Cholecystitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CHOLECYSTITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES...

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CHOLECYSTITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1 Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Cholecystitis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84373-2 1. Cholecystitis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on cholecystitis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHOLECYSTITIS ......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Cholecystitis.................................................................................. 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 8 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHOLECYSTITIS ............................................................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding Nutrition Studies on Cholecystitis................................................................................. 53 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHOLECYSTITIS ......................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 61 General References ....................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CHOLECYSTITIS ......................................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 63 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 67 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 67 Chapters on Cholecystitis............................................................................................................. 67 Directories.................................................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON CHOLECYSTITIS .............................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHOLECYSTITIS ........................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 73 Academic Periodicals covering Cholecystitis ............................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 77 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 78 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 83 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 85 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 89 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 91 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 93 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 93 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 93 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 99

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Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 101 CHOLECYSTITIS DICTIONARY .............................................................................................. 103 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 141

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with cholecystitis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about cholecystitis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to cholecystitis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on cholecystitis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to cholecystitis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on cholecystitis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHOLECYSTITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on cholecystitis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and cholecystitis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “cholecystitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis: A Reminder That This Condition May Appear in a Primary Care Practice Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 98(3): 199-200, 203-204. September 1995. Summary: In this continuing education article, the author reminds readers of the condition of acute acalculous cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder in the absence of stones) and its appearance in clinical practice. Topics include the clinical manifestations of the disease; diagnostic methods used to confirm acute cholecystitis, including ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), technetium scan, and indium scan; and treatment options. The author stresses that acute acalculous cholecystitis carries high morbidity and mortality rates, but if it is detected early, the prognosis for recovery is good. One sidebar discusses the mechanisms involved in acute acalculous cholecystitis. 16 references. (AA-M).

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Cholecystitis

Diagnosis of Acute Cholecystitis: Sensitivity of Sonography, Cholescintigraphy, and Combined Sonography-Cholescintigraphy Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 193(6): 609-613. December 2001. Contact: Available from Journal of the American College of Surgeons. P.O. Box 2127, Marion, OH 43306-8227. (800) 214-8489 or (740) 382-3322. Fax (740) 382-5866. Summary: The radiographic diagnosis of acute cholecystitis (gallbladder inflammation) can be established using ultrasound (US), cholecystoscintigraphy (HIDA), or both. Although both modalities have been effective in diagnosis acute cholecystitis (AC), physicians from the emergency department and admitting surgeons continue to request both tests in an attempt to increase the diagnostic accuracy of AC. This article reports on the institutional experience of a large tertiary care health care facility, with respect to the sensitivity of US, HIDA, and combined US and HIDA. The authors conducted a retrospective review of 132 patients diagnosed with AC who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy during the same hospitalization. Group 1 (n = 50) included patients who underwent US alone; group 2 (n = 28) included patients who underwent HIDA scan alone; and group 3 (n = 54) included patients who underwent both tests. Results showed sensitivity for US was 24 of 50 patients (48 percent); for HIDA 24 of 28 patients (86 percent); and 49 of 54 patients (90 percent) for the combination of tests. The authors conclude that HIDA scan is a more sensitive test than US in diagnosing patients with AC. Based on their results, the authors recommend that HIDA scan should be used as the first diagnostic modality in patients with suspected acute cholecystitis; US should be used to confirm the presence of gallstones rather than to diagnose AC. 1 figure. 2 tables. 12 references.

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Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy for Severe Acute, Embedded, and Gangrenous Cholecystitis Source: Journal of Laparoendoscopic Surgery. 1(1): 37-40. 1990. Summary: This article describes the results and techniques of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute, embedded, and gangrenous cholecystitis. Based on experiences with 160 patients, operated on between February and September 1990, the author declares that laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be safely utilized for acutely inflamed, gangrenous, or deeply embedded gallbladders with cholecystitis. The complications are no greater than with more traditional methods, although retrograde dissection is frequently necessary to remove the deeply embedded gallbladder and to accurately identify the cystic duct-common duct junction. Drains are utilized more frequently than for chronic cholecystitis, but the postoperative course in terms of convalescence is no different than after conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Most patients are discharged within 24 hours. Five photographs illustrate the procedure.

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Acalculus Cholecystitis Source: Care of the Critically Ill. 17(2): 44-47. April 2001. Contact: Available from Stockton Press. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, UK. 44(0) 1256 329242. Fax: 44(0) 1256 810526. Website: www.stocktonpress.co.uk/cci/. Summary: This article discusses the etiology (causes), diagnosis, and treatment of acalculus cholecystitis (gallbladder inflammation not due to gallstones). In patients with a typical history of biliary colic (abdominal pain related to the gallbladder) in whom ultrasound examination for stones is negative, oral cholecystogram will occasionally

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reveal small stones missed on ultrasound and will give some information as to gall bladder function. Absent gallbladder function or lack of concentration of the test dye with typical symptoms probably justifies cholecystectomy (removal of the gallbladder). In some patients in whom all diagnostic tests are negative but the diagnosis of chronic acalculus cholecystitis is strongly suspected, cholecystectomy may be both diagnostic and therapeutic, but the patient must be adequately counseled about all aspects of the procedure, including the possibility of still having symptoms after surgery. A laparoscopic procedure is usually used for cholecystectomy. Acute acalculus cholecystitis is an uncommon condition, probably due to ischemia (lack of blood flow) in the gallbladder, perhaps during episodes of acute hypotension (low blood pressure). Diagnosis of acute acalculus cholecystitis depends primarily upon a high level of clinical suspicion of the condition in patients who are at risk by virtue of their underlying pathology. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is both effect and safe in experienced hands. Overall mortality is thought to be in the range of 6 to 9 percent. Perforation significantly increases mortality and should be prevented wherever possible by early operative intervention. 3 figures. 1 table. 20 references. •

Acute Cholecystitis: Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms and Preventing Complications Source: AJN. American Journal of Nursing. 101(1): 35-36. January 2001. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. AJN, P.O. Box 50480, Boulder, CO 80322-0480. (800) 627-0484 or (303) 604-1464. Summary: This nursing education article reviews the signs and symptoms of acute cholecystitis (gallbladder infection). Patients with acute cholecystitis complain of sudden onset, severe, and ongoing pain in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) or epigastric (above the stomach) region of the abdomen. Rebound tenderness and guarding are often present. Referred pain may be felt in the right scapula (shoulderblade), mid back, or right shoulder. Pain intensity often increases with movement or respirations. Anorexia (lack of appetite), nausea, and vomiting are usually present, and patients may have low grade fever. The presence of high fever and chills may indicate septic complications. An acute attack is often precipitated by large, fatty meals. Finally, mild jaundice, which is more apparent in fair skinned patients, may be observed in those experiencing acute cholecystitis. The article reviews the nursing care for these patients, and the typical treatment regimens that will be followed. The author also reminds readers of the underlying pathophysiology of cholecystitis. Acute cholecystitis is managed either medically or surgically, but surgical intervention is the treatment of choice. Surgical cholecystectomy (removal of the gallbladder) is performed by either laparoscopy or laparotomy. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with a shorter postoperative length of stay, faster recovery, lower rate of morbidity, and a lower mortality rate than is an open surgical procedure. The author notes that controversy exists in regard to the timing of the surgery. Immediate cholecystectomy is performed if peritonitis (abdominal infection) is suspected. Often, if peritonitis is not suspected, the surgery will be performed two or three days after hospitalization, after the acute episode has begun to resolve with conservative treatment. 3 references.

Federally Funded Research on Cholecystitis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to cholecystitis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of

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Cholecystitis

Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to cholecystitis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore cholecystitis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for cholecystitis: •

Project Title: CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT IN GALLBLADDER EPITHELIAL CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kuver, Rahul P.; Medicine; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: Gallbladder epithelial cells and cholangiocytes are exposed to high concentrations of cholesterol because the major pathway of cholesterol excretion from the body is through bile. Oxidized forms of cholesterol, called oxysterols, are also found in bile. The effects of oxysterols on the biliary system are not understood. Cholesterol handling biliary epithelial cells is therefore an important are of investigation, as an understanding of the mechanisms involved in cholesterol transport and of the effects of oxysterols at the cellular and molecular level has potential implications for therapy of cholesterol gallstone disease, cholesterolosis of the gallbladder, and inflammatory states affecting the biliary system such as cholecystitis and cholangitis. An understanding of biliary epithelial cell cholesterol transport may also provide insights into cholesterol handling by other polarized epithelial cells such as villous enterocytes. We propose to use gallbladder epithelial cells, cultured in a polarized fashion, to study cholesterol transport, with a focus on the interactive roles of the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 and the HDL receptor, SR-B1. Key questions to be addressed are the polarity of expression of these molecules and their functional interactions. We hypothesize that ABCA1 and SRB1 are expressed on opposing sides of polarized gallbladder epithelial cells. Cholesterol influx is mediated by SR-B1from the apical surface, and cholesterol efflux from the basolateral surface by ABCA1. This mechanism allows cholesterol concentrations in bile to be regulated, and a set-point for cholesterol concentration maintained based on the relative activities of these proteins. We postulate a key role for apolipoprotein A1 in this process. We also postulate that oxysterosis modulate ABCA1 activity via transport mechanisms involving the nuclear hormone receptors LXR alpha and RXR. The Specific Aims are to: 1. Demonstrate the functional expression of ABCA1activity via transcriptional mechanisms involving the nuclear hormone receptors LXR alpha and RXR. 2. Determine the mechanisms of apolipoprotein A1-mediated cholesterol efflux in polarized gallbladder epithelial cells. 3. Compare and contrast the mechanisms of activation of ABCA1 via the cAMP responsive and the LXRalpha/RXR- responsive pathways.

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GALLBLADDER CHOLECYSTITIS

MUSCARINIC

RECEPTORS

IN

ACUTE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Myers, Stuart I.; Professor and Chairman; Surgery; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISTIC ROLE OF PEROXYNITRITE IN GALLBLADDER DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Cullen, Joseph J.; Surgery; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cholecystitis affects over 20 million Americans, with an increasing incidence with advancing age, in females, in minorities, and with obesity. Superoxide (O2-) rapidly oxidizes nitric oxide in the gallbladder to form peroxynitrite (ONOO-), which in turn can be protonated to form cytotoxic radicals. Nitrotyrosine, a stable end product of ONOO- oxidation, is increased in human gallbladders during cholecystitis. Our long-range goal is to understand how gallbladder inflammation can be modulated for preventive and therapeutic purposes. The objective of this application is to determine how ONOO-contributes mechanistically to gallbladder injury and dysfunction. The central hypothesis of the application is that ONOO- contributes to gallbladder inflammation by inducing generation of O2- and by direct cytotoxic effects leading to smooth muscle cell injury and cell death. Our hypothesis has been formulated on the basis of strong preliminary data demonstrating increased nitration of proteins containing tyrosine during cholecystitis, ONOO-induced generation of O2-, and ONOO--induced oxidative stress. The rationale for the proposed research is that once it is known how peroxynitrite contributes to gallbladder inflammation, its production and its effects can be manipulated with new and innovative approaches to the prevention and treatment of a variety of diseases. We are particularly well prepared to undertake this proposed research because we have the biochemical techniques to determine free radical production, the molecular techniques to determine cell injury and cell death, and the cell and molecular biology techniques to prevent free radical injury. We plan to test our hypothesis and accomplish the objective of this application by pursuing the following three specific aims: 1) Identify the increased nitrated proteins containing tyrosine present during gallbladder inflammation; 2) Determine if ONOO- induces generation of O2- in gallbladder smooth muscle; 3) Determine if ONOO- induces gallbladder cellular injury and death. The proposed work is innovative because it investigates a specific reactive oxygen species (ONOO-) in conditions that affect the human gallbladder. Additionally, it takes advantage of techniques in free radical biology, which are readily available in our laboratory. It is our expectation that the resultant approach will identify the mechanisms by which ONOO- induces cellular injury and death in gallbladder smooth muscle. These results will be significant because they are expected to provide new targets for preventive and therapeutic interventions for the growing number of persons in this country who have gallbladder disease. In addition, it is expected that the results will fundamentally advance the field of free radical biology and gallbladder physiology.

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Cholecystitis

Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MYOGENIC DISORDERS OF THE GALLBLADDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Behar, Jose; Professor of Medicine; Rhode Island Hospital (Providence, Ri) Providence, Ri 02903 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1980; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Acute cholecystitis (AC) affects 88% of patients with symptomatic gallbladder (GB) stones over a 18 year period and has a significant morbidity and mortality in elderly patients. in spite of its high prevalence, its pathogenesis has yet to be elucidated. Our preliminary studies suggest the hypothesis that human AC develops in a permissive GB environment characterized by GB stasis and impaired muscle cytoprotection that allows biliary aggressive factors to initiate the inflammatory process. This proposal therefore will study the myogenic abnormalities responsible for creating this GB environment and examine hydrophobic bile salts and reactive oxygen species (ROS) as possible aggressive factors. Specifically, it will investigate: 1) the role of bile stasis induced by lithogenic bile and excessive cholesterol (Ch) incorporation by muscle cells that seems to worsen during the inflammatory process; 2) the mechanisms of cytoprotection utilized by GB muscle cells. It will focus on the role of PGE2 in the upregulation of scavengers of free radicals and whether its receptors and pathways remain functional after exposure to soluble mediators of inflammation. It will examine the mechanisms of receptor protection and resistance to agonist induced desensitization a well as the detrimental influence of excessive membrane Ch on cytoprotective functions mediated by PGE2 receptors. Defective PGE2 receptors could make these cells more susceptible to damage by lower concentrations o aggressive factors; 3) whether hydrophobic bile salts and ROS initiate the inflammatory process and cause the muscle defects demonstrated in human and experimental AC. It will examine whether bile stasis enhances the diffusion of bile salts through the GB wall. It will also investigate the mechanisms whereby they affect muscle cells by examining whether they are mediated by ROS and whether they induce cytoprotective responses in normal and defective muscle cells; and, 4) whether hydrophobic bile salts prevent the deleterious effects of hydrophobic bile salts in vitro and whether they are effective in the prophylactic treatment of experimental AC in GB's with normal and lithogenic bile. These studies will be conducted in dissociated muscle cells from human GB's with gallstones with or without AC and from experimental AC induced by ligation of the common bile duct in animals with normal and lithogenic bile. The results of these studies may provide evidence and a rationale in support for using hydrophobic bile acids in the prophylactic treatment of this complication. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age.

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unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “cholecystitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for cholecystitis in the PubMed Central database: •

Identification by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing of Lactobacillus salivarius Bacteremic Cholecystitis. by Woo PC, Fung AM, Lau SK, Yuen KY.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120105

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Isolation of Enterobacter intermedium from the Gallbladder of a Patient with Cholecystitis. by O'Hara CM, Steward CD, Wright JL, Tenover FC, Miller JM.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105112

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Plesiomonas shigelloides in acute cholecystitis: a case report. by Claesson BE, Holmlund DE, Lindhagen CA, Matzsch TW.; 1984 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271489

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Vibrio metschnikovii Bacteremia in a Patient with Cholecystitis. by Jean-Jacques W, Rajashekaraiah KR, Farmer JJ III, Hickman FW, Morris JG, Kallick CA.; 1981 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274032

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with cholecystitis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “cholecystitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for cholecystitis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of hemorrhagic gallbladder paraganglioma causing acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Cho YU, Kim JY, Choi SK, Hur YS, Lee KY, Kim SJ, Ahn SI, Hong KC, Woo ZH, Han JY, Shin SH. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 2001 June; 42(3): 352-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11456404&dopt=Abstract

5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A case of simultaneous xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis and carcinoma of the gallbladder. Author(s): Lee HS, Joo KR, Kim do H, Park NH, Jeong YK, Suh JH, Nam CW. Source: Korean J Intern Med. 2003 March; 18(1): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12760270&dopt=Abstract

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A prognostic index of unsuccessful laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute calculous cholecystitis. Author(s): Hammarstrom LE, Mellander S, Rudstrom H. Source: International Journal of Surgical Investigation. 2001; 2(5): 387-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12678543&dopt=Abstract

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A survey of the timing and approach to the surgical management of cholelithiasis in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis and acute cholecystitis in the UK. Author(s): Senapati PS, Bhattarcharya D, Harinath G, Ammori BJ. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2003 September; 85(5): 30612. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14594533&dopt=Abstract

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Acalculous cholecystitis as an atypical presentation of dengue fever. Author(s): Sood A, Midha V, Sood N, Kaushal V. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 November; 95(11): 3316-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11095371&dopt=Abstract

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Acalculous cholecystitis in a two year old. Author(s): Croteau D, Signer RD, Chaet MS. Source: Jsls. 2001 April-June; 5(2): 183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11394434&dopt=Abstract

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Acalculous cholecystitis in Nigerian children. Author(s): Chirdan LB, Iya D, Ramyil VM, Sule AZ, Uba AF, Ugwu BT. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2003 April; 19(1-2): 65-7. Epub 2003 January 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12721727&dopt=Abstract

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Acute acalculous cholecystitis after breast reconstruction. Author(s): Barret JP. Source: Acta Chir Plast. 2003; 45(2): 61-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12921262&dopt=Abstract

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Acute acalculous cholecystitis after trauma: a prospective study. Author(s): Pelinka LE, Schmidhammer R, Hamid L, Mauritz W, Redl H. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2003 August; 55(2): 323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12913644&dopt=Abstract

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Acute acalculous cholecystitis and cardiac tamponade in a patient with drug-induced lupus. Author(s): Rozin A, Lorber M, Ben-Ami H, Reisner S, Kaftori JK, Edoute Y. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2001 June; 40(6): 709-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11426036&dopt=Abstract

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Acute acalculous cholecystitis associated with aortic dissection: report of a case. Author(s): Roth T, Mainguene C, Boiselle JC. Source: Surgery Today. 2003; 33(8): 633-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12884105&dopt=Abstract

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Acute acalculous cholecystitis associated with cholecystoduodenal fistula and duodenal bleeding. A case report. Author(s): Lee SB, Ryu KH, Ryu JK, Kim HJ, Lee JK, Jeong HS, Bae JS. Source: Korean J Intern Med. 2003 June; 18(2): 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12872449&dopt=Abstract

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Acute acalculous cholecystitis associated with Q fever: report of seven cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Rolain JM, Lepidi H, Harle JR, Allegre T, Dorval ED, Khayat Z, Raoult D. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 April; 22(4): 222-7. Epub 2003 March 28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12687414&dopt=Abstract

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Acute acalculous cholecystitis associated with systemic sepsis and visceral arterial hypoperfusion: a case series and review of pathophysiology. Author(s): McChesney JA, Northup PG, Bickston SJ. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 October; 48(10): 1960-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14627341&dopt=Abstract

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Acute acalculous cholecystitis. Author(s): Barie PS, Eachempati SR. Source: Current Gastroenterology Reports. 2003 August; 5(4): 302-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12864960&dopt=Abstract

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Acute cholecystitis and duodenitis associated with Churg-Strauss syndrome. Author(s): Nishie M, Tomiyama M, Kamijo M, Kannari K, Tanosaki M, Baba M, Matsunaga M, Suda T. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 July-August; 50(52): 998-1002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12845966&dopt=Abstract

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Acute cholecystitis as a complication following percutaneous ethanol injection of a hepatocellular carcinoma. Author(s): Memba R, Llado L, Lopez-Ben S, Figueras J, Jaurrieta E. Source: Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2003 October; 95(10): 730-2, 727-9. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14588067&dopt=Abstract

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Acute cholecystitis caused by a cholesterol polyp. Author(s): Yoshida H, Onda M, Tajiri T, Mamada Y, Taniai N, Mizuguchi Y, Uchida E, Arima Y, Akimaru K. Source: Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nihon Ika Daigaku Zasshi. 2001 June; 68(3): 259-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11404773&dopt=Abstract

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Acute cholecystitis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Author(s): Takagi Y, Abe T. Source: Endoscopy. 2000 October; 32(10): S64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11068848&dopt=Abstract

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Acute cholecystitis in the immediate postoperative period following esophagogastrectomy. Author(s): Paull DE. Source: The American Surgeon. 2001 January; 67(1): 97-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11206907&dopt=Abstract

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Acute cholecystitis secondary to hemobilia after percutaneous liver biopsy. Author(s): Coelho JC, Bonin EA, da Costa MA, da Cunha AG, Sartor MA. Source: Digestive Surgery. 2001; 18(3): 227-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11464018&dopt=Abstract

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Acute cholecystitis: video-laparoscopic versus traditional treatment. Author(s): Amaral PC, Azaro Filho EM, Galvao-Neto MP, Fortes MF, Souza EL, Alcantra RS, Ettinger JE, Regis AB, Sousa MM, do Carmo VM, Santana PA Jr, Fahel E. Source: Jsls. 2001 April-June; 5(2): 159-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11394429&dopt=Abstract

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Acute emphysematous cholecystitis. Author(s): Van Dyck P, Vanhoenacker P, D'Haenens P. Source: Jbr-Btr. 2001 April; 84(2): 77. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11374650&dopt=Abstract

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Acute granulomatous schistosomal cholecystitis. Author(s): Sharara AI, Abi-Saad G, Haddad M, Mansour A, Tawil A. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2001 August; 13(8): 1001-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11507373&dopt=Abstract

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Acute viral cholecystitis due to hepatitis A virus infection. Author(s): Ozaras R, Mert A, Yilmaz MH, Celik AD, Tabak F, Bilir M, Ozturk R. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 July; 37(1): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12811216&dopt=Abstract

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Acute, non-obstructive, sterile cholecystitis associated with etanercept and infliximab for the treatment of juvenile polyarticular rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Foeldvari I, Kruger E, Schneider T. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 September; 62(9): 908-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12922972&dopt=Abstract

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Aeromonas caviae as a cause of cholecystitis. Author(s): Kumar A, Kanungo R, Jagdish S, Badrinath S. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2000 April; 43(2): 169-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11217277&dopt=Abstract

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An unusual case of cholecystitis. Author(s): Reddy M, Reddy PV. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2003 August; 326(2): 105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12920444&dopt=Abstract

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An unusual presentation of acute cholecystitis: biliary ascariasis. Author(s): Amjad N, Nor AM, Singh H. Source: Hosp Med. 2001 June; 62(6): 370-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11436449&dopt=Abstract

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Association of the presence of Helicobacter in gallbladder tissue with cholelithiasis and cholecystitis. Author(s): Silva CP, Pereira-Lima JC, Oliveira AG, Guerra JB, Marques DL, Sarmanho L, Cabral MM, Queiroz DM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 December; 41(12): 5615-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14662950&dopt=Abstract

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Black widow spider envenomation mimicking cholecystitis. Author(s): Bush SP. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1999 May; 17(3): 315. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10337902&dopt=Abstract

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Brucellosis with acute acalculous cholecystitis. Author(s): Ashley D, Vade A, Challapalli M. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2000 November; 19(11): 1112-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11099103&dopt=Abstract

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Byler disease associated with acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Abbas M, Hussain Y, Al-Beloushi K. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2002 April; 16(4): 716. Epub 2001 December 10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11972230&dopt=Abstract

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Campylobacter jejuni: unusual cause of cholecystitis with lithiasis. Case report and literature review. Author(s): Dakdouki GK, Araj GF, Hussein M. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 September; 9(9): 970-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14616689&dopt=Abstract

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Can non-filling of the gallbladder be a risk factor for cholecystitis? Author(s): Yoo CS, Seo DW, Lee SK, Kim MH. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2001 January; 53(1): 144. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11154518&dopt=Abstract

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Case of the month. Acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Horton KM. Source: Critical Reviews in Computed Tomography. 2003; 44(4): 183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14594142&dopt=Abstract

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Case of the season. Emphysematous cholecystitis. Author(s): Sharma R, Gandhi D, Berry M. Source: Semin Roentgenol. 2001 April; 36(2): 78-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11329659&dopt=Abstract

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Cholecystitis after cholecystectomy. Author(s): King NK, Siriwardana HP, Siriwardena AK. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2002 March; 95(3): 138-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11872767&dopt=Abstract

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Cholecystitis as the presenting manifestation of acute myeloid leukemia: report of a case. Author(s): Bloom SH, Coad JE, Greeno EW, Ashrani AA, Hammerschmidt DE. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2002 July; 70(3): 254-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12111774&dopt=Abstract

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Cholecystitis associated with heterotopic pancreas. Author(s): Mboti F, Maassarani F, De Keuleneer R. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 2003 February; 103(1): 110-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12658890&dopt=Abstract

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Cholecystitis in the octogenarian: is laparoscopic cholecystectomy the best approach? Author(s): Uecker J, Adams M, Skipper K, Dunn E. Source: The American Surgeon. 2001 July; 67(7): 637-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11450778&dopt=Abstract

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Cholecystitis, gallstones and free radical reactions in human gallbladder. Author(s): Sipos P, Krisztina H, Blazovics A, Feher J. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2001 January-February; 7(1): 84-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11208499&dopt=Abstract

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Cholecystitis: the Ethiopian experience, a report of 712 operated cases from one of the referral hospitals. Author(s): Bekele Z, Tegegn K. Source: Ethiop Med J. 2002 July; 40(3): 209-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12602244&dopt=Abstract

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Choledochal cyst associated with acute acalculous cholecystitis. Author(s): Lin SL, Shan KM, Hung YB, Ng SH, Lin CY. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2000 September; 31(3): 3078. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10997378&dopt=Abstract

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Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis in children. Author(s): Lobe TE. Source: Semin Pediatr Surg. 2000 November; 9(4): 170-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11112834&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic cholecystitis and myeloid metaplasia. Author(s): Thorns C, Rohrmoser B, Feller A, Horny HC. Source: Histopathology. 2002 September; 41(3): 273-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207793&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic cholecystitis with bone metaplasia. A case report. Author(s): Yosepovich A, Nass D, Zagatsky M, Kopolovic J. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 2002; 198(11): 765-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530580&dopt=Abstract

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Churg-strauss syndrome with cholecystitis and renal involvement. Author(s): Tatsukawa H, Nagano S, Umeno Y, Oribe M. Source: Intern Med. 2003 September; 42(9): 893-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14518684&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical features of acute acalculous cholecystitis. Author(s): Ryu JK, Ryu KH, Kim KH. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 February; 36(2): 166-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544202&dopt=Abstract

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Clinics in diagnostic imaging (62). Gallstones with acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Muttarak M, Na Chiangmai W. Source: Singapore Med J. 2001 June; 42(6): 280-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11547969&dopt=Abstract

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Colonoscopy cholecystitis. Author(s): Milman PJ, Goldenberg SP. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 May; 96(5): 1666. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11374738&dopt=Abstract

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Complications and late outcome following percutaneous drainage of the gallbladder in acute calculous cholecystitis. Author(s): Andren-Sandberg A, Haugsvedt T, Larssen TB, Sondenaa K. Source: Digestive Surgery. 2001; 18(5): 393-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11721115&dopt=Abstract

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Contribution of ultrasonography and cholescintigraphy to the diagnosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis in intensive care unit patients. Author(s): Mariat G, Mahul P, Prev t N, De Filippis JP, Cuilleron M, Dubois F, Auboyer C. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2000 November; 26(11): 1658-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11193273&dopt=Abstract

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Conversion factors in laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Teixeira JP, Saraiva AC, Cabral AC, Barros H, Reis JR, Teixeira A. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2000 May-June; 47(33): 626-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10919000&dopt=Abstract

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Conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis: artificial neural networks improve the prediction of conversion. Author(s): Eldar S, Siegelmann HT, Buzaglo D, Matter I, Cohen A, Sabo E, Abrahamson J. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2002 January; 26(1): 79-85. Epub 2001 November 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11898038&dopt=Abstract

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CT findings in acute gangrenous cholecystitis. Author(s): Bennett GL, Rusinek H, Lisi V, Israel GM, Krinsky GA, Slywotzky CM, Megibow A. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2002 February; 178(2): 275-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11804880&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclospora cayetanensis Cholecystitis in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): de Gorgolas M, Fortes J, Fernandez Guerrero ML. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001 January 16; 134(2): 166. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11177324&dopt=Abstract

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Cytomegalovirus cholecystitis in a heart transplant recipient. Author(s): McMullan DM, Patel V, Radovancevic B, Hochman FL, Frazier OH. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2002 June; 34(4): 1271-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072337&dopt=Abstract

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Cytomegalovirus cholecystitis: a case report. Author(s): Bagchi N, Arora D, Kher V, Kumar A, Kumar P. Source: Transplantation. 2003 June 15; 75(11): 1918-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12811261&dopt=Abstract

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Decision-making process in long term acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Cordoba Diaz de Laspra E, Ceballos Alonso C, Artigas Martin JM, Artal Cortes A, del Rio Marco FJ. Source: Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2001 January; 93(1): 21-8. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11488094&dopt=Abstract

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Dengue fever with acute acalculous cholecystitis. Author(s): Wu KL, Changchien CS, Kuo CM, Chuah SK, Lu SN, Eng HL, Kuo CH. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2003 June; 68(6): 65760. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12887023&dopt=Abstract

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Deposits of eosinophil granule proteins in eosinophilic cholecystitis and eosinophilic colitis associated with hypereosinophilic syndrome. Author(s): Tajima K, Katagiri T. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1996 February; 41(2): 282-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8601370&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and management of cholecystitis and cholangitis. Author(s): Yusoff IF, Barkun JS, Barkun AN. Source: Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 2003 December; 32(4): 1145-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14696301&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of acute cholecystitis: sensitivity of sonography, cholescintigraphy, and combined sonography-cholescintigraphy. Author(s): Kalimi R, Gecelter GR, Caplin D, Brickman M, Tronco GT, Love C, Yao J, Simms HH, Marini CP. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2001 December; 193(6): 609-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768676&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic dilemma. Gangrenous cholecystitis. Author(s): Lee L, Yee J. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2000 April 15; 108(6): 503, 511. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10866582&dopt=Abstract

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Diaphragm of the gallbladder: a rare cause of acalculous acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Soares-Oliveira M, Mariz C, Carvalho JL, Gomes AT, Estevao-Costa J. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2000 November; 31(5): 5701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11144446&dopt=Abstract

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Diffuse lymphoplasmacytic acalculous cholecystitis: a distinctive form of chronic cholecystitis associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Author(s): Jessurun J, Bolio-Solis A, Manivel JC. Source: Human Pathology. 1998 May; 29(5): 512-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9596276&dopt=Abstract

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Diffuse lymphoplasmacytic chronic cholecystitis is highly specific for extrahepatic biliary tract disease but does not distinguish between primary and secondary sclerosing cholangiopathy. Author(s): Abraham SC, Cruz-Correa M, Argani P, Furth EE, Hruban RH, Boitnott JK. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2003 October; 27(10): 1313-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14508392&dopt=Abstract

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Does a special interest in laparoscopy affect the treatment of acute cholecystitis? Author(s): Feldman LS, Medeiros LE, Hanley J, Sigman HH, Garzon J, Fried GM. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2002 December; 16(12): 1697-703. Epub 2002 July 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12098035&dopt=Abstract

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Does estrogen cause low conversion rates in laparoscopic cholecystectomies for acute and chronic cholecystitis in women? Author(s): Kartal A, Aksoy F, Vatansev C, Sahin M, Yilmaz O, Belviranli M, Karahan O. Source: Jsls. 2001 October-December; 5(4): 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11719976&dopt=Abstract

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Does this patient have acute cholecystitis? Author(s): Trowbridge RL, Rutkowski NK, Shojania KG. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 January 1; 289(1): 80-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503981&dopt=Abstract

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Duplicate gallbladder cholecystitis after open cholecystectomy. Author(s): Shapiro T, Rennie W. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1999 May; 33(5): 584-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10216337&dopt=Abstract

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Dynamic MRI using a surface coil in chronic cholecystitis and gallbladder carcinoma: radiologic and histopathologic correlation. Author(s): Demachi H, Matsui O, Hoshiba K, Kimura M, Miyata S, Kuroda Y, Konishi K, Tsuji M, Miwa A. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1997 July-August; 21(4): 643-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9216777&dopt=Abstract

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Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: a safe procedure. Author(s): Willsher PC, Sanabria JR, Gallinger S, Rossi L, Strasberg S, Litwin DE. Source: Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery : Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 1999 January-February; 3(1): 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10457324&dopt=Abstract

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Early minilaparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Hsieh CH. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2003 April; 185(4): 344-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12657387&dopt=Abstract

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Early morphine administration to expedite gallbladder visualization during cholescintigraphy for acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Achong DM, Tenorio LE. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 September; 28(9): 723-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12972991&dopt=Abstract

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Early scheduled laparoscopic cholecystectomy following percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage for patients with acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Chikamori F, Kuniyoshi N, Shibuya S, Takase Y. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2002 December; 16(12): 1704-7. Epub 2002 September 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12209324&dopt=Abstract

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Early surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis. A retrospective comparative study of the laparoscopic and open approaches. Author(s): Pisanu A, Floris G, Ambu R, Uccheddu A. Source: Chir Ital. 2001 January-February; 53(2): 159-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11396062&dopt=Abstract

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Early versus delayed management for acute calculous cholecystitis: when should cholecystectomy be performed? Author(s): de la Fuente SG. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2004 January; 99(1): 156-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14687157&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of timing of surgery, type of inflammation, and sex on outcome of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Gharaibeh KI, Qasaimeh GR, Al-Heiss H, Ammari F, Bani-Hani K, Al-Jaberi TM, Al-Natour S. Source: Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 2002 June; 12(3): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12184905&dopt=Abstract

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Effervescent gallbladder: sonographic findings in emphysematous cholecystitis. Author(s): Wu CS, Yao WJ, Hsiao CH. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1998 June; 26(5): 272-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9608373&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of morphine sulfate-augmented hepatobiliary imaging in acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Vasquez TE, Rimkus DS, Hass MG, Larosa DI. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology. 2000 September; 28(3): 153-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11001495&dopt=Abstract

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Emergency cholecystostomy and subsequent cholecystectomy for acute gallstone cholecystitis in the elderly. Author(s): Borzellino G, de Manzoni G, Ricci F, Castaldini G, Guglielmi A, Cordiano C. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1999 December; 86(12): 1521-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10594498&dopt=Abstract

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Emergency! Acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Farrar JA. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 2001 January; 101(1): 35-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11211686&dopt=Abstract

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Emphysematous cholecystitis. Author(s): Lindsey I, Kitchen G, Leung D. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1996 April; 66(4): 267-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8611139&dopt=Abstract

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Emphysematous cholecystitis. Author(s): Lallemand B, De Keuleneer R, Maassarani F. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 2003 April; 103(2): 230-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12768870&dopt=Abstract

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Emphysematous cholecystitis: sonographic findings. Author(s): Konno K, Ishida H, Naganuma H, Sato M, Komatsuda T, Sato A, Ishida J, Sakai T, Watanabe S. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 2002 March-April; 27(2): 191-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11847580&dopt=Abstract

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Endoscopic sonography in the diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. Author(s): Muguruma N, Okamura S, Okahisa T, Shibata H, Ito S, Yagi K. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1999 July-August; 27(6): 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10395132&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced cell kinetics, p53 accumulation and high p21WAF1 expression in chronic cholecystitis: comparison with background mucosa of gallbladder carcinomas. Author(s): Yanagisawa N, Mikami T, Koike M, Okayasu I. Source: Histopathology. 2000 January; 36(1): 54-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10632753&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic and lympho-eosinophilic cholecystitis. Author(s): Punia RP, Arya S, Jain P, Bal A, Mohan H. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003 July-August; 22(4): 153-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12962447&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic cholecystitis as a possible late manifestation of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Author(s): Hepburn A, Coady A, Livingstone J, Pandit N. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2000; 19(6): 470-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11147758&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic cholecystitis in association with clonorchis sinensis infestation in the common bile duct. Author(s): Kim YH. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1999 August; 54(8): 552-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10484225&dopt=Abstract

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Epidural abscess misdiagnosed as cholecystitis. Author(s): Lam F, Hynes M. Source: Emergency Medicine Journal : Emj. 2001 May; 18(3): 230. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11354223&dopt=Abstract

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Factors effecting the complications in the natural history of acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Bedirli A, Sakrak O, Sozuer EM, Kerek M, Guler I. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2001 September-October; 48(41): 1275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11677945&dopt=Abstract

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Factors predictive of bile duct stones in patients with acute calculous cholecystitis. Author(s): Hammarstrom L, Ranstam J. Source: Digestive Surgery. 1998; 15(4): 323-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9845607&dopt=Abstract

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False negative biliary scintigraphy in gangrenous cholecystitis. Author(s): Grant RL, Tie ML. Source: Australasian Radiology. 2002 March; 46(1): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966592&dopt=Abstract

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False-positive iodine-131 whole-body scans due to cholecystitis and sebaceous cyst. Author(s): Brucker-Davis F, Reynolds JC, Skarulis MC, Fraker DL, Alexander HR, Weintraub BD, Robbins J. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1996 October; 37(10): 1690-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8862313&dopt=Abstract

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False-positive troponin I in a patient with acute cholecystitis and positive rheumatoid factor assay. Author(s): Banerjee S, Linder MW, Singer I. Source: Cardiology. 2001; 95(3): 170-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11474166&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal acalculous cholecystitis after photodynamic therapy for high-grade dysplasia of the major duodenal papilla. Author(s): Savoye G, Michel P, Hochain P, Savoye-Collet C, Herve S, Del Gallo GD, Ducrotte P. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2000 April; 51(4 Pt 1): 493-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10744832&dopt=Abstract

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Fine needle aspiration cytology in xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, gallbladder adenocarcinoma and coexistent lesions. Author(s): Krishnani N, Shukla S, Jain M, Pandey R, Gupta RK. Source: Acta Cytol. 2000 July-August; 44(4): 508-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10934941&dopt=Abstract

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Gallbladder aspiration for acute cholecystitis in high-surgical-risk patients. Author(s): Tazawa J, Sanada K, Maekawa S, Sakai Y, Yamane M, Kusano F, Nagayama K, Ito K, Takiguchi N, Hiranuma S, Maeda M. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2003 April; 18(4): 463-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12653901&dopt=Abstract

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Gallbladder melanoma mimicking acute acalculous cholecystitis. Author(s): De Simone P, Mainente P, Bedin N. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2000 June; 14(6): 593. Epub 2000 May 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11265063&dopt=Abstract

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Gallbladder nonvisualization with pericholecystic rim sign: morphine-augmentation optimizes diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Oates E, Selland DL, Chin CT, Achong DM. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1996 February; 37(2): 267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8667058&dopt=Abstract

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Gallstone ileus as a complication of acute cholecystitis. Laparoscopic diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Agresta F, Bedin N. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2002 November; 16(11): 1637. Epub 2002 June 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12085138&dopt=Abstract

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Gangrenous cholecystitis after colonoscopy. Author(s): Fernandez-Martinez C, Pla-Marti V, Flors-Alandi C, Roig-Vila JV. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 June; 97(6): 1572. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12094896&dopt=Abstract

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Gangrenous cholecystitis due to kala-azar. Author(s): Singh UK, Ojha P, Suman S, Agrawal AK. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1998 September; 18(3): 253-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9924565&dopt=Abstract

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Gangrenous cholecystitis in the laparoscopic era. Author(s): Hunt DR, Chu FC. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 2000 June; 70(6): 428-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10843398&dopt=Abstract

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Gangrenous cholecystitis. Author(s): Torres U, Baute P. Source: Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 2000 December; 83(12): 394. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11190128&dopt=Abstract

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Gangrenous cholecystitis: analysis of risk factors and experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Author(s): Merriam LT, Kanaan SA, Dawes LG, Angelos P, Prystowsky JB, Rege RV, Joehl RJ. Source: Surgery. 1999 October; 126(4): 680-5; Discussion 685-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10520915&dopt=Abstract

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Gastrointestinal disorders of the critically ill. Biliary sludge and cholecystitis. Author(s): Ko CW, Lee SP. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 June; 17(3): 383-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12763503&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic analysis of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: precancerous lesion of gallbladder cancer? Author(s): Takada M, Horita Y, Okuda S, Okumoto S, Samizo M, Wada T, Kuroda Y, Maeda S. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 July-August; 49(46): 935-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12143246&dopt=Abstract

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Get a surgeon, hold the cardiologist: electrocardiogram falsely suggestive of myocardial infarction in acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Doorey AJ, Miller RE. Source: Del Med J. 2001 March; 73(3): 103-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11315252&dopt=Abstract

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GI hemorrhage from fistula between right hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm and the duodenum secondary to acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Poon RT, Tuen H, Yeung C. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2000 April; 51(4 Pt 1): 491-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10744831&dopt=Abstract

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Guidelines to laparoscopic management of acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Limbosch JM, Druart ML, Puttemans T, Melot C. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 2000 September-October; 100(5): 198-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11143321&dopt=Abstract

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Gunshot cholecystitis. Author(s): Petersen JM, Knight TT. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1995 December; 21(4): 320-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8583110&dopt=Abstract

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Haemobilia mimicking acute cholecystitis following percutaneous renal biopsy. Author(s): Lee MC, Jacobs DO, Chertow GM. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1998 August; 13(8): 2118-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9719179&dopt=Abstract

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Haemophilus segnis cholecystitis: a case report and literature review. Author(s): Carson HJ, Rezmer S, Belli J. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1997 July; 35(1): 85-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9279733&dopt=Abstract

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HELLP syndrome and cholecystitis: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Bramwell KJ, Chacon SR, Alanis-Amezcua JM, Roberts DL, Resnik R, Rosen P. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1997 November-December; 15(6): 821-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9404799&dopt=Abstract

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Hemobilia and jaundice caused by acalculous cholecystitis. Author(s): Nursal TZ, Yildirim S, Noyan T, Moray G, Haberal M, Yildirim T. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2002 February; 34(2): 191-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11782621&dopt=Abstract

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Hemobilia: a rare complication of cholecystitis and cholecystolithiasis. Case report. Author(s): Willemsen PJ, Vanderveken ML, De Caluwe DO, Tielliu IF. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 1996 April; 96(2): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8686409&dopt=Abstract

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Hemorrhagic acalculous cholecystitis associated with hemodialysis. Author(s): Iki K, Inada H, Satoh M, Tsunoda T. Source: Surgery. 2002 November; 132(5): 903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464880&dopt=Abstract

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Hemorrhagic cholecystitis as a likely cause of nontraumatic hemobilia in metachromatic leukodystrophy: report of a case. Author(s): Vettoretto N, Giovanetti M, Regina P, Baronchelli C, Giulini SM. Source: Ann Ital Chir. 2001 November-December; 72(6): 725-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12061226&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatic Helicobacter species identified in bile and gallbladder tissue from Chileans with chronic cholecystitis. Author(s): Fox JG, Dewhirst FE, Shen Z, Feng Y, Taylor NS, Paster BJ, Ericson RL, Lau CN, Correa P, Araya JC, Roa I. Source: Gastroenterology. 1998 April; 114(4): 755-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9516396&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatobiliary and pancreatic imaging. Eventration of the right diaphragm and acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Okuda K, Hayama T. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1998 August; 13(8): 832; Discussion 840-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9736179&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatobiliary scintigraphy in an immunosuppressed patient with hepatocellular dysfunction and acute cholecystitis: diagnostic dilemmas posed by delayed gallbladder visualization. Author(s): Assi Z, Bohnen NI, Shapiro B. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1998 September; 23(9): 591-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9735980&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatobiliary scintigraphy is superior to abdominal ultrasonography in suspected acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Chatziioannou SN, Moore WH, Ford PV, Dhekne RD. Source: Surgery. 2000 June; 127(6): 609-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10840354&dopt=Abstract

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Heterotopic pancreas--an unusual cause of cholecystitis. Author(s): Bhana BD, Chetty R. Source: S Afr J Surg. 1999 November; 37(4): 105-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10701341&dopt=Abstract

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Histamine release in conventional versus minimally invasive surgery: results of a randomised trial in acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Nies C, Krack W, Lorenz W, Kaufmann T, Sitter H, Celik I, Rothmund M. Source: Inflammation Research : Official Journal of the European Histamine Research Society. [et Al.]. 1997 March; 46 Suppl 1: S83-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9098777&dopt=Abstract

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Histologic analysis of chronic inflammatory patterns in the gallbladder: diagnostic criteria for reporting cholecystitis. Author(s): Barcia JJ. Source: Annals of Diagnostic Pathology. 2003 June; 7(3): 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12808565&dopt=Abstract

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Histologic proof of acalculous cholecystitis due to Cyclospora cayetanensis. Author(s): Zar FA, El-Bayoumi E, Yungbluth MM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 December 15; 33(12): E140-1. Epub 2001 November 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11702292&dopt=Abstract

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Histopathological assessment of the liver in cholelithiasis with cholecystitis. Author(s): George RK, Agrawal V, Minocha VR, Aggarwal S. Source: Int Surg. 2002 April-June; 87(2): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12222926&dopt=Abstract

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How early is early laparoscopic treatment of acute cholecystitis? Author(s): Madan AK, Aliabadi-Wahle S, Tesi D, Flint LM, Steinberg SM. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2002 March; 183(3): 232-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11943117&dopt=Abstract

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Human gallbladder pressure and volume: validation of a new direct method for measurements of gallbladder pressure in patients with acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Borly L, Hojgaard L, Gronvall S, Stage JG. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1996 March; 16(2): 145-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8964132&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrops-like cholecystitis due to cryptosporidiosis in an HIV-infected child. Author(s): Boige N, Bellaiche M, Cornet D, Busuttil R, Beal G, Foucaud P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1998 February; 26(2): 21921. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9481642&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygenation as adjuvant therapy to surgery of emphysematous cholecystitis. Author(s): Kraljevic D, Druzijanic N, Tomic I, Juricic J, Petri N. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 1999 March-April; 46(26): 775-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10370610&dopt=Abstract

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Identification by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of Lactobacillus salivarius bacteremic cholecystitis. Author(s): Woo PC, Fung AM, Lau SK, Yuen KY. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 January; 40(1): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11773128&dopt=Abstract

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Illusion or hallucination? Cholecystitis presenting as pseudopregnancy in schizophrenia. Author(s): Benzick JM. Source: Psychosomatics. 2000 September-October; 41(5): 450-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11015638&dopt=Abstract

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Images in clinical medicine. Emphysematous cholecystitis. Author(s): Sakai Y. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 June 5; 348(23): 2329. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12788997&dopt=Abstract

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Images in clinical medicine. Emphysematous cholecystitis. Author(s): Danse EM, Laterre PF. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999 October 7; 341(15): 1126. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10511611&dopt=Abstract

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Images in clinical radiology. Extensive emphysematous cholecystitis. Author(s): Coulier B, Cloots V. Source: Jbr-Btr. 1999 October; 82(5): 245. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10589177&dopt=Abstract

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Images in hepatology. Acute cholecystitis revealing a diaphragm disinsertion. Author(s): Weber A, Vanlemmens C, Rousseau P, Bresson-Hadni S. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2000 April; 32(4): 705. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10782922&dopt=Abstract

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Immunohistochemical detection of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative DNA damage, in human chronic cholecystitis. Author(s): Seki S, Kitada T, Yamada T, Sakaguchi H, Nakatani K, Onoda N, Satake K. Source: Histopathology. 2002 June; 40(6): 531-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12047764&dopt=Abstract

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Incidents and postoperative complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomies for acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Al-Haijar N, Duca S, Molnar G, Vasilescu A, Nicolescu N. Source: Rom J Gastroenterol. 2002 June; 11(2): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145667&dopt=Abstract

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Increased laparoscopic experience does not lead to improved results with acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Bender JS, Duncan MD, Freeswick PD, Harmon JW, Magnuson TH. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2002 December; 184(6): 591-4; Discussion 594-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12488180&dopt=Abstract

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Increased serum CA19-9 in patients with xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. Author(s): Adachi Y, Iso Y, Moriyama M, Kasai T, Hashimoto H. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 1998 January-February; 45(19): 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9496491&dopt=Abstract

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Increased serum leptin by cholecystitis in a diabetic patient. Author(s): Moriya M, Okumura T, Motomura W, Takahashi N, Kitagawa T, Kohgo Y. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2000 May; 45(5): 933-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10795757&dopt=Abstract

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Index of suspicion. Case 1. Diagnosis: chronic acalculous cholecystitis. Author(s): Rigas MA. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 1998 December; 19(12): 429-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9849073&dopt=Abstract

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Infectious etiology of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: immunohistochemical identification of bacterial antigens in the xanthogranulomatous lesions. Author(s): Mori M, Watanabe M, Sakuma M, Tsutsumi Y. Source: Pathology International. 1999 October; 49(10): 849-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10571816&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of cholecystitis state on pharmacological response to cholecystokinin of isolated human gallbladder with gallstones. Author(s): Martinez-Cuesta MA, Moreno L, Morillas J, Ponce J, Esplugues JV. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 May; 48(5): 898-905. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12772786&dopt=Abstract

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Infrared thermoimages display of body surface temperature reaction in experimental cholecystitis. Author(s): Zhang D, Zhu YG, Wang SY, Ma HM, Ye YY, Fu WX, Hu WG. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2002 April; 8(2): 323-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925617&dopt=Abstract

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Intravascular lymphoma presenting with clinical features of cholecystitis. Author(s): Flores-Vazquez F, de Leon-Bojorge B, Ortiz-Hidalgo C, Capurso M. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2001 September; 94(9): 946-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11592760&dopt=Abstract

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Is acute cholecystitis a contraindication for laparoscopic cholecystectomy? Author(s): Fontes PR, Nectoux M, Eilers RJ, Chem EM, Riedner CE. Source: Int Surg. 1998 January-March; 83(1): 28-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9706512&dopt=Abstract

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Is percutaneous cholecystostomy the optimal treatment for acute cholecystitis in the very elderly? Author(s): Sugiyama M, Tokuhara M, Atomi Y. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 1998 May; 22(5): 459-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9564288&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation of Enterobacter intermedium from the gallbladder of a patient with cholecystitis. Author(s): O'Hara CM, Steward CD, Wright JL, Tenover FC, Miller JM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 October; 36(10): 3055-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9738068&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation of Enterococcus avium from bile and blood in a patient with acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Verhaegen J, Pattyn P, Hinnekens P, Colaert J. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1997 July; 35(1): 77-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9279729&dopt=Abstract

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JAMA patient page. Acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Parmet S, Lynm C, Glass RM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 January 1; 289(1): 124. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503995&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis in geriatric patients. Author(s): Decker G, Goergen M, Philippart P, Mendes da Costa P. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 2001 November-December; 101(6): 294-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868506&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Kitano S, Matsumoto T, Aramaki M, Kawano K. Source: Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery. 2002; 9(5): 534-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12541035&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Svanvik J. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 2000; Suppl 585: 16-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10885550&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: can the need for conversion and the probability of complications be predicted? A prospective study. Author(s): Brodsky A, Matter I, Sabo E, Cohen A, Abrahamson J, Eldar S. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2000 August; 14(8): 755-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10954824&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: how do fever and leucocytosis relate to conversion and complications? Author(s): Halachmi S, DiCastro N, Matter I, Cohen A, Sabo E, Mogilner JG, Abrahamson J, Eldar S. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 2000 February; 166(2): 13640. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10724491&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: technical considerations and outcome. Author(s): Liu TH, Consorti ET, Mercer DW. Source: Semin Laparosc Surg. 2002 March; 9(1): 24-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11979407&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Prakash K, Jacob G, Lekha V, Venugopal A, Venugopal B, Ramesh H. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2002 January; 16(1): 180-3. Epub 2001 October 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11961635&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Bodnar S, Kelemen O, Fule A, Kolonics G, Simon E, Batorfi J. Source: Acta Chir Hung. 1999; 38(2): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10596314&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis. A prospective comparative study in patients with acute vs. chronic cholecystitis. Author(s): Pessaux P, Tuech JJ, Rouge C, Duplessis R, Cervi C, Arnaud JP. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2000 April; 14(4): 358-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10790555&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in gallstone patients with acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Isoda N, Ido K, Kawamoto C, Suzuki T, Nagamine N, Ono K, Sato Y, Kaneko Y, Kumagai M, Kimura K, Sugano K. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 June; 34(3): 372-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10433014&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus open cholecystectomy in elderly patients with acute cholecystitis: retrospective study. Author(s): Chau CH, Tang CN, Siu WT, Ha JP, Li MK. Source: Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi / Hong Kong Academy of Medicine. 2002 December; 8(6): 394-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12459594&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic management and clinical outcome of emphysematous cholecystitis. Author(s): Hazey JW, Brody FJ, Rosenblatt SM, Brodsky J, Malm J, Ponsky JL. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2001 October; 15(10): 1217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11727104&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic surgery in very acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Ubiali P, Invernizzi R, Prezzati F. Source: Jsls. 2002 April-June; 6(2): 159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113421&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic tube cholecystostomy: still useful in the management of complicated acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Bradley KM, Dempsey DT. Source: Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 2002 June; 12(3): 187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12184904&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy: a prospective comparative study in the elderly with acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Pessaux P, Regenet N, Tuech JJ, Rouge C, Bergamaschi R, Arnaud JP. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2001 August; 11(4): 252-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11525370&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic versus open treatment of patients with acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Koperna T, Kisser M, Schulz F. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 1999 March-April; 46(26): 753-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10370605&dopt=Abstract

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Leptospirosis mimicking acute cholecystitis among athletes participating in a triathlon. Author(s): Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Morgan J, Bragg SL, Bajani MD, Tappero JW, Zaki SR. Source: Human Pathology. 2001 July; 32(7): 750-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11486175&dopt=Abstract

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Liver abscess due to acute cholecystitis. Report of five cases. Author(s): Zerman G, Bonfiglio M, Borzellino G, Guglielmi A, Tasselli S, Valloncini E, Di Leo A, de Manzoni G. Source: Chir Ital. 2003 March-April; 55(2): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12744093&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term ursodeoxycholic acid therapy is associated with reduced risk of biliary pain and acute cholecystitis in patients with gallbladder stones: a cohort analysis. Author(s): Tomida S, Abei M, Yamaguchi T, Matsuzaki Y, Shoda J, Tanaka N, Osuga T. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1999 July; 30(1): 6-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10385632&dopt=Abstract

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Lymphoplasmacytic chronic cholecystitis and biliary tract disease in patients with lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis. Author(s): Abraham SC, Cruz-Correa M, Argani P, Furth EE, Hruban RH, Boitnott JK. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2003 April; 27(4): 441-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12657928&dopt=Abstract

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Management of acute cholecystitis in the era of laparoscopic surgery. Author(s): Kum CK, Chua TE. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1996 September; 25(5): 640-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8923994&dopt=Abstract

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Management of acute cholecystitis in the laparoscopic era: results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Johansson M, Thune A, Blomqvist A, Nelvin L, Lundell L. Source: Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery : Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 2003 July-August; 7(5): 642-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850677&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanisms of impaired gallbladder contractile response in chronic acalculous cholecystitis. Author(s): Merg AR, Kalinowski SE, Hinkhouse MM, Mitros FA, Ephgrave KS, Cullen JJ. Source: Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery : Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 2002 May-June; 6(3): 432-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12022997&dopt=Abstract

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Meperidine vs morphine in pancreatitis and cholecystitis. Author(s): Lee F, Cundiff D. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1998 November 23; 158(21): 2399. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9827794&dopt=Abstract

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Metastatic breast carcinoma presenting as cholecystitis. Author(s): Crawford DL, Yeh IT, Moore JT. Source: The American Surgeon. 1996 September; 62(9): 745-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8751766&dopt=Abstract

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Metastatic gas gangrene of the leg due to acute emphysematous cholecystitis. Author(s): Ito T, Shiraki K, Sekoguchi K, Hamada M, Yamanaka T, Takase K, Nakano T. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2001 November; 46(11): 2480-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11713957&dopt=Abstract

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Metastatic lung cancer presenting as cholecystitis. Author(s): Gutknecht DR. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998 October; 93(10): 1986-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9772073&dopt=Abstract

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Microangiopathy in acute acalculous cholecystitis. Author(s): Hakala T, Nuutinen PJ, Ruokonen ET, Alhava E. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1997 September; 84(9): 1249-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9313705&dopt=Abstract

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Microsatellite instability in chronic cholecystitis is indicative of an early stage in gallbladder carcinogenesis. Author(s): Yanagisawa N, Mikami T, Yamashita K, Okayasu I. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 September; 120(3): 413-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14502806&dopt=Abstract

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Mirizzi syndrome caused by xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: report of a case. Author(s): Lee KC, Yamazaki O, Horii K, Hamba H, Higaki I, Hirata S, Inoue T. Source: Surgery Today. 1997; 27(8): 757-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9306594&dopt=Abstract

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MR imaging in clinically suspected acute cholecystitis. A comparison with ultrasonography. Author(s): Hakansson K, Leander P, Ekberg O, Hakansson HO. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2000 July; 41(4): 322-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10937751&dopt=Abstract

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MR imaging of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. Author(s): Furuta A, Ishibashi T, Takahashi S, Sakamoto K. Source: Radiat Med. 1996 November-December; 14(6): 315-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9132812&dopt=Abstract

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MRI of acute cholecystitis: comparison with the normal gallbladder and other entities. Author(s): Loud PA, Semelka RC, Kettritz U, Brown JJ, Reinhold C. Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 1996; 14(4): 349-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8782171&dopt=Abstract

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Murphy's sign, acute cholecystitis and elderly people. Author(s): Adedeji OA, McAdam WA. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1996 April; 41(2): 88-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8632396&dopt=Abstract

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Mycobacterium avium complex-associated cholecystitis in an HIV-infected woman. Author(s): Fantry LE, Sun CC. Source: Aids Patient Care and Stds. 2002 May; 16(5): 201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055027&dopt=Abstract

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Myelofibrosis presenting as chronic cholecystitis. Author(s): Geddy PM, Wedgwood KR. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1996 May; 49(5): 428-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8707964&dopt=Abstract

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Myocardial infarction and acute cholecystitis: an application of sequence symmetry analysis. Author(s): Cher DJ. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2000 July; 11(4): 446-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10874553&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for chronic acalculous cholecystitis. Author(s): Adams DB, Tarnasky PR, Hawes RH, Cunningham JT, Brooker C, Brothers TE, Cotton PB. Source: The American Surgeon. 1998 January; 64(1): 1-5; Discussion 5-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9457029&dopt=Abstract

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Oxidative stress before and after operation in patients with chronic cholecystitis containing gallstone. Author(s): Zhou JF, Chen P, Yang JL, Zhu YG, Peng CH, Wu YL. Source: Biomed Environ Sci. 2000 December; 13(4): 254-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11351858&dopt=Abstract

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Pain patterns after distension of the gallbladder in patients with acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Middelfart HV, Jensen P, Hojgaard L, Funch-Jensen P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998 September; 33(9): 982-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9759956&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous cholecystocholedochostomy for cholecystitis and cystic duct obstruction in gallbladder carcinoma. Author(s): Miyayama S, Matsui O, Akakura Y, Yamamoto T, Nishida H, Minami T, Kozaka K, Tawaraya K, Kasahara Y. Source: Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology : Jvir. 2003 February; 14(2 Pt 1): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582196&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous cholecystostomy and endoscopic cholecystolithotripsy in the management of acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Wong SK, Yu SC, Lam YH, Chung SS. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 1999 January; 13(1): 48-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9869688&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis in critically ill patients. Author(s): Boggi U, Di Candio G, Campatelli A, Oleggini M, Pietrabissa A, Filipponi F, Bellini R, Mazzotta D, Mosca F. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 1999 January-February; 46(25): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10228775&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis in veteran patients. Author(s): Chang L, Moonka R, Stelzner M. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2000 September; 180(3): 198-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11084129&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous cholecystostomy in acute cholecystitis in high-risk patients: an analysis of 69 patients. Author(s): Kiviniemi H, Makela JT, Autio R, Tikkakoski T, Leinonen S, Siniluoto T, Perala J, Paivansalo M, Merikanto J. Source: Int Surg. 1998 October-December; 83(4): 299-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10096746&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous cholecystostomy in patients with acute cholecystitis: experience of 45 patients at a US referral center. Author(s): Byrne MF, Suhocki P, Mitchell RM, Pappas TN, Stiffler HL, Jowell PS, Branch MS, Baillie J. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2003 August; 197(2): 206-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12892798&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous cholecystostomy in the management of acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Hadas-Halpern I, Patlas M, Knizhnik M, Zaghal I, Fisher D. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2003 March; 5(3): 170-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12725134&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous cholecystostomy is an effective treatment for high-risk patients with acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Patel M, Miedema BW, James MA, Marshall JB. Source: The American Surgeon. 2000 January; 66(1): 33-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10651344&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous drainage of emphysematous cholecystitis associated with pneumoperitoneum. Author(s): Zeebregts CJ, Wijffels RT, de Jong KP, Peeters PM, Slooff MJ. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 1999 March-April; 46(26): 771-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10370609&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous gallbladder drainage for delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Kim KH, Sung CK, Park BK, Kim WK, Oh CW, Kim KS. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2000 February; 179(2): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10773145&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy and delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy in critically ill patients with acute calculus cholecystitis. Author(s): Spira RM, Nissan A, Zamir O, Cohen T, Fields SI, Freund HR. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2002 January; 183(1): 62-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869705&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy: effective treatment of acute cholecystitis in high risk patients. Author(s): Berman M, Nudelman IL, Fuko Z, Madhala O, Neuman-Levin M, Lelcuk S. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 May; 4(5): 331-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12040818&dopt=Abstract

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Predicting conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Shapiro AJ, Costello C, Harkabus M, North JH Jr. Source: Jsls. 1999 April-June; 3(2): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10444012&dopt=Abstract

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Predictive factors for the type of surgery in acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Schafer M, Krahenbuhl L, Buchler MW. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2001 September; 182(3): 291-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11587696&dopt=Abstract

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Primary posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder of the gallbladder in a lung transplant patient presenting with acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Heller T, Drachenberg CB, Orens JB, Fantry GT. Source: Transplantation. 2000 February 27; 69(4): 668-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10708128&dopt=Abstract

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Prognostic factors for the development of gangrenous cholecystitis. Author(s): Fagan SP, Awad SS, Rahwan K, Hira K, Aoki N, Itani KM, Berger DH. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2003 November; 186(5): 481-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14599611&dopt=Abstract

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Prospective evaluation of early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for treatment of acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Chandler CF, Lane JS, Ferguson P, Thompson JE, Ashley SW. Source: The American Surgeon. 2000 September; 66(9): 896-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10993625&dopt=Abstract

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Prospective evaluation of emergency versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for early cholecystitis. Author(s): Serralta AS, Bueno JL, Planells MR, Rodero DR. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2003 April; 13(2): 71-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709609&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudo-Mirizzi syndrome in acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Mergener K, Enns R, Eubanks WS, Baillie J, Branch MS. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998 December; 93(12): 2605-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9860444&dopt=Abstract

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Radiofrequency ablation treatment in proximity to the gallbladder without subsequent acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Patti JW, Neeman Z, Wood BJ. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 2003 July-August; 26(4): 413-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14667129&dopt=Abstract

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Radiology Quiz. Chronic cholecystitis. Author(s): Francis RA. Source: Mo Med. 1999 April; 96(4): 131-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10214022&dopt=Abstract

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Cholecystitis

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Radiology. Emphysematous cholecystitis. Author(s): Nokes SR, Bevans D 3rd, Bullock RS, Montanez J. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 1999 August; 96(3): 95-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10483152&dopt=Abstract

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Randomised trial of laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy for acute and gangrenous cholecystitis. Author(s): Kiviluoto T, Siren J, Luukkonen P, Kivilaakso E. Source: Lancet. 1998 January 31; 351(9099): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9652612&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized trial of early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Lai PB, Kwong KH, Leung KL, Kwok SP, Chan AC, Chung SC, Lau WY. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1998 June; 85(6): 764-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9667702&dopt=Abstract

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Refinement of the positive predictive value of gallbladder nonvisualization after morphine administration for acute cholecystitis based on the temporal pattern of common bile duct activity. Author(s): Kim CK, Yun M, Lim JK, Lin X, Krynyckyi BR, Machac J. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2000 August; 25(8): 603-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10944014&dopt=Abstract

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Right-sided colonic diverticulitis mimicking acute cholecystitis in pregnancy: case report and laparoscopic treatment. Author(s): Pelosi MA 3rd, Pelosi MA, Villalona E. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy & Endoscopy. 1999 January; 9(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9950133&dopt=Abstract

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Rim sign in acute cholecystitis correlative images between hepatobiliary scintigraphy and helical computed tomography. Author(s): Lim ST, Sohn MH. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 January; 27(1): 67-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11805496&dopt=Abstract

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Rim sign. Radionuclide imaging in a patient with acute gangrenous cholecystitis and cholelithiasis after nonspecific abdominal ultrasonography. Author(s): Hayashi AK, Soudry G, Dibos PE. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1997 June; 22(6): 388-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9193810&dopt=Abstract

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Ring-like FDG uptake in acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Kao CH. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 February; 28(2): 162-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544148&dopt=Abstract

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Role of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the management of gangrenous cholecystitis. Author(s): Habib FA, Kolachalam RB, Khilnani R, Preventza O, Mittal VK. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2001 January; 181(1): 71-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11248180&dopt=Abstract

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Safety and success of early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Avrutis O, Friedman SJ, Meshoulm J, Haskel L, Adler S. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2000 August; 10(4): 200-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10961745&dopt=Abstract

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Safety and usefulness of percutaneous transhepatic cholecystoscopy examination in high-risk surgical patients with acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Kim HJ, Lee SK, Kim MH, Yoo KS, Lim BC, Seo DW, Min YI. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2000 November; 52(5): 645-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11060190&dopt=Abstract

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Safety of laparoscopic approach for acute cholecystitis: retrospective study of 609 cases. Author(s): Navez B, Mutter D, Russier Y, Vix M, Jamali F, Lipski D, Cambier E, Guiot P, Leroy J, Marescaux J. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2001 October; 25(10): 1352-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11596902&dopt=Abstract

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Salmonella cholecystitis in a neonate. Author(s): Singh UK, Suman S. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1999 June; 19(2): 211-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10690263&dopt=Abstract

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Segmental chronic cholecystitis: sonographic findings and clinical manifestations. Author(s): Sato M, Ishida H, Konno K, Naganuma H, Watanabe S, Hamashima Y, Komatsuda T, Sato A, Ishida J, Hirata M. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 2002 January-February; 27(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740606&dopt=Abstract

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Cholecystitis

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Selective use of tube cholecystostomy with interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Berber E, Engle KL, String A, Garland AM, Chang G, Macho J, Pearl JM, Siperstein AE. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2000 March; 135(3): 341-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10722039&dopt=Abstract

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Sepsis due to Neisseria meningitidis manifested as acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Collazos J, Martinez E, Mayo J. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1999 September; 29(2): 214-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10478895&dopt=Abstract

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Septate gall bladder associated with cholecystitis and pancreatitis in children. Author(s): Hunt I, Palmer D, Shirley A, Alwan MH. Source: Anz Journal of Surgery. 2002 December; 72(12): 920-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12485236&dopt=Abstract

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Significance of contracted cholecystitis lesions as high risk for gallbladder carcinogenesis. Author(s): Kanoh K, Shimura T, Tsutsumi S, Suzuki H, Kashiwabara K, Nakajima T, Kuwano H. Source: Cancer Letters. 2001 August 10; 169(1): 7-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11410319&dopt=Abstract

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Sonographic diagnosis of Ascaris-induced cholecystitis and pancreatitis in a child. Author(s): Grover SB, Pati NK, Rattan SK. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2001 May; 29(4): 254-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11323783&dopt=Abstract

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Sonography of acute cholecystitis: comparison of color and power Doppler sonography in detecting a hypervascularized gallbladder wall. Author(s): Uggowitzer M, Kugler C, Schramayer G, Kammerhuber F, Groll R, Hausegger KA, Ratschek M, Quehenberger F. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1997 March; 168(3): 707-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9057520&dopt=Abstract

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Spontaneous biliary peritonitis in acalculous cholecystitis: fact or misdiagnosis? Author(s): Sokmen S, Coker A, Unek T. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2001 July-August; 48(40): 1001-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11490784&dopt=Abstract

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Spontaneous cystic duct perforation associated with acalculous cholecystitis. Author(s): Shah SH, Webber JD. Source: The American Surgeon. 2002 October; 68(10): 895-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12412719&dopt=Abstract

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Standardization of surgeon-controlled variables: impact on outcome in patients with acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Greenwald JA, McMullen HF, Coppa GF, Newman RM. Source: Annals of Surgery. 2000 March; 231(3): 339-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10714626&dopt=Abstract

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Staphylococcal acalculous cholecystitis in a child. Author(s): Batra V, Ang JY, Asmar BI. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2003 February; 96(2): 206-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630651&dopt=Abstract

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Stimulation with fatty meal (Lipomul) to assess gallbladder emptying in children with chronic acalculous cholecystitis. Author(s): Hadigan C, Fishman SJ, Connolly LP, Treves ST, Nurko S. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2003 August; 37(2): 178-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12883305&dopt=Abstract

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Successful nonoperative management of neonatal acute calculous cholecystitis. Author(s): Ghose I, Stringer MD. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1999 June; 34(6): 1029-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10392929&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical risks of acute cholecystitis in elderly. Author(s): Tokunaga Y, Nakayama N, Ishikawa Y, Nishitai R, Irie A, Kaganoi J, Ohsumi K, Higo T. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 1997 May-June; 44(15): 671-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9222669&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical therapy for 101 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and symptomatic cholecystitis. Author(s): Leiva JI, Etter EL, Gathe J Jr, Bonefas ET, Melartin R, Gathe JC. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1997 October; 174(4): 414-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9337165&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical treatment of the acute cholecystitis in the laparoscopic age. A comparative study: laparoscopy against laparatomy. Author(s): Carbajo Caballero MA, Martin del Olmo JC, Blanco Alvarez JI, Cuesta de la Llave C, Atienza Sanchez R, Inglada Galiana L, Vaquero Puerta C. Source: Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 1998 November; 90(11): 788-93. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9866411&dopt=Abstract

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The association of hepatitis A virus infection, acalculous cholecystitis, and blunt abdominal trauma: a diagnostic challenge. Author(s): Ciftci AO, Karnak I, Tanyel FC. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2001 January; 32(1): 92-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11176334&dopt=Abstract

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The changing face of emphysematous cholecystitis. Author(s): Gill KS, Chapman AH, Weston MJ. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1997 October; 70(838): 986-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9404199&dopt=Abstract

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The clinical diagnosis of chronic acalculous cholecystitis. Author(s): Chen PF, Nimeri A, Pham QH, Yuh JN, Gusz JR, Chung RS. Source: Surgery. 2001 October; 130(4): 578-81; Discussion 581-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11602887&dopt=Abstract

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The clinical management and results of surgery for acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Hashizume M, Sugimachi K, MacFadyen BV. Source: Semin Laparosc Surg. 1998 June; 5(2): 69-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9594034&dopt=Abstract

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The diagnostic utility of HASTE MRI in the evaluation of acute cholecystitis. HalfFourier acquisition single-shot turbo SE. Author(s): Regan F, Schaefer DC, Smith DP, Petronis JD, Bohlman ME, Magnuson TH. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1998 July-August; 22(4): 638-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9676460&dopt=Abstract

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The early operation for acute severe cholecystitis: the Riedel paper; an introduction and translation. Author(s): Scheele S, Miller DA, Hardy KJ. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1999 December; 69(12): 871-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10613287&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy of laparoscopy in acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Chahin F, Elias N, Paramesh A, Saba A, Godziachvili V, Silva YJ. Source: Jsls. 1999 April-June; 3(2): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10444011&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of patient delay and physician delay on the outcome of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Eldar S, Eitan A, Bickel A, Sabo E, Cohen A, Abrahamson J, Matter I. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1999 October; 178(4): 303-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10587188&dopt=Abstract

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The laparoscopic challenge of cholecystitis. Author(s): Chahin F, Dwivedi A, Chahin C, Agrawal S, Alnajjar S, Silva YJ. Source: Jsls. 2002 April-June; 6(2): 155-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113420&dopt=Abstract

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The role of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the management of acute cholecystitis in patients with sickle cell disease. Author(s): Al-Mulhim AS, Al-Mulhim FM, Al-Suwaiygh AA. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2002 June; 183(6): 668-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12095599&dopt=Abstract

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The use of USG spatial reconstructions in diagnosing cholelithiasis and cholecystitis. Author(s): Krupski W, Zlomaniec J. Source: Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [med]. 2001; 56: 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11977321&dopt=Abstract

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Timing of cholecystectomy for acute calculous cholecystitis: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Papi C, Catarci M, D'Ambrosio L, Gili L, Koch M, Grassi GB, Capurso L. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2004 January; 99(1): 147-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14687156&dopt=Abstract

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Torsion of the gallbladder in an adult: a rare case of acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Desmaizieres FC, Montemagno S, de Lavernette XB, Magdaleinat P. Source: Int Surg. 2002 April-June; 87(2): 87-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12222923&dopt=Abstract

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Traumatic cholecystitis. Author(s): Daaboul B, Damjanov I, Pierce G, Raju GS. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2000 October; 52(4): 525. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11023571&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of acute cholecystitis in non-critically ill patients at high surgical risk: comparison of clinical outcomes after gallbladder aspiration and after percutaneous cholecystostomy. Author(s): Chopra S, Dodd GD 3rd, Mumbower AL, Chintapalli KN, Schwesinger WH, Sirinek KR, Dorman JP, Rhim H. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2001 April; 176(4): 1025-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11264103&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of acute cholecystitis. A comparison of open vs laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Author(s): Glavic Z, Begic L, Simlesa D, Rukavina A. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2001 April; 15(4): 398-401. Epub 2000 December 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11395823&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of atrophic cholecystitis by regulating the function of the spleen--a report of 50 cases. Author(s): Xu D, Wang Y, Hu T, Fu H, Wang D. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1998 September; 18(3): 178-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10453607&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of atrophic cholecystitis by regulating the spleen--a report of 50 cases. Author(s): Xu D, Wang Y, Hu T, Fu H, Wang D. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1999 June; 19(2): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10681862&dopt=Abstract

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Tuberculous cholecystitis. Author(s): Gowrinath K, Ashok S, Thanasekaran V, Rao KR. Source: The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease : the Official Journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 1997 October; 1(5): 484-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9441108&dopt=Abstract

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Two cases of acute cholecystitis in which percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder aspiration (PTGBA) was useful. Author(s): Kinoshita H, Hashimoto M, Nishimura K, Kodama T, Matsuo H, Furukawa S, Hamada S, Yasunaga M, Odo M, Tamae T, Hara M, Okuda K, Shirouzu K, Aoyagi S. Source: Kurume Med J. 2002; 49(3): 161-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12471732&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasonography by emergency physicians in patients with suspected cholecystitis. Author(s): Rosen CL, Brown DF, Chang Y, Moore C, Averill NJ, Arkoff LJ, McCabe CJ, Wolfe RE. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 January; 19(1): 32-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11146014&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasonography in patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Kjossev KT, Losanoff JE. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 July; 19(4): 325-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11447529&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasound is not a useful screening tool for acute acalculous cholecystitis in critically ill trauma patients. Author(s): Puc MM, Tran HS, Wry PW, Ross SE. Source: The American Surgeon. 2002 January; 68(1): 65-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467321&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasound-guided percutaneous cholecystostomy as an initial treatment for acute cholecystitis in elderly patients. Author(s): Lee KT, Wong SR, Cheng JS, Ker CG, Sheen PC, Liu YE. Source: Digestive Surgery. 1998; 15(4): 328-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9845608&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasound-guided percutaneous transhepatic drainage of gallbladder followed by cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis--10 years' experience. Author(s): Wong SR, Lee KT, Kuo KK, Chen JS, Ker CG, Sheen PC. Source: Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 1998 January; 14(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9519685&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasound-guided puncture of the gallbladder for acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Verbanck J, Ghillebert G, Rutgeerts L, Baert F, Goethals C, Schepkens H, Geldhof K, Surmont I. Source: Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 1998 April-June; 61(2): 151-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9658597&dopt=Abstract

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Upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to gangrenous cholecystitis. Author(s): Moses BV, Nayak S, Agarwal S, Augustine AJ. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 1998 July-September; 17(3): 111. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9695399&dopt=Abstract

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Ureteritis and cholecystitis: two unusual manifestations of cytomegalovirus disease in renal transplant recipients. Author(s): Moudgil A, Germain BM, Nast CC, Toyoda M, Strauss FG, Jordan SC. Source: Transplantation. 1997 October 15; 64(7): 1071-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9381531&dopt=Abstract

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Urgent versus interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: a comparative study. Author(s): Bhattacharya D, Senapati PS, Hurle R, Ammori BJ. Source: Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery. 2002; 9(5): 538-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12541036&dopt=Abstract

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US findings of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. Author(s): Kim PN, Ha HK, Kim YH, Lee MG, Kim MH, Auh YH. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1998 April; 53(4): 290-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9585046&dopt=Abstract

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Using delta/DRG diagrams and decision tree analysis to select a cost-effective surgery for cholecystitis. Author(s): Weiland DE, Caruso DM, Kassir A, Bay RC, Malone JM. Source: Jsls. 1997 April-June; 1(2): 175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9876669&dopt=Abstract

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Valproate-associated pancreatitis and cholecystitis in six mentally retarded adults. Author(s): Buzan RD, Firestone D, Thomas M, Dubovsky SL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995 November; 56(11): 529-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7592507&dopt=Abstract

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Variation in the use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for elderly patients with acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Laycock WS, Siewers AE, Birkmeyer CM, Wennberg DE, Birkmeyer JD. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2000 April; 135(4): 457-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10768712&dopt=Abstract

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Vernix caseosa peritonitis presenting post partum as acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Cummings B, Scarth HM, Tran HT, Walley VM. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 2001 August; 44(4): 298-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11504265&dopt=Abstract

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Vibrio cholerae 01 isolated in the gallbladder of a patient presenting with cholecystitis. Author(s): Asnis DS, Golub R, Bresciani A. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1996 October; 91(10): 2241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8855762&dopt=Abstract

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Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis associated with a xanthogranulomatous pseudotumour on the left diaphragm. Author(s): Roels K, Bogaert J, Van Hoe L, Vanbeckevoort D, Delvaux S. Source: European Radiology. 1999; 9(6): 1139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10415252&dopt=Abstract

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Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis due to invasive Candida albicans in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Brown H, Talamini M, Westra WH. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 January; 22(1): 186-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8825002&dopt=Abstract

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Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis mimicking gallbladder cancer: report of a case. Author(s): Eriguchi N, Matsunaga A, Tokunaga S, Futamata Y, Hanamoto Y, Tayama K, Harada H, Yoshihara S, Yoshida A, Aoyagi S. Source: Kurume Med J. 2001; 48(4): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11830932&dopt=Abstract

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Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis mimicking stage IV gallbladder cancer. Author(s): Enomoto T, Todoroki T, Koike N, Kawamoto T, Matsumoto H. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 September-October; 50(53): 1255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14571712&dopt=Abstract

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Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis resembling carcinoma with extensive tumorous infiltration of the liver and colon. Author(s): Pinocy J, Lange A, Konig C, Kaiserling E, Becker HD, Krober SM. Source: Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery / Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Chirurgie. 2003 March; 388(1): 48-51. Epub 2003 March 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690480&dopt=Abstract

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Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis versus gallbladder cancer: clinical differentiating factors. Author(s): Yoshida J, Chijiiwa K, Shimura H, Yamaguchi K, Kinukawa N, Honda H, Tanaka M. Source: The American Surgeon. 1997 April; 63(4): 367-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9124762&dopt=Abstract

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Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis versus gallbladder carcinoma. Author(s): Ros PR, Goodman ZD. Source: Radiology. 1997 April; 203(1): 10-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9122374&dopt=Abstract

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Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis with a liver abscess and metastatic endophthalmitis: report of a case. Author(s): Eriguchi N, Aoyagi S, Horiuchi H, Tamae T, Uchida S, Hiraki M, Nishimura K, Kawabata M, Hamada S. Source: Surgery Today. 2002; 32(3): 285-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11991520&dopt=Abstract

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Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. Author(s): Eriguchi N, Aoyagi S, Tamae T, Kanazawa N, Nagashima J, Nishimura K, Hamada S, Kawabata M, Kodama T. Source: Kurume Med J. 2001; 48(3): 219-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11680937&dopt=Abstract

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Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. Author(s): Moldavsky M, Hadary A, Turani H. Source: Acta Cytol. 1998 July-August; 42(4): 1050-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9684605&dopt=Abstract

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Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. Author(s): Dixit VK, Prakash A, Gupta A, Pandey M, Gautam A, Kumar M, Shukla VK. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1998 May; 43(5): 940-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9590403&dopt=Abstract

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Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. Author(s): Kumar A, Krishnani N, Saxena R, Kapoor VK, Kaushik SP. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 1996 October; 15(4): 122-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8916574&dopt=Abstract

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Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. Fine needle aspiration cytology in 17 cases. Author(s): Shukla S, Krishnani N, Jain M, Pandey R, Gupta RK. Source: Acta Cytol. 1997 March-April; 41(2): 413-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9100775&dopt=Abstract

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Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. Retrospective analysis of 12 cases. Author(s): Karabulut Z, Besim H, Hamamci O, Bostanoglu S, Korkmaz A. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 2003 June; 103(3): 297-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12914366&dopt=Abstract

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Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: a complication of metallic biliary stent placement. Author(s): Hsu CH, Mo LR, Tsai CC, Yau MP, Chou CY. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 1996 January-February; 43(7): 134-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8682448&dopt=Abstract

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Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: a radiological study of 12 cases and a review of the literature. Author(s): Casas D, Perez-Andres R, Jimenez JA, Mariscal A, Cuadras P, Salas M, Gomez-Plaza MC. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 1996 September-October; 21(5): 456-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8832871&dopt=Abstract

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Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: clinical, sonographic, and CT findings in 26 patients. Author(s): Parra JA, Acinas O, Bueno J, Guezmes A, Fernandez MA, Farinas MC. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2000 April; 174(4): 979-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10749233&dopt=Abstract

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Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: CT features with emphasis on differentiation from gallbladder carcinoma. Author(s): Chun KA, Ha HK, Yu ES, Shinn KS, Kim KW, Lee DH, Kang SW, Auh YH. Source: Radiology. 1997 April; 203(1): 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9122422&dopt=Abstract

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Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: importance of chemical-shift gradient-echo MR imaging. Author(s): Hatakenaka M, Adachi T, Matsuyama A, Mori M, Yoshikawa Y. Source: European Radiology. 2003 September; 13(9): 2233-5. Epub 2003 February 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12928971&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHOLECYSTITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and cholecystitis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Cholecystitis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “cholecystitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “cholecystitis” (or a synonym): •

Acalculous cholecystitis complicating hepatic intraarterial lipiodol: case report. Author(s): Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK. Source: Yeung, E Jackson, J Finn, J P Thomas, M G Benjamin, I S Adam, A CardiovascIntervent-Radiol. 1989 Mar-April; 12(2): 80-2 0174-1551

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Acalculous eosinophilic cholecystitis from herbal medicine: a review of adverse effects of herbal medicine in surgical patients. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY 10021-1883, USA. Source: Adusumilli, Prasad S Lee, Byrne Parekh, Kalpaj Farrelly, Patricia A Surgery. 2002 March; 131(3): 352-6 0039-6060

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Biliary colic treatment and acute cholecystitis prevention by prostaglandin inhibitor. Author(s): Department of Surgery, A, Ichilov Hospital, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Source: Goldman, G Kahn, P J Alon, R Wiznitzer, T Dig-Dis-Sci. 1989 June; 34(6): 809-11 0163-2116

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Clinical efficacy of intravenous morphine administration in hepatobiliary imaging for acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Department of Radiology, University of California Medical Center, San Diego 92103-9981. Source: Vasquez, T E Greenspan, G Evans, D G Halpern, S E Ashburn, W L Clin-NuclMed. 1988 January; 13(1): 4-6 0363-9762

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Diagnostic evaluation of hepatobiliary scintigraphy using 99mTc-N-pyridoxyl-5methyltryptophan in acute cholecystitis. Author(s): First Department of Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Takada, T Yasuda, H Uchiyama, K Hasegawa, H Shikata, J Kuniyasu, Y Takada, K Gastroenterol-Jpn. 1988 October; 23(5): 553-8 0435-1339

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Drainage of the gallbladder in patients with acute acalculous cholecystitis by transpapillary endoscopic cholecystotomy. Author(s): Clifton Center for Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City 52242. Source: Johlin, F C Neil, G A Gastrointest-Endosc. 1993 Sep-October; 39(5): 645-51 00165107

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Effect of acalculous cholecystitis on gallbladder neuromuscular transmission and contractility. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA. Source: Parkman, H P James, A N Bogar, L J Bartula, L L Thomas, R M Ryan, J P Myers, S I J-Surg-Res. 2000 February; 88(2): 186-92 0022-4804

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Effect of experimental acalculous cholecystitis on gallbladder smooth muscle contractility. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Source: Parkman, H P Bogar, L J Bartula, L L Pagano, A P Thomas, R M Myers, S I DigDis-Sci. 1999 November; 44(11): 2235-43 0163-2116

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Effect of short-term indomethacin treatment on the clinical course of acute obstructive cholecystitis. Author(s): Department of Surgery at NAL-Trollhattan Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. Source: Thornell, E Nilsson, B Jansson, R Svanvik, J Eur-J-Surg. 1991 February; 157(2): 127-30 1102-4151

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Fluid secretion by gallbladder mucosa in experimental cholecystitis is influenced by intramural nerves. Author(s): Department of Surgery I, University of Goteborg, Sweden. Source: Jivegard, L Thornell, E Svanvik, J Dig-Dis-Sci. 1987 December; 32(12): 1389-94 0163-2116

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Haemoperitoneum--a complication of acute cholecystitis in a patient on anticoagulant therapy. A case report. Author(s): Department of Surgery, J. G. Strijdom Hospital, Johannesburg. Source: Gecelter, G R Schein, M S-Afr-Med-J. 1989 September 2; 76(5): 216 0038-2469

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Infrared thermoimages display of body surface temperature reaction in experimental cholecystitis. Author(s): Institute of Acupuncture, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700,China. [email protected] Source: Zhang, D Zhu, Y G Wang, S Y Ma, H M Ye, Y Y Fu, W X Hu, W G World-JGastroenterol. 2002 April; 8(2): 323-7 1007-9327

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Intramuscular imipenem as adjuvant therapy for acute cholecystitis and perforated or gangrenous appendicitis. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center. Source: Yellin, A E Heseltine, P N Berne, T V Appleman, M D Gill, M A Chenella, F C Chemotherapy. 1991; 37 Suppl 237-43 0009-3157

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Intravenous administration of morphine sulfate in hepatobiliary imaging for acute cholecystitis: a review of clinical efficacy. Author(s): Department of Radiology, University of California Medical Center, San Diego. Source: Vasquez, T E Rimkus, D S Pretorius, H T Greenspan, G Nucl-Med-Commun. 1988 March; 9(3): 217-22 0143-3636

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Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis in the elderly. Author(s): Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong. Source: Lo, C M Lai, E C Fan, S T Liu, C L Wong, J World-J-Surg. 1996 October; 20(8): 983-6; discussion 987 0364-2313

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Morphine cholescintigraphy in the evaluation of hospitalized patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus. Source: Flancbaum, L Choban, P S Sinha, R Jonasson, O Ann-Surg. 1994 July; 220(1): 2531 0003-4932

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Morphine-augmented cholescintigraphy: its efficacy in detecting acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Department of Nuclear Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073. Source: Fink Bennett, D Balon, H Robbins, T Tsai, D J-Nucl-Med. 1991 June; 32(6): 1231-3 0161-5505

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Morphine-augmented versus CCK-augmented cholescintigraphy in diagnosing acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Department of Nuclear Medicine, Veterans Generel Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. Source: Yen, T C King, K L Chang, S L Yeh, S H Nucl-Med-Commun. 1995 February; 16(2): 84-7 0143-3636

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Naloxone-reversible inhibition of gall-bladder mucosal fluid secretion in experimental cholecystitis in the cat by acetorphan, an enkephalinase inhibitor. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden. Source: Jivegard, L Pollard, H Moreau, J Schwartz, J C Thune, A Svanvik, J Clin-Sci(Colch). 1989 July; 77(1): 49-54 0143-5221

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Oxidative stress before and after operation in patients with chronic cholecystitis containing gallstone. Author(s): 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China. Source: Zhou, J F Chen, P Yang, J L Zhu, Y G Peng, C H Wu, Y L Biomed-Environ-Sci. 2000 December; 13(4): 254-62 0895-3988

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Pathogenesis of acute cholecystitis after gastrectomy. Author(s): Second Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan. Source: Takahashi, T Yamamura, T Utsunomiya, J Br-J-Surg. 1990 May; 77(5): 536-9 00071323

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Postoperative enteral hyperalimentation for cryptosporidial acute cholecystitis associated with AIDS and enteritis. Source: Moss, G Braunstein, F M Newkirk, R E J-Am-Coll-Nutr. 1987 August; 6(4): 351-3 0731-5724

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Radiology and pathology in canine acalculous cholecystitis. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City School of Medicine. Source: Groh, M Inciardi, M Rupani, M Shull, S Schubert, T J-Surg-Res. 1988 December; 45(6): 544-8 0022-4804

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Refinement of the positive predictive value of gallbladder nonvisualization after morphine administration for acute cholecystitis based on the temporal pattern of common bile duct activity. Author(s): Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA. [email protected] Source: Kim, C K Yun, M Lim, J K Lin, X Krynyckyi, B R Machac, J Clin-Nucl-Med. 2000 August; 25(8): 603-7 0363-9762

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The role of prostaglandin I2 and biliary lipids during evolving cholecystitis in the rabbit. Author(s): Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas. Source: Myers, S Bartula, L Kalley Taylor, B Gastroenterology. 1993 January; 104(1): 24855 0016-5085

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The role of prostanoids in the production of acute acalculous cholecystitis by plateletactivating factor. Author(s): Department of Surgery, St. Louis University Hospital, MO 63110-15250. Source: Kaminski, D L Andrus, C H German, D Deshpande, Y G Ann-Surg. 1990 October; 212(4): 455-61 0003-4932

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Treatment of atrophic cholecystitis by regulating the function of the spleen--a report of 50 cases. Author(s): First Danjiangkou Municipal Hospital, Hubei Province. Source: Xu, D Wang, Y Hu, T Fu, H Wang, D J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1998 September; 18(3): 178-81 0254-6272

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Use of morphine cholescintigraphy in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis in critically ill patients. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus 43210, USA. Source: Flancbaum, L Choban, P S Intensive-Care-Med. 1995 February; 21(2): 120-4 03424642

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Valproate-associated pancreatitis and cholecystitis in six mentally retarded adults. Author(s): University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, USA. Source: Buzan, R D Firestone, D Thomas, M Dubovsky, S L J-Clin-Psychiatry. 1995 November; 56(11): 529-32 0160-6689

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to cholecystitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Lecithin/Phosphatidylcholine/Choline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHOLECYSTITIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to cholecystitis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to cholecystitis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “cholecystitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to cholecystitis: •

A clinical study of elderly patients with acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Maekawa T, Yabuki K, Satoh K, Tsumura H, Watabe Y. Source: Nippon Geka Hokan. 1997 March 1; 66(1): 3-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9642986&dopt=Abstract

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Acalculous eosinophilic cholecystitis from herbal medicine: a review of adverse effects of herbal medicine in surgical patients. Author(s): Adusumilli PS, Lee B, Parekh K, Farrelly PA. Source: Surgery. 2002 March; 131(3): 352-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11894043&dopt=Abstract

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Acalculus lymphoeosinophilic cholecystitis associated with interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cell therapy. Author(s): Chung-Park M, Kim B, Marmolya G, Karlins N, Wojcik E.

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Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1990 October; 114(10): 1073-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2222149&dopt=Abstract •

Acute cholecystitis at T2-weighted and manganese-enhanced T1-weighted MR cholangiography: preliminary study. Author(s): Kim KW, Park MS, Yu JS, Chung JP, Ryu YH, Lee SI, Lee KS, Yoon SW, Lee KH. Source: Radiology. 2003 May; 227(2): 580-4. Epub 2003 March 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12637680&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of the role of prostaglandins E and F in human cholecystitis. Author(s): Kaminski DL, Deshpande Y, Thomas L, Blank W. Source: Prostaglandins Leukot Med. 1984 October; 16(1): 109-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6595678&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygenation as adjuvant therapy to surgery of emphysematous cholecystitis. Author(s): Kraljevic D, Druzijanic N, Tomic I, Juricic J, Petri N. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 1999 March-April; 46(26): 775-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10370610&dopt=Abstract

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Infrared thermoimages display of body surface temperature reaction in experimental cholecystitis. Author(s): Zhang D, Zhu YG, Wang SY, Ma HM, Ye YY, Fu WX, Hu WG. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2002 April; 8(2): 323-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925617&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of atrophic cholecystitis by regulating the function of the spleen--a report of 50 cases. Author(s): Xu D, Wang Y, Hu T, Fu H, Wang D. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1998 September; 18(3): 178-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10453607&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of atrophic cholecystitis by regulating the spleen--a report of 50 cases. Author(s): Xu D, Wang Y, Hu T, Fu H, Wang D. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1999 June; 19(2): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10681862&dopt=Abstract

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to cholecystitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Gallbladder Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gallstones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gallstones Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Chinese Medicine Ershiwuwei Songshi Wan Alternative names: Ershiwuwei Songshi Pills (Used by Tibetan Nationality); Ershiwuwei Songshi Wan (Er Shi Wu Wei Song Shi Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Lidan Paishi Pian Alternative names: Lidan Paishi Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Shisanwei Bangga San Alternative names: Shisanwei Bangga Powder; Shisanwei Bangga Sanz (Shi San Wei Banq Qa San) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China •

Herbs and Supplements Achillea Alternative names: Yarrow; Achillea millefolium L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Calendula Alternative names: Calendula officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Greater Celandine Alternative names: Chelidonium majus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Matricaria Alternative names: Chamomile; Matricaria chamomilla Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CHOLECYSTITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to cholecystitis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on cholecystitis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “cholecystitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on cholecystitis: •

Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease: The Team Approach to Management Source: Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. 1995. 493 p. Contact: Available from Lippincott-Raven Publishers. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 777-2295. Fax (301) 824-7390. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: http://www.lrpub.com. PRICE: $99.95. ISBN: 0316709158. Summary: In this book, the editors identify 42 hepatobiliary and pancreatic problems that require a team approach to management. For each of the 42 chapters, a surgeon, gastroenterologist, or radiologist is the lead author, and physicians from different specialties are coauthors. The authors discuss etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis, but focus on patient management and results. The chapters cover hepatitis, hepatic failure, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, primary biliary cirrhosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, noninflammatory cysts, hepatic abscesses, hydatid disease, hemobilia, hepatic trauma,

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benign hepatic tumors, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic metastases, biliary atresia, biliary cysts, gallbladder stones, choledocholithiasis, hepatolithiasis, acute cholecystitis, acute cholangitis, biliary parasites, sclerosing cholangitis, benign strictures, motility disorders, gallbladder cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, acute pancreatitis, gallstone pancreatitis, pseudocysts, pancreatic abscesses, pancreatic necrosis, pancreatic hemorrhage, pancreas divisum, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic fistulas, pancreatic trauma, islet cell tumors, cystic neoplasms, ampullary carcinoma, and pancreatic cancer. Each chapter includes numerous black-and-white photographs, and a subject index concludes the volume. •

Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Diseases Source: New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2000. 928 p. Contact: Available from Marcel Dekker, Inc. Cimarron Road, P.O. Box 5005, Monticello, NY 12701. (800) 228-1160 or (845) 796-1919. Fax (845) 796-1772. E-mail: [email protected]. International E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.dekker.com. PRICE: $250.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0824703111. Summary: The gallbladder and biliary tract are the 'orphan' organs of the digestive system, falling between the realms of the solid organ liver specialist and the hollow organ intestinal expert. This comprehensive text covers the gallbladder and biliary tract disease, noting that the management of gallbladder and biliary disease is truly multidisciplinary, involving gastroenterologists, surgeons, endoscopists, and radiologists. The text attempts to translate advances in basic science into clinically relevant treatment and to bridge the gap between clinical disciplines. Parts I and II focus on important physiological and pathophysiological principles, with a special emphasis on gallstones. In Parts III to V, the authors focus on clinical disorders of the gallbladder and biliary tree, with input on management from surgeons, endoscopists, and radiologists. New imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance cholangiography and endoscopic ultrasound, are discussed from both the radiologist's and endoscopist's perspective, and their role in disease management is defined. The 37 chapters cover the neurobiology of the gallbladder, gallbladder mucosal function, gallbladder smooth muscle function and dysfunction, canalicular lipid secretion, bile ductal secretion and its regulation, the pathogenesis of gallstones, pigment gallstones, cholesterol crystallization in bile, normal gallbladder motor functions, gallbladder motility and gallstones, the role of intestinal transit, prevention of gallstones, the gallbladder and biliary tree in cystic fibrosis, the silent gallstone, biliary crystals and sludge, biliary colic and acute cholecystitis (gallbladder infection), laparoscopic cholecystectomy (removal of the gallbladder), nonsurgical therapy of gallstones, biliary lithotripsy, topical contact dissolution of gallbladder stones, common bile duct stones, acalculous cholecystitis, gallbladder cancer, primary sclerosing cholangitis, vanishing bile duct syndrome, cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer), ampullary tumors, infections of the bile ducts, and bile duct injuries. Each chapter includes extensive references and the text concludes with a detailed subject index.

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Handbook of Liver Disease Source: Philadelphia, PA: Churchill-Livingstone. 1998. 534 p. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418. Email: [email protected]. PRICE: $73.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0443055203.

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Summary: This comprehensive handbook in outline format offers easy access to information on the full range of liver disorders, and covers symptoms, signs, differential diagnoses, and treatments. A total of 34 chapters cover the following topics: assessment of liver function and diagnostic studies, acute liver failure, chronic viral hepatitis, acute viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, fatty liver and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, drug induced and toxic liver disease, cirrhosis and portal hypertension, portal hypertension and gastrointestinal bleeding, ascites and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease and related disorders, alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency and other metabolic liver diseases, Budd Chiari syndrome and other vascular disorders, the liver in heart failure, the liver in pregnancy, the liver in systemic disease, pediatric liver disease, liver disease in the elderly, HIV and the liver, granulomatous liver disease, hepatic tumors, hepatic abscesses and cysts, other infections involving the liver, surgery in the patient with liver disease and postoperative jaundice, liver transplantation, cholelithiasis and cholecystitis, diseases of the bile ducts, and tumors of the biliary tract. The book features lists that summarize key information and numerous figures and tables on topics such as acetaminophen toxicity, classifications of chronic hepatitis, and indications for liver transplantation. Each chapter was written by an acknowledged expert in the field and includes references for additional study. A subject index concludes the volume. •

Clinical Practice of Gastroenterology. Volume Two Source: Philadelphia, PA: Current Medicine. 1999. 861 p. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $235.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0443065209 (two volume set); 0443065217 (volume 1); 0443065225 (volume 2). Summary: This lengthy textbook brings practitioners up to date on the complexities of gastroenterology practice, focusing on the essentials of patient care. This second volume includes 113 chapters in five sections: liver, gallbladder and biliary tract, pancreas, pediatric gastroenterology, and special topics. Specific topics include hepatic (liver) structure and function, jaundice, viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver injury, liver tumors, parasitic diseases of the liver, Wilson's disease, hemochromatosis, the pregnancy patient with liver disease, portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, fulminant hepatic failure, liver transplantation, the anatomy of the gallbladder and biliary tract, gallstones, laparoscopic cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal), cholecystitis (gallbladder infection), primary sclerosing cholangitis, biliary obstruction, pancreatic anatomy and physiology, acute pancreatitis, pancreatic fistulas and ascites (fluid accumulation), chronic pancreatitis, cancer of the pancreas, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, esophageal atresia, gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children, achalasia and esophageal motility disorders, caustic and foreign body ingestion, vomiting, chronic abdominal pain, gastritis and peptic ulcer disease in children, malabsorption syndromes in children, inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents, acute appendicitis, cystic fibrosis, constipation and fecal soiling (incontinence), hepatitis in children, liver transplantation in children, failure to thrive, pediatric AIDS, the gastrointestinal manifestations of AIDS, the evaluation and management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, principles of endoscopy, eating disorders, nutritional assessment, enteral and parenteral nutrition, gastrointestinal diseases in the elderly and in pregnancy, nosocomial infections, and the psychosocial aspects of gastroenterology (doctor patient interactions). The chapters include figures,

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algorithms, charts, graphs, radiographs, endoscopic pictures, intraoperative photographs, photomicrographs, tables, and extensive references. The volume concludes with a detailed subject index and a section of color plates. •

Instructions for Patients. 5th ed Source: Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1994. 598 p. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418. PRICE: $49.95. ISBN: 0721649300 (English); 0721669972 (Spanish). Summary: This paper-bound book presents a number of patient instruction fact sheets. Each fact sheet includes three sections: basic information on signs and symptoms, causes, risk factors, etc.; treatment; and when to contact one's health care provider. Digestive system topics include food allergy, anal fissure, celiac disease, appendicitis, Crohn's disease, constipation, ulcerative colitis, cirrhosis of the liver, cholecystitis or cholangitis, diarrhea, diverticular disease, gallstones, gastritis, hiatal hernia, hemorrhoids, heartburn, irritable bowel syndrome, and lactose intolerance, among others. The fact sheets are designed to be photocopied and distributed to patients as a reinforcement of oral instructions and as a teaching tool. The book is available in English or Spanish.

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Hepatobiliary Diseases: Pathophysiology and Imaging Source: Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 2001. 764 p. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Commerce Place, Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (617) 388-8250. Fax (617) 388-8270. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. PRICE: $275.00. ISBN: 0632055421. Summary: This textbook aims to familiarize the reader with various imaging modalities, the information they provide, and with the merits of each, in order to facilitate the combined use of different imaging techniques in the diagnosis and management of hepatobiliary (liver and bile tract) diseases. The book includes 47 chapters in seven sections: progress in imaging, anatomy and gross changes in the liver, diffuse liver diseases, vascular disease, space-occupying lesions, other liver diseases, and biliary tract disease. Specific topics include computed tomography (CT scan) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); harmonic ultrasound; anatomy of the liver; acute hepatitis and acute hepatic failure; chronic hepatitis; cirrhosis (liver scarring); fatty liver (steatosis); alcoholic liver disease; iron overload; Wilson's disease; amyloidosis, metabolic diseases, drug-induced and chemical-induced liver injuries; vascular anatomy of the liver and vascular anomalies; portal hypertension (high blood pressure); thrombosis (clotting) affecting the liver; Budd-Chiari syndrome; primary malignant tumors of the liver (liver cancer); benign liver lesions; cysts of the liver; liver abscess; blunt hepatic trauma; parasitic diseases; infections and the liver; transplantation; anatomy of the biliary tract; congenital anomalies and dilatation; Caroli's disease; stone disease (gallstones); biliary tract stenosis; primary sclerosing cholangitis; cholecystitis and Mirizzi syndrome; tumors of the gallbladder; adenomyomatosis and cholesterolosis; Hilar carcinoma; and tumors of the common bile duct and papilla of Vater. Each chapter includes black and white reproductions of imaging techniques and a list of references. The book includes a color plate section and a detailed subject index.

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Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “cholecystitis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “cholecystitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “cholecystitis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Acute cholecystitis by Clarence J. Schein; ISBN: 006142336X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/006142336X/icongroupinterna

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Chronic Cholecystitis: Its Pathology and the Role of Vascular Factors in Its Pathogenesis by Talya Levine; ISBN: 0470531223; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470531223/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “cholecystitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:8 •

Diagnosis and treatment of acute cholecystitis: a clinical study. Author: Heikki J.J. Järvinen; Year: 1979

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Liver involvement in cholecystitis and in obstructive icterus; a study with special reference to hexobarbital metabolism and glucose-6-phosphatase activity of human liver microsomes. Author: Auranen, Aarre; Year: 1972

Chapters on Cholecystitis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to cholecystitis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and cholecystitis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “cholecystitis” (or 8

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on cholecystitis: •

Acalculous Cholecystitis, Cholesterolosis, Adenomyomatosis, and Polyps of the Gallbladder Source: in Feldman, M.; Friedman, L.S.; Sleisenger, M.H. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 7th ed. [2-volume set]. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. 2002. p. 1116-1130. Contact: Available from Elsevier. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 568-5136. Website: www.us.elsevierhealth.com. PRICE: $229.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721689736. Summary: Although gallstones (cholelithiasis) and their complications account for most cholecystectomies (gallbladder removal), a persistent 15 percent of these operations are performed in patients without gallstones. In general, one of two clinically distinct syndromes occur in these patients: acalculous biliary pain or acute acalculous cholecystitis. This chapter on acalculous cholecystitis, cholesterolosis, adenomyomatosis, and polyps of the gallbladder is from a comprehensive and authoritative textbook that covers disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tree, pancreas, and liver, as well as the related topics of nutrition and peritoneal disorders. For each condition, the author considers a definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic considerations, and treatment options. The chapter includes a mini-outline with page citations, full-color illustrations, and extensive references. 5 figures. 5 tables. 201 references.

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Cholecystitis and Mirizzi Syndrome Source: in Okuda, K., ed.,et al. Hepatobiliary Diseases: Pathophysiology and Imaging. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 2001. p. 682-695. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Commerce Place, Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (617) 388-8250. Fax (617) 388-8270. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell- science.com. PRICE: $275.00. ISBN: 0632055421. Summary: This chapter on cholecystitis and Mirizzi syndrome is from a textbook that familiarizes the reader with various imaging modalities, the information they provide, and the merits of each, in order to facilitate the combined use of different imaging techniques in the diagnosis and management of hepatobiliary (liver and bile tract) diseases. Acute calculous cholecystitis is an acute inflammation of the gallbladder precipitated by obstruction of the neck of the gallbladder or cystic duct by a gallstone. Acute cholecystitis is the most common complication of gallbladder stones, causing the patient severe pain and illness. Emphysematous cholecystitis is rare and characterized by the gallbladder being infected by gas-forming bacteria, including Clostridia, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species. Chronic cholecystitis is almost always associated with gallstones, whether or not the patient has had symptoms. Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis is characterized by multiple, yellowish brown intraluminal nodules, proliferative fibrosis, and foamy histiocytic infiltration (bile within the gallbladder wall). Porcelain gallbladder is defined as diffuse calcification of the wall of the organ. Milk of calcium bile, or limy bile, is formed by the precipitation of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and calcium bilirubinate in the gallbladder, resulting in a semifluid or putty like material. Mirizzi syndrome is an uncommon complication of long standing gallstone disease that occurs in 0.7 to 1.4 percent of all

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cholecystectomies (gallbladder removals) performed. Mirizzi syndrome includes stricture (narrowing) of the common hepatic (liver) bile duct due to inflammation of the gallbladder and fistula after erosion of the impacted stone into the common hepatic duct. For each condition, the author discusses pathogenesis, pathology, clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging, and treatment options. 23 figures. 19 references. •

Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis Source: in Friedman, L.S. and Keeffe, E.B., eds. Handbook of Liver Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill-Livingstone. 1998. p. 449-463. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418. Email: [email protected]. PRICE: $73.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0443055203. Summary: This chapter on cholelithiasis (gallstones) and cholecystitis (gallbladder infection) is from a comprehensive handbook in outline format that offers easy access to information on the full range of liver disorders and covers symptoms, signs, differential diagnoses, and treatments. There are two main types of gallstones: cholesterol and pigment. Pigment gallstones are further subdivided into black and brown varieties. The pathogenesis of cholesterol and pigment stones is different, but the clinical syndromes they cause are similar. Most gallbladder stones are asymptomatic. When they become symptomatic, biliary pain is the most common manifestation. Hallmarks of biliary pain are its episodic nature and location in the upper abdomen, usually in the right upper quadrant. Other conditions may coexist with gallstones and account for symptoms attributed initially to the stones. The treatment of choice for symptomatic gallbladder stones is laparoscopic cholecystectomy; when this approach is not feasible, open cholecystectomy is the alternative. Acute cholecystitis is the most common complication of gallstones and cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice. Consultation among the internist, gastroenterologist, surgeon, and radiologist is frequently warranted in order to arrive at the most efficient plan for care. Acute acalculous cholecystitis requires a high index of suspicion for diagnosis; patients are usually quite ill, and rapid therapy is necessary. 10 references.

Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to cholecystitis have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:9 •

1998-1999 Complete Directory for People with Rare Disorders Source: Lakeville, CT: Grey House Publishing, Inc. 1998. 726 p. Contact: Available from Grey House Publishing, Inc. Pocket Knife Square, Lakeville, CT 06039. (860) 435-0868. Fax (860) 435-0867. PRICE: $190.00. ISBN: 0939300982.

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You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “cholecystitis” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “cholecystitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.

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Summary: This directory, from the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) provides a wealth of information on diseases and organizations. The directory offers four sections: disease descriptions, disease specific organizations, umbrella organizations, and government agencies. In the first section, the directory includes descriptions of 1,102 rare diseases in alphabetical order. Each entry defines the disorder, then refers readers to the organizations that might be of interest. Diseases related to digestive diseases include achalasia, Addison's disease, Alagille syndrome, Barrett's esophagus, Budd Chiari syndrome, Caroli disease, celiac sprue, cholangitis, cholecystitis, cirrhosis, colitis, Crohn's disease, Cushing syndrome, cystic fibrosis, diverticulitis, Dubin Johnson syndrome, fructose intolerance, galactosemia, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux, hepatitis, Hirschprung's disease, Hurler syndrome, imperforate anus, irritable bowel syndrome, jejunal atresia, Korsakoff's syndrome, lipodystrophy, maple syrup urine disease, Morquio syndrome, polyposis, porphyria, proctitis, prune belly syndrome, sarcoidosis, Stevens Johnson syndrome, Tropical sprue, tyrosinemia, valinemia, vitamin E deficiency, Whipple's disease, Wilson's disease, and Zollinger Ellison syndrome. Each of the 445 organizations listed in the second section is associated with a specific disease or group of diseases. In addition to contact information, there is a descriptive paragraph about the organization and its primary goals and program activities. Entries include materials published by the organization as well as the diseases the organizations cover, which refer readers to Section I. The third section lists 444 organizations that are more general in nature, serving a wide range of diseases (for example, the American Liver Foundation). The final section describes 74 agencies that are important federal government contacts that serve the diverse needs of individuals with rare disorders. A name and key word index concludes the volume.

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CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON CHOLECYSTITIS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on cholecystitis. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on cholecystitis is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “cholecystitis” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “cholecystitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on cholecystitis: •

Goodbye Gallstones Source: Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Outreach Education. 1995. (videocassette). Contact: Available from University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics. Picture of Health, 702 North Blackhawk Avenue, Suite 215, Madison, WI 53705-3357. (800) 757-4354 or (608) 263-6510. Fax (608) 262-7172. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling; bulk copies available. Order number 020195A. Summary: More than one million people will discover they have gallstones this year, and most will be women. Not all gallstones cause problems, but when they do, a variety of treatments are available. This videotape is one in a series of health promotion programs called 'Picture of Health,' produced by the University of Wisconsin. In this program, moderated by Mary Lee and featuring Dr. Eberhard Mack, the common symptoms, diagnosis, and management of gallstones are covered. Dr. Mack introduces the function of the gallbladder as a storage bag for bile, which is a 'detergent' produced

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by the liver that is used for digestion. Dr. Mack shows an illustration of the anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, including the gallbladder, and describes where gallstones tend to form. Dr. Mack then shows actual gallstones, one a cholesterol stone, one a black pigment stone, and describes how gallstones form and the speed of growth of different types of stones. Risk factors for gallstones include being gender, being over 40, having a fair complexion (genetics), having a familial tendency, losing weight rapidly, and giving birth to many children. Symptoms include sudden onset of pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, sometimes accompanied by nausea or vomiting. The pain is usually one to two hours in duration, as the gallstone passes. Some people have gallstones that are asymptomatic. Diagnostic considerations include patient history, abdominal film (xray), ultrasound, and cardiovascular testing (to rule out cardiovascular disease). Dr. Mack reviews the complications of gallstones, including gallstone pancreatitis, acute cholecystitis (infection of the gallbladder), hydrops, and jaundice. The program concludes by describing the use of open cholecystectomy, using a mini incision technique, and the use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Dr. Mack demonstrates the instruments used for the latter technique. The program concludes by referring viewers to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). •

Video Perspectives in Surgical Laparoscopy Source: St. Louis, MO: Quality Medical Publishing, Inc. 199x. Contact: Available from Quality Medical Publishing, Inc. 11970 Borman Drive, Suite 222, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 348-7808 or, in Missouri, (314) 878-7808. Fax (314) 878-9937. PRICE: $59 or $89 for 1/2 in NTSC; $84 or $114 for PAL, SECAM, and 3/4 in formats. Summary: This series of instructional videotapes is designed to take viewers into the operating room for a firsthand look at new laparoscopic procedures. Programs are available on: laparoscopic highly selective vagotomy; laparoscopic appendectomy; laparoscopic herniorrhaphy; laparoscopic cholecystectomy using laser; laparoscopic cholecystectomy using electrocautery; common bile duct exploration; laparoscopic suturing; laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy; open laparoscopy for the general surgeon; practice guidelines for the OR nurse; laparoscopic management of acute and complicated cholecystitis; diagnostic and therapeutic thoracoscopy; patient education for laparoscopic biliary tract surgery; laparoscopic colon resection; laparoscopic splenectomy; thoracoscopic esophageal myotomy; laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication; diagnostic and therapeutic thoracoscopy; laparoscopic adrenalectomy; and inguinal anatomy for laparoscopic hernia repair. The individuals demonstrating these various laparoscopic techniques are internationally recognized for their pioneering work and expertise in this area. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHOLECYSTITIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover cholecystitis.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on cholecystitis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “cholecystitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to cholecystitis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “cholecystitis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for cholecystitis: •

HIDA scan more sensitive than ultrasound in diagnosing acute cholecystitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 31, 2001

•

Risk of acute cholecystitis increases after hospitalization for MI Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 04, 2000

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•

Adenovirus-Related Cholecystitis Seen In AIDS Patient Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 14, 1998

•

Fever, Leukocytosis Should Not Affect Acute Cholecystitis Diagnosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 11, 1996 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “cholecystitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “cholecystitis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to cholecystitis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “cholecystitis” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Cholecystitis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to cholecystitis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering cholecystitis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for cholecystitis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with cholecystitis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to cholecystitis: Cephalosporins •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ancef; Ceclor; Ceclor CD; Cedax; Cefadyl; Cefizox; Cefobid; Cefotan; Ceftin; Cefzil; Ceptaz; Claforan; Duricef; Fortaz; Keflex 20; Keftab 20; Kefurox; Kefzol; Mandol; Maxipime; Mefoxin; Monocid; Omnicef; Rocephin; Suprax; Tazicef; Tazidime; Vantin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202119.html

Clindamycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cleocin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202145.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Clinda-Derm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202146.html

•

Vaginal - U.S. Brands: Cleocin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202700.html

Diclofenac •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Solaraze http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500247.html

Gentamicin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Garamycin; Gentacidin; Gentafair; Gentak; OcuMycin; Spectro-Genta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202604.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Garamycin; Gentamar; G-Myticin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202258.html

Ursodiol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actigall http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202587.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

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PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

83

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “cholecystitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 12427 95 27 33 13 12595

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “cholecystitis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on cholecystitis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to cholecystitis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to cholecystitis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “cholecystitis”:

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•

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Other guides Digestive Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/digestivediseases.html Gallbladder and Bile Duct Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gallbladderandbileductdiseases.html Giardia Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/giardiainfections.html Hormone Replacement Therapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hormonereplacementtherapy.html Liver Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/liverdiseases.html Pancreatic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pancreaticdiseases.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on cholecystitis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Cholecystitis or Cholangitis Source: in Griffith, H.W. Instructions for Patients. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1994. p. 87. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418. PRICE: $49.95. ISBN: 0721649300 (English); 0721669972 (Spanish). Summary: This fact sheet provides basic information on frequent signs and symptoms, causes, risk factors, preventive measures, etc.; treatment, medication, and diet; and when to contact one's health care provider. The fact sheet is designed to be photocopied and distributed to patients as a reinforcement of oral instructions and as a teaching tool. The book in which the fact sheet appears is available in English or Spanish.

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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to cholecystitis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on cholecystitis can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to cholecystitis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with cholecystitis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about cholecystitis. For more information, see

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the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “cholecystitis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “cholecystitis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “cholecystitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “cholecystitis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on cholecystitis: •

Basic Guidelines for Cholecystitis AIDS Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000594.htm Cholelithiasis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000273.htm Gallstones Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000273.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Cholecystitis Chills Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003091.htm Dyspepsia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003260.htm

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Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Hepatomegaly Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003275.htm Jaundice Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003243.htm Nausea and vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Wasting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003188.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Cholecystitis Alkaline phosphatase Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003470.htm ALT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003473.htm AST Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003472.htm Bilirubin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003479.htm Blood culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003744.htm CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003330.htm ERCP Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003893.htm GGT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003458.htm Ultrasound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003336.htm

•

Surgery and Procedures for Cholecystitis Cholecystectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002930.htm

Online Glossaries 101

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002930.htm Laparoscopic cholecystectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007016.htm Laparotomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002928.htm Open cholecystectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002930.htm •

Background Topics for Cholecystitis Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Bile Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002237.htm Contraindications Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002314.htm Endoscopic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002360.htm Palpation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002284.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CHOLECYSTITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH]

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Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adjuvant Therapy: Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy. [NIH]

Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH]

Dictionary 105

Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anal Fissure: A small tear in the anus that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Appendectomy: An operation to remove the appendix. [NIH] Appendicitis: Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU]

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Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Ascariasis: Infection by nematodes of the genus Ascaris. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atresia: Lack of a normal opening from the esophagus, intestines, or anus. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune Hepatitis: A liver disease caused when the body's immune system destroys liver cells for no known reason. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the

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digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Atresia: Atresia of the biliary tract, most commonly of the extrahepatic bile ducts. [NIH]

Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion.

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There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breast reconstruction: Surgery to rebuild a breast's shape after a mastectomy. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH]

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Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Celiac Artery: The arterial trunk that arises from the abdominal aorta and after a short course divides into the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones. [NIH] Cholangiography: Radiographic examination of the bile ducts. [NIH] Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH] Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholecystokinin: A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. [NIH] Cholecystostomy: Establishment of an opening into the gallbladder either for drainage or surgical communication with another part of the digestive tract, usually the duodenum or jejunum. [NIH] Choledocholithiasis: Gallstones in the bile ducts. [NIH] Cholelithiasis: Presence or formation of gallstones. [NIH] Choleretic: A choleretic agent. [EU] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cilastatin: A renal dehydropeptidase-I and leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor. Since the antibiotic, imipenem, is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-I, which resides in the brush border of the renal tubule, cilastatin is administered with imipenem to increase its effectiveness. The drug also inhibits the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukeotriene E4. [NIH]

Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

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Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clonorchis sinensis: A species of trematode flukes of the family Opisthorchidae. Many authorities consider this genus belonging to Opisthorchis. It is common in China and other Asiatic countries. Snails and fish are the intermediate hosts. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon. [NIH] Common Bile Duct: The largest biliary duct. It is formed by the junction of the cystic duct and the hepatic duct. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

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Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convalescence: The period of recovery following an illness. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans)

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end of the body. [EU] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanosis: A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cystic Duct: The tube that carries bile from the gallbladder into the common bile duct and the small intestine. [NIH] Cystic Duct Obstruction: A blockage of the cystic duct, often caused by gallstones. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoprotection: The process by which chemical compounds provide protection to cells against harmful agents. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Diagnostic Imaging: Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The

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dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diverticula: Plural form of diverticulum. [NIH] Diverticulitis: Inflammation of a diverticulum or diverticula. [NIH] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenitis: An irritation of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH]

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Electrolytes: Substances that break up into ions (electrically charged particles) when they are dissolved in body fluids or water. Some examples are sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Electrolytes are primarily responsible for the movement of nutrients into cells, and the movement of wastes out of cells. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Endophthalmitis: Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye; not all layers of the uvea are affected. Fungi, necrosis of intraocular tumors, and retained intraocular foreign bodies often cause a purulent endophthalmitis. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: ERCP. A procedure to x-ray the pancreatic duct, hepatic duct, common bile duct, duodenal papilla, and gallbladder. In this procedure, a thin, lighted tube (endoscope) is passed through the mouth and down into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A smaller tube (catheter) is then inserted through the endoscope into the bile and pancreatic ducts. A dye is injected through the catheter into the ducts, and an x-ray is taken. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Enterocytes: Terminally differentiated cells comprising the majority of the external surface of the intestinal epithelium (see intestinal mucosa). Unlike goblet cells, they do not produce or secrete mucins, nor do they secrete cryptdins as do the paneth cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its

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cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Atresia: Congenital failure of the full esophageal lumen to develop that commonly occurs with tracheoesophageal fistula. Symptoms include excessive salivation, gagging, cyanosis, and dyspnea. [NIH] Esophageal Motility Disorders: Disorders affecting the motor function of the upper or lower esophageal sphincters, the esophageal body, or a combination of these parts. The failure of the sphincters to maintain a tonic pressure may result in the impeding of the passage of food, regurgitation of food, or reflux of gastric acid into the esophagus. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Failure to Thrive: A condition in which an infant or child's weight gain and growth are far below usual levels for age. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU]

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Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fructose Intolerance: An autosomal recessive fructose metabolism disorder due to deficient fructose-1-phosphate aldolase (EC 2.1.2.13) activity, resulting in accumulation of fructose-1phosphate. The accumulated fructose-1-phosphate inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, causing severe hypoglycemia following ingestion of fructose. Prolonged fructose ingestion in infants leads ultimately to hepatic failure and death. Patients develop a strong distaste for sweet food, and avoid a chronic course of the disease by remaining on a fructose- and sucrose-free diet. [NIH] Fulminant Hepatic Failure: Liver failure that occurs suddenly in a previously healthy person. The most common causes of FHF are acute hepatitis, acetaminophen overdose, and liver damage from prescription drugs. [NIH] Galactosemia: Buildup of galactose in the blood. Caused by lack of one of the enzymes needed to break down galactose into glucose. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallbladder Emptying: A process whereby bile is delivered from the gallbladder into the duodenum. The emptying is caused by both contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter mechanism at the choledochal terminus. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas Gangrene: A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus Clostridium. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases. [NIH] Gastrectomy: An operation to remove all or part of the stomach. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

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Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenterologist: A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the digestive system. [NIH] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Gluconeogenesis: The process by which glucose is formed from a non-carbohydrate source. [NIH]

Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose-6-Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-glucose 6-phosphate and water to D-glucose and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.9. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Goblet Cells: Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Agencies: Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a

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microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Hallucination: A sense perception without a source in the external world; a perception of an external stimulus object in the absence of such an object. [EU] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemochromatosis: A disease that occurs when the body absorbs too much iron. The body stores the excess iron in the liver, pancreas, and other organs. May cause cirrhosis of the liver. Also called iron overload disease. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatic Artery: A branch of the celiac artery that distributes to the stomach, pancreas, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, and greater omentum. [NIH] Hepatic Duct, Common: Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct. [NIH]

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Hepatic Encephalopathy: A condition that may cause loss of consciousness and coma. It is usually the result of advanced liver disease. Also called hepatic coma. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatobiliary: Pertaining to the liver and the bile or the biliary ducts. [EU] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatology: The field of medicine concerned with the functions and disorders of the liver. [NIH]

Hepatorenal Syndrome: Renal failure in those with liver disease, usually liver cirrhosis or obstructive jaundice. Historically called Heyd disease, urohepatic syndrome, or bile nephrosis. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]

Herniorrhaphy: An operation to repair a hernia. [NIH] Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative. [NIH] Hiatal Hernia: A small opening in the diaphragm that allows the upper part of the stomach to move up into the chest. Causes heartburn from stomach acid flowing back up through the opening. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH]

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Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertension, Portal: Abnormally increased pressure in the portal venous system; frequently seen in cirrhosis of the liver and in other conditions which cause obstruction of the portal vein. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Icterus: Jaundice. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileus: Obstruction of the intestines. [EU] Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with cilastatin, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Imperforate Anus: A birth defect in which the anal canal fails to develop. The condition is treated with an operation. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU]

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Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

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Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Iodine-131: Radioactive isotope of iodine. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Laparotomy: A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Length of Stay: The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility. [NIH]

Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

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Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipodystrophy: A collection of rare conditions resulting from defective fat metabolism and characterized by atrophy of the subcutaneous fat. They include total, congenital or acquired, partial, abdominal infantile, and localized lipodystrophy. [NIH] Lithiasis: A condition characterized by the formation of calculi and concretions in the hollow organs or ducts of the body. They occur most often in the gallbladder, kidney, and lower urinary tract. [NIH] Lithotripsy: The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is laser lithotripsy. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenectomy: A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and examined to see whether they contain cancer. Also called lymph node dissection. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph

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nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokine: A soluble protein produced by some types of white blood cell that stimulates other white blood cells to kill foreign invaders. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malabsorption syndrome: A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Maple Syrup Urine Disease: A genetic disorder involving deficiency of an enzyme necessary in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, and named for the characteristic odor of the urine. [NIH] Mastectomy: Surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue as possible). [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH]

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Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH]

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Musculature: The muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. [EU] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

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Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Omentum: A fold of the peritoneum (the thin tissue that lines the abdomen) that surrounds the stomach and other organs in the abdomen. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatic Ducts: Ducts that collect pancreatic juice from the pancreas and supply it to the duodenum. [NIH] Pancreatic Fistula: Abnormal passage communicating with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It

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is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Paneth Cells: Epithelial cells found in the basal part of the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn). Paneth cells synthesize and secrete lysozyme and cryptdins. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in

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radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photodynamic therapy: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These drugs kill cancer cells. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the

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interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Policy Making: The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures. [NIH] Polyp: A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane. [NIH] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]

Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Portal Vein: A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein. [NIH] Post partum: After childbirth, or after delivery. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postoperative Complications: Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery. [NIH] Postoperative Period: The period following a surgical operation. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases

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in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: A chronic liver disease. Slowly destroys the bile ducts in the liver. This prevents release of bile. Long-term irritation of the liver may cause scarring and cirrhosis in later stages of the disease. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Prune Belly Syndrome: A syndrome characterized by abdominal wall musculature deficiency, cryptorchism, and urinary tract abnormalities. The syndrome derives its name from its characteristic distended abdomen with wrinkled skin. [NIH] Pseudocysts: A collection of enzyme-rich pancreatic fluid and tissue debris arising within areas of necrosis or an obstructed smaller duct. [NIH] Pseudopregnancy: Any abdominal condition resembling pregnancy. [NIH] Pseudotumour: An enlargement that resembles a tumour. [EU]

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Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiologist: A doctor who specializes in creating and interpreting pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are produced with x-rays, sound waves, or other types of energy. [NIH]

Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH]

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Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salivation: 1. The secretion of saliva. 2. Ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva). [EU] Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH]

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Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a

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subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenectomy: An operation to remove the spleen. [NIH] Sprue: A non febrile tropical disease of uncertain origin. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH]

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Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tamponade: The inserting of a tampon; a dressing is inserted firmly into a wound or body cavity, as the nose, uterus or vagina, principally for stopping hemorrhage. [NIH] Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of uranium. The stablest isotope has a mass number 99 and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thoracoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the pleural cavity. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH]

Dictionary 137

Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Tracheoesophageal Fistula: Abnormal communication between the esophagus and the trachea, acquired or congenital, often associated with esophageal atresia. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tropomyosin: A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by troponin. [NIH] Troponin: One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath,

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pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vagotomy: The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or

Dictionary 139

viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

141

INDEX A Abdomen, 5, 69, 72, 103, 107, 115, 118, 121, 122, 123, 127, 129, 131, 135, 136 Abdominal Pain, 4, 65, 103, 122, 124, 129, 137 Ablation, 39, 103 Abscess, 22, 33, 50, 66, 103 Acceptor, 103, 123, 127 Acetaminophen, 65, 103, 116 Acetylcholine, 103, 126 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 43, 103 Actin, 103, 126, 137 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 103 Acute myeloid leukemia, 15, 103 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 103 Adaptability, 103, 109 Adenocarcinoma, 23, 103, 119 Adipocytes, 103, 122 Adjuvant, 28, 55, 60, 104 Adjuvant Therapy, 28, 55, 60, 104 Adrenal Glands, 104, 105 Adverse Effect, 54, 59, 104, 134 Aerobic, 104, 120 Afferent, 104, 122 Affinity, 104 Agonist, 8, 104 Algorithms, 66, 104, 107 Alimentary, 19, 34, 104, 128 Alkaline, 100, 104, 108 Alkaloid, 104, 125 Allergen, 104, 112 Alternative medicine, 74, 104 Amino Acids, 104, 124, 128, 131, 133, 137 Ampulla, 104, 114 Amyloidosis, 66, 105 Anaerobic, 105, 120 Anal, 66, 105, 120 Anal Fissure, 66, 105 Analgesic, 103, 105, 125, 127 Anaplasia, 105, 126 Anomalies, 66, 105 Antibacterial, 105, 120, 135 Antibody, 104, 105, 110, 121, 124, 132 Anticoagulant, 55, 105, 131 Antigen, 104, 105, 110, 117, 119, 121, 124 Anti-infective, 105, 122 Anti-inflammatory, 103, 105, 120

Antioxidant, 105, 127 Antipyretic, 103, 105 Anus, 105, 106, 108 Appendectomy, 72, 105 Appendicitis, 55, 65, 66, 105 Arachidonic Acid, 105, 131 Arginine, 105, 126 Arterial, 11, 105, 109, 120, 131, 136 Arteries, 105, 106, 107, 109, 111, 125, 126 Ascariasis, 13, 106 Ascites, 65, 106 Aspiration, 23, 46, 50, 106 Assay, 23, 106 Asymptomatic, 69, 72, 106, 127 Atresia, 70, 106, 107 Atrophy, 106, 123 Atypical, 10, 106 Autacoids, 106, 120 Autodigestion, 106, 127 Autoimmune Hepatitis, 65, 106 B Bacteria, 68, 105, 106, 114, 116, 118, 120, 125, 132, 134, 135, 138 Bactericidal, 106, 115 Barbiturate, 106, 119 Base, 106, 122, 136, 138 Benign, 64, 66, 106, 126 Beta-Lactamases, 106, 120 Bile, 6, 8, 22, 26, 31, 64, 65, 66, 68, 71, 90, 101, 106, 107, 109, 112, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 122, 123, 131, 138 Bile Acids, 8, 106, 117 Bile Acids and Salts, 106 Bile Ducts, 64, 65, 107, 109, 116, 131 Bile Pigments, 107, 122 Biliary Atresia, 64, 107 Biliary Tract, 19, 34, 64, 65, 66, 72, 107, 108, 128 Bilirubin, 100, 107, 116, 119 Biochemical, 7, 107 Biological Transport, 107, 113 Biopsy, 12, 25, 107, 129 Biotechnology, 8, 9, 67, 74, 85, 107 Bladder, 5, 42, 56, 107, 120, 123, 138 Bloating, 107, 120, 122, 124 Blood Coagulation, 107, 108 Blood pressure, 5, 66, 107, 108, 120, 125

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Blood vessel, 107, 108, 109, 114, 122, 123, 124, 134, 135, 136, 138 Body Fluids, 107, 113, 114 Body Regions, 107, 110 Bone Marrow, 103, 107, 123, 124 Bone scan, 107, 133 Bowel, 105, 107, 108, 113, 114, 121, 129, 135, 137 Bowel Movement, 108, 113, 135 Bradykinin, 108, 126 Branch, 37, 39, 97, 108, 118, 124, 128, 134, 136 Breakdown, 108, 113, 116 Breast reconstruction, 10, 108 Buccal, 108, 123 C Calcification, 68, 108 Calcium, 68, 108, 110, 114, 125, 137 Calcium Carbonate, 68, 108 Calculi, 108, 123 Carcinogenesis, 35, 42, 108 Carcinoma, 10, 19, 34, 37, 49, 50, 51, 64, 66, 108 Cardiac, 11, 108, 115, 117, 126 Cardiovascular, 39, 72, 108 Cardiovascular disease, 72, 108 Case report, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 25, 26, 40, 54, 55, 108, 110 Case series, 11, 108, 110 Caustic, 65, 109 Celiac Artery, 109, 118 Celiac Disease, 66, 109 Cell Death, 7, 109, 117, 126 Cell Division, 106, 109, 129 Cells, Cultured, 6, 109 Central Nervous System, 103, 109, 125 Cerebrovascular, 108, 109 Chemotherapy, 55, 104, 109 Chenodeoxycholic Acid, 109, 138 Cholangiography, 60, 64, 109 Cholangitis, 6, 18, 64, 65, 66, 70, 90, 109 Cholecystokinin, 30, 109 Cholecystostomy, 21, 30, 33, 37, 38, 42, 46, 47, 109 Choledocholithiasis, 64, 109 Cholelithiasis, 10, 13, 15, 27, 40, 45, 65, 68, 69, 99, 109 Choleretic, 109, 138 Cholesterol, 6, 8, 12, 64, 69, 72, 106, 109, 111, 116 Cilastatin, 109, 120 Clinical Medicine, 28, 29, 109, 130

Clinical study, 59, 67, 110 Clinical trial, 6, 85, 110, 132 Cloning, 107, 110 Clonorchis sinensis, 22, 110 Cofactor, 110, 131 Colic, 4, 54, 64, 110 Colitis, 18, 70, 110, 122 Colonoscopy, 16, 24, 110 Common Bile Duct, 8, 22, 40, 56, 64, 66, 72, 110, 112, 118 Complement, 110, 111 Complementary and alternative medicine, 59, 62, 110 Complementary medicine, 59, 111 Computational Biology, 85, 111 Computed tomography, 3, 40, 66, 111, 133 Computerized axial tomography, 111, 133 Computerized tomography, 111 Connective Tissue, 107, 111, 116, 123, 133 Consciousness, 105, 111, 112, 119 Constipation, 65, 66, 111, 122, 129 Constriction, 111, 122 Contamination, 111, 119 Contractility, 54, 111 Contraindications, ii, 101, 111 Convalescence, 4, 111 Coronary, 108, 111, 125, 126 Coronary heart disease, 108, 111 Coronary Thrombosis, 111, 125, 126 Cranial, 111, 138 Cryptosporidiosis, 28, 112 Crystallization, 64, 112 Curative, 112, 136 Cutaneous, 112, 123 Cyanosis, 112, 115 Cyclic, 112, 118, 126, 130, 131 Cyst, 15, 23, 112 Cystic Duct, 4, 37, 43, 68, 110, 112, 118 Cystic Duct Obstruction, 37, 112 Cytomegalovirus, 17, 48, 112 Cytoplasm, 112, 115, 133 Cytoprotection, 8, 112 Cytotoxic, 7, 112 D Databases, Bibliographic, 85, 112 Degenerative, 112, 119 Dementia, 103, 112 Desensitization, 8, 112 Diagnostic Imaging, 16, 69, 112 Diagnostic procedure, 74, 112 Dialyzer, 112, 118 Diaphragm, 18, 26, 29, 49, 113, 119, 129

Index 143

Diarrhea, 66, 106, 112, 113, 122, 124 Diastolic, 113, 120 Diffusion, 8, 107, 113, 121 Digestion, 72, 104, 106, 107, 113, 120, 121, 123, 128, 135 Digestive system, 64, 66, 113, 117 Digestive tract, 109, 113, 134 Dilatation, 66, 113, 138 Direct, iii, 7, 28, 77, 109, 113, 128, 130, 133 Disinfectant, 113, 115 Dissection, 4, 11, 113, 123 Distal, 113, 117 Diverticula, 113 Diverticulitis, 40, 70, 113 Diverticulum, 113 Drug Interactions, 78, 79, 113 Duct, 4, 22, 64, 69, 90, 104, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 118, 131, 133 Duodenitis, 12, 113 Duodenum, 25, 106, 109, 113, 114, 116, 118, 122, 127, 135 Dysplasia, 23, 113 Dyspnea, 113, 115 E Eating Disorders, 65, 113 Efficacy, 21, 45, 54, 55, 113, 120 Elective, 42, 113 Electrocardiogram, 25, 113 Electrolytes, 106, 114 Electrons, 105, 106, 114, 127, 132 Emaciation, 103, 114 Embolus, 114, 121 Endophthalmitis, 50, 114 Endoscope, 114 Endoscopic, 12, 21, 37, 54, 64, 65, 101, 110, 114, 136 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, 12, 65, 114 Endoscopy, 12, 14, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 31, 32, 33, 37, 39, 40, 41, 45, 46, 65, 114 Endothelium, 114, 126 Endothelium-derived, 114, 126 Energy balance, 114, 122 Enteritis, 56, 114 Enterocolitis, 114 Enterocytes, 6, 114 Environmental Health, 84, 86, 114 Enzymatic, 108, 110, 114 Enzyme, 114, 117, 118, 120, 122, 124, 128, 131, 139 Eosinophil, 18, 114 Eosinophilia, 22, 115

Eosinophilic, 18, 22, 54, 59, 114, 115 Epigastric, 5, 115, 127 Epinephrine, 115, 137 Epithelial, 6, 103, 107, 115, 117, 119, 128 Epithelial Cells, 6, 115, 119 Epithelium, 114, 115, 117 Esophageal, 65, 72, 115, 137 Esophageal Atresia, 65, 115, 137 Esophageal Motility Disorders, 65, 115 Esophagus, 70, 106, 113, 115, 117, 118, 123, 129, 133, 135, 137 Estrogen, 19, 115 Ethanol, 12, 115 Evacuation, 111, 115 Exocrine, 109, 115, 127 F Failure to Thrive, 65, 115 Family Planning, 85, 115 Fat, 103, 105, 107, 111, 114, 115, 122, 123, 133, 134 Fatigue, 115, 118 Fatty acids, 115, 131 Fatty Liver, 65, 66, 115 Febrile, 115, 135 Feces, 106, 111, 116, 135 Fibrin, 107, 116, 129, 136 Fibrosis, 64, 65, 68, 70, 116, 133 Fistula, 11, 25, 69, 116 Flatus, 116 Forearm, 107, 116 Fructose, 70, 116 Fructose Intolerance, 70, 116 Fulminant Hepatic Failure, 65, 116 G Galactosemia, 70, 116 Gallbladder, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 61, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 71, 90, 103, 107, 109, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 123 Gallbladder Emptying, 43, 116 Gallstones, 4, 8, 15, 16, 30, 61, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 71, 99, 107, 109, 112, 116, 138 Gangrenous, 4, 17, 18, 22, 24, 39, 40, 41, 47, 55, 116 Gas, 35, 68, 113, 116, 119, 120, 122, 124, 126 Gas Gangrene, 35, 116 Gastrectomy, 56, 116 Gastric, 106, 109, 115, 116, 117, 118, 128 Gastric Acid, 115, 116 Gastric Juices, 116, 128

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Cholecystitis

Gastric Mucosa, 117, 128 Gastrin, 117, 119 Gastritis, 65, 66, 70, 117 Gastroenterologist, 63, 69, 117 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 65, 70, 117 Gastrointestinal, 14, 19, 23, 24, 25, 34, 41, 45, 47, 65, 68, 72, 108, 109, 115, 117, 122, 135, 136 Gastrointestinal tract, 68, 72, 115, 117, 122, 135 Gene, 9, 28, 67, 107, 117 Genetics, 72, 117 Geriatric, 31, 117 Giant Cells, 117, 133 Gland, 117, 123, 127, 128, 134, 135, 136 Gluconeogenesis, 116, 117 Glucose, 67, 116, 117, 121 Glucose-6-Phosphatase, 67, 117 Gluten, 109, 117 Goblet Cells, 114, 117 Governing Board, 117, 130 Government Agencies, 70, 117, 130 Grade, 5, 23, 117 Gram-negative, 118, 120 Gram-positive, 118, 120 Granule, 18, 118, 133 Groin, 118, 121 Growth, 72, 105, 109, 115, 118, 124, 126, 129, 130, 136, 137 Guanylate Cyclase, 118, 126 H Hallucination, 28, 118 Health Promotion, 71, 118 Heart attack, 108, 118 Heart failure, 65, 118 Heartburn, 66, 118, 119, 120 Helminths, 118, 121 Heme, 107, 118, 130 Hemochromatosis, 65, 118 Hemodialysis, 26, 108, 112, 118 Hemorrhage, 25, 64, 118, 135, 136 Hemorrhoids, 66, 118 Hepatic, 25, 26, 54, 63, 65, 66, 69, 109, 110, 114, 116, 118, 119, 123, 130 Hepatic Artery, 25, 118 Hepatic Duct, Common, 114, 118 Hepatic Encephalopathy, 65, 119 Hepatitis, 13, 44, 63, 65, 66, 70, 116, 119, 138 Hepatitis A, 66, 119 Hepatobiliary, 21, 26, 27, 40, 54, 55, 63, 66, 68, 119

Hepatocellular, 12, 27, 64, 119 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 12, 64, 119 Hepatocytes, 119 Hepatology, 13, 23, 26, 29, 34, 119 Hepatorenal Syndrome, 65, 119 Hepatovirus, 119 Heredity, 117, 119 Hernia, 72, 119 Herniorrhaphy, 72, 119 Hexobarbital, 67, 119 Hiatal Hernia, 66, 119 Hormone, 6, 90, 104, 115, 117, 119, 121, 122, 133, 136 Hormone therapy, 104, 119 Hydrogen, 103, 106, 119, 123, 125, 127 Hydrophobic, 8, 119 Hyperbilirubinemia, 119, 122 Hypersensitivity, 104, 112, 115, 119, 133 Hypertension, 63, 65, 66, 108, 120, 138 Hypertension, Portal, 65, 120 Hypnotic, 106, 119, 120 Hypoglycemia, 116, 120 Hypotension, 5, 120 I Icterus, 67, 120 Id, 57, 61, 91, 96, 98, 120 Idiopathic, 120, 133 Ileus, 24, 120 Imipenem, 55, 109, 120 Immune response, 104, 105, 120, 136, 139 Immune system, 106, 120, 124, 138, 139 Immunity, 103, 120 Immunodeficiency, 103, 120 Immunology, 104, 120 Immunotherapy, 112, 120 Imperforate Anus, 70, 120 In vitro, 8, 109, 120 In vivo, 120 Incision, 72, 120, 121, 122 Incompetence, 117, 120 Incontinence, 65, 120 Indicative, 35, 67, 120, 128, 138 Indigestion, 120, 122 Indomethacin, 55, 120 Infantile, 120, 123 Infarction, 121 Infection, 5, 13, 14, 25, 31, 44, 64, 65, 69, 72, 103, 106, 112, 116, 120, 121, 123, 124, 127, 133, 135, 139 Infestation, 22, 121 Infiltration, 49, 68, 121 Inflammatory bowel disease, 65, 121

Index 145

Ingestion, 65, 106, 116, 121, 130 Inguinal, 72, 121 Insulin, 121, 122 Intensive Care, 16, 121 Interleukin-2, 59, 121 Internal Medicine, 17, 34, 54, 117, 121 Intestinal, 64, 109, 112, 114, 121, 124, 128 Intestine, 106, 108, 114, 121, 122 Intracellular, 121, 126, 131 Intramuscular, 55, 121, 128 Intraocular, 114, 121 Intravenous, 54, 55, 121, 128 Invasive, 27, 49, 120, 121, 124 Iodine, 23, 122 Iodine-131, 23, 122 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 66, 70, 122 Ischemia, 5, 106, 122 Islet, 64, 122 J Jaundice, 5, 26, 65, 72, 100, 119, 120, 122 Jejunum, 109, 122 K Kb, 84, 122 Kinetics, 22, 122 L Lactose Intolerance, 66, 122 Laparoscopy, 5, 19, 33, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 72, 122 Laparotomy, 5, 101, 122 Large Intestine, 113, 121, 122, 132, 134 Length of Stay, 5, 122 Leptin, 29, 122 Lesion, 25, 122 Leucocyte, 114, 122 Leukemia, 122 Leukocytes, 107, 120, 122 Library Services, 96, 122 Ligation, 8, 123 Lipid, 64, 121, 123, 127 Lipid Peroxidation, 123, 127 Lipodystrophy, 70, 123 Lithiasis, 14, 123 Lithotripsy, 64, 123 Liver cancer, 66, 123 Liver Cirrhosis, 119, 123 Liver scan, 123, 133 Liver Transplantation, 65, 123 Localized, 103, 105, 121, 123, 129 Loop, 119, 123 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 115, 117, 123 Lumen, 115, 123 Lupus, 11, 123

Lymph, 114, 123, 124, 133 Lymph node, 123, 124, 133 Lymphadenectomy, 72, 123 Lymphatic, 114, 121, 123, 124, 135 Lymphatic system, 123, 124, 135 Lymphocyte, 103, 105, 124 Lymphocyte Count, 103, 124 Lymphoid, 122, 124 Lymphokine, 59, 124 Lymphoma, 30, 124 Lymphoproliferative, 39, 124 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 35, 66, 124, 133 Malabsorption, 65, 109, 124 Malabsorption syndrome, 65, 124 Malignant, 66, 103, 123, 124, 126 Malignant tumor, 66, 124 Mammogram, 108, 124, 125 Maple Syrup Urine Disease, 70, 124 Mastectomy, 108, 124 Mediator, 109, 121, 124 Medical Records, 124, 133 MEDLINE, 85, 124 Melanin, 124, 129, 137 Melanocytes, 124, 125 Melanoma, 23, 125 Membrane, 8, 110, 113, 118, 125, 130 Meta-Analysis, 45, 125 Metaplasia, 16, 125 Metastasis, 125, 126 Metastatic, 34, 35, 50, 125 MI, 73, 101, 125 Microbe, 125, 137 Microbiology, 11, 13, 14, 28, 31, 106, 125 Microcalcifications, 108, 125 Mitochondrial Swelling, 125, 126 Molecular, 6, 7, 85, 87, 105, 107, 111, 125 Molecule, 105, 106, 110, 112, 114, 125, 127, 132, 138 Monitor, 15, 125, 127 Morphine, 20, 21, 23, 34, 40, 54, 55, 56, 57, 125, 126, 127 Motility, 64, 120, 125 Motion Sickness, 125, 126 Mucins, 114, 117, 125 Mucosa, 22, 55, 109, 114, 117, 123, 125 Mucus, 125, 137 Musculature, 126, 131 Myalgia, 22, 126 Myocardial infarction, 25, 36, 111, 125, 126 Myocardium, 125, 126

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Cholecystitis

Myosin, 126, 137 N Narcotic, 125, 126 Nausea, 5, 72, 100, 120, 126, 137 Necrosis, 64, 114, 121, 125, 126, 131, 133 Need, 3, 31, 63, 67, 69, 71, 92, 104, 126 Neonatal, 43, 126 Neoplasms, 64, 103, 126 Neoplastic, 105, 124, 126 Nephrosis, 119, 126 Nerve, 124, 126, 128, 135, 138 Nervous System, 104, 109, 124, 126, 136 Networks, 17, 126 Neural, 17, 104, 126 Neuromuscular, 54, 103, 126, 138 Nitric Oxide, 7, 126 Nosocomial, 65, 127 Nuclear, 6, 20, 21, 23, 27, 40, 41, 55, 56, 114, 126, 127, 138 Nuclei, 114, 124, 127 Nursing Care, 5, 127 O Omentum, 118, 127 Opium, 125, 127 Opportunistic Infections, 103, 127 Overdose, 116, 127 Oxidation, 7, 103, 105, 123, 127 Oxidative Stress, 7, 127 Oxygenation, 28, 60, 127 P Palliative, 127, 136 Pancreas, 15, 27, 64, 65, 68, 103, 113, 117, 118, 121, 122, 127 Pancreatic, 26, 31, 48, 63, 65, 90, 109, 114, 117, 127, 131 Pancreatic cancer, 64, 127 Pancreatic Ducts, 114, 127 Pancreatic Fistula, 64, 65, 127 Pancreatic Juice, 117, 127 Pancreatitis, 10, 34, 42, 48, 57, 64, 65, 72, 127 Paneth Cells, 114, 128 Papilla, 23, 66, 114, 128 Parasite, 128 Parasitic, 65, 66, 112, 118, 121, 128 Parasitic Diseases, 65, 66, 128 Parenteral, 65, 128 Parenteral Nutrition, 65, 128 Parotid, 128, 133 Pathogenesis, 8, 56, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 128 Pathologic, 107, 111, 119, 128, 130 Pathophysiology, 5, 11, 66, 68, 128

Patient Education, 72, 90, 94, 96, 101, 128 Pelvic, 72, 128 Pepsin, 128 Pepsin A, 128 Peptic, 65, 128 Peptic Ulcer, 65, 128 Peptide, 109, 122, 128, 131 Perception, 118, 128 Percutaneous, 12, 16, 20, 25, 30, 33, 37, 38, 39, 41, 46, 47, 123, 128 Perforation, 5, 43, 129 Peritoneal, 68, 106, 129 Peritoneal Cavity, 106, 129 Peritoneum, 127, 129 Peritonitis, 5, 42, 48, 65, 129 Pharmacologic, 106, 129, 137 Pharynx, 117, 129 Phenylalanine, 128, 129, 137 Phosphorus, 108, 129 Photodynamic therapy, 23, 129 Physiologic, 104, 109, 112, 129, 131, 132 Physiology, 7, 28, 65, 117, 129 Pigment, 64, 69, 72, 107, 124, 125, 129 Plants, 104, 117, 129, 137 Platelet Aggregation, 126, 129 Platelets, 126, 129, 136 Pleural, 129, 136 Pleural cavity, 129, 136 Pneumonitis, 106, 130 Poisoning, 126, 130 Policy Making, 117, 130 Polyp, 12, 130 Polyposis, 70, 130 Porphyria, 70, 130 Porphyrins, 130 Portal Vein, 120, 130 Post partum, 48, 130 Posterior, 105, 127, 130 Postoperative, 4, 5, 12, 29, 56, 65, 130 Postoperative Complications, 29, 130 Postoperative Period, 12, 130 Practice Guidelines, 72, 86, 130 Precancerous, 25, 130 Precipitation, 68, 130 Precursor, 105, 114, 129, 130, 137, 138 Premalignant, 130 Prevalence, 8, 130 Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, 63, 65, 131 Progressive, 112, 118, 126, 131, 137 Prospective study, 11, 31, 131 Prostaglandin, 54, 56, 131 Prostaglandins A, 120, 131

Index 147

Protein C, 131, 137 Protein S, 67, 107, 131, 133 Proteins, 6, 7, 18, 104, 105, 110, 125, 128, 131, 132, 134, 137 Prune Belly Syndrome, 70, 131 Pseudocysts, 64, 131 Pseudopregnancy, 28, 131 Pseudotumour, 49, 131 Public Policy, 85, 132 Publishing, 9, 69, 72, 91, 132 Pulmonary, 107, 115, 132 Pulmonary Artery, 107, 132 Purulent, 114, 132 R Radiation, 104, 132, 133, 139 Radiation therapy, 104, 132 Radioactive, 107, 119, 122, 123, 127, 132, 133, 136, 138 Radiological, 51, 129, 132 Radiologist, 63, 64, 69, 132 Radiology, 22, 29, 37, 39, 40, 44, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 60, 132 Randomized, 34, 40, 113, 132 Randomized clinical trial, 34, 132 Reactive Oxygen Species, 7, 8, 132 Receptor, 6, 8, 105, 132 Rectum, 105, 108, 113, 116, 120, 121, 122, 132 Red blood cells, 132, 134 Refer, 1, 70, 108, 110, 127, 133 Reflux, 115, 117, 133 Regimen, 113, 133 Regurgitation, 115, 117, 118, 133 Resection, 72, 133 Retrograde, 4, 133 Retrospective, 4, 20, 32, 41, 50, 133 Retrospective study, 32, 41, 133 Rheumatism, 133 Rheumatoid, 13, 23, 133 Rheumatoid arthritis, 13, 133 Ribosome, 133, 137 Risk factor, 14, 24, 66, 72, 90, 131, 133 Risk patient, 23, 37, 38, 133 S Salivary, 112, 113, 127, 133 Salivary glands, 112, 113, 133 Salivation, 115, 133 Sanitation, 106, 133 Sarcoidosis, 70, 133 Scans, 23, 133 Schizophrenia, 28, 133 Screening, 47, 110, 134

Sebaceous, 23, 134 Sebum, 134 Secretion, 55, 56, 64, 125, 133, 134 Sedative, 106, 119, 134 Sepsis, 11, 42, 134 Septic, 5, 134 Sequencing, 9, 28, 134 Serum, 29, 110, 129, 134 Shock, 123, 134, 137 Side effect, 77, 104, 134, 137 Signs and Symptoms, 5, 66, 90, 134, 137 Skeletal, 134, 137 Skeleton, 103, 131, 134 Skull, 134, 136 Sludge, 24, 64, 134 Small intestine, 107, 109, 112, 113, 114, 119, 121, 122, 134, 138 Smooth muscle, 7, 54, 64, 106, 125, 134, 136 Soft tissue, 107, 116, 134 Solvent, 115, 134 Sound wave, 132, 134 Spastic, 122, 134 Specialist, 64, 92, 134 Species, 26, 68, 110, 115, 118, 128, 132, 134, 135, 137, 138 Spectrum, 120, 135 Sphincter, 116, 135 Spinal cord, 109, 126, 135 Spleen, 46, 57, 60, 105, 112, 123, 124, 133, 135 Splenectomy, 72, 135 Sprue, 70, 135 Staging, 133, 135 Stasis, 8, 135 Steatosis, 66, 115, 135 Stent, 51, 135 Sterile, 13, 135 Stimulus, 111, 118, 135, 136 Stomach, 5, 103, 106, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 123, 126, 127, 128, 129, 133, 134, 135 Stool, 120, 122, 135 Stress, 36, 56, 122, 126, 127, 133, 135 Stricture, 69, 135 Stroke, 84, 108, 135 Subacute, 121, 135 Subclinical, 121, 135 Subcutaneous, 103, 116, 123, 128, 135 Subspecies, 135 Substance P, 134, 136 Suppurative, 114, 116, 136

148

Cholecystitis

Symptomatic, 8, 43, 69, 127, 136 Systemic, 11, 65, 78, 105, 107, 115, 121, 132, 133, 136 Systemic disease, 65, 136 Systolic, 120, 136 T Tamponade, 11, 136 Technetium, 3, 136 Temporal, 40, 56, 136 Therapeutics, 79, 136 Thoracic, 113, 136 Thoracoscopy, 72, 136 Thorax, 103, 136 Threshold, 120, 136 Thrombosis, 66, 131, 135, 136 Thrombus, 111, 121, 129, 136 Thyroid, 122, 136, 137 Ticks, 121, 136 Tissue, 13, 26, 103, 105, 106, 107, 111, 114, 115, 116, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 131, 133, 134, 136, 137 Tomography, 14, 19, 44, 136 Tonic, 115, 136 Topical, 64, 78, 115, 136 Torsion, 45, 121, 136 Toxic, iv, 65, 120, 137 Toxicity, 65, 113, 137 Toxicology, 86, 137 Toxins, 105, 121, 137 Tracheoesophageal Fistula, 115, 137 Transfection, 107, 137 Translation, 44, 137 Transplantation, 17, 25, 39, 48, 65, 66, 137 Trauma, 11, 44, 47, 63, 66, 126, 128, 137 Tropomyosin, 137 Troponin, 23, 137 Tuberculosis, 46, 123, 137 Tumour, 131, 137 Tyrosine, 7, 137

U Ulcerative colitis, 66, 121, 137 Ultrasonography, 16, 27, 35, 40, 47, 137 Unconscious, 120, 137 Uraemia, 128, 137 Uranium, 136, 138 Ureter, 123, 138 Urinary, 108, 120, 123, 131, 138 Urinary tract, 123, 131, 138 Urine, 107, 120, 124, 138 Ursodeoxycholic Acid, 34, 138 Uterus, 136, 138 Uvea, 114, 138 V Vaccine, 104, 138 Vagina, 136, 138 Vagotomy, 72, 138 Vascular, 37, 65, 66, 67, 114, 121, 123, 126, 136, 138 Vasculitis, 128, 138 Vasodilators, 126, 138 Vector, 128, 138 Vein, 121, 127, 128, 130, 138 Venous, 118, 120, 131, 138 Veterinary Medicine, 85, 138 Villi, 138 Villous, 6, 109, 138 Viral, 13, 65, 117, 138 Viral Hepatitis, 65, 138 Virulence, 137, 138 Virus, 13, 44, 103, 117, 138, 139 Visceral, 11, 129, 139 Vitro, 139 W Weight Gain, 115, 139 White blood cell, 105, 122, 124, 125, 139 X X-ray, 111, 114, 124, 127, 132, 133, 139

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