Clobetasol - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CLOBETASOL A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET R EFERENC...

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CLOBETASOL A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET

R EFERENCES

CLOBETASOL A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Clobetasol: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00268-X 1. Clobetasol-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on clobetasol. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CLOBETASOL ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Clobetasol ...................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CLOBETASOL ................................................................................... 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 Finding Nutrition Studies on Clobetasol..................................................................................... 29 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 30 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 3. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CLOBETASOL ............................................................... 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 33 Academic Periodicals covering Clobetasol ................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 4. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 37 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 38 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 41 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 43 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 45 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 47 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 49 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 51 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 51 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 57 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 57 CLOBETASOL DICTIONARY...................................................................................................... 59 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 77

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with clobetasol is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about clobetasol, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to clobetasol, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on clobetasol. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to clobetasol, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on clobetasol. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CLOBETASOL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on clobetasol.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and clobetasol, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “clobetasol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Topical Corticosteroids in Association with Miconazole and Chlorhexidine in the Long-Term Management of Atrophic-Erosive Oral Lichen Planus: A PlaceboControlled and Comparative Study Between Source: Oral Diseases. 5(1): 44-49. January 1999. Contact: Available from Stockton Press. Marketing Department, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, United Kingdom. (800) 747-3187. Website: www.stockton-press.co.uk. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of a combination of topical corticosteroids with topical antifungal drugs in the treatment of atrophic-erosive forms of oral lichen planus (OLP). The study population consisted of 60 patients with OLP subdivided into three groups matched for sex and age. The first

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group (n = 25) received 0.05 percent clobetasol propionate ointment; and the second group (n = 24) received 0.05 percent fluocinonide ointment; both groups also received antifungal treatment consisting of miconazole gel and 0.12 percent chlorhexidine mouthwashes. The third group (n = 11), the placebo group, received only a plain ointment (hydroxyethyl cellulose gel), and antifungal treatment as above. All the treatment regimens were carried out for 6 months; each patient was examined every 2 months and for a further 6 months of follow up after active treatment. All patients treated with clobetasol and 90 percent of the patients treated with fluocinonide witness some improvement, whereas in the placebo group only 20 percent of patients improved. However, when considering complete responses, only clobetasol gave significantly better results than placebo. Clobestasol resolved 75 percent of the lesions whereas fluocinonide was effective in 25 percent of cases and placebo in none. Similar results were obtained for symptoms. None of the treated patients contracted oropharyngeal candidiasis. After 6 months of follow up, 65 percent of the clobetasol treated group and 55 percent of the fluocinonide group were stable. Estimation of plasma cortisol levels showed no significant systemic adverse effects of clobetasol or fluocinonide. The authors conclude that a very potent topical corticosteroid such as clobetasol may control OLP in most cases, with no significant adrenal suppression or adverse effects. Moreover, a concomitant antifungal treatment with miconazole gel and chlorhexidine mouthwashes is a useful and safe prophylaxis agent against oropharyngeal candidiasis. 2 figures. 3 tables. 33 references.

Federally Funded Research on Clobetasol The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to clobetasol. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to clobetasol. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore clobetasol.

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text 2

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with clobetasol, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “clobetasol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for clobetasol (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

0.05% clobetasol 17-propionate cream and ointment but not the corresponding 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide preparations increase skin surface roughness: a possible dissociation of unwanted epidermal and dermal effects. Author(s): Kerscher MJ, Korting HC, Mehringer L, Matzig R. Source: Skin Pharmacol. 1996; 9(2): 120-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8722606

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0.25% prednicarbate cream and the corresponding vehicle induce less skin atrophy than 0.1% betamethasone-17-valerate cream and 0.05% clobetasol-17-propionate cream. Author(s): Korting HC, Vieluf D, Kerscher M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992; 42(2): 159-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1618247

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A clinical comparison of betamethasone 17,21-dipropionate and clobetasol propionate creams in dermatology. Author(s): Voigtlander V. Source: J Int Med Res. 1977; 5(2): 128-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=326594

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A clinical trial of clobetasol propionate in Filipino vitiligo patients. Author(s): Geraldez CB, Gutierrez GT. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1987; 9(5): 474-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3311364

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A comparison of clobetasol propionate 0.05 percent ointment and an optimized betamethasone dipropionate 0.05 percent ointment in the treatment of psoriasis. Author(s): Jacobson C, Cornell RC, Savin RC. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1986 March; 37(3): 213-4, 216, 218-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3514155

journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A controlled trial of clobetasol propionate ointment 0.05% in the treatment of experimentally induced Rhus dermatitis. Author(s): Vernon HJ, Olsen EA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 November; 23(5 Pt 1): 829-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2147698

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A double-blind comparison between a new trihalogenated dermatocorticosteroid (halometasone) cream and clobetasol 17-propionate (Dermovate) cream. Author(s): Schwarz KJ, Konzelmann M, Yawalkar SJ, Schoenenberger PM. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1982 May; 36(5): 192-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6756453

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A double-blind comparison of quarter strength clobetasol propionate in Unguentum Merck with betamethasone valerate in psoriasis. Author(s): Stankler L. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1983 November-December; 37(11-12): 389-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6367795

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A double-blind randomized trial of 0.1% tacrolimus vs 0.05% clobetasol for the treatment of childhood vitiligo. Author(s): Lepe V, Moncada B, Castanedo-Cazares JP, Torres-Alvarez MB, Ortiz CA, Torres-Rubalcava AB. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 May; 139(5): 581-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12756094

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A double-blind trial of 0-05% clobetasol proprionate in the treatment of vitiligo. Author(s): Clayton R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1977 January; 96(1): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=320996

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A double-blind, multicenter comparison of 0.05% halobetasol propionate ointment and 0.05% clobetasol propionate ointment in patients with chronic, localized plaque psoriasis. Author(s): Goldberg B, Hartdegen R, Presbury D, Smith EH, Yawalkar S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 December; 25(6 Pt 2): 1145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1757605

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A double-blind, multicenter trial of 0.05% halobetasol propionate ointment and 0.05% clobetasol 17-propionate ointment in the treatment of patients with chronic, localized atopic dermatitis or lichen simplex chronicus. Author(s): Datz B, Yawalkar S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 December; 25(6 Pt 2): 1157-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1757608

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A double-blind, vehicle-controlled study of clobetasol propionate 0.05% (Temovate) scalp application in the treatment of moderate to severe scalp psoriasis. Author(s): Olsen EA, Cram DL, Ellis CN, Hickman JG, Jacobson C, Jenkins EE, Lasser AE, Lebwohl M, Leibsohn E, Medansky RS, et al. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 March; 24(3): 443-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2061442

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A hydrocolloid occlusive dressing plus triamcinolone acetonide cream is superior to clobetasol cream in palmo-plantar pustulosis. Author(s): Kragballe K, Larsen FG. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1991; 71(6): 540-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1685841

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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of clobetasol propionate 0.05% foam in the treatment of nonscalp psoriasis. Author(s): Lebwohl M, Sherer D, Washenik K, Krueger GG, Menter A, Koo J, Feldman SR. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 May; 41(5): 269-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12100701

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A study of the comparative efficacy of diflucortolone valerate 0.3% ointment and clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment. Author(s): Wendt H, Mugglestone CJ, Wiseman RA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1978 October; 99(4): 411-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=361059

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Adrenal suppression following low-dose topical clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Stoughton RB. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1988 May; 81(5): 308. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3385719

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Adrenal suppression following low-dose topical clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Ohman EM, Rogers S, Meenan FO, McKenna TJ. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1987 July; 80(7): 422-4. Erratum In: J R Soc Med 1988 May; 81(5): 308. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3656312

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Allergic contact dermatitis to topical corticosteroids: clobetasol propionate and clobetasone butyrate. Author(s): Dooms-Goossens A, Vanhee J, Vanderheyden D, Gevers D, Willems L, Degreef H. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1983 November; 9(6): 470-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6653104

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Allergy to clobetasol-17-propionate (Dermovate). Author(s): Bachmann-Buffle B. Source: Dermatologica. 1983; 167(2): 104. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6628801

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Allergy to clobetasol-17-propionate (Dermovate). Author(s): van Ketel WG, Swain AF. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1981 September; 7(5): 278-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7307491

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Anti-CD11a ameliorates disease in the human psoriatic skin-SCID mouse transplant model: comparison of antibody to CD11a with Cyclosporin A and clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Zeigler M, Chi Y, Tumas DB, Bodary S, Tang H, Varani J. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 2001 September; 81(9): 1253-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11555673

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Atrophic skin striae following the use of clobetasol propionate ointment. Author(s): Hardie RA, Waring AJ, Barnetson RS. Source: The Practitioner. 1977 September; 219(1311): 376-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=928283

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Avascular necrosis of the hips following longterm use of clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Hogan DJ, Sibley JT, Lane PR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 March; 14(3): 515-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3958267

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Betamethasone dipropionate cream for the treatment of psoriasis. A double-blind comparison with clobetasol propionate cream. Author(s): Verdich J, Karlsmark T. Source: Dermatologica. 1985; 170(3): 152-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3979642

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Bioavailability of clobetasol propionate in different vehicles. Author(s): Franz TJ, Lehman PA, Feldman SR, Spellman MC. Source: Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 2003 July-August; 16(4): 2126. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12784060

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Bioavailability of clobetasol propionate-quantification of drug concentrations in the stratum corneum by dermatopharmacokinetics using tape stripping. Author(s): Weigmann H, Lademann J, v Pelchrzim R, Sterry W, Hagemeister T, Molzahn R, Schaefer M, Lindscheid M, Schaefer H, Shah VP. Source: Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 1999 January-April; 12(1-2): 46-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10325583

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Calcipotriol ointment versus clobetasol ointment in localized vitiligo: an open, comparative clinical trial. Author(s): Kose O, Riza Gur A, Kurumlu Z, Erol E. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 September; 41(9): 616-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12358838

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Calcipotriol or clobetasol propionate occluded with a hydrocolloid dressing for treatment of nummular psoriasis. Author(s): Nielsen PG. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1993 October; 73(5): 394. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7904413

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Calcitriol ointment and clobetasol propionate cream: a new regimen for the treatment of plaque psoriasis. Author(s): Lahfa M, Mrowietz U, Koenig M, Simon JC. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2003 May-June; 13(3): 261-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12804986

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Clinical experience with 0.05% clobetasol propionate creams. Author(s): Richards RN. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1985 May; 12(5 Pt 1): 891-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4008693

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Clobetasol dipropionate 0.05% versus testosterone propionate 2% topical application for severe vulvar lichen sclerosus. Author(s): Bornstein J, Heifetz S, Kellner Y, Stolar Z, Abramovici H. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 January; 178(1 Pt 1): 80-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9465808

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Clobetasol propionate 0.05% cream in the treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus: effect on the immunohistological profile. Author(s): Carli P, Cattaneo A, Giannotti B. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1992 November; 127(5): 542-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1467299

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Clobetasol propionate 0.05% under occlusion in the treatment of alopecia totalis/universalis. Author(s): Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Pazzaglia M, Vincenzi C. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 July; 49(1): 96-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12833016

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Clobetasol propionate cream versus halcinonide cream in psoriasis. Author(s): Ellis CN, Van Scott EJ. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1986 June; 25(5): 332-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3522448

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Clobetasol propionate emollient 0.05 percent: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis safety and four-week clinical efficacy results in plaque-type psoriasis. Author(s): Jorizzo JL, Magee K, Stewart DM, Lebwohl MG, Rajagopalan R, Brown JJ. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1997 July; 60(1): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9252738

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Clobetasol propionate emollient 0.05% in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Maloney JM, Morman MR, Stewart DM, Tharp MD, Brown JJ, Rajagopalan R. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 February; 37(2): 142-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9542676

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Clobetasol propionate foam 0.05%: a novel vehicle with enhanced delivery. Author(s): Franz TJ, Parsell DA, Myers JA, Hannigan JF. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 July; 39(7): 535-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10940121

Studies

11

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Clobetasol propionate foam, 0.05%. Author(s): Melian EB, Spencer CM, Jarvis B. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2001; 2(2): 89-92; Discussion 93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11705308

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Clobetasol propionate followed by calcipotriol is superior to calcipotriol alone in topical treatment of psoriasis. Author(s): Austad J, Bjerke JR, Gjertsen BT, Helland S, Livden JK, Morken T, Mork NJ. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1998 July; 11(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9731961

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Clobetasol propionate for PUVA overdosage. Author(s): Hindson C, Spiro J, Blyth B. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1984 May; 110(5): 633. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6722031

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Clobetasol propionate in the treatment of premenarchal vulvar lichen sclerosus. Author(s): Smith YR, Quint EH. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 October; 98(4): 588-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11576572

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Clobetasol propionate ointment 0.05% versus diflorasone diacetate ointment 0.05% in moderate to severe psoriasis. Author(s): Jegasothy BV. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1990 December; 29(10): 729-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2269571

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Clobetasol propionate ointment as first-aid for burns. Author(s): Hindson TC, Hazell M, Wickramasinghe L. Source: Lancet. 1987 May 9; 1(8541): 1087-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2883418

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Clobetasol propionate ointment compared with dithranol in Lassar's paste in the treatment of psoriasis. Author(s): Marriott PJ, Munro DD. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1976 March; 94 Suppl 12: 101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1268069

12

Clobetasol

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Clobetasol propionate ointment once daily versus fluocinonide ointment three times daily in psoriasis. Author(s): Bickers D, Cornell R, Kamm AR, Bauman WE, Handler RM, Medansky RS, Sturm HM. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1988 January-February; 27(1): 54-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3278991

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Clobetasol propionate ointment reduces inflammation after cryotherapy. Author(s): Hindson TC, Spiro J, Scott LV. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1985 May; 112(5): 599-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3890918

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Clobetasol propionate versus fluocinonide creams in psoriasis and eczema. Author(s): Jegasothy B, Jacobson C, Levine N, Millikan L, Olsen E, Pinnell S, Cole G, Weinstein G, Porter M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1985 September; 24(7): 461-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3902682

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Clobetasol under hydrocolloid occlusion in psoriasis results in a complete block of proliferation and in a rebound of lesions following discontinuation. Author(s): Mommers JM, van Erp PE, van De Kerkhof PC. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 199(4): 323-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10640842

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Clobetasol-17 propionate lotion under hydrocolloid dressing (Duoderm ET) once weekly versus unoccluded clobetasol-17-propionate ointment twice daily in psoriasis: an immunohistochemical study on remission and relapse. Author(s): van der Vleuten CJ, van Vlijmen-Willems IM, de Jong EM, van de Kerkhof PC. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1999 July-August; 291(7-8): 390-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10482007

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Clobetasol-induced milia. Author(s): Iacobelli D, Hashimoto K, Kato I, Ito M, Suzuki Y. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 August; 21(2 Pt 1): 2157. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2768571

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Combination of calcipotriene (Dovonex) ointment and tazarotene (Tazorac) gel versus clobetasol ointment in the treatment of plaque psoriasis: a pilot study. Author(s): Bowman PH, Maloney JE, Koo JY. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 June; 46(6): 907-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12063489

Studies

13

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Combination of calcipotriol and clobetasol propionate as a premixed ointment for the treatment of psoriasis. Author(s): Katoh N, Kishimoto S. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2003 July-August; 13(4): 382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12948920

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Combination of clobetasol and tretinoin in vitiligo -letter-. Author(s): Parsad D, Saini R, Juneja A. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 August; 39(8): 639-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11041694

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Comparison of 0.05% clobetasol propionate cream and topical Puvasol in childhood vitiligo. Author(s): Khalid M, Mujtaba G, Haroon TS. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1995 March; 34(3): 203-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7751099

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Comparison of betamethasone dipropionate lotion with salicylic acid (Diprosalic) and clobetasol propionate lotion (Dermovate) in the treatment of psoriasis of the scalp. Author(s): Hillstrom L, Pettersson L, Svensson L. Source: J Int Med Res. 1982; 10(6): 419-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7152080

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Comparison of clobetasol propionate and betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate with reference to adrenal suppression. Author(s): Eriksen K. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1979; 59(4): 372-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=92159

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Comparison of the effects of calcipotriol, prednicarbate and clobetasol 17-propionate on normal skin assessed by ultrasound measurement of skin thickness. Author(s): Levy J, Gassmuller J, Schroder G, Audring H, Sonnichsen N. Source: Skin Pharmacol. 1994; 7(4): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8024805

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Comparison of the response of psoriasis, over a 6-month period, to clobetasol propionate and fluocinolone acetonide ointments. Author(s): Floden CH, Woodbridge P, Samman P, Kurwa AR. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1975; 3(6): 375-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1183219

14

Clobetasol

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Comparison of two application schedules for clobetasol 17 propionate. Author(s): vd Harst LC, de Jonge H, Pot F, Polano MK. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1982; 62(3): 270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6179380

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Contact allergy to clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Cox NH. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1988 June; 124(6): 911-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2967675

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Contact dermatitis from clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Tosti A, Guerra L, Manuzzi P, Lama L. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1987 October; 17(4): 256-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2962832

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Contact sensitivity to clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Spiro JG, Lawrence CM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1986 February; 14(2): 116-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3709148

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Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression from percutaneous absorption of clobetasol propionate in infants. Author(s): Cherian MP, AbdulJabbar M. Source: Saudi Med J. 2001 December; 22(12): 1139-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11802195

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Cushing's syndrome and pituitary-adrenal suppression due to clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Staughton RC, August PJ. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 May 24; 2(5968): 419-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1125562

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Dermatopharmacologic investigations of halobetasol propionate in comparison with clobetasol 17-propionate. Author(s): Yawalkar S, Wiesenberg-Boettcher I, Gibson JR, Siskin SB, Pignat W. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 December; 25(6 Pt 2): 1137-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1757603

Studies

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Double-blind clinical trial of 0.05% clobetasol propionate (corrected from proprionate) ointment in orabase and 0.05% fluocinonide ointment in orabase in the treatment of patients with oral vesiculoerosive diseases. Author(s): Lozada-Nur F, Miranda C, Maliksi R. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994 June; 77(6): 598-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8065723

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Double-blind comparison between two new topical corticosteroids, halcinonide 0.1% and clobetasol propionate cream 0.05%. Author(s): Bleeker J. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1975; 3(4): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1097198

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Duration of improvement in psoriasis after treatment with tazarotene 0.1% gel plus clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment: comparison of maintenance treatments. Author(s): Lebwohl M, Lombardi K, Tan MH. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 January; 40(1): 64-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11277960

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Effect of hydrocortisone-17-butyrate, hydrocortisone, and clobetasol-17-propionate on prolyl hydroxylase activity in human skin. Author(s): Oikarinen A, Hannuksela M. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1980; 267(1): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6247982

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Effect of low frequency ultrasound on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of clobetasol 17-propionate. Author(s): Fang J, Fang C, Sung KC, Chen H. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 1999 November 25; 191(1): 33-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10556738

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Effect on adrenal function of topically applied clobetasol propionate (Dermovate). Author(s): Allenby CF, Main RA, Marsden RA, Sparkes CG. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 December 13; 4(5997): 619-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1203701

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Effects of calcipotriol and clobetasol-17-propionate on UVB-irradiated human skin: an immunohistochemical study. Author(s): van der Vleuten CJ, Snijders CG, de Jong EM, van de Kerkhof PC. Source: Skin Pharmacol. 1996; 9(6): 355-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9055356

16

Clobetasol

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Effects of glucocorticosteroids on cultured human skin fibroblasts. V. Influence of anabolic steroids on the inhibitory effects of clobetasol-17-propionate on cell proliferation and collagen synthesis. Author(s): Ponec M, de Haas C, Kempenaar JA, Bachra BN. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1979 August; 266(1): 75-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=507931

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Effects of topically applied clobetasol-17-propionate on histamine release in human skin. Author(s): Stahle M, Hagermark O. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1984; 64(3): 239-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6204486

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Efficacy and safety of twice-daily augmented betamethasone dipropionate lotion versus clobetasol propionate solution in patients with moderate-to-severe scalp psoriasis. Author(s): Katz HI, Lindholm JS, Weiss JS, Shavin JS, Morman M, Bressinck R, Cornell R, Pariser DM, Pariser RJ, Weng W, et al. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1995 May-June; 17(3): 390-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7585843

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Efficacy of topical mesalazine compared with clobetasol propionate in treatment of symptomatic oral lichen planus. Author(s): Sardella A, Demarosi F, Oltolina A, Rimondini L, Carrassi A. Source: Oral Diseases. 1998 December; 4(4): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10200704

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Evaluation of in vivo bioequivalence methodology for topical clobetasol 17propionate based on pharmacodynamic modeling using Chinese skin. Author(s): Tsai JC, Cheng CL, Tsai YF, Sheu HM, Chou CH. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2004 January; 93(1): 207-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14648650

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Evaluation of topical application of clobetasol 17-propionate from various cream bases. Author(s): Fang JY, Shen KL, Huang YB, Wu PC, Tsai YH. Source: Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 1999 January; 25(1): 7-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10028413

Studies

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Flow cytometric assessment of clearance and relapse characteristics in psoriasis vulgaris after treatment with weekly clobetasol lotion under hydrocolloid occlusion versus twice-daily clobetasol ointment. Author(s): Glade CP, van der Vleuten CJ, van Erp PE, van de Kerkhof PC. Source: Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 2002 March-April; 15(2): 92-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11867965

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Generalized pustular psoriasis associated with withdrawal of topical clobetasol-17propionate. Author(s): Telfer NR, Dawber RP. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1987 July; 17(1): 144-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3611449

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Generalized pustular psoriasis on withdrawal of clobetasol propionate ointment. Author(s): Boxley JD, Dawber RP, Summerly R. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 May 3; 2(5965): 255-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1131576

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Intermittent application of clobetasol-17-propionate in psoriasis. Author(s): Young E, van der Velde EA. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1987; 10(7): 468-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3621992

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Intermittent maintenance therapy in chronic hand eczema with clobetasol propionate and flupredniden acetate. Author(s): Moller H, Svartholm H, Dahl G. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1983; 8(9): 640-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6365465

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Intermittent topical treatment of psoriasis with clobetasol propionate ("Dermovate"). Author(s): Svartholm H, Larsson L, Frederiksen B. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1982; 8(3): 154-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6751703

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Intermittent treatment of psoriasis with clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Hradil E, Lindstrom C, Moller H. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1978; 58(4): 375-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=82342

18

Clobetasol

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Intrinsic potencies of novel thiol ester corticosteroids RS-85095 and RS-21314 as compared with clobetasol 17-propionate and fluocinonide. Author(s): Ong JT, Poulsen BJ, Akers WA, Scholtz JR, Genter FC, Kertesz DJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1989 December; 125(12): 1662-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2589861

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Investigation of the pharmacokinetics of clobetasol propionate and clobetasone butyrate after a single application of ointment. Author(s): Hehir M, Du Vivier A, Eilon L, Danie MJ, Shenoy EV. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1983 March; 8(2): 143-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6851236

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Letter: Adrenal suppression by clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Ortega E, Burdick KH, Segre EJ. Source: Lancet. 1975 May 24; 1(7917): 1200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=48826

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Letter: Adrenal unresponsiveness associated with clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Feiwel M, Kelly WF. Source: Lancet. 1974 July 13; 2(7872): 112-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4136855

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Lichen sclerosus. Therapy with clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Lorenz B, Kaufman RH, Kutzner SK. Source: J Reprod Med. 1998 September; 43(9): 790-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9777618

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Local treatment of psoriasis of the scalp with clobetasol propionate and betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate: a double-blind comparison. Author(s): Lassus A. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1976; 4(5): 365-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=795609

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Local treatment of psoriasis of the scalp with clobetasol propionate in alcoholic solution: a comparison of once and twice a day application. Author(s): Lassus A. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1976; 4(3): 214-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=949901

Studies

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Lupus erythematosus profundus treated with clobetasol propionate under a hydrocolloid dressing. Author(s): Yell JA, Burge SM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1993 January; 128(1): 103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8427814

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Mechanism of anthralin inflammation. I. Dissociation of response to clobetasol and indomethacin. Author(s): Lawrence CM, Shuster S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1985 July; 113(1): 107-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4015967

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Medication formulation affects quality of life: a randomized single-blind study of clobetasol propionate foam 0.05% compared with a combined program of clobetasol cream 0.05% and solution 0.05% for the treatment of psoriasis. Author(s): Bergstrom KG, Arambula K, Kimball AB. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2003 November; 72(5): 407-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14655784

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Nail psoriasis: a combined treatment using calcipotriol cream and clobetasol propionate cream. Author(s): Rigopoulos D, Ioannides D, Prastitis N, Katsambas A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(2): 140. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12125946

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Non-invasive evaluation of topical calcipotriol versus clobetasol in the treatment of psoriasis. Author(s): Berardesca E, Vignoli GP, Farinelli N, Vignini M, Distante F, Rabbiosi G. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1994 July; 74(4): 302-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7976093

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Observations on the systemic effect of topical clobetasol propionate (Dermovate). Author(s): Carruthers JA, August PJ, Staughton RC. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 October 25; 4(5990): 203-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1191997

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Open preliminary clinical trial of clobetasol propionate ointment in adhesive paste for treatment of chronic oral vesiculoerosive diseases. Author(s): Lozada-Nur F, Huang MZ, Zhou GA. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1991 March; 71(3): 283-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2011350

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Oral and topical L-phenylalanine, clobetasol propionate, and UVA/sunlight--a new study for the treatment of vitiligo. Author(s): Camacho F, Mazuecos J. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2002 September; 1(2): 127-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12847735

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Over-the-counter clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Otley CC, Sober A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1994 January; 130(1): 121. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8285734

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Penile lichen sclerosus et atrophicus treated with clobetasol dipropionate 0.05% cream: a retrospective clinical and histopathological study. Author(s): Dahlman-Ghozlan K, Hedblad MA, von Krogh G. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 March; 40(3): 451-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10071317

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Percutaneous absorption of clobetasol propionate from novel ointment and cream formulations. Author(s): Harding SM, Sohail S, Busse MJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1985 January; 10(1): 13-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3987081

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Plasma cortisol values after topical application of diflucortolone valerate (0.3%) or clobetasol propionate (0.05%) in psoriatic patients. Author(s): Keczkes K, Teasdale P, Wiseman RA, Mugglestone CJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1978 October; 99(4): 417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=361060

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Proliferative responses of fibroblasts from psoriatic and normal skin to clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Priestley GC, Adams LW, Oakley CA, Prescott RJ. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1983; 63(5): 393-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6197837

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Psoriasis treated with clobetasol propionate and photochemotherapy. Author(s): Gould PW, Wilson L. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1978 February; 98(2): 133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=343806

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Psoriasis treatment: faster clearance when UVB-dithranol is combined with topical clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Lidbrink P, Johannesson A, Hammar H. Source: Dermatologica. 1986; 172(3): 164-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3699218

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Randomised double blind controlled trial of 2% ketoconazole cream versus 0.05% clobetasol 17-butyrate cream in seborrhoeic dermatitis. Author(s): Pari T, Pulimood S, Jacob M, George S, Jeyaseelan L, Thomas K. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1998 January; 10(1): 89-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9552768

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Remission and relapse of chronic plaque psoriasis treated once a week with clobetasol propionate occluded with a hydrocolloid dressing versus twice daily treatment with clobetasol propionate alone. Author(s): Volden G, Kragballe K, Van De Kerkhof PC, Aberg K, White RJ. Source: The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2001 September; 12(3): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12243704

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Resolution of necrobiosis lipoidica with exclusive clobetasol propionate treatment. Author(s): Goette DK. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 May; 22(5 Pt 1): 855-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2347975

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Response of segmental vitiligo to 0.05% clobetasol propionate cream. Author(s): Khalid M, Mujtaba G. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 September; 37(9): 705-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9762827

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Simultaneous hypersensitivity to clobetasone butyrate and clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Chalmers RJ, Beck MH, Muston HL. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1983 July; 9(4): 317-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6225613

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Skin atrophy induced by initial continuous topical application of clobetasol followed by intermittent application. Author(s): Lubach D, Rath J, Kietzmann M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1995; 190(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7894098

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Somatostatin- and factor XIIIa-immunoreactive cells in psoriasis during clobetasol propionate and calciprotriol treatment. Author(s): Talme T, Schultzberg M, Sundqvist KG, Marcusson JA. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 January; 79(1): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10086858

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Steroid-induced dermal thinning: discontinuous application of clobetasol-17propionate ointment. Author(s): Lubach D, Rath J, Kietzmann M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1992; 185(1): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1638070

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Subdermal penetration of topically applied clobetasol propionate in ointment base through intact human skin: lack of effect on subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow. Author(s): Petersen LJ, Sindrup JH, Kristensen JK. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1992 January; 3(1): 42-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1591226

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Successful treatment of chronic skin diseases with clobetasol propionate and a hydrocolloid occlusive dressing. Author(s): Volden G. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1992; 72(1): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1350154

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Successful treatment of therapy-resistant atopic dermatitis with clobetasol propionate and a hydrocolloid occlusive dressing. Author(s): Volden G. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1992; 176: 126-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1476024

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Tachyphylaxis to histamine-induced wheal suppression by topical 0.05% clobetasol propionate in normal versus croton oil-induced dermatitic skin. Author(s): Singh S, Gupta A, Pandey SS, Singh G. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1996; 193(2): 121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8884147

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Testosterone maintenance therapy. Effects on vulvar lichen sclerosus treated with clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Cattaneo A, Carli P, De Marco A, Sonni L, Bracco G, De Magnis A, Taddei GL. Source: J Reprod Med. 1996 February; 41(2): 99-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8656422

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The clinical evaluation of a new clobetasol propionate preparation in the treatment of otitis externa. Author(s): Barton RP, Wright JL, Gray RF. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1979 July; 93(7): 703-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=224125

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The clinical evaluation of a new topical corticosteroid, clobetasol propionate. An international controlled trial. Author(s): Sparkes CG, Wilson L. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1974 February; 90(2): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4594577

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The effect of clobetasol-17-propionate and crude coal tar on dithranol-induced inflammation. A clinical and biochemical study. Author(s): van de Kerkhof PC, Timmerman MG. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1990; 70(5): 434-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1980981

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The effect of the vehicle formulation on the stratum corneum penetration characteristics of clobetasol 17-propionate in vivo. Author(s): Watson WS, Finlay AY. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1988 April; 118(4): 523-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3377973

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The effect on plasma corticosteroid levels of the short term topical application of clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Walker SR, Wilson L, Fry L, James VH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1974 September; 91(3): 339-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4447661

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The effect on psoriasis of clobetasol propionate used alone or in combination with UVB. Author(s): Larko O, Swanbeck G, Svartholm H. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1984; 64(2): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6203304

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The effects of topical indomethacin and clobetasol propionate on post-cryotherapy inflammation. Author(s): Humphreys F, Spiro J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 May; 132(5): 762-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7772482

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The influence of patch tests with clobetasol propionate on adjacent patch test reactions. Author(s): Bruze M, Isaksson M, Dooms-Goossens A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 March; 32(3): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7774190

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The lateral spread of clobetasol 17-propionate in the stratum corneum in vivo. Author(s): Ashworth J, Watson WS, Finlay AY. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1988 September; 119(3): 351-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3179208

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The response of psoriasis to betamethasone valerate and clobetasol propionate. A 6month controlled study. Author(s): Corbett MF. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1976 March; 94 Suppl 12: 89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=773414

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The role of clobetasol propionate emollient 0.05% in the treatment of patients with dry, scaly, corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses. Author(s): Gordon ML. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1998 January-February; 20(1): 26-39. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9522102

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The therapeutic efficacy of mometasone furoate cream 0.1% applied once daily vs clobetasol propionate cream 0.05% applied twice daily in chronic eczema. Author(s): Goh CL, Lim JT, Leow YH, Ang CB, Kohar YM. Source: Singapore Med J. 1999 May; 40(5): 341-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10489492

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The treatment of oral aphthous ulceration or erosive lichen planus with topical clobetasol propionate in three preparations. A clinical study on 54 patients. Author(s): Gonzalez-Moles MA, Morales P, Rodriguez-Archilla A. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2002 May; 31(5): 284-5; Author Reply 286-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12110046

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The treatment of oral aphthous ulceration or erosive lichen planus with topical clobetasol propionate in three preparations: a clinical and pilot study on 54 patients. Author(s): Lo Muzio L, della Valle A, Mignogna MD, Pannone G, Bucci P, Bucci E, Sciubba J. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2001 November; 30(10): 611-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11722711

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The treatment of phimosis in boys, with a potent topical steroid (clobetasol propionate 0.05%) cream. Author(s): Jorgensen ET, Svensson A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1993 February; 73(1): 55-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8095754

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The treatment of vulval lichen sclerosus with a very potent topical steroid (clobetasol propionate 0.05%) cream. Author(s): Dalziel KL, Millard PR, Wojnarowska F. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1991 May; 124(5): 461-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2039723

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The use and abuse of 0.05 per cent clobetasol propionate in dermatology. Author(s): Harris DW, Hunter JA. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1988 October; 6(4): 643-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3229014

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The use of 0.25% zinc pyrithione spray does not enhance the efficacy of clobetasol propionate 0.05% foam in the treatment of psoriasis. Author(s): Housman TS, Keil KA, Mellen BG, McCarty MA, Fleischer AB Jr, Feldman SR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 July; 49(1): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12833013

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Topical application of clobetasol-17-propionate inhibits the intra-epidermal accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Author(s): Chang A, van de Kerkhof PC. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1988; 68(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2449013

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Topical clobetasol propionate compared with placebo in the treatment of unretractable foreskin. Author(s): Lindhagen T. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 1996 December; 162(12): 969-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9001879

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Topical corticosteroids in association with miconazole and chlorhexidine in the longterm management of atrophic-erosive oral lichen planus: a placebo-controlled and comparative study between clobetasol and fluocinonide. Author(s): Carbone M, Conrotto D, Carrozzo M, Broccoletti R, Gandolfo S, Scully C. Source: Oral Diseases. 1999 January; 5(1): 44-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10218041

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Treatment of 16 patients with bullous pemphigoid with oral tetracycline and niacinamide and topical clobetasol. Author(s): Hornschuh B, Hamm H, Wever S, Hashimoto T, Schroder U, Brocker EB, Zillikens D. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 January; 36(1): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8996271

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Treatment of actinic prurigo with intermittent short-course topical 0.05% clobetasol 17-propionate. A preliminary report. Author(s): Lane PR, Moreland AA, Hogan DJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1990 September; 126(9): 1211-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2396838

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Treatment of bullous pemphigoid with topical clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Westerhof W. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 March; 20(3): 458-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2645323

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Treatment of Hailey-Hailey disease with tacrolimus ointment and clobetasol propionate foam. Author(s): Umar SA, Bhattacharjee P, Brodell RT. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2004 March-April; 3(2): 200-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15098980

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Treatment of nummular psoriasis with a clobetasol propionate stick. Author(s): Bergstedt C, Gamborg Nielsen P, Karlsson L, Stromberg L. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1992; 184(1): 51-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1558995

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Treatment of periocular capillary hemangioma with topical clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Cruz OA, Zarnegar SR, Myers SE. Source: Ophthalmology. 1995 December; 102(12): 2012-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9098309

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Treatment of severe chronic oral erosive lesions with clobetasol propionate in aqueous solution. Author(s): Gonzalez-Moles MA, Morales P, Rodriguez-Archilla A, Isabel IR, GonzalezMoles S. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2002 March; 93(3): 264-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11925534

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Treatment of severe erosive gingival lesions by topical application of clobetasol propionate in custom trays. Author(s): Gonzalez-Moles MA, Ruiz-Avila I, Rodriguez-Archilla A, Morales-Garcia P, Mesa-Aguado F, Bascones-Martinez A, Bravo M. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2003 June; 95(6): 688-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12789149

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Type-IV hypersensitivity to betamethasone valerate and clobetasol propionate: results of a multicentre study. Author(s): Sommer S, Wilkinson SM, English JS, Gawkrodger DJ, Green C, King CM, Powell S, Sansom JE, Shaw S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 August; 147(2): 266-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12174097

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Unrecognised Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression due to topical clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Young CA, Williams IR, MacFarlane IA. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1991 Spring; 45(1): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1931550

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Unregulated use of clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Keane FM, Munn SE, Taylor NF, du Vivier AW. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 May; 144(5): 1095-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11359411

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Vitiligo treated with topical clobetasol propionate. Author(s): Kumari J. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1984 May; 120(5): 631-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6721525

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Vulvar lichen sclerosus in postmenopausal women: a comparative study for treating advanced disease with clobetasol propionate 0.05%. Author(s): Diakomanolis ES, Haidopoulos D, Syndos M, Rodolakis A, Stefanidis K, Chatzipapas J, Michalas S. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2002; 23(6): 519-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12556095

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Zinc aspartate, biotin, and clobetasol propionate in the treatment of alopecia areata in childhood. Author(s): Camacho FM, Garcia-Hernandez MJ. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 July-August; 16(4): 336-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10515774

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CLOBETASOL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and clobetasol.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Clobetasol The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “clobetasol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “clobetasol” (or a synonym): •

Blood vessels and immunoreactive substance P-containing nerve fibers in rat skin treated topically with clobetasol propionate, a corticosteroid. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Japan. Source: Oura, H Takeda, K Daikoku, S J-Dermatol. 1992 June; 19(6): 335-41 0385-2407

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CLOBETASOL Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover clobetasol.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on clobetasol is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “clobetasol” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to clobetasol. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “clobetasol” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for clobetasol: •

FDA approves Taro Clobetasol Propionate Emollient Cream Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 19, 2000

•

Taro Pharmaceuticals Gets FDA Okay For Clobetasol Ointment Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 17, 1996

34

Clobetasol

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “clobetasol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “clobetasol” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to clobetasol, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “clobetasol” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Clobetasol Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to clobetasol. In addition to

Periodicals and News

35

these sources, you can search for articles covering clobetasol that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

37

CHAPTER 4. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for clobetasol. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with clobetasol. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

38

Clobetasol

following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to clobetasol: Corticosteroids Medium to Very High Potency •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Alphatrex; Aristocort; Aristocort A; Betatrex; Beta-Val; Bio-Syn; Cordran; Cordran SP; Cormax; Cutivate; Cyclocort; Delta-Tritex; Dermabet; Dermatop; Diprolene; Diprolene AF; Diprosone; Elocon; Florone; Florone E; Fluocet; Fluocin; Fluonid; Flurosyn; Flutex; Halog; Halog-E; Kenac; Kenalog; Kenalog-H; Kenonel; Licon; Lidex; Lidex-E; Locoid; Luxiq; Maxiflor; Maxivate; Olux; Pandel; Psorcon; Synalar; Synalar-HP; Synemol; Teladar; Temovate; Temovate E; Temovate Scalp Application; Topicort; Topicort LP; Triacet; Triderm; Ultravate; Uticort; Valisone; Valisone Reduced Strength; Valnac; Westcort http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202016.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

39

APPENDICES

41

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

5

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

42

Clobetasol

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

43

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html. 6

44

Clobetasol

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The NLM Gateway8

The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “clobetasol” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 778 1 5 1 0 785

HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “clobetasol” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 12 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 8 9

Physician Resources

45

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 13

14

47

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on clobetasol can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to clobetasol. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to clobetasol. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “clobetasol”:

48

Clobetasol

Lupus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lupus.html Psoriasis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/psoriasis.html Skin Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skindiseases.html Vaginal Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vaginaldiseases.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to clobetasol. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

49

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to clobetasol. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with clobetasol. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about clobetasol. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “clobetasol” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “clobetasol”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “clobetasol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

50

Clobetasol

The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “clobetasol” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

51

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

16

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

52

Clobetasol

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

17

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

53

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

55

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

57

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

59

CLOBETASOL DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anabolic Steroids: Chemical derivatives of testosterone that are used for anabolic promotion of growth and repair of body tissues and the development of male sexual characteristics. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of

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the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anthralin: An anti-inflammatory anthracene derivative used for the treatment of dermatoses, especially psoriasis. It may cause folliculitis. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH]

Dictionary 61

Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophil: A type of white blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU]

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Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coal Tar: A by-product of the destructive distillation of coal used as a topical antieczematic. It is an antipruritic and keratoplastic agent used also in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin conditions. Occupational exposure to soots, tars, and certain mineral oils is known to be carcinogenic according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985) (Merck Index, 11th ed). [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is

Dictionary 63

differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Complete response: The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean the cancer has been cured. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Croton Oil: Viscous, nauseating oil obtained from the shrub Croton tiglium (Euphorbaceae). It is a vesicant and skin irritant used as pharmacologic standard for skin inflammation and allergy and causes skin cancer. It was formerly used as an emetic and cathartic with frequent mortality. [NIH]

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Cryotherapy: Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Depigmentation: Removal or loss of pigment, especially melanin. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diflucortolone: A topical glucocorticoid used in various dermatoses. It is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. It is also administered as the valerate. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH]

Dictionary 65

Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH]

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Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluocinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of eczemas. [NIH] Folliculitis: Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Halcinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of dermatitis, eczema, or psoriasis. It may cause skin irritation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Release: The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH]

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Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU]

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Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH]

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Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Necrobiosis Lipoidica: A degenerative disease of the dermal connective tissue characterized by the development of erythematous papules or nodules in the pretibial area. The papules form plaques covered with telangiectatic vessels. More than half of the affected patients have diabetes. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Niacinamide: An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a

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mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nummular: Coin-sized and coin-shaped. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Overdosage: 1. The administration of an excessive dose. 2. The condition resulting from an excessive dose. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Patch Tests: Skin tests in which the sensitizer is applied to a patch of cotton cloth or gauze held in place for approximately 48-72 hours. It is used for the elicitation of a contact hypersensitivity reaction. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phimosis: The inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis due to tightness of the prepuce. [NIH] Photochemotherapy: Therapy using oral or topical photosensitizing agents with subsequent exposure to light. [NIH] Photosensitizing Agents: Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various

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types of neoplasms. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prepuce: A covering fold of skin; often used alone to designate the preputium penis. [EU] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein

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C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH]

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Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH]

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Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tretinoin: An important regulator of gene expression, particularly during growth and development and in neoplasms. Retinoic acid derived from maternal vitamin A is essential

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for normal gene expression during embryonic development and either a deficiency or an excess can be teratogenic. It is also a topical dermatologic agent which is used in the treatment of psoriasis, acne vulgaris, and several other skin diseases. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia. [NIH] Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of triamcinolone. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions. [NIH]

Trophic: Of or pertaining to nutrition. [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the

76

Clobetasol

cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU]

77

INDEX A Acne Vulgaris, 59, 75 Adipose Tissue, 22, 59 Adrenal Cortex, 59, 63, 67, 71 Adverse Effect, 4, 59, 73 Agar, 59, 71 Albumin, 59, 64 Algorithms, 59, 61 Alopecia, 10, 28, 59 Alternative medicine, 34, 59 Amine, 59, 66 Anabolic, 16, 59 Anabolic Steroids, 16, 59 Androgens, 59, 63 Anthralin, 19, 60 Antiallergic, 60, 63 Antibiotic, 60, 73, 74 Antibodies, 60 Antibody, 8, 60, 67 Antifungal, 3, 60, 68, 69 Antigen, 60, 66, 67 Anti-infective, 60, 62 Anti-inflammatory, 60, 63, 66, 67, 75 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 60, 63 Antineoplastic, 60, 63 Antipruritic, 60, 62 Aqueous, 27, 60, 61 Arterioles, 60, 61 Articular, 60, 75 Aspartate, 28, 60 Atopic, 7, 10, 22, 60 Atrophy, 5, 21, 60 Autacoids, 60, 67 Axons, 60, 69 B Base, 22, 61, 68 Basophil, 61, 66 Bile, 61, 68, 73 Biochemical, 23, 61 Biopsy, 61, 70 Biotechnology, 4, 34, 43, 61 Biotin, 28, 61 Biotransformation, 61 Blood vessel, 30, 61, 68, 73, 75 Bronchial, 61, 66 Buccal, 61, 68 Bullous, 26, 61

C Candidiasis, 4, 61 Candidosis, 61 Capillary, 27, 61, 75 Carbohydrate, 62, 63 Carcinogenic, 62, 73 Cardiac, 62, 65, 73 Case report, 62 Case series, 62 Cell, 16, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 69, 75 Cell Division, 62 Cell proliferation, 16, 62 Chlorhexidine, 3, 4, 26, 62 Cholesterol, 61, 62, 73 Chronic, 6, 7, 17, 19, 21, 22, 24, 27, 59, 62, 63, 67, 72, 75 Clinical study, 24, 62 Clinical trial, 4, 5, 9, 15, 19, 43, 62, 63, 64, 72 Cloning, 61, 62 Coal Tar, 23, 62 Coenzyme, 62, 69 Collagen, 16, 62, 63, 66, 67, 71 Collagen disease, 63, 67 Complete remission, 63, 72 Complete response, 4, 63 Computational Biology, 43, 63 Concomitant, 4, 63 Connective Tissue, 62, 63, 69 Consciousness, 63, 64, 72 Contact dermatitis, 8, 14, 63 Contraindications, ii, 63 Controlled study, 7, 24, 63 Corneum, 9, 23, 24, 63, 65 Corticosteroid, 4, 23, 24, 30, 63 Cortisol, 4, 20, 59, 63 Croton Oil, 22, 63 Cryotherapy, 12, 23, 64 Curative, 64, 74 Cutaneous, 5, 10, 19, 61, 63, 64, 68 D Decarboxylation, 64, 66 Degenerative, 64, 69 Depigmentation, 64, 75 Dermatitis, 6, 7, 8, 10, 14, 21, 22, 24, 64, 66 Diagnostic procedure, 34, 64 Diflucortolone, 7, 20, 64 Direct, iii, 37, 64, 72

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Clobetasol

Discrete, 64, 68 Dissociation, 5, 19, 64 Dissociative Disorders, 64 Dopamine, 64, 69, 70 Double-blind, 6, 7, 9, 15, 18, 64 Drug Interactions, 38, 64 E Eczema, 12, 17, 24, 64, 66 Edema, 63, 64 Efficacy, 3, 7, 10, 16, 24, 25, 65 Elastin, 63, 65 Electrolyte, 63, 65, 69 Electrons, 61, 65, 68 Emetic, 63, 65 Emollient, 10, 24, 33, 65, 70 Endocarditis, 61, 65 Endogenous, 64, 65 Environmental Health, 42, 44, 65 Enzymatic, 65, 66 Enzyme, 62, 65, 67, 75 Epidermal, 5, 25, 65, 68 Epidermis, 63, 65, 68, 72 Erythema, 63, 65 Exocytosis, 65, 66 Exogenous, 61, 64, 65 Extensor, 65, 72, 75 Extracellular, 63, 65, 66 Extracellular Matrix, 63, 65, 66 F Family Planning, 43, 65 Fat, 59, 63, 65 Fibroblasts, 16, 20, 66 Flexor, 65, 66, 68 Fluocinonide, 4, 12, 15, 18, 26, 66 Folliculitis, 60, 66 Free Radicals, 64, 66 Fungus, 61, 66 G Gastric, 66 Gene, 61, 66, 74 Gene Expression, 66, 74 Glucocorticoid, 64, 66, 67, 75 Gonadal, 66, 73 Governing Board, 66, 71 H Hair follicles, 66, 75 Halcinonide, 10, 15, 66 Histamine, 16, 22, 66 Histamine Release, 16, 66 Histidine, 66 Hormonal, 60, 63, 66 Hormone, 63, 66, 71, 74

Hydrocortisone, 15, 67 Hydrogen, 59, 61, 62, 67, 69 Hydroxylysine, 63, 67 Hydroxyproline, 63, 67 Hyperplasia, 67, 68 Hypersensitivity, 21, 27, 67, 70 Hypothalamic, 10, 67 Hypothalamus, 67, 71 I Imidazole, 61, 66, 67, 69 Immune response, 60, 63, 67, 75 Immunosuppressive, 66, 67, 74 In vitro, 15, 67, 74 In vivo, 16, 23, 24, 67, 74 Incision, 67, 68 Indomethacin, 19, 23, 67 Infection, 61, 67, 74, 75 Inflammation, 12, 19, 23, 59, 60, 63, 64, 66, 67, 70, 71, 75 Infusion, 67, 69 Intermittent, 17, 21, 26, 67 Intoxication, 68, 76 Intramuscular, 68, 75 Intravenous, 67, 68, 69 Invasive, 19, 68 Ions, 61, 64, 65, 67, 68 Ischemia, 60, 68 K Kb, 42, 68 Ketoconazole, 21, 68 Kinetic, 68 L Lichen Planus, 3, 16, 24, 25, 26, 68 Liver, 59, 61, 68 Localized, 6, 7, 9, 67, 68, 71, 75 Lupus, 19, 48, 63, 68 Lymphocytes, 60, 68, 74, 75 M Maintenance therapy, 17, 22, 68 Malnutrition, 59, 60, 68 MEDLINE, 43, 68 Melanin, 64, 68, 70 Membranes, 61, 68, 69 Menopause, 68, 71 Mental, iv, 4, 42, 44, 64, 68, 72 Mental Processes, 64, 68, 72 Miconazole, 3, 4, 26, 69 Mineralocorticoids, 59, 63, 69 Mitochondrial Swelling, 69 Modeling, 16, 69 Modification, 69, 72 Molecular, 43, 45, 61, 63, 69

79

Molecule, 60, 61, 62, 64, 69 Motility, 67, 69 Mucosa, 68, 69 N Necrobiosis Lipoidica, 21, 69 Necrosis, 8, 69 Neoplasms, 60, 69, 71, 74 Nerve Fibers, 30, 69 Neurons, 69 Neurotransmitter, 64, 66, 69 Niacinamide, 26, 69 Nuclear, 65, 69 Nummular, 9, 26, 70 O Ointments, 13, 70 Otitis, 23, 70 Overdosage, 11, 70 P Palliative, 70, 74 Pancreas, 61, 70 Partial remission, 70, 72 Patch, 24, 70 Patch Tests, 24, 70 Pathologic, 61, 67, 70, 72 Penis, 70, 71 Percutaneous, 14, 15, 20, 70 Pharmacodynamic, 16, 70 Pharmacokinetic, 70 Pharmacologic, 60, 63, 70, 74 Phenylalanine, 20, 70 Phimosis, 25, 70 Photochemotherapy, 20, 70 Photosensitizing Agents, 70 Pilot study, 12, 25, 71 Pituitary Gland, 63, 71 Plant Oils, 70, 71 Plaque, 6, 9, 10, 12, 21, 62, 71 Plasma, 4, 20, 23, 59, 60, 64, 69, 71 Pneumonia, 63, 71 Polypeptide, 62, 71 Postmenopausal, 28, 71 Practice Guidelines, 44, 71 Precursor, 64, 65, 70, 71, 75 Prepuce, 70, 71 Progesterone, 71, 73 Progressive, 69, 71 Proline, 63, 67, 71 Promyelocytic leukemia, 71, 75 Prophylaxis, 4, 71 Prostaglandins, 67, 71 Prostaglandins A, 67, 71 Protein S, 61, 71, 74

Proteins, 60, 61, 63, 69, 71, 72 Pruritic, 64, 68, 72 Psychoactive, 72, 76 Psychology, 64, 72 Public Policy, 43, 72 Pustular, 17, 59, 72 Q Quality of Life, 19, 72 Quiescent, 72, 75 R Radiological, 70, 72 Randomized, 6, 7, 19, 65, 72 Refer, 1, 61, 72 Regimen, 9, 65, 72 Relapse, 12, 17, 21, 72 Remission, 12, 21, 68, 72 Retrospective, 20, 72 S Salicylic, 13, 72 Saponins, 72, 73 Schizoid, 72, 75 Schizophrenia, 72, 73, 75 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 73, 75 Screening, 62, 73 Sebaceous, 73, 75 Secretion, 59, 63, 66, 69, 73 Segmental, 21, 73 Segmentation, 73 Sex Characteristics, 60, 73, 74 Shock, 67, 73, 74 Side effect, 37, 59, 73, 74 Signs and Symptoms, 72, 73 Smooth muscle, 60, 66, 73 Social Environment, 72, 73 Specialist, 49, 73 Spectrum, 68, 73 Steroid, 22, 25, 63, 72, 73 Stimulant, 66, 73 Stress, 63, 73 Subcutaneous, 22, 64, 73 Suppression, 4, 7, 8, 13, 14, 18, 22, 27, 63, 64, 74 Symptomatic, 16, 74 Systemic, 4, 19, 61, 63, 67, 74 T Tacrolimus, 6, 26, 74 Teratogenic, 74, 75 Testosterone, 10, 22, 59, 74 Tetracycline, 26, 74 Therapeutics, 5, 16, 24, 38, 74 Thermal, 64, 74 Thrush, 61, 74

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Clobetasol

Thyroxine, 59, 70, 74 Tinnitus, 70, 74 Tissue, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74 Topical, 3, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 38, 62, 64, 66, 70, 74, 75 Toxic, iv, 74 Toxicity, 64, 74 Toxicokinetics, 74 Toxicology, 44, 74 Transfection, 61, 74 Trauma, 69, 74 Tretinoin, 13, 74 Triamcinolone Acetonide, 5, 7, 75 Trophic, 8, 75 Tryptophan, 63, 75 Tuberculosis, 68, 72, 75

U Ulcer, 75 Ulceration, 24, 25, 75 V Vagina, 61, 75 Vaginitis, 61, 75 Vascular, 8, 67, 75 Vasodilator, 64, 66, 75 Venules, 61, 75 Vertigo, 70, 75 Veterinary Medicine, 43, 75 Virus, 71, 75 Vitiligo, 5, 6, 9, 13, 20, 21, 27, 75 Vitro, 75 Vivo, 75 Vulgaris, 17, 75 W White blood cell, 60, 61, 68, 75 Withdrawal, 17, 75

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