Children's Health - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CHILDREN’S HEALTH A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Children’s Health: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83862-3 1. Children’s Health-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on children’s health. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHILDREN’S HEALTH ............................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Children’s Health.......................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 24 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 24 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHILDREN’S HEALTH ..................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Finding Nutrition Studies on Children’s Health......................................................................... 67 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 68 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHILDREN’S HEALTH ............................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 71 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 75 General References ....................................................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CHILDREN’S HEALTH ................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Dissertations on Children’s Health.............................................................................................. 81 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CHILDREN’S HEALTH ............................................................ 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Recent Trials on Children’s Health.............................................................................................. 85 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 85 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CHILDREN’S HEALTH................................................................................ 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 87 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 88 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 89 Chapters on Children’s Health..................................................................................................... 90 Directories.................................................................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON CHILDREN’S HEALTH ..................................................................... 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Audio Recordings......................................................................................................................... 93 Bibliography: Multimedia on Children’s Health ......................................................................... 94 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHILDREN’S HEALTH .................................................. 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 97 Newsletters on Children’s Health ................................................................................................ 99 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 100 Academic Periodicals covering Children’s Health ..................................................................... 100 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 105 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 107 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 110 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 111 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 122 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 125

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Overview.................................................................................................................................... 125 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 125 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 125 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 125 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 131 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 131 CHILDREN’S HEALTH DICTIONARY.................................................................................... 133 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 155

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with children’s health is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about children’s health, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to children’s health, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on children’s health. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to children’s health, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on children’s health. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHILDREN’S HEALTH Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on children’s health.

Federally Funded Research on Children’s Health The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to children’s health. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to children’s health. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore children’s health. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for children’s health: •

Project Title: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF HEALTH RISK BEHAVIOR IN YOUTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Rew, Donna L.; Professor; None; University of Texas Austin 101 E. 27Th/Po Box 7726 Austin, Tx 78712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Children’s Health

Summary: This is a proposal for a cohort-sequential study of the full array of health-risk behaviors. Specific aims are to 1) compare contextual/risk factors, protective resources, and health behaviors of school-aged children as well as health-risk behaviors of early adolescents by gender and ethnicity; 2) identify how risk factors, protective resources, and health behaviors of school-aged children change over time; and 3) determine which set of risk factors and protective resources over grades 4, 5, and 6 best predict health-risk behaviors (sexual activity, tobacco use, alcohol and other drug use, dietary behaviors, physical activity, and behaviors that lead to intentional or unintentional injury) in early adolescence (7th and 8th grades). The leading causes of morbidity and mortality among American youth are associated with preventable, health-risk behaviors that tend to occur together. These behaviors are increasingly prevalent among ethnic minorities, yet little is known about factors that increase risk or provide protection against these behaviors. Using a cohort-sequential design, a convenience sample of 2200 ethnically diverse children in grades 4-6 in central Texas will be surveyed up to 5 years to meet these specific aims. Findings from the study will advance knowledge about health-risk behaviors in early adolescence by 1) emphasizing stress and ethnicity as understudied contextual/risk factors in school-aged children, 2) exploring understudied concepts of coping and humor as protective resources in school- aged children, 3) exploring the relationship between school-aged children's health behaviors and their health-risk behaviors in early adolescence, 4) identifying whether and how these risk factors and protective resources change over time and whether they predict health-risk behavior in early adolescence, and 5) exploring relationships among risk factors and protective resources that both moderate and mediate outcomes of health-risk behavior in both Anglo and Mexican American youth. The use of hierarchical linear models will increase understanding of how the major variables in the resilience model change over time and allow us to make inferences about the critical time at which to deliver interventions to reduce health-risk behaviors in early adolescence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIENESTAR: A SCHOOL BASED DIABETES PREVENTION PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Trevino, Roberto P.; Executive Director; Social and Health Research Center 1302 S St Mary San Antonio, Tx 78210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The Third (1988-1994) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey reported that Mexican-American adults had higher age- and sex- standardized prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes and other U.S. racial/ethnic populations. Recently investigators have reported the increasing frequency of type 2 diabetes in Mexican-American youth. Diabetes risk factors also have been identified in non-diabetic Mexican- American youth. Since diabetes is highly prevalent in MexicanAmerican adults, diabetes is increasing in Mexican-American youth and diabetes risk factors are more common in Mexican-American children, a prudent measure would be to explore health education programs aimed at preventing diabetes in this population at risk. We propose an intervention, the Bienestar health program, a school-based risk factor prevention program that targets 4th grade Mexican-American children residing in poor neighborhoods. The Bienestar health program's learning activities are based on Social Cognitive Theory. Learning activities were developed for the four social systems that conceptually should have the most influence on children's health behaviorsparents, school classroom, school cafeteria and after school care. The San Antonio Independent School District will be the host for the intervention and the University of

Studies

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Texas at San Antonio division of education, and the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology and South Texas Health Research Center) will be collaborators in the implementation and evaluation of the intervention. For this study the hypothesis is that children exposed to Bienestar intervention will significantly reduce their risk factors for developing diabetes compared to children in schools not yet receiving the intervention. If differences exist, the study will examine if diabetes risk factors differences are maintained over time (3 years post-intervention). Study outcomes will be behavioral and biological endpoints. Behavioral outcomes will be percent body fat, dietary fat intake, fruit and vegetable intake and physical fitness. Biological outcomes will fasting capillary glucose levels. Ultimately, we would like to delay or prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHILD HEALTH RESEARCH CAREER DEVELOPMENT AWARD Principal Investigator & Institution: Hansen, Thomas N.; Children's Research Institute 700 Children's Dr Columbus, Oh 43205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 11-APR-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective of Columbus Children's Hospital Child Health Research Career Development Award (CCH-CHRCDA) is to train new pediatric physician-scientists. Because of rapid advances in biomedical sciences during the past decade, there is a pressing need to speed the transfer of basic science discoveries to clinical applications that will benefit the health of children. As a large, multidisciplinary Department of Pediatrics (Ohio State University) at a hospital devoted solely to the care of children (CCH), we are ideally positioned to further this cause. We will continue the theme of our existing CHRCDA for this competing renewal application - molecular medicine in pediatrics. Although science and medicine have moved forward at a rapid pace since our original application in 1996, the basic premise of our chosen theme has only gained validation. We are proud of our achievements over the last four years. Our first three CHRCDA Scholars have all in succession obtained independent NIH R01 funding. Including our 3 Scholars currently receiving CHRCDA funding, 50% (3/6) have been women and 17% (1/6) have been minorities (African). Institutional support of research and the CHRCDA has never been stronger. Over the past five years, CCH has invested in excess of $20 M to expand research through Children's Research Institute and the Department. Last year, CCH committed to an even more substantial expansion of facilities and faculty. Thus, we are poised to extend our successful CHRCDA program. We have handpicked 21 senior faculty representing 6 Departments, 3 Colleges, and 3 Institutes across Children's Research Institute and The Ohio State University to serve as Established Investigators. Furthermore, we have identified an outstanding pool of prospective scholars for this renewal application. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: CHILD HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH TRAINING PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Goldmann, Donald A.; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1994; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by the applicant): The goal of this postdoctoral training program is to train excellent health services researchers who can address the well-documented critical gaps in child health services research and fundamentally improve the capacity of the U.S. health care system to meet the needs of children and families, including

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Children’s Health

socioeconomically disadvantaged and minority populations. This focus on children is responsive to AHRQ's designation of children as a priority population. The program pursues continuous improvement in four key processes to achieve this goal: 1) recruitment and retention, including recruitment of trainees from underrepresented minority groups; 2) research training, including course work in core methodologies at the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) leading to an M.P.H., small-group interactive seminars, structured research guidance by experienced mentorship teams, access to a diverse faculty and health services research "basic scientists" versed in disciplines required for cutting-edge research, and preparation for presentations, publications, and grant submissions; 3) support for career transition, including successful competition for career development awards; and 4) replication and dissemination by leveraging AHRQ support to extend the program's impact, especially by building research capacity in other states through two BRIC collaborations. The experienced leadership team monitors progress towards meeting these goals through surveys of trainees, measures of research productivity and career success of trainees, and feedback from an advisory board. The leadership team has exceeded all of the goals established for the current award period, justifying a request for an increase from 8 to 10 positions per year, accommodating five new M.D. or Ph.D. fellows each year for a twoyear duration of training. In 1998 the program expanded from a single site at Children's Hospital (CH) to a Harvard-wide program with two other institutions, MassGeneral Hospital for Children and the Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention. This dramatically increased the strength and diversity of the program's mentors and faculty, and access to diverse research environments and important databases. In addition to forging this harmonious, synergistic collaboration, the leadership team strengthened links to faculty at Harvard Medical School (HMS) and other Harvard institutions, as well as to the two other AHRQ programs at Harvard. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OUTCOMES

CHILD

STRESS

AND

RESILIENCE--IMMUNE/VIROLOGIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Caserta, Mary T.; Pediatrics; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: This study investigates mechanisms by which life stressors (e.g., family conflict, violence) affect children's immune system function, rate of reactivation of two ubiquitous childhood viruses (HHV-6 and HHV-7), and frequency of illnesses. A second goal is to identify child and family characteristics that either exacerbate or lessen the impact of stressors on immune/virologic outcomes. From an ongoing study of the frequency and consequences of reactivation of HHV-6 and HHV-7 in children, a sample of 170 sociodemographically diverse, 5-10 year old children will be selected. Life stress exposure, immune function parameters, rates of HHV-6 and HHV-7 reactivation, and health will be measured at intervals over a 3-year period. The immune parameters will include natural killer cell number and function, CD4+/CD8+ lymphocyte subsets, and the frequency of CD28-CD57+ positive cells. Incidents and type of illnesses will be recorded in weekly health diaries. Two indicators of stress exposure will be measured: a) lifetime cumulative exposure, and b) longitudinal changes in stress exposure. Relationships will be tested between both life stress indicators and immunologic, virologic, and illness outcomes. A specific focus is on understanding stress-health associations in children exposed to chronic high levels of life adversity. Children's temperament and the parenting competence of their primary caregivers will be tested as

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moderators of stress-health associations. Additionally, child attributes associated with psychosocial resilience will be tested as moderators. These attributes include children's attributions of control about adversity, and social and emotional competencies. Knowledge acquired by this study will enhance understanding of the mechanisms controlling life adversity and children's health and begin to define the specific cellular immune mechanisms that mediate stress and health relationships. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DYNAMOTION: HEALTH INTERVENTIONS FOR CHILDREN 5-8 Principal Investigator & Institution: Delouise, Amy C.; Take Aim Media, Inc. 8555 16Th St, Ste 750 Silver Spring, Md 20910 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by investigator): Children are becoming alarmingly sedentary, and their use of electronic media can contribute to this behavior. Research indicates that lack of physical activity is threat to public health. The investigator organization believes that electronic media can be a tool to improve children's health, but more research is needed on the type of content that motivates children to adopt pro-health attitudes and behaviors. This project tests 4 video-based interventions for early elementary aged children. The investigator organization had significant positive results in Phase I testing of "DYNAMOTION: Kids Gotta Move," a video-based intervention teaching physical activity and health concepts for ages 4-7. Compared to the control group, students exposed to the video increased their knowledge scores significantly (p