Kassam M, Moshi G. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1994 July; 40(7): 178-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7812991

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Determination of citalopram, amitriptyline and clomipramine in plasma by reversedphase high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Rop PP, Viala A, Durand A, Conquy T. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1985 February 27; 338(1): 171-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3860507

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Determination of clomipramine and its hydroxylated and demethylated metabolites in plasma and urine by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Author(s): Spreux-Varoquaux O, Morin D, Advenier C, Pays M. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1987 May 15; 416(2): 311-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3689496

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Determination of clomipramine or imipramine and their mono-demethylated metabolites in human blood or plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Godbillon J, Gauron S. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1981 January 16; 204: 303-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7217258

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Development of obsessive-compulsive symptoms during clozapine treatment in schizophrenia and its positive response to clomipramine. Author(s): Biondi M, Fedele L, Arcangeli T, Pancheri P. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1999 March-April; 68(2): 111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10026463

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Diagnosis and treatment of canine separation anxiety and the use of clomipramine hydrochloride (clomicalm). Author(s): Horwitz DF. Source: Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. 2000 March-April; 36(2): 107-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10730618

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Differential response of seven subjects with autistic disorder to clomipramine and desipramine. Author(s): Gordon CT, Rapoport JL, Hamburger SD, State RC, Mannheim GB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992 March; 149(3): 363-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1536276

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Clomipramine

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Dimensional assessment of onset of action of antidepressants: a comparative study of moclobemide vs. clomipramine in depressed patients with blunted affect and psychomotor retardation. Author(s): Jouvent R, Le Houezec J, Payan C, Mikkelsen H, Fermanian J, Millet V, Dufour H. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1998 July 13; 79(3): 267-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9704873

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Disabling compulsions in 11 mentally retarded adults: an open trial of clomipramine SR. Author(s): Barak Y, Ring A, Levy D, Granek I, Szor H, Elizur A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995 October; 56(10): 459-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7559371

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Dopamine blocking activity of clomipramine in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Austin LS, Lydiard RB, Ballenger JC, Cohen BM, Laraia MT, Zealberg JJ, Fossey MD, Ellinwood EH. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1991 August 1; 30(3): 225-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1832972

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Double-blind comparative study of clomipramine and amitriptyline in obsessive neurosis. Author(s): Ananth J, Pecknold JC, van den Steen N, Engelsmann F. Source: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol. 1981; 5(3): 257-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7022517

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Double-blind comparison of fluoxetine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Author(s): Lopez-Ibor JJ Jr, Saiz J, Cottraux J, Note I, Vinas R, Bourgeois M, Hernandez M, Gomez-Perez JC. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1996 May; 6(2): 111-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8791036

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Double-blind controlled study on the clinical efficacy and safety of fluoxetine vs clomipramine in the treatment of major depressive disorders. Author(s): Manna V, Martucci N, Agnoli A. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1989 January; 4 Suppl 1: 81-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2644342

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Double-blind study of oxaprotiline versus clomipramine in the treatment of depressive inpatients. Author(s): Wolfersdorf M, Binz U, Wendt G, Metzger R, Hole G. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1987; 17(1-2): 41-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3306439

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Double-blind trial of amineptine and clomipramine in the treatment of depression. Author(s): Lemoine P, Achaintre A, Balvay G, Bonnet H, Burgat R, Carrier C, Perrin J. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1981; 7(4): 234-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7014104

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Drug monitoring of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine in depressed patients using a new liquid chromatographic assay. Author(s): Diquet B, Thomare P, Bocquentin M, Divine C. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 1993 March-April; 7(2): 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8485374

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Drug treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): long-term trial with clomipramine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Author(s): Ravizza L, Barzega G, Bellino S, Bogetto F, Maina G. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1996; 32(1): 167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8927668

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Drug utilization review of concomitant use of specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors or clomipramine with antianxiety/sleep medications. Author(s): Rascati K. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1995 July-August; 17(4): 786-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8565041

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Early response patterns associated with successful clomipramine treatment. Author(s): Pollock BG, Perel JM, Kupfer DJ, Bowler KA, Miewald JM. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1993 December; 13(6): 442-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8120158

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Effect of acute intravenous clomipramine and antiobsessional response to proserotonergic drugs: is gender a predictive variable? Author(s): Mundo E, Bareggi SR, Pirola R, Bellodi L. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1999 February 1; 45(3): 290-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10023504

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Effect of axis II diagnoses on treatment outcome with clomipramine in 55 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Baer L, Jenike MA, Black DW, Treece C, Rosenfeld R, Greist J. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1992 November; 49(11): 862-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1444723

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Effect of clomipramine and lithium on fenfluramine-induced hormone release in major depression. Author(s): Shapira B, Yagmur MJ, Gropp C, Newman M, Lerer B. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1992 May 15; 31(10): 975-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1511080

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Effect of clomipramine on myotonia: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover trial. Author(s): Antonini G, Vichi R, Leardi MG, Pennisi E, Monza GC, Millefiorini M. Source: Neurology. 1990 September; 40(9): 1473-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2202927

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Effect of clomipramine on premenstrual syndrome. Author(s): Eriksson E, Lisjo P, Sundblad C, Andersson K, Andersch B, Modigh K. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1990 January; 81(1): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2330836

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Effect of pulse loading with clomipramine on EEG sleep. Author(s): Kupfer DJ, Pollock BG, Perel JM, Miewald JM, Grochocinski VJ, Ehlers CL. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1994 November; 54(2): 161-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7761550

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Effective daily treatment with clomipramine in men with premature ejaculation when 25 mg (as required) is ineffective. Author(s): Rowland DL, De Gouveia Brazao CA, Koos Slob A. Source: Bju International. 2001 March; 87(4): 357-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11251530

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Effectiveness of clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive symptoms and chronic pain in two patients with schizophrenia. Author(s): Kurokawa K, Tanino R. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 August; 17(4): 329-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9241021

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Effects of acute intravenous clomipramine on obsessive-compulsive symptoms and response to chronic treatment. Author(s): Mundo E, Bellodi L, Smeraldi E. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1995 October 15; 38(8): 525-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8562664

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Effects of clomipramine on plasma amino acids and serotonergic parameters in panic disorder and depression. Author(s): Fekkes D, Timmerman L, Pepplinkhuizen L. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1997 August; 7(3): 235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9213084

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Effects of clomipramine treatment on cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites and platelet 3H-imipramine binding and serotonin uptake and concentration in major depressive disorder. Author(s): Martensson B, Wagner A, Beck O, Brodin K, Montero D, Asberg M. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1991 February; 83(2): 125-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1708190

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Efficacy and safety of fluoxetine, sertraline and clomipramine in patients with premature ejaculation: a double-blind, placebo controlled study. Author(s): Kim SC, Seo KK. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1998 February; 159(2): 425-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9649255

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Efficacy of clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Howland RH. Source: Anxiety. 1996; 2(1): 56-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9160602

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Electrocardiographic changes during desipramine and clomipramine treatment in children and adolescents. Author(s): Leonard HL, Meyer MC, Swedo SE, Richter D, Hamburger SD, Allen AJ, Rapoport JL, Tucker E. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995 November; 34(11): 1460-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8543513

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Erythromycin and clomipramine: noncompetitive inhibition of demethylation. Author(s): Oesterheld JR. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 1996 Fall; 6(3): 211-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9231314

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Erythromycin interaction with risperidone or clomipramine in an adolescent. Author(s): Fisman S, Reniers D, Diaz P. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 1996 Summer; 6(2): 1338. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9231305

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Estimation of the time course of slow-wave sleep over the night in depressed patients: effects of clomipramine and clinical response. Author(s): Ehlers CL, Havstad JW, Kupfer DJ. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1996 February 1; 39(3): 171-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8837978

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Exhibitionism treated with clomipramine. Author(s): Torres AR, Cerqueira AT. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 August; 150(8): 1274. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8369077

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Exhibitionism treated with clomipramine. Author(s): Casals-Ariet C, Cullen K. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 August; 150(8): 1273-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8328583

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Fatal serotonin syndrome caused by moclobemide-clomipramine overdose. Author(s): Ferrer-Dufol A, Perez-Aradros C, Murillo EC, Marques-Alamo JM. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1998; 36(1-2): 31-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9541038

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Fatal serotonin syndrome following a combined overdose of moclobemide, clomipramine and fluoxetine. Author(s): Power BM, Pinder M, Hackett LP, Ilett KF. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1995 August; 23(4): 499-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7485947

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Fenfluramine augmentation of clomipramine treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Author(s): Judd FK, Chua P, Lynch C, Norman T. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 September; 25(3): 412-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1958165

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Fetishism and clomipramine. Author(s): Clayton AH. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 April; 150(4): 673-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8465891

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Five fatal cases of serotonin syndrome after moclobemide-citalopram or moclobemide-clomipramine overdoses. Author(s): Neuvonen PJ, Pohjola-Sintonen S, Tacke U, Vuori E. Source: Lancet. 1993 December 4; 342(8884): 1419. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7901695

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Fluency changes in persons who stutter following a double blind trial of clomipramine and desipramine. Author(s): Stager SV, Ludlow CL, Gordon CT, Cotelingam M, Rapoport JL. Source: Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 1995 June; 38(3): 516-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7674643

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Fluoxetine for clomipramine withdrawal symptoms. Author(s): Benazzi F. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 April; 156(4): 661-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10200756

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Fluoxetine in endogenous depression and melancholia versus clomipramine. Author(s): Ginestet D. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1989 January; 4 Suppl 1: 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2644338

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Fluoxetine versus clomipramine in major depressive disorders. Author(s): Ropert R. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1989 January; 4 Suppl 1: 89-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2644343

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Fluoxetine vs. clomipramine in depressed patients: a controlled multicentre trial. Author(s): Noguera R, Altuna R, Alvarez E, Ayuso JL, Casais L, Udina C. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1991 July; 22(3): 119-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1918655

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Fluoxetine-clomipramine interaction. Author(s): Sternbach H. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995 April; 56(4): 171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7713858

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Fluvoxamine and clomipramine in depressed hospitalised patients: results from a randomised, double-blind study. Author(s): Ottevanger EA. Source: L'encephale. 1995 July-August; 21(4): 317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7588171

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Fluvoxamine and clomipramine in depressed patients. A double-blind clinical study. Author(s): Klok CJ, Brouwer GJ, van Praag HM, Doogan D. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1981 July; 64(1): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6172005

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Fluvoxamine and clomipramine in the treatment of cataplexy. Author(s): Schachter M, Parkes JD. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1980 February; 43(2): 1714. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6766990

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Fluvoxamine and fluoxetine: interaction studies with amitriptyline, clomipramine and neuroleptics in phenotyped patients. Author(s): Vandel S, Bertschy G, Baumann P, Bouquet S, Bonin B, Francois T, Sechter D, Bizouard P. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 1995 June; 31(6): 347-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8685072

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Fluvoxamine as effective as clomipramine against symptoms of severe depression: results from a multicentre, double-blind study. Author(s): Zohar J, Keegstra H, Barrelet L. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2003 March; 18(2): 113-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12590404

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Fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive nonresponders to clomipramine or fluoxetine. Author(s): Mattes JA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994 October; 151(10): 1524. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8092352

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Fluvoxamine versus clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind comparison. Author(s): Koran LM, McElroy SL, Davidson JR, Rasmussen SA, Hollander E, Jenike MA. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1996 April; 16(2): 121-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8690827

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Fluvoxamine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel group comparison. Author(s): Freeman CP, Trimble MR, Deakin JF, Stokes TM, Ashford JJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1994 July; 55(7): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8071291

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From clomipramine to mianserin: therapeutic relevance of interactions with serotonin uptake and storage, as studied in the blood platelet model. Author(s): Lingjaerde O. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1985; 320: 10-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3901671

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Gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry as a reference method for clomipramine determination. Author(s): Gaskell SJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1980; 56 Suppl 1: 90-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7393834

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Head-up tilt test with clomipramine challenge in vasovagal syndrome--a new tilt testing protocol. Author(s): Theodorakis GN, Livanis EG, Leftheriotis D, Flevari P, Markianos M, Kremastinos DT. Source: European Heart Journal. 2003 April; 24(7): 658-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12657224

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High blood concentrations of imipramine or clomipramine and therapeutic failure: a case report study using drug monitoring data. Author(s): Balant-Gorgia AE, Balant LP, Garrone G. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1989; 11(4): 415-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2741190

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High levels of serotonin transporter occupancy with low-dose clomipramine in comparative occupancy study with fluvoxamine using positron emission tomography. Author(s): Suhara T, Takano A, Sudo Y, Ichimiya T, Inoue M, Yasuno F, Ikoma Y, Okubo Y. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 April; 60(4): 386-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12695316

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High plasma concentrations of desmethylclomipramine after chronic administration of clomipramine to a poor metabolizer. Author(s): Balant-Gorgia AE, Balant L, Zysset T. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1987; 32(1): 101-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3582462

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High-performance liquid chromatography of clomipramine and metabolites in human plasma and urine. Author(s): Nielsen KK, Brosen K. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1993 April; 15(2): 122-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8503140

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Hunger, food intake and weight: the impact of clomipramine on a refeeding anorexia nervosa population. Author(s): Lacey JH, Crisp AH. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1980; 56 Suppl 1: 79-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6994086

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Hyperprolactinaemia and nonpuerperal lactation associated with clomipramine. Author(s): Fowlie S, Burton J. Source: Scott Med J. 1987 April; 32(2): 52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3602989

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Hyponatraemia and clomipramine therapy. Author(s): Pledger DR, Mathew H. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1989 February; 154: 263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2775959

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Hyponatremia during treatment with clomipramine, perphenazine, or clozapine: study of therapeutic drug monitoring samples. Author(s): Spigset O, Hedenmalm K. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1996 October; 16(5): 412-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8889918

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Immediate effects of intravenous clomipramine on sleep and sleep-related secretion in depressed patients. Author(s): Kupfer DJ, Pollock BG, Perel JM, Jarrett DB, McEachran AB, Miewald JM. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1991 March; 36(3): 279-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2062969

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Improved clean-up procedure for the high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of clomipramine and its demethylated metabolite in human plasma. Author(s): Altieri I, Pichini S, Pacifici R, Zuccaro P. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1995 July 21; 669(2): 416-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7581922

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Increase in serum clomipramine concentrations caused by valproate. Author(s): Fehr C, Grunder G, Hiemke C, Dahmen N. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 August; 20(4): 493-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10917416

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Increased antipanic efficacy in combined treatment with clomipramine and dixyrazine. Author(s): Feet PO, Gotestam KG. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1994 April; 89(4): 230-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7912879

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Ineffectiveness of clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a patient with schizophrenia. Author(s): Bark N, Lindenmayer JP. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992 January; 149(1): 136-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1728163

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Influence of psychological factors on the response to clomipramine in hospitalized chronic low back pain patients. Preliminary data from a psychometric study. Author(s): Fouquet B, Goupille P, Jeannou J, Etienne T, Chalumeau F, Valat JP. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1997 December; 64(12): 804-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9476269

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Initial increase of plasma serotonin: a biological predictor for the antidepressant response to clomipramine? Author(s): Spreux-Varoquaux O, Gailledreau J, Vanier B, Bothua D, Plas J, Chevalier JF, Advenier C, Pays M, Brion S. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1996 September 15; 40(6): 465-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8879466

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Initial REM sleep suppression by clomipramine: a prognostic tool for treatment response in patients with a major depressive disorder. Author(s): Hochli D, Riemann D, Zulley J, Berger M. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1986 October; 21(12): 1217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3756267

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Interaction of modafinil and clomipramine as comedication in a narcoleptic patient. Author(s): Grozinger M, Hartter S, Hiemke C, Griese EU, Roschke J. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1998 March-April; 21(2): 127-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9579300

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Interindividual variations of desmethylation and hydroxylation of clomipramine in an Oriental psychiatric population. Author(s): Shimoda K, Minowada T, Noguchi T, Takahashi S. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1993 June; 13(3): 181-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8354734

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Intravenous clomipramine and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Thakur AK, Remillard AJ, Meldrum LH, Gorecki DK. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1991 September; 36(7): 521-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1933762

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Intravenous clomipramine challenge in obsessive-compulsive disorder: predicting response to oral therapy at eight weeks. Author(s): Sallee FR, Koran LM, Pallanti S, Carson SW, Sethuraman G. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1998 August 1; 44(3): 220-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9693393

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Intravenous clomipramine decreases excitability of human motor cortex. A study with paired magnetic stimulation. Author(s): Manganotti P, Bortolomasi M, Zanette G, Pawelzik T, Giacopuzzi M, Fiaschi A. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2001 February 15; 184(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11231029

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Intravenous clomipramine for a schizophrenic patient with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Author(s): Poyurovsky M, Weizman A. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 July; 155(7): 993. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9659874

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Intravenous clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive disorder refractory to oral clomipramine: a placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Fallon BA, Liebowitz MR, Campeas R, Schneier FR, Marshall R, Davies S, Goetz D, Klein DF. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1998 October; 55(10): 918-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9783563

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Intravenous clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Koran LM, Faravelli C, Pallanti S. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1994 June; 14(3): 216-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8027426

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Intravenous clomipramine for OCD. Author(s): Warneke LB. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1992 September; 37(7): 522-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1423151

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Intravenous pulse loading of clomipramine in adolescents with depression. Author(s): Sallee FR, Pollock BG, Perel JM, Ryan ND, Stiller RL. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1989; 25(1): 114-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2772110

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Is there a relationship between response to total sleep deprivation and efficacy of clomipramine treatment in depressed patients? Author(s): Hochli D, Riemann D, Zulley J, Berger M. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1986 August; 74(2): 190-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3776665

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Letter: Agranulocytosis after treatment with clomipramine infusion. Author(s): Gibson AC. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1974 July; 125(0): 111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4852682

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Letter: Clomipramine infusion and lithium carbonate: a synergistic effect? Author(s): O'Flanagan PM. Source: Lancet. 1973 October 27; 2(7835): 974. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4126603

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Letter: Combined sleep deprivation and clomipramine in primary depression. Author(s): Loosen PT, Merkel U, Amelung U. Source: Lancet. 1976 July 17; 2(7977): 156-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=59234

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Letter: Potentiation of antidepressant action of clomipramine by tryptophan. Author(s): Walinder J, Skott A, Nagy A, Carlsson A, Roos BE. Source: Lancet. 1975 April 26; 1(7913): 984. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=48162

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Lithium and tryptophan augmentation in clomipramine-resistant obsessivecompulsive disorder. Author(s): Rasmussen SA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1984 October; 141(10): 1283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6435460

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Lithium augmentation of clomipramine. Author(s): Feder R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1988 November; 49(11): 458. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3141389

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Local cerebral glucose metabolic rates in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Patients treated with clomipramine. Author(s): Benkelfat C, Nordahl TE, Semple WE, King AC, Murphy DL, Cohen RM. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1990 September; 47(9): 840-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2393342

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Long-term efficacy and safety of milnacipran compared to clomipramine in patients with major depression. Author(s): Leinonen E, Lepola U, Koponen H, Mehtonen OP, Rimon R. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1997 December; 96(6): 497-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9421348

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Long-term evaluation of paroxetine, clomipramine and placebo in panic disorder. Collaborative Paroxetine Panic Study Investigators. Author(s): Lecrubier Y, Judge R. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1997 February; 95(2): 153-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9065681

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Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation studies in patients given clomipramine or 'depot' neuroleptics. Author(s): Huws D, Groom GV. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1977; 53 Suppl 4: 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=414217

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Measurement of plasma levels of clomipramine in the treatment of chronic pain. Author(s): Montastruc JL, Tran MA, Blanc M, Charlet JP, David J, Mansat M, Cotonat J, Patacq-Sapijanskas M, Guiraud-Chaumeil B, Rascol A, et al. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1985; 8(1): 78-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3978652

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Memory effects of clomipramine treatment: relationship to CSF monoamine metabolites and drug concentrations in plasma. Author(s): Bartfai A, Asberg M, Martensson B, Gustavsson P. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1991 December 1; 30(11): 1075-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1723300

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Metabolic interaction between fluoxetine and clomipramine: a case report. Author(s): Balant-Gorgia AE, Ries C, Balant LP. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1996 January; 29(1): 38-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8852534

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Metabolism of clomipramine in a Japanese psychiatric population: hydroxylation, desmethylation, and glucuronidation. Author(s): Shimoda K, Noguchi T, Ozeki Y, Morita S, Shibasaki M, Someya T, Takahashi S. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1995 July; 12(4): 323-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7576009

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Moclobemide and clomipramine in endogenous depression. A randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Koczkas C, Holm P, Karlsson A, Nagy A, Ose E, Petursson H, Ulveras L, Wenedikter O. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1989 June; 79(6): 523-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2669440

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Moclobemide and clomipramine in reactive depression. A placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Larsen JK, Holm P, Hoyer E, Mejlhede A, Mikkelsen PL, Olesen A, Schaumburg E. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1989 June; 79(6): 530-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2669441

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Moclobemide and clomipramine in the treatment of depression. A randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Larsen JK, Holm P, Mikkelsen PL. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1984 September; 70(3): 254-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6388247

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Moclobemide in depression: a randomized, multicentre trial against isocarboxazide and clomipramine emphasizing atypical depression. Author(s): Larsen JK, Gjerris A, Holm P, Anderson J, Bille A, Christensen EM, Hoyer E, Jensen H, Mejlhede A, Langagergaard A, et al. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1991 December; 84(6): 564-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1792931

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Moclobemide versus clomipramine in depressed patients in general practice. A randomized, double-blind, parallel, multicenter study. Author(s): Kragh-Sorensen P, Muller B, Andersen JV, Buch D, Stage KB. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1995 August; 15(4 Suppl 2): 24S-30S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7593726

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Moclobemide versus clomipramine in endogenous depression. A double-blind randomised clinical trial. Author(s): Guelfi JD, Payan C, Fermanian J, Pedarriosse AM, Manfredi R. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1992 April; 160: 519-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1571752

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Moclobemide versus clomipramine in nonmelancholic, nonpsychotic major depression. A Study group. Author(s): Lecrubier Y, Pedarriosse AM, Payan C, Schmid-Burgk W, Stabl M. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1995 October; 92(4): 260-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8848950

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Moclobemide versus clomipramine in the treatment of depression: a double-blind multicentre study in Belgium. Author(s): Dierick M, Cattiez P, Franck G, Burton P, Defleur J, Hermans W, Roelandts A, Wolfrum C, Berger M, Hellstern K, et al. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1990; 360: 50-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2248071

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Moclobemide versus clomipramine in the treatment of depression: a multicentre trial in Spain. Author(s): Civeira J, Cervera S, Giner J, Allen SR, Hellstern K, Malanowski H, Wirz R, Klar K. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1990; 360: 48-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2248070

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Moclobemide versus clomipramine in the treatment of depression: a single-centre study, Federal Republic of Germany. Author(s): Funke HJ, Moritz E, Hellstern K, Malanowski H. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1990; 360: 46-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2248069

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Modification of 35% carbon dioxide hypersensitivity across one week of treatment with clomipramine and fluvoxamine: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Perna G, Bertani A, Gabriele A, Politi E, Bellodi L. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 June; 17(3): 173-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9169961

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Monitoring serum concentrations of clomipramine and metabolites: fluorescence polarization immunoassay versus high performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Banger M, Hermes B, Hartter S, Hiemke C. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997 July; 30(4): 128-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9271779

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Morphine pretreatment reduces clomipramine effect in mouse forced-swimming test. Author(s): Eschalier A, Rigal F, Devoize JL, Trolese JF, Grillon C. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1983 August 5; 91(4): 505-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6684579

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Multicentre, double-blind, comparison of fluvoxamine and clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Mundo E, Maina G, Uslenghi C. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 March; 15(2): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10759337

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Musical hallucinations triggered by clomipramine? Author(s): Vallada HP, Gentil V. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1991 December; 159: 888-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1790470

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Myoclonic movements as a side-effect of treatment with therapeutic doses of clomipramine. Author(s): Casas M, Garcia-Ribera C, Alvarez E, Udina C, Queralto JM, Grau JM. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1987 October; 2(4): 333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3693873

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Negative results with clomipramine. Author(s): Magen J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1993 September; 32(5): 1079-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8407757

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Neonatal clomipramine treatment in the rat does not affect social, sexual and exploratory behaviors in adulthood. Author(s): File SE, Tucker JC. Source: Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 1983 January-February; 5(1): 3-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6682936

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Neonatal convulsions caused by withdrawal from maternal clomipramine. Author(s): Cowe L, Lloyd DJ, Dawling S. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1982 June 19; 284(6332): 1837-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6805722

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Neonatal effects of maternal clomipramine therapy. Author(s): Musa AB, Smith CS. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1979 May; 54(5): 405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=486239

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Neonatal effects of maternal clomipramine treatment. Author(s): Ostergaard GZ, Pedersen SE. Source: Pediatrics. 1982 February; 69(2): 233-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7058100

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Neuroendocrine effects of intravenous clomipramine in depressed patients and healthy subjects. Author(s): Golden RN, Ekstrom D, Brown TM, Ruegg R, Evans DL, Haggerty JJ Jr, Garbutt JC, Pedersen CA, Mason GA, Browne J, et al. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992 September; 149(9): 1168-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1323933

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Neuroendocrine predictors of response to intravenous clomipramine therapy for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Mathew SJ, Coplan JD, Perko KA, Goetz RR, de la Neuz M, Hollander E, Liebowitz MR, Fallon BA. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 14(4): 199-208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11754126

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Neuroendocrine response to clomipramine and desipramine--the evidence of partial determination by heredity and sex. Author(s): Filip V, Alda M, David I, Topinka J, Kristofikova Z, Dvorakova J, Sztaniszlav D, Olajos S, Albrecht V. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1989; 21(3): 111-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2615927

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Nocturnal cataclysms with myoclonus: a new side effect of clomipramine. Author(s): Myers BA, Klerman GL, Hartmann E. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1986 November; 143(11): 1490-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3777258

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Non-competitive inhibition of clomipramine N-demethylation by fluvoxamine. Author(s): Hartter S, Arand M, Oesch F, Hiemke C. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1995 January; 117(2): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7753960

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Non-narcotic withdrawal syndrome in a neonate due to maternal clomipramine therapy. Author(s): Singh S, Gulati S, Narang A, Bhakoo ON. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1990 April; 26(2): 110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2361068

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder. A double-blind trial of clomipramine and clorgyline. Author(s): Insel TR, Murphy DL, Cohen RM, Alterman I, Kilts C, Linnoila M. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1983 June; 40(6): 605-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6342562

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of clomipramine in 27 patients. Author(s): Jenike MA, Baer L, Summergrad P, Weilburg JB, Holland A, Seymour R. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989 October; 146(10): 1328-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2675643

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Olfactory reference syndrome responds to clomipramine but not fluoxetine: a case report. Author(s): Dominguez RA, Puig A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997 November; 58(11): 497-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9413419

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On the clinical response/plasma level relationship for clomipramine. Author(s): Dutt JE. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1982 January; 140: 105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7059735

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Open trial of intravenous clomipramine in five treatment-refractory patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Fallon BA, Campeas R, Schneier FR, Hollander E, Feerick J, Hatterer J, Goetz D, Davies S, Liebowitz MR. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1992 Winter; 4(1): 70-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1627966

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Opiate receptor sensitivity in depressed patients before and after clomipramine treatment. Author(s): Naber D, Jungkunz G. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1986 July-August; 11(1): 59-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3020108

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Orthostatic side effects of clomipramine and citalopram during treatment for depression. Author(s): Christensen P, Thomsen HY, Pedersen OL, Gram LF, Kragh-Sorensen P. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1985; 86(4): 383-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3929308

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Oxybutynin enhances the metabolism of clomipramine and dextrorphan possibly by induction of a cytochrome P450 isoenzyme. Author(s): Grozinger M, Hartter S, Hiemke C, Roschke J. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999 June; 19(3): 287-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10350044

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Panic disorder patients show decrease in ventilatory response to CO2 after clomipramine treatment. Author(s): Pols H, Lousberg H, Zandbergen J, Griez E. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1993 June; 47(3): 295-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8372166

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Paraphilias: a double-blind crossover comparison of clomipramine versus desipramine. Author(s): Kruesi MJ, Fine S, Valladares L, Phillips RA Jr, Rapoport JL. Source: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1992 December; 21(6): 587-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1482282

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Parenteral clomipramine challenge in depressed adolescents: mood and neuroendocrine response. Author(s): Sallee FR, Vrindavanam NS, Deas-Nesmith D, Odom AM, Carson SW, Sethuraman G. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1998 October 1; 44(7): 562-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9787880

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Paroxetine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. OCD Paroxetine Study Investigators. Author(s): Zohar J, Judge R. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1996 October; 169(4): 468-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8894198

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Paroxetine, clomipramine, and cognitive therapy in the treatment of panic disorder. Author(s): Bakker A, van Dyck R, Spinhoven P, van Balkom AJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999 December; 60(12): 831-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10665629

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Persistent impairment of clomipramine demethylation in recently detoxified alcoholic patients. Author(s): Balant-Gorgia AE, Gay M, Gex-Fabry M, Balant LP. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1992 April; 14(2): 119-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1585395

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PET neuroimaging of clomipramine challenge in humans: focus on the thalamus. Author(s): Smith DF, Geday J. Source: Brain Research. 2001 February 16; 892(1): 193-7. Erratum In: Brain Res 2001 June 8; 903(1-2): 269. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11172763

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Pharmacokinetic fluvoxamine-clomipramine interaction with favorable therapeutic consequences in therapy-resistant depressive patient. Author(s): Conus P, Bondolfi G, Eap CB, Macciardi F, Baumann P. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1996 May; 29(3): 108-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8738315

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Pharmacokinetics of a sustained-release dosage form of clomipramine. Author(s): Herrera D, Mayet L, Galindo MC, Jung H. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 December; 40(12 Pt 2): 1488-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11185671

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Plasma concentrations after a clomipramine intoxication. Author(s): Stolk LM, van der Geest S. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1998 November-December; 22(7): 612-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9847015

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Population pharmacokinetics of clomipramine, desmethylclomipramine, and hydroxylated metabolites in patients with depression receiving chronic treatment: model evaluation. Author(s): Gex-Fabry M, Haffen E, Paintaud G, Bizouard P, Sechter D, Bechtel PR, Balant LP. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2000 December; 22(6): 701-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11128238

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Possible serotonin syndrome associated with clomipramine after withdrawal of clozapine. Author(s): Zerjav-Lacombe S, Dewan V. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 February; 35(2): 180-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11215836

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Possible serotonin syndrome following the combined administration of clomipramine and alprazolam. Author(s): Cano-Munoz JL, Montejo-Iglesias ML, Yanez-Saez RM, Galvez-Borrero IM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995 March; 56(3): 122. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7883731

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Postmortem clomipramine: therapeutic or toxic concentrations? Author(s): McIntyre IM, King CV, Cordner SM, Drummer OH. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1994 March; 39(2): 486-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8195760

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Predictors of treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder: multivariate analyses from a multicenter trial of clomipramine. Author(s): Ackerman DL, Greenland S, Bystritsky A, Morgenstern H, Katz RJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1994 August; 14(4): 247-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7962680

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Prospective evaluation of the serotonin syndrome in depressed inpatients treated with clomipramine. Author(s): Lejoyeux M, Rouillon F, Ades J. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1993 November; 88(5): 369-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8296581

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Provocation of neurocardiogenic syncope by clomipramine administration during the head-up tilt test in vasovagal syndrome. Author(s): Theodorakis GN, Markianos M, Zarvalis E, Livanis EG, Flevari P, Kremastinos DT. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2000 July; 36(1): 174-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10898430

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Pulse clomipramine for depressed adolescents. Author(s): Chabrol H, Peresson G. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 July; 155(7): 995. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9659877

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Pulse intravenous clomipramine for depressed adolescents: double-blind, controlled trial. Author(s): Sallee FR, Vrindavanam NS, Deas-Nesmith D, Carson SW, Sethuraman G. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 May; 154(5): 668-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9137123

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Pulse loading versus gradual dosing of intravenous clomipramine in obsessivecompulsive disorder. Author(s): Koran LM, Pallanti S, Paiva RS, Quercioli L. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1998 May; 8(2): 121-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9619690

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Radiopacity of clomipramine conglomerations and unsuccessful endoscopy: report of 4 cases. Author(s): Lapostolle F, Finot MA, Adnet F, Borron SW, Baud FJ, Bismuth C. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2000; 38(5): 477-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10981957

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Rapid benefit of intravenous pulse loading of clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Koran LM, Sallee FR, Pallanti S. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 March; 154(3): 396-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9054789

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Re: Clomipramine treatment and behaviour therapy with agoraphobic women. Author(s): Klein DF, Ross DC. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1997 October; 42(8): 881. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9356778

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Re: Clomipramine vs. Haloperidol in the treatment of autistic disorder: a doubleblind, placebo, crossover study. Author(s): King R, Fay G, Wheildon H. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 October; 22(5): 525-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352279

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Rebound withdrawal reactions due to clomipramine. Author(s): Diamond BI, Borison RL, Katz R, DeVeaugh-Geiss J. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1989; 25(2): 209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2690164

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Recurrent hypothermia, hypersomnolence, central sleep apnea, hypodipsia, hypernatremia, hypothyroidism, hyperprolactinemia and growth hormone deficiency in a boy--treatment with clomipramine. Author(s): Gurewitz R, Blum I, Lavie P, Pertzelan A, Stivel M, Weinstein R, Galatzer A, Laron Z. Source: Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 1986; 279: 468-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3465179

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Reduction of seizure frequency with clomipramine in patients with complex partial seizures. Author(s): Sakakihara Y, Oka A, Kubota M, Ohashi Y. Source: Brain & Development. 1995 July-August; 17(4): 291-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7503395

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Relating plasma levels of clomipramine and clinical response. Author(s): Seldrup J. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8 Suppl 3: 96-110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7202825

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Relationship between early side effects and therapeutic effects of clomipramine therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Ackerman DL, Greenland S, Bystritsky A, Katz RJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1996 August; 16(4): 324-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8835709

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Relationship between the plasma concentration of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine in depressive patients and the clinical response. Author(s): Vandel B, Vandel S, Jounet JM, Allers G, Volmat R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1982; 22(1): 15-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7094971

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Relationships between clinical response, plasma levels and side-effects of clomipramine (Anafranil) in general practitioner trials. Author(s): Miller P, Luscombe DK, Jones RB, Seldrup J, Beaumont G, John V. Source: J Int Med Res. 1977; 5(1 Suppl): 108-18. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=863079

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Relative bioavailability of four clomipramine hydrochloride tablet products. Author(s): Muller FO, Schall R, Mogilnicka EM, Groenewoud G, Hundt HK, Luus HG, Middle MV, Swart KJ, De Vaal AC. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1996 January; 17(1): 81-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8991493

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Release of human neurophysin I during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in depressed patients is abolished after recovery with clomipramine treatment. Author(s): Geenen V, Langer G, Koinig G, Schonbeck G, Ansseau M, von Frenckell R, Smitz S, Legros JJ. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1985; 10(1): 61-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3889965

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Relevance of plasma levels during clomipramine treatment of primary depression. Author(s): Faravelli C, Ballerini A, Broadhurst AD, Das M. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1982 June; 4(2): 163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6213693

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Relevance of tryptophan and tyrosine availability in endogenous and 'nonendogenous' depressives treated with imipramine or clomipramine. Author(s): Moller SE, Reisby N, Ortmann J, Elley J, Krautwald O. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1981 September; 3(3): 231-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6456290

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Response to sequential administration of clomipramine and lithium carbonate in treatment-resistant depression. Author(s): Schrader GD, Levien HE. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1985 November; 147: 573-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3935196

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Response to total sleep deprivation and clomipramine in endogenous depression. Author(s): Elsenga S, Van den Hoofdakker RH. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1987; 21(2): 151-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3585805

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Return of symptoms after discontinuation of clomipramine in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Pato MT, Zohar-Kadouch R, Zohar J, Murphy DL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1988 December; 145(12): 1521-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3057923

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Seizures caused by possible interaction between olanzapine and clomipramine. Author(s): Deshauer D, Albuquerque J, Alda M, Grof P. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 April; 20(2): 283-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10770480

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Serotonin syndrome caused by a clomipramine-moclobemide interaction. Author(s): Dardennes RM, Even C, Ballon N, Bange F. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998 July; 59(7): 382-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9714270

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Serotonin syndrome caused by a moclobemide-clomipramine interaction. Author(s): Spigset O, Mjorndal T, Lovheim O. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 January 23; 306(6872): 248. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8443525

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Serotonin syndrome due to an overdose of moclobemide and clomipramine. A potentially life-threatening association. Author(s): Francois B, Marquet P, Desachy A, Roustan J, Lachatre G, Gastinne H. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1997 January; 23(1): 122-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9037653

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Serotonin syndrome during clomipramine and lithium treatment. Author(s): Kojima H, Terao T, Yoshimura R. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 December; 150(12): 1897. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8238650

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Serotonin syndrome during clomipramine monotherapy: comparison of two diagnostic criteria. Author(s): Kudo K, Sasaki I, Tsuchiyama K, Akiyoshi J, Nagayama H, Fujii I. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1997 February; 51(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9076860

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Serotonin syndrome--clomipramine too soon after moclobemide? Author(s): Gillman PK. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 November; 12(6): 339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9547136

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Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) promoter genotype may influence the prolactin response to clomipramine. Author(s): Whale R, Quested DJ, Laver D, Harrison PJ, Cowen PJ. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2000 May; 150(1): 120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10867985

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Serum clomipramine and metabolite levels in four nursing mother-infant pairs. Author(s): Wisner KL, Perel JM, Foglia JP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995 January; 56(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7836334

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Simultaneous analysis of clozapine, clomipramine and their metabolites by reversedphase liquid chromatography. Author(s): Palego L, Dell'Osso L, Marazziti D, Biondi L, Sarno N, Ciapparelli A, Giromella A, Giannaccini G, LucacchiniA, Cassano GB. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2001 April; 25(3): 519-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11370995

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Simultaneous plasma level analysis of clomipramine, N-desmethylclomipramine, and fluvoxamine by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Author(s): Palego L, Marazziti D, Biondi L, Giannaccini G, Sarno N, Armani A, Lucacchini A, Cassano GB, Dell'Osso L. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2000 April; 22(2): 190-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10774632

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Single-dose kinetics of clomipramine: relationship to the sparteine and Smephenytoin oxidation polymorphisms. Author(s): Nielsen KK, Brosen K, Hansen MG, Gram LF. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1994 May; 55(5): 518-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8181196

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Six-year follow-up after exposure and clomipramine therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder. Author(s): O'Sullivan G, Noshirvani H, Marks I, Monteiro W, Lelliott P. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1991 April; 52(4): 150-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2016246

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Status epilepticus associated with the combination of valproic acid and clomipramine. Author(s): DeToledo JC, Haddad H, Ramsay RE. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1997 February; 19(1): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9029750

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Steady-state plasma levels of clomipramine and its metabolites: impact of the sparteine/debrisoquine oxidation polymorphism. Danish University Antidepressant Group. Author(s): Nielsen KK, Brosen K, Gram LF. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992; 43(4): 405-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1451721

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Suicidality with clomipramine. Author(s): Harper G. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1992 March; 31(2): 369-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1564041

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Superiority of clomipramine over imipramine in the treatment of panic disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Modigh K, Westberg P, Eriksson E. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1992 August; 12(4): 251-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1527228

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Surface ionization organic mass spectrometry of imipramine, desipramine, clomipramine, and lidocaine. Author(s): Fujii T, Kurihara Y, Arimoto H, Mitsutsuka Y. Source: Analytical Chemistry. 1994 June 1; 66(11): 1884-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8030791

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Symptoms and physiologic manifestations in obsessive compulsive patients before and after treatment with clomipramine. Author(s): Hoehn-Saric R, McLeod DR, Zimmerli WD, Hipsley PA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1993 July; 54(7): 272-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8335655

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Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) in an 80-year-old woman given clomipramine. Author(s): Sommer BR. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 1997 Summer; 5(3): 268-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9209570

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Tardive dyskinesia-like syndromes with clomipramine. Author(s): Gersten SP. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 January; 150(1): 165-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8417563

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Temperament predicts clomipramine and desipramine response in major depression. Author(s): Joyce PR, Mulder RT, Cloninger CR. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1994 January; 30(1): 35-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8151047

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Test of dopamine-blocking potential of clomipramine. Author(s): Kim SW, Dysken MW. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 May; 148(5): 690. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2018183

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The benefits of clomipramine-fluoxetine combination in obsessive compulsive disorder. Author(s): Browne M, Horn E, Jones TT. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1993 May; 38(4): 242-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8518974

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The biotransformation of clomipramine in vitro, identification of the cytochrome P450s responsible for the separate metabolic pathways. Author(s): Nielsen KK, Flinois JP, Beaune P, Brosen K. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1996 June; 277(3): 1659-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8667235

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The clomipramine challenge test in obsessive compulsive disorder. Author(s): Saiz J, Lopez-Ibor JJ Jr, Vinas R, Hernandez M. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1992 June; 7 Suppl 1: 41-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1517557

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The effects of repeated doses of clomipramine and alprazolam on physiological, psychomotor and cognitive functions in normal subjects. Author(s): Allen D, Curran HV, Lader M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991; 40(4): 355-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2050170

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The effects of serotonin3 receptor blockade on the psychobiological response to intravenous clomipramine in healthy human subjects. Author(s): Leatherman ME, Bebchuk JM, Ekstrom RD, Heine AD, Carson SW, Golden RN. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1999 January 15; 45(2): 238-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9951573

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The Galway Study of Panic Disorder. I: Clomipramine and lofepramine in DSM III-R panic disorder: a placebo controlled trial. Author(s): Fahy TJ, O'Rourke D, Brophy J, Schazmann W, Sciascia S. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1992 May; 25(1): 63-75. Erratum In: J Affect Disord 1992 July; 25(3): 214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1624646

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The obsessive quality and clomipramine treatment in PTSD. Author(s): Chen CJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 August; 148(8): 1087-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1853963

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The tricyclic antidepressants clomipramine and citalopram induce apoptosis in cultured human lymphocytes. Author(s): Xia Z, Depierre JW, Nassberger L. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1996 January; 48(1): 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8722508

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Three years on clomipramine: before and after brain SPECT study. Author(s): Amen DG, Waugh ME. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 1997 June; 9(2): 113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9242899

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Tourette's syndrome and treatment with clomipramine hydrochloride. Author(s): Donahoe DH, Meador M, Fortune T, Llorena R. Source: W V Med J. 1991 October; 87(10): 468-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1767522

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Toxic interaction of S-adenosylmethionine and clomipramine. Author(s): Iruela LM, Minguez L, Merino J, Monedero G. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 March; 150(3): 522. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8434674

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Treatment of depersonalization disorder with clomipramine. Author(s): Simeon D, Stein DJ, Hollander E. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1998 August 15; 44(4): 302-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9715363

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Treatment of hypochondriasis with clomipramine. Author(s): Stone AB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1993 May; 54(5): 200-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8509353

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Treatment of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenic patients with clomipramine. Author(s): Berman I, Sapers BL, Chang HH, Losonczy MF, Schmildler J, Green AI. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1995 June; 15(3): 206-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7635998

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Treatment of pathological gambling with clomipramine. Author(s): Hollander E, Frenkel M, Decaria C, Trungold S, Stein DJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992 May; 149(5): 710-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1575267

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Trichotillomania treated with clomipramine and a topical steroid. Author(s): Black DW, Blum N. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992 June; 149(6): 842-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1303620

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Trichotillomania, clomipramine, topical steroids. Author(s): Gupta S, Freimer M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 March; 150(3): 524. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8434676

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Ultrarapid metabolism of clomipramine in a therapy-resistant depressive patient, as confirmed by CYP2 D6 genotyping. Author(s): Baumann P, Broly F, Kosel M, Eap CB. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1998 March; 31(2): 72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9562213

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Understanding the response lag to tricyclics. I. Application of pulse-loading regimens with intravenous clomipramine. Author(s): Pollock BG, Perel JM, Shostak M, Antelman SM, Brandom B, Kupfer DJ. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1986; 22(1): 214-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3726069

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Unusual plasma level oscillations of clomipramine in man: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic dilemma. Author(s): De Zeeuw RA, Westenberg HG, Van Praag HM, De Cuyper H. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1980; 56 Suppl 1: 120-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7393821

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Unusual side effects of clomipramine associated with yawning. Author(s): Harrison W, Stewart J, McGrath PJ, Quitkin F. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1984 October; 29(6): 546. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6541521

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Unusual side effects of clomipramine associated with yawning. Author(s): McLean JD, Forsythe RG, Kapkin IA. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1983 November; 28(7): 569-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6652610

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Uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine into platelets from depressed patients and normal subjects--influence of clomipramine, desmethylclomipramine and maprotiline. Author(s): Ehsanullah RS. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1980; 56 Suppl 1: 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7393826

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Use of clomipramine in treatment of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology. Author(s): Stroebel CF, Szarek BL, Glueck BC. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1984 April; 4(2): 98-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6707247

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Use of receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to evaluate predictors of response to clomipramine therapy. Author(s): Ackerman DL, Greenland S, Bystritsky A. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1996; 32(1): 157-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8927667

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Variation in plasma concentrations of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine during clomipramine therapy. Author(s): Hullin RP. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1980; 56 Suppl 1: 117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7190279

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Venlafaxine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary single-blind, 12-week, controlled study. Author(s): Albert U, Aguglia E, Maina G, Bogetto F. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 November; 63(11): 1004-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12444814

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When fluvoxamine treats only depression and clomipramine treats only obsessivecompulsive disorder--combine them? Author(s): Schaller JL, Behar D, Chamberlain T. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1998 Winter; 10(1): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9547477

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Withdrawal of the paradoxal sleep by the clomipramine, electrophysiological, histochemical and biochemical study. Author(s): Passouant P, Cadhilac J, Billiard M. Source: Int J Neurol. 1975; 10(1-4): 186-97. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=171234

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Worldwide use of clomipramine. Author(s): Trimble MR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1990 August; 51 Suppl: 51-4; Discussion 55-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2199435

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CLOMIPRAMINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and clomipramine.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Clomipramine The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “clomipramine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “clomipramine” (or a synonym): •

A lipid emulsion reduces mortality from clomipramine overdose in rats. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine 6, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Israel. Source: Yoav, Goor Odelia, Goor Shaltiel, Cabili Vet-Hum-Toxicol. 2002 February; 44(1): 30 0145-6296

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Amitriptyline and clomipramine increase the concentration of administered Ltryptophan in the rat brain. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Goteborg University, Sweden. Source: Eriksson, T Walinder, J J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 1998 October; 50(10): 1133-7 00223573

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Both single-dose and repeated administration of clomipramine reduces the behavioural response to intrathecal capsaicin in mice. Author(s): Department of Physiology, University of Bergen, Norway. Source: Rosland, J H Hunskaar, S Hole, K Pharmacol-Toxicol. 1989 September; 65(3): 189-91 0901-9928

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Calcium channel blocking activity of thioridazine, clomipramine and fluoxetine in isolated rat vas deferens: a relative potency measurement study. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Shiraz Medical School, Iran. Source: Mousavizadeh, K Ghafourifar, P Sadeghi Nejad, H J-Urol. 2002 December; 168(6): 2716-9 0022-5347

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Effect of a serotonin precursor and uptake inhibitor in anxiety disorders; a doubleblind comparison of 5-hydroxytryptophan, clomipramine and placebo. Author(s): Department of Biological Psychiatry, University Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Source: Kahn, R S Westenberg, H G Verhoeven, W M Gispen de Wied, C C Kamerbeek, W D Int-Clin-Psychopharmacol. 1987 January; 2(1): 33-45 0268-1315

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Effects of chronic clomipramine on central DADLE antinociception. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, Philadelphia 19104. Source: Goldstein, F J Malseed, R T Nutz, J F Pain. 1990 September; 42(3): 331-6 03043959

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Evidence of a key-role for histamine from mast cells in the analgesic effect of clomipramine in rats. Author(s): Institute of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Catania, Italy. Source: Arrigo Reina, R Chiechio, S Inflamm-Res. 1998 February; 47(2): 44-8 1023-3830

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Functional reactivity of different central opioid receptor systems following clomipramine treatments. Author(s): Department of Physiological Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife Oyo State, Nigeria. Source: Ukponmwan, O E Murugaiah, K D Pharmacol-Res. 1990 Nov-December; 22(6): 691-9 1043-6618

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Increased bioavailability of clomipramine after sublingual administration in rats. Author(s): College of Pharmacy, SungKyunKwan University, 300 Chonchon-dong, Jangan-ku, Suwon City, 440-746, Korea. Source: Yoo, S D Yoon, B M Lee, H S Lee, K C J-Pharm-Sci. 1999 November; 88(11): 111921 0022-3549

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Long-term clomipramine treatment upregulates forebrain acetylcholine muscarinic receptors, and reduces behavioural sensitivity to scopolamine in mice. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, Gunma University School of Medicine and Hospital, Maebashi, Japan. Source: Tsukagoshi, H Morita, T Hitomi, S Saito, S Kadoi, Y Uchihashi, Y Kuribara, H Goto, F J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 2000 January; 52(1): 87-92 0022-3573

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Modification of the antinociceptive effect of morphine by acute and chronic administration of clomipramine in mice. Author(s): Department of Physiology, University of Bergen, Norway. Source: Rosland, J H Hunskaar, S Hole, K Pain. 1988 June; 33(3): 349-55 0304-3959

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Noradrenergic and opioidergic influences on the antinociceptive effect of clomipramine in the formalin test in rats. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. Source: Ansuategui, M Naharro, L Feria, M Psychopharmacology-(Berl). 1989; 98(1): 93-6 0033-3158

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Opposing effects of clomipramine on [125I]RTI-55 and [3H]N-methylspiperone binding in mouse striatum: important role of other factors than endogenous dopamine? Author(s): School of Allied Health Sciences, Osaka University Faculty of Medicine, Suita, Japan. [email protected] Source: Inoue, O Kobayashi, K Hosoi, R Gee, A Synapse. 1998 November; 30(3): 338-40 0887-4476

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Pharmacokinetic patterns of repeated administration of antidepressants in animals. I. Implications for antinociceptive action of clomipramine in mice. Author(s): Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Medicale, INSERM U195, Faculte de Medecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France. Source: Eschalier, A Fialip, J Varoquaux, O Makambila, M C Marty, H Bastide, P JPharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1988 June; 245(3): 963-8 0022-3565

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Potentiation of morphine and clomipramine analgesia by cholecystokinin -B antagonist CI-988 in diabetic rats. Author(s): INSERM EPI 9904, Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculte de Pharmacie, place Henri-Dunant, 63001 Cedex 1, Clermont-Ferrand, France. [email protected] Source: Coudore Civiale, M A Courteix, C Boucher, M Meen, M Fialip, J Eschalier, A Ardid, D Neurosci-Lett. 2000 May 26; 286(1): 37-40 0304-3940

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER

3.

ALTERNATIVE CLOMIPRAMINE

MEDICINE

AND

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to clomipramine. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to clomipramine and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “clomipramine” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to clomipramine: •

3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and primary depression: clinical and pharmacological considerations. Author(s): Sacchetti E, Allaria E, Negri F, Biondi PA, Smeraldi E, Cazzullo CL. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1979 June; 14(3): 473-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=476232

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5-hydroxytryptophan in combination with clomipramine in “therapy-resistant” depressions. Author(s): van Praag HM, van den Burg W, Bos ER, Dols LC. Source: Psychopharmacologia. 1974; 38(3): 267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4547418

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A controlled comparison of adjuvant lithium carbonate or thyroid hormone in clomipramine-treated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Pigott TA, Pato MT, L'Heureux F, Hill JL, Grover GN, Bernstein SE, Murphy DL. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1991 August; 11(4): 242-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1918422

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A new strategy for chronic pain control: the multi-modal approach. Preliminary results (Part II). Author(s): De Benedittis G. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences. 1979 July-September; 23(3): 191-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=529002

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Antidepressant treatment of patients with diffuse esophageal spasm: a psychosomatic approach. Author(s): Handa M, Mine K, Yamamoto H, Hayashi H, Tsuchida O, Kanazawa F, Kubo C. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1999 April; 28(3): 228-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10192608

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Behavior therapy. Author(s): Feldman J. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1984 January; 41(1): 107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6362608

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Chlomipramine differently affects inflammatory edema and pain in the rat. Author(s): Bianchi M, Sacerdote P, Panerai AE. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1994 August; 48(4): 1037-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7972282

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Circumvention of pleiotropic drug resistance in subcutaneous tumours in vivo with verapamil and clomipramine. Author(s): Merry S, Hamilton TG, Flanigan P, Freshney RI, Kaye SB. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1991; 27(1): 31-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1826436

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Clomipramine and exposure for obsessive-compulsive rituals: i. Author(s): Marks IM, Stern RS, Mawson D, Cobb J, McDonald R. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1980 January; 136: 1-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6986939

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Correlation between noradrenaline fluxes, metabolism and compartmentalisation in human platelets. Author(s): Legrand C, Dubernard V, Meyer P. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1982 August 24; 48(1): 62-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6813996

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Depression vulnerability and 5-hydroxytryptophan prophylaxis. Author(s): van Praag H, de Hann S. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1980 September; 3(1): 75-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6160599

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Determination of wogonin in rat plasma by liquid chromatography and its pharmacokinetic application. Author(s): Tsai TH, Chou CJ, Tsai TR, Chen CF. Source: Planta Medica. 1996 June; 62(3): 263-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8693042

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Diagnosis and treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Author(s): Bhatia SC, Bhatia SK. Source: American Family Physician. 2002 October 1; 66(7): 1239-48. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12387436

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Diagnosis, neurobiology, and treatment of pathological gambling. Author(s): DeCaria CM, Hollander E, Grossman R, Wong CM, Mosovich SA, Cherkasky S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996; 57 Suppl 8: 80-3; Discussion 83-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8698687

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Differences in the effects of clomipramine on English and Asian volunteers. Preliminary report on a pilot study. Author(s): Allen JJ, Rack PH, Vaddadi KS. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1977; 53 Suppl 4: 79-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=341109

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Double-blind study of the chronopharmacotherapy of depression. Author(s): Nagayama H, Nagano K, Ikezaki A, Tashiro T. Source: Chronobiology International. 1991; 8(3): 203-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1794158

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Effect of a serotonin precursor and uptake inhibitor in anxiety disorders; a doubleblind comparison of 5-hydroxytryptophan, clomipramine and placebo.

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Author(s): Kahn RS, Westenberg HG, Verhoeven WM, Gispen-de Wied CC, Kamerbeek WD. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1987 January; 2(1): 33-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3312397 •

Effect of zinc supplementation on antidepressant therapy in unipolar depression: a preliminary placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Nowak G, Siwek M, Dudek D, Zieba A, Pilc A. Source: Polish Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 November-December; 55(6): 1143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14730113

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Effects of 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (6-MeO-THbetaC) on audiogenic seizures in DBA/2J mice. Author(s): Sparks DL, Buckholtz NS. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1980 January; 12(1): 119-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6768069

•

Effects of calcium antagonists on anti-cancer drug toxicity to haematopoietic progenitor cells in normal human bone marrow. Author(s): Nakarai T, Koizumi S. Source: Leukemia Research. 1990; 14(5): 401-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2345465

•

Effects of chlorpromazine and the antidepressant drugs amitriptyline, clomipramine and mianserin on the Ca-depleted rat uterus. Author(s): Villar A, Sevilla E, Anselmi E. Source: Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1985 October; 277(2): 264-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3933445

•

Effects of imipramine on the autonomic responses of obsessive-compulsives to auditory tones. Author(s): Kozak MJ, Rossi M, McCarthy PR, Foa EB. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1989 November; 26(7): 707-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2804191

•

Grapefruit juice and clomipramine: shifting metabolitic ratios. Author(s): Oesterheld J, Kallepalli BR. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 February; 17(1): 62-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9004067

•

Increased accumulation of vincristine and adriamycin in drug-resistant P388 tumor cells following incubation with calcium antagonists and calmodulin inhibitors. Author(s): Tsuruo T, Iida H, Tsukagoshi S, Sakurai Y.


Source: Cancer Research. 1982 November; 42(11): 4730-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7127307 •

Influence of heparin on the assay of amitriptyline, clomipramine, and their metabolites. Author(s): Levering SC, Oostelbos MC, Toll PJ, Loonen AJ. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1996 June; 18(3): 304-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8738773

•

L-5-hydroxytryptophan therapy in myoclonus. Author(s): Van Woert MH, Rosenbaum D. Source: Adv Neurol. 1979; 26: 107-15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=316273

•

Mimosa pudica may possess antidepressant actions in the rat. Author(s): Molina M, Contreras CM, Tellez-Alcantara P. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 1999 November; 6(5): 319-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11962537

•

N-Dealkylation of chlorimipramine and chlorpromazine by rat liver microsomal cytochrome P450 isoenzymes. Author(s): Valoti M, Frosini M, Palmi M, De Matteis F, Sgaragli G. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1998 September; 50(9): 1005-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9811161

•

Obsessive compulsive disorder manifesting as demonic attack. Author(s): Lacy TJ, Khatain KG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1993 October; 54(10): 398. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8262885

•

Obsessive-compulsive disorder: diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Goodman WK. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999; 60 Suppl 18: 27-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10487253

•

Opioid receptor sub-types involved in the control of transmitter release in cortex of the brain of the rat. Author(s): Hagan RM, Hughes IE. Source: Neuropharmacology. 1984 May; 23(5): 491-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6146105

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•

Pathological gambling. Author(s): Hollander E, Buchalter AJ, DeCaria CM. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2000 September; 23(3): 629-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10986732

•

Platelet met-enkephalin immunoreactivity and 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations in migraine patients: effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan, amitriptyline and chlorimipramine treatment. Author(s): Boiardi A, Picotti GB, Di Giulio AM, Bussone G, Galva MD, La Mantia L, Mantegazza P. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 1984 June; 4(2): 81-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6610476

•

Potentiation of chemotherapeutic effect of vincristine in vincristine resistant tumor bearing mice by calmodulin inhibitor clomipramine. Author(s): Tsuruo T, Iida H, Nojiri M, Tsukagoshi S, Sakurai Y. Source: J Pharmacobiodyn. 1983 February; 6(2): 145-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6864439

•

Preparation of serum and plasma samples for determination of tricyclic antidepressants: effects of blood collection tubes and storage. Author(s): Nyberg G, Martensson E. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1986; 8(4): 478-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3824436

•

Prevalence, assessment, and treatment of pathological gambling: a review. Author(s): Petry NM, Armentano C. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1999 August; 50(8): 1021-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10445649

•

Psychosomatic treatment of phantom limb pain with post-traumatic stress disorder: a case report. Author(s): Muraoka M, Komiyama H, Hosoi M, Mine K, Kubo C. Source: Pain. 1996 August; 66(2-3): 385-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8880863

•

Review of behavioral psychotherapy, I: Obsessive-compulsive disorders. Author(s): Marks IM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1981 May; 138(5): 584-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7015882


•

Safety and mechanism of appetite suppression by a novel hydroxycitric acid extract (HCA-SX). Author(s): Ohia SE, Opere CA, LeDay AM, Bagchi M, Bagchi D, Stohs SJ. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2002 September; 238(1-2): 89-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12349913

•

Simulation of human sleep: ultradian dynamics of electroencephalographic slowwave activity. Author(s): Achermann P, Borbely AA. Source: Journal of Biological Rhythms. 1990 Summer; 5(2): 141-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2133124

•

The management of phobic disorders using clomipramine (Anafranil). Author(s): Waxman D. Source: J Int Med Res. 1977; 5(1 Suppl): 24-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=324831

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•


•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

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The following is a specific Web list relating to clomipramine; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoarthritis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Sleep Apnea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Antidepressants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com MAO Inhibitors Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com SAMe Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com SAMe (S-Adenosylmethionine) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Tricyclic Antidepressants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tricyclic Antidepressants Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yohimbe Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page


dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CLOMIPRAMINE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to clomipramine. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on clomipramine include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “clomipramine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:5 •

5

Biological aspects of clomipramine: proceedings of a symposium held at Marbella, Spain, on March 12-15, 1975. Author: editors, B. I. Hoffbrand, G. F. B. Birdwood; Year: 1976

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CLOMIPRAMINE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover clomipramine.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on clomipramine is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “clomipramine” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to clomipramine. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “clomipramine” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for clomipramine: •

Citalopram, clomipramine effective over long term for panic disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 23, 1998

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•

FDA Approves Watson's Anafranil For Treatment For Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 05, 1996

•

Pulsed IV Clomipramine Dosing: Effective For Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 25, 1996 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “clomipramine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “clomipramine” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to clomipramine, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

Periodicals and News

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “clomipramine” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Clomipramine Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to clomipramine. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering clomipramine that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for clomipramine. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with clomipramine. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to clomipramine: Antidepressants, Tricyclic •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anafranil; Asendin; Aventyl; Elavil; Endep; Norfranil; Norpramin; Pamelor; Sinequan; Surmontil; Tipramine; Tofranil; Tofranil-PM; Vivactil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202055.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

79

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute6: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

6

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.7 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:8 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

7

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 8 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway9 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.10 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “clomipramine” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3149 16 982 0 12 4159

HSTAT11 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.12 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.13 Simply search by “clomipramine” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

9

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

10

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 11 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 12 13

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists14 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.15 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.16 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

14 Adapted 15

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 16 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on clomipramine can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to clomipramine. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to clomipramine. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “clomipramine”:

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Child Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childmentalhealth.html Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/obsessivecompulsivedisorder.html Tourette Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tourettesyndrome.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to clomipramine. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to clomipramine. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with clomipramine. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about clomipramine. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “clomipramine” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “clomipramine”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “clomipramine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “clomipramine” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.17

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

17

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)18: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

18

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

97

CLOMIPRAMINE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: Precursor of serotonin used as antiepileptic and antidepressant. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Exercise: A type of physical activity that includes walking, jogging, running, and dancing. Aerobic training improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy-producing systems that can improve cardiorespiratory endurance. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association

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constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antaganize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH]

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Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anisotropy: A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]

Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with

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specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Artifacts: Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly

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contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Behavior Therapy: The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biogenic Monoamines: Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate

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conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH]

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Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH] Cholecystokinin: A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of

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chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Citalopram: A selective neuronal serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a clinically effective antidepressant with tolerable side effects. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia (TD) in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition. [NIH]

Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to pargyline. [NIH]

Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cognitive behavior therapy: A system of psychotherapy based on the premise that distorted or dysfunctional thinking, which influences a person's mood or behavior, is common to all psychosocial problems. The focus of therapy is to identify the distorted thinking and to replace it with more rational, adaptive thoughts and beliefs. [NIH] Cognitive Therapy: A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant

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behavior. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Compulsions: In psychology, an irresistible urge, sometimes amounting to obsession to perform a particular act which usually is carried out against the performer's will or better judgment. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving

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biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU]

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Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Demethylation: Process that releases substantial amounts of carbon dioxide in the liver. [NIH]

Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule

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cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Dextromethorphan: The d-isomer of the codeine analog of levorphanol. Dextromethorphan shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is a NMDA receptor antagonist (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is used widely as an antitussive agent, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity. [NIH] Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of dextromethorphan. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the

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extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dothiepin: A tricyclic antidepressant with some tranquilizing action. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Monitoring: The process of observing, recording, or detecting the effects of a chemical substance administered to an individual therapeutically or diagnostically. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Drug Toxicity: Manifestations of the adverse effects of drugs administered therapeutically or in the course of diagnostic techniques. It does not include accidental or intentional poisoning for which specific headings are available. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ego: The conscious portion of the personality structure which serves to mediate between the demands of the primitive instinctual drives, (the id), of internalized parental and social prohibitions or the conscience, (the superego), and of reality. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH]

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Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

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Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exploratory Behavior: The tendency to explore or investigate a novel environment. It is considered a motivation not clearly distinguishable from curiosity. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescence Polarization: Measurement of the polarization of fluorescent light from solutions or microscopic specimens. It is used to provide information concerning molecular size, shape, and conformation, molecular anisotropy, electronic energy transfer, molecular interaction, including dye and coenzyme binding, and the antigen-antibody reaction. [NIH] Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay: Fluoroimmunoassay where detection of the hapten-antibody reaction is based on measurement of the increased polarization of fluorescence-labeled hapten when it is combined with antibody. The assay is very useful for the measurement of small haptenic antigens such as drugs at low concentrations. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It is effective in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, anxiety, panic disorders, and alcohol amnestic disorders. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH]

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Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they

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are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypochondriasis: (DSM III-R) a mental disorder characterized by a preoccupation with bodily functions and the interpretation of normal sensations (such as heart beats, sweating, peristaltic action, and bowel movements) or minor abnormalities (such as a runny nose, minor aches and pains, or slightly swollen lymph nodes) as indications of highly disturbing problems needing medical attention. Negative results of diagnostic evaluations and reassurance by physicians only increase the patient's anxious concern about his health, and the patient continues to seek medical attention. Called also hypochondriacal neurosis. [EU] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]

Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

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Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intrathecal: Describes the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Drugs can be injected into the fluid or a sample of the fluid can be removed for testing. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a

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net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Jealousy: An irrational reaction compounded of grief, loss of self-esteem, enmity against the rival and self criticism. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lag: The time elapsing between application of a stimulus and the resulting reaction. [NIH] Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection. [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of biogenic monoamines in the central nervous system, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lofepramine: A psychotropic imipramine derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to desipramine. [NIH] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round

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or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy. It may cause blood dyscrasias. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in

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tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A (RIMA) that has antidepressive properties. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Motor Cortex: Area of the frontal lobe concerned with primary motor control. It lies anterior to the central sulcus. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU]

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Multicenter Studies: Controlled studies which are planned and carried out by several cooperating institutions to assess certain variables and outcomes in specific patient populations, for example, a multicenter study of congenital anomalies in children. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myoclonus: Involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude, followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. This condition may be a feature of some central nervous systems diseases (e.g., epilepsy, myoclonic). Nocturnal myoclonus may represent a normal physiologic event or occur as the principal feature of the nocturnal myoclonus syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3). [NIH] Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropharmacology: The branch of pharmacology dealing especially with the action of

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drugs upon various parts of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nortriptyline: A metabolite of amitryptyline that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Obsession: A recurrent, persistent thought, image, or impulse that is unwanted and distressing (ego-dystonic) and comes involuntarily to mind despite attempts to ignore or suppress it. Common obsessions involve thoughts of violence, contamination, and selfdoubt. [EU] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH]

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Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxytocic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting oxytocia (= rapid labor). 2. An agent that hastens evacuation of the uterus by stimulating contractions of the myometrium. [EU]

Oxytocin: A nonapeptide posterior pituitary hormone that causes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by

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disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Partial response: A decrease in the size of a tumor, or in the extent of cancer in the body, in response to treatment. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of chlorpromazine. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH]

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Phantom: Used to absorb and/or scatter radiation equivalently to a patient, and hence to estimate radiation doses and test imaging systems without actually exposing a patient. It may be an anthropomorphic or a physical test object. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called

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tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Post-synaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Post-traumatic stress disorder: A psychological disorder that develops in some individuals after a major traumatic experience such as war, rape, domestic violence, or accident. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is

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synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychopharmacology: The study of the effects of drugs on mental and behavioral activity. [NIH]

Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychosomatic: Pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having bodily symptoms of psychic, emotional, or mental origin; called also psychophysiologic. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH]

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Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reassurance: A procedure in psychotherapy that seeks to give the client confidence in a favorable outcome. It makes use of suggestion, of the prestige of the therapist. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of

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developing a disease. [NIH] Risperidone: A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salivation: 1. The secretion of saliva. 2. Ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva). [EU] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino

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acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serotonin Syndrome: An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor. [NIH] Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Sleep Deprivation: The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH]

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Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sparteine: An alkaloid isolated from lupin beans, Lupinus luteus and Lupinus niger. It has been used as an oxytocic and an anti-arrhythmia agent. It has also been of interest because of genetic variation in its metabolism. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH]

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Sublingual: Located beneath the tongue. [EU] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Syncope: A temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral schemia, a faint or swoon. [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also

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called platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Trichotillomania: Compulsion to pull out one's hair. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH]

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Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Utilization Review: An organized procedure carried out through committees to review admissions, duration of stay, professional services furnished, and to evaluate the medical necessity of those services and promote their most efficient use. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GABA levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage dependent sodium channels. [NIH] Vas Deferens: The excretory duct of the testes that carries spermatozoa. It rises from the scrotum and joins the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venlafaxine: An antidepressant drug that is being evaluated for the treatment of hot flashes in women who have breast cancer. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH]

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Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH] Yawning: An involuntary deep inspiration with the mouth open, often accompanied by the act of stretching. [NIH]

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INDEX 5 5-Hydroxytryptophan, 56, 59, 61, 63, 64, 97 A Abdominal, 97, 120, 121, 123 Aberrant, 7, 97, 104 Acceptor, 97, 120 Acetylcholine, 57, 97, 103, 119 Adaptation, 97, 103, 122 Adjuvant, 60, 97 Adrenal Cortex, 97, 106, 123 Adrenergic, 7, 97, 98, 100, 109, 110, 116, 129 Adverse Effect, 97, 104, 109, 127 Aerobic, 20, 97 Aerobic Exercise, 20, 97 Affinity, 97, 98, 101, 104, 108, 127 Agonist, 5, 98, 109 Agoraphobia, 98, 113, 121 Airway, 98, 127 Akathisia, 98, 100 Algorithms, 98, 101 Alkaline, 98, 102, 122 Alkaloid, 98, 101, 102, 117, 126, 128 Alpha-1, 98 Alternative medicine, 72, 98 Ambulatory Care, 98 Amenorrhea, 98, 99 Amine, 98, 101, 113 Amino Acids, 25, 98, 101, 121, 122, 124, 131 Amitriptyline, 21, 22, 28, 56, 62, 63, 64, 98 Amnestic, 98, 111 Amphetamine, 7, 99, 108 Anaesthesia, 26, 99, 114 Anal, 99, 110 Analgesic, 56, 99, 115, 117, 120 Anatomical, 7, 99, 103, 110, 114, 117 Animal model, 7, 9, 99 Anisotropy, 99, 111 Anomalies, 99, 118 Anorexia, 30, 66, 99, 131 Anorexia Nervosa, 30, 66, 99 Antagonism, 99, 104 Antibody, 98, 99, 100, 105, 111, 113, 116 Anticholinergic, 98, 99, 115 Anticonvulsant, 99, 116, 131

Antidepressant, 4, 9, 13, 19, 31, 33, 48, 60, 62, 63, 97, 98, 99, 104, 109, 111, 113, 115, 116, 131 Antidiuretic, 48, 99 Antiemetic, 99, 100, 103 Antiepileptic, 97, 99 Antigen, 97, 99, 105, 111, 113, 116, 117 Antipsychotic, 8, 100, 103, 104, 118, 121, 126 Antispasmodic, 100, 120, 126 Anxiety, 5, 6, 12, 17, 21, 25, 38, 56, 61, 98, 100, 111, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123 Anxiety Disorders, 6, 56, 61, 100, 121 Apathy, 100, 118 Apnea, 66, 100 Apoptosis, 16, 50, 100 Aqueous, 100, 101, 107, 110 Arterial, 100, 124 Artery, 100, 125, 131 Artifacts, 6, 100 Assay, 23, 30, 63, 100, 111 Astrocytes, 100, 117 Asymptomatic, 101, 120 Atropine, 101, 126 Atypical, 8, 36, 101, 104, 119, 126 Auditory, 62, 101 Autodigestion, 101, 120 B Bacteria, 100, 101, 106, 107, 116, 117, 125, 131 Basal Ganglia, 100, 101, 104 Base, 101, 107, 115, 121, 122, 129, 131 Behavior Therapy, 8, 101 Bile, 101, 111, 115, 128 Biliary, 101, 120 Biliary Tract, 101, 120 Bioavailability, 45, 56, 101 Biochemical, 15, 16, 53, 101, 126 Biogenic Monoamines, 101, 115 Biotechnology, 10, 69, 72, 81, 101 Biotransformation, 49, 101 Bladder, 102, 114, 131 Blood Coagulation, 102 Blood Platelets, 102, 127 Body Image, 102, 108 Bone Marrow, 62, 102 Bowel, 15, 99, 102, 113 Bowel Movement, 102, 113

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Bronchial, 102, 113 Bupivacaine, 102, 115 C Calcium, 56, 62, 102, 105, 131 Calmodulin, 62, 64, 102 Capsaicin, 56, 102 Carbon Dioxide, 37, 102, 107, 125 Carcinogenic, 102, 124, 128 Cardiac, 102, 110, 111, 115, 128 Cardiorespiratory, 97, 102 Cardiovascular, 99, 102, 127 Case report, 4, 10, 16, 29, 35, 39, 64, 102, 104 Case series, 102, 104 Catecholamine, 103, 108, 122 Caudal, 103, 113, 123 Causal, 103, 110 Cell Death, 100, 103, 118 Central Nervous System, 97, 99, 103, 104, 108, 111, 112, 115, 117, 118, 126, 127 Centrifugation, 103, 117 Cerebral, 34, 101, 103, 106, 107, 110, 111, 129 Cerebrospinal, 16, 25, 103 Cerebrospinal fluid, 16, 25, 103 Cerebrum, 103 Chemoreceptor, 100, 103 Chin, 103, 116 Chlorpromazine, 62, 63, 103, 121 Cholecystokinin, 57, 103 Cholesterol, 101, 103, 128 Cholinergic, 7, 98, 100, 103 Chorea, 100, 103 Chromatin, 100, 104, 116, 128 Chronic, 4, 5, 9, 13, 24, 25, 29, 31, 34, 42, 56, 57, 60, 104, 115, 120, 127, 131 Citalopram, 13, 16, 21, 27, 40, 50, 71, 104 Clinical Medicine, 104, 123 Clinical study, 28, 104 Clinical trial, 4, 6, 36, 81, 104, 106, 109, 118, 124, 125 Clonic, 104, 116 Cloning, 101, 104 Clorgyline, 39, 104 Clozapine, 21, 30, 42, 47, 104 Coenzyme, 104, 111 Cofactor, 104, 124 Cognition, 104, 118 Cognitive behavior therapy, 5, 104 Cognitive Therapy, 41, 104 Cohort Studies, 105, 110 Collapse, 105, 127

Complement, 105 Complementary and alternative medicine, 59, 67, 105 Complementary medicine, 59, 105 Complete remission, 105, 125 Compulsions, 7, 16, 22, 105, 119 Computational Biology, 81, 105 Concomitant, 23, 106 Confusion, 106, 118, 131 Congestion, 100, 106 Conjugated, 106, 107 Conjugation, 102, 106 Connective Tissue, 102, 106, 111, 115 Consciousness, 99, 106, 107, 108, 110, 124, 129 Constipation, 100, 106 Contamination, 106, 119 Contraindications, ii, 106 Controlled study, 11, 19, 22, 25, 32, 37, 53, 62, 106 Convulsions, 38, 99, 106 Cortex, 4, 9, 63, 106, 110 Cortical, 106, 126 Cortisol, 17, 106 Cross-Sectional Studies, 106, 110 Curative, 106, 119, 129 Cyclic, 5, 102, 106 Cytochrome, 40, 49, 63, 107 Cytoplasm, 100, 107, 116 D Decarboxylation, 101, 107, 113 Degenerative, 107, 117 Deletion, 100, 107 Delirium, 100, 107 Dementia, 100, 107 Demethylation, 25, 39, 41, 107 Dendrites, 107, 108, 118 Dental Caries, 3, 107 Dentate Gyrus, 107, 113 Depersonalization, 51, 108, 121, 126 Depressive Disorder, 11, 22, 25, 27, 31, 108, 115 Derealization, 108, 121 Dextroamphetamine, 99, 108 Dextromethorphan, 108 Dextrorphan, 40, 108 Diagnostic procedure, 6, 72, 108 Digestion, 101, 102, 108, 115, 128 Direct, iii, 75, 104, 108, 109, 125, 129 Discrete, 8, 108 Dissociation, 97, 108, 115 Dizziness, 108, 121

135

Dopamine, 7, 22, 49, 52, 57, 99, 100, 103, 104, 108, 117, 119, 122, 126 Dothiepin, 12, 109 Double-blind, 11, 12, 16, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 36, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 56, 61, 109 Drug Interactions, 76, 109 Drug Monitoring, 19, 29, 30, 41, 42, 47, 48, 63, 64, 109 Drug Resistance, 60, 109 Drug Tolerance, 109 Drug Toxicity, 62, 109 Duct, 109, 111, 126, 131 Dyskinesia, 49, 100, 104, 109 Dysphoric, 61, 108, 109 Dyspnea, 109, 121 Dystonia, 100, 109 E Edema, 60, 109, 131 Effector, 97, 105, 109 Efficacy, 5, 8, 12, 17, 22, 25, 31, 33, 34, 109, 130 Ego, 109, 119 Ejaculation, 11, 17, 24, 25, 109, 126 Electrons, 101, 109, 114, 115, 120, 125 Embryo, 110, 114 Empirical, 5, 9, 110 Emulsion, 56, 110 Enamel, 107, 110 Endocrine System, 110, 118 Endogenous, 27, 35, 36, 45, 57, 108, 110 Endoscopy, 43, 110 Enkephalin, 64, 110 Entorhinal Cortex, 110, 113 Environmental Health, 80, 82, 110 Enzymatic, 101, 102, 105, 107, 110, 113 Enzyme, 104, 109, 110, 115, 117, 132 Epidemiologic Studies, 6, 110 Epilepticus, 48, 110 Epinephrine, 97, 108, 110, 119, 131 Erythrocytes, 102, 110 Esophageal, 60, 110 Esophagus, 110, 128 Estrogen, 111, 124 Ethanol, 104, 111 Excitability, 32, 111, 118 Exocrine, 103, 111, 120 Exogenous, 101, 110, 111 Exploratory Behavior, 38, 111 Extracellular, 101, 106, 111, 116, 127 Extracellular Space, 111, 117 Extrapyramidal, 98, 100, 109, 111

F Family Planning, 81, 111 Fat, 102, 111, 115, 127 Fenfluramine, 24, 26, 111 Fetus, 111, 131 Fluorescence, 37, 111 Fluorescence Polarization, 37, 111 Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay, 37, 111 Fluoxetine, 6, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 35, 39, 49, 56, 111 Fluvoxamine, 11, 16, 19, 28, 29, 37, 39, 41, 47, 53, 111 Frontal Lobe, 111, 117 G Gallbladder, 97, 101, 103, 111 Ganglia, 97, 111, 118 Gas, 29, 102, 112, 113, 119 Gastric, 101, 112, 113 Gastrin, 112, 113 Gastrointestinal, 103, 110, 111, 112, 127, 129 Gastrointestinal tract, 111, 112, 127 Gene, 101, 112, 122 General practitioner, 45, 112 Genotype, 47, 112 Gland, 97, 112, 115, 120, 126, 128, 130 Glucose, 34, 112, 114, 126 Glucuronic Acid, 112 Gonadal, 112, 128 Governing Board, 112, 123 H Haloperidol, 10, 44, 112 Headache, 64, 112, 123 Hemostasis, 112, 127 Heparin, 63, 112 Hereditary, 112, 117 Heredity, 39, 112 Heterogeneity, 6, 98, 112 Hippocampus, 5, 107, 113, 128 Histamine, 56, 100, 113, 116 Histidine, 113 Homologous, 113, 129 Hormone, 24, 34, 44, 48, 60, 106, 110, 112, 113, 114, 120, 123, 130 Hydrogen, 97, 98, 101, 113, 117, 120 Hydrolysis, 101, 113, 122 Hydroxylation, 32, 35, 113 Hypersensitivity, 37, 113 Hypochondriasis, 51, 113 Hypoglycemia, 45, 113 Hypotension, 100, 106, 113

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Hypothalamus, 5, 110, 113, 129 Hypothermia, 44, 113 I Imipramine, 16, 19, 21, 25, 29, 45, 48, 62, 113, 115 Immune response, 97, 99, 113, 129 Immunology, 97, 114 Impairment, 41, 107, 109, 114, 116, 124 In vitro, 7, 20, 49, 114 In vivo, 4, 7, 20, 60, 112, 114, 117 Incontinence, 114, 126 Incubation, 62, 114 Induction, 40, 100, 114, 123 Inflammation, 114, 120, 122, 131 Infusion, 33, 114 Inotropic, 109, 114 Inpatients, 13, 23, 42, 114 Insight, 9, 114 Insomnia, 114, 123 Insulin, 45, 114 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 114 Intervertebral, 114, 115 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 114, 115 Intestinal, 103, 114 Intestinal Mucosa, 103, 114 Intoxication, 42, 107, 114, 132 Intrathecal, 56, 114 Intravenous, 20, 23, 25, 30, 32, 33, 38, 40, 43, 50, 51, 114 Involuntary, 103, 114, 118, 128, 132 Ionization, 48, 114 Ions, 101, 102, 108, 113, 115, 117, 127 Isoenzyme, 40, 115 J Jealousy, 14, 115 K Kb, 80, 115 Keratolytic, 107, 115 Kinetics, 47, 115 L Lactation, 30, 115, 120, 123 Lag, 4, 51, 115 Levorphanol, 108, 115 Lidocaine, 48, 115 Lipid, 56, 114, 115 Lithium, 24, 33, 34, 45, 46, 60, 100, 115 Lithium Carbonate, 33, 45, 60, 115 Liver, 63, 97, 101, 107, 110, 111, 112, 115 Lofepramine, 50, 115 Low Back Pain, 31, 115 Lumbar, 114, 115

Lutein Cells, 115, 124 Lymph, 113, 115 Lymph node, 113, 115 Lymphocytes, 50, 100, 115, 116 Lymphoid, 115, 116 M Manic, 100, 115, 116, 124 Maprotiline, 13, 52, 116 Mediate, 7, 109, 116 Mediator, 103, 116, 127 MEDLINE, 81, 116 Meiosis, 116, 129 Melanin, 116, 122, 131 Membrane, 16, 100, 105, 111, 116, 117, 127 Memory, 35, 99, 107, 116 Menstrual Cycle, 116, 123 Mental Health, iv, 4, 80, 82, 86, 116, 124 Mental Retardation, 8, 16, 18, 116 Mephenytoin, 47, 116 Mesolimbic, 100, 116 Metabolite, 30, 47, 101, 108, 116, 119 Mianserin, 29, 62, 116 Microbiology, 97, 101, 116 Microdialysis, 4, 7, 116 Microglia, 101, 117 Microorganism, 104, 117, 121, 132 Micro-organism, 107, 117 Microsomal, 63, 117 Mitosis, 100, 117 Moclobemide, 22, 26, 27, 35, 36, 37, 46, 117 Molecular, 9, 65, 81, 83, 101, 102, 105, 107, 111, 112, 117, 123, 125, 130 Molecular Structure, 117, 130 Molecule, 100, 101, 104, 105, 108, 109, 113, 117, 120, 125 Monoamine, 25, 35, 99, 104, 108, 117, 121, 127 Monotherapy, 8, 46, 117 Morphine, 37, 57, 117, 118, 120 Motility, 117, 127 Motion Sickness, 117, 118, 126 Motor Activity, 106, 117 Motor Cortex, 32, 117 Movement Disorders, 18, 100, 117 Mucins, 117, 126 Mucosa, 117, 124 Multicenter Studies, 6, 118 Multicenter study, 12, 36, 118 Muscle Relaxation, 118 Mydriatic, 118, 126 Myoclonus, 39, 63, 118 Myotonia, 24, 118

137

N Narcolepsy, 7, 108, 118 Narcosis, 118 Narcotic, 39, 115, 117, 118 Nausea, 99, 100, 118, 121, 123, 131 Necrosis, 100, 118 Neonatal, 9, 18, 38, 118 Nervous System, 99, 103, 116, 118, 119, 129 Neuroendocrine, 5, 38, 39, 41, 118 Neuroleptic, 8, 98, 100, 104, 118 Neuromuscular, 97, 118, 127, 131 Neuromuscular Junction, 97, 118 Neuronal, 9, 104, 118 Neurons, 9, 107, 111, 118, 129 Neuropharmacology, 7, 19, 31, 34, 63, 118 Neurosis, 22, 113, 119 Neurotransmitter, 97, 108, 113, 119, 129 Niacin, 119, 130 Nitrogen, 98, 119, 130 Nonverbal Communication, 119, 124 Norepinephrine, 97, 98, 108, 119 Nortriptyline, 19, 119 Nuclear, 101, 106, 109, 118, 119, 129 Nucleus, 100, 104, 106, 107, 114, 115, 116, 119, 124 O Observational study, 6, 119 Obsession, 15, 105, 119 Odour, 10, 119, 131 On-line, 14, 95, 119 Opiate, 40, 110, 117, 120 Opium, 117, 120 Optic Chiasm, 113, 120 Oral Health, 3, 120 Orgasm, 109, 120 Orthostatic, 40, 100, 120 Outpatient, 120 Overdose, 13, 15, 26, 46, 56, 120 Ovum, 120, 123, 124, 132 Oxidation, 47, 48, 97, 101, 107, 120 Oxidation-Reduction, 101, 120 Oxytocic, 120, 128 Oxytocin, 5, 120 P Palliative, 120, 129 Pancreas, 97, 114, 120 Pancreatic, 103, 120 Pancreatitis, 13, 120 Panic, 11, 15, 18, 19, 20, 25, 34, 40, 41, 48, 50, 71, 111, 113, 120, 121

Panic Disorder, 11, 15, 18, 19, 20, 25, 34, 41, 48, 50, 71, 111, 113, 121 Paresthesias, 121 Pargyline, 104, 121 Parkinsonism, 100, 121 Paroxetine, 11, 12, 34, 41, 121 Partial remission, 121, 125 Partial response, 6, 8, 19, 121 Parturition, 121, 123 Pathogen, 114, 121 Pathologic, 100, 113, 121 Pathologic Processes, 100, 121 Pelvis, 115, 121, 131 Penis, 109, 121 Peptide, 103, 121, 122, 124, 130 Perception, 108, 121, 126 Periodontal disease, 4, 121 Perphenazine, 30, 121 Petrolatum, 110, 121 Phantom, 64, 122 Pharmacodynamic, 52, 122 Pharmacokinetic, 16, 41, 52, 57, 61, 122 Pharmacologic, 9, 122, 130 Pharmacotherapy, 6, 8, 42, 122 Phenolphthalein, 110, 122 Phenylalanine, 122, 131 Phobic Disorders, 65, 122 Phosphorus, 102, 122 Physiologic, 48, 98, 116, 118, 122, 125 Physiology, 3, 56, 57, 97, 122 Pilot study, 12, 61, 122 Plants, 98, 101, 102, 112, 119, 122, 126 Plasma, 5, 20, 21, 25, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 40, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 52, 61, 64, 112, 122, 126 Plasticity, 9, 122 Platelets, 52, 61, 122, 130 Pneumonia, 106, 122 Poisoning, 107, 109, 114, 118, 122 Polymorphism, 48, 122 Polypeptide, 122, 123 Posterior, 99, 120, 123 Post-synaptic, 5, 123 Post-traumatic, 64, 117, 123 Post-traumatic stress disorder, 64, 123 Potentiates, 4, 123 Potentiating, 98, 123 Practicability, 123, 130 Practice Guidelines, 9, 82, 123 Precursor, 56, 61, 97, 108, 109, 110, 119, 122, 123, 130, 131 Premedication, 123, 126 Premenstrual Syndrome, 24, 123

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Presynaptic, 5, 7, 119, 123 Probe, 117, 123 Procaine, 115, 123 Progesterone, 123, 124, 128 Progression, 99, 123 Progressive, 4, 107, 109, 118, 123 Prolactin, 13, 47, 123 Promoter, 47, 124 Prophase, 124, 129 Prophylaxis, 61, 123, 124 Protein S, 101, 124 Proteins, 98, 100, 104, 105, 117, 119, 121, 122, 124, 125, 127 Protocol, 6, 29, 124 Proximal, 123, 124 Psychiatric, 3, 6, 17, 32, 35, 45, 64, 124, 127 Psychic, 116, 119, 124, 126 Psychoactive, 124, 132 Psychology, 105, 108, 124 Psychosis, 100, 124 Psychosomatic, 60, 64, 124 Psychotherapy, 6, 21, 64, 104, 124, 125 Psychotomimetic, 99, 108, 124 Psychotropic, 115, 124 Public Health, 8, 82, 124 Public Policy, 81, 125 Pulse, 24, 33, 43, 51, 125 Q Quaternary, 125, 126 R Radiation, 111, 122, 125 Radioactive, 113, 115, 119, 125 Randomized, 5, 6, 12, 29, 35, 36, 37, 109, 125 Randomized clinical trial, 6, 35, 125 Rape, 123, 125 Reactive Oxygen Species, 16, 125 Reassurance, 113, 125 Receptor, 5, 7, 40, 50, 56, 63, 97, 100, 103, 104, 108, 109, 125, 127 Receptors, Serotonin, 125, 127 Refer, 1, 105, 108, 118, 124, 125 Refractory, 4, 10, 15, 32, 38, 40, 125 Regimen, 109, 122, 125 Remission, 5, 125 Respiration, 100, 102, 103, 125 Retrospective, 6, 125 Risk factor, 110, 125 Risperidone, 8, 10, 26, 126 S Saliva, 3, 126 Salivary, 3, 126, 132

Salivary glands, 3, 126 Salivation, 3, 126 Saponins, 126, 128 Scatter, 122, 126 Schizoid, 126, 132 Schizophrenia, 9, 21, 24, 31, 126, 132 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 108, 126, 132 Scopolamine, 57, 126 Screening, 6, 104, 126 Scrotum, 126, 131 Secretion, 3, 30, 113, 114, 115, 117, 126 Sedative, 98, 113, 126 Seizures, 44, 46, 62, 107, 110, 126 Semen, 109, 126 Seminal vesicles, 126, 131 Serotonin Syndrome, 26, 27, 42, 127 Sertraline, 12, 25, 127 Serum, 14, 15, 31, 37, 47, 64, 105, 127 Shock, 118, 127, 130 Side effect, 39, 40, 44, 52, 75, 97, 98, 100, 104, 116, 127, 130 Signs and Symptoms, 125, 127, 131 Skeletal, 127, 128 Skull, 127, 129 Sleep apnea, 44, 127 Sleep Deprivation, 9, 33, 45, 127 Small intestine, 113, 127 Smooth muscle, 113, 117, 127, 128, 129 Sodium, 127, 131 Sodium Channels, 127, 131 Soft tissue, 102, 127 Soma, 127, 128 Somatic, 8, 116, 117, 128 Sparteine, 47, 48, 128 Spasm, 60, 100, 128 Specialist, 87, 128 Species, 102, 110, 116, 117, 125, 128, 132 Spermatozoa, 126, 128, 131 Spinal cord, 100, 103, 114, 118, 128 Sprains and Strains, 115, 128 Steroid, 51, 106, 126, 128 Stimulant, 99, 108, 113, 128 Stimulus, 115, 121, 128, 129 Stomach, 97, 101, 110, 112, 113, 118, 127, 128 Stress, 5, 103, 106, 118, 128 Striatum, 57, 128 Stupor, 118, 128 Subclinical, 126, 128 Subcutaneous, 60, 109, 128 Subiculum, 113, 128

139

Sublingual, 56, 129 Substance P, 116, 126, 129 Supplementation, 62, 129 Suppression, 31, 65, 129 Sympathomimetic, 99, 108, 109, 110, 119, 129 Symptomatic, 6, 120, 129 Symptomatology, 52, 129 Synapse, 57, 97, 118, 123, 129, 130 Synapsis, 129 Synaptic, 4, 119, 129 Syncope, 16, 43, 129 Synergistic, 33, 124, 129 T Tardive, 49, 100, 104, 129 Temporal, 8, 113, 129 Thalamus, 41, 129 Therapeutics, 19, 23, 47, 49, 76, 129 Third Ventricle, 113, 129 Threshold, 111, 129 Thrombocytes, 122, 129 Thrombosis, 61, 124, 130 Thyroid, 4, 60, 130, 131 Thyroid Gland, 130 Thyroid Hormones, 4, 130, 131 Thyrotropin, 34, 130 Thyroxine, 4, 122, 130 Tissue, 100, 101, 102, 106, 109, 114, 115, 116, 118, 120, 121, 125, 127, 128, 130 Tomography, 29, 130 Tonic, 116, 130 Topical, 51, 111, 121, 130 Toxic, iv, 42, 50, 101, 106, 130 Toxicity, 109, 130 Toxicology, 13, 14, 26, 42, 43, 56, 82, 130 Trachea, 130 Transfection, 101, 130 Transmitter, 63, 97, 101, 108, 116, 119, 130 Trauma, 107, 112, 118, 120, 130 Treatment Outcome, 6, 24, 130 Trichotillomania, 10, 12, 51, 130

Tricyclic, 13, 19, 50, 64, 66, 76, 98, 104, 109, 113, 115, 116, 130 Trigger zone, 100, 130 Tryptophan, 33, 34, 45, 56, 127, 130 Tyrosine, 45, 108, 131 U Uraemia, 120, 131 Urethra, 121, 131 Urinary, 114, 126, 131 Urine, 21, 30, 99, 102, 114, 131 Uterine Contraction, 120, 131 Uterus, 62, 120, 123, 131 Utilization Review, 23, 131 V Vaccine, 97, 124, 131 Valproic Acid, 48, 131 Vas Deferens, 20, 56, 131 Vasculitis, 120, 131 Vasodilator, 109, 113, 131 Vein, 114, 119, 131 Venlafaxine, 12, 19, 20, 53, 131 Venous, 124, 131 Ventricle, 113, 125, 129, 131 Verapamil, 60, 131 Vesicular, 117, 131 Veterinary Medicine, 81, 131 Vinca Alkaloids, 131, 132 Vincristine, 62, 64, 132 Viscera, 128, 132 Vitro, 7, 112, 132 Vivo, 7, 132 W War, 123, 132 Windpipe, 130, 132 Withdrawal, 14, 18, 27, 38, 39, 42, 44, 53, 107, 132 Womb, 131, 132 X Xenograft, 99, 132 Xerostomia, 4, 132 Y Yawning, 52, 132

140

Clomipramine

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