DENTAL HEALTH A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Dental Health: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83586-1 1. Dental Health-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on dental health. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DENTAL HEALTH ..................................................................................... 3 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 3 The Combined Health Information Database ................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Dental Health ............................................................................. 12 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed................................................................................ 78 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DENTAL HEALTH ......................................................................... 203 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 203 Finding Nutrition Studies on Dental Health............................................................................ 203 Federal Resources on Nutrition................................................................................................. 205 Additional Web Resources......................................................................................................... 205 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DENTAL HEALTH ................................................... 207 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 207 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ............................................... 207 Additional Web Resources......................................................................................................... 211 General References..................................................................................................................... 211 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON DENTAL HEALTH ..................................................................... 213 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 213 Dissertations on Dental Health................................................................................................. 213 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 215 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON DENTAL HEALTH ................................................................................ 217 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 217 Patents on Dental Health .......................................................................................................... 217 Patent Applications on Dental Health ...................................................................................... 249 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 252 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON DENTAL HEALTH ................................................................................... 253 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 253 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies ........................................................................................... 253 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers ........................................................................................ 254 The National Library of Medicine Book Index........................................................................... 260 Chapters on Dental Health........................................................................................................ 261 Directories ................................................................................................................................. 265 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON DENTAL HEALTH ........................................................................ 267 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 267 Video Recordings....................................................................................................................... 267 Audio Recordings ...................................................................................................................... 269 Bibliography: Multimedia on Dental Health............................................................................. 270 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON DENTAL HEALTH...................................................... 271 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 271 News Services and Press Releases ............................................................................................. 271 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 272 Academic Periodicals covering Dental Health .......................................................................... 274 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 279 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 279 NIH Guidelines ......................................................................................................................... 279 NIH Databases .......................................................................................................................... 281 Other Commercial Databases .................................................................................................... 286 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES .............................................................................................. 287 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 287 Patient Guideline Sources ......................................................................................................... 287 Associations and Dental Health ................................................................................................ 295
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Finding Associations ..................................................................................................................296 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................299 Overview ....................................................................................................................................299 Preparation.................................................................................................................................299 Finding a Local Medical Library ................................................................................................299 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada .................................................................................299 ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................305 Online Dictionary Directories ...................................................................................................305 DENTAL HEALTH DICTIONARY ............................................................................................307 INDEX...............................................................................................................................................369
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: “The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading.”1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with dental health is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about dental health, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to dental health, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on dental health. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to dental health, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on dental health. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DENTAL HEALTH Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on dental health.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and dental health, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “dental health” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Treatment Considerations for the Dental Professional for Patients With Alzheimer's Disease Source: Journal of the Oklahoma Dental Association. 83(3): 36-42. Winter 1993. Summary: This journal article offers guidelines for dental professionals on the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease. The author asserts that it is important for dentists to be aware of the effects of Alzheimer's on the behavior and capabilities of patients, and that dental health professionals can become a part of the health care team working to treat these patients and support their families. The symptoms and stages of Alzheimer's disease are outlined, along with usual family reactions. Dental treatment goals are discussed, and the importance of a treatment plan beginning at diagnosis is highlighted. Techniques for communicating with patients and for minimizing problems during
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appointments are explained, and pharmacological considerations are discussed. 16 references. •
Alzheimer's Disease and the Dental Patient: Recognizing and Dealing With Dementia Source: Ontario Dentist. 69(3): 16-18. April 1992. Summary: This journal article describes the disease progression of Alzheimer's disease and how cognitive decline affects the patient and caregiver and provides recommendations for dental health professionals caring for patients with Alzheimer's disease. The first part of the article focuses on the physiologic changes associated with Alzheimer's disease and lists five indicators that should concern the family or caregiver when a person experiences memory loss or lapses in judgment. Early signs of the disease and the importance of seeking early medical intervention to maintain the patient's functioning as long as possible are discussed. The influences of neuronal degeneration on oral physiology and the effects of medications taken by Alzheimer's patients on oral health are addressed. Recommendations for a preventive dental program for people with Alzheimer's disease include daily home care, twice daily tooth brushing, simple techniques to avoid frustration in both patient and caregiver, daily fluoride applications, saliva substitutes for patients with xerostomia, removal of partial and complete dental prostheses during brushing and at bed time, and brushing the gums thoroughly with a soft toothbrush. The author notes the importance of nonverbal communication and the use of nonthreatening gestures during a dental visit on making the patient feel more comfortable and asserts that zealous prevention as well as a considerate approach are critical in preserving oral health in Alzheimer's patients.
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Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review and Suggested Dental Care Considerations Source: Journal of the American Dental Association. 130(5): 689-698. May 1999. Summary: This journal article provides dental health care workers with information from a study of the impact of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its treatment on the provision of oral health care. An extensive review of the medical literature in English on RA and dental care was undertaken. Although a MEDLINE search spanned the years from 1975 to the present, the most recent literature was prioritized. Appropriate medical and dental textbooks were also used. Nearly 200 articles and 7 textbooks were reviewed. Major features of RA, including its pathophysiology, diagnosis, clinical features, and treatment, were identified. The cause is unknown, but the etiology appears to be multifactorial and may involve infectious, genetic, endocrine, and immune participation. There is no specific laboratory test to diagnose RA. Although rheumatoid factors are found in more than two-thirds of adult patients with RA, they are not specific to it. The latest set of criteria for diagnosing RA was developed by studying patients who had already been diagnosed. The objective of RA therapies is to restore or maintain quality of life by relieving pain, reducing joint inflammation, and preventing joint destruction and deformity. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the first-line treatment. Corticosteroids, another option, have both anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, which have the potential to reduce disease activity or prevent joint damage, include gold, sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine, D-penicillamine, azathioprine, and leflunomide. Methotrexate has become a popular choice because of its immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects. One of the latest and more novel approaches to treatment is cytokine therapy. However, long-term use of methotrexate and other antirheumatics can lead to various oral manifestations. The article discusses the clinical implications of RA in dental
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practice and provides guidelines on the dental management of people who have the disease. Considerations include the patient's ability to maintain adequate oral hygiene, xerostomia and its related complications, the patient's susceptibility to infections, impaired hemostasis, and untoward drug actions and interactions. 4 tables and 57 references. (AA-M). •
Juvenile Chronic Arthritis: A Dental Review Source: Oral Diseases. 5(1): 68-75. January 1999. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the clinical features, course, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). This form of childhood arthritis is defined as persistent arthritis, beginning before 16 years of age. The current classification of JCA is based on the number of joints affected during the first 6 months of the illness and the presence of extraarticular features. Pauciarticular onset JCA affects four joints or fewer in the first 6 months and accounts for approximately 70 percent of children who have JCA. The knee is most commonly affected, followed by the ankle, elbow, and wrist. Polyarticular JCA affects more than five joints during the first 6 months and accounts for approximately 20 percent of children who have JCA. This form results in symmetrical involvement of small and large joints, usually the knees, ankles, feet, hands, and wrists. Systemic onset JCA accounts for 10 percent of children who have JCA and occurs at any age. The systemic features may predate the arthritis by several weeks. Although the differential diagnosis of JCA is extensive, the history and physical examination usually discriminate between inflammatory and noninflammatory joint disease. Laboratory tests are rarely diagnostic but help exclude other diagnoses. A multidisciplinary team consisting of physical and occupational therapists, physicians experienced in pediatric rheumatology, and nurse specialists should be used to manage JCA. The team should also have ready access to dentists and orthodontists, clinical psychologists, social workers, orthopedic surgeons, and ophthalmologists. Most children can be managed as outpatients with a coordinated program of physical and drug therapies integrated with disease education and psychosocial support for the patient and family. Pauciarticular JCA has the best prognosis, with 70 percent being in remission 15 years after disease onset. Polyarthritis has the worst functional prognosis. The article also discusses the impact of therapy on dental health. JCA may impact dental health through systemic medical conditions; dental caries, periodontal disease, and saliva; the effect of the medications used to treat JCA such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; and temporomandibular joint and facial growth. The review highlights the need for further research into the effects of the disease on dental caries, periodontal disease, and saliva. 6 figures, 2 tables, and 48 references. (AA-M).
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Sensory and Motor Deficits in the Elderly: Impact on Oral Health Source: Journal of Public Health Dentistry. 60(4): 297-303. Fall 2000. Contact: Available from American Association of Public Health Dentistry. 3760 SW Lyle Court, Portland, OR 97221. (503) 242-0712. Fax (503) 242-0721. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: Hearing, vision, orthopedic, and speech disorders are the most common impairments in the elderly. Older adults experience other sensory impairments such as olfactory (smell) and gustatory (taste) dysfunction, as well as oral motor problems including difficulty with mastication (chewing), speech, and swallowing. This article reviews the most common causes of sensory and motor impairments and their
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implications for oral health care with treatment modification guidelines for the older patient. These disorders can directly affect oral health and can impair dental treatment. Therefore, it is imperative that dental health practitioners can be cognizant of these conditions and aware of the impact these conditions and their treatments can have on oral health function. Dental professionals may need to use different communication techniques for patients with vision or hearing losses. The authors stress that the older population is extremely heterogenous, and therefore oral health providers must carefully assess each patient on an individual basis to determine which guidelines and techniques will be most effective for the unique needs of the patient. Accommodations in the dental office and by dental professionals will help older patients who have sensory or motor impairments to preserve their oral health and function and receive dental treatments in a safe and effective manner. 4 tables. 45 references. •
Dental, Visual, Auditory and Olfactory Complications in Paget's Disease of Bone Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 43(12): 1384-1391. December 1995. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to determine the prevalence of dental problems in people with Paget's disease and in a control population without Paget's disease. The researchers examine the relationship of localization of bony involvement of Paget's disease with the prevalence of dental, auditory, visual, and smell changes. Each subject (n=498), randomly generated from the mailing list of the Paget Foundation, was sent two questionnaires, one for themselves and one for an unaffected spouse or similar-aged friend (the controls). All subjects were asked about their socioeconomic status, chronic medical conditions, self-rating of their general physical and dental health, the number of teeth present, and the presence of dental, auditory, visual, and olfactory problems. Results show that patients with Paget's disease assessed their oral health to be poorer than the controls. Those patients with Paget's disease of bone involving facial or maxillo-mandibular parts of the skeleton have a higher prevalence of change in hearing, sight, smell, and dental problems. 1 figure. 5 tables. 43 references. (AA-M).
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Hepatitis: Still a Concern? Source: SCD. Special Care in Dentistry. 20(5): 209-212. 2000. Contact: Available from Federation of Special Care Organizations in Dentistry. 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2660. Summary: Although some forms of viral hepatitis were identified more than 50 years ago, hepatitis continues to have an impact on the practice of dentistry. This article reviews hepatitis, discussing possible transmission in the dental setting, management of the chronically ill, and legal issues related to treatment of infectious patients. Currently, seven viral forms of hepatitis are recognized. Those with predominantly enteral modes of transmission are of minor concern in the dental environment. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), the most infectious blood borne pathogen, has been largely controlled in this country by vaccination and the use of universal precautions. Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is an incomplete virus that has HBV infection as a prerequisite. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is of great concern today for several reasons. A high percentage of HCV infections results in chronic disease. Most cases of HCV remain asymptomatic for an extended period of time, and many have no identifiable risk factors. Currently, no vaccination is available for HCV. Patients infected with HCV present a management challenge, because they may ultimately develop serious liver dysfunction. In fact, HCV infection is presently the most common reason for liver transplantation. By understanding the various forms of
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viral hepatitis and following recommended infection control and vaccination protocols, the dental health care worker can treat infected patients in a manner that is safe for both patients and dental health care workers. 1 table. 12 references. •
Hepatitis B Immunization and Postimmunization Serology Source: Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. 66(10): 551-552. November 2000. Contact: Available from Canadian Dental Association. 1815 Alta Vista Drive, Ottowa, ON K1G 3Y6. (613) 523-1770. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.cda-adc.ca. Summary: The development of hepatitis vaccines in the 1980s has substantially decreased dental workers' risk of acquiring hepatitis B virus (HBV). This article reports on hepatitis B immunization and postimmunization serology, focusing on dental workers in Canada. A recent survey of dentists in Canada showed that more than 90 percent had completed an immunization series and an additional 3 percent had natural immunity. However, rates of immunization among dental assistants and hygienists was found to be much lower. The author discusses the vaccines themselves, the antibody levels required for protection, postimmunization testing for immunity, and the potential need for booster doses of hepatitis B vaccine. The author concludes that all nonimmune dental health care workers should receive immunization with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Postimmunization serology should be performed to ensure seroconversion and guide further immunization and postexposure prophylaxis. Following seroconversion, booster doses of vaccine are not required. 10 references.
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Diabetes and Oral Health Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 133(9): 1299. September 2002. Contact: Available from American Dental Association. ADA Publishing Co, Inc., 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. Summary: Common oral health problems associated with diabetes are tooth decay, periodontal disease, salivary gland dysfunction, fungal infections, lichen planus and lichenoid reactions (inflammatory skin disease), infection and delayed healing, and taste impairment. This patient education fact sheet reviews the interrelationship between diabetes and oral health. The fact sheet discusses the common oral health problems associated with diabetes, the interplay of diet and tooth decay, fungal infections, and preventive oral health care (including professional cleanings at the dental office). Readers with diabetes are advise to watch for signs and symptoms of oral disease and to contact their dental care provider immediately when a problem arises. Regular dental checkups and periodontal screenings are important for evaluating overall dental health and for treating dental problems in their initial stages.
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Smart Snacks Scheme: A Healthy Breaks Initiative in the School Environment Source: International Journal of Health Promotion and Education. 40(2):60-64, 2002. Summary: Researchers evaluated an initiative designed to improve the snacking habits of school-age children. The initiative, known as Smart Snacks Scheme (SSS), is a multidisciplinary program implemented among nursery, primary, and special schools in Northern Ireland. The goals of SSS are for each school to (1) serve only milk or water and fruits or vegetables during the midmorning break, (2) have a written healthy snacks policy, and (3) inform all parents in writing of the school's intention to adopt a healthy snacks policy and the expected benefits of this policy. In the 2000/2001 academic year,
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129 schools participated. Researchers evaluated Smart Snacks Scheme according to a three-phase protocol. Phase 1 consisted of mailing a questionnaire to the health education coordinator of 52 primary schools participating in SSS and 27 matched schools not participating in the program (controls). The questionnaire asked about perceptions, effectiveness, and attitudes toward the program and how it could be supported and improved. Phase 2 consisted of interviews with teaching staff and a sample of parents. Phase 3 consisted of focus groups with selected school children. Seventy-seven percent of the schools returned the phase 1 questionnaire. The results were considered very encouraging. After implementing SSS, there was less litter and waste of school meals and the children showed improved alertness and concentration. Improvements were also seen in children's behavior and dental health. Most teachers, parents, and students viewed the program positively. Most of the schools said they would welcome a resource pack and help with providing the fruit and vegetable snacks. Control schools that did not participate in the program stated as reasons they did not do so were that they were already participating in a similar program and/or the goals (criteria) of the program were too strict. Researchers visited 15 schools for phase 2 and 3 of the evaluation. Findings were that both parents and children felt that the SSS was a good idea, in part because children ate their lunches better and were less interested in sugary and fatty foods. A small proportion of parents felt that the criteria were too strict and that sandwiches also ought to be included. Teachers stated that children were learning more about healthy eating as they brought different varieties of fruits and vegetables for break time. Of the children interviewed, all were aware of the program and were aware of the importance of healthy snacking for their dental and overall health. Both teachers and parents said that if a child arrived at school without breakfast, he/she should be given additional snacks at snack time. Researchers conclude that the initiative has contributed to overall improvements in children's health; however, the improvement is not solely due to the program. 2 figures, 25 references. •
Risk and Resilience in School-based Health Care Source: Pediatric Annals. 31(9):585-590, September 2002. Summary: The authors describe how school-based health centers (SBHC's) address risktaking behaviors in adolescents. Since the inception of the SBHC model more than 30 years ago, more than 1,100 SBHC's have been established in 45 states, with most of them serving middle and high school youth who are likely to be affected by poverty and racial and ethnic disparities. The initial premise in developing SBHC's was to improve access to care for underserved populations by using midlevel clinicians to provide health care services in schools. The services offered by SBHC's include (1) primary care for acute and chronic health conditions, (2) mental health services, (3) substance abuse services, (4) case management services, (5) dental health services, (6) reproductive health care, (7) nutrition education, (8) health education, and (9) health promotion. A 2001 Society of Adolescent Medicine position paper concluded that SBHC's (1) are a significant resource for adolescent health services, (2) offer a breadth of youth-friendly services and support overall educational goals, and (3) serve mostly medically underserved students who are at high risk for medical and psychosocial problems. For the last decade, adolescent risk behaviors have been measured by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. As part of the school environment and culture, SBHC staff are in a unique position to work with teachers and families to (1) assess risk among their adolescent patients, (2) identify youth whose risk behavior profile suggests potential for harm to themselves or others, and (3) shape the life choices of youth. The authors provide examples of creative programming that SBHC's have used to reach at-risk youth. Every SBHC should be
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prepared to assess and intervene for substance abuse, mental health, chronic illness, reproductive health, and violence. The authors conclude that SBHC's can play a critical role in the learning and success of adolescents. 1 figure, 15 references. •
Mayor's Advisory Committee for Health Education: A Unique Partnership Among City Government, Community Health Agencies, and Cable Television Source: Journal of Health Education. 31(6):361-363, November-December 2000. Summary: The authors describe the Mayor's Advisory Committee for Health Education (MACHE) in Muncie, Indiana, which uses television to provide health education to residents of Delaware County via videotaped programs which air 5 days per week on a local public access cable television channel. County residents receive this educational programming each week through a partnership between the (1) Muncie city government, (2) local health department, (3) hospital, (4) university, (5) several community agencies, and (6) local cable provider. Research shows that most Americans have a television in the home and watch an average of 17 hours of television per week. Many Americans, particularly those who are older, poor, and less educated, receive their health information via television. As the local cable television station reaches 31,000 homes in Delaware County, MACHE programming provides a convenient way for most residents of the county to receive the most recent health information. Currently, the health-related programming created by MACHE is limited to videotapes on such topics as (1) physical fitness, (2) hypertension, (3) Halloween safety, (4) child car seats, (5) child abuse, (6) breast cancer awareness, (7) stress, (8) tattoos/body piercing, (9) prenatal care, (10) dental health, (11) immunizations, (12) head lice, (13) cold weather safety, (14) wellness, (15) gun safety, (16) hysterectomy, (17) heart disease, (18) picnic tips, (19) rabies, (20) fire prevention, (21) food safety, (22) sudden infant death syndrome, (23) asthma, and (24) secondhand smoke. MACHE has 12 members and meets on the fourth Monday of each month. During the meetings, members discuss current program ideas, schedule tapings, and prepare the programming schedule at least 2 months in advance. MACHE members produce about 20 to 30 new programs each year. Research has shown that marketing and promotion efforts are critical to increasing awareness and interest in these programs among Delaware County residents. Several efforts are underway to achieve this goal. Overall, the key to the success of MACHE includes an involved membership, effective communication, and support from the mayor and cable television company. 2 tables, 7 references.
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Can Brief Intervention Through Community Dental Care Have an Effect on Adolescent Smoking? Source: Preventive Medicine. 29(2):107-111, August 1999. Summary: Researchers examined whether a brief intervention in community dental health clinics in four cities in Finland had an effect on adolescent smoking. They assigned the adolescents to either a normal care group or an intervention group. The average age of the participants was 13.1 years at the first visit, 14.2 years at the first annual followup visit, and 15.2 years at the second followup. The number of males and frequent smokers was greater among the withdrawals after the initial visit than among those who continued. The researchers asked all adolescents to complete a smoking questionnaire before attending their routine dental examination. In the brief intervention, the dentist asked about smoking at the start of the examination. If the adolescent did not smoke, the dentist (1) provided positive feedback on not smoking, (2) showed photographs of discoloration of teeth as a result of smoking, and (3) invited the adolescent to use a mirror to see whether he or she had any discoloration. If the
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adolescent did smoke, the dentist (1) showed photographs of discoloration of teeth as a result of smoking, and (2) invited the adolescent to use a mirror to see whether he or she had any discoloration. Of 2,586 adolescents examined at the initial visit, 148 (5.7 percent) smoked. Smoking increased to 18.1 percent in the intervention group and 20.8 percent in the control group. During the last year of the study, 73 percent of the smokers in the intervention group and 63 percent in the control group made quit attempts. Only 12 to 19 percent showed interest in joining a group aimed at helping them quit smoking. More than 90 percent of the adolescents were aware of the health risks of smoking. Boys smoked more than girls. Parental smoking emerged as an important predictor of adolescent smoking during the followup. Finnish-speaking adolescents were three times more likely to smoke than Swedish-speaking adolescents. The researchers concluded that (1) the 3 percent reduction in adolescent smoking is a good result, (2) smoking prevention may be different for boys and for girls, and (3) smoking prevention programs should be age-specific to reach adolescents when they are most susceptible. 7 tables, 23 references. •
Stages of Change for Physical Activity, Diet, and Smoking Among HMO Members with Chronic Conditions Source: American Journal of Health Promotion. 12(3):170-175, January-February 1998. Summary: Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the association between stage of change for health behaviors and the presence of chronic conditions (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and heart disease). The study was conducted at a mixed-model HMO having 650,000 members based in Minnesota. Surveys were mailed in August 1995 to a random sample of 8,000 members 40 years of age and over; of these, 6,152 respondents were used in the analysis. There was systematic oversampling of members with hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, or heart disease. The survey involved a 60-question, 12-page instrument with items about demographics, health status, use of preventive services, dental health, health behaviors, and readiness to change health behaviors. Results of a logistic regression analysis showed that members with one or more than one chronic condition had greater readiness to change for three of four risk factors versus members with no chronic conditions. Forty-five percent of the sample were in the maintenance stage for readiness to engage in physical activity. Eighty-three percent of the sample were in either action or maintenance stages concerning the intake of dietary fat. Eighty-six percent of the sample were in either the action or maintenance stages with respect to the intake of fruits and vegetables, and over 71 percent of the sample reported being in the maintenance stage concerning smoking cessation. Only about half of the participants recalled receiving professional advice on fat intake, vegetable intake, or physical activity in the past year; however the majority of current smokers received advice about smoking. Analysis also linked receiving professional advice to modify fat intake with greater readiness to change. The researchers concluded that members at the highest risk of adverse health outcomes have the greatest readiness to change behavioral risk factors; further, that stage-specific efforts to support change are likely to be effective in HMO members with chronic conditions. 6 tables, 30 references.
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Harrison Healthy Kids Center: A Comprehensive Elementary School-based Health Program Source: Journal of School Health. 68(3):116-119, March 1998. Summary: The authors discuss the goals, services, evaluation and outcomes, and implications of the Harrison Healthy Kids Center in Lexington, Kentucky, a model
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elementary school-based health center. The Center's goals are to provide (1) access to comprehensive primary and acute care services, (2) preventive dental care and treatment, (3) on-site mental health services, and (4) reduction of risk factors and unhealthy lifestyle practices. The Center has met its goals through the collaborative efforts of the public school system and the community in the areas of physical and mental health, dental health, and health education. Harrison Elementary is an inner-city school of about 230 students in kindergarten through fifth grade. These students are in families with a high risk of domestic violence, substance abuse, mental illness, lack of medical insurance, homelessness, and learning difficulties. Comprehensive services include (1) laboratory analyses; (2) guidance regarding safety, nutrition, school performance, growth, and vision and hearing; (3) care for acute and chronic conditions; and (4) an extensive health education curriculum. Preliminary evaluation shows that use of the Center is high and results are positive. A 99-percent student enrollment rate shows that the families support the program. Compared to a matched control school, the total days attended increased during the first year of the health center operation. An extensive longitudinal evaluation is in progress. The Harrison Healthy Kids Center serves as an effective model for providing comprehensive school-based health care. 1 table, 11 references. •
Health Education in the Healthy Schools, Healthy Communities Program Source: Journal of Health Education. 29(5 Supplement):S23-S27, September-October 1998. Summary: The authors describe the health education component of the Healthy Schools, Healthy Communities (HSHC) Program. The principle of combining good health services with appropriate health promotion and education activities guided the development of the federally-funded HSHC program. In 1994, the Health Resources and Services Administration's Bureau of Primary Health Care and the Maternal and Child Health Bureau provided grants to 26 nonprofit health provider organizations to set up comprehensive, primary care services, including mental and dental health care services and health promotion and education. Applicants needed to (1) show a program that integrated health care with health promotion and education, (2) integrate health promotion and education with new and existing school health services, (3) ensure that proposed health promotion and education activities complemented the existing health education curriculum, and (4) focus health promotion and education activities on areas of concern in their community. The authors describe three HSHC examples, one each in California, Michigan, and Tennessee. These examples show how each HSHC program incorporated health education efforts based on particular community needs. Lessons learned after 4 years were that (1) a national evaluation was difficult; and (2) local evaluation of each HSHC site provided a reasonable analysis of each site's goals, methods, and impact. After all local evaluations are completed, the authors hope to have a clear understanding of the varieties of health promotion and education activities that support and enhance other services provided by school-based health centers. 10 references.
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Dental Health
Federally Funded Research on Dental Health The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to dental health. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to dental health. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore dental health. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for dental health: •
Project Title: A DENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAM IN TOBACCO Principal Investigator & Institution: Severson, Herbert H. Senior Research Scientist; Deschutes Research, Inc. 261 E 12Th Ave, Ste 210 Eugene, or 97401 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 5-SEP-2000; Project End 0-JUN-2004 Summary: The use of tobacco represents a significant public health problem, with specific effects on oral tissue. These effects provide dental health care workers (DHCWs) to help patients quit, yet, the majority of dental professionals cite lack of training as a barrier to providing these services. There is a need for disseminable, empirically-validated tobacco education. Interactive computer-based programs can meet this need. The primary goal of the “A Dental Education Program in Tobacco” (ADEPT) project is to develop an interactive computer-based program to train DHCWs to provide brief, office-based tobacco cessation interventions to patients. During Phase I, we developed and evaluated a prototype program. During Phase II, we will completely revise the interactive training CD-ROM based on the evaluation data, develop and evaluate a hybrid program that combines the best features of CD-ROM and Internet technologies, and create a Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) version of the program. Our team has extensive experience in developing interactive training programs, tobacco education for dental health care workers, and creating and evaluating Internet-based health programs, uniquely qualifying us to conduct the research proposed herein. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: We will produce an interactive training program for 520 professional schools for DHCWs and for continuing education of the estimated 150,000 dentists, 100,000 dental hygienists, and 200,000 dental assistants in the United States. The program will teach DHCWs to provide a brief, office-based tobacco cessation intervention to their patients in the context of oral health care. Though standalone CD- ROM and Internet delivery, this program meets the goals of professional organizations and training programs, and offers a unique opportunity to learn behavioral skills that are not currently offered. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Project Title: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF LEAD EXPOSURE AND DENTAL CARIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Watson, Gene E. Associate Professor; Community and Prev Medicine; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-AUG-2001; Project End 0-JUN-2004 Summary: The long-term goal of our research is to elucidate underlying mechanisms by which the physical and social environments result in health disparities. Our previous work has shown that the hypothesis that lead exposure is a risk factor for dental caries is plausible and could have significant public health impact, especially for individuals in impoverished circumstances (Watson et al., 1997; Moss et al., 1999). We will study dental caries risk due to environmental lead exposure in a birth cohort of 245 Cincinnati children that have been participants in the Cincinnati Lead Cohort Study since late 1979. The on-going study of 15-16 year-olds is currently in its third year of funding (R01 ES08158, Early Exposure to Lead and Adolescent Development, P.I.: K. Dietrich). This group of African-American and white Appalachian children is arguably the most welldescribed longitudinal cohort ever studied for prenatal and postnatal lead exposure (prenatal maternal blood lead concentration, neonatal blood lead concentration, quarterly assessments of the concentration of lead in blood from birth to 5 years and semi-annually thereafter). This cohort is unique among the major longitudinal studies of lead and child health in that a substantial number of subjects were exposed to clinically significant levels of lead during early development. Peak lead exposure in this cohort ranges from 5 to over 80 micrograms/dL. We will collect additional data specifically related to dental caries risk and perform laboratory microanalytic assessments of lead in plaque and enamel. This will allow us to test a series of hypotheses that relate environmental lead exposure to risk for dental caries development in adolescents. The work of this project will focus on four specific aims related to 1) Demonstrating the strength of the association between environmental lead exposure and risk for dental caries and ruling out alternative explanations; 2) Assessing the utility of permanent tooth enamel, deciduous tooth enamel, deciduous tooth dentin and supragingival plaque as biomarkers for lead exposure using microanalytic techniques; 3) Testing mechanistic hypotheses that show lead exposure a) reduces salivary gland function; b) acts as an effect modifer to reduce the protective effect of salivary fluoride; c) is most strongly linked to caries when measured during enamel formation; 4) Exploring more broadly the basis for oral disease disparities in disadvantaged groups by examining the interplay of lead, nutrition, and social factors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: A STUDY OF ORAL HEALTH DISPARITIES IN ADULT ASIAN & PACIFIC ISLANDERS (APIs) Principal Investigator & Institution: Easa, David; Associate Dean for Clinical Research; Pediatrics; University of Hawaii at Manoa 2500 Campus Rd Honolulu, Hi 96822 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 0-SEP-2002; Project End 1-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The primary objective of this application is to develop collaborative affiliations in preparation for conducting an R01 study on molecular and epidemiological correlates of oral health disparities in Asian & Pacific Islanders (APIs). Specifically, these collaborative affiliations will be fostered through training and network development. The training component will involve the University of North Carolina Dental Research Center (UNC) providing mentorship and consultation for the University of Hawaii (UH) through seminars, development of
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educational materials, and travel between the universities by faculty, post-doctoral fellows and principal investigators. The network development component will focus on establishing a collaborative oral health research network comprised of UNC, UH's Medical and Nursing and dental hygiene Schools and Clinical Research Center, the Dental Division of the State of Hawaii Department of Health, the Hawaii Primary Care Association, Community Health Centers, and the Area Health Education Center in Hawaii. An Advisory Committee comprising representatives from these entities will meet to identify priorities for future research in oral health, and focus groups will meet to identify barriers and facilitators to conducting oral health research, identify community research questions, and provide education for the community relating to oral health disparities in APIs. The final component, preliminary studies will assist in the development of the knowledge base needed to test the science proposed in the R01. The second objective is to evaluate the planning stage by refining and implementing a project evaluation plan and systematically using findings to monitor the process of the above collaborative affiliations, training, network, development, and pilot study development. Achievement of these objectives will enhance the research capacity of UH and the broader community to conduct research that will lead to innovative strategies designed to reduce oral health disparities in the ethnically diverse population of the State of Hawaii. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ADOLESCENT SMOKING CESSATION IN DENTAL PRACTICES Principal Investigator & Institution: Lando, Harry A. Professor; Epidemiology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JAN-1998; Project End 1-DEC-2002 Summary: (Applicant's Description) In 1995, 34.8% of adolescents reported use of tobacco--a 27% increase since 1991. Only a few studies have evaluated interventions to increase tobacco cessation in this population; research is needed to identify potentially effective strategies for tobacco cessation in adolescents. The applicants propose to conduct a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a dental screening system with the addition of tailored motivational interviewing and telephone follow-up by a dental hygienist (enhanced systems condition) compared with a dental clinic screening system alone (systems alone), to increase tobacco cessation among all adolescents, ages 14-17, who report at least weekly tobacco use, and to prevent smoking uptake among a limited number of adolescents at risk of smoking. Seventeen dental clinics that are part of a Twin Cities managed care organization will be randomized to either the intervention or comparison condition. Dental staff in all clinics will be trained in a systems approach to tobacco control. Using computerized dental appointment records, all adolescents (n = 6400) with a scheduled dental appointment at these clinics will be identified and screened for eligibility. Eligible adolescents (853 smokers and 100 at risk non-smokers) win complete a baseline telephone interview, and receive enhanced intervention, or not, at the time of their dental appointment according to their clinic assignment. Trained dental hygienists will perform the motivational interviewing, conduct follow-up telephone calls, provide cessation materials, refer adolescents for nicotine replacement therapy, if applicable, and enlist parental support, with the adolescent's permission. Dental charts will be abstracted to document staff compliance with advice against smoking. Follow-up interviews will be conducted with participating adolescents at 3 and 12 months from the time of their dental appointment. The interviews will assess smoking status, validated during the 12 month survey by saliva cotinine, among adolescents in the intervention versus comparison condition, taking
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into account the clinic as the unit of analysis. Other measures include smoking history, stages of change, self-efficacy, social support for cessation and cessation advice. In addition, a cost-effectiveness analysis will be conducted to determine the potential for dissemination of the intervention, if effective. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ASSESSING RISK FOR EARLY CHILDHOOD CARIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Gansky, Stuart A. Assistant Professor; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 1-JUL-2004 Summary: Although many studies have examined Early Childhood Caries (ECC), the etiology behind demonstrated racial/ethnic differences remain unknown. For almost two decades, researchers have tried to develop sensitive and specific caries risk assessment tools to identify at-risk individuals, but with limited success. This study will utilize statewide and local cross-sectional data sources to develop, test and refine an ECC risk association model, which will multifactorial and multilevel approach looking at various individual family and community characteristics, including demographics, socioeconomics, acculturation, health beliefs and behaviors, access to care, and physiology, using computationally intensive statistical data mining methods such as artificial neural networks. Aims are: to develop an ECC risk association model with individual- and family-level data from the 1993-4 statewide California Oral Health Needs Assessment supplemented with neighborhood-level data; to test and refine the above ECC risk association model and to test and refine th final ECC risk association model as a risk prediction model with the control group from a longitudinal fluoride varnish trial in San Francisco using individual, family, and neighborhood-level data. Risk assessment models to be used in non-dental settings and race/ethnicity specific models will be developed. This study interfaces with three already funded studies, as well as the other projects and the cores of the proposed center. The project will provide input to the San Ysidro intervention study, the San Francisco focus group, and the Kaiser Permanente health services research study about factors associated with ECC and provide risk assessment models that can be tested and refined with their study data. This is the first study to simultaneously examine individual-, family- and communitylevel characteristics related to ECC with data mining techniques. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ASSOCIATION OF CARIES AND SALIVARY ANALYTES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bedi, Gurrinder S. Professor; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-1995; Project End 1-DEC-2004 Summary: Dental caries is a multi-factorial disease in which the virulence of microbes in the plaque biofilm, salivary function and diet and nutrition play important roles. We hypothesize that salivary components of both mammalian and non-mammalian origin are associated with risk for the development of dental caries. It is speculated that no single salivary component is important than the others, rather each of these components interact in a concerted fashion and a cumulative effect is important in protecting against caries. We will develop sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISA) to quantitate the levels of salivary mucins MG1 and MG2; acidic proline- rich proteins 1 and 3, basic proline-rich proteins PRB-1 and PRB-2; glycosylated proline-rich protein PRG; cystatins S and SN; statherin; histatins 1, 3 and 5; lysozyme; lactoferrin and peroxidase; microbial
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enzymes glucosyltransferase and glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus mutans; and food preservative benzoate in a large number of subjects. We have already accumulated more than 4000 samples of resting whole saliva. The data obtained will be analyzed for the intra-subject stability of the analyte levels; the cross-sectional association of the decay, missing, filled surfaces (DMFS) index of the subjects analyte levels; and the longitudinal association of the DMFS with salivary analyte levels. The comprehensive survey and the cluster analysis of multiple salivary components should generate a useful data set to test for the association of these components with the caries experience and to identify parameters that will indicate increased risk for dental caries. This study will also provide useful information to determine whether there is a clinical relationship between benzoate levels in saliva and caries experience. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION, DENTISTS AND ORAL CANCER CONTROL Principal Investigator & Institution: Silverman, Sol Jr. Professor of Oral Medicine; American Dental Association 211 E Chicago Ave Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 2-AUG-2002; Project End 1-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The hypothesis for this proposal is that the professional behavior of dentists can be modified by strengthening continuing education in oral cancer through a focus on prevention and early detection. The longrange goals are to increase the number of dentists who counsel at-risk patients about tobacco cessation, consistent with Healthy People 2010 objective 3-10c; and to increase the proportion of oral cancers detected at the earliest stage, consistent with Healthy People 2010 objective 21-6. Our project focuses on oral cancer prevention education for practicing dentists in the United States. Key components of oral cancer prevention include risk assessment and risk reduction for tobacco and alcohol use, chemoprevention, early detection and diagnosis. Based on these key components, a standardized continuing education course has been developed and will be presented within each of the ten U.S. Department of Health and Human Service regions. Outcomes assessment methodology has been designed and will be implemented. Prevention and early detection are the focus of this project because despite advances in oral cancer treatment, only about half of all persons diagnosed with oral cancer survive more than five years. Data indicate that the majority of at-risk Americans does not benefit from oral cancer screening from their primary care professionals. Survival rates for those with oral cancer has not significantly changed in the past 20 years, and it has worsened for African American males. The first activity for this fiveyear proposal is a workshop to standardize a continuing education program, with input from oral cancer and tobacco cessation experts and an ADA ad hoe advisory committee. A second workshop will be scheduled to complete the continuing education program, facilitate course coordinator calibration and finalize the outcomes assessment process. Continuing education programs will be conducted nationwide and learning outcomes will be assessed over the fiveyear period. This project will also explore potential for use of the standardized continuing education program for other health care professionals, e.g., dental hygienists, nurse practitioners and primary care physicians. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BETA-DEFENSINS IN CARIES PRONE CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Dale-Crunk, Beverly A. Professor; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 1-JUL-2003 Summary: The beta-defensins are natural antibiotics by oral epithelia and secreted in saliva. These peptides have broad specificity against bacteria, fungi, and some viruses. They are thought to have role in oral health as natural antibiotics. Beta-defensin levels may between individuals, and those with defects in the expression or function of betadefensins may be susceptible to recurrent infection. Dental caries is an infection; individuals and populations have differing susceptibility to caries. Caries risk is thought to be due to bacterial exposure, diet, and cultural behaviors, but may also be related to biological factors that are due to genetic differences. Beta-defensins may have multiple potential effects on bacteria that colonize the tooth surface, altering biofilm formation, acting directly on bacterial survival, and acting synergistically with other anti-microbial factors. Previous observations on activity, localization and secretion of beta-defensins lead to the hypothesis that the beta-defensins, hBD-1, may be associated with risk for dental caries and that low expression levels, or genetic changes in the function or expression of the peptide, could place an individual at risk for caries. This laboratory has established immunoassays for hBD-1 expression in gingiva and saliva, determined multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the DEFB1 gene encoding hBD-1, and examined SNP frequency in different ethnic groups. For this study we have identified a population of Hispanic children in Toppenish, WA, a rural agricultural community near Heritage College, a minority institution that serves Hispanic and Native American students. Appropriately 35% of these children have had 4 or more caries, while nearly 40% gave had no caries. Using these preliminary findings and new SNP assays, the goal of this proposal is to conduct a case- control study to explore the relationship between hBD-1 peptide and caries risk in a group of Hispanic children by determining (1) Do caries- prone children have low levels of hBD-1? and (2) Do cariesprone populations have SNPs in hBD-1 that are associated with caries risk? In addition, we will determine association of individual SNPs with salivary hBD-1 levels. Our project is an exploratory study designed to foster development of genetic tools as risk factors for varies susceptibility. The risk of caries is highly related to under-served populations and minority ethnic groups, therefore, any new approaches may help in directing attention to the problem and care to those in need. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIODURABILITY OF DENTIN-ADHESIVE RESIN BOND JOINT Principal Investigator & Institution: Armstrong, Steven R. Dental Research; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-AUG-2002; Project End 1-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): A more reliable, technique-insensitive and durable adhesive resin bond to dentin is required if the full benefit of bonded restorations is to be realized. This is especially important due to the fact that caries remains a major health problem, dentin sensitivity affects greater than 40 million Americans, and root caries is increasing with our aging population. Adhesive bonding to enamel has proven to be highly successful; however, bonding to dentin remains poorly understood and unreliable. Resin adhesion to dentin is thought to be primarily micromechanical by the interdiffusion of adhesive monomers into the acid demineralized organic matrix; through steps not dissimilar to any other adhesive procedure, i.e. surface preparation, wetting and solidification. The long-range goal of our program of research is the conservative restoration of teeth, prevention of demineralization, and desensitization of exposed dentin surfaces through dentin bonding. The specific objective of this application is to identify resin-dentin bond degradation involved with the wetting
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process. The central hypothesis of this work is that the mineral depleted dentin surface must be completely and homogeneously infiltrated by the adhesive system for a successful dentin bond. Preliminary mechanical, fractographic and analytical work provide evidence that current dentin adhesive systems incompletely infiltrate the dentin surface, phase separate, polymerize sub-optimally, and hydrolytically degrade, leading to clinical restorative failure. The rationale for the proposed research is that, once mechanisms of dentin bond formation and failures are understood, evidence-based novel approaches for successful dentin adhesion can be developed. Aim 1 will determine probability failure rates and debond pathways of the dentin-resin composite bond exposed to simulated bacterial and tissue inflammatory responses utilizing a novel accelerated aging model. Aim 2 will identify the resin monomer degradation products from the storage media from Aim 1. Aim 3 will identify resin infiltration and stability throughout the hybrid layer using micro-Raman spectroscopy. We expect to demonstrate a decrease in bond strength, a changing debond pathway and a decreasing amount of adhesive monomer in the hybrid layer. This study is significant, because the knowledge gained will improve the understanding of dentin adhesion and biodurability; leading to hypothesis-driven clinical trials examining the wetting conditions required for a clinically successful dentin bond. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOLOGIC BASIS OF REFRACTORY PERIODONTAL DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Paster, Bruce J. Senior Member of Staff; Forsyth Institute Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-APR-1997; Project End 0-APR-2007 Summary: The long-term goal of this research is to be able to appropriately diagnose and successfully treat all patients with periodontal disease. Currently, about 15 percent of periodontitis patients fail conventional therapy and are deemed “refractory.” This application examines the hypothesis that refractory disease is distinct from nonrefractory periodontal disease, and seeks means for prospectively identifying these patients. These objectives are addressed in 4 Specific Aims. Aim I will test the hypothesis that subjects with refractory disease can be distinguished from subjects with treatable periodontitis and periodontal health based upon microbial profiles. Subgingival plaque samples will be taken from 28 sites from at least 80 subjects in each of the 2 diseased groups and 40 healthy subjects. The samples will be analyzed individually for levels of approximately 120 taxa using checkerboard DNA hybridization assays. Herpes viruses will also be monitored. The SIGNIFICANCE of this Aim is that it will identify those species (both cultivable and presently uncultivable) that are useful for distinguishing between refractory and treatable periodontitis, and health. Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that subjects with refractory disease can be distinguished from those with treatable periodontitis, and periodontal health based upon host factors, such as serum antibody levels to 40 specific periodontal bacteria and cytokine production by peripheral blood monocytes following stimulation. The SIGNIFICANCE of this Aim is the identification of key host markers that differentiate between disease groups and health. Aim 3 will develop a Human Oral Microbe Microarray for the detection of 600 cultivable and uncultivable oral species found in the human oral cavity. The microbial samples from Aim 1 will be reanalyzed using the essentially complete microbial coverage provided by this microarray. This microarray will facilitate other research efforts in oral ecology, infectious diseases, and clinical studies. The microarray has obvious diagnostic value. Aim 4 will use the combined clinical, microbial and host data to differentiate refractory periodontitis from treatable periodontitis or health, and
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to identify refractory syndromes. Completion of this project will fill in major gaps in knowledge of the role of the total oral flora in refractory and treatable periodontitis, and of the role of cytokines, chemokines and their receptors. Eliminating refractory disease would have an enormous impact on the total cost of delivering periodontal therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOMARKERS FOR TOTAL BODY BURDEN OF FLUORIDE Principal Investigator & Institution: Shearer, Thomas R. Professor and Chairman; Oral Molecular Biology; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-SEP-2003; Project End 1-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): While the benefit of fluoridation in the prevention of dental caries has been overwhelmingly substantiated, the effect of fluoridation on other chronic health problems is less clear. For example, fluoridation has been linked with osteoporosis, bone cancer, uterine cancer, fertility rates, testosterone levels, gastroduodenal manifestations, and otosclerosis. The majority of studies evaluating the impact of fluoridation on chronic health conditions, however, have been ecological. In ecological studies, the unit of analysis is an aggregate on individuals rather than the individual itself and, in most cases both exposure status and disease status are based on the aggregate. Aggregating exposure and disease status data can lead to inappropriate conclusions regarding relationships at the individual level (ecological fallacy). The purpose of this research is to identify a biomarker for long-term fluoride exposure that can be used in future epidemiologic research on the impact of fluoride exposure on human health. Developing a fluoride biomarker will improve the precision of fluoride exposure measures and provide better estimates of individual level fluoride exposure. This will reduce misclassification of fluoride exposure, thereby enhancing our ability to detect dose-response relationships between fluoride exposure and health outcome measures. The fluoride content of bone appears to reflect total body burden of fluoride and is an appropriate “gold standard” for a fluoride biomarker. For this reason, we will recruit 210 patients scheduled for primary total hip or total knee replacement surgery in Portland and Salem, OR. Excised bone tissue along with fasting blood, fasting ductal saliva, and demographic information will be obtained from each study participant and analyzed for fluoride content at the Medical College of Georgia. While controlling for confounding variables, we will correlate bone fluoride to tissue fluoride in order to determine which tissue, if any, is the “best” biomarker for long-term fluoride exposure. In addition, we will obtain additional tissue samples from a subset (n=30) to evaluate the precision of the biomarker. This research is a collaborative effort between Oregon Health Sciences University and the Medical College of Georgia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BIOSENSOR FOR DIAGNOSIS OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Colston, Bill W. Medical Technology; University of Calif-Lawrnc Lvrmr Nat Lab Lawrence Livermore National Lab Livermore, Ca 94550 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-AUG-2000; Project End 0-DEC-2002 Summary: The treatment of periodontitis is handicapped by the lack of simple, chairside diagnostic tests capable of differentiating between sites of active disease and sites which exhibit periodontal breakdown but which may currently be quiescent. In addition, many of the common, clinical diagnostic tests (radiographs, clinical examination) require subjective interpretation of data. Studies have shown that different interpretations of the same data can have dramatic effects on decisions which dictate treatment. Proteases in
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Dental Health
the extracellular matrix have been associated with periodontal disease. Many studies have associated active neutrophil collagenase with tissue destruction and have implicated polymorphonuclear leukocytes as being an important, if not the major, contributor to the acute disease process. Other studies have indicated that specific proteases may determine the outcome of surgical, bone-regenerative procedures. These data indicate that types and amounts of proteases may be an important diagnostic indicator of tissue health. The purpose of this proposal is to obtain initial funding to develop a new, objective diagnostic instrument that will allow simultaneous quantitation of multiple proteases within a single periodontal pocket using chemical fiber optic sensors. Moreover, this pilot study will be used to establish instrumentation which can be used in combination with specific substrates to measure literally hundreds of different compounds simultaneously with the same fiber optic probe. The instrumentation may, in the future, be coupled with technology for enzyme-linked immunosorbance assays (ELISA). This approach could potentially be adapted to use specific antibodies and chemiluminescence to detect and quantitate virtually any compound and compare concentrations of different compounds within the same periodontal pocket. The device could also be used to assay secretions in salivary ducts or from a variety of wounds. The applicability is, therefore, not solely limited to dentistry and the device would be important both for clinical diagnostics and as a research tool. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BLUEPRINTS FOR TRANSFORMING RESEARCH AT UIC COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Wu, Christine; Periodontics; University of Illinois at Chicago Suite 304 Aob, M/C 672 Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-AUG-2003; Project End 1-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) College of Dentistry (COD) is the only dental school in Chicago, the nation's third largest city. The College is part of the 560-acre Illinois Medical District, which comprises four major medical centers, two universities, and forty other health care, education, and research institutions. In keeping with the University's mission, COD is strongly committed to having faculty members and student participate in scholarly activities; to producing highly qualified dentists, dental educators, and researchers; and to improving the oral and general health of the people of the State of Illinois. The University administration has demonstrated significant commitment to building a top-tier dental institution with a strong research infrastructure through recruitment of research faculty and renovation of research space. The recent appointment of an Associate Dean for Research and the establishment of the Office of Research are further commitments to the enhancement of research infrastructure and resources at the College. While the 2001 NIH funding totaled over $2 million for the College, only one half of these funds were awarded by NIDCR, and the funding profile was limited almost exclusively to investigator-initiated R01s and other R-series grants. The composition of these funds and the College's potential to benefit from new interdisciplinary and collaborative opportunities in research training, mentoring and career development suggest that COD is poised to make further strides toward excellence in research. The UIC College of Dentistry sees in this RFA an extraordinary opportunity to plan a world-class center of excellence in dental and craniofacial research. This proposal has three Specific Aims: 1) To develop and conduct a thorough assessment of the critical needs of the research infrastructure; 2) To identify research focus areas for further infrastructure development (This aim will be achieved
Studies 21
with guidance from an Institutional Planning Committee and an External Advisory Committee, using a process based on defined criteria and peer review of scientific merit); and 3) To develop an institutional Infrastructure Improvement Plan for the research locus areas to be enhanced. Plans will be designed to develop a critical mass of researchers in the selected focus areas and to improve the overall research support infrastructure; to strengthen existing and to establish additional interdisciplinary collaborations; and to institutionalize measures for updating the Plan so that it will be comprehensive, strategic, patient-oriented, and self-sustaining. With the systematic infrastructure improvement initiative, and through integration of interdisciplinary research and creation of critical mass, UIC COD will play a leading role in US academic dentistry. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BONE MINERAL DENSITY AS A PREDICTOR OF PERIODONTITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wactawski-Wende, Jean; Assistant Professor; Social and Preventive Medicine; State University of New York at Buffalo 402 Crofts Hall Buffalo, Ny 14260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-APR-2002; Project End 1-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall purpose of this study is to determine the role of oral and systemic bone mineral density (BMD) in the development of new and progressive periodontal disease in postmenopausal women. We hypothesize that low BMD will be associated with both new and progressive periodontitis over time by increasing susceptibility to destructive periodontitis. We propose a longitudinal assessment of BMD and its role in establishment of periodontal disease in postmenopausal women with systematic studies using sensitive and accurate measures of skeletal and oral BMD, and periodontal disease. As part of the BMD assessment, we will further validate the methodology for oral BMD. In concert with these, assessment of a variety of potential co-risk factors for both low BMD and periodontitis will allow us to determine their contribution to this association. The systemic covariates include age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol, hormone use, socioeconomic and psychosocial factors, medications, medical and reproductive history, and diet. Local covariates include plaque, gingivitis, probing depth, previous dental care, and dental care habits. Study subjects will be recruited from an established cohort of postmenopausal women with baseline assessments of BMD and periodontitis as part of an ongoing crosssectional study. We propose a 3-vear follow-up examination in 1000 postmenopausal women already enrolled in the NIH Women's Health Initiative study. To date, studies have not characterized the specific role of BMD either skeletal or mandibular on periodontal disease incidence and progression in a large cohort of postmenopausal women. Our preliminary cross-sectional studies have determined that skeletal BMD is associated with alveolar crestal height, tooth loss and clinical attachment loss. The proposed longitudinal study will have sufficient sample size and statistical power to assess the temporal relationship between BMD and periodontitis and the effects of a large set of co-risk factors and potential confounding factors affecting osteopenia, periodontal disease or both. This study provides a unique opportunity to define this relationship in a cost effective manner in a cohort of postmenopausal women under study as part of the Women's Health Initiative and has great practical significance. Low BMD is likely of considerable importance in the onset and progression of periodontitis. Hence once the relationship is established, modalities effective in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis may prove useful for prevention and treatment of periodontitis and subsequent tooth loss.
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Dental Health
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BRIDGING SOCIO-CULTURAL BOUNDARIES IN ORAL HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Riedy, Christine A.; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 1-JUL-2004 Summary: The broad, long-term objective of this project is to increase cultural competency in a wide array of dental using a web-based tool (EthnoDent). Washington state's population, in addition to the United States, is becoming increasingly diverse in its' ethnic and racial makeup. Between 1995 and 2025, international migration will bring to Washington state an additional 394,000 people (Campbell, 1996). The U.S. culture is becoming more heterogeneous with the influx of many minority cultures who have their own beliefs and traditions and may only share one commonality of living in the same country-poorer oral health status (Brookins, 1993; Ahmann, 1994). Low-income and minority populations in the U.S. have benefitted less than other groups in spite of advances in knowledge of oral health diseases such as childhood (caries (Seow, 1998; Milnes, 1996). As the population's diversity increases, providers will care for multicultural patients who may not attribute the same traditions or meanings for health and illness. Underlying traditions and values arising from cultures may govern the group's perceived meaning of health, illness and approach to curing. An inability to communicate cross-culturally may impair health professional's effectiveness at providing the most appropriate care to patients, potentially affecting patient adherence. The current project proposes to develop a we-based tool (EthnoDent) which will focus on reducing cultural barriers between providers and multi- cultural patients in the area of children's which will focus on reducing cultural barriers between providers and multi-cultural patients in the area of children's oral health. The specific aims of the proposed study are; 1) To qualitatively describe the Native American/Alaska Native (NA/AN), Asian /Pacific Islander (A/PI), and Latino/Hispanic (L/H) cultures (i.e., traditions, beliefs/values practices) with respect to children's oral health. 2) To develop a web-based tool (EthnoDent) based on the collected information, which will contain information about the cultures, their languages, beliefs, traditions, and practices with respect to children's oral health. 3) To describe the use profiles of EthnoDent and manage the evolution of system changes based on feedback from these profiles. 4) To determine whether dental providers' evolution of system changes based on feedback from these profiles. 4) To determine whether dental providers' (e.g., first-year dental students, dental assistant and dental hygiene students) knowledge and cultural competency is increased with the used of EthnoDent. The long-term vision of this project is to reduce disparities in children's oral health about enhancing the providers' attitudes and skills in communicating with multi-cultural families. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CARIES PREVENTION IN ALASKAN NATIVE INFANTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Grossman, David;; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 1-JUL-2005 Summary: Alaska Native children are disproportionately affected by early childhood caries, compared to all U.S. children. Dental care needs for adults and children in rural Alaska far exceed the acute care and prevention resources available. As a result,, there is a high level of dental morbidity present among adults that likely contributes to early
Studies 23
transmission of mutants streptococci (MS) from adult caregivers to infants in the household. Furthermore, the cultural practice of per- mastication of solid food for infant feeding amplifies the transmission of oral secretions from adult to child. The prevention of early MS acquisition and subsequent caries in infants and toddlers required efforts starting at birth. Since Alaska Natives are a rural population at high risk for caries, interruption of vertical transmission of MS using a combination of improved oral hygiene practice, and topical antimicrobials and bacteriostatic agents may be an ideal prevention strategy for childhood caries. Chlorhexidine and xylitol are two agents that have been shown to reduce dental decay and MS counts. The specific aim of this proposal is to conduct a community based, randomized blinded trial to determine if the serial use of chlorhexidine and xylitol in 250 mothers will reduce the vertical transmission of caries between Alaska Native mothers and infants. The YukonKuskokwim (YK) Delta of southwestern Alaska is the site of the study. We hypothesize that a two week period of twice-daily chlorhexidine mouthwash use prior to deliver followed by a subsequent two year period of maternal xylitol gum use, will lead to a significant reduction in the age-specific prevalence of early childhood caries at 12 and 24 months of age among the offspring of mothers in the intervention group, compared to control group mothers. We also hypothesize that, compared to controls, mothers and children in the intervention group will have significant reductions in oral MS counts at each follow-up interval. If proven successful, this intervention could have a significant impact on the prevalence of caries among young Alaska Native children and other population groups at high risk for childhood caries. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CENTER FOR CRANIOFACIAL DEVELOPMENT AND DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Jabs, Ethylin W. Professor and Director; Pediatrics; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-AUG-1999; Project End 1-JUL-2004 Summary: The goal of the Center for Craniofacial Development and Disorders is to increase our understanding of normal and abnormal craniofacial development, promote prevention of craniofacial disease, and improve diagnosis and treatment of craniofacial disorders, including oral and dental conditions. Craniofacial abnormalities compose a large and heterogeneous group of human malformations. Of the over 5000 known human genetic syndromes, over 700 have craniofacial abnormalities. Oral clefting and craniosynostosis are among the most common malformations in humans and present a major health issue because of their associated medical, surgical, and psychological implications. To advance our knowledge, the Center will study the normal process of craniofacial development and the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis, oral clefting, and other craniofacial disorders in zebrafish, mice, rabbits, and humans from the phenotypic to the molecular level using a multi-disciplinary interactive approach. The Center will include the Administrative, Clinical, Animal, Molecular/Technology, Biostatistical, and Education/Informatics Cores which will support eight projects encompassing: 1) basic science, 2) clinical research, 3) behavioral and social sciences and health services, 4) environmental sciences, 5) technology development and liaison with industry, 6) demonstration and outreach programs, and 7) education and training for scientists, health care professionals, patients, and the public. Projects I and II will use zebrafish as a model organisms to study retinoic and ethanol effects of the morphogenesis of cranial neural crest cells, and mouse as a model organism to study the molecular pathogenesis of ethanol-induced craniofacial malformations and cell death. Projects III, IV, V, and VI will study morphologic aspects of the facial tissues, skull, and brain, developmental
24
Dental Health
processes, molecular biology, genetics, and treatment of craniosynostosis in rabbits, mice, and humans. Projects VII and VIII will identify susceptibility genes for oral clefting and will analyze behavioral aspects and quantify of life for patients with nonsyndromic oral clefting and craniosynostosis. The Center will be based at Johns Hopkins University with collaborative ties both nationally and internationally, with participants in 14 states and seven other countries. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHILD ORAL HEALTH QUALITY OF LIFE QUESTIONNAIRE Principal Investigator & Institution: Broder, Hillary L. Associate Professor; Community Health; Univ of Med/Dent Nj Newark 30 Bergen St Newark, Nj 07107 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-MAR-2001; Project End 8-FEB-2003 Summary: Applicant's Treatment of children with oral and oro-facial conditions is based on broadly accepted standards tied to the evaluation of clinical parameters. However, little is known about treatment success - whether the desired clinical outcomes related to treatment are achieved or whether patients are satisfied with their treatment outcomes. Research in this area is limited by a lack of valid, reliable and culturally sensitive instruments to assess perceived outcomes of care for children and their families. To address this deficiency, the study will develop a culturally sensitive instrument, the Child Oral and Oro-Facial Questionnaire (COOFQ) to assess the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHROOL) in children across Oral and Oro-Facial conditions. The instrument will consist of a family of questionnaires; a Primary Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (PCPQ) and age-specific Child Perceptions Questionnaires (CPQ). The former will tap caregiver (predominantly parent) perceptions of the child's OHRQOL and the impact of the child's condition on the family, while the latter will tap the child's perception of the impact of the condition on his/her well-being and daily life. To address age-appropriate developmental tasks, age-specific questionnaires are necessary for children to accommodate age-related changes in children's emotional and cognitive development. This study is the initial phase of a multi-stage effort to create three ageappropriate questionnaires for children and will develop a questionnaire for 10-14 year olds and their caregivers. Because of the greater complexities associated with the development of questionnaires for younger children, analogous questionnaires will be developed for children aged 3-5 and 6-9 years at a later date. Children and parents from multiple clinical sites in two North American locations will be recruited to develop a psychometrically sound instrument to measure OHRQOL. Specific ethnic groups (African American, Hispanic, Asians, and Whites) will be recruited to assess the cultural appropriateness of the questionnaires. This proposal is concerned with the development of these questionnaires and the assessment of their performance as discriminatory instruments. Data from this study will provide insight and preliminary data to develop substantive hypotheses in clinical trials with pediatric dental patients across a variety of conditions. The ultimate aim of this instrument is to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of services delivered to pediatric dental patients. The PCPQ and the CPQ will help to measure the burden of pediatric oral and oro-facial disorders in general populations, population subgroups and groups of patients, and to evaluate the effectiveness of pediatric oral care services. Given the disparities in health status across ethnic groups and SES as well as the thrust to ration health costs, examining the impact of oral health conditions is essential in developing health policy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies 25
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Project Title: CHRONIC DENTAL DISEASE AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Joshipura, Kaumudi J. Assistant Professor; Oral Health Policy & Epidem; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-1998; Project End 1-JUL-2003 Summary: Several recent reports have found significant associations between periodontal disease, tooth loss and increased coronary heart disease (CHD). Possible associations between dental caries and CHD and between dental disease and stroke have also been reported. Recent literature also supports the possible role of other chronic bacterial and viral infection, fibrinogen and other inflammatory mediators in increasing CHD risk. We propose to study the relation between periodontal disease, caries and tooth loss, and risk of incidence of coronary heart disease and stroke and to assess if these associations are independent of common risk factors including behavioral factors. Additionally, we propose to evaluate two possible explanations for these associations: (1) tooth loss leads to reduced masticatory efficiency, which could lead to reduced intake of dietary antioxidant and fiber, which in turn has been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease; and (2) chronic dental disease could lead to hyperfibrinogenemia which is strongly and probably causally associated with increased risk of CHD. We will also evaluate C-reactive protein, von Willebrand factor, tissue plasminogen activator, and Factor VII as additional mediators. Participants include 51,529 men enrolled in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study since 1986 and 90,000 females enrolled in the Nurses Health Study since 1976 who reported their dental status in 1992. The follow-up in these cohorts is excellent and has been consistently over 90 percent. The outcome measures will include incident cases of CHD and stroke in 15 years of follow-up among men and 9 years of follow-up among women free of cardiovascular disease and cancer at baseline. Over 4500 incident cases of CHD and stroke are anticipated. Biomarker assays will be performed for a sub-population consisting of new CHD cases incident after the time of initial blood collection, and one matched control per case. Blood samples were provided by 32,000 nurses in 1989-90 and by 18,100 male health professionals in 1993-94, allowing for sufficient follow-up to include an estimated 600 incident cases among males and 600 cases among females for the biomarker analyses. The high prevalence of dental infection makes its potential association with inflammatory and dietary mediators, and ultimately increased risk of CHD and stroke very important with implications for millions of Americans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CLINICAL OVERDENTURE
INVESTIGATION
OF
MANIDBULAR
IMPLANT
Principal Investigator & Institution: Burns, David R. Removable Prosthodontics; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUN-1998; Project End 1-MAR-2003 Summary: The mandibular implant/mucosa supported removable overdenture has been shown to be an effective treatment modality for edentulous patients. Objective information regarding the number of necessary implants (i.e. two vs. four) for overdenture treatment is sparse. Treatment morbidity, expense and complexity are directly proportional to the number of dental implants used. Treatment decisions regarding this issue are difficult to make based upon available scientific data. The hypothesis of this investigation is that the four implant overdenture treatment is equivalent to the two independent implan treatment and can be measured in terms of
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Dental Health
prosthesis retention, stability, supporting and peri-implant tissue response, patient satisfaction/preference and treatment complications/failures. The goal of this prospective investigation is to scientifically compare the four implant overdenture to tha of the two in a clinical setting. A within-subject comparison using a four period, six sequence, three treatment crossover experimental design will allow all clinical subjects to receive all variable treatments. The specific aims of the study are: (1) investigate the possible equivalence of retention and stability; (2) identify changes, if any, which may occur in the supporting mucosal and peri-implant tissues; (3) identify patient satisfaction and preference; and (4) identify complications and failures for each treatment modality. Thirty healthy edentulous subjects will be used. Each will have four dental implants placed into the anterior mandible. New dentures will be fabricated to accommodate placement of implant/denture attachments. After successful implant/tissue integration, subjects will be randomly assigned to one of six sequences of treatments (A-B-C-C; A-C-B-B; B-A-C-C; B-C-A-A; C-A-B-B; C-B-A-A) where treatment A will utilize two bilateral implants which will be connected as independent units to the mandibular denture using o-ring attachments; treatment B will utilize two implants and a bar/clip denture attachment; and treatment C will utilize four implants and a bar/clip denture attachment. Each group will be followed for data collection for at least twelv months. The fourth period will allow estimation of the carry-over effect separate from the treatment effect. Quantitative measurement of retention and stability will be accomplished using force measurement instrumentation. Tissue health and treatment complications will be examined using a criterion based scoring system. Questionnaires will be used to assess subject satisfaction/preference. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROGRAM
COMPREHENSIVE
ORAL
HEALTH
RESEARCH
TRAINING
Principal Investigator & Institution: Marshall, Grayson W. Professor & Chair; Preventative and Restorative Dental Sciences; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-AUG-1996; Project End 0-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) The Comprehensive Oral health Research Training (COHORT) Program at UCSF seeks renewal of two NRSA programs and is an opportunity to extend training activities along a pathway initiated some time ago. The two T32 grants to be renewed are: “Multidisciplinary Training in Craniofacial Anomalies.” (AJ Kahn, PI), and the DSTP “UCSF Integrated DDS-PhD training program” (G. W. Marshall, PI), incorporating several new short term and PhD training components. Our goals are to: 1) Expand short-term training opportunities to include junior, mid-career and part-time clinical faculty, as well as dental students; and further extend tine linkages for under-represented minority students at collaborating dental schools; 2) Continue development of the integrated DDS-PhD program and extend the UCSF MD-PhD program to include oral health research; 3) Expand PhD options to include Bioinfomatics as well as current options (Oral Biology, Bioengineering, and Epidemiology) and provide post-DDS students a lead-in for MCSDA application; 4) Continue the multiple track approach to post-doctoral training and include a new retraining-retooling option For faculty. 5) Develop a new model for cross-disciplinary mentoring through mentor partnerships (MP) to customize programs for non-degree students; 6) Develop new comprehensive oral research experiences (CORE) in key areas, such as clinical research, evidence based care, scientific team experiences, and genomics; 7) Provide infrastructure for the constituent student groups participating in this grant
Studies 27
and 8) Implement evaluation tools to allow program evolution to meet the changing needs of new generations of students. The overall outcome we seek is to promote broad perspectives on oral health research, provide key tools needed by trainees, and provide a scientifically rigorous foundation for conduct of research. COHORT is complementary to our recently funded Center of Discover (COHRCD) and will develop networking experiences to take full advantage of its thrust areas. The program unites training directors with extensive research and training experience, and constructs a multi-track training scaffold that promotes broad cross-disciplinary experiences for our trainees, while assuring that the trainees continue to be provided with rigorous scientific foundations. Outstanding scientific and clinical mentors will guide each trainee selected for the component programs. This permits an integrated training experience that spans the career spectrum for oral health researchers and leaders in academic dentistry. The program will offer multiple portals of entry so that trainees? needs can be met at each career stage, and will include components that meet the needs for exploration, retooling, and retraining of junior and mid-career faculty. Thus, we will meet the needs of the trainees and the oral health research community, providing training that assures continuing access to cutting-edge science, state-of-the-art research tools, and the innovative, cross-disciplinary, team-based perspectives required by today’s complex scientific problems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAM FOR CRANIOFACIAL & DENTAL ANOMALIE Principal Investigator & Institution: Murray, Jeffrey C. Professor; Pediatrics; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-AUG-1999; Project End 1-JUL-2004 Summary: The Comprehensive Oral Health Research Center of Discovery (COHRCD) at The University of Iowa will focus on craniofacial anomalies. A comprehensive set of major research projects coupled to technology transfer and the development of new research opportunities through pilots will be supported by a core infrastructure representing a wide range of laboratory, clinical and dissemination activities. Our center builds upon a 40-year history of clinical and research studies on craniofacial anomalies at Iowa and continues the tradition established over the past decade of interdisciplinary and inter-institutional research that includes not only a broad-based internal constituency but collaborative projects and interactions with colleagues in the United States and overseas which offer access to novel populations and innovative techniques. The proposed COHRCD builds upon a foundation of seven comprehensive science projects ranging from gene discovery in animal models to phenotype classification and behavioral studies. Pilot projects will explore the interfaces between imaging, clinical medicine and molecular development. Technology transfer will involve collaboration with industry and other institutions so as to develop a better understanding of how materials can be developed and used to improve treatment of craniofacial anomalies. A clinical resources core will support the major research projects as well as investigations into novel techniques for craniofacial imaging. A clinical resources core will support the major research projects as well as investigations into novel techniques for craniofacial imaging and health policy research into health care delivery for patients with craniofacial anomalies. Dissemination activities will be centered in a core that will utilize communications technology to research not only researchers and health professions but also a wide range of the lay public, including patients and school children. Administration and Biostatistics Cores will provide overall support for the
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Dental Health
Center. The COHRCD at The University of Iowa represents an integrated program that will continue to make use of well-established, high-quality, investigators as well as bringing in new investigators to continue a long-standing tradition of excellences in craniofacial research. The outcomes include the potential for improved diagnosis and treatment of some of the most common developmental anomalies as a result of fundamental research and technology transfer and effective dissemination of these results to other professions, to patients and to the general public. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH TRAINING FOR ORAL HEALTH SCIENCES Principal Investigator & Institution: Scannapieco, Frank A. Professor; Oral Biology; State University of New York at Buffalo 402 Crofts Hall Buffalo, Ny 14260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-JUL-1975; Project End 0-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application is submitted to support the Comprehensive Research Training Program for Oral Health Scientists in response to the NIDCR Program Announcement 00-116. This program will provide research training for well-qualified candidates to prepare them to be leading oral health research faculty in the nation's dental schools and oral health research institutions. A novel feature of the program takes advantage of the recent establishment of The Buffalo Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics. This Center will merge super-computing and visualization technology with expertise in genomics, proteomics, and bioimaging to foster advances in biomedical sciences and health care. Trainees will interact with the Center formally (by requiring bioinformatics course work and by regularly inviting Center faculty to give seminars) and informally (by encouraging collaboration with Center investigators) to enhance bioinformatics approaches in their research projects. The program will be composed of four tracks: 1) The PhD degree track will provide state-of-the-art research training in Oral Biology or in other related disciplines. Students who matriculate in the PhD program may do so at the post-BS, or post-DDS, levels. The PhD/Clinical Residency track will allow DDS trainees to combine PhD training with certificate-level training in one of five clinical dental specialties including endodontics, oral pathology, orthodontics, periodontology, or prosthodontics; 2) The combined DDS/PhD degree track (DSTP) will provide an integrated, dental and graduate research-training program for students to earn both the DDS and PhD degrees; 3) The non-degree postdoctoral research track will provide in-depth experience for trainees to engage in original research that builds upon their doctoral level training; and 4) The short-term track will provide training for a) students enrolled in the DDS program; and b) clinical faculty members to obtain additional training in basic science or clinical research. We provide evidence of enthusiastic and substantial institutional support for trainees after NIH funding ceases. Efforts have been made to acquire additional streams for recruitment of minority trainees into the program. The requested number of trainee slots has been reduced to be consonant with realistic recruitment targets. The proposal also responds to a number of other concerns stated in the previous review. We believe this proposal is sufficiently improved so as to allow continuation of a long-standing and successful oral health research training program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies 29
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Project Title: CONFERENCE ON CLOSING THE GAP IN HISPANICS' ORAL HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Cruz, Gustavo D. Assistant Professor and Director; Epidemiology/Health Promotion; New York University 15 Washington Place New York, Ny 10003 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-AUG-2002; Project End 1-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a request for co-funding of a two day conference titled “Closing the Gap in Oral Health Disparities Affecting Hispanics: Strategies for a National Oral Health Plan”. This conference will be conducted in conjunction with the 10th Annual Meeting of the Hispanic Dental Association (HDA). It is a follow up to last year's NIDCR's sponsored conference: “Oral Health Disparities and the Hispanic Population: A Framework for Action in Response to the Surgeon General's Report”. The overarching aim of this conference is to present and further develop specific strategies and action plans to reduce disparities in oral health affecting the Hispanic population in the US. The conference will consist of five major themes: 1) Keynote Speech (Dr. Dushanka V. Kleinman): the National Oral Health Plan; 2) Health Communications/Health Literacy: Delivering the Message; 3) Integration of Oral Health Care into Primary Care; 4) Legislative Measures to Close the Gap; 5) Advances in Craniofacial and Oral Health Disease Prevention and Treatment. Based on last year's meeting and in follow up meetings of the HDA Board of Trustees, this conference will focus on strategies that were deemed to be of utmost importance to eliminate oral health disparities in the Hispanic population: 1) partner with governmental agencies in the development of the National Oral Health Plan; 2) invest and promote the development, testing and implementation of health literacy programs; 3) advocate for the integration of oral health care into primary care, 4) develop legislation and advocate for measures to increase access to care and 5) disseminate research findings that can help prevent and treat oral health conditions more effectively. The HDA endeavors to foster partnerships with other Hispanic health care organizations, the NIDCR and other governmental agencies as well as policy makers to help eliminate disparities in oral health among the Hispanic population in the US. It is expected that the conference will have the following outcomes: a) energize and motivate the HDA membership to utilize the presented strategies to advocate, legislate, educate, develop research strategies and utilize clinical findings to close the gap in oral health disparities among the US Hispanic population; b) disseminate the findings and discussion by publishing the proceedings in a peer reviewed journal and c) the formation of workgroup composed of private practitioners, educators, researchers and students that will develop in collaboration with other agencies and organizations, the National Oral Health Plan and other similar planning documents. This conference will support the NIDCR Strategic Plan to Eliminate Craniofacial, Oral and dental health Disparities as well as the HDA mission: to provide leadership and represent oral health professionals who share a common commitment to improve the oral health of the Hispanic community. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INTERNET
CONNECTING
CHICAGO
HEALTH
OUTREACH
TO
THE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Morales, Cecilia;; Chicago Health Outreach, Inc. 208 S La Salle St, Ste 1818 Chicago, Il 60604 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 9-SEP-2002
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Dental Health
Summary: (provided by applicant): Chicago Health Outreach, Inc. (CHO) is a community organization dedicated to meeting the diverse and challenging health care needs of Chicago's disenfranchised populations through the provision of Primary Health Care, Mental Health Services, Dental Care, Case Management, and interpreting services. Access to high-speed Internet connections is an urgent necessity for CHO to continue to respond appropriately and effectively to the unique needs of the homeless immigrants and refugees, people with HIV, and low-income uninsured families. Clinicians and staff will use the Internet to improve the quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of service provision through the installation of high-speed connections in CHO's main building at 4750 North Sheridan, education in locating and applying evidence-based online health resources, and evaluation of implementation efforts. The project?s specific aims are to: 1) Provide high-speed Internet connections to all CHO programs and administrative offices housed in the 4750 North Sheridan building; 2) Establish secure electronic mail services and World Wide Web access for all CHO staff housed in the 4750 North Sheridan building; 3) Provide CHO clinicians and support staff with training in the location and application of Internet-based health resources, including Pub Med, Medline, the Na6tional Guideline Clearinghouse, and ClinicalTrials.gov; 4) Facilitate the integration of sound evidence from clinical guideline databases and health research journals into clinical practice and quality improvement efforts, and 5) Promote the effective and efficient use of Internet connections for staff through technical support and ongoing evaluation mechanisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CONTROLLED-RELEASE SEALANT TO PREVENT SECONDARY CARIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Anusavice, Kenneth J. Professor; Dental Biomaterials; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 5-SEP-2001; Project End 1-AUG-2005 Summary: (Applicant's abstract verbatim) The cost of dental care in the United States was $45.8 billion in 1995. Replacement of dental restorations accounts for 75 percent of all operative work, and secondary caries at the margins of restorations is the most frequently identified reason for replacement (Kidd, 1996). Thus, dental patients can realize considerable cost savings and improved oral health care if the lifetime of defective restorations can be extended through the use of tooth preservation therapies. The overall objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that application to marginal crevices of a sealing resin that releases chlorhexidine and/or fluoride (when the pH decreases to below 6.0) can extend the service life of defective amalgam and composite restorations and enhance remineralization of demineralized adjacent enamel. We propose to test the following hypotheses- (1) polymer microspheres loaded with chlorhexidine diacetate alone, a dispersed mixture of either CaF2 or ZnF2 and chlorhexidine diacetate, or one of these fluoride agents alone will exhibit an onset of ion release when the solution pH decreases below 6.0 and will terminate ion release when the pH increases above 6.0; (2) the controlled-release microspheres when loaded in a resin matrix (bis GMA/TEGDMA/HEMA), will exhibit an initial release rate when the solution pH decreases below 6.0 and will reduce its release rate when the solution pH increases above 6.0; (3) Test the hypothesis that microbial accumulation (plaque) and site specific levels of S. mutans on tooth enamel adjacent to defective amalgam or composite restorations are significantly better predictors of secondary caries than the width of the marginal crevice and; whole mouth levels of S. mutans; and (4) a crevicesealing resin containing a dispersed mixture of chlorhexidine and fluoride microspheres
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will more effectively inhibit demineralization and enhance remineralization of enamel adjacent to composite restorations than resins containing only one of these two therapeutic agents. Clinically relevant aspects of this project include: (1) use of a monoclonal antibody test for site specific analyses of S. mutans on selected approximal tooth surfaces with amalgam or composite restorations; (2) use of a dispersed mixture of polymer microspheres that will release an antibacterial agent (chlorhexidine) simultaneous with a remineralizing agent (fluoride) to prevent secondary caries in situ; and (3) analysis of extracted restored teeth to determine the best of four predictors for secondary caries (plaque levels-at the margins of restorations, whole mouth concentrations of S. mutans, site specific levels of S. mutans at the margins of amalgam and composite restorations, and the width of marginal crevices adjacent to amalgam and composite restorations). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--ANIMAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Davisson, Muriel T.; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The primary goal of this Animal Core is to develop new mouse models of craniofacial and dentition disorders as a resource to the scientific community. We will also collaborate with other investigators in this disorders as a resource to the scientific community. We will also collaborate with other investigators in this Comprehensive Oral Health Research Center of Discovery (COHRCD) to enhance the mouse model aspects of the COHRCD. We will discover and characterize (genetically and phenotypically) new spontaneous mouse mutations to provide the scientific community with model systems for research on facial and skull development and for models of specific human craniofacial syndromes. We will collaborate with other investigators in the COHRCD to provide additional expertise on the mouse (Projects II and III), compare phenotypes of new mutant mice with human disorders (Clinical Core), and announce newly developed mutants for the Center web page (Education/Informatics Core). Mice carrying mutations that alter developmental pathways or metabolic functions provide model systems for analyzing the defects in comparable human disorders and for testing methods of therapeutic intervention. Spontaneous mouse mutations are identified on the basis of a biomedically relevant phenotype and can lead to the discovery of novel gens involved in craniofacial and dental development and morphology. Mutant mice from the strains will be distributed to the scientific community on a fee-for-mice basis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--BIOBEHAVIORAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Dworkin, Samuel F. Professor Emeritus; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The Biobehavioral Core has as it overall goal the festering of new clinical research in dentistry utilizing concepts and methods from the disciplines of behavioral medicine, health psychology, and health services research. Research drawing upon these disciplines to address critical problems in delivering and evaluating dental treatment will be accomplished through the availability of a team of behavioral and health services by clinical faculty at the School of Dentistry and their peers and colleagues in other branches of the University and elsewhere. In addition, the
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Dental Health
Biobehavioral Core will make available a staffed, state-of-the-art behavioral data gathered in dental operatories dedicated to the Core. The combination of facilities and expert biobehavioral research consultants will also allow educational training programs to be provided for potential biobehavioral researchers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE RESEARCH RESOURCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Effros, Rita B. Professor; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 5-MAR-2001; Project End 0-JUN-2001 Summary: The new Biological Science Research Core has been created to serve as the vehicle through which clinical intervention research interfaces with mechanistic studies on the basic biology of aging. The overall goal is to provide basic science support for OAIC and other funded UCLA research. In addition to providing research support for basic science, this Core will also function to bridge the gap between clinical and basic scientist, using immunology as a paradigm. The immune system plays a central role in aging and, indeed, may influence life-span itself. Because immune competence is a critical determinant of health status, it has a significant impact on the ability of elderly people to function independently. Hence, the activities of this Core are designed to interdigitate basic biology, particularly immunology, into the UCLA Pepper Center in a variety of ways, but with the central mission of effecting an improvement in the health and independence status of older Americans. The specific aims of the Biological Science Research Resources Core are: 1. To perform and coordinate immunophenotypic and immune function assays for the IS-1, IDS-1, OAIC pilots and other relevant UCLA projects. For the clinical studies, comparison will be made between the predictive value of a new biomarker-the proportion of T cells expressing the CD28 costimulatory molecular--with previously used indicators, such as proliferative function, T cell subset ratios, and the proportion of naive versus memory cells. These studies will test the hypothesis that CD28 expression is a superior marker for predicting immune function, improved health status and clinical outcomes in the elderly. 2. To coordinate and provide basic science support for the Pilot Projects. Several potential pilot studies have already been identified which will specifically complement and enhance the Immunology theme of this Core. 3. To enhance the geriatrics/gerontology educational mission of UCLA by developing courses and providing opportunities for laboratory research experience on the basic biology of aging, diseases of aging, and methods of gerontological investigation. Education opportunities will be provided for individuals with a spectrum of backgrounds, ranging from undergraduate students to Pepper Center faculty trainees and Ph.D. candidates. 4. To provide a bridge between research performed as part of the Pepper Center and other aging-related research within the UCLA graduate, Medical and Dental Schools. Numerous collaborations already exist between the Core Leader and non-Pepper Center faculty, including research on accelerated T cell replicative senescence in AIDS, and a transgenic mouse model for retarded thymic involution. These studies will be assisted by the Core, and additional funded UCLA gerontology/relevant projects will be encouraged to interface with Pepper Center basic research activities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--BIOMEDICAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Robinovitch, Murray R.; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The Biomedical Core is that unit of the RCDRC concerned with providing advice, services, training and development in various analytical and diagnostic aspects involved in clinical dental research. It is to be made up of the following units; biochemisty, microbiology, immunology, imaging and biomaterials. Each unit is comprised of one or more faculty with appropriate expertise in that field and laboratory facilities available to support clinical research projects. The Chief of the Biomedical Core will promote the utilization of appropriate units within the core by clinical investigators so that the core's armamentarium of analytical and diagnostic procedures will enhance the quality of the clinical research by expanding the amount and quality of information obtained by the studies. The Core Chief and/or the heads of the various units will be available to provide advice to clinical investigators on the selection of assays and other measurement techniques. The Biomedical Core will also provide analytical and diagnostic services for the support of clinical research projects through the faculties and personnel within the Center and in various satellite facilities under the auspices of the unit heads. Both formal training through various courses such as the Summer Institute, and Informal “hands=on” training in various laboratories will be provided to prospective and active clinical investigators. These prospective investigators include faculty members, pre-doctoral dental students and graduate students within the various programs within the School of Dentistry. The Biomedical Core will also foster investigations aimed at the development or improvement of analytical and diagnostic methods that are particularly applicable to clinical dental research. Prospective clinical investigators who do not seek the services of the Biomedical Core on their own initiative may be referred to the Biomedical Core by the Director and/or the Internal Advisory Committee of the Center, should the Committee perceive any opportunities for improving proposed or ongoing research projects through the involvement of this core. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--BIOMETRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Leroux, Brian; Associate Professor; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 1-JUL-2008 Summary: The primary goal of the Biometry Core is to enhance the quality of the research conducted in the proposed Northwest/Alaska Center to Reduce Oral Health Disparity at the University of Washington. This goal will be achieved by extending the activities of the existing very successful Biometry Core that has served the Regional Clinical Dental Research Center since 1990 and th Comprehensive Oral Health Research Center since 1999. Biometry Core personnel will collaborate with Center investigators in the conduct of studies approved by the Center and also in the design of future studies. Biostatistical and data management expertise will be made available to investigators in all phases of Center research, from design to analysis and dissemination of results, in order to ensure that the studies utilize the most efficient study designs and analysis methods currently available. Biometry Core biostatisticians will also continue their methodological research on issues that arise out of collaborations in the Center for which no satisfactory methods exist. It is anticipated that these initiatives will stimulate more clinical and basic research related to the theme of the proposed Center. The goals of the Biometry Core will be met by a team of experts in biostatistics who are currently actively involved in oral health research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Dental Health
Project Title: CORE--BIOMETRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Nunn, Martha E.; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 1-JUL-2008 Summary: The Biometry Core of the Northeast Center for Research to Reduce Oral Health Disparities will provide support to the component research projects of the Center, including pilot projects, in the areas of study design, data collection strategies, examiner training and calibration, data management, and data analysis. We will also work with the Center's Administrative and Clinical & Community Liaison Cores to ensure that the results of the Center's work are readily available to other investigators and also the general public, by developing an information dissemination plan, including creating a web-enabled database for the cores and projects. We will also assist the Training & Career Development Core in its work with students and trainees to ensure that they have the required training in research methodology and data analysis to prepare them to become independent investigators. In particular, we will give special effort to mentoring new investigators as they develop pilot project proposal for support by the Center. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--CLINICAL AND COMMUNITY LIAISON Principal Investigator & Institution: Van Dyke, Thomas E. Professor; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 1-JUL-2008 Summary: The Center's Clinical & Community Liaison will serve as the main interface between the CRROHD and the many clinical and community resources, communitybased organizations, and individuals and families from minority and other underserved populations who will be involved with and participation in the Center's activities. The Clinical & Community Liaison Core will draw on the extensive already in place and on the breadth and depth of experience currently available at our University and partnering institutions. These also include our affiliated of community/neighborhood health centers and other community-based organizations, and on new relationships that the CRROHD will foster. The Clinical & Community Liaison Core will aim to: 1. Identify appropriate subjects for inclusions in the work of the CRROHD. Such subjects will include children and their caregivers, being seen for health care services ( medical and dental) at collaborating institutions; as well as children in school-based settings, and in WIC and Head Start programs. 2. Conduct clinical assessments and interview (questionnaire) assessments of children and their caregivers, as may be required by specific research projects in the CRROHD. 3. Assist the Center's Biometry Core in the management and analysis of the data collected, and ensuring data quality by the training, calibration, and audit of clinical investigators. 4. Develop and maintain liaison with community-based organizations (CBOs), and facilitate interactions among leaders in the community and CRROHD investigators. 5. Develop and disseminate information, at the local, regional and national levels, regarding successful techniques for recruitment and retention of underserved populations in research. 6. Disseminate broadly the results of CRROHD research projects to the scientific community, policy makers, and the community. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--CLINICAL RESEARCH SUPPORT SERVICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Benabe, Julio E.; University of Puerto Rico Med Sciences Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, Pr 00936 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The general goal of the Division of Clinical Research Support Services will be to provide the core resources to develop high quality clinical research, from study design to publication. The specific aims of this activity will be: 1) to continue improving the quality and quantity of clinical research in particular in the areas identified for development during the five years of the program second cycle (i.e. diabetes,, AIDS, neurology and the development of a neonatal twin registry, 20 to stimulate and maintain productive interactions between basic and clinical researchers and local and mainland investigators, and 3) to offer a research environment protected from the day to day demands of clinical activity by providing research support personnel and resources dedicated exclusively to clinical research activities. Three service units will comprise this activity: a) Research Clinic Support consist of a Head Nurse, three research registered nurses, a dental assistant and a patient coordinator who will assist clinical investigators by providing nursing, patient contact and follow-up and dental assistance services: b) Core Laboratory Services will consist of a laboratory director and will provide basic laboratory resources for carrying our routine assays initial processing and storage of clinical samples and specimens; plans to expand the human resources and technical capabilities are intended for the forthcoming five years with the development of chemistry, hematology, urinalysis, serology and bacteriology to fulfill clinical investigation needs: c) the Biostatistical and Computer Support Service unit has not biostatistician offering advice on study design and data analysis as well as serving as a liaison between investigators and faculty consultants in the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology of the School of Public Health. The resources are currently providing assistance to over thirty clinical studies and it is expected that an increment of externally funded proposals will increase the demand and depth of the services provided by this Division. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--OUTREACH Principal Investigator & Institution: De Rouen, Timothy A.; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: We propose to establish an Outreach Core that will encourage, facilitate and coordinate activities that can be generally classified as “outreach in that they re intended to make the research being done in the Center more accessible and applicable to the professional and generally community outside the circle of Center investigators. We propose to accomplish this through the creation of four offices. The Office of Professional and Community Outreach, headed by Dr. Wendy Mouradian, will be responsible for outreach activities which inform the general and professional communities of issues in oral and craniofacial health of children, similar and in followup to the symposium “Children Our Future: Ethics, Health Policy, Medical/Dental Care for Children“ which has been so well received. The Office of Professional Education, headed by Dr. Timothy DeRouen, will help sponsor and expand upon the existing Summer Institute for Clinical Dental Research Methods, a unique program which is recognized nationally and internationally for its training of over 100 faculty and researchers. The Office of Demonstration Research, headed by Dr Peter Milgrom, will
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encourage and facilitate more community demonstration research such as the “Access to Baby and Child Dentistry” project he spearheaded in the Spokane/ Washington, community. The Office of Technology Transfer, headed by Dr. Robert Miller, will facilitate the transfer of Center-developed technology into commercial products, similar to what was done with the Sonicare toothbrush, which was originally developed at the University of Washington and now has a substantial share of the electric toothbrush market. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORTICAL STRUCTURES
REPRESENTATIONAL
PLASTICITY
OF
ORAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Catania, Kenneth C. Psychology; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-AUG-2002; Project End 1-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Great progress has recently been made in our understanding of cortical areas related to touch, particularly regarding the plasticity of adult neocortex. This has provided important insights into phantom limb sensations, recovery from stroke, and the basic neurophysiological correlates of sensorimotor learning. Yet our understanding of the cortical representation of the dentition has lagged far behind. Plasticity of dental representations is of particular importance to human health, given the ubiquity of tooth loss and the common need for dental implants and prosthetics. To begin to address these issues, the current proposal makes use of a favorable new model system, the naked mole-rat, to investigate the cortical representation of dentition. Naked mole-rats have an extraordinarily large representation of the dentition that is easily accessible to neurophysiological investigation. The long-term goals of the proposed research are to determine how the dentition is represented in somatosensory cortex, how these representations change in response to tooth loss or disuse at different developmental stages, and how anatomical specializations (modules) in the cortex relate to dental inputs. We will use multi and single unit recordings to determine the response properties of cortical neurons representing functional classes of periodontal mechanoreceptors and possible modular segregation of slowly adapting (SA), rapidly adapting (RA) and directionally selective receptors in both primary (SI) and secondary (S2) somatosensory cortex. Neurophysiological recordings will be combined with histological processing of flattened brain sections to identify corresponding architectonic subdivisions. After determining the normal cortical organization, plastic changes in cortex will be assessed in adults and juveniles with the same methods after extracting individual teeth, or after behavioral disuse due to tooth trimming. We hypothesize that the cortical representation of periodontal inputs will have a modular organization and will exhibit considerable adult plasticity, but may be limited in degree by early sensitive periods of development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CRITICAL TIME PERIODS IN DENTAL FLUOROSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Jackson, Richard D. Oral Health Research Institute; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-2000; Project End 1-AUG-2003
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Summary: It is generally accepted that there has been an increase in the prevalence of dental fluorosis in both negligibly- and optimally-fluoridated communities in the United States. Data are available concerning the contribution various fluoride sources have made to this increase in prevalence. In contrast, little data are available concerning the possible time periods of susceptibility. Identification of the time periods of susceptibility, as well as the sources of fluoride, will make it possible to achieve the maximum level of caries prevention while minimizing the risk of dental fluorosis. The goal of this study is to expand upon the data collected by earlier investigators utilizing a population of children in the United States to test the hypothesis that the critical time periods during tooth formation when excessive fluoride intake may result in dental fluorosis can he identified. The specific aims will be to: 1, identify and recrnit approximately 300 children (7-12 years-of-age) who are lifetime residents of a community whose communal water supply has undergone an alteration in fluoride content which should result in a definable variation in the degree of dental fluorosis on the labial surfaces of the permanent teeth of these children; 2, examine, in the Year 2000, the labial surfaces of the available permanent dentition of these children using established dental fluorosis indices to identify the periods of susceptibility for the development of dental fluorosis and to also determine the prevalence of dental fluorosis; 3, gather retrospective data by means of a questionnaire to determine sources of fluoride ingestion during infancy and early childhood; and, 4, develop a data analysis plan to identify the time periods associated with the development of dental fluorosis in the permanent dentition and determine the prevalence of dental fluorosis in these children for comparison to data previously collected in the community by the investigators. These children will be essentially lifetime residents of Lowell, Indiana and will have used the communal water supply as their primary source of drinking water. They will be examined using the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis and the Chronological Fluorosis Assessment. Data will also be collected to determine each panelist's level of fluoride ingestion during early childhood. Analyses of the data will allow the investigators to confirm the critical time periods for the development for the remaining dentition. This investigation will be the first in a series of studies relating to this topic to take advantage of this timely opportunity and this unique population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CWRU SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY RESEARCH PLANNING GRANT Principal Investigator & Institution: Weinberg, Aaron; Associate Professor; Periodontics; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-AUG-2003; Project End 1-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The School of Dentistry (SOD) at Case Western Reserve University will establish a sophisticated planning process, resulting in a plan to provide improved research infrastructure. This plan's accomplishment will enable the SOD to maximize its research potential as part of a leading research institution. Institutional Planning and External Advisory Committees, with the assistance of three Working Groups and a strategic planning consultant, will identify areas of research focus to be developed or strengthened. They will design a process to create a critical mass of researchers, develop plans to recruit, integrate, mentor and support junior scientists and established investigators and assess the need for modern research equipment. The School's current research portfolio includes efforts in Oral Microbiology/Immunology, Craniofacial Biology, and Oral Health Services research. The School's ongoing improvement program includes a recent facilities upgrade, external review, faculty development initiatives, strategic affiliations, and a research
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fellowship program. This effort has prepared the School to engage in the proposed sophisticated planning activity. Success at the end of the three-year in a structure improvement process will be the School's ability to obtain research grants from the NIH and other external entities to support nationally recognized basic and applied research programs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DECREASING RATES OF EARLY CHILDHOOD CARIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Kressin, Nancy R. Development Research Career Scientist; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 1-JUL-2008 Summary: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a serious form of dental caries that affects the primary dentition of young children, which disproportionately affects poor children from racial/ethnic minority group. In order to prevent ECC, ti is vital that at-risk children and their caregivers be advised and counseled about ways to prevent this disease, and that those children who do develop it can be identified as early as possible, so they can receive necessary restorative treatment and counseling to year, so pediatricians could be natural allies in the battle against ECC by examining their patients for ECC and advising and counseling parents and caregivers about decreasing the child's exposure to risk factors for the disease. We propose an innovative community based intervention trial that will utilize a proven education methodology for enhancing pediatricians' ability to advise and counsel their patients' parents or caregivers regarding decreasing risks for early childhood caries. Such educational programs change physician behaviors and through them, effect changes in parent or caregiver behavior This chain of events is anticipated to decrease the risks and rates of ECC among children. We will provide training and educational programs to specified pediatricians in a practice serving primarily low income African American and Latino children. These programs are designed to increase advising and counseling parents/caregivers about decreasing ECC risk factors, and the use of a brief clinical oral examination and application of fluoride varnish for ECC, while others will provide usual care. In addition, for the intervention group, we will implement an office-based reminder system to facilitate the practice of the previously-taught intervention. To assess the efficacy of the intervention, we will first measure the baseline prevalence of ECC and ECC related risk factors among a cohort of children with initial ages of 12, 24 and 36 months, who present for well- child visits at their pediatricians's office, then we will assess ECC incidence and prevalence one and two years later. We will also assess the pediatrician's use of counseling, examining, or applying fluoride varnish to members of the cohort and control groups of children at baseline, and one and two years later. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DENDRITIC CELLS IN PERIODONTAL HEALTH AND DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Oringer, Richard J. Periodontics; State University New York Stony Brook Stony Brook, Ny 11794 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 5-AUG-2003; Project End 0-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal for a mentored patient-oriented research career development award will provide the candidate the knowledge and skills required to design, conduct, and analyze clinical research projects. The educational, clinical, and research resources at Stony Brook University's School of Dental Medicine,
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School of Medicine (SOM), School of Health Technology and Management (SHTM), and General Clinical Research Center (GCRC) will provide the candidate a robust environment for career development. A systematic plan has been developed that incorporates didactic courses provided by the GCRC, SHTM, and SOM with supervised research that includes clinical studies and complimentary laboratory analysis. The acquisition of both basic and applied research skills is essential for the candidate to transition into an independent investigator who can interface with basic scientists to design studies that evaluate novel hypotheses and ultimately translate this information into new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. The research plan includes human studies to address a novel hypothesis regarding the role of dendritic cells (DC) in the pathogenesis of gingivitis and chronic periodontitis (CP). The hypothesis is that species in the plaque biofilm such as Porphyromonas gingivalis may promote the development of organized lymphoid aggregates in the lamina propria around the dentition, described as oral lymphoid follicles (OLF). Preliminary data indicate that Langerhans Cells (LC), mature dendritic cells, and T cells are the principal cellular components of the OLF. Furthermore, the transition from periodontal health to gingivitis to CP involves different stages in the development of OLF, as initiated by the plaque biofilm, propagated by cytokine/chemokine milieu, and induced by LCs. The specific aims of this proposal will use 2 longitudinal studies to establish the changes that occur in DCs and their trafficking molecules during 1) experimental gingivitis (EG) and 2) CP. In Aim 1, periodontally healthy subjects will be restored to gingival health following the EG protocol, and in Aim 2, CP subjects will receive conventional treatment and then be enrolled in a maintenance program. The information generated in this training program will further elucidate the role of the host response in periodontal diseases and potentially lead to the development of therapies aimed at prevention and treatment of these conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DENTAL ACCESS & COSTS FOR CHILDREN IN A SCHIP PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Damiano, Peter C. None; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 0-SEP-2002; Project End 9-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dental care is among the areas of highest unmet need for lower-income children. Dental insurance is an important factor related to the use of dental services by children. High unmet need has encouraged most state SCHIP programs to include dental benefits, however, little is known about program effects on access to care and costs. Iowa's combination SCHIP and Medicaid programs provide a natural experiment for evaluating the effect of different types of dental insurance models on the use and costs of services for children in these programs. Three different types of dental insurance plans operate in the S-SCHIP program (indemnity, open access panel and closed panel HMO) and one in the M-SCHIP and Medicaid programs (Medicaid fee-for-service). The specific aims of this study include: (1) determine dental services utilization for children in the Iowa SHIP and Medicaid programs, (2) determine the factors related to unmet dental need (i.e., not meeting professional guidelines for an annual dental check-up) for children, (3) determine the factors related to 'self-reported' unmet dental need for children, and (4) determine the costs associated with providing dental care for children in Iowa's SHIP and Medicaid programs and whether there is pent-up demand for dental care. These aims will be evaluated using administrative data from the SHIP and Medicaid programs and survey data from program enrollees. The
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Dental Health
central hypothesis is that the type of dental insurance plan will be significantly related to access to dental care and that the traditional fee-for-service Medicaid and closed panel HMO model programs will have lower access to care due to more limited provider panels. Other predisposing factors (e.g., age, child's reported health status, time without dental insurance) will also be evaluated following the Health Behavior Model as the conceptual basis for the analyses. Programmatic costs will be evaluated by applying plan reimbursement rates to utilization of services. Pent-up demand will be evaluated by determining (1) if dental care costs were higher when the SHIP program first began, and (2) if individual costs were higher when children first joined SHIP or Medicaid. The long-range goal is to improve policymakers' understanding of dental care costs and to provide them with information that can increase access to dental care. The results should help to realize the Healthy People 2010 goal of improving dental access to low-income children and adolescents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DENTAL AND ORTHODONTIC ACCESS IN CRANIOFACIAL CARE Principal Investigator & Institution: Cunningham, Michael L. Director; Children's Hospital and Reg Medical Ctr Box 5371, 4800 Sand Point Way Ne, Ms 6D-1 Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 0-SEP-2002; Project End 1-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The ability of children with special health care needs to access dental care is an understudied area. Access to dental and orthodontic care for children with craniofacial disorders is of particular importance since these children require dental and orthodontic care as a direct result of their medical condition and as an essential part of their reconstructive treatment. The overall objectives of this study are to develop tools to characterize barriers to accessing dental and orthodontic care for patients with craniofacial disorders and to identify potential strategies by which access to care may be improved. With that in mind, four specific aims are proposed. In the first project, instruments will be developed, using information obtained from key informant interviews of patients and families, to identify and characterize barriers to accessing timely and appropriate dental and orthodontic care for children with craniofacial disorders. In the second project, Washington state Medicaid claims data will be analyzed to characterize dental and orthodontic care utilization and travel distance for care for low-income children with cleft lip and/or palate. Areas of Washington State where Medicaid beneficiaries with craniofacial disorders have difficulty accessing local dental/orthodontic care will be identified. In the third project, a statewide survey will be developed to assess current level of involvement of community orthodontists in caring for children with craniofacial disorders and to identify factors that could potentially promote or impede increased participation in the future. In the final project, models of patient advocacy programs will be identified and collaborations between the Law School and the Craniofacial Center will be developed with the goal of developing an advocacy program aimed at improving access to dental and orthodontic care for children with craniofacial disorders. At the completion of this planning grant period, we will be prepared to implement a large scale assessment to characterize barriers to accessing dental and orthodontic care and their consequences, as well as intervention projects specifically targeted at the barriers we identify. The overarching goal of the subsequent full-scale project will be to improve access to dental and orthodontic care and thus promote optimal outcomes for all children with craniofacial disorders. This model could potentially be applied to children in other states and to other groups of children with special health care needs.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DENTAL OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH: A CE/CEU WEB SITE Principal Investigator & Institution: Triant, Randi S.; New England Research Institutes, Inc. 9 Galen St Watertown, Ma 02472 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-MAR-2001; Project End 1-DEC-2001 Summary: It is proposed to develop a World Wide Web-based continuing education course to teach general Dentists and Dental Hygienists to recognize, avoid, and prevent occupational health hazards. During Phase 1, the content, design, and format as well as the script and storyboard for each section of the entire program will be developed, and a Web prototype of the first segment will be produced. The prototype will include a functioning and fully designed home page and one module that will consist of 10-15 fully functioning screens, including all buttons, backgrounds, graphic illustrations, text and audio narration, textual hyperlinks, and interactive testing examples. Based on the content outline and the first Web segment, the program will be pilot tested by intended end-users for feasibility of such a program and impact on knowledge about the content of the segment. Based on results from the pilot study, the content and presentation of the educational program will be modified. Additionally, continuing education accreditation for participation in the program will be initiated for Dentists and Dental Hygienists. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PREVENTION
DENTAL
PRACTITIONERS
AND
EATING
DISORDER
Principal Investigator & Institution: Debate, Rita F. Health Behavior & Admin; University of North Carolina Charlotte Office of Research Services Charlotte, Nc 282230001 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-MAY-2002; Project End 0-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The role of the dental practitioner is significant in early identification of eating disorders because dentists and dental hygienists are often the first health professionals to observe early overt medical and dental complications from the disorder. Moreover, the role of these health professionals in the secondary and tertiary prevention of eating disorders extends to management of dental manifestations as well as referral and case management. This application is devised to meet specific oral and mental health objectives as stated in Healthy People 2000, Healthy Communities 2000, and Healthy People 2010. The objective of this unique and theoretically-based application is to increase the proportion of dental practitioners who appropriately assess patients for oral and physical symptoms of eating disorders and refer appropriately. This objective will be met through the following aims: 1. Conduct a needs assessment regarding current dental practitioners' attitudes, beliefs, skills, roles and self-efficacy beliefs in the identification, treatment, referral, and case management of eating disorders achieved through a random sample of dental practitioners in the US; 2. Program development based on the triangulation of needs assessment data, focus group data, and theory using the Precede/Proceed planning framework; and 3. Implement and evaluate developed programming via a sample of dental practitioners. The specific aims, when fulfilled, will be significant given the reduced quality of life and increased health care costs associated with eating disorders and associated medical and dental complications. This project is unique in that it takes a theoretical approach
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Dental Health
involving the dental practitioner as a key participant in the secondary and tertiary prevention of eating disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DENTIST SCIENTIST AWARD--INSTITUTIONAL (K-16) Principal Investigator & Institution: Genco, Robert J. Distinguished Professor and Chair; Oral Biology; State University of New York at Buffalo 402 Crofts Hall Buffalo, Ny 14260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUL-1985; Project End 0-JUN-2004 Summary: We propose to continue to provide training for dentists which will enable them to become independent clinical investigators addressing problems of importance to oral health. The training program will consist of three components: (1) training in basic sciences, most often leading to a Ph.D. in Oral Biology but may also take other forms such as a Ph.D. in other departments, (2) clinical training most often leading to certification in the clinical specialties of periodontics, Endodontics, Fixed or Removal Prosthodontics or Orthodontics. The third component is clinical investigation in which the candidate applies basic science knowledge to a problem of clinical importance in oral health. The basic science phase will lead to completion of the Ph.D., the clinical portion most often will lead to certification, and the clinical investigation phase will be completed when the courses relevant to this phase and research in a clinical investigation is accomplished independent from research related to the basic science or Ph.D. work. The entire Program will be carried out under the close supervision of a primary mentor who will be the candidate's Ph.D. supervisor. Also, a secondary mentor may be involved who will aid in overseeing the clinical investigation. Each candidate's progress will be monitored with a Student Advisory Committee, and the overall Program will be directed by an Academic Advisory Board made up of representatives from each of the basic science and clinical departments who will be training the candidate. There will also be an External Review Board comprised of prominent scientist/educators from outside the University who will provide advice on the overall Program. Continuation support for the Program is sought from the National Institutes of Health by virtue of the Dentist Scientist Award, however, additional support will be provided by the Dental School of the State University of New York at Buffalo for completion of training if the award is not renewed or if training takes longer than five years. Training will be carried out primarily at the State University of New York at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine, however, mentors from the School of Medicine, School of Pharmacy and the Roswell Park Cancer Institute will also be involved in training where appropriate. Most of the clinical training will take place in the Dental Clinics of the Dental School and the affiliated hospitals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DISTANCE PSYCHOLOGY FOR DENTAL FEAR IN RURAL AREAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Coldwell, Susan E.; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 1-JUL-2008 Summary: Dental phobia is a significant deterrent to seeking regular dental care. Fear contributes to disparities in oral health care because greater frequencies of women and minorities exhibit dental fear than do males and Caucasians. Within urban communities, treatment for such phobia is readily obtained in specialized clinics or from licenced psychologists. However, the dentistry of mental health care workers is disproportionately concentrated in urban rather than rural areas. Mental health
Studies 43
workers, particularly psychologists, practice largely in areas with high population densities or universities. Indeed the National Institute of Mental Health has had several initiatives aimed at increasing the presence of psychologists in rural communities and a number of states have initiated programs to address this inequity. In addition to these efforts, there is growing recognition that access to digital information via personal computers and the Internet is a method to provide uniform access to expertise regardless of geographical location. This proposal will investigative the effectiveness of automated and Internet-based psychological interventions for a common dental fear in rural areas. Demonstrations of the effectiveness of such interventions are necessary, and should be conducted within the populations that would be intended to use them. We propose to test CARL (Computer Assisted Relaxation Learning), a computer program designed to administer exposure therapy for dental injection fear, within three rural communities in Washington State. Two of the three communities selected have large proportion of Hispanic farm workers. The program would be implemented in participating dentists' offices and tested against a standard care control group. The specific aims of the proposed study are to 1) validate existing dental fear measures for use in Hispanic communities, 2) recruit and train a small network of rural dentists to treat dental fear patients using automated exposure therapy, and 3) establish the effectiveness of an automated therapy for dental injection phobia within the network of rural dentists relative to an information only control group. In addition to treating a common dental fear that leads to avoidance of dental care, this study will evaluate the effectiveness of a general approach (distance, computer-assisted psychology) that may be used to provide a broad range of psychotherapeutic interventions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EARLY CHILDHOOD CARIES PREVENTION AND GROWTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Acs, George;; Children's National Medical Center Washington, D.C., Dc 20010 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 1-JUL-2008 Summary: This proposal aims to examine the impact of severe early childhood caries (SECC) and of a subsequent, comprehensive, dental intervention on growth. Further, we will evaluate whether delays in treatment further retard growth patterns, compared to children without early childhood caries (ECC). Early childhood Caries (ECC) is a form of rampant decay of the primary dentition that is distinguished by the specificity of tooth surfaces involved and the rapid progression of carious lesions on those surfaces that are considered, otherwise, to be at low risk to decay. Throughout this proposal, we will define children with S-ECC as children with at least three smooth surface carious lesions, including at least one pulpally involved tooth. In addition, we will focus this study on children with S-ECC who have no other chronic medical problems and who have not previously received invasive dental treatment (i.e., treatment other than diagnostic and preventive care). We will also use a group of comparison subjects for this study. Comparison subjects are defined as healthy, caries-free children who do not have S-ECC that are matched 1:1 with S-ECC children based on age (in months) and gender. Comparison subjects will be selected from the same clinical populations during the same time period to ensure comparability to S-ECC children with respect to parents' education, self-reported ethnicity, and insurance status. If we are unable to identify and recruit appropriate age-matched comparison subjects under age 3 from the dental clinics, subjects will be recruited from children who are scheduled for a well-child clinic examination at the same institutions. Finally, because treatment is often delayed due to imbalances between resources and demands in clinics providing care for these children,
44
Dental Health
we will also have an opportunity to study the impact of delayed treatment in these children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EARLY CHILDHOOD CARIES--PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OUTCOMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Weintraub, Jane A. Lee Hysan Professor & Chair; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-AUG-1999; Project End 1-JUL-2004 Summary: Early Childhood Caries (ECC), previously called Baby Bottle Tooth Decay and Nursing Caries, is a form of dental caries that affects infants and young children. The often severe disease is difficult and expensive to treatment. Strategies to identify very young children at risk for ECC and rigorous testing of interventions are not well developed. This project has two major components with different research designs; both will determine in certain factors are associated with increased ECC incidence, but will involve very different study populations: A) a population-based retrospective cohort study among 6,058 children born between 1986-1993 to members of the Kaiser Permanente Health Plan in the Pacific Northwest (KPNW) and B) a prospective, randomized clinical trial (RCT) among initially caries-free children under age three at two public health facilities in San Francisco, one serving a primarily Latino and one a primarily Asian population. A) Factors to be assessed from KPNW patient records include information about the child, the parents, the mother (i.e., medications prescribed during pregnancy), the siblings, and the dental providers. Behavioral information (i.e., bottle use, oral hygiene) will be ascertained from questionnaires. Among children born between 1986-90, we will determine if ECC in the primary dentition increases the risk of caries treatment on first permanent molars. B) The RCT will 1) Compare the efficacy of once or twice/year fluoride varnish (FV) application plus counseling to counseling alone in preventing ECC; 2) Assess pre-intervention salivary markers (biologic an chemical), behavioral and demographic factors as predictors of ECC; 3) Compare the efficacy of these interventions between sites serving different ethnic populations with a high prevalence of ECC; and 4) Determine the salivary fluoride release profile from fluoride varnish applied to a sub-set of subjects. If successful, this study will provide methods for targeting children at risk for ECC and evidence that an intervention is efficacious in preventing ECC in this young age group. Collaboration among UCSF, KPNW, the San Francisco public health community and industry will facilitate translation of findings into the dental public health and private sectors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EARLY ONSET PERIODONTITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Critchlow, Cathy W.; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-AUG-1999; Project End 1-JUL-2002 Summary: Early onset periodontitis (EOP) encompasses a number of periodontal diseases in children and adolescents that result in rapid destruction of the periodontal attachment apparatus leading to pronounced tooth loss. The prevalence of EOP was estimated to be 0% among African-American, 5% among Hispanic, and 1.3? among white adolescents in a national survey among U.S. school children between the ages of 13-17, and 2.1% among the same age group studied as part of NHANES III. Although risk factors for EOP were investigated, relationships between EOP and the
Studies 45
microbiological and clinical characteristics of the moth, and effects of the primary dentition and systemic health of children are unknown. Moreover, the occurrence of EOP in systematically compromised children, such as those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV infection), remain unexplored. We propose a 3 year crosssectional study to assess the correlates of, and specific risk factors for EOP, and to investigate the clinical features, microbial patterns of transmission, and risk to oral and systemic health associated with EOP in Senegal,, a site where we currently have ongoing studies among women who have on average 5 children between the ages of 4 and 17, in order to evaluate the following specific aims: (1) Determine specific risk factors for EOP in a Senegalese pediatric population by evaluating demographic factors, health history of both the child and mother, and findings from comprehensive oral examinations including measurements of gingival inflammation and decayed, missing and filled teeth; and (2) Compare the prevalence of specific periodontal bacterial pathogens, and the immune responsiveness to those pathogens among children with and without EOP. Furthermore, we propose to assess whether children of moths with specific periodontal bacteria have comparable microbial patterns, and compare children with and without EOP with respect to humoral immune response to specific periodontal pathogens. We will examine 1,100 Senegalese children of mothers currently being followed in ongoing studies. Presence of EOP will be assessed by probe measurements of all teeth, exclusive of the third molars. Mothers will undergo a standardized interview, and children will undergo oral examination and have paperpoint and blood samples collected. Bitewing radiographs (among children greater than 3 years of age with EOP) will be taken to assess the degree of bone loss. The proposed study will contribute important information which may be useful in designing strategies to prevent periodontitis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EARLY ORTHODONTIC INTERVENTION UNDER MEDICAID Principal Investigator & Institution: King, Gregory J. Professor and Chairman; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 1-JUL-2008 Summary: Orthodontic treatment has become a widely accepted procedure in dentistry. The benefits include improved oral health, function, esthetics and quality of life. Significant disparities exist among income strata regarding access to orthodontic services. The sources of these disparities are complex and may reflect differences in the disease prevalence, gender, cultural biases, perception of problems by this population, economic imperatives and negative perceptions of these patients by orthodontists. The primary objective of this study is to examine the usefulness of early orthodontic intervention as a possible means of increasing access to orthodontic services for children of low-income families. We will examine the effects of early interventions in Medicaid patients using a randomized clinical trial comparing dental, esthetic and psychosocial predictors and outcomes in children who receive early orthodontic treatment and those who do not. This study will also have a follow-up descriptive component, with a matched design, making similar comparisons between Medicaid Founded and privative -pay patients receiving full orthodontic treatment at adolescence. Aim 1 will compare orthodontic outcomes, motivations for treatment, expectations from treatment and satisfaction with results between Medicaid participants who receive early orthodontic treatment and those who do not. A sub- aim of Aim 1 will compare, in the Medicaid group receiving early treatment, the level of understanding and compliance between subjects given informed consent using an interactive CD-ROM and those receiving routine consenting procedures given one-on-one by an orthodontist. Aim 2 will
46
Dental Health
compare parameters similar to those in Aim 1 in Medicaid-funded and private-pay patients who receive full orthodontic treatment at adolescence. Aim 3 will compare these same parameters between Medicaid-funded patients who receive early orthodontic treatment only and Medicaid-funded participants who receive full orthodontic treatment at adolescence. Orthodontic outcomes will be assessed using objective, valid and reliable measures of malocclusion and treatment need (i.e., Peer Assessment Rating and Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need). Patient/parent satisfaction, oral health behaviors and values, body image and quality of life will be assessed using instruments that have also been shown to be valid and reliable. It is expected that significantly greater access to orthodontic services could be provided for Medicaid patients by the more widespread use of simpler, more timely interventions. This study will provide data on the trade-off between simple, timely partial treatments aimed at many patients, versus complete full treatments aimed only at the most severely affected patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF CALCIUM INTAKE ON ALVEOLAR BONE Principal Investigator & Institution: Bollen, Anne-Marie; Associate Professor; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-AUG-1999; Project End 1-JUL-2004 Summary: The benefits of sufficient levels of calcium intake in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures are well recognized. Since alveolar bone is influenced in the same manner as other bones, dietary calcium levels are assumed to also affect its density. It has been suggested that increased alveolar bone density may increased bone loss during periodontitis. The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the effects of calcium intake on alveolar bone, and its capacity to decrease periodontitis-induced bone loss at old age, in a rat model. Rats were chosen due to their previous extensive use in bone and periodontitis studies, and their relative short life span which allows evaluation of the effects of calcium intake at old age, when its benefits are of most value. Two calcium intake levels will be used: low, and high. The following aims will be addressed: 1. Test the difference in alveolar bone density at old age (20 months) between the two calcium intake groups. 2. Test the difference in periodontitis-induced alveolar bone loss at old age between the two groups. 3. Describe how bone density measures of cranial and post-cranial change during the study period in the two animal groups. Animals will be randomly assigned to one of the two calcium intake groups at age 1 month, and followed until the age of 20 months. At that time, some of the animals will be euthanized for invasive bone measurements for Aim 1. Periodontitis will be i induced in the remainder of the animals who will be followed until the age of 23 months. Noninvasive longitudinal data collected at the age of 1,3,8,13,20 and 23 months will include bone density measurements using dual x-ray radiography (cranial and non-cranial bones), as well as intra-oral radiographs of the molars (alveolar bone). The primary outcome variable for Aim 1 will be alveolar bone density, and for Aim 2 alveolar bone loss. Alveolar bone density will be measured on defleshed jaws using dual x-ray absorptiometry and pixel intensity on oral radiographs. Alveolar bone loss will be measured on the buccal of the molars using morphometry on defleshed jaws, and radiographically on intraoral radiographs. In addition, static and dynamic parameters of bone metabolism will be measured using histomorphometry. Power calculations indicate that 21 animals per group will be needed to detect a minimum of 5% in alveolar bone density (Aim 1). A total of 24 animals will be needed to detect a minimum of 10% difference in alveolar bone loss (Aim 2) between any of the two calcium intake groups
Studies 47
with a power of 80% at a 0.05 significance level. To test the effect of calcium intake with equal precision in male and female rats, a equal sample size will be required for both genders. These calculations include an estimated 20% mortality rte in these elderly rats. This study may indicate the benefits of dietary calcium intake on dental/orofacial health. This additional benefit may help to promoter this preventive therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF PERIODONTAL THERAPY ON PRETERM BIRTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Michalowicz, Bryan S. Polymer Science & Engineering; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 0-SEP-2002; Project End 1-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this proposed multi-center randomized clinical trial is to determine if non-surgical therapy for pregnant women with [periodontitis] reduces the incidence of preterm birth. As noted in the year 2000 Surgeon General's Report on Oral Health, preterm birth and low birth weight are the leading prenatal problems in the U.S. and it has been estimated that the annual costs associated with preterm birth total $5.4 billion. Despite significant efforts to prevent preterm birth, it remains a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Moreover, preterm birth is more likely to affect minority women who have disparities in health care. Human, animal, and bacteriologic studies have linked periodontal disease with preterm delivery and low birth weight and there are preliminary data indicating that periodontal therapy may reduce the incidence of preterm birth. After obtaining informed consent, this clinical trial will enroll [816 women] who are 13 to 16 weeks pregnant. Volunteers will be recruited from four populations in Minnesota, Mississippi, [Kentucky, and New York City (Harlem)] with high numbers of minorities and high rates of preterm birth. They will be randomly assigned to either a Test [n=408] or a Control [n=408] Group. Test Group subjects will receive non-surgical mechanical periodontal therapy. Control Group subjects will have periodontal therapy delayed until after delivery. All subjects will be monitored and treated as soon as possible if there is evidence of progressive periodontitis and all will receive essential dental care to restore caries and treat abscessed teeth. Maternal risk factors for preterm birth and/or intrauterine growth restriction will be used as covariates in the data analysis. Both Groups will be followed until delivery and the primary birth outcome variable will be gestational age at birth. [We will also document the effect of periodontal therapy on immune response, systemic markers of inflammation, periodontal infection and clinical periodontal measures.] If this study demonstrates that periodontal therapy has a positive effect in reducing preterm birth, it will have enormous public health implications in terms of neonatal mortality, morbidity and cost savings. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EFFECTS OF TREATMENT ON EARLY ONSET PERIODONTITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Roberts, Frank A. Periodontics; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-1999; Project End 1-AUG-2004 Summary: This proposal for a mentored patient-oriented research career development award will provide the candidate with a broad knowledge in the design and conduct of complex clinical oral health trials and the ability to bridge the gap between direct patient assessment, treatment and sampling, and complimentary basic laboratory
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Dental Health
research. The didactic portion of the training emphasizes courses in clinical research ethics as well as courses in study design, biostatistics, epidemiology, and outcomes assessment. The clinical research component involves an investigation of treatment effects on early onset (rapidly progressive) periodontitis patients and understanding the host response mechanisms involved in tooth debridement in this patient group. In most periodontitis patients, treatment by scaling and root planing results in marked improvement of clinical status. This improvement has traditionally been related to the removal of bacterial substances from the root surfaces. We hypothesize that a portion of the observed improvement results from treatment-induced activation of the host defense mechanisms following scaling and root planing. We will determine whether significant improvement in periodontal health can be demonstrated for untreated teeth in mouths otherwise treated by scaling and root planing and assess the role of antibodies and the mediators released by inflammatory cells in effecting these changes at untreated sites. Future studies will examine the efficacy of other forms of periodontal therapy including surgical flap debridement and dental implant rehabilitation. Forty adults having rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP) will be randomized into treatment and no treatment groups. The treatment group will have all teeth scaled and root planed except for three teeth clustered in a single experimental quadrant. The teeth in the no treatment group will not be treated until the termination of the study, twelve months later. The outcome for treated and untreated teeth will be assessed by measurement of clinical parameters including pocket depth and attachment level, changes in alveolar bone density and height by digital subtraction radiography, changes in serum antibody titers for suspected periodontal pathogens, and expression of inflammatory mediators (IL-1beta and PGE2) in the gingival crevicular fluid. Based on data from a completed pilot study, we estimate that as much as one-half of the improvement observed following scaling and root planing may be due to factors other than just the removal of plaque, calculus, and irritants. This project will enhance our understanding of the effects of root debridement on host defense systems and help to develop more effective treatment options for this complex inflammatory disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF WIC ON CHILD MEDICAID DENTAL USE AND COSTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, Jessica Y. Health Policy & Administration; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 9-SEP-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of this research project is to examine the relationship of the Women, Infants and Children?s Supplemental Food Program (WIC) on oral health utilization patterns and cost to the Medicaid program by children under five years of age. The current level of oral health service utilization in Medicaid had presented a major public policy challenge as evident by reports from the Office of Technology Assessment, the General Accounting Office, and the Office of the Surgeon General. This investigation will examine the role of a partnership between Medicaid with another federal program, WIC, and its effects on Medicaid utilization and expenditures. The candidate will use five large databases: Composite birth records from 1992; Medicaid enrollment and claims files from 1992-97; WIC masterfiles from 1992-97; and the Area Resource File. This retrospective longitudinal cohort study treats the child as the unit of analysis. The data set will contain multiple observations per child-that is one observation for each year until the fifth birthday. Panel data techniques, random effects models, will be incorporated into the estimation equations. While controlling for
Studies 49
predisposing and enabling characteristics, the candidate will examine the role of WIC participation on five different outcome measures: The first, any oral health utilization, will be defined as any Medicaid claim filed for a dental visit. The second, extent of utilization, will be defined by the number of Medicaid dental visits. The third, type of visit, would include preventive, restorative and emergency visits as defined by American Dental Association procedure codes. The fourth, avoidable hospitalizations, is defined by “hospital care” with the ICD-9 code of 521.0, dental caries. The fifth is dental related Medicaid expenditures as measured by actual paid Medicaid claims. Because of the non-randomized nature of the study, there is the potential that selection bias could be present. The candidate will employ instrumental techniques and the proper specification tests to account for the selection bias that is present. This proposed study will explore an entirely new aspect of Medicaid utilization, the role of WIC and its partnership to help increase oral health access for young Medicaid children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFICACY OF DNA VERSUS PROTEIN VACCINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Dao, My Lien. Associate Professor; Biology; University of South Florida 4202 E Fowler Ave Tampa, Fl 33620 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 5-JUL-2003; Project End 1-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dental caries is an infectious disease caused by Streptococcus mutans. Despite fluoridation and improved dental hygiene in industrialized countries, worldwide Dental cades is still a significant public health problem affecting 50-90 percent of the population 0Nodd Health Organization). In the United Sates of America, 59 percent of first graders have at least one cavity, one third of the adult population does not see a Dentist annually, and 24 percent of the elderly experience caries-associated tooth loss (Oral Health America). Animal studies demonstrated that this disease was preventable by immunization with so mutans antigens. Gene cloning technology was applied to produce recombinant bacteria, protein and peptide vaccines for active immunization, and antibody for passive immunization. Various levels of protection were achieved with these vaccines. Considering that the population at risk is mostly from low socioeconomic groups (Surgeon General's report, U.S. DHHS, 2000), it is desirable to find means to lower the costs of vaccine production for mass immunization. One possibility is to directly immunize with a plasmid DNA (cDNA) containing the gene(s) of interest and obtain expression of the target protein(s) in the host. Thus, expensive protein isolation from recombinant clones is avoided. The Long Term Goal of the current study is to prepare an efficacious, safe and economical Dental Cades vaccine. The Specific Aim for the proposed period is to explore the prospect of a DNA vaccine against S. mutans with special emphasis on comparing the efficacy, duration and costs with those of corresponding Protein Vaccine. As models, the S. mutans antigen A (AgA), a recognized candidate vaccine antigen, and its precursor the wall-associated protein A (WapA), a factor involved in colonization and buildup of Dental plaque, will be used. The work proposed is supported by the availability of the recombinant clones needed for the production of WapA and AgA protein vaccines, and wapA-pDNA and agApDNAvaccines, and by the expression of WapA and AgA in mammalian cells transfected with these pDNA constructs. The results obtained will determine the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of genetic immunization against Dental caries, and the work performed will serve as a model for vaccine research against other infectious agents invading the body through mucosal surfaces. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EFFICACY OF TAILORED ORAL HEALTH EDUCATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Pallonen, Unto E. Associate Research Scientist; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 1-JUL-2008 Summary: (Provided by the applicant): The long-term objective of this project is to develop an effective tailored behavior change expert system (ES) education program to promote and maintain good oral health and prevent oral diseases among low-income children and their caregivers. To achieve this, the proposed multimedia-based, self-help intervention is designed to be easy to use and easy to diffuse for large-scale use through personal computers. Due to the current lack of tailored self-help behavior change dental interventions, substantial time and resources are needed to develop the content and to test the instruments and feasibility of the proposed interventions. This project has five specific aims: 1) To design and produced two interventions to promote oral health and prevent oral disease among caregivers and their children: (i) an interactive, tailored, theory-driven, behavior change ES education program, and (ii) an untailored health information HI comparison program. 2) To assess the feasibility and usability of these unique interventions with a small-scale feasibility study prior to their final implementation. 3) To revise the interventions based on the findings of the feasibility study and implement the efficacy trial. 4) To evaluate the efficacy of the interventions with two clinical outcomes: gingivitis among caregivers and untreated tooth decay among caregivers and their children. 5) To examine the extent to which the clinical outcomes are mediated by the affective, evaluative, and situational individual factors influenced by the tailored intervention, or by broader psychosocial factors addressed in other center projects. The efficacy of the tailored ES intervention, whether it results in better oral health than the untailored HI intervention, will be tested by the randomized controlled trial. In year 4 of the course of the longitudinal center research, the participating caregivers, low income African Americans recruited from the poorest 39 census tracks in the city of Detroit, will be randomly assigned to one of the two education programs at the beginning of the multimedia intervention session. The oral follow-up examination at year four will be the baseline measurement of this trial, and changes in the outcomes will be assessed in the follow-up examination in year 6. Both the participants and examiners will be blinded from the intervention regimens. Production and evaluation of a state of the science, interactive, tailored multimedia selfhelp ES program for oral health will provide an opportunity to obtain currently nonexistent information about the ability to influence behaviors that determine oral health status among low SES African Americans caregivers and their children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS AS MODULATORS OF DISEASE PROCESSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Gasiewicz, Thomas A. Professor; Environmental Medicine; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-AUG-1980; Project End 1-MAR-2005 Summary: OVERALL (Taken from the Applicant's Description) Despite a marked increase in the human life span, questions about the role of environmental and occupational agents as modulators of disease and dysfunction continue to arise. These questions are provoked by such observations as the increased incidence of asthma in children, reports that Parkinson's disease (PD) has an environmental rather than a
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genetic basis, of correlations between ultra fine particles and cardiovascular respiratory morbidity and even mortality, and of endocrine-like chemical and reproductive dysfunction, among others. The goal of the University of Rochester NIEHS Environmental Health Sciences Center (EHSC) is to define the scope of the contribution of toxic agents to disease processes and dysfunctions and to understand the mechanisms by which they occur. The Center strives to provide a sound scientific basis for evaluating the health risks posed by chemical exposures to human populations and ultimately to prevent their occurrence. This is achieved through the efforts of four Research Cores. Studies within the Neurotoxicology Research Core seek to identify mechanisms by which toxicants affect nervous system function and thereby contribute to behavioral, neurological and psychiatric disturbances of the nervous system, such as Parkinson's disease, autism, and cognitive impairments. The Osteotoxicology Research Core focuses primarily on the extent to which lead exposure serves as a risk factor for disturbances of skeletal function, particularly its involvement in dental caries in osteoporosis. The Pulmonary Toxicology Research Core examines inflammatory and oxidative stress-induced mechanisms of lung injury and how disease states such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and others modulate these mechanisms. The Protein Modulators of Toxicity Research Core seeks to identify the ways in which toxicants modulate biologically active proteins critical to normal homeostatic function, thereby inducing changes contributing to disease processes. The scientific efforts of the Research Cores are promoted and assisted through five Facility/Service Cores: Transgenic Services, Pathology/Morphology/Imaging, Biostatistics, University Facilities and Shared Instrumentation. In addition, collaborations and new directions are significantly enhanced through the Enrichment Program of the EHSC, which includes a Pilot Project Program, a Visiting Scientist Program, the EHSC Seminar Series and the Rochester Conference Series. The Community Outreach and Education Program with its new Director, has instituted a Community Advisory Board that provides communication between the EHSC and the Community and has established educational programs for various segments of the community, including students and teachers, medical professionals and even senior scientists Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS AS MODULATORS OF DISEASE PROCESSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Cory-Slechta, Deborah; Professor; Environmental Medicine; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-AUG-1980; Project End 1-MAR-2005 Summary: OVERALL (Taken from the Applicant's Description) Despite a marked increase in the human life span, questions about the role of environmental and occupational agents as modulators of disease and dysfunction continue to arise. These questions are provoked by such observations as the increased incidence of asthma in children, reports that Parkinson's disease (PD) has an environmental rather than a genetic basis, of correlations between ultra fine particles and cardiovascular respiratory morbidity and even mortality, and of endocrine-like chemical and reproductive dysfunction, among others. The goal of the University of Rochester NIEHS Environmental Health Sciences Center (EHSC) is to define the scope of the contribution of toxic agents to disease processes and dysfunctions and to understand the mechanisms by which they occur. The Center strives to provide a sound scientific basis for evaluating the health risks posed by chemical exposures to human populations and ultimately to prevent their occurrence. This is achieved through the efforts of four
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Research Cores. Studies within the Neurotoxicology Research Core seek to identify mechanisms by which toxicants affect nervous system function and thereby contribute to behavioral, neurological and psychiatric disturbances of the nervous system, such as Parkinson's disease, autism, and cognitive impairments. The Osteotoxicology Research Core focuses primarily on the extent to which lead exposure serves as a risk factor for disturbances of skeletal function, particularly its involvement in dental caries in osteoporosis. The Pulmonary Toxicology Research Core examines inflammatory and oxidative stress-induced mechanisms of lung injury and how disease states such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and others modulate these mechanisms. The Protein Modulators of Toxicity Research Core seeks to identify the ways in which toxicants modulate biologically active proteins critical to normal homeostatic function, thereby inducing changes contributing to disease processes. The scientific efforts of the Research Cores are promoted and assisted through five Facility/Service Cores: Transgenic Services, Pathology/Morphology/Imaging, Biostatistics, University Facilities and Shared Instrumentation. In addition, collaborations and new directions are significantly enhanced through the Enrichment Program of the EHSC, which includes a Pilot Project Program, a Visiting Scientist Program, the EHSC Seminar Series and the Rochester Conference Series. The Community Outreach and Education Program with its new Director, has instituted a Community Advisory Board that provides communication between the EHSC and the Community and has established educational programs for various segments of the community, including students and teachers, medical professionals and even senior scientists Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AND DENTAL CARIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bowen, William H. Welcher Professor of Dentistry; Eastman Dentistry; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-1995; Project End 1-DEC-2005 Summary: Despite significant reduction in the prevalence of dental caries in some segments of the population it remains a major public health problem, particularly for those least able to bear the burden. The decline in prevalence has generally been attributed to increased exposure to fluoride through a variety of routes. Prior to and during the increased use of fluorides ingestion with food preservatives was also increasing by over 25 fold. Food preservatives have properties in common with fluoride in that they behave as weak acids they are protonated at low pH values, can diffuse into cells, reduce acid tolerance and acid adaptation by mutants streptococci. Recognizing the importance of saliva on the plaque environment, we will examine the relationship of mammalian and non- mammalian components of whole saliva samples collected over a three- year period, to the incidence of dental caries in the same group of subjects. We believe this proposal is highly novel and offers the possibility of developing approaches to enhance the diagnosis of caries and methods for its prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ETHNIC/RACIAL CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN ORAL HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Evans, Patricia;; San Francisco Dept of Public Health 101 Grove St, Room 308 San Francisco, Ca 94102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 1-JUL-2003 Summary: Oral health disparities exist in this nation, especially among low-income and ethnic/minority children. This epidemic has been highlighted most recently in the
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Surgeon General's report on oral health. Current research has focused on describing the magnitude of the problem and has not pursued the reasons behind racial and ethnic disparities. This research proposal is design4d to better understand barriers, including cultural barriers related to knowledge, attitudes and behaviors to accessing preventive oral health care for children between 1 and 5 years of age using a qualitative methodology, focus groups. The specific aim is to identify barriers to accessing preventive oral health care among African American, Chinese, Filipino and Hispanic caregivers of child between 1 and 5 years of age, including those related to culture as measured by knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. During year one and two of the project, focus groups among African Americans, Chinese, Filipinos and Latinos will be conducted of the caregivers with children between 1-5 years of age to identify cultural barriers and other barriers to accessing preventive oral health care. To better understand the populations involved, it will be important to recruit older and younger caregivers, newcomers as well as those already acculturated into western society to explore differences among different groups. Such a study addresses one of the three core public health functions, assessment of barriers to preventive oral health care including cultural factors of caregivers. Moreover, two other core public health functions may be impacted as well depending on the outcome of this study, i.e. policy development and assurance of development of programs to improve the oral health of the affected population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EXPANDING ORAL HEALTH DISPARITIES RESEARCH AT MEHARRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Butler, William B. None; Meharry Medical College 1005-D B Todd Blvd Nashville, Tn 37208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 5-SEP-2002; Project End 1-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this program is to develop (Phase I) and implement (Phase II) an institutional plan to enhance the infrastructure for research at the School of Dentistry at Meharry Medical College and to establish partnership/collaborations with other institutions that will lead to research aimed at reducing oral health disparities. The specific aims for Phase I (year 1) of the program are to: 1) carry out a needs assessment and, from it, develop a comprehensive plan to explain and sustain the research infrastructure and capacity for oral health disparities research at Meharry Medical College. This will include strategies to fill gaps in the current infrastructure and to identify faculty and students who are committed to oral disparities research and to provide them with the time and developmental opportunities to do meritorious research; 2) select an area of greatest promise for the implementation of research programs at Meharry School of Dentistry with the potential to result in publications and successful grant applications and describe the steps in establishing such a program using a combination of Meharry faculty and students and scientists from a collaborating academic health centers(s); 3) develop 2 to 3 pilot projects to be carried out during Phase II (years 2 and 3) with appropriate participation of developing faculty at Meharry and established investigators at Meharry and collaborating institutions. The specific aims for Phase II (years 2 and 3) are to implement plans to: 1) fill gaps in research expertise and leadership identified in Phase I by recruitment of faculty and staff to the dental school who are experienced in research; 2) implement individualized training programs and research opportunities for faculty and students who have been identified in Phase I as having the appropriate motivation and institutional support to develop their research potential; 3) develop productive collaborative relationships with research-intensive academic health centers who are
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carrying out meritorious oral health disparities research in the promising area of research identified in Phase I. By completion of Phase II the expected outcome will be that the dental school at Meharry Medical College and its collaborators will be prepared to submit scientifically meritorious applications for support of research on reducing oral health disparities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FATIGUE AND THE ENDURANCE STRENGTH OF DENTIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Arola, Dwayne D. Mechanical Engineering; University of Maryland Balt Co Campus Baltimore, Md 21250 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-SEP-2002; Project End 1-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) Restored tooth failures attributed to tooth fracture are one of the primary obstacles to life long oral health. And despite progressive improvements in dental instruments and restorative materials, tooth fractures have remained as a prevalent clinical issue. Recent studies have shown that fatigue cracks are often identified in the dentin of restored teeth and appear to originate from the cavosurface margin. Based on these observations, restored tooth fracture is believed to occur as a consequence of fatigue. Microcracks in the dentin coalesce into a single welldefined crack under cyclic masticatory loads and crack propagation continues until a critical length facilitates tooth fracture. Both the rate of crack initiation in dentin, and the corresponding likelihood of restored tooth failure, are undoubtedly dependent on the fatigue strength of dentin. However, there is currently little understanding of the fatigue strength of dentin and the changes that occur with aging and other processes. The general hypothesis of the proposed research is that restored tooth fracture is attributed to changes in the fatigue properties of dentin that occur with physiological processes, aging, and demineralization. Prior to determining the influence of these factors on mechanical properties, a fundamental understanding of the fatigue strength of dentin is needed. The specific hypothesis to be tested is that human dentin exhibits an “endurance strength” which is a magnitude of cyclic stress below which fatigue failure of the tissue will not occur. In this study the fatigue strength of bovine and human dentin will be determined using flexural fatigue loading. The proposed investigation will contribute to our understanding of the structure-property relationships in dentin, and provide a foundation of knowledge for future studies regarding the influence of physical and chemical changes on the fatigue properties of human teeth. Therefore, results from this study could have tremendous impact on the clinical techniques and procedures used for restorative dentistry. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FLORIDA MODEL FOR ORAL CANCER CONTROL, PHASE I Principal Investigator & Institution: Tomar, Scott L. Professor; Operative Dentistry; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 1-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): In 1994-98, Florida had the 2nd highest crude mortality rate and the 5th highest age-adjusted mortality rate for oral and pharyngeal cancer. The specific aims of this proposed study are to: (1) Perform an epidemiologic assessment of oral cancer in the State of Florida; (2) Assess the level of knowledge, opinions, and the prevention and early detection activities of healthcare providers in Florida about these cancers; (3) Assess the level of knowledge, opinions, and behaviors of a general population sample of adults in Florida regarding oral cancer; (4) Assess the
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educational resources for health care providers in the state of Florida for oral cancer prevention; and (5) Build an organizational infrastructure in Florida to facilitate community- based interventions for oral cancer prevention and control. We will use data from Florida's Cancer Data System and state vital statistics datasets to provide a detailed analysis of the incidence, mortality, survival, and stage distribution at time of diagnosis by age, sex, race, ethnicity, and geographic region. Principles of social marketing will be applied to assess the knowledge, attitudes, practices, facilitators, and barriers for oral cancer prevention among representative samples of Florida's general dentists, primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, and dental hygienists. We will conduct a telephone-based survey using a random digit dial (RDD) sample of adults aged 40 years and older to assess their knowledge, attitudes, practices, facilitators, and barriers for oral cancer prevention. Patients diagnosed with oral cancer at the University of Florida Shands Medical Center, the University of Miami / Jackson Memorial Medical Center, and the V.A. Medical Center in Gainesville will be interviewed to determine their diagnosis history and to identify potential targets to facilitate earlier cancer detection. We will create an inventory of available professional education resources for oral cancer in Florida. As part of the Florida Comprehensive Cancer Control Initiative, this study will convene representatives of a wide range of professional and voluntary organizations, public and private agencies, educational institutions, and communitybased organizations to develop a plan to enhance statewide oral cancer control. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF EARLY CHILDHOOD CARIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Berkowitz, Robert J. Professor and Chief; Eastman Dentistry; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 5-SEP-2000; Project End 1-AUG-2003 Summary: This is the second resubmission of application which is an investigation of clinical outcomes for 80 patients treated for Early Childhood Caries (ECC). In the proposed descriptive study, clinical outcomes are defined in terms of longitudinal oral health, at an exam at six and twelve months after treatment for ECC. No further clinical caries and low levels of mutans streptococci at the post-treatment examination will constitute a positive clinical outcome. Negative outcomes will include high mutans streptococci level with no further decay, and further decay regardless of mutants streptococci level. These measures go beyond the usual definition of successful restorative treatment both temporally, by including follow-ups status and qualitatively, by incorporating measures of mutans streptococci, an etiologic component of ECC. The project will describe patterns related to positive and negative clinical outcomes to epidemiological perspective using data derived from a questionnaire that will be administered in an interview setting. Patients who have had ECC treatment will be described in terms of: a) extent of caries present and oral mutans streptococci level (this defines whether the outcome is positive or negative); b) behaviors: successful cessation of bottle use, fluoride use and frequency of snacking, child's sleep patterns, temperament; c) parental factors: dental knowledge, attitudes and self-described oral health, education level, ethnic identity, daycare arrangements, attitude toward trying to make changes or assume new responsibilities. This research is intended as a pilot study to generate further hypotheses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FORSYTH POSTDOCTORAL TRAINING IN ORAL HEALTH RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Smith, Daniel J. Senior Member of Staff; Forsyth Institute Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUL-2001; Project End 0-JUN-2006 Summary: OF TRAINING PROGRAM: Forsyth Institute proposes to offer a Postdoctoral Training Program in Oral and Craniofacial Research to health professionals and PhDs who are interested in further training in basic, clinical or patient-oriented oral health research. It also proposes to offer retraining in these areas to mid-career scientists. Specific training opportunities are available in Biofilms, Biomineralization and Biomimetics; Molecular Immunology and lnfectious Disease; Genomics and Oral Cancer; and Clinical Investigations. Linkage of projects between focus areas, especially between clinical investigations and other focus areas, will be encouraged. Mentors have outstanding records of published research consistent with the NIDCR mission, are well supported by NIH, and have appreciable experience in postdoctoral education. Collaborative, multidisciplinary and inter-professional interactions in academia and the biotechnology industry are characteristic of mentors' research. These multidisciplinary/collaborative research efforts of mentors serve as a base upon which the trainee can initiate similar collaborative research interactions. Mentored research is the cornerstone of the postdoctoral training experience. Enhancements to that experience will include a course in clinical research design, oral health targeted courses in immunology and infectious disease, and a course in ethical practices in scientific investigation. The program will also feature tutorials in research use of the Web, Bioinformatics, Genomics, and Grantsmanship, participation in the Forsyth/Harvard Seminar Series, Oral Biology colloquia, and departmental journal clubs, seminar/tutorials in career opportunities, and a postdoctoral research group (PRG). The PRG will be responsible for organizing an institutionally funded series of Postdoctoral Research Days in which international experts will be invited to speak formally and informally to the PRG. Leadership awareness and training will be facilitated by postdoctoral trainee mentoring of Boston high school, and dental and/or Forsyth dental hygiene students in summer research projects. A variety of strategies will be used to recruit trainees, including candidates from under-represented racial/ethnic groups who will be specifically encouraged. The goal is to provide training experiences that will prepare trainees to be principal investigators who can 1) successfully compete for research funds; 2) effectively communicate their ideas; 3) recognize the value of collaborative research interactions; 4) lead and inspire others to accomplish mutual research objectives; 5) translate their findings to practice; 6) become skilled in bioinformatic approaches; 7) make ethically correct decisions; and 8) be sensitive and harmonious in relationships with their peers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENERAL CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTER-FORSYTH DENTAL INSTIT Principal Investigator & Institution: Flier, Jeffrey S. Professor; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center E/Es-214 Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-DEC-1977; Project End 0-NOV-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The BIDMC's GCRC proposes to form a satellite with the Forsyth Dental Institute (FDI), a world class center for clinical investigation of oral disease. This proposal describes a spectrum of investigations involving treatment of
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periodontal diseases, development of a vaccine for dental caries, testing of mercury amalgam toxicity and investigation of oral cancer. Sixteen projects are described that will be conducted at the Satellite Center that include microbiology, microbial genomics, microbial taxonomy, immunology and toxicology as these studies relate to conditions of oral health and disease and microbial biofilms. The proposed Satellite Center will include a Dental Clinic Core, a Laboratory Core and Biostatistics/Informatics support. Specific areas of investigation in this application include: 1) comparison of conventional and antibacterial_supplemented treatments of periodontal disease; 2) investigation of means to prevent periodontal disease; 3) studies on familial distribution of oral bacteria; 4) studies of oral bacteria as examples of naturally occurring biofilms; 5) studies of oral bacteria that penetrate cells; 6) studies of the ways in which early lesions of periodontal disease are initiated; 7) investigation of the microbiology associated with oral cancer; 8) studies that contribute to the development of a dental caries vaccine; 9) investigation of the potential toxicity of mercury amalgams; and 10) studies of the uncultivable bacteria of the oral cavity with planned development of a microbial microarray for oral bacteria identification. In addition to the planned studies as outlined above, a strategy to create bi_directional linkage between parent and satellite GCRC's is described in which a dental facility will be established at the BIDMC GCRC to be staffed by Forsyth personnel. Through this facility, it is envisioned that future studies on the oral health effects of systemic disease, and the converse, effects of systemic disease on oral health will be investigated. It is also stressed that this facility will encourage closer affiliation between the Joslin Diabetes Center (JDC) Satellite and the Forsyth Satellite. It is envisioned that this proposal will expand the research horizon of the FDI and contribute new technology to the research of the parent. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GLOBAL NETWORK FOR WOMEN'S & CHILDREN'S HEALTH RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Goldenberg, Robert L. Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 3-SEP-2001; Project End 0-APR-2006 Summary: We will develop a University of Alabama at Birmingham-Aga Khan University multidisciplinary research team with its major goal the reduction of infection-related perinatal mortality in Pakistan. To accomplish this goal, we will continue to build the UAB-AKU research relationship around a series of studies on perinatal infection and pregnancy outcome. The first study will characterize two populations of Pakistani pregnant women. A cohort study consisting of 1500 urban and later 1500 rural women will be performed in which data will be collected near midpregnancy on infections such as bacterial vaginosis, gonorrhea and chlamydia, and on various pregnancy-associated cervicovaginal and serum markers of infections. These data will be correlated with pregnancy outcome. We will also collect psychosocial, nutritional, medical and dental data and correlate these results with bacterial infection of the vagina, the infection markers and with pregnancy outcome. The goal of this study is 1) to determine the current pregnancy outcomes in two Pakistani populations, 2) to determine the prevalence of vaginal infections and markers of infection in these two populations, and 3) to determine the prevalence of various psychosocial, nutritional, medical and dental factors associated with vaginal infection, markers of infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Upon completion of the urban cohort study, women identified as high risk for perinatal death because of a previous perinatal death will be invited to participate in a randomized trial of prenatal and perinatal antibiotics to
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reduce infection-related perinatal mortality. In this study, women who have had a previous stillbirth or a neonatal death will be randomized to one week of treatment with metronidazole and erythromycin or placebos in the late second trimester, with a repeat course of antibiotics or placebo in labor. The primary endpoint will be perinatal mortality. Our second attempt to decrease infection-related mortality will be in a randomized trial of an intrapartum and infant chlorhexidine wash versus placebo washes with saline. With the completion of these projects, not only will we have answered some very important questions related to infections and pregnancy outcome, but AKU, in partnership with UAB, will have developed superb rural and urban pregnancy-related research infrastructures tightly linked to their developing maternity health care systems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GOLD STANDARD METHODS FOR FLUORIDE ANALYSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Martinez-Mier, Esperanza; Preventive Community Dentistry; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-AUG-2002; Project End 1-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Fluoride is widely recognized for reducing the prevalence of Dental caries. Therefore, either studies aimed to enhance its beneficial effects or to reduce its detrimental effects continues to be relevant. Such studies can benefit from improvements in the techniques employed for the analysis of fluoride. In addition, meaningful international studies in this field can only be conducted if standardized methods for measuring the levels, ingestion and concentrations of fluoride, are available. Currently available fluoride measurement techniques are not standardized and a universal standard for fluoride determination has not been established. Although a variety of techniques are available, none have been accepted for universal use. The current project Aims to collaborate with established analytical laboratories to develop standard, global methods for analyzing fluoride in different types of samples. In order to develop these standard, global methods for fluoride analysis, the Fluoride Laboratory at the Oral Health Research Institute proposes to collaborate with six, additional, well-established laboratories that are currently conducting fluoride analyses. The proposed collaboration will include the analysis of the fluoride content of a series of 180 biological and environmental samples using the methods in current use in each laboratory. Results of these analyses and descriptions of the analytical procedures used will be collected and distributed from each laboratory to all collaborators. A plan will be then developed to resolve any differences in results and to identify preferred analytical procedures in a meeting of all collaborators at the Oral Health Research Institute. Analyses of another series of biological samples by all laboratories using the preferred analytical methods will be then conducted and, finally a scientific paper reviewing the data collected and the preferable analytical procedures will be developed for publication. The proposed investigation will provide an opportunity for seven recognized laboratories to collaborate in order to reach consensus about detailed protocols that will identify and describe gold standard techniques for fluoride analysis of specific types of samples. The proposed study will provide an opportunity to resolve discrepancies that currently make it difficult to compare the results of the many studies dealing with fluoride analyses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HARVARD-SDM/FORSYTH SCHOLAR/FACULTY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Stashenko, Philip P. Senior Member of Staff and Head; Orak Medicine Infection and Immunity; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 5-AUG-2002; Project End 0-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) The Harvard-SDM/Forsyth Scholar/Faculty Development Program (HFSFDP) is a training and career development program based on a regional consortium of four academic institutions (Harvard School of Dental Medicine [HSDM], Forsyth Institute [FI], University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine [UPSDM] and Tufts University School of Dental Medicine [TUSDM]) to create a mentored clinical scientist development pathway to develop highly skilled clinician scientists (DDS/DMD, MD and PhD) who can successfully address the increasing opportunities in oral, dental and craniofacial research from cross-disciplinary and multidisciplinary perspectives. The HFSFDP aims to provide rigorous mentored scientific training opportunities (Phase I) at Harvard University and the Forsyth Institute in four areas of research highly relevant to the mission of the NIDCR: cancer, development, infectious diseases and tissue engineering. A particular emphasis in all four areas is genomics and bioinformatics and the need to bridge both basic sciences and clinical research. This will be followed by a faculty transition step (Phase II) whereby the scholar will transit to a junior faculty tenured-tracked position at one of the four consortium institutions. Mechanisms are in place that will encourage and direct the scholar transition to junior faculty lines at UPSDM or TUSDM. The implementation of this training and career development program will be enhanced by the history, culture and track record of successful research career development programs and transition of scientists at the HSDM and FI. This nurturing academic environment is currently augmented by four NIDCR supported T32 institutional training programs, one DentistScientist Award program, two program projects and one center grant in oral health research. These joint activities present a well-integrated regional consortium structure that will provide comprehensive, cross/multi-disciplinary research career development pathways. The HFSFDP will provide the needed opportunities to develop the necessary skills for scientific excellence in oral health research. In addition, the program structure and environment will encourage life-long learning, successful research career transitions and strong collaborative partnering skills. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HEALTH EFFECTS OF DENTAL AMALGAMS IN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Mckinlay, Sonja M.; New England Research Institutes, Inc. 9 Galen St Watertown, Ma 02472 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-1996; Project End 1-JUL-2006 Summary: The safety of silver amalgam as a dental restorative material has been controversial since its introduction 150 years ago, but-until recently it has been generally assumed that the exposure to mercury from dental amalgam is limited to the acute placement phase. Some recent studies (mostly observational and primarily of adults) have demonstrated chronic release of mercury vapor from amalgam fillings during chewing and brushing, raising new safety concerns. The randomized trial, Children's Amalgam Trial (CAT) is designed as a comprehensive assessment of the relative safety of silver amalgam, compared to the alternate, mercury-free materials, demonstrating equivalence of cognitive and renal outcomes. Children aged 6-10 at last birthday with
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no prior dental restoration (to minimize prior mercury exposure) and mixed (primary and permanent) dentition were recruited from two New England communities (rural Main and inner city Boston/Cambridge, Massachusetts) to represent, to the extent feasible, the likely effects in children in the US. Children were chosen for this trial as they are most likely to be amalgam-free at randomization and, given their smaller body mass and developmental stage, more likely to demonstrate adverse effects (if any) of increased body mercury burden. This 5-year competing continuation will enable completion of 6 years of observation of the trial subjects/randomized from August 1997 to September 1999). Current funding, through July 2001, will include two years of observation only. Given the obvious public health significance of the potential long range impact of mercury on cognitive function, the primary endpoint measure is the full scale IQ score of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: Third Edition (WISC III) and the primary outcome is the estimated change in the score between Baseline and 6 years post randomization, adjusted for the baseline IQ score. Secondary outcomes include more immediately measured safety endpoints that will be monitored annually, including: urine mercury levels; a dip-stick screening test for urinary protein (confirmed by albumin level); and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP). Other endpoints include other aspects of cognitive function from an extensive neuropsychological test battery, while key covariates include a measure of dietary mercury (hair levels) and the dose of amalgam summarized in “surface-years” of exposure. To date, 534 subjects have been randomized (107%) and follow-up through the 12 month visit, although not yet complete, indicates that the initial (12 month) response rate should be at least 92%. Subsequent losses are expected to be negligible (about 2% per year). A non- orthogonal analysis of covariance will test for equivalence on IQ scores between treatments arms similar modeling will be used to address secondary aims. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMMUNE MEDIATED LOSS OF SALIVARY FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Esch, Thomas R. Program Official; Forsyth Institute Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-1997; Project End 1-AUG-2003 Summary: The broad, long-term objectives of this proposal are to understand the mechanisms of immune-mediated loss of salivary function, to isolate points at which these mechanisms can be blocked, and to develop therapeutic and preventive interventions targeting these points. The specific aims are 1) to determine whether autoantibodies and/or autoreactive T cells are necessary and sufficient to induce loss of salivary function in the NOD mouse; 2) to identify the specificities of the T and/or B cells responsible for loss of salivary function; 3) to determine whether humans with SS show evidence of responses to autoantigens similar to those which trigger loss of salivary function in the NOD mouse. The health relatedness of this project is that loss of salivary function is the primary disabling symptom of Sjogren's syndrome, an autoimmune disease that affects approximately one million Americans and is highly detrimental to general oral health, particularly in terms of dental caries. The hypothesis behind this proposal is that loss of salivary function can be induced by lymphocytes, specifically autoantibody-producing B cells, possibly in concert with T cells. The basic experimental design is to use loss of salivary function in the NOD mouse as a model of the salivary hypofunction that results from Sjogren's syndrome. Monoclonal antibodies and T cell clones specific for potential autoantigens in the NOD mouse will be isolated and the genes encoding their antigens will be cloned. Loss of salivary function will be the criterion used to evaluate the immunopathogenic potential of antibodies and T cells
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with different specificities in adoptive transfer experiments. Antibodies reactive with mouse autoantigens involved in immune-mediated loss of salivary function and DNA probes derived from their genes will be used to identify and clone similar autoantigens found in human tissues. The reactivity of T cells and antibodies from Sjogren's syndrome patients will be evaluated in proliferation and ELISA assays. Autoantigens which may be involved in the pathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome will be identified by their similarity to mouse autoantigens known to be pathologically relevant and by the presence of T cell and/or antibody reactivity to those antigens in affected individuals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMMUNOTOXIC PROPERTIES OF MERCURIC COMPOUNDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Shenker, Bruce J. Professor and Chair; Pathology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-FEB-1994; Project End 1-MAR-2004 Summary: (adapted from the Investigator's abstract): Mercury and its congeners are extremely toxic substances which exist as inorganic mercury (Hg++), organic mercury, and mercury vapor (Hg0). Sources of human exposure to mercury include seafood, seeds, foodstuffs, water, and dental amalgam. In previous studies, the Principal Investigator has shown that mercury, at low concentrations, kills human lymphoid cells in a manner consistent with apoptosis. The mitochondrion is the target organelle resulting in development of the permeability transition state and oxidative stress. The hypothesis to be tested in these studies is that exposure to mercury may cause health deficits by impairing host defense mechanisms. In addition, perturbed mitochondrial function provides a major cytotoxic pathway for mercurial compounds. In this proposal, the cascade of events responsible for mercury-induced apoptosis in humans will be further defined. The immunotoxic effects of Hg0 will be characterized to determine if it kills human T cells via apoptosis as a consequence of oxidative stress. The study is divided into four specific aims. The first is to determine if mercury-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is due to direct effects of the toxicant on the expression or function of Bcl-2 protein family members of apoptotic regulatory proteins. The second specific aim is to ascertain if mercury- dependent changes in mitochondrial function promote caspase activity and induce T cell apoptosis. It is proposed that activation of the caspase cascade is a result of mercury-induced mitochondrial permeability transition. The third specific aim is to measure the effect of mercury on (a) the expression and activity of the redox sensitivity transcription factors NF-kB and AP-1, and (b) the expression of novel genes associated with oxidative stress. The fourth specific aim is to determine if Hg0-induces T cell apoptosis and learn if cell death is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. It is proposed that exposure to Hg0 leads to rapid T cell apoptosis due to physical characteristics of the uncharged species. The goal of this application is to better understand the pathways responsible for mercury toxicity, as well as health implications associated with exposure to mercury-containing compounds. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IMPROVING THE DENTAL RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE AT OHSU Principal Investigator & Institution: Ferracane, Jack L. Professor; Biomaterials and Biomechanics; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-AUG-2003; Project End 1-JUL-2004
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Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this application is to lay the groundwork for the development of an organized, efficient plan to enhance the research infrastructure of the School of Dentistry (SOD) at the Oregon Health & Science University. This goal derives from our primary research objective, which is to improve our ability to solve critical problems related to oral health. The application has two specific aims: Aim #1: Describe the process that will be used to develop a method for conducting an assessment of the current research infrastructure within the SoD and the university, as well as the critical needs to expand this infrastructure in the SoD. Aim #2: Describe the process that will be used to develop a detailed plan for improving the existing research infrastructure at the SoD. The grant will be conducted in two parts. In Part 1, the critical needs and the current infrastructure assessment (Aim 1) will be conducted with the aid of a group of faculty within the dental school (SoD Group). This group will meet to identify potential research areas and to survey DS and university faculty regarding research interests and resources. This group will expand into an Institutional Planning Committee (IPC) composed of the SoD Group and other investigators and opinion leaders across the campus. The PC will develop an External Advisory Group (EAG), establish a seminar series to recruit additional collaborators and aid in identifying the 2-3 research areas to target for enhancement, and organize a symposium to finalize the research areas and to identify additional external collaborators. The IPC in conjunction with the EAG will ultimately identify the targeted research areas based on the seminars, symposium, brief written proposal, and an interactive discussion. Each of these activities will be facilitated with the aid of a professional planner/facilitator to maximize efficiency. In Part 2, the IPC and the individuals in the targeted research areas will develop a plan for expanding the current research infrastructure (Aim 2). Four subcommittees of the IPC will help to develop a plan that includes: identifying the needed critical mass of scientists, recruiting and mentoring, equipment acquisition, establishing collaborations, renovation, establishing training programs, outcomes assessment, and obtaining institutional commitment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INSTITUTIONAL DENTIST SCIENTIST AWARD Principal Investigator & Institution: Upholt, William B. Professor; Biostructure and Function; University of Connecticut Sch of Med/Dnt Bb20, Mc 2806 Farmington, Ct 060302806 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUL-1996; Project End 0-JUN-2004 Summary: This institutional DSA program has graduated a total of eight clinical scholars. In addition, four clinical scholars were trained on individual DSA/PSA awards. Four clinical scholars funded by other mechanisms have also graduated. Ten other graduates have been funded through other sources. Thus, our training history is a total of twenty-six graduates. Six of the present roster of ten active students are in combined programs, attesting to our commitment to combined certificate/Ph.D. training. All of our DSA clinical scholars have completed their certificate and Ph.D. programs and have entered productive careers; no one has defaulted either by leaving the program or by entering private practice. The clinical scholars who are positioned to obtain independent funding have done so; 89% are funded. The programs, both clinical and graduate, accommodate their schedules to ensure efficient and successful progress through the program. Because of the diversity and complexity of oral disease, training is focused on basic biological problems related to the oral cavity in health and disease rather than a single discipline- centered program. The organization of a faculty of basic scientists and dental and medical clinicians in this training program has permitted us to
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offer a range of opportunities for students of dental health and disease. In addition, research centers in chemosensory systems, dental and general clinical research and biomaterials have fostered the active participation of the Oral Biology Graduate Faculty (OBGF) in the clinical and scientific education of clinical scholars by serving as mentors for their research. Because the faculty are engaged in multidisciplinary collaborations, individually and through research centers and program projects, the OBGF is diverse, is drawn from all segments of the Health Center and represents a range of investigative expertise and interests. This mix of clinical programs and manifold research opportunities provides a dynamic and stimulating training environment. Consequently, the research projects devised for our students have had a similar breadth and scope. The objective of this program is to offer a program that produces highly qualified clinical scholars competent in their clinical disciplines and as independent scientists able to initiate and maintain funded research programs. In addition, the program will provide educational experiences that are tailored to each candidate, while maintaining a focus in the oral biological sciences through seminars, courses, clinical research centers and collaborative research activities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH TRAINING GRANT Principal Investigator & Institution: Macdougall, Mary B. Professor & Assoc Dean of Research; Pediatric Dentistry; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 8-JUL-2002; Project End 0-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a revised application in response to the NIDCR National Research Service Award Institutional Research Training Grant Public Announcement (PAR-00-l16). This research training program is focused on the area of Craniofacial Oral-Biology and is named “Craniofacial Oral-Biology Student Training in Academic Research (COSTAR)”. It is based on the suggestions of the 1999 NDCR Blue Ribbon Panel on Research Training and Career Development. The grant will provide a broadened interdisciplinary research experience for 24 exceptionally motivated trainees (8 training positions, plus 2 DSTP position) consisting of predoctoral dental, dental scientist, graduate, postdoctoral students, and faculty members in a research-intensive academic Health Science Center environment. The program will emphasize two research themes Craniofacial Biomimetics and Craniofacial Pain and Response to Injury. The program will offer five complementary training tracks: 1) short-term summer research experience for dental students; 2) a DDS/Ph.D. program; 3) a predoctoral Ph.D. program; 4) Postdoctoral fellowships; and 5) faculty development training. The purpose of the COSTAR program is to train a cadre of highly skilled, interactive scientists who can successfully address the expanding opportunities in dental, oral, and craniofacial research. A key element of COSTAR is providing trainees with positive, productive, successful faculty role models; many with DDS/M.S. & DDS/Ph.D. degrees obtained through NIDCR supported training programs. The specific aims of this program are: 1) to identify and select qualified, motivated candidates who have the interest and potential to pursue training opportunities in dental, craniofacial, oral research to address the scientific opportunities emerging in these fields in the 21st century; 2) to provide a mechanism for integrating trainees into UTHSCSA's collaborative, researchintensive clinical and basic science research environment; 3) to develop trainees with broad, integrated research training in dental, oral and craniofacial health, thereby enhancing their competencies and research skills; 4) to provide flexibility for crossdisciplinary interaction through diverse entry points and opportunities for sustained
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learning; and 5) to assess the short and long-term impact of the program on the trainee, the institution, and our nation's need for dental academicians. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INSTITUTIONAL TRAINING PROGRAM IN ORAL HEALTH RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Squier, Christopher A. Dows Inst for Dental Research; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 0-AUG-2002; Project End 1-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall aims of this Institutional Comprehensive Research Training Program in oral health are to develop dental scholars and faculty who can become independent researchers and productive investigators capable of competing successfully for external research support. We believe that this is best accomplished by providing a continuum of research training opportunities that will include; summer experiences before entering dental school, short term training during dental school that will influence career choice, trainings at the MS and PhD level and post doctoral experience that will have an impact on the development of graduates as researchers and faculty, and training opportunities for junior and mid-career faculty. We will offer research training in four major areas of oral health research that are all strongly interdisciplinary and bring together investigators from five colleges at the University of Iowa and from other institutions. The areas are; Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (Director: Dr. Clark Stanford), Cariology and Fluoride Research (Director: Dr. James Wefel). Craniofacial Biology (Director: Dr. Jeff Murray) and Oral Mucosal Diseases (Director: Dr. Christopher Squier). The faculty who are involved in these research programs will serve as mentors to our trainees and represent almost fifty funded researchers with outstanding records of student training.The training program will be directed by Dr Christopher Squier, a well-funded investigator who has been active in oral health research and training for over 25 years. He will also direct the MS and PhD training components. The Associate Director will be Dr. John C. Keller, who has almost twenty years experience as a dental researcher, educator and administrator; he will also direct the post-doctoral training component. The Director and Associate Director will be assisted by two Co-directors, Dr. Janet Guthmiller, who will have responsibility for the pre-dental summer research and the predoctoral dental student research programs, and Dr. Clark Stanford, who will be director of the short-term research training program for faculty development. There will be an Executive Committee consisting of the Program Director, Associate Director and Co-Directors and they will be assisted by a Sub-committee on Recruitment and Diversity. A Program Advisory Committee will provide oversight and assistance to the Directors in the administration of this Program. An External Advisory Committee, consisting of three highly respected scholars in the area of oral health research, will provide annual reviews and advice on progress and direction of the Program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INTERACTIVE 3-D ATLAS OF HUMAN TOOTH ANATOMY Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, William P.; Brown and Herbranson Imaging 875 Westridge Dr Portola Valley, Ca 94028 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-APR-2001; Project End 0-SEP-2001 Summary: (Applicant's abstract verbatim): This project will significantly improve clinical results in dental treatment by providing the first complete volume (3-D) data of
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real tooth anatomy. We will coordinate the development of acquiring, storing, manipulating and displaying complex images of teeth. The result will be the most sophisticated and comprehensive body of knowledge on the variations of human tooth anatomy in existence. Three phases of research will be conducted. First, establish a method of collecting precise volume data using ultra-high resolution x-ray computed tomography. Second, develop and refine the software to reconstruct the required views with optimal volume and surface rendering. Third, design and develop a format for interactively presenting a comprehensive set of tooth anatomy data either on CD-ROM or via the internet. Step I will be completed by the Department of Diagnostic Radiology at Henry Ford Health systems. They are providing the “micro-CT” instrument to acquire the digital data. Step II is in collaboration with The National Biocomputational Center at the Stanford University Medical Center, experts in 3-D medical image manipulation and rendering. Step III will be completed by the authors who have extensive experience in dental education, computer-based training, and producing webbased medical education programs. Using personal computers, academics, scientists, students, postdoctoral candidates and practicing dentists will be able to dynamically manipulate, examine and “enter” individual teeth from any direction to reveal their external and internal structures and the detail of their interrelationships. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: This research has moderate commercial potential but significant societal importance. The data that results will be unique in the academic and scientific world. We will make the data sets available to researchers from academia and industry through a non-financial licensing agreement with the National Library of Medicine and through the National Library of Medicine and through the National Biocomputation Center at Stanford University. We expect that it will currently be a required purchase by the 4200 freshman dental students in the 55 US dental schools. We also expect a large international market. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INTERLEUKIN-1 AND PERIODONTITIS IN DOWN'S SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Khocht, Ahmed H. Periodontics; Medical College of Georgia 1120 15Th St Augusta, Ga 30912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 0-SEP-2002; Project End 8-FEB-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Down's syndrome (DS) is a neurodevelopmental genetic disorder affecting millions of Americans. Periodontitis is a major oral health problem among these patients. Several studies showed an association between altered neutrophil (PMN) function, presence of periodontopathic bacteria and periodontitis among DS patients. While recent evidence shows that interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an important mediator of periodontal tissue destruction, the role of IL-1 in periodontitis associated with DS patients has never been investigated. This application will focus on several determinants of IL-1 levels and their role in the development of periodontitis among DS patients. Our central hypothesis is that IL-I overproduction initiates an extensive gingival inflammatory response leading to destruction of soft and hard tissues and the development of periodontitis in DS patients. Specifically we will examine IL-1 gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels and periodontitis in DS patients and non-DS controls and will evaluate mechanisms that have the potential to explain the levels of IL1, including: a) the carriage of certain single-nucleotide polymorphisms of IL-1 genes, b) the carriage of specific bacterial species, and c) the dysfunction of PMNs. A total of 100 DS patients will be recruited, 50 with and 50 without periodontitis. Two comparison groups will also be recruited, with a similar number of periodontitis patients and controls. The first will be sampled from among non-Down's individuals with
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developmental or motor disorders living in the same group homes as the DS patients, and the second will be recruited from a dental clinic. Procedures to be used: (1) oral care behavior interview to determine accessibility to dental/oral care. (2) plaque index to determine level of oral hygiene. (3) gingival index and bleeding on probing to determine gingival inflammation. (4) probing measurements to determine periodontal attachment levels. (5) GCF sample collection to determine IL-1 levels. (6) Subgingival microbiological sample to determine presence of periodontopathic bacteria. (7) blood sample for genotyping and PMN function tests. Data will be used to produce a model for the severity of periodontitis for the Down's group as a function of the genotype, PMN function, bacterial load, hygiene, IL-1 levels, and demographic risk factors for periodontitis. This model of the mechanisms accounting for the severity of periodontitis will be compared to that found in the non-Down's sample. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: JOINT AND MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT Principal Investigator & Institution: Cowley, Allen W.; Tmj Association 2433 N Mayfair Rd Milwaukee, Wi 53226 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-APR-2002; Project End 1-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) The TMJ Association Conference on “Joint and Muscle Dysfunction of the Temporomandibular Joint,” is scheduled for May 6-8, 2002 in Bethesda, Maryland. Based on a 1989 national survey conducted by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) of the National Institutes of Health, it is estimated that over ten million people in the United States have signs of temporomandibular disorders with as many as 80 percent of patients treated for these disorders being women. Since little research had explored these problems, in May of 2000 a national patient advocacy group, The TMJ Association, organized a meeting to assess the current state of the science and provide directions for future research. The TMJ Association and several agencies of the NIH, Office of Research on Women's Health, co-sponsored this meeting. It brought together an interdisciplinary team of experts in arthritis, TMJ pathology, bone, joint, muscle physiology, neuroscience, pain, genetics, endocrinology, immunology, bone angiogenesis, and tissue repair/engineering. The state of research was summarized and recommendations were made for future directions in research. The second proposed. TMJ Association Conference will focus on the molecular, cellular, tissue and mechanical features of the temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscle of which there is very limited understanding. Emerging work related to bone/joint angiogenesis will be presented. The fundamental goal of this conference is to enrich the pool of investigators directed to TMJ research by attracting experts from other fields and by stimulating the interest of young investigators in this emerging field of research. The Specific Aims of the conferences are: 1) To convene an internationally recognized interdisciplinary group of basic and clinical investigators in rheumatology and musculoskeletal diseases to address the biochemical, molecular vascular and biomechanical aspects of structure and functions that may lead to diseases/dysfunctions of the TM joint; 2) To promote the participation of young scientists through a travel award program; and 3) to interest new investigators and students in pursuing research on temporomandibular diseases and disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: LBP/CD14 INTERACTIONS WITH BACTERIAL COMPONENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Darveau, Richard P. Research Professor; Periodontics; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 5-APR-2001; Project End 1-MAR-2006 Summary: (Verbatim from Applicant's Abstract): Innate host inflammatory response mechanisms normally prevent microbial infection. In the clinically healthy periodontium, low level expression of select inflammatory mediators has been observed and is believed to provide inflammatory surveillance, protecting this tissue which is constantly exposed to bacteria. In periodontitis, the destruction of the tissue and bone surrounding the tooth root surface which is characteristic of this disease is believed to be due to high level expression of numerous innate host inflammatory mediators. Associated with the development of adult type periodontitis, the most common form of the disease, there is a characteristic shift in the dental plaque biofilm flora from mostly gram positive to mostly gram negative bacteria. The clinical correlation to disease associated with this shift is strong, however, it is not understood how these bacterial population changes influence the inflammatory response. The LBP / CD14 / Toll like receptor (TLR) system has been shown to facilitate innate host inflammatory responses to a wide variety of different bacteria. These key innate host defense proteins respond to both LTA from gram positive organisms and LPS from gram negative bacteria. Evidence suggests CD14 and TLR's may act together in regulating the intensity of inflammatory mediator production in response to different bacteria. CD14 interacts with a wide variety of different microbial ligands effectively concentrating them and “presenting” them to other innate host defense components such as TLRs. In contrast different TLRs are engaged with different microbial ligands resulting in activation of host cellular responses. However, the molecular mechanisms by which CD14 recognizes numerous different bacterial components and the contribution of specific structural features of LPS or LTA to CD14 or TLR interactions are not completely understood. Our overall hypothesis is: The innate host defense system recognizes bacteria in part by structural features present on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and modulates the inflammatory response accordingly. In this proposal, the structural features of LPS and LTA that influence CD14 and TLR binding and activation will be examined. We will determine the role of specific CD14 residues in LPS and LTA binding and transfer to TLR-2 and TLR-4, and determine the contribution of TLR-2 and TLR-4 to host cell activation with different structurally defined microbial ligands. These studies will provide further insight into how the innate host defense system recognizes and responds to different bacteria, a key component of both oral health and disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: LEAD EXPOSURE/DIETARY FACTORS IN CHILDREN'S ORAL HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Burt, Brian A. Professor and Director; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 1-JUL-2008 Summary: (Provided by the applicant): This study seeks to identify the relationships between lead levels, intake of dietary fats and sugars, and dental caries experience in disadvantaged African-American children, and to identify how these variables in the parent/caregiver relate to the child?s oral health status. The purpose is to identify areas for successful intervention toward reducing the disparities between those with the poorest oral health and their better-off peers. The population to be studied is children
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ages 0-5, and their primary caregivers, in the poorest 39 census tracts in Detroit. To be eligible, children must be equal or lower than 250 percentof the federal poverty line. Children and caregivers will be followed-up for 4 years. There will be 3 cycles of data collection over that time, in years 2, 4, and 6, so that for each family there are 2 years between data collection points. For adequate statistical power, the intent is to have the final data collection cycle include 833 children. Sampling, conducted by the Methodological Core (MC) for the center, has the study beginning with 994 adult caregivers for interview and 1,089 children for examination (two age-eligible children per family can be accepted). Each caregiver will complete a food frequency questionnaire (FF9) at home for him/herself and for the child(ren). The completed FFQs will be brought to the clinical examination, at which time an interviewer will review the FFQs with the caregiver. At this same appointment, both caregiver and child(ren) will receive a dental examination, and an FFQ for the child will be completed by interview. The adult caregiver will be asked for a finger stick blood sample and a saliva aboutample (for lead assay); saliva samples will be sought from the children only at the exams in years 4 and 6. Participants will also be measured for height and weight at the first and later examinations. Data from these interviews, exams, and assays of the samples will be managed by the MC. For testing the hypotheses, the outcomes will be severe dental caries experience in the child, and exposures will be lead levels in child, and sugars and fats in the diets of child and caregiver. Other variables, such as the demographic information collected in other center studies and body mass index of the caregiver and child, will be included in the multivariate analyses to determine relative risk. Nested case-control studies, with several measures of caries as the outcomes, will also be conducted. The significance of this study will be that it will identify areas for intervention and produce a unique database from an African-American population. The child?s FFQ, to be developed for this study, will also be a valuable tool for other studies of child obesity and nutrition. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LINKING MOTHER AND CHILD ACCESS TO DENTAL CARE Principal Investigator & Institution: Grembowski, David E. Professor; Health Services; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-JUN-2003; Project End 1-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by investigator): Background. Healthy People 2010 and the U.S. Surgeon General's report, Oral Health in America, indicate that caries is a severe oral health problem among low-income, minority preschool children that is compounded by low access to dental care. Potential solutions to this problem may exist in the linkage between mother and child access to dental care. If low-income mothers have a regular source of dental care (RSDC), oral health benefits may accrue to both mother and child through biological and dental care mechanisms, but little is known about these associations. Aims. Among children aged three-to-six years old and enrolled in Medicaid dental insurance in Washington state (N=115,853), study aims are: 1) to measure the percentage of mothers with a RSDC and identify the determinants of mothers having a RSDC; 2) among mothers, to determine whether having a RSDC is associated with greater dental knowledge, oral health behaviors, dental satisfaction, better self-reported oral health, and less reparative treatment and work loss due to dental care; 3) among children, to determine whether having a mother with a RSDC is associated with greater utilization of dental care and better oral health; and 4) among children, to determine whether children with mothers losing dental coverage have less dental utilization than other children. Methods. Aims will be achieved through a
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prospective cohort study design composed of a baseline survey of mothers and one-year follow-up of children's dental utilization from Medicaid dental claims. Disproportionate stratified random sampling will select Medicaid households with children aged threeto-six years in four racial/ethnic strata (White non-Hispanic (n=3,050), Hispanic (n=4,511), African-American (n=6,100), and other race/ethnic groups (n=4,518). At least 780 sampled mothers will complete a baseline telephone or mail survey. One year later, Medicaid dental claims for one-year pre/post-survey will be extracted for sampled children. Separate regression analyses will be conducted for each racial/ethnic stratum. Aim 1 analyses will identify factors associated with mothers having a RSDC. Aim 2 analyses of mothers will determine the association between having a RSDC and knowledge and attitudes about dental care, oral health behaviors, and dental utilization. Aim 3 analyses of children will determine whether having a mother with a RSDC is associated with greater dental utilization in the prospective year. Aim 4 analyses of children will determine whether mothers' loss of dental insurance results in fewer children dental utilization. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LONGITUDINAL ORAL HEALTH OUTCOMES IN HIGH-RISK ADULTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gilbert, Gregg H. Professor and Chair; Diagnostic Sciences; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-MAR-1995; Project End 1-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a competing renewal application for a prospective study of oral health and dental care called the Florida Dental Care Study (FDCS). The FDCS sample is diverse, including many subjects at increased risk for oral health disparities (e.g., Blacks, persons of low socioeconomic status (SES), irregular dental attenders). So far, we have tested important hypotheses about the relationship between dental disease measured clinically, self-reported dimensions of oral health, health-related quality of life, and use of dental care. The FDCS has been highly productive, with many novel findings, and logistically successful (e.g., low attrition). However, despite 40 journal articles/manuscripts so far, an historical opportunity exists to capitalize on a unique database that is unprecedented in adult oral health disparities research, oral epidemiology, and dental health services research. As a result of our proposed new focus in this application on health disparities, we expect that many of the yet-to-be-analyzed findings will ultimately be judged to be among the most important from the study. Therefore, having recently completed 72 months of data collection, we request funding for two final years focused on oral health disparities. Building upon knowledge gained so far, we now refine and extend our aims to test five key hypotheses about the incidence and chronicity of oral health disparities, as well as the role that incidence of specific dental services plays in oral health disparities. “Disparity“ will be defined as an oral health decrement whose incidence or chronicity is significantly higher in the high-risk groups of interest (Blacks, lower SES persons, and irregular attenders). This research will quantify what benefits, or lack thereof, groups at risk for oral health disparities perceive as being derived from their use of dental care, and how this perception affects their use of it. This research is the first study ever to use a certain innovative approach (directly links clinical exam data, self reported dimensions of oral health, use of specific dental services, and diverse patient characteristics) to yield new evidence about incidence and chronicity of oral health disparities in adults, which highrisk sub-groups are at a substantially increased risk (sub-groups defined by potentially
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modifiable characteristics), why high-risk groups use dental care, and the role that incident dental care plays in health disparities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF CARIES IN A RURAL WIC POPULATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Warren, John J. Prev and Community Dentistry; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 0-SEP-2002; Project End 1-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): While the prevalence of dental caries has declined for the majority of U.S. children in recent decades, there are profound disparities in dental caries experience where young children from low-income or minority families suffer a disproportionate share of the disease burden. To effectively address the problem of caries in the primary dentition of high-risk children, preventive efforts should be directed at these children beginning at a very early age. The WIC supplemental nutritional program is one of the very few programs that serves children at very young ages, and it also serves children from low-income families. However, there are limited data available about the oral health of WIC-enrolled populations, and studies have not longitudinally followed subjects in such a population. Thus, the goals for the proposed study are to longitudinally track caries experience in WIC-enrolled children; to assess methods to enhance subject recruitment and retention in these populations and to gather longitudinal caries risk data on WIC populations. We will also explore how S. mutans clonal types change over time, as well as how they interact with host genetic markers and predict caries development in these high-risk young children. Specifically, the study will follow a cohort of WIC-enrolled 1-year-old children for 18 months in Muscatine and Louisa counties in Iowa - two rural counties with large Hispanic populations. Collection of pilot data in this population will allow our research team and others to continue research aimed at reducing oral health disparities, including longitudinal trials of preventive interventions. Moreover, interventions centered at WIC programs have the potential to become sustainable caries-prevention programs for highrisk children throughout the country. We will collect data on caries occurrence, beverage consumption, fluoride exposures, S. mutans levels and clonal type, and host genetic markers, and we will assess different methods of recruiting and retaining subjects in this high-risk population. Data from this pilot study will be of great value and will position the study team to effectively conduct future intervention studies to reduce oral health disparities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MASTERS PROGRAM IN PATIENT-ORIENTED RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Begg, Melissa D. Associate Professor of Clinical Public h; Medicine; Columbia University Health Sciences Ogc New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUN-1999; Project End 1-MAY-2004 Summary: This application requests funding for a two-year, didactic Master's Program in Patient-Oriented Research that is being developed jointly by the College of Physicians and Surgeons (P and S) and the School of Public Health (SPH) of Columbia University. The program will be led by Henry Ginsberg, Professor of Medicine, Program Director of the GCRC, and Director of the Irving Center for Clinical Research at Columbia, and Melissa Begg, Associate Professor and Director of the Master's degree track in Clinical Research Methods in Biostatistics. The goal of this proposal is to develop a strong,
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multidisciplinary didactic training program that will prepare young investigators for independent careers as clinical scientists. The Specific Aims are: (1)To develop a curriculum in Patient-Oriented Research, leading to a Master's degree from the School of Public Health, that will provide a broad foundation for young investigators beginning their careers in clinical investigation. (2) To assemble an Advisory Board of active clinical research scientists that will establish and apply guidelines for the selection and evaluation of young investigators as degree candidates in the Master's program. (3) To initiate and maintain a long-term follow-up program to determine the impact of the Master's program on career development. An Advisory Board has been drawn from senior clinical investigators at P and S, SPH, the School of Dental and Oral Surgery, and the School of Nursing. The curriculum will be centered upon biostatistics and epidemiology, but will include required courses in pharmacology, laboratory methods, the responsible conduct of research and funding opportunities. There will be a continuing series of research colloquia which will include seminars on drug development, FDA requirements and patent issues. All degree candidates will write an NIH-style grant that will be sponsored by a member of the Division of Biostatistics and mentored by senior investigators from departments and schools Campus-wide. The potential applicant pool of postdoctoral fellows, Instructors, and Assistant Professors at Columbia and its major affiliates, the St. Lukes Roosevelt Hospital Center and the Harlem Hospital Center, is large and talented, with many NIH-funded training grants and K awards already in place. Women and minorities are very well represented in the applicant pool. The School of Public Health, the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and the Presbyterian Hospital have made an outstanding commitment to the proposed program by pledging to support twelve students each year with full tuition scholarships: this will ensure an outstanding applicant pool each year. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MATERNAL PERIODONTITIS AND ADVERSE PREGNANCY OUTCOMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Pitiphat, Waranuch; Postdoctoral Fellow; Oral Health Policy & Epidem; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-AUG-2001; Project End 1-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant) We propose to evaluate whether periodontitis is a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. The published studies evaluating these associations are few, small, mostly retrospective and show inconsistent results; although relative risks as high as 7.5 have been reported. We plan to add an oral component to the ongoing Project Viva, a prospective study of 6,000 pregnant women, to evaluate this association. Maternal infection during pregnancy has been demonstrated to play an important role in etiology of preterm delivery. Periodontal infection can serve as a reservoir of gram negative anaerobic organisms and their products, and proinflammatory mediators which could target the placental membranes via systemic circulation thus leading to preterm delivery or fetal growth restriction. The primary aim of this study is to examine the effect of maternal periodontitis on length of gestation and fetal growth. The secondary aim is to explore the association between periodontitis and serum levels of TNF-alpha. The proposed prospective nested case-control study will request pre-existing radiographs from Viva participants. Cases will be mothers who give birth to a preterm infant and mothers who give birth to a restricted fetal growth infant. Controls will be mothers with normal pregnancy outcome. We will enroll all cases and a random sample of controls in a 1:3 ratio, frequency matched by race, age
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and smoking status. Periodontal bone loss as a result of chronic periodontitis will be evaluated from the pre-existing radiographs. Viva participants who report having xrays taken within last 5 years will be requested on the supplemental questionnaire after delivery to provide their existing dental radiographs or the name and address of the dentist who has these. We will then request the participants' dentists to provide existing bitewing radiographs. The radiographs will be interpreted by one well-calibrated dentist by using a visual categorization method. We will employ multivariate analyses to adjust for potential confounders. In addition, we will perform the analysis of TNFalpha using blood samples that were pre-collected at first prenatal visit in Project Viva's pilot study (Pregval Study) to evaluate one potential pathway relating periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The proposed study will help us clarify the relationships between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Since periodontal disease is a highly prevalent condition that can be controlled, understanding these relationships is of significant importance, both for individuals and for public health policy aiming to improve the well-being of mothers and infants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MEASURING ORAL DISEASE BURDEN FOR PLANNING SERVICES Principal Investigator & Institution: Hobdell, Martin H. Dental Pub Hlth/Dental Hygiene; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-SEP-2002; Project End 1-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal falls under the rubric of the sixth of the research areas outlined in the 1999 NIDCR Strategic Plan - Behavior, Health Promotion and Environment. It is a proposal that considers issues pertinent to behavioral, social and environmental aspects of oral health. It also explores issues relevant to inequalities in oral health. With the increasing gap (both within and between countries), between rich and poor the need for a robust planning methodology that can be reliably used for the development of oral health plans suitable in a variety of social and economic settings, is paramount. No longer is it reasonable to assume ?one plan fits all?. The approach proposed here to the planning of oral health services will allow the allocation of resources in a fairer and more appropriate fashion and thus, will make a major contribution to addressing inequalities in health. Currently professionals, throughout the world, most commonly base their planning of oral health services on their assessment of normative need. This has resulted in many plans and strategies that either do not fully address peoples identified needs or that are not implemented properly, because of their high costs in human and financial resources. These problems are most severe in disadvantaged communities. This planning proposal sets out to develop a more reliable and realistic method for determining dental care needs and thence to improvements in the method of planning oral health services. It develops the use of a socio-dental approach, to better identify people?s needs. It takes into account the context in which services are to be provided. The key components of the work during the planning phase are to test the understanding and validity of the proposed questionnaire (the socio-dental measurement instrument) and the feasibility of its use, together with a clinical examination, under the field conditions in the four collaborating countries, undertaking pre-tests and pilot studies. The socio-dental instrument proposed for adaptation and testing is the Oral Impacts of Daily Performance measure. The principal investigator is based in Houston, Texas (USA) and the collaborators are based in Cape Town (South Africa), Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), and London (UK). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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•
Project Title: MENTORING CANDIDIASIS
PATIENT-ORIENTED
RESEARCH
ON
ORAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Macphail, Laurie A. Oral & Maxfacial Path/Med/Sur; Temple University 406 Usb, 083-45 Philadelphia, Pa 19122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-AUG-1999; Project End 1-JUL-2005 Summary: The candidate's immediate and long-term career objectives are to pursue a career that combines clinical research, mentoring of new clinical researchers, and patient care. The mid-career award would (1) ensure the candidate the time and funding to participate in clinical research projects and mentor new researchers, and (2) provide funds for the candidate and these new researchers for such purposes as obtaining the preliminary data for successful grant applications. The candidate has substantial experience in patient-oriented research over 11 years at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Her current research project, “Self-care intervention to prevent oral candidiasis“ (NIH-NINR, R01 NR04396), targets the nutrient supplies for the ubiquitous commensal organism and opportunistic pathogen, Candida albicans. The specific aims are: 1) to determine, through a controlled, single-blind randomized clinical trial, whether the PRO-SELF: CANDIDIASIS (P-S:C) program of dietary and oral hygiene instruction is effective in increasing inter-episode time for recurrences of oral candidiasis in susceptible HIV-infected persons; and 2) to determine whether HIVinfected persons in the P-S:C study arm self-report the recurrence of their oral candidiasis more accurately than do HIV-infected persons in the control arm. Participants will be cleared of oral candidiasis, randomized to the P-S:C arm or the control arm, and followed for 26 weeks to determine recurrence frequency. Each participant's self-diagnosis will be compared for accuracy with the investigators' clinical diagnosis. If successful, the P-S:C Program could be widely employed by medical and dental health-care workers dealing with HIV-infected persons in all risk groups to reduce the morbidity associated with oral candidiasis by reducing the number and severity of recurrences through earlier detection and prompt treatment. These benefits would substantially increase quality of life for people with HIV. The candidate's mentoring plans will be tailored to the experience and needs of new or prospective researchers. Opportunities to be made available to them include: 1) research experience to be gained by participating in ongoing research projects and planning sessions for new projects; 2) pertinent course work; 3) attendance at national and international research meetings and seminars, and 4) encouragement and support for development of new research projects or sub-projects. The training in patient-oriented research will occur at UCSF, which offers a wealth of training and educational experiences for those desiring an advanced degree and those seeking experience in clinical research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MICROBIAL ASSOCIATIONS IN PERIODONTAL HEALTH AND DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Haffajee, Anne D. Senior Member of Staff; Forsyth Institute Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-SEP-1998; Project End 1-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Major goals of periodontal research are to differentiate pathogenic from host compatible plaque microbiotas and to optimize treatments to convert the former to the latter. To this end, in the previous award period the composition of supra and subgingival plaques, the associations among species both within and between supra and subgingival plaques, and differences between plaques
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from healthy and diseased individuals were determined. One major finding was the frequent detection of anaerobic periodontal pathogens at low numbers in supragingival plaque of periodontally diseased and to a lesser extent health subjects. Weekly professional supragingival plaque removal for 3 months in 18 periodontitis subjects demonstrated astonishing reductions in the subgingival microbiota which were maintained for 9 months after cessation of the professional program. The composition of the microbiota at 12 months in theses subjects was similar to that found in periodontal health. In another of our studies, systemically administered metronidazole produced similar effects. Thus, in SA1 a 2 year randomized clinical trail will be performed comparing the effects of 1) SRP alone or in combination with 2) weekly professional supragingival plaque removal, 3) systemically administered metronidazole or 4) a combination of the 2 on clinical parameters and supra and subgingival plaque composition. 200 periodontitis patients will receive SRP under local anaesthesia and will be randomly assigned to the 4 treatment groups. All subjects will be evaluated clinically and for supra and subgingival plaque composition at 2 weeks, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. Supra and subgingival plaque samples will be taken separately from the mesial aspect of each tooth and evaluated individually for their content of 40 bacterial species using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization providing over 3.6 million bacterial counts. The results will determine if the beneficial effect of the individual therapies persist beyond one year and whether combined treatment produces even greater benefit to the patient. The microbial composition and ecologic relationships of supragingival plaque are less well understood than for subgingival plaque. Data from SA1 will be used in SA2 to define microbial communities in supragingival plaque using techniques that we employed to describe complexes in subgingival plaque. Patterns of colonization in both supra and subgingival plaque prior to and after therapy will also be evaluated. These data will provide a basis for understanding microbial community structure, ecological relationships and define desired microbiological end-point of therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES: MULTICELLULAR COOPERATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Greenberg, Everett P. Shepperd Professor of Molecular Pathogen; Microbiology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-2001; Project End 1-AUG-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant) Microbiologists have recently discovered that microbial communities, some of which are macroscopic and have been studied for hundreds of years, are highly structured and integrated and may actually undergo development by processes similar to those of higher organisms. Microbial communities form in human organ system (e.g., the mouth) and have a beneficial effect on health. Others promote plant growth and carry out the controlled degradative processes that treat sewage and remediate pollutants in our ecosystems. Most microbial processes upon which the well-being of the biosphere depends, from ruminant digestion to sulfur cycling in “black smokers,” is carried out by well integrates microbial communities in which we now see a very high level of structural sophistication and developmental control by signaling mechanisms. While a microbial community may resemble a multicellular organism because it has a primitive circulatory system and a degree of cellular specialization, it differs from these life forms in significant ways. The community is not assembled from a single genome, as is a plant or animal, but from a large number of genomes that are programmed to cooperate in community formation. These complex, self-assembling microbial communities are ubiquitous and are not killed by starvation or limited by reproductive necessities, so perhaps we should not be
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surprised that they re the most successful inhabitants of all ecosystems on earth, including the most hostile and extreme environments. Now that we know the structural and functional complexity of microbial communities that comprise most of the bacteria that affect our medical, dental, agricultural, environmental, and industrial systems, we can use the new tools provided by the engineering disciplines to examine the mature communities. However, we know almost nothing at all about their development. If we are to understand microbial communities sufficiently to promote their development, or even to manipulate them for our own benefit, we must understand their “embryology“ and their “physiology.” This colloquium on the organization and function of microbial communities has set itself this exciting, and somewhat daunting, task. We plan to convene this colloquium October 14-16, 2001, in San Diego. The colloquium will bring together scientists with broad expertise to consider the science of an issue with broad implications. Participants will have expertise in the following scientific disciplines: microbiology, bioinformatics, signaling, and ecology. We will include Mexican scientists working in the relevant scientific disciplines to achieve a balanced, international perspective. Following the colloquium, a report will be developed, in both print and electronic formats, that will be analytical and comprehensive, yet offer practical recommendations for the future. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Socransky, Sigmund S.; Forsyth Institute Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUN-1999; Project End 1-MAY-2004 Summary: The long-term objectives of this Project are to define the microbial complexes that are most compatible with periodontal health leading to therapeutic and/or preventive strategies to produce the desired plaque composition Specific Aim 1 will examine periodontally health subjects in order to determine the composition of their subgingival plaque and the associations among species within the plaque samples. The data will be used to seek differences in bacterial profiles among health subjects and examine differences between periodontally healthy subjects and subjects who have periodontitis and who are on periodontal maintenance. In this cross- sectional study, 100 periodontally healthy subjects will be assessed clinically at 6 periodontal sites per tooth. Subgingival plaque samples will be take separately from the mesial aspect of each tooth and evaluated individually for their content on 40 bacterial species using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. The dissemination of species from host to host is important for their intraoral survival. Specific Aim 2 will determine if family members of index subjects colonized by low levels and prevalence than family members of highred-complex colonized index subjects. 30 high and 30 low red complex index subjects will be chosen and their spouses, siblings, parents or children examined clinically and for subgingival plaque composition (as described for SA1). Data will be used to determine if colonization by low or high levels of red complex species is a trait within families. Specific Aim 3 will determine if strains of B. forsythus, P. gingivalis and T. denticola in families show identical DNA base sequences for selected genes, suggesting transmission within the family. The method will involve PCR amplification of the chosen gene directly from plaque samples, followed by sequencing of the product. The proposed studies will clarify the composition of subgingival plaque in periodontally healthy subjects, determine if one or more healthy profiles exist, compare healthy profiles to profiles of diseases subjects before and after therapy, provide a data base for examining important bacterial associations in plaque, determine if colonization by high
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or low levels of the presumed pathogenic red complex is a trait exhibited within families and determine how frequently transmission occurs within families. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MICROBIOTA OF CHILDREN WITH ORAL HEALTH DISPARITIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Tanner, Anne C. Senior Member Staff; Forsyth Institute Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 1-JUL-2008 Summary: The long-term goal of this proposal is to provide a sound scientific basis on which to devise therapy regimens that can improve dental health of children and adolescents with oral health disparities. The objective of the current project is to examine the oral microbiota associated with dental caries in children, seeking differences that associate with and could explain increase d disease in children and adolescents, and differences in racial and socioeconomic groups in a population oral health disparities. A range of possible caries-associated species will be monitored including the mutans streptococci, several Actinomyces and Bifidobacterium, species, and selected periodontal pathogens. The first aim evaluates the microbiota of young children and adolescents using a DNA probe checkerboard assay. The association of microbial species with caries in different age, racial or ethnic, and socioeconomic groups, will be evaluated. The sequence of development of the oral microbiota in childhood may differ in children with and without disease. It is possible that poor oral health of adults with oral health disparities is based on, and could be predicted from the microbiota of childhood and adolescence. The second aim takes detection of caries out of the dental office into that of the pediatrician. A simple microbial sampling method will be evaluated for its ability to improve detection of early childhood caries. The third aim evaluates the microbiota of severe early childhood caries, the most prevalent oral infection in children that can impact children's general health. The aim evaluates whether comprehensive therapy changes the microbiota to that of caries-free children, and how the suppression of caries-associated species, including Streptococcus mutans, post-therapy, are associated with success of treatment. Information from this project should clarify the microbiota associated with childhood caries. OF clinical importance this project seeks ways facilitate improvement of dental health of under-served populations directed by evaluating improved diagnosis and risk assessment of childhood caries so effective therapy can be directed to children and adolescents most in need. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MINNESOTA CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH TRAINING PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Herzberg, Mark C. Professor; Polymer Science & Engineering; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-SEP-1996; Project End 0-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Minnesota Craniofacial Research Training Program is a direct response to PAR-00-116, the NIDCR Blue Ribbon Panel on Research Training and Career Development and the national need for training the next generation of biomedical scientists. The University of Minnesota will serve as a regional center for training in dental, craniofacial, and oral health research, in partnership with the University of Illinois, Chicago, the University of Kentucky, the University of Puerto Rico, Case-Western Reserve University, and Marquette University. Trainees will engage
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in cross-disciplinary research training opportunities with groups of experienced, dedicated and well-supported founding mentors in Neuroscience, Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Biology, Developmental Biology and Genetics, Clinical Research, Health Services and Informatics, Biophysical Sciences, Nanotechnology, and Tissue Engineering. Cross-disciplinary supporting fields include Genomics, Proteomics, Structural Biology, and Computational Biology. The mission of the program is to engage trainees in novel, mentored research that is fundamental to biology and human health, and applied research that expands the frontiers and scope of dental, craniofacial, and oral health. To foster our mission and ensure strong mentorship and cross-disciplinary research training, a non-hierarchical and highly consultative administrative structure has been established. Trainee options include DDS/PhD (DSTP), MD/PhD (MSTP), predoctoral PhD, short-term trainees, postdoctoral fellows, post-DDS postdoctoral/PhD (with or without advanced clinical training), post-DDS postdoctoral/MS in Clinical Research. This new program supercedes our existing T32, T35 and K16 programs supported by NIDCR. The Minnesota regional center builds upon our considerable training experiences, outstanding applicant pools and partnerships, and appreciation for creative, cross-disciplinary mentored research training. The Minnesota regional center will train investigators, who will work at the state-of-the-art to expand the frontiers of dental, craniofacial, and oral health research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MODELS OF HEALTH INEQUALITIES IN CHILDHOOD DENTAL CARIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Pine, Cynthia M.; University of Dundee Dundee Dd1 4Hn, Scotland Dundee, Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 9-SEP-2000; Project End 8-SEP-2003 Summary: This proposal is submitted to RFA-DE-99-002 'International Collaborative Oral Health Research Planning Program'. The long-term aim of this international research consortium is to determine optimum interventions to reduce dental caries in children in disadvantaged communities and minimize the effects of exclusion from health care systems, of ethnic diversity, and health inequalities. Research is lacking in the interactions vertically in the paradigm between molecular and psychosocial impacts within and between ethnically diverse and impoverished children. Three specific aims are to be addressed under this planning grant. First to examine the microflora of ethnically diverse children with and without dental caries and determine whether there are differences in the pattern, the virulence and the behavior to fluoride. Second, to develop, validate and pilot a measure of familial and cultural perceptions and beliefs that contribute to the development of caries experience in children from diverse ethnic and socio-economic groups. Third, to identify the characteristics of children with adverse health service utilization rates and the characteristics of those health services which result in minimum exclusion and more favorable and equitable health outcomes. This consortium comprises 32 scientists from 10 countries from a range of disciplines with data from many research studies, each augmenting any individual country's efforts. There are 5 WHO Collaborating Centres among the consortium and the support of the European Regional Office of WHO is among those given. This consortium is well placed to make a significant impact on this universal childhood illness. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with dental health, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “dental health” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for dental health (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
“Dental health habits of elderly Hispanic-Americans” study published. Author(s): Zela-Koort E, Campos CA. Source: Wda J. 1989 December; 65(12): 695, 697. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2638861&dopt=Abstract
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“Natural Nashers” dental health education programme. Author(s): Silver MM. Source: British Dental Journal. 1984 April 7; 156(7): 237. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6584149&dopt=Abstract
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1990 dental health objectives for children: what is left to be done? Author(s): Waldman HB. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1992 January-February; 59(1): 34-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1537938&dopt=Abstract
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873 questions of Dutch dental patients: a challenge to dental health education. Author(s): Eijkman MA, van Riel CB, van Dijk RJ. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1984 October; 12(5): 308-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6593150&dopt=Abstract
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A “new” direction for dental health policy. Author(s): Odrich J. Source: N Y J Dent. 1983 November; 53(7): 348-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6580578&dopt=Abstract
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A benchmark for dental health advice. Author(s): Levine RS. Source: British Dental Journal. 1996 July 6; 181(1): 2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8757905&dopt=Abstract
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A classification of residential neighbourhoods (ACORN) in relation to dental health and dental health behaviours. Author(s): Whittle JG, Davies KW. Source: Community Dent Health. 1992 September; 9(3): 217-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1450995&dopt=Abstract
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A cluster randomized controlled trial of a dental health education program for 10year-old children. Author(s): Worthington HV, Hill KB, Mooney J, Hamilton FA, Blinkhorn AS. Source: J Public Health Dent. 2001 Winter; 61(1): 22-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11317600&dopt=Abstract
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A cluster randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of a school-based dental health education program for adolescents. Author(s): Redmond CA, Blinkhorn FA, Kay EJ, Davies RM, Worthington HV, Blinkhorn AS. Source: J Public Health Dent. 1999 Winter; 59(1): 12-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11396038&dopt=Abstract
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A collaborative approach to developing dental health resources for northern communities. Author(s): Messer J, Forgay M, Clovis J, Graham B. Source: Arctic Med Res. 1991; Suppl: 666-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1365260&dopt=Abstract
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A comparative assessment of dental health in physically and mentally handicapped individuals. Author(s): Mehrotra AK, Saimbi CS, Chawla TN, Rastogi S. Source: J Indian Dent Assoc. 1982 October; 54(10): 371-4, 377. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6219161&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison between the dental health of 3-year-old children living in fluoridated Huddersfield and non-fluoridated Dewsbury in 1989. Author(s): Booth JM, Mitropoulos CM, Worthington HV. Source: Community Dent Health. 1992 June; 9(2): 151-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1504881&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of child dental health in contrasting areas of Britain. Author(s): Mellor AC, Mitropoulos CM, Worthington HV. Source: British Dental Journal. 1988 December 24; 165(12): 433-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3214636&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of self-reported dental health attitudes and behavior between selected Japanese and Australian students. Author(s): Kawamura M, Iwamoto Y, Wright FA. Source: J Dent Educ. 1997 April; 61(4): 354-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9158542&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of the dental health of 5-year-old children from Glasgow, Scotland, in 1984 and 1987. Author(s): Attwood D, Blinkhorn AS, MacMillan AS. Source: J Int Assoc Dent Child. 1990 December; 20(2): 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2130104&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of the dental health of Toronto's ethnic groups. Author(s): Lee AJ. Source: Can J Community Dent. 1987 July; 2(2): 8-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3477314&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of the social backgrounds and dental health of patients attending the Community Dental Service, the General Dental Service and non registered patients. Author(s): Waplington JA, White DA, Clarke JR. Source: Community Dent Health. 1998 June; 15(2): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9793225&dopt=Abstract
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A comprehensive 30-month preventive dental health program in a pre-adolescent population with Down's syndrome: a longitudinal study. Author(s): Shapira J, Stabholz A. Source: Spec Care Dentist. 1996 January-February; 16(1): 33-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9084333&dopt=Abstract
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A controlled trial of a dental health education system. Author(s): McKegg R. Source: Community Health Stud. 1984; 8(1): 54-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6713821&dopt=Abstract
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A critical moment for dental health education? Author(s): Craft M. Source: British Dental Journal. 1982 September 21; 153(6): 214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6958286&dopt=Abstract
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A critique of existing national dental health services systems. Author(s): Hendricks SJ. Source: Quintessence Int. 1990 February; 21(2): 163-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2374802&dopt=Abstract
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A cross-cultural comparison of dental health attitudes and behaviour among freshman dental students in Japan, Hong Kong and West China. Author(s): Kawamura M, Yip HK, Hu DY, Komabayashi T. Source: Int Dent J. 2001 June; 51(3): 159-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11563680&dopt=Abstract
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A decade of dental health education: review of the 1970s. Author(s): Penland L. Source: Dent Hyg (Chic). 1982 September; 56(9): 16-8, 20-2. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6754481&dopt=Abstract
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A dental education perspective on dental health policy. Author(s): Morris AL. Source: J Dent Educ. 1985 November; 49(11): 736-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3864816&dopt=Abstract
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A dental health education programme, including home visits, for nursery school children. Author(s): Rayner JA. Source: British Dental Journal. 1992 January 25; 172(2): 57-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1739501&dopt=Abstract
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A dental health perspective: the consequences of an aging population. Author(s): Tillman RS. Source: The New York State Dental Journal. 1985 August-September; 51(7): 413-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2931634&dopt=Abstract
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A dental health project for 10-11 year olds. Author(s): Wilkinson K. Source: Br Dent Surg Assist. 1985 March-April; 44(2): 26-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2581597&dopt=Abstract
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A dental health survey of British Columbia children. Author(s): Hann HJ, Gray AS, Yeo DJ, Philion JJ. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1984 October; 50(10): 754-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6388749&dopt=Abstract
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A longitudinal study of dental health and treatment need in Swedish teenagers. Author(s): Crossner CG, Unell L. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1986 February; 14(1): 10-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3456868&dopt=Abstract
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A longitudinal study of dental health in a group of Swedish teenagers/young adults from the age of 14 to 25. Author(s): Crossner CG, Unell L. Source: Swed Dent J. 1996; 20(5): 189-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9000328&dopt=Abstract
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A model for a children's dental health carnival. Author(s): Harn SD, Kuster CG. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1991 July-August; 58(4): 320-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1939797&dopt=Abstract
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A new dental health initiative in British Columbia. Author(s): Thompson V, Borowko M. Source: Probe. 1994 May-June; 28(3): 105-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9518773&dopt=Abstract
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A new dental health project in Zambia. Author(s): Cudmore T. Source: British Dental Journal. 1992 July 11; 173(1): 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1622680&dopt=Abstract
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A periodontal index for dental health screening. Author(s): Main PA. Source: Can J Community Dent. 1986 Summer; 1(2): 23-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3504367&dopt=Abstract
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A policy for dental health. Author(s): Levine RS. Source: Midwife Health Visit Community Nurse. 1982 April; 18(4): 143-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6918775&dopt=Abstract
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A preliminary study into the dental health status of multiple sclerosis patients. Author(s): Symons AL, Bortolanza M, Godden S, Seymour G. Source: Spec Care Dentist. 1993 May-June; 13(3): 96-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8153857&dopt=Abstract
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A radiographic study of dental health in adult patients with dental anxiety. Author(s): Hakeberg M, Berggren U, Grondahl HG. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1993 February; 21(1): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8432101&dopt=Abstract
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A reassessment of Lothian Health Board's dental health education programme for primary school children. Author(s): McIntyre J, Wight C, Blinkhorn AS. Source: Community Dent Health. 1985 June; 2(2): 99-108. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3863689&dopt=Abstract
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A reassessment of the dental health of urban Scottish schoolchildren following the cessation of water fluoridation. Author(s): Attwood D, Blinkhorn AS. Source: Community Dent Health. 1989 September; 6(3): 207-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2804758&dopt=Abstract
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A report of collaborative dental health education. The training of dental health care providers in the principles of dental prevention and triage. Author(s): Hamby CL, Ralls JD, Shapiro S. Source: J Okla Dent Assoc. 1993 Fall; 84(2): 32-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8064440&dopt=Abstract
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A review of regional studies on the dental health of older Canadians. Author(s): Leake JL. Source: Gerodontology. 1988 Spring; 7(1): 11-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3075956&dopt=Abstract
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A review of trends in dental health in the United Kingdom. Author(s): Downer MC. Source: J R Soc Health. 1984 February; 104(1): 22-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6368823&dopt=Abstract
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A role for dental health services research. Author(s): Richmond JB. Source: J Dent Educ. 1983 November; 47(11): 701-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6418778&dopt=Abstract
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A strategy for implementing a dental health education program for state facilities with limited resources. Author(s): Fenton SJ, DeBiase CB, Portugal BV. Source: Rehabil Lit. 1982 September-October; 43(9-10): 290-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6217531&dopt=Abstract
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A study of the dental health of children and young adults attending special schools in South Glamorgan. Author(s): Evans DJ, Greening S, French AD. Source: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children. 1991 April; 1(1): 17-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1834168&dopt=Abstract
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A study of the dental health of patients undergoing heart valve surgery. Author(s): Rogers SN. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1989 July; 65(765): 453-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2602235&dopt=Abstract
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A study to determine oral health needs of institutionalised elderly patients by non dental health care workers. Author(s): Hoad-Reddick G. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1991 August; 19(4): 233-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1889196&dopt=Abstract
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A survey of bottled water usage by pediatric dental patients: implications for dental health. Author(s): Flaitz CM, Hill EM, Hicks MJ. Source: Quintessence Int. 1989 November; 20(11): 847-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2639399&dopt=Abstract
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A survey of dental health and attitudes of adults in Queensland with respect to denture wearing. Author(s): Spratley MH. Source: Aust Dent J. 1986 August; 31(4): 281-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3535763&dopt=Abstract
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A survey of the dental health of the workers on two groups of offshore installations. Author(s): Ballantine BN, Costigan F, Anderson RJ. Source: J Soc Occup Med. 1990 Winter; 40(4): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2263080&dopt=Abstract
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A survey of the training, practice and dental health knowledge of traditional dentists practising in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Author(s): Durward C, Todd R, So PK, Phlok S. Source: Community Dent Health. 1994 June; 11(2): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8044708&dopt=Abstract
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A synopsis of the adult dental health survey: oral health in the United Kingdom 1998. Author(s): Burke FJ. Source: Dent Update. 2000 May; 27(4): 184-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11218453&dopt=Abstract
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A synopsis of the project to evaluate the use of a Braille text and tactile aids when teaching dental health to blind children. Author(s): Winstanley ML. Source: Br Dent Surg Assist. 1983 March-April; 42(2): 20-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6573902&dopt=Abstract
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A system of diagnostic codes for dental health care. Author(s): Leake JL, Main PA, Sabbah W. Source: J Public Health Dent. 1999 Summer; 59(3): 162-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10649589&dopt=Abstract
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A three year follow up study of the dental health of 12- and 15-year-old schoolchildren in Glasgow. Author(s): Attwood D, Blinkhorn AS, MacMillan AS. Source: Community Dent Health. 1990 June; 7(2): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2379088&dopt=Abstract
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A trial of a capitation system of payment for the treatment of children in the General Dental Service. Final report. Dental Health Services Research Unit, University of Manchester. September, 1989. Author(s): Coventry P, Holloway PJ, Lennon MA, Mellor AC, Worthington HV. Source: Community Dent Health. 1989 December; 6 Suppl 1: 1-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2696576&dopt=Abstract
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Absence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency (AIDS) virus in dental health care workers in Johannesburg. Author(s): Sher R, Phillips JI, Hille JJ, Lemmer J. Source: J Dent Assoc S Afr. 1986 November; 41(11): 717-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3547774&dopt=Abstract
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Acceptance of hepatitis B vaccine among dental health care workers. Author(s): Jacobson JJ, Lang WP, Ybanez MS, Shipman C Jr, Johnston FK, LaTurno DE. Source: J Public Health Dent. 1989 Spring; 49(2): 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2523484&dopt=Abstract
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Access to dental health care: the private sector responds. Author(s): Perich ML. Source: J Dent Educ. 1986 November; 50(11): 688-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2945850&dopt=Abstract
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Acculturation and dental health among Vietnamese living in Melbourne, Australia. Author(s): Marino R, Stuart GW, Wright FA, Minas IH, Klimidis S. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2001 April; 29(2): 107-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11300170&dopt=Abstract
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Active-involvement principle in dental health education. Author(s): Schou L. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1985 June; 13(3): 128-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3860331&dopt=Abstract
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Activities for National Children's Dental Health Month. Author(s): Seffrin S. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1982 January; 52(1): 37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6915283&dopt=Abstract
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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: dental health of children in maintenance therapy. Author(s): Sepet E, Aytepe Z, Ozerkan AG, Yalman N, Guven Y, Anak S, Devecioglu O, Agaoglu L, Gedikoglu G. Source: J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1998 Spring; 22(3): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9641104&dopt=Abstract
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Adult dental health in the Keewatin. Author(s): Rea E, Thompson G, Moffatt ME, Young TK, O'Neil J, Schwartz A. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1993 February; 59(2): 117-8, 122-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8453514&dopt=Abstract
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Advances in non-caloric sweeteners with dental health advantages over sugars. Author(s): Grenby TH. Source: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1991; 87(4): 489-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1775477&dopt=Abstract
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Allergic diseases, dental health, and socioeconomic situation of Swedish teenagers. Allergy, dental health, and social situation. Author(s): Herrstrom P, Hogstedt B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 1994 March; 12(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8009102&dopt=Abstract
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Allies in dental health. Author(s): Brown RH. Source: N Z Dent J. 1991 October; 87(390): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1780104&dopt=Abstract
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An 8-year follow-up of removable partial denture treatment performed by the Public Dental Health Service in a Swedish county. Author(s): Grundstrom L, Nilner K, Palmqvist S. Source: Swed Dent J. 2001; 25(2): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11471970&dopt=Abstract
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An analysis of the demand for regular dental health care: implications for marketing. Author(s): Rutsohn P, Ibrahim NA. Source: Health Mark Q. 2000; 17(3): 25-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11010218&dopt=Abstract
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An appraisal of Botswana's approach to provision of dental health services. Author(s): Jeboda SO. Source: Odontostomatol Trop. 1984 June; 7(2): 75-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6593695&dopt=Abstract
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An assessment of dental health education. Author(s): Wright FA. Source: N Z Dent J. 1984 July; 80(361): 74-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6593619&dopt=Abstract
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An assessment of two dental health education programmes for school children in the Lothian region of Scotland. Author(s): Wight C, Blinkhorn AS. Source: J Paediatr Dent. 1988 April; 4(1): 1-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3268643&dopt=Abstract
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An audit of oral and dental health regimens practised in the management of oropharyngeal cancer. Author(s): Nicholls C, Ilankovan V. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 1998 February; 36(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9578261&dopt=Abstract
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An element of dental health? Fluoride and dental disease in contemporary Australia. Author(s): McMichael AJ, Slade GD. Source: Aust J Public Health. 1991 June; 15(2): 80-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1912062&dopt=Abstract
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An evaluation of a preschool dental health program. Author(s): Rubinson L, Tappe M. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1987 May-June; 54(3): 186-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3473098&dopt=Abstract
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An evaluation of school dental health education programmes. Author(s): Barrie RB, Carstens IL. Source: J Dent Assoc S Afr. 1989 April; 44(4): 137-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2634896&dopt=Abstract
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An evaluation of the effects of the American Dental Association's dental health education program on the knowledge, attitudes and health locus of control of high school students. Author(s): Peterson FL Jr, Rubinson L. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1982 January; 52(1): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6915291&dopt=Abstract
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An experiment in intensive dental health education. Author(s): Sleath C. Source: Health Visit. 1982 November; 55(11): 577-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6923883&dopt=Abstract
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An holistic approach to school dental health. Author(s): Scanlan BJ. Source: J Sch Nurs. 1991 December; 7(4): 12-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1809463&dopt=Abstract
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An inquiry into the effects of health related behaviour on dental health among young Asian children resident in a fluoridated city in Canada. Author(s): Williams SA, Hargreaves JA. Source: Community Dent Health. 1990 December; 7(4): 413-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2292072&dopt=Abstract
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An inquiry survey on the level of dental health knowledge about caries prophylaxis among 12-year old pupils in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Author(s): Stoykova M, Ouzounov N, Gabrovsky G. Source: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1998; 40(3B Suppl 3): 114-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10206009&dopt=Abstract
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An investigation of non-response bias by comparison of dental health in 5-year-old children according to parental response to a questionnaire. Author(s): Prendergast MJ, Beal JF, Williams SA. Source: Community Dent Health. 1993 September; 10(3): 225-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8269337&dopt=Abstract
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An investigation of parents' attitudes to dental health and school dental screening. Author(s): Preston ST, Davies GM, Craven R. Source: Community Dent Health. 2001 June; 18(2): 105-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11461057&dopt=Abstract
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An overview of dental care delivery and dental health in Northern Newfoundland and Labrador. Author(s): Messer JG. Source: Can J Community Dent. 1988 Winter; 3(2): 45-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3166394&dopt=Abstract
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An overview of dental care delivery and dental health in Northern Newfoundland and Labrador. Author(s): Messer JG. Source: Can J Community Dent. 1988 Winter; 3(1): 45-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2485428&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of dental health education activity carried out by dentistry students. Author(s): Lopez de Bocanera ME, Colloca ME, Schallmach JN, Chervonagura de Gepner A. Source: J Nihon Univ Sch Dent. 1997 September; 39(3): 115-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9354025&dopt=Abstract
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Application of PRECEDE to dental health promotion for a Canadian well-elderly population. Author(s): Knazan YL. Source: Gerodontics. 1986 October; 2(5): 180-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3468036&dopt=Abstract
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Applying health promotion to seniors' dental health: the Toronto experience. Author(s): Lee J. Source: Hygie. 1990 September; 9(3): 13-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2227960&dopt=Abstract
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Asian children and dental health. Author(s): King M. Source: Midwife Health Visit Community Nurse. 1986 October; 22(10): 369-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3641003&dopt=Abstract
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Ask the Doctor. I have read in your newsletter that poor dental health can contribute to heart disease. I have always done my best with my teeth, including flossing three times a day, but still have a serious problem with gum recession and have lost a few teeth. I don t have other risk factors for heart disease. Do my dental problems raise my risk for a heart attack? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 2001 November; 12(3): 7-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11724693&dopt=Abstract
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Aspartame and other intense sweeteners as an aid to dental health. Author(s): Grenby TH. Source: Dent Health (London). 1984; 23(2): 8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6595168&dopt=Abstract
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Aspects of Cu2+ and Zn2+ in mouth rinses with regards to dental health. Author(s): Afseth J, Rolla G, Helgeland K, Oppermann RV. Source: Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). 1986; 59 Suppl 7: 300-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3776579&dopt=Abstract
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Aspects of dental health in adult rural population in Poland. Author(s): Szymanska J, Fetkowska-Mielnik K. Source: Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine : Aaem. 1998; 5(2): 103-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9860810&dopt=Abstract
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Aspects of the formation of dental health behaviours in early childhood. Author(s): Grytten J, Rossow I, Steele L. Source: Dent Health (London). 1989 August-September; 28(4): 6, 8-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2637874&dopt=Abstract
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Assessing patients' health status with the Navy Dental Health Questionnaire. Author(s): Taybos GH, Terezhalmy GT, Pelleu GB Jr. Source: Us Navy Med. 1983 March-April; 74(2): 24-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6578639&dopt=Abstract
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Assessing perceptions of dental health behavior. Author(s): McCallum DM, McCallum R, Gurwitch RH, Joyce M. Source: Clin Prev Dent. 1986 March-April; 8(2): 27-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3486084&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of dental health state utilities. Author(s): Fyffe HE, Kay EJ. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1992 October; 20(5): 269-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1424546&dopt=Abstract
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Association between dental health and acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Mattila KJ, Nieminen MS, Valtonen VV, Rasi VP, Kesaniemi YA, Syrjala SL, Jungell PS, Isoluoma M, Hietaniemi K, Jokinen MJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 March 25; 298(6676): 779-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2496855&dopt=Abstract
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Association of dental health knowledge with periodontal conditions among regular patients. Author(s): Bader JD, Rozier RG, McFall WT Jr, Ramsey DL. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1990 February; 18(1): 32-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2297978&dopt=Abstract
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Associations of self-reported dental health and general health measures in the Rand Health Insurance Experiment. Author(s): Dolan TA, Gooch BF, Bourque LB. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1991 February; 19(1): 1-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2019082&dopt=Abstract
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Attendance patterns and dental health of parents and children. Author(s): Whittle JG. Source: Community Dent Health. 1993 September; 10(3): 235-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8269338&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes of dental health care workers to HIV infected persons. Author(s): Porter S, Scully C. Source: British Dental Journal. 1996 May 11; 180(9): 326. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8664085&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes to dental health and care among 20 to 25-year-old Swedes: results from a questionnaire. Author(s): Stenberg P, Hakansson J, Akerman S. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2000 June; 58(3): 102-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10933557&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes toward dental health and utilization of dental services by Massachusetts consumers. Author(s): Weintraub JA. Source: J Mass Dent Soc. 1983 Spring; 32(1): 20-1, 26, 28. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6586952&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes towards dental care among young people in Scotland. Implications for dental health education. Author(s): Blinkhorn AS, Hastings GB, Leathar DS. Source: British Dental Journal. 1983 November 5; 155(9): 311-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6580032&dopt=Abstract
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Barriers to accessing dental care: dental health professional factors. Author(s): Freeman R. Source: British Dental Journal. 1999 August 28; 187(4): 197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10513113&dopt=Abstract
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Barriers to utilization of dental health services in a group of disabled Norwegian adults. Author(s): Storhaug K. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1988 August; 46(4): 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2973203&dopt=Abstract
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Behaviour patterns affecting the dental health of infants. Author(s): Williams SA. Source: Dent Health (London). 1986 February-March; 25(1): 3-4, 6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3457733&dopt=Abstract
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British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry (BASCD) guidance on sampling for surveys of child dental health. A BASCD coordinated dental epidemiology programme quality standard. Author(s): Pine CM, Pitts NB, Nugent ZJ. Source: Community Dent Health. 1997 March; 14 Suppl 1: 10-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9114554&dopt=Abstract
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British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry (BASCD) guidance on the statistical aspects of training and calibration of examiners for surveys of child dental health. A BASCD coordinated dental epidemiology programme quality standard. Author(s): Pine CM, Pitts NB, Nugent ZJ. Source: Community Dent Health. 1997 March; 14 Suppl 1: 18-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9114555&dopt=Abstract
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British Society of Paediatric Dentistry. A policy document on sugars and dental health of children. Author(s): Rugg-Gunn AJ. Source: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children. 1992 December; 2(3): 17780. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1304808&dopt=Abstract
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Can evidence-based dental health care assure quality? Author(s): McCulloch CA. Source: J Dent Educ. 1994 August; 58(8): 654-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7930001&dopt=Abstract
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Can social workers damage your dental health. Author(s): Rippon R. Source: British Dental Journal. 1988 September 10; 165(5): 159. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2972303&dopt=Abstract
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Can social workers damage your dental health? Author(s): Howells L. Source: British Dental Journal. 1989 February 25; 166(4): 110-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2522009&dopt=Abstract
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Can social workers damage your dental health? Author(s): Hope R, Marchment MD. Source: British Dental Journal. 1988 December 10; 165(11): 391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2974710&dopt=Abstract
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Carbohydrates and dental health. Author(s): Navia JM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 March; 59(3 Suppl): 719S-727S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8116556&dopt=Abstract
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Care provided by a dental hygienist and dental health educator in a children's hospital. Author(s): Kelly P, Collins S, Craven R, Fleming P. Source: J Ir Dent Assoc. 1993; 39(3): 76-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9120345&dopt=Abstract
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Caries experience in teenagers related to changes in a dental health programme. Author(s): Edward S, Eliasson GB, Torell P. Source: Swed Dent J. 1992; 16(3): 101-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1496456&dopt=Abstract
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Caries experience, dental health behaviour and social status. A comparative study among Danish military recruits in 1972 and 1982. Author(s): Antoft PE, Gadegaard E, Jepsen PJ. Source: Community Dent Health. 1988 September; 5(3): 255-64. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3264203&dopt=Abstract
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Caries experience, dental health behaviour and social status--three comparative surveys among Danish military recruits in 1972, 1982 and 1993. Author(s): Antoft P, Rambusch E, Antoft B, Christensen HW. Source: Community Dent Health. 1999 June; 16(2): 80-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10641061&dopt=Abstract
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Caries increment and dental health habits. Author(s): Kolehmainen L. Source: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1986; 82(4): 230-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3809165&dopt=Abstract
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Caries predicting factors in adult patients participating in a dental health program. Author(s): Soderholm G, Birkhed D. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1988 December; 16(6): 374-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3203497&dopt=Abstract
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Causal patterns of dental health in populations. An empirical approach. Author(s): Aleksejuniene J, Holst D, Grytten JI, Eriksen HM. Source: Caries Research. 2002 July-August; 36(4): 233-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12218271&dopt=Abstract
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Causes and types of traumatic tooth injuries treated in a public dental health clinic. Author(s): Oikarinen K, Kassila O. Source: Endodontics & Dental Traumatology. 1987 August; 3(4): 172-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2894299&dopt=Abstract
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Challenge dental health advertisments. Author(s): Alderson M. Source: British Dental Journal. 1991 April 6; 170(7): 249. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2025445&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in dental health and dental health habits from 3 to 5 years of age. Author(s): Mattila ML, Paunio P, Rautava P, Ojanlatva A, Sillanpaa M. Source: J Public Health Dent. 1998 Fall; 58(4): 270-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10390708&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in dental health and dental practice. Author(s): MacLean A. Source: British Dental Journal. 1992 August 8-22; 173(3): 114-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1503842&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in dental health in Hong Kong after 25 years of water fluoridation. Author(s): Evans RW, Lo EC, Lind OP. Source: Community Dent Health. 1987 December; 4(4): 383-94. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3322518&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in Swedish dental health 1968-91. Author(s): Ahacic K, Barenthin I, Thorslund M. Source: Swed Dent J. 1998; 22(5-6): 211-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9974205&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in the dental health of Israeli adolescents achieved by a British volunteer programme. Author(s): Joels D. Source: British Dental Journal. 1986 July 5; 161(1): 24-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3460614&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in the dental health of Salford secondary school children over six years. Author(s): Whittle JG, Mackie IC, Sarll DW. Source: British Dental Journal. 1983 September 24; 155(6): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6578822&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in the prevalence of dental disease. Bureau of Economic and Behavioral Research, Council on Dental Health and Health Planning. Author(s): Liss J, Evenson P, Loewy S, Ayer WA. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1982 July; 105(1): 75-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7050212&dopt=Abstract
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Chewing gum and dental health--a review. Author(s): Edgar WM, Geddes DA. Source: British Dental Journal. 1990 February 24; 168(4): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2310639&dopt=Abstract
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Child abuse: implications for the dental health professional. Author(s): Sibbald P, Friedman CS. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1993 November; 59(11): 909-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8252448&dopt=Abstract
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Child dental health differences in New Zealand. Author(s): Colquhoun J. Source: Community Health Stud. 1987; 11(2): 85-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3621893&dopt=Abstract
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Child dental health survey. Author(s): Downer MC. Source: British Dental Journal. 1995 October 7; 179(7): 243. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7577167&dopt=Abstract
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Child dental health survey. Author(s): Robinson CA. Source: British Dental Journal. 1995 August 19; 179(4): 124. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7546953&dopt=Abstract
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Child dental health--is it still good news? Author(s): Palmer JD, Pitts NB. Source: British Dental Journal. 1994 October 8; 177(7): 235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7917621&dopt=Abstract
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Child indicators: dental health. Author(s): Lewit EM, Kerrebrock N. Source: Future Child. 1998 Spring; 8(1): 133-42. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9676005&dopt=Abstract
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Children teaching children dental health education in Kenya. Author(s): Stephen S. Source: Odontostomatol Trop. 1982 December; 5(4): 193-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6961385&dopt=Abstract
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Children's attitudes resulting from a dental health fair. Author(s): Bethea SN. Source: Dent Hyg (Chic). 1987 December; 61(12): 556-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3482563&dopt=Abstract
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'Children's dental health 1983'. Author(s): Jackson D. Source: British Dental Journal. 1984 January 7; 156(1): 5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6582878&dopt=Abstract
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Children's dental health and medicines that contain sugar. Author(s): Mackie IC. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 July 15; 311(6998): 141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7613414&dopt=Abstract
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Childrens dental health in 8 primary schools in South County Meath (1988). Author(s): O'Keeffe JP. Source: J Ir Dent Assoc. 1991; 37(2): 48-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1815020&dopt=Abstract
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Children's dental health in Europe. Author(s): Bolin AK, Bolin A, Jansson L, Calltorp J. Source: Swed Dent J. 1997; 21(1-2): 25-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9178447&dopt=Abstract
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Children's dental health in Europe. An epidemiological investigation of 5- and 12year-old children from eight EU countries. Author(s): Bolin AK. Source: Swed Dent J Suppl. 1997; 122: 1-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9200352&dopt=Abstract
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Children's dental health in Europe. Caries treatment need in 5- and 12-year-old children from eight EU countries. Author(s): Bolin AK, Bolin A, Alfredsson L. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1996 December; 54(6): 355-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8997433&dopt=Abstract
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Children's dental health in Europe. Clinical calibration of dental examiners in eight EU countries. Author(s): Bolin AK, Bolin A, Koch G, Alfredsson L. Source: Swed Dent J. 1995; 19(5): 183-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8614899&dopt=Abstract
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Children's dental health in Europe: caries experience of 5- and 12-year-old children from eight EU countries. Author(s): Bolin AK, Bolin A, Koch G. Source: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children. 1996 September; 6(3): 15562. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9115970&dopt=Abstract
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Children's dental health in the United Kingdom 1983--a review. Author(s): Mouatt RB. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 1986 September; 44(5): 283-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3781842&dopt=Abstract
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Children's dental health month: more important than ever. Author(s): McTigue DJ. Source: Hawaii Dent J. 1996 January; 27(1): 5, 11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11908038&dopt=Abstract
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Children's dental health under the capitation scheme. Author(s): White D, Anderson RJ. Source: Community Dent Health. 1996 June; 13 Suppl 1: 21-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8689496&dopt=Abstract
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Children's dental health: overview for the physician. Author(s): Miller RE, Rosenstein DI. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1982 June; 29(3): 429-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6123976&dopt=Abstract
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Children's dental health: the 1993 survey. Author(s): Downer MC. Source: Community Dent Health. 1995 March; 12(1): 1-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7697556&dopt=Abstract
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Children's dental health: the past is the present and the gateway to the future. Author(s): Moss SJ. Source: Alpha Omegan. 2000 January; 93(Millennium Issue): 31-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11212565&dopt=Abstract
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Children's poor toothbrushing behavior and mothers' assessment of dental health education at well-baby clinics. Author(s): Paunio P, Rautava P, Helenius H, Sillanpaa M. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1994 February; 52(1): 36-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8184678&dopt=Abstract
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Commercial and political influences on dental health. Author(s): Holloway PJ, Ritson C. Source: Journal of Dentistry. 1983 June; 11(2): 159-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6577041&dopt=Abstract
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Commercial and political influences on dental health. 2. The problems of health education. Author(s): Mackie AC. Source: Journal of Dentistry. 1983 June; 11(2): 164-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6577042&dopt=Abstract
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Commercial and political influences on dental health. 3. The Federal Trade Commission looks at television advertising to children. Author(s): Shaw JH. Source: Journal of Dentistry. 1983 June; 11(2): 168-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6577043&dopt=Abstract
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Commercial and political influences on dental health. 4. The effects of television advertising on children. Author(s): Sweeney E. Source: Journal of Dentistry. 1983 June; 11(2): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6577044&dopt=Abstract
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Communication about dental health in Norwegian adults. Author(s): Rise J, Sogaard AJ. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1991 April; 19(2): 68-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2049925&dopt=Abstract
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Community dental health for Central America: an alternative model for health care delivery in the Third World. Author(s): Kamliot N, Mejia A, Leiner S. Source: J Public Health Dent. 1992 Fall; 52(5): 299-302. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1404076&dopt=Abstract
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Community dental health. Author(s): Mallatt ME. Source: J Indiana Dent Assoc. 2000 Autumn; 79(3): 84-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11314507&dopt=Abstract
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Community participation in dental health. Author(s): Parajas IL, Palacios CG. Source: J Philipp Dent Assoc. 1998 March-May; 49(4): 22-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10202521&dopt=Abstract
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Community socioeconomic status and children's dental health. Author(s): Gillcrist JA, Brumley DE, Blackford JU. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2001 February; 132(2): 216-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11217596&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison between the DMF indices and two alternative composite indicators of dental health. Author(s): Benigeri M, Payette M, Brodeur JM. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1998 October; 26(5): 303-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9792121&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of dental health of 11-year-old children in 1970 and 1979, and of 14-yearold children in 1973 and 1979: studies in Bristol, England. Author(s): Andlaw RJ, Burchell CK, Tucker GJ. Source: Caries Research. 1982; 16(3): 257-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6954004&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the dental health of 12-year-old schoolchildren living in Athens and Glasgow. Author(s): Attwood D, Salapata J, Blinkhorn AS. Source: Int Dent J. 1990 April; 40(2): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2332251&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the dental health status of 8 to 14-year-old children in France and in Jordan, a country of endemic fluorosis. Author(s): Fraysse C, Bilbeissi W, Benamghar L, Kerebel B. Source: Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol. 1989 December; 32(3): 169-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2620142&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the dental health status of six-year-old children in Manitoba. Author(s): Cooney PV, Hassard TH, Malazdrewicz VK. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1993 June; 59(6): 544-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8513420&dopt=Abstract
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Compliance in dentistry: general adherence, specific adherence and perceived dental health. Author(s): Verweij TA, Oosterveld P, Hoogstraten J. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1998 December; 26(6): 394-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9870538&dopt=Abstract
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Composite indicators of dental health: functioning teeth and the number of soundequivalent teeth (T-Health). Author(s): Marcenes WS, Sheiham A. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1993 December; 21(6): 374-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8306616&dopt=Abstract
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Computers and dental health education--a trial project at the Liverpool Garden Festival. Author(s): Hodge H, Griffiths CS. Source: Dent Health (London). 1987 April-May; 26(2): 8-9, 11-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3297819&dopt=Abstract
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Consider adding a dental health educator. Author(s): Griffin AP. Source: Dental Economics - Oral Hygiene. 1986 September; 76(9): 88-9, 92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3465661&dopt=Abstract
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Consumer attitudes and behaviors related to foods and dental health. Implications for dental education. Author(s): McNutt KW, Sloan AE, Shields B, Powers ME. Source: Dent Hyg (Chic). 1986 August; 60(8): 350-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3462051&dopt=Abstract
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Correlates of interest in dental health education with older adults: future perspective and quality of clinical interaction. Author(s): Rakowski W, Lang WP, Kerschbaum WE, McGowan JM. Source: Gerodontics. 1987 October; 3(5): 193-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3481701&dopt=Abstract
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Correlates of self-reported dental health status upon enrollment in the Rand Health Insurance Experiment. Author(s): Gooch BF, Dolan TA, Bourque LB. Source: J Dent Educ. 1989 November; 53(11): 629-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2808877&dopt=Abstract
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Correlations of IQ scores and a pupil rating scale with plaque removal before and after the 1979 National Dental Health Week. Author(s): Jodaikin A, Clark L, Cleaton-Jones PE. Source: J Dent Assoc S Afr. 1985 August; 40(8): 463-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3869379&dopt=Abstract
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Cost minimisation analysis of two occlusal caries preventive programmes, Community Dental Health 2000; 17: 85-91. Author(s): Ekstrand K, Christiansen C, Christiansen J. Source: Community Dent Health. 2000 December; 17(4): 260-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11191203&dopt=Abstract
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Crossley, M. L. (2001): Review. Community dental health 18, 121-122. Application of Prochaska and DiClemente's model to dental health related behaviours. Author(s): Stillman-Lowe C. Source: Community Dent Health. 2001 December; 18(4): 263. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11789706&dopt=Abstract
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Current perspectives on improving chairside dental health education for adults. Author(s): Sheiham A, Croucher R. Source: Int Dent J. 1994 June; 44(3): 202-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7960158&dopt=Abstract
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Current understanding of clinical governance: a study of dental health care providers. Author(s): Nicklin PV, Batchelor PA. Source: British Dental Journal. 1999 November 27; 187(10): 555-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10630044&dopt=Abstract
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Deafness and dental health care. Author(s): LoCascio E, Rubinstein L, Aymard LL Jr. Source: Clin Prev Dent. 1985 July-August; 7(4): 11-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2933207&dopt=Abstract
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Decision processes in the management of dental disease. Part 1: QALYs, QATYs and dental health state utilities. Author(s): Fyffe HE, Nuttall NM. Source: Dent Update. 1995 March; 22(2): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10495696&dopt=Abstract
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Dental age and dental health determined longitudinally from patient records in three towns in Finland. Author(s): Korhonen M, Larmas M. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2003 April; 61(2): 105-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12790508&dopt=Abstract
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Dental assistants: partners in dental health care. Author(s): Ramsey J, Mabey L, McMullen G. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1997 March; 63(3): 202, 205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9086682&dopt=Abstract
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Dental attendance and dental health behaviour in children from deprived and nondeprived areas of Salford, north-west England. Author(s): Eckersley AJ, Blinkhorn FA. Source: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children. 2001 March; 11(2): 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11310132&dopt=Abstract
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Dental care and dental health: NHIS. Author(s): Kovar MG, Jack S, Bloom B. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1988 November; 78(11): 1496-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3177733&dopt=Abstract
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Dental caries and dental health behavior of patients with primary Sjogren syndrome. Author(s): Christensen LB, Petersen PE, Thorn JJ, Schiodt M. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2001 June; 59(3): 116-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11501878&dopt=Abstract
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Dental caries and dental health behaviour situation among 6- and 12-year-old urban schoolchildren in Madagascar. Author(s): Petersen PE, Poulsen VJ, Ramahaleo J, Ratsifaritara C. Source: Afr Dent J. 1991; 5: 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1819289&dopt=Abstract
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Dental caries prevalence and dental health behaviour in HIV infected children. Author(s): Eldridge K, Gallagher JE. Source: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children. 2000 March; 10(1): 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11310122&dopt=Abstract
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Dental caries prevalence and dental health care of Mexican-American workers' children. Author(s): Nurko C, Aponte-Merced L, Bradley EL, Fox L. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1998 January-February; 65(1): 65-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9559090&dopt=Abstract
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Dental clinic attendance in Soweto, South Africa, before and after the introduction of free primary dental health services. Author(s): Bhayat A, Cleaton-Jones P. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2003 April; 31(2): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12641590&dopt=Abstract
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Dental fear with and without blood-injection fear: implications for dental health and clinical practice. Author(s): Poulton R, Thomson WM, Brown RH, Silva PA. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1998 June; 36(6): 591-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9648333&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health among 6- and 12-year-old urban schoolchildren in Madagascar. Author(s): Petersen PE, Poulsen VJ, Ramahaleo J, Ratzifaritara C. Source: Tandlaegebladet. 1991 March; 95(4): 155-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1948713&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health among homebound elderly. Author(s): Strayer MS. Source: J Public Health Dent. 1993 Winter; 53(1): 12-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8474046&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health among institutionalized psychiatric patients in Spain. Author(s): Velasco E, Machuca G, Martinez-Sahuquillo A, Rios V, Lacalle J, Bullon P. Source: Spec Care Dentist. 1997 November-December; 17(6): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9791299&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health among workers at a Danish chocolate factory. Author(s): Petersen PE. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1983 December; 11(6): 337-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6580997&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health among young adult Portuguese in relation to socio-economic differences. Author(s): Meyer K, Freitas E, Davis RK, Freitas J, Kristoffersen T. Source: Rev Port Estomatol Cir Maxilofac. 1983 October-December; 24(4): 461-78. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6672970&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health amongst 11-15-year-old children in Sevagram, Maharashtra. Author(s): Bhowate RR, Borle SR, Chinchkhede DH, Gondhalekar RV. Source: Indian J Dent Res. 1994 April-June; 5(2): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9495153&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and access to dental care for ethnic minorities in Sweden. Author(s): Hjern A, Grindefjord M. Source: Ethnicity & Health. 2000 February; 5(1): 23-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10858936&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and access to dental treatment: a comparison of drug users and nondrug users attending community pharmacies. Author(s): Sheridan J, Aggleton M, Carson T. Source: British Dental Journal. 2001 October 27; 191(8): 453-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720019&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Gilmour H, Kay E, Northridge D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 June 10; 298(6687): 1579-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2503130&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and dental care in severely mentally retarded children. Author(s): Forsberg H, Quick-Nilsson I, Gustavson KH, Jagell S. Source: Swed Dent J. 1985; 9(1): 15-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3159118&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and dental care requirements for young handicapped adults in Wessex. Author(s): Francis JR, Stevenson DR, Palmer JD. Source: Community Dent Health. 1991 July; 8(2): 131-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1831685&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and dental growth in the Bahamas. Author(s): Leyland HE. Source: Dent World. 1993 July-August; 2(4): 19. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8003915&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and dental health behaviour in 8-year-old Finnish immigrant children in the north of Sweden. Author(s): Ekman A, Holm AK. Source: Swed Dent J. 1988; 12(6): 233-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3232107&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and dental treatment needs among recruits of the Finnish Defence Forces, 1919-91. Author(s): Ankkuriniemi O, Ainamo J. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1997 June; 55(3): 192-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9226431&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and dietary habits in Greek immigrant children in southern Sweden compared with Swedish and rural Greek children. Author(s): Neiderud J, Birkhed D, Neiderud AM. Source: Swed Dent J. 1991; 15(4): 187-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1957253&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and ethnicity. Author(s): Plamping D, Bewley BR, Gelbier S. Source: British Dental Journal. 1985 April 6; 158(7): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3857930&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and functional ageing. A study of 70-year-old people. Author(s): Osterberg T, Mellstrom D, Sundh V. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1990 December; 18(6): 313-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2090384&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and long-term care residents. Author(s): Cherry-Peppers G, Schumaker CJ Jr. Source: J Long Term Care Adm. 1993 Spring; 21(1): 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10126956&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and parity in three 70-year-old cohorts. Author(s): Rundgren A, Osterberg T. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1987 June; 15(3): 134-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3474097&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and perceived treatment needs of Finnish immigrants in Sweden. Author(s): Widstrom E, Nilsson B. Source: Scand J Soc Med. 1984; 12(3): 129-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6505660&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and public policy: the social impact of dental disease. Author(s): Reisine ST. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1985 January; 75(1): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3966594&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and salivary Streptococcus mutans levels in a group of children with heart defects. Author(s): Pollard MA, Curzon ME. Source: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children. 1992 August; 2(2): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1420099&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and treatment need of Finnish children. Author(s): Milen A, Hausen H, Tala H, Heinonen OP. Source: Acta Odontol Pediatr. 1984 December; 5(2): 75-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6599240&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and treatment needs among a sample of Bangladeshi medical users aged 40 years and over living in Tower Hamlets, UK. Author(s): Pearson N, Croucher R, Marcenes W, O'Farrell M. Source: Int Dent J. 2001 February; 51(1): 23-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11326445&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and treatment needs in institutionalized psychiatric patients in Italy. Author(s): Angelillo IF, Nobile CG, Pavia M, De Fazio P, Puca M, Amati A. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1995 December; 23(6): 360-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8681519&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and treatment requirements in students of Dunedin Teachers College. Author(s): Brown RH, Wright FA, Beck DJ, King RM. Source: N Z Dent J. 1982 July; 78(353): 85-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6957765&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and use of dental services by the elderly in Mobile County, Alabama. Author(s): DeWitt S, Douglas V, Matre M. Source: J Ala Dent Assoc. 1989 Winter; 73(1): 26-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2600316&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and viridans streptococcal bacteremia in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Author(s): Graber CJ, de Almeida KN, Atkinson JC, Javaheri D, Fukuda CD, Gill VJ, Barrett AJ, Bennett JE. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2001 March; 27(5): 537-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11313689&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health as a neglected issue in medical history: the school dental service in England and Wales, 1900-40. Author(s): Welshman J. Source: Medical History. 1998 July; 42(3): 306-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9796576&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health attitudes among dentate black and white adults. Author(s): Gilbert GH, Duncan RP, Heft MW, Coward RT. Source: Medical Care. 1997 March; 35(3): 255-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9071257&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health attitudes and practices among black, coloured and white children in South Africa. Author(s): Luk KM, Pillary R. Source: Diastema. 1982; 10: 51-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6959941&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health attitudes in Somerset: report of a dental health activity, 1985. Author(s): Page JA. Source: Dent Health (London). 1987 December-January; 25(6): 3-4, 6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3471588&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health attitudes, behaviour and knowledge in 14-year-old Iraqi children. Author(s): Saeed W, McDaniel SP, Siler WM. Source: Community Dent Health. 1985 June; 2(2): 115-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3863684&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health awareness among Nigerian mothers. Author(s): Jeboda SO, Salako NO, Bamgboye PO. Source: Odontostomatol Trop. 1984 December; 7(4): 185-94. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6597933&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health behavior and attitudes--an application of correspondence analysis. Author(s): van Rossum GM, Kalk W, Felling AJ, van 't Hof MA. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1991 December; 19(6): 321-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1764898&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health behavior and self-reported dental health problems among hospitalized psychiatric patients in Denmark. Author(s): Hede B. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1995 February; 53(1): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7740929&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health behavior in a migrant perspective: use of dental services of Pakistani immigrants in Norway. Author(s): Selikowitz HS, Holst D. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1986 December; 14(6): 297-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3466751&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health behavior in fathers of young families in Finland. Author(s): Hyssala L, Oikarinen K, Rautava P, Paunio P, Sillanpaa M. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1992 June; 20(3): 125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1623702&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health behavior modification: a school-based program. Author(s): Weesner BW Jr. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1983 September-October; 50(5): 349-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6580297&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health behavior of children with BBTD treated using general anesthesia or sedation, and of their parents in a recall examination. Author(s): Peretz B, Faibis S, Ever-Hadani P, Eidelman E. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 2000 January-February; 67(1): 50-4, 9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10736659&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health behavior, gastroesophageal disorders and dietary habits among Norwegian recruits in 1990 and 1999. Author(s): Myklebust S, Espelid I, Svalestad S, Tveit AB. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2003 April; 61(2): 100-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12790507&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health behaviors and periodontal disease indicators in Danish youths. A 10year epidemiological follow-up. Author(s): Lissau I, Holst D, Friis-Hasche E. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1990 January; 17(1): 42-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2295707&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health behaviour among 25-44-year-old Danes. Author(s): Petersen PE. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 1986 February; 4(1): 51-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3961310&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health behaviours in a Norwegian population. Author(s): Traeen B, Rise J. Source: Community Dent Health. 1990 March; 7(1): 59-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2357609&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health beliefs and practices in a group of Thai villagers. Author(s): Ettinger RL, Lekfuangfu S, Luangjamekorn V, Jakobsen J. Source: Odontostomatol Trop. 1985 March; 8(1): 13-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3859849&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health benefits advantageous to employees. Author(s): Tettlebaum HM. Source: Mo Dent J. 1989 March-April; 69(2): 11, 14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2622341&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health care for the elderly: the Baltimore city program. Author(s): Jennings BJ, Duvall D. Source: Natl Dent Assoc J. 1984 September; 41(2): 23-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6594565&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health care programme for physically handicapped adults in Hong Kong. Author(s): O'Donnell D. Source: J R Soc Health. 1987 June; 107(3): 104-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2956422&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health care workers at risk. Author(s): Garfunkel AA, Galili D. Source: Dent Clin North Am. 1996 April; 40(2): 277-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8641521&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health care workers' response to the HIV epidemic. Author(s): Hastreiter RJ, Roesch MH, Danila RN, Falken MC. Source: Am J Dent. 1992 June; 5(3): 160-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1388956&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health care: today. Author(s): Harris JH. Source: J Am Coll Dent. 1993 Summer-Fall; 60(2): 10-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8408991&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health care: tomorrow. Author(s): Barker BD. Source: J Am Coll Dent. 1993 Summer-Fall; 60(2): 18-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8408992&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health care--can it be provided to all? Author(s): Simonsen RJ. Source: Quintessence Int. 1993 January; 24(1): 1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8511252&dopt=Abstract
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Dental Health Center 2000. Author(s): Klein AI. Source: J Indiana Dent Assoc. 1996 Spring; 75(1): 6-8, 11-2; Quiz 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9517334&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health changes in an Australian Defence Force population. Author(s): Dawson AS, Smales RJ. Source: Aust Dent J. 1994 August; 39(4): 242-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7945054&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health conditions of students in Ethiopia: findings from the Development Through Cooperation Campaign, 1976-77. Author(s): Kitaw Y, Gebray A, Bushera B, Asfaw B. Source: Ethiop Med J. 1982 January; 20(1): 9-14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7054001&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health consultant - a new role in community health. Author(s): Clovis J. Source: Can Dent Hyg. 1983 Fall; 17(3): 62-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6580938&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education and ethnicity. Author(s): Bedi R. Source: British Dental Journal. 1987 November 21; 163(10): 332. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3479993&dopt=Abstract
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'Dental health education and ethnicity'. Author(s): Williams S, Fairpo CG, Curzon ME. Source: British Dental Journal. 1988 February 6; 164(3): 65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3422806&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education and the pre-school child. Author(s): Blinkhorn AS. Source: Proc Br Paedod Soc. 1983; 13: 9-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6591176&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education by “barefoot doctors”. Author(s): Hager B, Krasse B. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1983 December; 11(6): 333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6580996&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education for adolescents: assessing attitude and knowledge following two educational approaches. Author(s): Lachapelle D, Desaulniers G, Bujold N. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1989 September-October; 80(5): 339-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2478278&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education for mentally handicapped children. Author(s): O'Donnell D, Crosswaite MA. Source: J R Soc Health. 1988 February; 108(1): 8-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2963915&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education for pre-school carers. Author(s): Ward L. Source: Br Dent Nurs J. 1994 Winter; 53(4): 8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9563305&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education for the visually impaired child. Author(s): O'Donnell D, Crosswaite MA. Source: J R Soc Health. 1990 April; 110(2): 60-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2110261&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education in a refugee camp: an undergraduate student exercise. Author(s): Randolph PM, Beck DJ, Durward CS. Source: Community Dent Health. 1987 June; 4(2): 177-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2440531&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education in an adult handicapped centre. Author(s): Hogan JI, White T. Source: Dent Update. 1982 June; 9(5): 283-4, 286-8, 290. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6217098&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education in India: the goals and strategies to achieve them by the year 2000. Author(s): Raval P, Nagesh KS. Source: Globe. 1984-85; : 75-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6336236&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education rhetoric or reality? Author(s): Taub A. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1982 January; 52(1): 10-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6915276&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education through home visits to mothers with young children. Author(s): Holt RD, Winter GB, Fox B, Askew R, Lo GL. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1983 April; 11(2): 98-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6573246&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education. Author(s): Davenport PJ. Source: British Dental Journal. 2002 August 24; 193(4): 184. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12222903&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education. Author(s): Levine RS, Stillman-Lowe C. Source: British Dental Journal. 2002 August 24; 193(4): 182-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12222899&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education. Author(s): Zakrzewska JM. Source: British Dental Journal. 1998 March 28; 184(6): 265. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9581354&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education: a school visits programme for dental students. Part 1. The school visits project. Author(s): Howat AP, Craft M, Croucher R, Rock WP, Foster TD. Source: Community Dent Health. 1985 March; 2(1): 23-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3861211&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education: a school visits programme for dental students. Part 2. Influence on dental students. Author(s): Howat AP, Rock WP, Foster TD, Craft M, Croucher R. Source: Community Dent Health. 1985 March; 2(1): 33-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3861213&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education: from education to informed decision making. Author(s): Eijkman MA. Source: Patient Education and Counseling. 2001 February; 42(2): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11118775&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education: is it an option for you? Author(s): Thomas RD. Source: Rdh. 1992 June; 12(6): 20-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1410634&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education: training of homecarers of mentally handicapped adults. Author(s): Davies KW, Whittle JG. Source: Community Dent Health. 1990 June; 7(2): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2379095&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education: what lessons have we ignored? Author(s): Blinkhorn AS. Source: British Dental Journal. 1998 January 24; 184(2): 58-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9489210&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education--a question of values. Author(s): Sogaard AJ, Koch AL. Source: J Public Health Dent. 1984 Fall; 44(4): 169-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6595405&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health education--the need for a broader view. Author(s): Blinkhorn AS. Source: Dent Update. 1983 September; 10(8): 503-4, 506, 508. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6581100&dopt=Abstract
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'Dental health educators' training'. Author(s): Boyle SJ, Howells L. Source: British Dental Journal. 1989 September 23; 167(6): 187. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2789893&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health examination and the pediatrician: an orientation to dental health according to developmental age groups. Author(s): Pinkham JR. Source: Pediatrician. 1989; 16(3-4): 128-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2608560&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health factsheets for health visitors and other health professionals. Author(s): Ingram J, Cushing A. Source: Health Visit. 1987 December; 60(12): 407-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3692874&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health findings in a Native American settlement. Author(s): Staley RN, Dahlberg AA, Dahlberg T, Field HM, Cowan HJ, Jakobsen J. Source: Iowa Dent J. 1993 October; 79(4): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8039985&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health for children: an adult responsibility. Author(s): Charonko CV, DeBiase CB. Source: J Pract Nurs. 1984 January-March; 34(1): 44-54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6563079&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health for pre-school carers in the Dudley area. Author(s): Hayward R. Source: Br Dent Nurs J. 1996 Winter; 55(4): 19. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9563309&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health for the pediatrician. Author(s): Sonis A, Zaragoza S. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2001 June; 13(3): 289-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11389366&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health for the pre-school handicapped child. Author(s): Harker S. Source: Dent Health (London). 1991 June-July; 30(3): 16-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1833251&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health habits among pre-school nonparticipants in public dental care. Author(s): Milen A, Hausen H, Tala H, Heinonen OP. Source: Community Dent Health. 1985 June; 2(2): 109-14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3863683&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health habits in Austria, England, Finland and Norway. Author(s): Honkala E, Kannas L, Rimpela M, Wold B, Aaro LE, Gilles P. Source: Int Dent J. 1988 June; 38(2): 131-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3165965&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health habits of 2.5 to 7.5 year old Finnish children. Author(s): Milen A, Hausen H, Tala H, Heinonen OP. Source: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1985; 81(5-6): 256-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4080691&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health habits of 3-year-old Finnish children. Author(s): Paunio P, Rautava P, Sillanpaa M, Kaleva O. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1993 February; 21(1): 4-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8432104&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health habits of Finnish adolescents. Author(s): Honkala E. Source: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1984; 80 Suppl 1-2: Suppl 1-89. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6463043&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health habits of young families from southwestern Finland. Author(s): Paunio P. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1994 February; 22(1): 36-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8143440&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in 13-year-olds in Vasterbotten County, Sweden. Changes over twenty years. Author(s): Kallestal C, Holm AK, Ollinen P. Source: Swed Dent J. 1990; 14(4): 193-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2255997&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in 14- to 17-year-old Estonian schoolchildren in Tartu and Tallinn. Author(s): Wolf J, Peltola JS, Seedre T, Russak S, Mannik A, Vink M, Sirkel M. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1996 August; 54(4): 242-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8876735&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in 16-year-old Swedish high school students in 1979 and 1984. Author(s): Halling A, Birkhed D. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1988 October; 16(5): 282-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3180716&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in a group of drug addicts attending an addiction-clinic. Author(s): Scheutz F. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1984 February; 12(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6583038&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in a group of drug addicts in Italy. Author(s): Angelillo IF, Grasso GM, Sagliocco G, Villari P, D'Errico MM. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1991 February; 19(1): 36-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2019088&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in a group of migrant children in Connecticut. Author(s): Ragno J, Castaldi CR. Source: J Conn State Dent Assoc. 1982 January; 56(1): 15-21 Contd. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6804544&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in an area of maximum water fluoridation. Author(s): Bronson ME. Source: Dent Hyg (Chic). 1982 July; 56(7): 38-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6958585&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in children with cancer. Author(s): Clarkson JE, Eden OB. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1998 June; 78(6): 560-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9713016&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in continuing care facilities: Province of British Columbia. Author(s): Gray AS, Gunther DM. Source: Can J Community Dent. 1987 Winter; 2(1): 22-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2973830&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in Dutch drug addicts. Author(s): Molendijk B, Ter Horst G, Kasbergen M, Truin GJ, Mulder J. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1996 April; 24(2): 117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8654031&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in Icelandic urban children aged 11 and 12 years. Author(s): Bjarnason S, Koch G. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1987 October; 15(5): 289-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3477363&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in Malaysia. Author(s): Majid ZA. Source: Int Dent J. 1984 December; 34(4): 261-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6597132&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A study of 94 cases. Author(s): Guarinos J, Bagan JV, Martinez-Canut P. Source: Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol. 1996 June-September; 39(3-4): 119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9203747&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in patients susceptible to infective endocarditis. Author(s): Shaw TR, Holbrook WP, Willey RF. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1982 January 30; 284(6312): 3478. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6800457&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in professional musicians. A radiographic study in dental conscious subjects. Author(s): Bergstrom J, Eliasson S. Source: Swed Dent J. 1985; 9(5): 225-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3866339&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in residential and nursing homes for elderly people in the south Birmingham health district. Author(s): Taylor K. Source: British Dental Journal. 1990 February 24; 168(4): 167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2310638&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in schoolchildren 5 years after water fluoridation ceased in south-west Scotland. Author(s): Attwood D, Blinkhorn AS. Source: Int Dent J. 1991 February; 41(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2004838&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in suburban Jordanian preschool children. Author(s): Janson S, Fakhouri H. Source: Swed Dent J. 1993; 17(3): 123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8356536&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in Thailand. A conversation with Cheryl Metzger. Author(s): Metzger C. Source: Dent Hyg (Chic). 1985 April; 59(4): 166-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3858133&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in the reign of Louis XIV: anecdotes in the memoirs of Saint-Simon. Author(s): Garant PR. Source: Bull Hist Dent. 1992 October; 40(2): 67-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1290903&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in the United States and strategies to achieve world health. Author(s): Sinkford JC. Source: Natl Dent Assoc J. 1984 June; 41(1): 27-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6401161&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in the USA. Author(s): Brown JP. Source: Lancet. 1992 September 19; 340(8821): 733-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1355836&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in urban and rural areas of central and western Bangladesh. Author(s): Arvidson-Bufano UB, Holm AK. Source: Odontostomatol Trop. 1990 September; 13(3): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2075147&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health in workers previously exposed to mercury vapour at a chloralkali plant. Author(s): Holland RI, Ellingsen DG, Olstad ML, Kjuus H. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1994 October; 51(10): 656-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8000488&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health indicator based on a questionnaire. Author(s): Ishii T, Kanno R, Takahashi Y, Sugasaki M, Suyama Y, Okawa Y, Sasaki Y, Muramatsu J, Okada M, Miyatake K. Source: Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 1995 November; 36(4): 183-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8689756&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health indices and caries associated microflora in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Author(s): Lucas VS, Gupta R, Ololade O, Gelbier M, Roberts GJ. Source: The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal : Official Publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association. 2000 September; 37(5): 447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11034026&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health indices and caries-related microflora in children with severe haemophilia. Author(s): Sonbol H, Pelargidou M, Lucas VS, Gelbier MJ, Mason C, Roberts GJ. Source: Haemophilia : the Official Journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia. 2001 September; 7(5): 468-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11554934&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health issues in child-care centers. Author(s): Price SS, Vaughan DA. Source: Journal of Dental Hygiene : Jdh / American Dental Hygienists' Association. 1999 Summer; 73(3): 135-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10634113&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health knowledge and attitudes among the middle-aged and the elderly in Hong Kong. Author(s): Schwarz E, Lo EC. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1994 October; 22(5 Pt 2): 358-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7835031&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health knowledge and attitudes of regularly attending mothers of high-risk, pre-school children. Author(s): Blinkhorn AS, Wainwright-Stringer YM, Holloway PJ. Source: Int Dent J. 2001 December; 51(6): 435-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11789710&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health knowledge in a group of Latin American refugees in Sweden. Author(s): Groisman M, Bratthall GT, Harari SG, Tapia JA. Source: Swed Dent J. 1989; 13(6): 255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2603129&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health manpower planning: the C.D.H.A. perspective. Statement of the Canadian Dental Hygienists' Association to the Canadian Dental Association National Manpower Symposium. Author(s): Johnson PM. Source: Can Dent Hyg. 1985 Winter; 19(4): 107-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3867400&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of 12-year-old children in Athens. Author(s): Salapata J, Blinkhorn AS, Attwood D. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1990 April; 18(2): 80-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2335067&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of 12-year-old children living in similar rural communities in France and England. Author(s): Lunn HD. Source: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children. 1993 December; 3(4): 18792. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8142321&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of 13-14-year-old Jordanian school children and its relationship with socio-economic status. Author(s): Taani DS. Source: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children. 1996 September; 6(3): 1836. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9115975&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of 14-year-old children in St. Ouen, France and Salford, England. Author(s): Slater M. Source: Community Dent Health. 1994 September; 11(3): 164-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7953937&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of 5-year-old children in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Author(s): al Mughery AS, Attwood D, Blinkhorn A. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1991 October; 19(5): 308-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1742999&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of 9--10-year-old mentally retarded children in eastern Finland. Author(s): Palin T, Hausen H, Alvesalo L, Heinonen OP. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1982 April; 10(2): 86-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6952977&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of a sample of Glasgow adolescents. Author(s): Blinkhorn AS, Cummins J, Macmillan AS, O'Mailley G. Source: British Dental Journal. 1985 June 22; 158(12): 436-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3860227&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of aboriginal pre-school children in Brisbane, Australia. Author(s): Seow WK, Amaratunge A, Bennett R, Bronsch D, Lai PY. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1996 June; 24(3): 187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8871017&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of children and adults in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa, in 1986. Author(s): Matthesen M, Baelum V, Aarslev I, Fejerskov O. Source: Community Dent Health. 1990 June; 7(2): 123-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2379086&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of children in an integrated urban development programme for destitute mothers with twins in Addis Ababa. Author(s): Nunn JH, Welbury RR, Gordon PH, Stretton-Downes S, Green-Abate C. Source: Int Dent J. 1992 December; 42(6): 445-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1286928&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of children in Australia 1977-1980. Author(s): Carr LM. Source: Aust Dent J. 1982 June; 27(3): 169-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6958232&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of children in Australia 1977-1982. Author(s): Carr LM. Source: Aust Dent J. 1983 October; 28(5): 269-76. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6582825&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of children in Australia, 1977-1985. Author(s): Carr LM. Source: Aust Dent J. 1988 June; 33(3): 205-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3190573&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of children of migrant farmworkers in Hartford, Connecticut. Author(s): Cipes MH, Castaldi CR. Source: J Conn State Dent Assoc. 1982 May; 56(2): 59-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6811632&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of children taking antimicrobial and non-antimicrobial liquid oral medication long-term. Author(s): Maguire A, Rugg-Gunn AJ, Butler TJ. Source: Caries Research. 1996; 30(1): 16-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8850578&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of children with cerebral palsy following sialodochoplasty. Author(s): Hallett KB, Lucas JO, Johnston T, Reddihough DS, Hall RK. Source: Spec Care Dentist. 1995 November-December; 15(6): 234-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9002925&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of children with cystic fibrosis: an interim report. Author(s): Kinirons MJ. Source: J Paediatr Dent. 1985 April; 1(1): 3-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3861833&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of disabled children in Singapore. Author(s): Vignehsa H, Soh G, Lo GL, Chellappah NK. Source: Aust Dent J. 1991 April; 36(2): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1831606&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of elderly in retirement homes of two cities in south Croatia--a crosssectional study. Author(s): Vucicevic-Boras V, Bosnjak A, Alajbeg I, Cekic-Arambasin A, Topic B. Source: European Journal of Medical Research. 2002 December 17; 7(12): 550-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12527501&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of Finnish immigrants in Sweden. Author(s): Widstrom E, Stenstrom B, Dalen U. Source: Swed Dent J. 1983; 7(3): 93-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6578607&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of handicapped children; results of a questionnaire to parents. Author(s): Nunn JH, Murray JJ. Source: Community Dent Health. 1990 March; 7(1): 23-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2141540&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of homeless adults. Author(s): Gelberg L, Linn LS, Rosenberg DJ. Source: Spec Care Dentist. 1988 July-August; 8(4): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3272052&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of male inmates in a state prison system. Author(s): Salive ME, Carolla JM, Brewer TF. Source: J Public Health Dent. 1989 Spring; 49(2): 83-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2785210&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of men in the Royal Navy 1978-80. Author(s): Keeble GB, Rugg-Gunn AJ. Source: British Dental Journal. 1983 November 19; 155(10): 336-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6579999&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of mentally and physically handicapped children. Author(s): Harding M, Davies K, Mellor J, Cunningham D. Source: Community Dent Health. 1987 September; 4(3): 280-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2958125&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of older Americans: planning for the future. Author(s): Loe H. Source: Gerodontics. 1985 December; 1(6): 288-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3867581&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of patients attending Nyeri provincial dental clinic. Author(s): Butt MH. Source: Odontostomatol Trop. 1986 June; 9(2): 107-13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3463943&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis in Northern Ireland. Author(s): Kinirons MJ. Source: Community Dent Health. 1989 June; 6(2): 113-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2788023&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of persons with severe mentally handicapping conditions. Author(s): Girgis SS. Source: Spec Care Dentist. 1985 November-December; 5(6): 246-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3867166&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of pre-school children in Peshawar in relation to their dietary and oral hygiene habits. Author(s): Dilshad A, Kail N. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1986 September; 36(9): 225-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3097348&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of primary school children in Zaria City, Northern Nigeria. Author(s): Osuhor A. Source: Public Health. 1983 January; 97(1): 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6844542&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of recent immigrant children in the Newcomer schools, San Francisco. Author(s): Pollick HF, Rice AJ, Echenberg D. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1987 June; 77(6): 731-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3578623&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of Spanish children: an investigation in primary care. Author(s): Turabian JL, de Juanes JR. Source: Family Practice. 1990 March; 7(1): 24-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2318367&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of survivors of malignant disease. Author(s): Welbury RR, Craft AW, Murray JJ, Kernahan J. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1984 December; 59(12): 1186-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6524952&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of the handicapped at the Selangor Spastic Centre. Author(s): Meon R, Majid ZA, Salcedo AH. Source: Singapore Dent J. 1987 December; 12(1): 75-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3509314&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of the Rendille and Samburu of the northern frontier district of Kenya. Author(s): Carl W, Zambon JJ. Source: The New York State Dental Journal. 1993 June-July; 59(6): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8327227&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of university students in Finland. Author(s): Murtomaa H, Meurman J, Turtola L, Rytomaa I. Source: Journal of American College Health : J of Ach. 1990 November; 39(3): 151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2246441&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of Vietnamese Boat People on Pulau Bidong, Malaysia. Author(s): Scheutz F, Heidmann J, Poulsen S. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1983 August; 11(4): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6576886&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of young insulin dependent diabetic subjects in Northern Ireland. Author(s): Kirk JM, Kinirons MJ. Source: Community Dent Health. 1991 December; 8(4): 335-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1790478&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health patterns in an urban Midsouth population: race, sex and age changes. Author(s): Harris EF, Woods MA, Robinson QC. Source: Quintessence Int. 1993 January; 24(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8511258&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health patterns in young adults in Lithuania: an exploratory, analytical approach. Author(s): Aleksejulniene J, Holst D, Eriksen HM, Grytten JI. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2002 August; 60(4): 223-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12222647&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health patterns of Irish children and adults. Author(s): O'Mullane DM. Source: J Ir Dent Assoc. 1983 November-December; 29(6): 77-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6590671&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health personnel planning: a review of the literature. Author(s): Goodman HS, Weyant RJ. Source: J Public Health Dent. 1990 Winter; 50(1): 48-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2404112&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health practices among Finnish adults. Author(s): Murtomaa H, Laine P, Masalin K. Source: Community Dent Health. 1984 July; 1(2): 131-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6599384&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health practices among Finnish university students. Author(s): Murtomaa H, Turtola L, Rytomaa I. Source: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1984; 80(4): 155-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6494132&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health practices in Norwegian adults. Author(s): Heloe LA, Aaro LE, Sogaard AJ. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1982 December; 10(6): 308-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6961979&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health profile of a population with mental retardation in Israel. Author(s): Shapira J, Efrat J, Berkey D, Mann J. Source: Spec Care Dentist. 1998 July-August; 18(4): 149-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10218062&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health promotion and preventive dentistry practices of U.S. Army dentists. Author(s): Chisick MC, Richter P, Piotrowski MJ. Source: Military Medicine. 2000 August; 165(8): 604-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10957853&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health promotion for elderly people. Author(s): Fiske J. Source: Probe (Lond). 1991 September; 33(9): 51-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1840117&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health promotion for seniors: the Toronto experience. Author(s): Lee J. Source: Can J Community Dent. 1988 Summer; 3(2): 29-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3268321&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health promotion for the United Kingdom in the year 2000. Author(s): Blinkhorn AS. Source: Community Dent Health. 1993 September; 10 Suppl 2: 65-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8269350&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health promotion in a group of children at high risk to dental disease. Author(s): Olsen CB, Brown DF, Wright FA. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1986 December; 14(6): 302-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3466752&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health promotion--reaching the needy. Author(s): Chawla HS. Source: J Indian Dent Assoc. 1985 October; 57(10): 387-95. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3868648&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health related behaviour of Scottish and English secondary schoolchildren. Author(s): Bedi R, Sutcliffe P, Balding JW. Source: Community Dent Health. 1990 June; 7(2): 149-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2379089&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health related behaviours in toddlers in low and high caries areas in St Helens, north west England. Author(s): Jones S, Hussey R, Lennon MA. Source: British Dental Journal. 1996 July 6; 181(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8757915&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health scheme for members of the National Cadet Corps. Author(s): Cheong YH, Tan KP, Chan TS. Source: Singapore Dent J. 1982 May; 7(1): 51-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6959292&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health service in the Cyprus detention camps, 1946-1948. Author(s): Rosenzweig KA. Source: Bull Hist Dent. 1982 October; 30(2): 92-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6753980&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health services research and education. Author(s): Atchison KA. Source: J Dent Educ. 1997 January; 61(1): 7-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9024336&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health services research and policy analysis: looking out or looking in? Author(s): DeFriese GH. Source: J Dent Educ. 1986 November; 50(11): 647-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3464629&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health services research in Scotland: a review of some 5-year results. Author(s): Elderton RJ, Nuttall NM, Eddie S, Davies JA. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1985 October; 13(5): 249-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3863733&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health services research utilizing comprehensive clinical databases and information technology. Author(s): Hayden WJ. Source: J Dent Educ. 1997 January; 61(1): 47-55. Erratum In: J Dent Educ 1997 June; 61(6): 506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9024342&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health services research: what is it and does it matter? Author(s): Kay E, Blinkhorn A. Source: British Dental Journal. 1996 February 10; 180(3): 116-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8746146&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health status and attitudes to dental care in families participating in a Danish fluoride tablet program. Author(s): Friis-Hasche E, Bergmann J, Wenzel A, Thylstrup A, Pedersen KM, Petersen PE. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1984 October; 12(5): 303-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6593149&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health status and indicators of treatment needs of four Hispanic subgroups in New York City. Author(s): Cruz GD, Galvis DL, Barrow SY, LeGeros AR, Xionan X, Tavares M, LeGeros RZ. Source: Dent Clin North Am. 2003 January; 47(1): 41-55, Viii. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519004&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health status and treatment needs of economically disadvantaged older noninstitutionalized adults: a survey. Author(s): Zitterbart PA, Christen AG, Park KK, Jackson EJ. Source: J Indiana Dent Assoc. 1990 May; 69(3): 13-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2280281&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health status and treatment needs of elderly residents of Edmonton, Alberta. Author(s): Kuc IM, Hargreaves JA, Thompson GW, Donald EA, Basu T, Overton TR, Chao ES, Peterson RD. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1990 June; 56(6): 521-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2196105&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health status and treatment needs of institutionalized seniors. Author(s): McIntyre RT, Jackson M, Shosenberg JW. Source: Ont Dent. 1986 March; 63(3): 12-4, 18-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3517735&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health status associated with documented dental attendance patterns in adolescents. Author(s): Hawley GM, Holloway PJ, Davies RM. Source: Community Dent Health. 1997 March; 14(1): 22-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9114545&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health status in 7-year-old children: a basis for mineralizing therapy. Author(s): Kolmakow S. Source: J Pedod. 1989 Spring; 13(3): 243-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2593069&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health status in Latin-American preschool children in Malmo. Author(s): Vidal OP, Schroder U. Source: Swed Dent J. 1989; 13(3): 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2756467&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health status in two groups of refugees in Sweden. Author(s): Zimmerman M, Bornstein R, Martinsson T. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1988 February; 46(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3164160&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health status of a selected group of 35-44 year old residents of Shandong Province, People's Republic of China. Author(s): Powell RN, Sun HF, Han NM, Zcheng ZF, Li ZR, Yie L. Source: Community Dent Health. 1986 December; 3(4): 261-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3467806&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health status of an aging VA population: implications for a preventive dental health care program. Author(s): Morhart RE, Davis ME, Weiss DG, Fitzgerald RJ, Rhyne RR. Source: Health Services Research. 1986 February; 20(6 Pt 2): 933-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3512488&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health status of mentally and physically handicapped children and adults in the Galway Community Care Area of the Western Health Board. Author(s): Costello PJ. Source: J Ir Dent Assoc. 1990; 36(3): 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2151520&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health status of mentally retarded adults with various living arrangements. Author(s): Gabre P, Gahnberg L. Source: Spec Care Dentist. 1994 September-October; 14(5): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7754456&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health status of native children on selected Saskatchewan reserves. Author(s): Klooz D. Source: Can J Community Dent. 1988 Winter; 3(1): 32-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2485425&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health status of native children on selected Saskatchewan Reserves. Author(s): Klooz D. Source: Can J Community Dent. 1988 Winter; 3(2): 32-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3166391&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health status of nondependent children with handicapping conditions in Edmonton, Alberta. Author(s): Lizaire AL, Borkent A, Toor V. Source: Spec Care Dentist. 1986 March-April; 6(2): 74-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2939578&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health status of recipients of community dental health services. Author(s): Gelbier S, Packham J, Simmons S, Hopes I. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1983 September; 37(3): 204-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6619718&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health status of school children in Tennessee--a 25 year comparison. Author(s): Bryan ET, Collier DR, Howard WR, VanCleave ML. Source: J Tenn Dent Assoc. 1982 January; 62(1): 31-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6952052&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health, dental care, and dietary habits in children in different parts of Sweden. Author(s): Stecksen-Blicks C, Arvidsson S, Holm AK. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1985 March; 43(1): 59-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3859986&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health, dental health knowledge and behaviour in 14-year-old children of Finnish immigrant families in the north of Sweden. Author(s): Ekman A. Source: Swed Dent J. 1989; 13(3): 95-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2756468&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health, dental neglect, and use of services in an adult Dunedin population sample. Author(s): Jamieson LM, Thomson M. Source: N Z Dent J. 2002 March; 98(431): 4-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12017903&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health, population size and the distribution of general dental practitioners in England. Author(s): Buck D. Source: Community Dent Health. 1999 September; 16(3): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10641073&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health, prophylactic antibiotic measures and infective endocarditis: an analysis of the knowledge of susceptible patients. Author(s): De Geest AF, Schoolmeesters I, Willems JL, De Geest H. Source: Acta Cardiol. 1990; 45(6): 441-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2072991&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health. 2. Working together in dental health education. Author(s): Quinn G, Freeman R. Source: Health Visit. 1994 March; 67(3): 90-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8194972&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health. I. Views about preventive dental care for infants. Author(s): Bentley E. Source: Health Visit. 1994 March; 67(3): 88-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8194971&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health: testing the readability of educational materials. Author(s): Blinkhorn AS. Source: Int J Health Educ. 1982; 24(3): 200-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7090580&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health-related behaviour in Scottish schoolchildren aged 11, 13 and 15 from Edinburgh city. Author(s): Currie C, Schou L, McQueen DV. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 1989 July; 47(4): 182-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2807904&dopt=Abstract
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Dental neglect and dental health among 26-year-olds in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Author(s): Thomson WM, Locker D. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2000 December; 28(6): 414-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11106013&dopt=Abstract
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Dental prophylaxis for youths in their late teens. II. Knowledge about dental health and diseases and the relation to dental health behavior. Author(s): Hamp SE, Bergendal B, Erasmie T, Lindstrom G, Mellbring S. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1982 January; 9(1): 35-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6949925&dopt=Abstract
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Dental prophylaxis for youths in their late teens. III. Attitudes to teeth and dental health and their relation to dental health behavior. Author(s): Bergendal B, Erasmie T, Hamp SE. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1982 January; 9(1): 46-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6949926&dopt=Abstract
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Dental students and dental health education in Jerusalem. Author(s): Becker A. Source: Alpha Omegan. 1991 Fall; 84(2): 11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1816718&dopt=Abstract
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Dental time study results in relation to a model for a dental health related patient group system. Author(s): Swedberg Y. Source: Swed Dent J. 1995; 19(3): 109-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7676387&dopt=Abstract
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Dental treatment and dental health. Part 1. A review of studies in support of a philosophy of Minimum Intervention Dentistry. Author(s): Dawson AS, Makinson OF. Source: Aust Dent J. 1992 April; 37(2): 126-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1605751&dopt=Abstract
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Dental treatment and dental health. Part 2. An alternative philosophy and some new treatment modalities in operative dentistry. Author(s): Dawson AS, Makinson OF. Source: Aust Dent J. 1992 June; 37(3): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1627070&dopt=Abstract
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Dental treatment guidelines for use of restraints within the nine Louisiana developmental centers. Louisiana State University Dental Health Resources Program. Author(s): Connick CM, Bates ML, Barsley RE. Source: Lda J. 1999 Summer; 58(2): 23-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10740536&dopt=Abstract
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Dental visits and self-assessment of dental health status in the adult Danish population. Author(s): Petersen PE. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 1984 November; 2(4): 167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6544459&dopt=Abstract
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Dental visits and self-assessment of dental health status in the adult Danish population. Author(s): Petersen PE. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1983 June; 11(3): 162-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6573998&dopt=Abstract
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Dental visits, dental health status and need for dental treatment in a Danish industrial population. Author(s): Petersen PE. Source: Scand J Soc Med. 1983; 11(2): 59-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6635609&dopt=Abstract
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Dentists and dental health education: a study of the perceptions of 28 community dentists. Author(s): Nettleton S. Source: Community Dent Health. 1989 March; 6(1): 47-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2655844&dopt=Abstract
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Dentists' and physicians' attitudes on the role of the dental health care team in a cardiovascular risk factor reduction program. Author(s): Young SL, Karp NV, Karp WB. Source: J Public Health Dent. 1990 Winter; 50(1): 38-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2296002&dopt=Abstract
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Dentists' professional satisfaction with adolescent dentistry and its association with adolescent dental health behavior. Author(s): DuRant RH, Pierce KL, Powell BJ, Sanders JM Jr. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1989 January; 10(1): 46-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2921189&dopt=Abstract
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Deprivation and dental health. The benefits of a child dental health campaign in relation to deprivation as estimated by the uptake of free meals at school. Author(s): Schou L, Wight C, Wohlgemuth B. Source: Community Dent Health. 1991 July; 8(2): 147-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1878792&dopt=Abstract
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Deprivation and inequalities in women's health: smoking, an oral cancer, and child dental health. Author(s): Pine CM. Source: J Dent Educ. 1999 March; 63(3): 276-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10225023&dopt=Abstract
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Designing dental health education materials for schoolteachers: formative evaluation research. Author(s): Kay EJ, Baba SP. Source: J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1991 Spring; 15(3): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1878331&dopt=Abstract
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Designing school dental health programmes in South Africa. Author(s): Rudolph MJ, Gilbert L. Source: J Dent Assoc S Afr. 1987 September; 42(9): 519-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3267974&dopt=Abstract
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Determinants of dental health behaviors in Nordic schoolchildren. Author(s): Rise J, Wold B, Aaro LE. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1991 February; 19(1): 14-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2019083&dopt=Abstract
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Determinants of dental health services utilization among the elderly. Author(s): Brodeur JM, Demers M, Simard P. Source: Can J Community Dent. 1987 July; 2(2): 13-33. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3477313&dopt=Abstract
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Development of a dental health test for adolescents. Author(s): Walsh MM, Heilbron DC. Source: Educ Dir Dent Hyg. 1985 September; 10(3): 21-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3870263&dopt=Abstract
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Development of the Dental Health Assessment Profile. Author(s): McCormack-Brown KR, Vitello EM, McDermott RJ, Richardson CE. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1990 November; 60(9): 455-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2283876&dopt=Abstract
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Diet and dental health, a study of relationships: United States, 1971-74. Author(s): Burt BA, Eklund SA, Landis R, Larkin FA, Guire KE, Thompson FE. Source: Vital Health Stat 11. 1982; 11(225): 1-85. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7072156&dopt=Abstract
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Diet and dental health. Author(s): Shaw JH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1985 May; 41(5 Suppl): 1117-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3887889&dopt=Abstract
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Diet and dental health. Author(s): McCloskey RJ. Source: Iowa Dent J. 1989 January; 75(1): 43-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2689388&dopt=Abstract
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Diet and nutrition: crucial factors in the dental health of children. Author(s): Palmer CA. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 1989; 58: 131-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2669358&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary habits and dental health in 6-year-old Finnish immigrant children in Sweden. Author(s): Widstrom E, Suksis-Jansson R. Source: Swed Dent J. 1985; 9(3): 135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3860995&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary habits and dental health in Finnish Seventh-Day Adventists. Author(s): Linkosalo E. Source: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1988; 84(2): 109-15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3393519&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary habits and dental health over the first 18 months of life. Author(s): Habibian M, Roberts G, Lawson M, Stevenson R, Harris S. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2001 August; 29(4): 239-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11515636&dopt=Abstract
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Differences in dental health observed within a group of non-institutionalised mentally handicapped adults attending day centres. Author(s): Kendall NP. Source: Community Dent Health. 1992 March; 9(1): 31-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1535536&dopt=Abstract
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Differential prediction of dental health behaviour by self-esteem and health locus of control in young adolescents. Author(s): Regis D, Macgregor ID, Balding JW. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1994 January; 21(1): 7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8126247&dopt=Abstract
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Discussion: diet and nutrition in dental health and disease. Author(s): Hargreaves JA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 February; 61(2): 447S-448S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7840091&dopt=Abstract
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Distribution of dental health behaviors in Nordic schoolchildren. Author(s): Rise J, Haugejorden O, Wold B, Aaro LE. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1991 February; 19(1): 9-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2019094&dopt=Abstract
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Distribution of dental therapists and assistant dental officers trained under the Tanzania-Danida Dental Health Programme 1981-1993. Author(s): Poulsen S, Fubusa F, Gemba PM, Lema PA, Mosha HJ, Ntabaye MK. Source: Odontostomatol Trop. 1999 June; 22(86): 19-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11372090&dopt=Abstract
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Division of Dental Health. Finding new ways to prevent disease, promote health. Author(s): Easley MW. Source: Ohio Dent J. 1982 March; 56(3): 44-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6961332&dopt=Abstract
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Does dental health education affect inequalities in dental health? Author(s): Schou L, Wight C. Source: Community Dent Health. 1994 June; 11(2): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8044719&dopt=Abstract
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Drinks and dental health. Author(s): Sorvari R, Rytomaa I. Source: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1991; 87(4): 621-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1775489&dopt=Abstract
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Dudley and his friends “Sport a Winning Smile” during National Children's Dental Health Month! Author(s): Trabosh C. Source: Pa Dent J (Harrisb). 2001 May-June; 68(3): 37-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11490728&dopt=Abstract
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Eat your way to better dental health. Author(s): Jones DG. Source: J Calif Dent Assoc. 2000 June; 28(6): 402-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11324125&dopt=Abstract
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Educationally sub-normal (mild) children--the neglected ones in dental health education. Author(s): Miles U. Source: Dent Health (London). 1984; 23(4): 3, 5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6238853&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of dental health education on the oral health status of a rural child population by involving target groups. Author(s): Thomas S, Tandon S, Nair S. Source: J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2000 September; 18(3): 115-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11324201&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of early dental health education for Finnish immigrant families. Author(s): Ekman A, Persson B. Source: Swed Dent J. 1990; 14(3): 143-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2255993&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of fluoridation on dental health in 5- and 11-year-old Irish schoolchildren. Author(s): Lemasney J, O'Mullane D, Coleman M. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1984 August; 12(4): 218-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6590172&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of pregnancy on periodontal and dental health. Author(s): Laine MA. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2002 October; 60(5): 257-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12418714&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of wartime conditions on dental health forty years later. Author(s): Alanen P, Tiekso J. Source: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1984; 80(5-6): 253-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6522395&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of war-time dietary changes on dental health of Finns 40 years later. Author(s): Alanen P, Tiekso J, Paunio I. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1985 October; 13(5): 281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3863738&dopt=Abstract
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Effectiveness of dental health educational programs in schools. Author(s): Flanders RA. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1987 February; 114(2): 239-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3469272&dopt=Abstract
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Effectiveness of dental health educational programs on oral cleanliness of schoolchildren in Israel. Author(s): Torpaz E, Noam Y, Anaise JZ, Sgan-Cohen H. Source: Dent Hyg (Chic). 1984 April; 58(4): 169-73. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6586530&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of a national dental health campaign in Finland. Author(s): Murtomaa H, Masalin K. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1984 October; 42(5): 297-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6597994&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of a school visit dental health programme upon the attitudes of undergraduate dental students in England. Author(s): Howat AP, Rock WP, Foster TD. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1982 April; 10(2): 100-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6952969&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of dental health care instruction on knowledge, attitude, behavior and fear. Author(s): Hoogstraten J, Moltzer G. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1983 October; 11(5): 278-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6578894&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of dental health education for mothers with young children in London. Author(s): Holt RD, Winter GB, Fox B, Askew R. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1985 June; 13(3): 148-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3860335&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of nutrition on dental health in Third World countries. Author(s): Dummett CO. Source: Quintessence Int. 1983 February; 14(2): 247-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6574553&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of poverty on children's dental health. Author(s): Call RL. Source: Pediatrician. 1989; 16(3-4): 200-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2608561&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of school-based dental health education on knowledge, attitudes and behavior of adolescents in San Francisco. Author(s): Walsh MM. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1985 June; 13(3): 143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3860334&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of the degree of overbite and overjet on dental health. Author(s): Silness J, Roynstrand T. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1985 May; 12(5): 389-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3859497&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of type of value appealed to and valence of appeal on children's dental health behavior. Author(s): Knapp LG. Source: Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 1991 December; 16(6): 675-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1798007&dopt=Abstract
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Effects on dental health of spacing of teeth in anterior segments. Author(s): Silness J, Roynstrand T. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1984 July; 11(6): 387-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6589240&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of dental health advice as an aid to reducing cigarette smoking. Author(s): Macgregor ID. Source: British Dental Journal. 1996 April 20; 180(8): 292-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8639370&dopt=Abstract
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Enamel opacities in children whose mothers took part in a dental health education scheme. Author(s): Holt RD, Winter GB, Fox B, Askew R. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1990 April; 18(2): 74-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2335065&dopt=Abstract
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Errors in federal report on dental health personnel present problems. Author(s): Bennett IC, Boyd MA. Source: J Dent Educ. 1990 December; 54(12): 723. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2246397&dopt=Abstract
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Errors in Federal report on dental health personnel present problems. Author(s): Solomon ES. Source: J Dent Educ. 1990 August; 54(8): 499-501. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2380416&dopt=Abstract
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Establishment of community dental health units in developing countries. Author(s): Keki M. Source: J Indian Dent Assoc. 1985 October; 57(10): 367-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3868644&dopt=Abstract
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Estimation of prophylactic measures in Swedish public dental health care. Results from a questionnaire. Author(s): Sundberg H, Bjerner B, Sjogren K. Source: European Journal of Oral Sciences. 1996 August; 104(4 ( Pt 2)): 477-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8930600&dopt=Abstract
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Ethnic classification in primary dental care and dental health services research: time to pause for thought. Author(s): Buck DJ, Malik S, Murphy N, Patel V, Singh S, Syed B, Vora N. Source: Prim Dent Care. 2001 April; 8(2): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11405053&dopt=Abstract
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Ethnic indicators of dental health for young Asian schoolchildren resident in areas of multiple deprivation. Author(s): Bedi R. Source: British Dental Journal. 1989 May 6; 166(9): 331-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2713182&dopt=Abstract
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'Ethnic indicators of dental health for young Asian schoolchildren resident in areas of multiple deprivation'. Author(s): Bedi R. Source: British Dental Journal. 1989 July 22; 167(2): 50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2775579&dopt=Abstract
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Ethnicity and child dental health status in the Manawatu-Wanganui Area Health Board. Author(s): Thomson WM. Source: N Z Dent J. 1993 January; 89(395): 12-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8441508&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of a curriculum for dental health in 3rd grade school children in Mumbai, India. Author(s): Kapadia H, Stallard, Volpe, Rustogi, Butler M. Source: J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 1999 June; 17(2): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10863494&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of a reinforced school-based dental health education program as provided by dental hygiene students. Author(s): Cooke V, Graham SR, Sadles MC. Source: Educ Dir Dent Aux. 1983 March; 8(1): 18-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6578918&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of dental health in mill workers. Part I. The state of dentition. Author(s): Bachanek T, Pawlowicz A, Tarczydlo B, Chalas R. Source: Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine : Aaem. 2001; 8(1): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11426933&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of governmental dental health services in rural health centers in Egypt. Author(s): Wissa AA, Zahran MA. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1988 February; 16(1): 16-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3422611&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of information on dental health care at child health centers. Differences in educational level, attitudes, and knowledge among parents of preschool children with different caries experience. Author(s): Kinnby CG, Palm L, Widenheim J. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1991 October; 49(5): 289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1803849&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of information on dental health care at child health centers. Factors in caries prevention--opinions of dental personnel and their relation to parental attitudes. Author(s): Kinnby CG, Widenheim J. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1994 October; 52(5): 266-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7825395&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of school-based dental health activities including fluoride mouth-rinsing in Hiraizumi, Japan. Author(s): Ohara S, Kawaguchi Y, Shinada K, Sasaki Y. Source: J Med Dent Sci. 2000 June; 47(2): 133-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160185&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of the dental health education programme 'Natural Nashers'. Author(s): Arnold C, Doyle AJ. Source: Community Dent Health. 1984 July; 1(2): 141-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6599385&dopt=Abstract
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Expectations and perceptions of Greek patients regarding the quality of dental health care. Author(s): Karydis A, Komboli-Kodovazeniti M, Hatzigeorgiou D, Panis V. Source: International Journal for Quality in Health Care : Journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care / Isqua. 2001 October; 13(5): 409-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11669569&dopt=Abstract
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Experimental vitamin C depletion and supplementation in young men. Nutrient interactions and dental health effects. Author(s): Jacob RA, Omaye ST, Skala JH, Leggott PJ, Rothman DL, Murray PA. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1987; 498: 333-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3476001&dopt=Abstract
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Exposures to blood and body fluids among dental school-based dental health care workers. Author(s): Kennedy JE, Hasler JF. Source: J Dent Educ. 1999 June; 63(6): 464-9. Erratum In: J Dent Educ 1999 October; 63(10): 774. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10418565&dopt=Abstract
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Extending recall intervals--effect on resource consumption and dental health. Author(s): Wang N, Marstrander P, Holst D, Ovrum L, Dahle T. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1992 June; 20(3): 122-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1623701&dopt=Abstract
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Factor analytic study of the Kurtzman Community Dental Health Ideology Scale. Author(s): Stein MI, Lifshutz H, Mauss EA. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1983 February; 56(1): 79-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6844084&dopt=Abstract
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Factors associated with oral health: a multivariate analysis of results from the 1998 Adult Dental Health survey. Author(s): Treasure E, Kelly M, Nuttall N, Nunn J, Bradnock G, White D. Source: British Dental Journal. 2001 January 27; 190(2): 60-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11213337&dopt=Abstract
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Factors influencing dental health education for the aged. Author(s): Zier B. Source: Can Dent Hyg. 1982 Winter; 16(4): 110-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6960964&dopt=Abstract
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Factors related to dental health and some salivary factors in Finnish Seventh-Day Adventists. Author(s): Linkosalo E, Halonen P, Markkanen H. Source: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1988; 84(5-6): 279-89. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3227020&dopt=Abstract
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Familial aggregation of dental health habits in Finland. Author(s): Honkala E, Paronen O, Rimpela M. Source: J Pedod. 1983 Summer; 7(4): 276-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6582252&dopt=Abstract
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Familial and maternal factors affecting the dental health and dental attendance of preschool children. Author(s): Kinirons M, McCabe M. Source: Community Dent Health. 1995 December; 12(4): 226-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8536086&dopt=Abstract
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Financing of dental health care in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Author(s): Ivankovic A, Rebac Z. Source: Croatian Medical Journal. 1999 June; 40(2): 166-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10234058&dopt=Abstract
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Five-year-old children: changes in their decay experience and dental health related behaviours over four years. Author(s): Whittle JG, Whittle KW. Source: Community Dent Health. 1995 December; 12(4): 204-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8536082&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoride and dental health. Author(s): O'Mullane D. Source: J Ir Dent Assoc. 1993; 39(4): 100, 103. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8006467&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoride programs in the school setting: preventive dental health. Author(s): Rebich T Jr, Brustman BA, Kumar J, Weintraub J, Rothe BB. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1982 January; 52(1): 14-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6915277&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoride tablets and dental health. Author(s): Smyth JS. Source: Aust Dent J. 1984 October; 29(5): 296-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6598032&dopt=Abstract
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Fluorides and children's dental health. Author(s): Mercer V, Craven AB. Source: J Indiana Dent Assoc. 1982 May-June; 61(3): 9-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6958757&dopt=Abstract
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Fluorides and dental health revisited. Author(s): Ogada T. Source: East Afr Med J. 1984 April; 61(4): 261. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6489225&dopt=Abstract
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Fluorides in dental health: recent concepts. Author(s): Shah N. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1988 September-October; 55(5): 693-701. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3073122&dopt=Abstract
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General and dental health in relation to life-style and social network activity among 67-year-old Danes. Author(s): Petersen PE, Nortov B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 1989 December; 7(4): 225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2626612&dopt=Abstract
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General anesthesia and children's dental health: present trends and future needs. Author(s): Murray JJ. Source: Anesth Pain Control Dent. 1993 Fall; 2(4): 209-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8180523&dopt=Abstract
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Good dental health from day one. Author(s): Schulz D. Source: Dent Assist (Waco Tx). 1982 May-June; 1(5): 18-20, 31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6964875&dopt=Abstract
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Government food program can promote dental health. Author(s): Newton M. Source: Pediatr Dent. 1984 December; 6(4): 264-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6596577&dopt=Abstract
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Guidelines for dental health of the adolescent--May, 1986. Author(s): Machen JB. Source: Pediatr Dent. 1987 September; 9(3): 247-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3507643&dopt=Abstract
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Guidelines on immunisation against hepatitis B--the effects on dental health care workers. Author(s): Chartres L. Source: British Dental Journal. 1995 April 22; 178(8): 312-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7742108&dopt=Abstract
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Guttman scale analysis of dental health attitudes and knowledge. Author(s): Petersen PE. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1989 August; 17(4): 170-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2758787&dopt=Abstract
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Health visitors and dental health awareness. Author(s): Williams SA, Fairpo CG. Source: Midwife Health Visit Community Nurse. 1984 February; 20(2): 43-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6562361&dopt=Abstract
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Health visitors and dental health education. Author(s): Williams S, Fairpo G. Source: Health Visit. 1982 November; 55(11): 588-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6923885&dopt=Abstract
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HEC dental health campaign 1985. Author(s): Bettles R. Source: British Dental Journal. 1985 February 9; 158(3): 83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3857918&dopt=Abstract
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Helping patients quit smoking. Useful strategies for the dental health team. Author(s): Christen AG, McDonald JL Jr. Source: Dentistry. 1986 October; 6(3): 16-8, 20-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3464385&dopt=Abstract
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Hepatitis B and dental health care workers. Author(s): Clark N, Scarlett MI, Johannes P, Shaw FE Jr, Turner PM Jr. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1987 October; 115(4): 536, 538. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2958528&dopt=Abstract
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Hepatitis B awareness and attitudes amongst dental health care workers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Paul T, Maktabi A, Almas K, Saeed S. Source: Odontostomatol Trop. 1999 June; 22(86): 9-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11372096&dopt=Abstract
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Hepatitis B prevalence and infection control among dental health care workers in a community in South Korea. Author(s): Song KB, Choi KS, Lang WP, Jacobson JJ. Source: J Public Health Dent. 1999 Winter; 59(1): 39-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11396043&dopt=Abstract
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Hepatitis B virus: the risk to Australian dentists and dental health care workers. Author(s): Amerena V, Andrew JH. Source: Aust Dent J. 1987 June; 32(3): 183-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3479106&dopt=Abstract
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High-potency sweeteners and dental health. Author(s): Grenby TH. Source: Ohio Dent J. 1990 Fall-Winter; 64(2): 15-6, 18-9, 72-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2098676&dopt=Abstract
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HIV infection: implications for dental health education. Author(s): Porter SR, Chartres LA, Scully C. Source: Dent Health (London). 1989 December-January; 28(6): 3-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2534756&dopt=Abstract
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Household income in relation to dental health and dental health behaviours: the use of Super Profiles. Author(s): Whittle JG, Whittle KW. Source: Community Dent Health. 1998 September; 15(3): 150-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10645684&dopt=Abstract
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How can dentists and parents communicate effectively about children's dental health needs? Author(s): Berman MH. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2001 June; 132(6): 795-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11433861&dopt=Abstract
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Human immunodeficiency virus: quantifying the risk of transmission of HIV to dental health care workers. Author(s): Morris RE, Turgut E. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1990 December; 18(6): 294-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2090380&dopt=Abstract
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Identifying risk factors for predicting caries in school-aged children using dental health information collected at preschool age. Author(s): Clarke P, Fraser-Lee NJ, Shimono T. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 2001 September-December; 68(5-6): 373-8, 302-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11985204&dopt=Abstract
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'Idle teeth get into mischief'. The Dental Health of Walsall (UK) school children 19101912 and the consequent development of school dentistry in the Borough. Author(s): Gray MM. Source: Community Dent Health. 1989 June; 6(2): 153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2667701&dopt=Abstract
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Immediate and delayed effects of a dental health education film on periodontal knowledge, attitudes, and reported behavior of Dutch adolescents. Author(s): ter Horst G, Hoogstraten J. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1989 August; 17(4): 183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2758791&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of dental health care on dental health of children with long-term diseases: a nested case-control study. Author(s): Mattila ML, Rautava P, Paunio P, Hyssala L, Helenius H, Sillanpaa M, Ojanlatva A. Source: J Clin Dent. 2001; 12(3): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11505965&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of fluoride on dental health. Author(s): Casey SE; American Dietetic Association. Source: Dental Assistant (Chicago, Ill. : 1994). 2000 March-April; 69(2): 28-33; Quiz 34-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11218290&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of nutrition on dental health in a changing environment. Author(s): Contreras JA, May OA Jr. Source: Va Dent J. 1985 April-June; 62(2): 24-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3859107&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of troop dental health on combat readiness. Author(s): Teweles RB, King JE. Source: Military Medicine. 1987 May; 152(5): 233-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3108716&dopt=Abstract
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Implementing a school-based dental health program: the Montefiore model. Author(s): Simoyan O, Badner V. Source: The Journal of School Health. 2002 August; 72(6): 262-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12212412&dopt=Abstract
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Implications of recent dental health services research on the future of operative dentistry. Author(s): Elderton RJ. Source: J Public Health Dent. 1985 Spring; 45(2): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3859659&dopt=Abstract
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Improvements in the dental health of 3-year-old Hertfordshire children after 8 years. Author(s): Pearson G. Source: British Dental Journal. 1982 November 2; 153(9): 317-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6959639&dopt=Abstract
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Improvements in the dental health of 3-year-old Hertfordshire children after 8 years. The relationship to social class. Author(s): Silver DH. Source: British Dental Journal. 1982 September 7; 153(5): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6957233&dopt=Abstract
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Improving children's dental health. Author(s): Ottley C. Source: J Fam Health Care. 2002; 12(5): 122-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449062&dopt=Abstract
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Improving dental health education. Author(s): Ashton B, Gelbier S, Plamping D. Source: Health Visit. 1983 October; 56(10): 362-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6557091&dopt=Abstract
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Improving dental health status indicators for evaluation. Author(s): Lewis JM. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1996 February; 24(1): 32-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8833512&dopt=Abstract
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Improving dental health. Author(s): Doniger AS. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2000 December; 90(12): 1951-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11111279&dopt=Abstract
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In recognition of National Children's Dental Health Month. Author(s): Ralstrom CS. Source: J Mich Dent Assoc. 2000 January; 82(1): 32-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11323895&dopt=Abstract
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Increasing evidence of a link between dental health and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Kinane DF. Source: British Dental Journal. 1998 January 10; 184(1): 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9479809&dopt=Abstract
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Indian Health Service: forging a frontier in dental health. Author(s): Crozier S. Source: Cds Rev. 1999 October; : 10-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10850255&dopt=Abstract
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Indigenous Australian dental health: a brief review of caries experience. Author(s): Martin-Iverson N, Pacza T, Phatouros A, Tennant M. Source: Aust Dent J. 2000 March; 45(1): 17-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10846267&dopt=Abstract
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Individual beliefs and expectations in dental health practises. Author(s): Gray AS, Gunther DM. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1986 April; 52(4): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3518881&dopt=Abstract
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Inequalities in dental health in the north-west of England. Author(s): Pine C, Burnside G, Craven R. Source: Community Dent Health. 2003 March; 20(1): 55-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12688605&dopt=Abstract
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Infant dental health--the first visit. Author(s): Brandtner AJ. Source: Iowa Dent J. 1994 July; 80(3): 21-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7875945&dopt=Abstract
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Infection control. Survey of dental health care workers. Author(s): Epstein JB, Rathee NN, Mathias RG. Source: Oral Health. 1989 October; 79(10): 53-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2640300&dopt=Abstract
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Infection control: risk assessment and management for the dental health professional. Author(s): Scarlett MI, Furman LJ. Source: Dent Hyg (Chic). 1987 July; 61(7): 300-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3474176&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of increased toothbrushing frequency on dental health in low, optimal, and high fluoride areas in Finland. Author(s): Ainamo J, Parvianinen K. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1989 December; 17(6): 296-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2591180&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of social class and fluoridation on child dental health. Author(s): Colquhoun J. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1985 February; 13(1): 37-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3855733&dopt=Abstract
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Internal structure of prevention and dental health behaviors. Author(s): Toneatto A, Binik YM. Source: Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 1990 October; 13(5): 481-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2273525&dopt=Abstract
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Inter-relationship among degree of mental retardation, living arrangements, and dental health in adults with mental retardation. Author(s): Gabre P, Gahnberg L. Source: Spec Care Dentist. 1997 January-February; 17(1): 7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9582703&dopt=Abstract
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Is dental health education effective? A systematic review of current evidence. Author(s): Kay EJ, Locker D. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1996 August; 24(4): 231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8871028&dopt=Abstract
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Is detection of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cancer by a dental health care provider associated with a lower stage at diagnosis? Author(s): Holmes JD, Dierks EJ, Homer LD, Potter BE. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 2003 March; 61(3): 285-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12618965&dopt=Abstract
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It's National Children's Dental Health Month--make a difference in the life of a child. Author(s): Farster V. Source: Cds Rev. 2002 January-February; : 20-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11887525&dopt=Abstract
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Joint epidemiological survey on dental health of 12-year-old school children in Dublin and Glasgow. Author(s): Blinkhorn AS, Attwood D, Gavin G, O'Hickey S. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1992 October; 20(5): 307-8. Erratum In: Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1993 June; 21(3): 179. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1424554&dopt=Abstract
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Kentucky celebrates National Children's Dental Health Month. Author(s): Feldman SM, Novak D. Source: Ky Dent J. 1989 September-October; 41(5): 8-9, 11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2630788&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge and attitude of dental health workers towards fluoride in Riyadh area. Author(s): Al-Mobeeriek AF, Al-Shamrani SM, Al-Hussyeen AJ, Bushnaq HZ, AlWaheib RA. Source: Saudi Med J. 2001 November; 22(11): 1004-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11744975&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge and attitudes of Japanese dental health care workers towards HIV-related disease. Author(s): Kitaura H, Adachi N, Kobayashi K, Yamada T. Source: Journal of Dentistry. 1997 May-July; 25(3-4): 279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9175358&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge of dental health and diseases among dental patients, a multicentre study in Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Almas K, Albaker A, Felembam N. Source: Indian J Dent Res. 2000 October-December; 11(4): 145-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11307638&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour in relation to dental health of adults in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Author(s): Keogh T, Linden GJ. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1991 October; 19(5): 246-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1742985&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge, practices and dental health among rural Tanzania children. Author(s): Normark S, Mosha HJ. Source: Afr Dent J. 1989 October; 3(2): 24-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2640131&dopt=Abstract
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Lactovegetarian diet and dental health. Author(s): Linkosalo E. Source: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1988; 84 Suppl 8-9: 1-77. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3217423&dopt=Abstract
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Legislation and reality in public dental services in Norway: dental health services for children and adolescents in 1975 and 1985. Author(s): Rossow I, Holst D. Source: J Public Health Dent. 1991 Summer; 51(3): 152-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1920267&dopt=Abstract
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Let's celebrate National Children's Dental Health Month! Author(s): Parker AC. Source: J Mich Dent Assoc. 2000 January; 82(1): 34-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11323896&dopt=Abstract
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Lifestyle, gender and occupational status as determinants of dental health behavior. Author(s): Sakki TK, Knuuttila ML, Anttila SS. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1998 July; 25(7): 566-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9696257&dopt=Abstract
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Light up your smile--quit smoking: a smoking cessation program for the patients of dental health professionals. Author(s): Orschel NL, Gatchell SE, Bradshaw NJ, Wiebe DP, Libstug H. Source: Ont Dent. 1997 November; 74(9): 41-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9470638&dopt=Abstract
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Linking health with dental health care. Author(s): Yale SH. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1987 March; 114(3): 292. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3470349&dopt=Abstract
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Linn County Dental Health Center--a successful dental public health access program of treatment and prevention. Author(s): Jones RB. Source: J Public Health Dent. 1983 Spring; 43(2): 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6576170&dopt=Abstract
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Log-linear model selections in a rural dental health study. Author(s): Oler J, Bentley JM. Source: Statistics in Medicine. 1983 January-March; 2(1): 59-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6648120&dopt=Abstract
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Longitudinal study of dental health behaviors and other caries predictors in early childhood. Author(s): Grytten J, Rossow I, Holst D, Steele L. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1988 December; 16(6): 356-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3203494&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term effects of syrup medications for recurrent otitis media on the dental health of 6- to 8-year-old children. Author(s): Karjalainen S, Rekola M, Stahlberg MR. Source: Caries Research. 1992; 26(4): 310-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1358446&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term effects on dental care behavior and dental health after treatments for dental fear. Author(s): Hakeberg M, Berggren U, Carlsson SG, Grondahl HG. Source: Anesthesia Progress. 1993; 40(3): 72-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7645792&dopt=Abstract
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Looking critically at dental health books for children. Author(s): Smardo FA, Willis TB. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1983 December; 53(10): 626-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6558289&dopt=Abstract
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Low prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibody among Swiss dental health care workers. Author(s): Weber C, Collet-Schaub, Fried R, Lambrecht JT, Erb P, Meyer J. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2001 June; 34(6): 963-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11451186&dopt=Abstract
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Maintenance of oral hygiene and dental health during orthodontic therapy. Author(s): Casey GR. Source: Clin Prev Dent. 1988 January-February; 10(1): 11-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3272858&dopt=Abstract
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Maori dental health. Author(s): Powell P. Source: N Z Dent J. 1992 October; 88(394): 146. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1484645&dopt=Abstract
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Marketing dental health. Author(s): Bennett TS. Source: Dental Economics - Oral Hygiene. 1989 July; 79(7): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2606258&dopt=Abstract
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Marketing vs. National Children's Dental Health Month. Author(s): Gish CW. Source: J Indiana Dent Assoc. 1984 January-February; 63(1): 5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6585425&dopt=Abstract
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Maximising response to postal surveys of adult dental health. Author(s): McCloskey MI. Source: Community Dent Health. 1995 December; 12(4): 244. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8536091&dopt=Abstract
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Measuring dental health: improvements on the DMF index. Author(s): Birch S. Source: Community Dent Health. 1986 December; 3(4): 303-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3492238&dopt=Abstract
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Measuring social inequality in dental health services research: individual, household and area-based measures. Author(s): Locker D. Source: Community Dent Health. 1993 June; 10(2): 139-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8402300&dopt=Abstract
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Medical and dental health care in the People's Republic of China: review of the literature. Author(s): Tishk M. Source: Dent Hyg (Chic). 1982 March; 56(3): 28-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6964343&dopt=Abstract
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Methods of evaluating dental care costs in the Swedish public dental health care sector. Author(s): Oscarson N, Kallestal C, Karlsson G. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1998 June; 26(3): 160-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9669593&dopt=Abstract
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Milk, milk products, and dental health. Author(s): White CH. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1987 February; 70(2): 392-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3553255&dopt=Abstract
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Modeling dental health care workers' risk of occupational infection from bloodborne pathogens. Author(s): Capilouto E, Weinstein MC, Orav EJ, Hemenway D. Source: J Dent Educ. 1990 November; 54(11): 687-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2229625&dopt=Abstract
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More dental health. Author(s): Burke FJ. Source: Dent Update. 2000 October; 27(8): 369. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11218527&dopt=Abstract
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Mothers' dental attendance patterns and their children's dental attendance and dental health. Author(s): Gratrix D, Taylor GO, Lennon MA. Source: British Dental Journal. 1990 June 9; 168(11): 441-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2361085&dopt=Abstract
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Motivation: the key to success in dental health. Author(s): Wicken H. Source: J N Z Soc Periodontol. 1987 May; (63): 14-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3478498&dopt=Abstract
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Mucocutaneous disorders--a guide for dental health care workers. Author(s): Dace B. Source: Northwest Dent. 2002 May-June; 81(3): 39-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12092443&dopt=Abstract
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National Alliance for Equity in Dental Health: report of the 3rd Annual Symposium on Inequalities in Dental Health held at the House of Commons on 2 November 1998. Author(s): Lennon K. Source: Community Dent Health. 1999 March; 16(1): 3-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10697347&dopt=Abstract
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National Children's Dental Health Month. Author(s): Schuette SW. Source: Northwest Dent. 1999 November-December; 78(6): 19. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11819940&dopt=Abstract
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National Children's Dental Health Month. An adventure in prevention. Author(s): Tillis BP. Source: The New York State Dental Journal. 1992 February; 58(2): 6-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1565327&dopt=Abstract
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National Children's Dental Health Month. Forty years of education in prevention. Author(s): Tillis BP. Source: The New York State Dental Journal. 1988 February; 54(2): 5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3162563&dopt=Abstract
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National Children's Dental Health Month: keystone of preventive dentistry. Author(s): Tillis BP. Source: The New York State Dental Journal. 1993 February; 59(2): 6-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8426705&dopt=Abstract
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'Natural Nashers' dental health education programme. The results of a field trial in Scotland. Author(s): Craft M, Croucher R, Blinkhorn A. Source: British Dental Journal. 1984 February 11; 156(3): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6582888&dopt=Abstract
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Natural Nashers: a programme of dental health education for adolescents in schools. Author(s): Craft M, Croucher R, Dickinson J, James M, Clements M, Rodgers AI. Source: Int Dent J. 1984 September; 34(3): 204-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6592151&dopt=Abstract
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Need perception as a major determinant of dental health care utilization among the elderly. Author(s): Brodeur JM, Demers M, Simard P, Kandelman D. Source: Gerodontics. 1988 October; 4(5): 259-64. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3271723&dopt=Abstract
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New composite indicators of dental health. Author(s): Sheiham A, Maizels J, Maizels A. Source: Community Dent Health. 1987 December; 4(4): 407-14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3480772&dopt=Abstract
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New Zealand Dental Association: report of the Committee on Dental Health on osseointegrated implants. Author(s): Annan JR. Source: N Z Dent J. 1989 October; 85(382): 139-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2797551&dopt=Abstract
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Next up: National Children's Dental Health Month. Author(s): Chase WR. Source: J Mich Dent Assoc. 2000 January; 82(1): 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11323889&dopt=Abstract
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NIDR--40 years of research advances in dental health. Author(s): Sheridan PG. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1988 September-October; 103(5): 493-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3140276&dopt=Abstract
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Nutrient intake and dental health in school children. Author(s): Akyuz S, Pince S, Garibagaoglu M. Source: J Marmara Univ Dent Fac. 1996 September; 2(2-3): 535-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9569812&dopt=Abstract
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Nutrition advice and dental health objectives. Author(s): Black A. Source: J Ir Dent Assoc. 1993; 39(4): 103. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8006470&dopt=Abstract
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Nutrition update for the dental health professional. Author(s): Karp WB. Source: J Calif Dent Assoc. 1994 August; 22(8): 26-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7532688&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational risk of hepatitis C virus infection to dental health care staff: an update. Author(s): Lodi G, Porter SR. Source: Dent Update. 1996 July-August; 23(6): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9084257&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational syrup-tasting and dental health. Author(s): Rytomaa I, Jarvinen V, Heinonen OP. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1994 February; 52(1): 20-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8184675&dopt=Abstract
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Occurrence of root caries in relation to dental health behavior. Author(s): Vehkalahti MM, Paunio IK. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 1988 June; 67(6): 911-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3170903&dopt=Abstract
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On dental health in Icelandic children. Observations during a clinical dentifrice trial. Author(s): Bjarnason S. Source: Swed Dent J Suppl. 1989; 57: 1-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2784233&dopt=Abstract
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On the assessment of dental health care attitudes in 1986 and 1995, using the dental attitude questionnaire. Author(s): Timmerman EM, Hoogstraten J, Meijer K, Nauta M, Eijkman MA. Source: Community Dent Health. 1997 September; 14(3): 161-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9332041&dopt=Abstract
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On the reporting of dental health, time for dental care, and the treatment panorama. Author(s): Swedberg Y. Source: Swed Dent J Suppl. 1999; 133: 1-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10389234&dopt=Abstract
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Online literature searching for the dental health professional. Author(s): Hook-Shelton SA. Source: J Indiana Dent Assoc. 1987 November-December; 66(6): 27-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3482246&dopt=Abstract
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Opinion study comparing attitudes about dental health. Author(s): O'Neill HW. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1984 December; 109(6): 910-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6595296&dopt=Abstract
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Oral and dental health in alcohol misusing patients. Author(s): Harris C, Warnakulasuriya KA, Gelbier S, Johnson NW, Peters TJ. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1997 December; 21(9): 1707-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9438534&dopt=Abstract
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Oral and dental health status of children with cleft lip and/or palate. Author(s): Paul T, Brandt RS. Source: The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal : Official Publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association. 1998 July; 35(4): 329-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9684771&dopt=Abstract
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Oral findings and a proposal for a dental health care program for patients with Duchenne type muscular dystrophy. Author(s): Morinushi T, Mastumoto S. Source: Spec Care Dentist. 1986 May-June; 6(3): 117-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2941887&dopt=Abstract
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Oral hygiene and dental health. Author(s): Kaimenyi JT. Source: East Afr Med J. 1993 February; 70(2): 65-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8513742&dopt=Abstract
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Oral hygiene following traumatic brain injury: a programme to promote dental health. Author(s): Zasler ND, Devany CW, Jarman AL, Friedman R, Dinius A. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 1993 July-August; 7(4): 339-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8358407&dopt=Abstract
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Oral hygiene habits and dental health awareness of Kenyan children aged 9-15 years in a peri-urban and urban school. Author(s): Kaimenyi JT, Ndungu FL, Maina SW, Chindia M. Source: East Afr Med J. 1993 February; 70(2): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8513743&dopt=Abstract
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Oral hygiene knowledge of high-risk Grade One children: an evaluation of two methods of dental health education. Author(s): Hawkins RJ, Zanetti DL, Main PA, Jokovic A, Dwyer JJ, Otchere DF, Locker D. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2000 October; 28(5): 336-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11014510&dopt=Abstract
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'Oral hygiene'--a significant obstacle to dental health? Author(s): Cook RJ. Source: British Dental Journal. 1994 March 19; 176(6): 200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8167058&dopt=Abstract
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Oral hygiene--a significant obstacle to dental health? Author(s): Walker AR. Source: British Dental Journal. 1994 August 6; 177(3): 87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8060718&dopt=Abstract
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Oranga niho: current issues in Maori dental health. Author(s): Broughton J. Source: N Z Dent J. 2001 June; 97(428): 55-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11468935&dopt=Abstract
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Orthodontic treatment priorities in the Danish Child Dental Health Services. Author(s): Helm S. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1982 October; 10(5): 260-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6958410&dopt=Abstract
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Orthodontic treatment, dental health, and oral health behavior in young Norwegian adults. Author(s): Lervik T, Haugejorden O. Source: Angle Orthod. 1988 October; 58(4): 381-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3207215&dopt=Abstract
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Panographic survey of US Army recruits: analysis of dental health status. Author(s): Grover PS, Carpenter WM, Allen GW. Source: Military Medicine. 1982 December; 147(12): 1059-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6817201&dopt=Abstract
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Partners in dental health. Author(s): Janssen JA. Source: Ill Dent J. 1988 July-August; 57(4): 294. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3215670&dopt=Abstract
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Past, present, and future trends in dental health and the dental system in New Zealand. Author(s): Cutress TW, Hunter PB. Source: N Z Dent J. 1992 January; 88(391): 2-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1570121&dopt=Abstract
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Patterns of disease and treatment and their implications for dental health services research. Author(s): Downer MC. Source: Community Dent Health. 1993 September; 10 Suppl 2: 39-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8269346&dopt=Abstract
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Peer audit and community dental health services. Author(s): Gelbier S, Plamping D. Source: Public Health. 1983 March; 97(2): 82-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6856731&dopt=Abstract
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Percutaneous injuries among dental health care workers. Author(s): Kerr SP, Blank LW. Source: Gen Dent. 1999 March-April; 47(2): 146-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10687490&dopt=Abstract
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Periodontal condition, remaining teeth and dental health habits of the aged in Finland. Author(s): Lappalainen R, Widstrom E, Markkanen H. Source: Gerodontics. 1988 December; 4(6): 277-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3254288&dopt=Abstract
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Perspective on dental health, Part IV. 1988 Hawaii State Department of Health--dental practice survey. Author(s): Greer MH, Chang DM. Source: Hawaii Dent J. 1988 October; 19(10): 10-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3248976&dopt=Abstract
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Perspectives in dental health care. Author(s): Preston JD. Source: Int J Prosthodont. 1993 September-October; 6(5): 427. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8297450&dopt=Abstract
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Perspectives on dental health, Part II: General health status in Hawaii. Author(s): Greer MH. Source: Hawaii Dent J. 1988 May; 19(5): 12-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3215827&dopt=Abstract
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Perspectives on dental health, Part III: 1988 Hawaii State Department of Health-dental practice surgery. Author(s): Greer MH, Chang DM. Source: Hawaii Dent J. 1988 August; 19(8): 6-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3267690&dopt=Abstract
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Perspectives on dental health, Part V: 1988 Hawaii State Department of Health's Dental Practice Survey. Author(s): Greer MH, Chang DM. Source: Hawaii Dent J. 1989 January; 20(1): 6-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2599987&dopt=Abstract
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Perspectives on poor dental health and its determinants. Author(s): Turunen S, Nyyssonen V, Vesala H. Source: Community Dent Health. 1993 March; 10(1): 49-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8495393&dopt=Abstract
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Philippine philately carries stamp of dental health. Author(s): Leonard AG. Source: British Dental Journal. 1983 September 10; 155(5): 170. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6587866&dopt=Abstract
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Pilot survey of the dental health of Indiana's adult population. Author(s): Jackson RD, Drook CA, Stookey GK. Source: J Indiana Dent Assoc. 1985 July-August; 64(4): 27-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3862770&dopt=Abstract
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Playing games in promoting childhood dental health. Author(s): Makuch A, Reschke K. Source: Patient Education and Counseling. 2001 April; 43(1): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11311844&dopt=Abstract
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Potential benefits of toothpaste advertising on dental health. Author(s): Kioulafas KE, Athanassouli TN, Weatherell JA. Source: Community Dent Health. 1989 March; 6(1): 61-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2720477&dopt=Abstract
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Preparing dental hygiene students for community dental health--an interagency approach. Author(s): Zier B, Brown B, Henwood D. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1987 March; 53(3): 187-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3548923&dopt=Abstract
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Preschool children's consumption of drinks: implications for dental health. Author(s): Watt RG, Dykes J, Sheiham A. Source: Community Dent Health. 2000 March; 17(1): 8-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11039624&dopt=Abstract
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Present state of dental health knowledge, attitudes/behaviour and perceived oral health of Japanese employees. Author(s): Kawamura M, Iwamoto Y. Source: Int Dent J. 1999 June; 49(3): 173-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10858751&dopt=Abstract
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President Harry S. Truman's dental health. Author(s): Carter WJ, Ragsdale JS. Source: Bull Hist Dent. 1986 April; 34(1): 34-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3516273&dopt=Abstract
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Presidential address to the British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry, Glasgow, March 1986. Past and future changes in the nation's dental health. Author(s): McKechnie R. Source: Community Dent Health. 1986 September; 3(3): 251-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3463384&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of bottled water usage by pediatric dental patients: implications for dental health. Author(s): Flaitz CM, Hicks MJ, Hill EM. Source: J Colo Dent Assoc. 1989 April; 67(4): 5-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2607010&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention for the preschool child (first part). Public dental health measures. Author(s): Postlethwaite K. Source: J Int Assoc Dent Child. 1982 June; 13(1): 13-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6958763&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of dental caries in young pre-school children--the dental health messages. Author(s): Lo GL. Source: Singapore Dent J. 1982 May; 7(1): 29-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6959290&dopt=Abstract
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Preventive dental health behaviour of mothers as role models for their children. Author(s): Brand AA, Rudolph MJ, Gilbert L. Source: J Dent Assoc S Afr. 1988 February; 43(2): 31-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2981020&dopt=Abstract
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Preventive dental health practices of non-institutionalized Down syndrome children: a controlled study. Author(s): Randell DM, Harth S, Seow WK. Source: J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1992 Spring; 16(3): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1388053&dopt=Abstract
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Preventive oral health care and health promotion provided for children and adolescents by the Municipal Dental Health Service in Denmark. Author(s): Petersen PE, Torres AM. Source: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children. 1999 June; 9(2): 81-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10530216&dopt=Abstract
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Promoting changes in clinical practice. Treatment time and outcome studies in a Danish public child dental health clinic. Author(s): Thylstrup A, Vinther D, Christiansen J. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1997 February; 25(1): 126-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9088702&dopt=Abstract
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Promoting dental health care in children with congenital heart disease. Author(s): Uzark K, Messiter E, Rosenthal A. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1986 March-April; 12(2): 97-9, 152. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3634295&dopt=Abstract
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Promoting the value of dental health. Author(s): Tanz NP. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1983 July; 107(1): 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6576029&dopt=Abstract
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Properties of maltodextrins and glucose syrups in experiments in vitro and in the diets of laboratory animals, relating to dental health. Author(s): Grenby TH, Mistry M. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2000 October; 84(4): 565-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11103228&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effect of amifostine on dental health after radiotherapy of the head and neck. Author(s): Rudat V, Meyer J, Momm F, Bendel M, Henke M, Strnad V, Grotz K, Schulte A. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2000 December 1; 48(5): 1339-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11121631&dopt=Abstract
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Psychologic facets of esthetic dental health care: a developmental perspective. Author(s): Levinson NA. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1990 October; 64(4): 486-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2231462&dopt=Abstract
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Public awareness of two dental health campaigns with different marketing strategies. Author(s): Kraft P, Rise J, Holst D. Source: Community Dent Health. 1986 December; 3(4): 321-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3467811&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of intraoral radiographs used for prosthodontic treatment planning by general dentists in the public dental health service. Author(s): Svenson B, Eriksson T, Kronstrom M, Palmqvist S. Source: Swed Dent J. 1995; 19(1-2): 47-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7597631&dopt=Abstract
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Questionnaire survey on the use of dental X-ray film and equipment among general practitioners in the Swedish Public Dental Health Service. Author(s): Svenson B, Petersson A. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1995 August; 53(4): 230-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7484105&dopt=Abstract
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RDH's in community dental health. Author(s): Dreyer R. Source: Rdh. 1986 March-April; 6(2): 12-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3460124&dopt=Abstract
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Rebuilding dental health in The Lebanon. Author(s): Doumit M. Source: Fdi World. 1994 July-August; 3(4): 20-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9552700&dopt=Abstract
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Recruiting college students as patients via a pre-paid preventive dental health plan. Author(s): Klinghoffer IP, Marchese AM. Source: J Dent Educ. 1990 April; 54(4): 253-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2324367&dopt=Abstract
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Registration and dental health benefit. Author(s): Holloway PJ. Source: British Dental Journal. 1995 April 8; 178(7): 245. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7734220&dopt=Abstract
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Relation between demographic and epidemiological characteristics and permanency under a dental health care program for HIV infected patients. Author(s): Squassi A, Khaszki C, Blanco B, Schnaiderman M, Scholnik L, Bonazzi M, Bordoni N. Source: Acta Odontol Latinoam. 1998; 11(1): 3-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11885452&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between alignment conditions of teeth in anterior segments and dental health. Author(s): Silness J, Roynstrand T. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1985 April; 12(4): 312-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3858290&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between dental health and 10-year mortality in a cohort of communitydwelling elderly people. Author(s): Hamalainen P, Meurman JH, Keskinen M, Heikkinen E. Source: European Journal of Oral Sciences. 2003 August; 111(4): 291-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12887393&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between habits and dental health among rural Tanzanian children. Author(s): Normark S, Mosha HJ. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1989 December; 17(6): 317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2591186&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of depressive symptoms to edentulousness, dental health, and dental health behavior. Author(s): Anttila SS, Knuuttila ML, Sakki TK. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2001 December; 59(6): 406-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11831492&dopt=Abstract
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Relationships between dental health behaviour and oral health status of 5-year-old children: a report from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary child development study. Author(s): Evans RW, Beck DJ, Silva PA, Brown RH. Source: N Z Dent J. 1982 January; 78(351): 11-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6950256&dopt=Abstract
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Relationships between exposure to additional fluoride, social background and dental health in 7-year-old children. Author(s): Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1986 February; 14(1): 48-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3456874&dopt=Abstract
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Relative importance of dental health habits and some other factors in association with the occurrence of caries in mentally retarded Finnish children. Author(s): Palin-Palokas T. Source: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1987; 83(5-6): 241-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3432253&dopt=Abstract
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Relevance of social and behavioral factors in the evaluation of dental health care for school children. Author(s): Hamp SE, Nilsson T, Faresjo T, Gamsater G. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1984 April; 42(2): 109-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6588720&dopt=Abstract
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Remaining teeth, oral dryness and dental health habits in middle-aged Norwegian rheumatoid arthritis patients. Author(s): Arneberg P, Bjertness E, Storhaug K, Glennas A, Bjerkhoel F. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1992 October; 20(5): 292-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1424551&dopt=Abstract
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Report about the status of dental health--West Virginia. Author(s): Wilson JH. Source: W V Dent J. 1985 October; 59(4): 20-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3866421&dopt=Abstract
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Report of two dental health programmes for adolescents in the Lothian region of Scotland. Author(s): Blinkhorn AS, Wight C, Yardley A. Source: Journal of Dentistry. 1987 October; 15(5): 213-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3479465&dopt=Abstract
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Required qualifications in the Swedish Public Dental Health Service as indicators of organizational ideology. Author(s): Franzen C, Soderfeldt B. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2001 December; 59(6): 396-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11831491&dopt=Abstract
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Research in dental health education and health promotion: a review of the literature. Author(s): Brown LF. Source: Health Educ Q. 1994 Spring; 21(1): 83-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8188495&dopt=Abstract
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Research in dental health education methods: a social science approach. Author(s): Craft M. Source: J R Soc Health. 1984 February; 104(1): 37-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6368826&dopt=Abstract
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Responding to health changes: a case study of dental health conditions and systems in Japan and Australia. Author(s): Kawaguchi Y, Wright C, Lewis J. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 1998 June; 22(4): 476-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9659776&dopt=Abstract
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Results and issues arising from an evaluation of community dental health education: the case of the 'Good Teeth Programme'. Author(s): Croucher RE, Rodgers AI, Franklin AJ, Craft MH. Source: Community Dent Health. 1985 June; 2(2): 89-97. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3863688&dopt=Abstract
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Rotational panoramic radiography in epidemiological studies of dental health. Comparison between panoramic radiographs and intraoral full mouth surveys. Author(s): Ahlqwist M, Halling A, Hollender L. Source: Swed Dent J. 1986; 10(1-2): 73-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3518113&dopt=Abstract
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Saliva and dental health (1). Author(s): Speirs RL. Source: Dent Update. 1984 October; 11(9): 541-2, 544, 546 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6595178&dopt=Abstract
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Saliva and dental health (2). Author(s): Speirs RL. Source: Dent Update. 1984 November-December; 11(10): 605-6, 608, 610 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6335876&dopt=Abstract
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Saliva and dental health. Clinical implications of saliva: report of a consensus meeting. Author(s): Edgar WM. Source: British Dental Journal. 1990 August 11-25; 169(3-4): 96-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2206655&dopt=Abstract
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Saliva composition and its importance in dental health. Author(s): Fox PC. Source: Compend Suppl. 1989; (13): S457-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2605592&dopt=Abstract
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Salivary and microbial conditions and dental health in patients with Crohn's disease: a 3-year study. Author(s): Sundh B, Emilson CG. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1989 March; 67(3): 286-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2927924&dopt=Abstract
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Salivary flow, saliva, pH and buffering capacity in 70-year-old men and women. Correlation to dental health, dryness in the mouth, disease and drug treatment. Author(s): Osterberg T, Landahl S, Hedegard B. Source: Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 1984 March; 11(2): 157-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6609229&dopt=Abstract
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San Gabriel Valley Foundation for Dental Health: a hand up, not a handout. Author(s): Cohrs RM. Source: J Calif Dent Assoc. 1998 May; 26(5): 402-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10528575&dopt=Abstract
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School dental health in Honduras. Author(s): Flanders RA. Source: J Public Health Dent. 1988 Summer; 48(3): 168-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3166066&dopt=Abstract
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Searching for information on the World Wide Web--a guide for dental health professionals: Part 1. Author(s): Rudin JL, Littleton D. Source: Compend Contin Educ Dent. 1997 September; 18(9): 930-2, 934, 936. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9533369&dopt=Abstract
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Second assessment of London children involved in a scheme of dental health education in infancy. Author(s): Holt RD, Winter GB, Fox B, Askew R. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1989 August; 17(4): 180-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2758790&dopt=Abstract
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Sedation in primary and secondary dental health care. Author(s): Girdler NM. Source: British Dental Journal. 1996 May 11; 180(9): 325. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8664083&dopt=Abstract
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Self-assessment of dental health among Danish noninstitutionalized psychiatric patients. Author(s): Hede B, Petersen PE. Source: Spec Care Dentist. 1992 January-February; 12(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10895739&dopt=Abstract
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Self-concept and dental health behaviours in adolescents. Author(s): Macgregor ID, Regis D, Balding J. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1997 May; 24(5): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9178113&dopt=Abstract
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Self-reported dental health, treatment need and attendance among older adults in two areas of Finland. Author(s): Suominen-Taipale AL, Nordblad A, Alanen P, Alha P, Koskinen S. Source: Community Dent Health. 2001 March; 18(1): 20-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11421400&dopt=Abstract
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Self-reported needlestick injuries in dental health care workers at Armed Forces Hospital Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Paul T. Source: Military Medicine. 2000 March; 165(3): 208-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10741084&dopt=Abstract
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Service provision among adult public dental service patients: baseline data from the Commonwealth Dental Health Program.. Author(s): Brennan DS, Spencer AJ, Slade GD. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 1997 February; 21(1): 40-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9141728&dopt=Abstract
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Setting targets for dental health. Author(s): Renson CE. Source: Dent Update. 1993 September; 20(7): 282-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8056097&dopt=Abstract
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Setting the standard for dental health education. Author(s): Levine R, Stillman-Lowe C. Source: British Dental Journal. 2002 May 25; 192(10): 551-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12075952&dopt=Abstract
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Setting up a dental health exhibition. Author(s): Benson G. Source: Br Dent Surg Assist. 1991 Summer; 50(2): 2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1931308&dopt=Abstract
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): an interim information paper for dental health care workers. Author(s): Samaranayake LP; FDI Science Commission. Source: Int Dent J. 2003 June; 53(3): 117-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12873106&dopt=Abstract
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Should dental health professionals encourage the consumption of milk? Author(s): Sperry NJ. Source: Dent Hyg (Chic). 1983 January; 57(1): 23-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6574944&dopt=Abstract
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Smoking alcohol consumption and dental health behavior among 25-44-year-old Danes. Author(s): Petersen PE. Source: Scand J Dent Res. 1989 October; 97(5): 422-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2617140&dopt=Abstract
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Social class and dental health in children. Author(s): Palmer JD. Source: British Dental Journal. 1984 April 7; 156(7): 238-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6584153&dopt=Abstract
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Social inequalities in dental health. Towards a theoretical explanation. Author(s): Petersen PE. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1990 June; 18(3): 153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2350952&dopt=Abstract
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Societal determinants of cultural factors related to the dental health of a selected older black population. Author(s): Norman BJ, Robinson E, Razzoog ME. Source: Spec Care Dentist. 1986 May-June; 6(3): 120-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3460185&dopt=Abstract
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Sociodemographic and dietary factors in relation to dental health among Greek adolescents. Author(s): Petridou E, Athanassouli T, Panagopoulos H, Revinthi K. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1996 October; 24(5): 307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8954215&dopt=Abstract
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Socio-economic factors and dental health in an obstetric population. Author(s): Ogunbodede EO, Olusile AO, Ogunniyi SO, Faleyimu BL. Source: West Afr J Med. 1996 July-September; 15(3): 158-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9014505&dopt=Abstract
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Soft drinks, infants' fruit drinks and dental health. Author(s): Grenby T. Source: British Dental Journal. 1990 October 20; 169(8): 228. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2245087&dopt=Abstract
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Some aspects of dental health in young adult Indian vegetarians. A pilot study. Author(s): Sherfudhin H, Abdullah A, Shaik H, Johansson A. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1996 February; 54(1): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8669240&dopt=Abstract
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Some social correlates with the dental health of young children. Author(s): Thomas JF, Startup R. Source: Community Dent Health. 1992 March; 9(1): 11-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1617483&dopt=Abstract
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Sources of dental health teaching aids. Author(s): Crawford JH. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1982 January; 52(1): 54-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6915288&dopt=Abstract
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South-west Thames region dental survey. The dental health of children of 5, 12 and 15 years of age in 1979/80. Author(s): Bristow PD, Humpherson WA, Minton OH, Tucker GH, Weedon AF. Source: British Dental Journal. 1982 August 17; 153(4): 148-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6957224&dopt=Abstract
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Spirit of volunteerism abounds at Indiana dental health clinic. Author(s): Cooper MD. Source: Rdh. 1992 June; 12(6): 30-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1410635&dopt=Abstract
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Sports supplement drinks and dental health in competitive swimmers and cyclists. Author(s): Milosevic A, Kelly MJ, McLean AN. Source: British Dental Journal. 1997 April 26; 182(8): 303-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9154709&dopt=Abstract
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St. Lucia dental health project. Author(s): Dahl J. Source: Can Dent Hyg. 1985 Fall; 19(3): 91-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3867399&dopt=Abstract
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Stability of dental health behavior: a 3-year prospective cohort study of 15-, 16- and 18-year-old Norwegian adolescents. Author(s): Astrom AN, Jakobsen R. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1998 April; 26(2): 129-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9645407&dopt=Abstract
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Status of dental health in black and white Americans. Author(s): Sinkford JC. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1988 October; 80(10): 1127-8, 11301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3249318&dopt=Abstract
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Status of hepatitis B viral markers and quantitative evaluation of the anti-HBs response in a dental health care population. Author(s): Aspinall S, Hauman CH. Source: J Dent Assoc S Afr. 1990 August; 45(8): 361-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2084969&dopt=Abstract
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Streptococcus mutans, lactobacilli and dental health in 13-14-year-old Swedish children. Author(s): Zickert I, Emilson CG, Krasse B. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1982 April; 10(2): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6952975&dopt=Abstract
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Studies of the inhibitory action of intense sweeteners on oral microorganisms relating to dental health. Author(s): Grenby TH, Saldanha MG. Source: Caries Research. 1986; 20(1): 7-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2417709&dopt=Abstract
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Study of the dental health of children in remission from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in Northern Ireland. Author(s): Fleming P, Kinirons MJ. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1993 October; 21(5): 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8222608&dopt=Abstract
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Subsidized dental care for young men: its impact on utilization and dental health. Author(s): Grytten J, Rongen G, Asmyhr O. Source: Health Economics. 1996 March-April; 5(2): 119-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8733104&dopt=Abstract
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Sugar alcohols and dental health. Author(s): Linke HA. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 1986; 47: 134-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3088853&dopt=Abstract
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Sugar content of commonly eaten snack foods of school children in relation to their dental health status. Author(s): Parajas IL. Source: J Philipp Dent Assoc. 1999 June-August; 51(1): 4-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10808356&dopt=Abstract
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Supply of dental health information by 182 Dutch organizations working in the field of dentistry. Author(s): van Riel CB, Eijkman MA, van Dijk RJ. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1988 February; 16(1): 36-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3422616&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of adult dental health. Author(s): Johnson S. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1987 June; 114(6): 829-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3475363&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of children's dental health. Author(s): Bartlett D, Smith BG. Source: British Dental Journal. 1995 September 9; 179(5): 160. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7546965&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of dental health initiatives among ethnic minorities. Author(s): Williams S. Source: British Dental Journal. 1989 March 25; 166(6): 197-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2706149&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of Dental Health Week in Queensland 1985 and 1986. Author(s): Ryan PC, Seymour GJ. Source: Aust Dent J. 1987 December; 32(6): 436-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3481978&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of hepatitis B exposure and sharps injuries in dental health-care professionals. Author(s): Schuman NJ, Owens BM, Turner JE. Source: Compend Contin Educ Dent. 1996 October; 17(10): 986, 990-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9533318&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of pediatrician's attitudes towards pediatric dental health. Author(s): Tsamtsouris A, Gavris V. Source: J Pedod. 1990 Spring; 14(3): 152-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1981976&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of the dental health and denture status of institutionalized elderly patients in Ireland. Author(s): Lemasney J, Murphy E. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1984 February; 12(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6365425&dopt=Abstract
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Survival time of Class II molar restorations in relation to patient and dental health insurance costs for treatment. Author(s): Sjogren P, Halling A. Source: Swed Dent J. 2002; 26(2): 59-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462873&dopt=Abstract
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Sweeteners and dental health. Author(s): Rugg-Gunn AJ, Edgar WM. Source: Community Dent Health. 1985 September; 2(3): 213-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3933785&dopt=Abstract
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Systematic dental health care among Finnish university students. Author(s): Turtola L. Source: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1991; 87(4): 637-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1775491&dopt=Abstract
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Teachers as dental health educators. Author(s): Stephen S. Source: Odontostomatol Trop. 1984 December; 7(4): 205-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6597935&dopt=Abstract
Studies 181
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Teaching dental health education through project learning. Author(s): Silberman SL. Source: Hygie. 1984 March; 3(1): 20-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6714991&dopt=Abstract
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Teaching kindergarten and elementary school children dental health: a practical presentation. Author(s): Kupietzky A. Source: J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1993 Summer; 17(4): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8217892&dopt=Abstract
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The “gleam team” programme: development and evaluation of a dental health education package for infant schools. Author(s): Towner EM. Source: Dent Health (London). 1986 April-May; 25(2): 6-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3460884&dopt=Abstract
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The “spread of effect' of a school based dental health education project. Author(s): Croucher R, Rodgers AI, Humpherson WA, Crush L. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1985 August; 13(4): 205-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3862501&dopt=Abstract
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The 1993 national survey of children's dental health. Author(s): Downer MC. Source: British Dental Journal. 1995 June 10; 178(11): 407-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7599013&dopt=Abstract
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The 1993 national survey of children's dental health: a commentary on the preliminary report. Author(s): Downer MC. Source: British Dental Journal. 1994 March 19; 176(6): 209-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8167063&dopt=Abstract
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The ADHA dental health initiative: more than just a pretty smile. Author(s): Rosen J, Deck SA. Source: Dent Hyg (Chic). 1984 March; 58(3): 106-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6586528&dopt=Abstract
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The Agency for Health Care Policy and Research: expanding the opportunities for dental health services research. Author(s): Maas WR. Source: J Dent Educ. 1990 November; 54(11): 695-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2229628&dopt=Abstract
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The American Fund for Dental Health--a responsive catalyst. Author(s): Heidkamp R. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 1982 June; 61(6): 734-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6953105&dopt=Abstract
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The association of tooth lead content with dental health factors. Author(s): Gil F, Facio A, Villanueva E, Perez ML, Tojo R, Gil A. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1996 December 2; 192(2): 183-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8956526&dopt=Abstract
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The attitudes and concerns of Canadian dental health care workers toward infection control and the treatment of AIDS patients. Author(s): Hardie J. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1992 February; 58(2): 131-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1531437&dopt=Abstract
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The attitudes of Finnish dentists in private practice towards dental health education. Author(s): Murtomaa H, Telivuo M. Source: Community Dent Health. 1988 December; 5(4): 369-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3214793&dopt=Abstract
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The Brisbane Statistical Division survey of adult dental health 1984. 1. Design of survey and subject response. Author(s): Powell RN, McEniery TM. Source: Aust Dent J. 1987 December; 32(6): 399-406. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3481972&dopt=Abstract
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The Brisbane Statistical Division Survey of Adult Dental Health 1984. 2. Sociological aspects of the survey. Author(s): Powell RN, McEniery TM. Source: Aust Dent J. 1988 February; 33(1): 14-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3044304&dopt=Abstract
Studies 183
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The Brisbane Statistical Division Survey of Adult Dental Health 1984. 3. Dental health status and treatment needs. Author(s): Powell RN, McEniery TM. Source: Aust Dent J. 1988 April; 33(2): 109-15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3044308&dopt=Abstract
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The Brisbane Statistical Division Survey of Adult Dental Health 1984. 4. Comparisons with other surveys. Author(s): Powell RN, McEniery TM. Source: Aust Dent J. 1988 June; 33(3): 218-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3190575&dopt=Abstract
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The British Nutrition Foundation Oral Task Force report--issues relevant to dental health professionals. Author(s): Moynihan P. Source: British Dental Journal. 2000 March 25; 188(6): 308-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10800237&dopt=Abstract
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The capability of the 1983 Children's Dental Health Survey in Scotland to predict fillings and extractions subsequently undertaken. Author(s): Nuttall NM, Davies JA. Source: Community Dent Health. 1988 December; 5(4): 355-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3214791&dopt=Abstract
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The changing face of adult dental health. Author(s): Renson CE. Source: Dent Update. 1995 March; 22(2): 49-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10495693&dopt=Abstract
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The changing roles of dental personnel. Helping patients quit smoking. Useful strategies for the dental health team. Author(s): Christen AG, McDonald JL Jr. Source: Tic. 1987 May; 46(5): 7-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3473743&dopt=Abstract
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The Chief Scientist reports ... Monitoring the dental health of Scottish children using routinely collected data. Author(s): Davies JA, Smith PA, Pitts NB. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 1996 July; 54(4): 348-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8783490&dopt=Abstract
184
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The Chief Scientist reports.... Problems in mounting and maintaining longitudinal studies--examples from dental health services research. Author(s): Davies JA, Fyffe HE, Pitts NB. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 1992 March; 50(2): 194-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1517092&dopt=Abstract
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The Community Dental Health homepage. Author(s): Nugent Z. Source: Community Dent Health. 1998 September; 15(3): 179. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10645689&dopt=Abstract
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The current status of dental health education in the training of midwives and health visitors. Author(s): Hunter ML, Hunter B, Chadwick B. Source: Community Dent Health. 1996 March; 13(1): 44-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8634897&dopt=Abstract
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The current status of dental health education. Author(s): Hector S, Woolgrove J. Source: Health Visit. 1990 April; 63(4): 128-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2332345&dopt=Abstract
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The Danish dental health project in Kuwait. Author(s): Skougaard MR, Vigild M, Petersen PE, Behbehani MJ, Zaabi FS, Hadi R, Hussain Hussab H, Halling C, Nielsen S, Sorensen E. Source: Tandlaegebladet. 1991 March; 95(4): 149-54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1948712&dopt=Abstract
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The Delphi technique: its use in dental health services research assessed in a study to improve care for elderly mentally ill patients. Author(s): Whittle JG, Grant AA, Sarll DW, Worthington HV. Source: Community Dent Health. 1987 September; 4(3): 205-14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2958124&dopt=Abstract
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The demand for dental health. Author(s): Hay JW, Bailit H, Chiriboga DA. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1982; 16(13): 1285-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7135011&dopt=Abstract
Studies 185
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The dental condition of Dutch schoolchildren assessed by a new dental health index. Author(s): Carpay JJ, Nieman FH, Konig KG, Felling AJ, Lammers JG. Source: Community Dent Health. 1988 September; 5(3): 231-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3196953&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health and caries-related microflora in children with craniosynostosis. Author(s): Mustafa D, Lucas VS, Junod P, Evans R, Mason C, Roberts GJ. Source: The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal : Official Publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association. 2001 November; 38(6): 629-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11681997&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health and treatment needs of middle-aged and older patients attending 21 general dental practitioners in South Australia. Author(s): Mount G, Walker B, Roder D. Source: Aust Dent J. 1987 June; 32(3): 166-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3479103&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health care system and minority patients. Author(s): Harper HJ. Source: J Dent Educ. 1994 April; 58(4): 313-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8151026&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health care system and minority patients. Author(s): Harper HJ. Source: Nda J. 1994 January-February; 45(1): 24-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9594059&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of 10-year-old children attending multi-racial schools in Greater Glasgow. Author(s): Bedi R, Quarrell I, Kippen A. Source: British Dental Journal. 1991 March 9; 170(5): 182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2018694&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of 12-year-old children in Dominica: a report of a survey using WHO methods. Author(s): Leake JL, Otchere DF, Davey KW, Bedford WR, McIntyre DO. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1990 November; 56(11): 1025-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2261589&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of 12-year-old children whose diets include canned fruit from local factories: an added risk for caries? Author(s): van Wyk W, Stander I, van Wyk I. Source: Sadj. 2001 November; 56(11): 533-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11885432&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of 3-year-old children in east Cumbria 1993. Author(s): Jones SG, Nunn JH. Source: Community Dent Health. 1995 September; 12(3): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7584584&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of a group of adults approaching retirement age in Hertfordshire, England. Author(s): Clouting DW. Source: Community Dent Health. 1989 December; 6(4): 397-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2696575&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of adults in an integrated urban development in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Author(s): Nunn JH, Welbury RR, Gordon PH, Stretton-Downes S, Abate CG. Source: Int Dent J. 1993 June; 43(3): 202-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8406949&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of an elderly population in North-west England: results of a survey undertaken in the Halton Health Authority. Author(s): Hoad-Reddick G, Grant AA, Griffiths CS. Source: Journal of Dentistry. 1987 August; 15(4): 139-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3478377&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of Asian and Caucasian four- and five-year-old children resident in Coventry. Author(s): Paul PF, Bradnock G. Source: Community Dent Health. 1986 December; 3(4): 275-85. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3467808&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of black and ethnic minority communities. Author(s): Beal JF. Source: Community Dent Health. 1990 June; 7(2): 121-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2379085&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of children aged 5 to 14 in two primary schools located in the industrial area of Nairobi. Author(s): Manji F. Source: Odontostomatol Trop. 1983 March; 6(1): 35-43. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6575373&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of children eight and fifteen years of age living in Bunbury, Western Australia. Author(s): Medcalf GW, O'Grady MJ. Source: Aust Dent J. 1983 June; 28(3): 162-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6579929&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of children with congenital cardiac disease. Author(s): Urquhart AP, Blinkhorn AS. Source: Scott Med J. 1990 December; 35(6): 166-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2077647&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of elderly people in Britain, 1968 to 1988. Author(s): Heath RM. Source: Int Dent J. 1992 October; 42(5): 399-402. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1483732&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of factory workers in Pasir Gudang, Johor (Malaysia). Author(s): Abdul Majid Z, Zain RB. Source: Dent J Malays. 1988 May; 10(1): 38-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3271120&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of Guernsey school children 1984. Author(s): Anderson RJ, Bradnock G, James PM. Source: British Dental Journal. 1986 May 10; 160(9): 323-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3459506&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of handicapped children in Newcastle and Northumberland. Author(s): Nunn JH, Murray JJ. Source: British Dental Journal. 1987 January 10; 162(1): 9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2948533&dopt=Abstract
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'The dental health of handicapped children in Newcastle and Northumberland'. Author(s): Robinson P. Source: British Dental Journal. 1987 August 22; 163(4): 108-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2958023&dopt=Abstract
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'The dental health of handicapped children in Newcastle and Northumberland'. Author(s): Swallow JN. Source: British Dental Journal. 1987 February 21; 162(4): 134. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2949767&dopt=Abstract
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'The dental health of handicapped children in Newcastle and Northumberland'. Author(s): Nunn JH. Source: British Dental Journal. 1987 April 11; 162(7): 251. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2953361&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of indigenous and non-indigenous infant school children in west Birmingham. Author(s): Bradnock G, Jadoua SI, Hamburger R. Source: Community Dent Health. 1988 June; 5(2): 139-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3165040&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of Indo-Chinese and Australian-born adolescents. Author(s): Durward CS, Wright FA. Source: Aust Dent J. 1989 June; 34(3): 233-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2788405&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of mentally and physically handicapped children: a review of the literature. Author(s): Nunn JH. Source: Community Dent Health. 1987 June; 4(2): 157-68. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2955861&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of pre-school children in a deprived urban community in Glasgow. Author(s): Sweeney PC, Gelbier S. Source: Community Dent Health. 1999 March; 16(1): 22-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10697351&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of school children in Betul district Madhya Pradesh. Author(s): Aukland S, Bjelkaroey J. Source: J Indian Dent Assoc. 1982 October; 54(10): 367-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6962237&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of single male hostel dwellers in Leeds. Author(s): Blackmore T, Williams SA, Prendergast MJ, Pope JE. Source: Community Dent Health. 1995 June; 12(2): 104-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7648409&dopt=Abstract
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'The dental health of the elderly mental ill'. Author(s): Bhattacharyya A. Source: British Dental Journal. 1987 August 22; 163(4): 108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2958022&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of the elderly mentally ill: a preliminary report. Author(s): Whittle JG, Sarll DW, Grant AA, Worthington HV. Source: British Dental Journal. 1987 May 23; 162(10): 381-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3472544&dopt=Abstract
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'The dental health of the elderly mentally ill: the carers' perspective'. Author(s): Usher PJ. Source: British Dental Journal. 1988 May 7; 164(9): 272-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2968091&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of the elderly mentally ill: the carers' perspective. Author(s): Whittle JG, Sarll DW, Grant AA, Worthington HV. Source: British Dental Journal. 1988 March 5; 164(5): 144-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2965894&dopt=Abstract
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The Dental Health Services Research Group: review of findings after four years. Author(s): Elderton RJ. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 1984 March; 42(2): 101-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6724889&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health status of 6 and 12 year-old Beijing schoolchildren in 1987. Author(s): Wright FA, Deng H, Shi ST. Source: Community Dent Health. 1989 June; 6(2): 121-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2788024&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health status of dialysis patients. Author(s): Klassen JT, Krasko BM. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 2002 January; 68(1): 34-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11844416&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health status of five-year-old children in north and west Belfast. Author(s): Freeman R, Breistein B, McQueen A, Stewart M. Source: Community Dent Health. 1997 December; 14(4): 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9458585&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health system of Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Al-Shammary A, Guile EE. Source: Odontostomatol Trop. 1986 December; 9(4): 235-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3469632&dopt=Abstract
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The development of a modular gerontology curriculum for dental health practitioners. Author(s): Teitelman JL, Parham IA, Shipman B. Source: Spec Care Dentist. 1983 March-April; 3(2): 77-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6573805&dopt=Abstract
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The development of dental health in Scandinavia in the 1970's. Author(s): Heloe LA. Source: Scand J Soc Med Suppl. 1984; 34: 39-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6431608&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of different school based dental health education programmes in Norway. Author(s): Sogaard AJ, Holst D. Source: Community Dent Health. 1988 June; 5(2): 169-84. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3165042&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of parental dental health behavior on that of their adolescent offspring. Author(s): Astrom AN, Jakobsen R. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1996 August; 54(4): 235-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8876734&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of subvention on dental care and dental health. A clinical and survey study. Author(s): Alanen P. Source: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1982; 78(2): 104-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6750600&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of three methods of dental health care instruction and dental knowledge, attitude, behaviour, and fear. Author(s): Moltzer G, Hoogstraten J. Source: Community Dent Health. 1986 March; 3(1): 83-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3457618&dopt=Abstract
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The effectiveness of a dental/dietitian team in the assessment of bulimic dental health. Author(s): Howat PM, Varner LM, Wampold RL. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1990 August; 90(8): 1099-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2380458&dopt=Abstract
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The effectiveness of differing dental health education programmes in improving the oral health of adults with mental handicaps attending Birmingham adult training centres. Author(s): Shaw MJ, Shaw L. Source: Community Dent Health. 1991 July; 8(2): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1831686&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of sugar-based medicines on the dental health of sick children. Author(s): Hobson P. Source: British Dental Journal. 1985 February 9; 158(3): 82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3857917&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of sugar-based medicines on the dental health of sick children. Author(s): Hobson P. Source: British Dental Journal. 1984 September 8; 157(5): 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6593080&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of sugar-based medicines on the dental health of sick children. Author(s): Bell C. Source: British Dental Journal. 1984 November 10; 157(9): 303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6595008&dopt=Abstract
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The evaluation of the infant dental health education programme developed in Sefton. Author(s): Hodge H, Buchanan M, Jones J, O'Donnell P. Source: Community Dent Health. 1985 September; 2(3): 175-85. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3864517&dopt=Abstract
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The evaluation of the junior dental health education programme developed in Sefton, England. Author(s): Hodge H, Buchanan M, O'Donnell P, Topping B, Banks I. Source: Community Dent Health. 1987 September; 4(3): 223-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3477306&dopt=Abstract
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The evolution of dental health in dental students at the University of Barcelona. Author(s): Cortes FJ, Nevot C, Ramon JM, Cuenca E. Source: J Dent Educ. 2002 October; 66(10): 1203-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449215&dopt=Abstract
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The fight to protect children's dental health. Author(s): Gelbier S. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1993 April 21-May 4; 49(8): 591-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8508249&dopt=Abstract
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The Finnish Family Competence Study: the relationship between caries, dental health habits and general health in 3-year-old Finnish children. Author(s): Paunio P, Rautava P, Helenius H, Alanen P, Sillanpaa M. Source: Caries Research. 1993; 27(2): 154-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8319260&dopt=Abstract
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The General Dental Service in Scotland: an evaluation of findings reported by the Dundee Dental Health Services Research Unit. Author(s): Elderton RJ. Source: Community Dent Health. 1985 September; 2(3): 225-36. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3904940&dopt=Abstract
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The 'Gleam Team' programme: development and evaluation of a dental health education package for infant schools. Author(s): Towner EM. Source: Community Dent Health. 1984 November; 1(3): 181-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6598754&dopt=Abstract
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The history of dental health in Guam. Author(s): Beecher DM. Source: Bull Hist Dent. 1983 October; 31(2): 108-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6357316&dopt=Abstract
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The humanistic approach: a model for dental health curriculums. Author(s): Beall S, Hurley RS. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1982 January; 52(1): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6915281&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of long-term dental health education on oral hygiene behavior. Author(s): Houle BA. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1982 April; 52(4): 256-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6919701&dopt=Abstract
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The improving dental health of school children. Author(s): Gillcrist JA, Collier DR, Wade GT. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1991 July; 84(7): 334-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1870348&dopt=Abstract
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The improving dental health of United Kingdom adults and prospects for the future. Author(s): Downer MC. Source: British Dental Journal. 1991 February 23; 170(4): 154-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2007088&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of maternal age on dental health behaviour in infancy. Author(s): King JM. Source: J Int Assoc Dent Child. 1982 June; 13(1): 27-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6958765&dopt=Abstract
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The intra-oral camera, dental health communication and oral hygiene. Author(s): Willershausen B, Schlosser E, Ernst CP. Source: Int Dent J. 1999 April; 49(2): 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10858739&dopt=Abstract
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The Kurtzman Community Dental Health Ideology Scale with students in a combined degree (AB-DDS) program. Author(s): Stein MI, Lifshutz H, Vogel N, Mauss EA. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1982 February; 54(1): 195-200. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7063335&dopt=Abstract
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The maintenance of dental health in patients undergoing orthodontic fixed appliance therapy. Author(s): Fenwick A, Williams P. Source: Dent Health (London). 1985 December-January; 24(6): 3-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3867558&dopt=Abstract
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The National Health Service and social inequalities in dental health. Author(s): Gelbier S. Source: British Dental Journal. 1998 July 11; 185(1): 28-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9701869&dopt=Abstract
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The National Institute of Dental Research and dental health services research. Author(s): Loe H. Source: J Dent Educ. 1983 November; 47(11): 704-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6581204&dopt=Abstract
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The need for dental health screening and referral programs. Author(s): Rebich T Jr, Kumar J, Brustman BA, Green EL. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1982 January; 52(1): 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6915287&dopt=Abstract
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The need for post-vaccination serology and the timing of booster vaccinations against hepatitis B in dental health care workers. Author(s): Davies GR, Porra M. Source: Aust Dent J. 1994 August; 39(4): 238-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7945053&dopt=Abstract
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The Newport News, Virginia, Dental Health Fair. Author(s): Hawkins CB. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1986 September; 56(7): 292-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3640131&dopt=Abstract
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The Ontario Provincial Dental Health Index. Author(s): Main PA. Source: Can J Community Dent. 1986 Summer; 1(2): 17-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3504365&dopt=Abstract
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The oral hygienist's role as part of the dental health team with specific reference to diet and nutritional counselling. Author(s): Touyz LZ. Source: Dent Health (London). 1983; 22(3): 5-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6586556&dopt=Abstract
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The poor dental health of children in Pakistan. Author(s): Asadi SG, Asadi Z. Source: Fdi World. 1996 September-October; 5(5): 14-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9552689&dopt=Abstract
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The preschool “passage”. An overview of dental health. Author(s): Johnsen DC. Source: Dent Clin North Am. 1995 October; 39(4): 695-707. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8522038&dopt=Abstract
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The prevention connection: linking dental health education and prevention. Author(s): Burt BA. Source: Int Dent J. 1983 June; 33(2): 188-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6575964&dopt=Abstract
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The psychological benefit of orthodontic treatment. Its relevance to dental health education. Author(s): Kenealy P, Hackett P, Frude N, Lucas P, Shaw W. Source: The New York State Dental Journal. 1991 May; 57(5): 32-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2067733&dopt=Abstract
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The psychology of behaviour change and dental health. Author(s): Kay E. Source: Dent Update. 1988 November; 15(9): 386-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3272913&dopt=Abstract
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The psychology of dental patient care. 5. The determinants of dental health attitudes and behaviours. Author(s): Freeman R. Source: British Dental Journal. 1999 July 10; 187(1): 15-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10452186&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between American women's preventive dental behavior and dental health beliefs. Author(s): Chen MS, Tatsuoka M. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1984; 19(9): 971-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6515429&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between dental health and variations in the level of third molar removals experienced by populations. Author(s): Landes DP. Source: Community Dent Health. 1998 June; 15(2): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9793220&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between deprivation, ethnicity and dental health in 5-year-old children in Leeds, UK. Author(s): Prendergast MJ, Beal JF, Williams SA. Source: Community Dent Health. 1997 March; 14(1): 18-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9114544&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between health related knowledge, attitudes and dental health behaviours in 14-16-year-old adolescents. Author(s): Freeman R, Maizels J, Wyllie M, Sheiham A. Source: Community Dent Health. 1993 December; 10(4): 397-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8124628&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between registration and dental health benefit in 8- and 9-year-old children in Cheshire. Author(s): Daley FM, Milsom KM, Lennon MA. Source: British Dental Journal. 1994 December 10-24; 177(11-12): 416-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7803150&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between social class and dental health in 5-year-old children in the north and south of England. Author(s): French AD, Carmichael CL, Furness JA, Rugg-Gunn AJ. Source: British Dental Journal. 1984 February 11; 156(3): 83-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6582893&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and dental health knowledge and attitudes of parents with young children. Author(s): Williams NJ, Whittle JG, Gatrell AC. Source: British Dental Journal. 2002 December 7; 193(11): 651-4; Discussion 642. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12607623&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship of posture and dental health. Author(s): MacConkey D. Source: Int J Orofacial Myology. 1991 November; 17(3): 8-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1816149&dopt=Abstract
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The retention of pit and fissure sealants placed in primary school children by Dental Health Services, Victoria. Author(s): Messer LB, Calache H, Morgan MV. Source: Aust Dent J. 1997 August; 42(4): 233-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9316310&dopt=Abstract
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The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Programs in Dental Health Philanthropy. Author(s): Rogers DE. Source: J Dent Educ. 1984 November; 48(11): 585-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6238065&dopt=Abstract
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The role of dental hygienists in dental health education. Author(s): Murtomaa H, Haanpaa UM, Roos M. Source: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1983; 79(5-6): 187-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6664984&dopt=Abstract
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The role of the community pharmacist as a dental health adviser. Author(s): Dickinson C, Howlett JA, Bulman JS. Source: Community Dent Health. 1995 December; 12(4): 235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8536088&dopt=Abstract
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The role of the Dental Health Foundation in the promotion of health for all. Author(s): Davies GN. Source: N Z Dent J. 1982 October; 78(354): 123-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6961316&dopt=Abstract
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The role of the dental team in promoting dental health and general health through oral health. Author(s): Sheiham A. Source: Int Dent J. 1992 August; 42(4): 223-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1399039&dopt=Abstract
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The role of the trade in the dental health team in South Africa. Author(s): Heydt H. Source: J Dent Assoc S Afr. 1984 August; 39(8): 559-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6594794&dopt=Abstract
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The Rural Dental Health Program: long-term impact of two dental delivery systems on children's oral health. Author(s): Feldman CA, Bentley JM, Oler J. Source: J Public Health Dent. 1988 Fall; 48(4): 201-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3184026&dopt=Abstract
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The rural dental health program: the effect of a school-based, dental health education program on children's utilization of dental services. Author(s): Bentley JM, Cormier P, Oler J. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1983 May; 73(5): 500-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6837813&dopt=Abstract
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The scientific basis of dental health education. Author(s): Levine R, Stillman-Lowe C. Source: Community Dent Health. 2002 June; 19(2): 127. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12146582&dopt=Abstract
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The scientific basis of dental health education. Author(s): Monaghan N. Source: British Dental Journal. 2002 April 13; 192(7): 362. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12017449&dopt=Abstract
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The scientific basis of dental health education. A Health Education Council Policy Document. Author(s): Levine RS. Source: British Dental Journal. 1985 March 23; 158(6): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3859308&dopt=Abstract
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The shortened dental arch: supplementary analyses from the 1988 adult dental health survey. Author(s): Gordon PH, Murray JJ, Todd JE. Source: Community Dent Health. 1994 June; 11(2): 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8044717&dopt=Abstract
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The state of oral and dental health of the homeless and vagrant population of Montreal. Author(s): Pizem P, Massicotte P, Vincent JR, Barolet RY. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1994 December; 60(12): 1061-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7842371&dopt=Abstract
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The Swedish dental health programme for adults. Author(s): Nyman S, Bratthall D, Bohlin E. Source: Int Dent J. 1984 June; 34(2): 130-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6588036&dopt=Abstract
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The use of a classification of residential neighbourhoods (ACORN) to demonstrate differences in dental health of children resident within the south Birmingham health district and of different socio-economic backgrounds. Author(s): Elley KM, Langford JW. Source: Community Dent Health. 1993 June; 10(2): 131-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8402299&dopt=Abstract
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The use of a dental health education play kit at playgroups. Author(s): Munday P, Gelbier S. Source: Dent Health (London). 1982; 21(4): 9, 12-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6958607&dopt=Abstract
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The use of microcomputers to aid dental health education in primary schools. Author(s): Watkins BP. Source: Br Dent Surg Assist. 1985 November-December; 44(6): 84-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3867393&dopt=Abstract
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The use of the sugar clock in dental health education. Author(s): Fuller SS, Harding M. Source: British Dental Journal. 1991 June 8; 170(11): 414-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2059531&dopt=Abstract
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The use of theatre in dental health education. Author(s): Bourke LF. Source: Aust Dent J. 1991 August; 36(4): 310-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1789766&dopt=Abstract
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The weaning diet and dental health. Author(s): Holt RD, Moynihan PJ. Source: British Dental Journal. 1996 October 5; 181(7): 254-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8917959&dopt=Abstract
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The West Coast Study. I: Self-reported dental health and the use of dental services. Author(s): Dixon GS, Thomson WM, Kruger E. Source: N Z Dent J. 1999 June; 95(420): 38-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10396925&dopt=Abstract
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Therapy-resistant periodontitis (II). Compliance and general and dental health experiences. Author(s): Axtelius B, Soderfeldt B, Edwardsson S, Attstrom R. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1997 September; 24(9 Pt 1): 646-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9378837&dopt=Abstract
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Tobacco advertising damages dental health. Author(s): McCaul JA, McCaul LK. Source: British Dental Journal. 1996 April 20; 180(8): 284. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8639362&dopt=Abstract
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Tongue thrust, occlusion and dental health in middle-aged subjects: a pilot study. Author(s): Hanson ML, Andrianopoulos MV. Source: Int J Orofacial Myology. 1987 March; 13(1): 3-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3473048&dopt=Abstract
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Tooth occlusion in school children. British Columbia Children's Dental Health Survey 1980. Author(s): Gray AS, Yeo DJ, Hann HJ, Parfitt D. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1984 October; 50(10): 767-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6388751&dopt=Abstract
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Toothbrushing competency among high-risk grade one students: an evaluation of two methods of dental health education. Author(s): Hawkins RJ, Zanetti DL, Main PA, Otchere DF, Dwyer JJ, Jokovic A, Locker D. Source: J Public Health Dent. 2001 Fall; 61(4): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11822111&dopt=Abstract
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Toward an end to caries and other oral plagues of childhood. The role of the National Institute of Dental Research in improving the dental health of children. Author(s): Loe H. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1987 September-October; 54(5): 318-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3478355&dopt=Abstract
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Towards a new strategy for dental health. Author(s): Sheiham A. Source: J Indian Dent Assoc. 1985 February; 57(2): 70-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3861715&dopt=Abstract
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Towards better dental health? Author(s): Manson JD. Source: British Dental Journal. 1982 October 5; 153(7): 252. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6958292&dopt=Abstract
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Training in a multi-disciplinary approach to dental health in the aging. Author(s): Carlson HC, Dane JN. Source: Mo Dent J. 1989 May-June; 69(3): 14-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2761393&dopt=Abstract
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Treating adult patients as partners in dental health education. Author(s): Petersen M. Source: Dent Hyg (Chic). 1986 August; 60(8): 346-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3462050&dopt=Abstract
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Trends in dental health among Icelandic urban children. Author(s): Bjarnason S, Finnbogason SY, Kohler B, Holbrook WP. Source: European Journal of Oral Sciences. 1997 June; 105(3): 189-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9249184&dopt=Abstract
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Trends in dental health of ten-year-old school children in south-west Scotland after cessation of water fluoridation. Author(s): Attwood D, Blinkhorn AS. Source: Lancet. 1988 July 30; 2(8605): 266-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2899246&dopt=Abstract
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Trends in dental health. Author(s): Cautley AJ, Treasure ET. Source: N Z Dent J. 1992 April; 88(392): 68. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1495645&dopt=Abstract
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Trends in the dental health work force. Author(s): Brown LJ, Lazar V. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1999 December; 130(12): 1743-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10599177&dopt=Abstract
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Tuberculin skin test conversion rate in dental health care workers-results of a prospective study. Author(s): Porteous NB, Brown JP. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 1999 October; 27(5): 385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10511483&dopt=Abstract
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Tuberculosis ... what dental health care workers need to know. Author(s): Bednarsh H, Eklund KJ. Source: J Mass Dent Soc. 1998 Fall; 47(3): 25, 28-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10596645&dopt=Abstract
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Tuberculosis: a born-again adversary for the dental health care worker. Author(s): Brennan PJ. Source: Pa Dent J (Harrisb). 1993 September-October; 60(5): 68-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7516532&dopt=Abstract
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Tuberculosis: Indiana's status and implications for dental health care workers. Author(s): Yoder KM. Source: J Indiana Dent Assoc. 1994 Winter; 73(4): 26-9; Quiz 30. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9517346&dopt=Abstract
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Uncelebrated triumph of dental health. Author(s): Greenberg DS. Source: Lancet. 1992 August 8; 340(8815): 359-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1353817&dopt=Abstract
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Understanding dental health beliefs: an introduction to ethnography. Author(s): Nettleton S. Source: British Dental Journal. 1986 August 23; 161(4): 145-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3461839&dopt=Abstract
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University of Maryland Student Health Center dental health program. Author(s): Serio FG, Bebermeyer RD, Cohen LA, Bers GS, Lusk CO. Source: J Md State Dent Assoc. 1982 August; 25(2): 53-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6958778&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DENTAL HEALTH Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and dental health.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Dental Health The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “dental health” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on dental health: •
Diet and dental health as measured by NHANES I data. Source: Anonymous Nutr-Revolume 1987 October; 45(10): 302-4 0029-6643
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The relationship between diet, nutrition and dental health: an overview and update for the 90s. Source: Thorogood, M. Nutr-res-rev. Cambridge [England]; New York : Cambridge University Press, c1988-. 1995. volume 8 page 193-224. 0954-4224
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “dental health” (or a synonym): •
Changes in dental health and dental health habits from 3 to 5 years of age. Author(s): Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Finland. Source: Mattila, M L Paunio, P Rautava, P Ojanlatva, A Sillanpaa, M J-Public-HealthDent. 1998 Fall; 58(4): 270-4 0022-4006
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Children's dental healthcare quality using several outcome measures. Author(s): Public Health Center, Turku, Finland.
[email protected] Source: Mattila, Marja Leena Rautava, Paivi Paunio, Paivi Ojanlatva, Ansa Hyssala, Liisa Helenius, Hans Sillanpaa, Matti Acta-Odontol-Scand. 2002 Mar; 60(2): 113-6 0001-6357
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Dental health knowledge and attitudes of regularly attending mothers of high-risk, pre-school children. Author(s): University Dental Hospital, Manchester, UK.
[email protected] Source: Blinkhorn, A S Wainwright Stringer, Y M Holloway, P J Int-Dent-J. 2001 December; 51(6): 435-8 0020-6539
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Effect of a new dental hygiene chew on periodontal health in dogs. Author(s): Indiana University, School of Dentistry, Indianapolis 46202-5186, USA. Source: Gorrel, C Warrick, J Bierer, T L J-Vet-Dent. 1999 June; 16(2): 77-81 0898-7564
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Nutrition and dental health. Source: Soliah, L.A. Fam-Living-Top-T-Okla-State-Univ-Coop-Ext-Servolume Stillwater, Okla. : The Service. May 1988. (3151) 4 page ill.
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Nutritive sucrose substitutes and dental health. Source: Grenby, T.H. Developments in sweeteners-2 / edited by T.H. Grenby, K.J. Parker, M.G. Lindley. London : Applied Science Pub., c1983. page 51-88. ISBN: 0853342024
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Sugar content of commonly eaten snack foods of school children in relation to their dental health status. Author(s): Dept. of Health, Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila. Source: Parajas, I L J-Philipp-Dent-Assoc. 1999 Jun-August; 51(1): 4-21 0031-7497
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The dental health of 12-year-old children whose diets include canned fruit from local factories: an added risk for caries? Author(s): Oral and Dental Research Institute, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag XI, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa. Source: van Wyk, W Stander, I van Wyk, I SADJ. 2001 November; 56(11): 533-7 10294864
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The use of nine multiple purpose trees in dental hygiene. Source: Tanyi, E.N. Nitrogen-Fixing-Tree-Res-Rep. Bangkok, Thailand : Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research. August 1990. volume 8 page 29.
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DENTAL HEALTH Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to dental health. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to dental health and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “dental health” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to dental health: •
“Tooth worms”, poverty tattoos and dental care conflicts in Northeast Brazil. Author(s): Nations MK, Nuto Sde A. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2002 January; 54(2): 229-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11824928&dopt=Abstract
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A survey of the training, practice and dental health knowledge of traditional dentists practising in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Author(s): Durward C, Todd R, So PK, Phlok S. Source: Community Dent Health. 1994 June; 11(2): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8044708&dopt=Abstract
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Acculturation and dental health among Vietnamese living in Melbourne, Australia. Author(s): Marino R, Stuart GW, Wright FA, Minas IH, Klimidis S.
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Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2001 April; 29(2): 107-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11300170&dopt=Abstract •
An epidemiological study of child health and nutrition in a northern Swedish county. VII. A comparative study of general and dental health, food habits and socioeconomic conditions in 4-year-old children. Author(s): Samuelson G, Blomquist HK, Crossner CG, Holm AK, Grahnen H. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1975 March; 64(2): 241-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1130180&dopt=Abstract
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An holistic approach to school dental health. Author(s): Scanlan BJ. Source: J Sch Nurs. 1991 December; 7(4): 12-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1809463&dopt=Abstract
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Children's dental health. Author(s): Golomb IM. Source: N Y J Dent. 1978 January; 48(1): 1-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=271918&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health and treatment needs among a sample of Bangladeshi medical users aged 40 years and over living in Tower Hamlets, UK. Author(s): Pearson N, Croucher R, Marcenes W, O'Farrell M. Source: Int Dent J. 2001 February; 51(1): 23-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11326445&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health behavior, gastroesophageal disorders and dietary habits among Norwegian recruits in 1990 and 1999. Author(s): Myklebust S, Espelid I, Svalestad S, Tveit AB. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2003 April; 61(2): 100-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12790507&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health beliefs and practices in a group of Thai villagers. Author(s): Ettinger RL, Lekfuangfu S, Luangjamekorn V, Jakobsen J. Source: Odontostomatol Trop. 1985 March; 8(1): 13-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3859849&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health of the Rendille and Samburu of the northern frontier district of Kenya. Author(s): Carl W, Zambon JJ. Source: The New York State Dental Journal. 1993 June-July; 59(6): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8327227&dopt=Abstract
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Dental health status in Latin-American preschool children in Malmo. Author(s): Vidal OP, Schroder U. Source: Swed Dent J. 1989; 13(3): 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2756467&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary habits and dental health in Finnish Seventh-Day Adventists. Author(s): Linkosalo E. Source: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1988; 84(2): 109-15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3393519&dopt=Abstract
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Distribution of dental health behaviors in Nordic schoolchildren. Author(s): Rise J, Haugejorden O, Wold B, Aaro LE. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1991 February; 19(1): 9-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2019094&dopt=Abstract
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Experimental vitamin C depletion and supplementation in young men. Nutrient interactions and dental health effects. Author(s): Jacob RA, Omaye ST, Skala JH, Leggott PJ, Rothman DL, Murray PA. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1987; 498: 333-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3476001&dopt=Abstract
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Factors related to dental health and some salivary factors in Finnish Seventh-Day Adventists. Author(s): Linkosalo E, Halonen P, Markkanen H. Source: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1988; 84(5-6): 279-89. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3227020&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of fluoride on dental health. Author(s): Casey SE; American Dietetic Association. Source: Dental Assistant (Chicago, Ill. : 1994). 2000 March-April; 69(2): 28-33; Quiz 34-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11218290&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge of dental health and diseases among dental patients, a multicentre study in Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Almas K, Albaker A, Felembam N. Source: Indian J Dent Res. 2000 October-December; 11(4): 145-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11307638&dopt=Abstract
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Lactovegetarian diet and dental health. Author(s): Linkosalo E.
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Source: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1988; 84 Suppl 8-9: 1-77. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3217423&dopt=Abstract •
Re: Changing trends in South Wales flouride prescription dispensing (1993-7) [Community Dental Health (1999) 16, 145-148] Author(s): Hillman L. Source: Community Dent Health. 2000 March; 17(1): 58. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11039633&dopt=Abstract
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Re: Changing trends in South Wales flouride prescription dispensing (1993-7) [Community Dental Health (1999) 16, 145-148] Author(s): Clewett JA. Source: Community Dent Health. 2000 March; 17(1): 58. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11039632&dopt=Abstract
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Social inequalities in dental health. Towards a theoretical explanation. Author(s): Petersen PE. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1990 June; 18(3): 153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2350952&dopt=Abstract
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Some aspects of dental health in young adult Indian vegetarians. A pilot study. Author(s): Sherfudhin H, Abdullah A, Shaik H, Johansson A. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1996 February; 54(1): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8669240&dopt=Abstract
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Sports supplement drinks and dental health in competitive swimmers and cyclists. Author(s): Milosevic A, Kelly MJ, McLean AN. Source: British Dental Journal. 1997 April 26; 182(8): 303-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9154709&dopt=Abstract
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The British Nutrition Foundation Oral Task Force report--issues relevant to dental health professionals. Author(s): Moynihan P. Source: British Dental Journal. 2000 March 25; 188(6): 308-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10800237&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between health related knowledge, attitudes and dental health behaviours in 14-16-year-old adolescents. Author(s): Freeman R, Maizels J, Wyllie M, Sheiham A. Source: Community Dent Health. 1993 December; 10(4): 397-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8124628&dopt=Abstract
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The role of dietary supplements of fluoride in dental health programs for fluoridedeficient areas. Author(s): Birch RC. Source: J Public Health Dent. 1969 Summer; 29(3): 170-87. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5258496&dopt=Abstract
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The use of a dental health education play kit at playgroups. Author(s): Munday P, Gelbier S. Source: Dent Health (London). 1982; 21(4): 9, 12-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6958607&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON DENTAL HEALTH Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to dental health. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “dental health” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on dental health, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Dental Health ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to dental health. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Comparison of the Dental Health Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of 160 Seventh and Eighth-grade Participants and Nonparticipants in a School-based Pit and Fissure Sealant Program by Mccormack, Kelli Renee, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1987, 231 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8728280
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A Model of Cost Analysis of Undergraduate Dental Health Education by Mathewson, Richard J., Phd from The University of Oklahoma, 1985, 218 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8521271
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An Epidemiological Comparison of Rural Vs. Urban, and Native Vs. Non-native, Dental Health in Manitoba Children Aged Six and Thirteen Years (six-year-old, Thirteen-year-old) by Trodden, Bonnie J., Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1993, 279 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN86038
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An Evaluation of the Effects of the American Dental Association's Dental Health Education Program on the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Health Locus of Control of High School Students by Peterson, Fred Leroy, Jr., Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1981, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8203552
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An Examination of the Relationships among Dogmatism, Cognitive and Behavioral Changes and Persuasive Communications Within the Context of a Dental Health Program by Lasater, Thomas Mills, Phd from University of Houston, 1969, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6921759
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Assessing the Attitudes, Beliefs and Behavioral Intentions of Fifth-grade Students towards Dental Health. by Cook, Ronald John, Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1976, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7708961
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Dental Health Evaluation and Instruction for Alcoholics: a Quantitative and Qualitative Study by Weaver, Sharon Tamargo, Phd from University of Florida, 1984, 294 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8509978
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Dental Health Services and the Aging: a Gerontological Perspective for Social Policy. by Albert, William Charles, Dsw from University of Southern California, 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3599622
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Development and Evaluation of a Prototype Seventh-grade Dental Health Education Program. by Mutter, Gordon Wesley Ronald, Phd from University of Illinois at Urbanachampaign, 1976, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7709114
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Does the General Public View Dental Health As Part of Their General Physical Health? by Osora, Carol D. Mph from Southern Connecticut State University, 2002, 68 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412194
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Interpersonal Skills in Dental Hygiene Practice by Stauffer, Deborah Ward, Edd from University of Southern California, 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f411045
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Leadership and Personality Characteristics of Dental Health Care Professionals: Implications for Program Development by Stannard, Jan Gregory, Edd from Northeastern University, 1990, 351 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9102387
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Locus of Control and the Effectiveness of Persuasive Communications: Changing Dental Health Practices As Measured by a Chemical Agent by Dembroski, Theodore M., Phd from University of Houston, 1969, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6921750
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Societal Determinants of Cultural Factors Related to the Dental Health of Older Black Americans by Brown Norman, Barbara Jean, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1982, 167 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8215057
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The Economics of a Non Profit Enterprise in the Dental Health Care Field by Mitry, Darryl Joseph, Phd from University of Southern California, 1971, 206 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7206086
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The Effect of Publicly Financed Insurance Programs on the Use of Dental Services and Dental Health Outcomes of Young Children by Hughes, Tegwyn Lee; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2002, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3047013
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The Effects of the American Dental Association's Dental Health Program on the Behavior and Knowledge of Fifth-grade Elementary School Students. by Rubinson, Laurna Goldberg, Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1976, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7624171
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The Premack Principle, Self-monitoring and the Maintenance of Preventive Dental Health Behaviour by Ramer, Donald Gordon; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK46241
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Young Children's Ability to Isolate Nutritional Elements in a Television Commercial, Their Knowledge of and Their Parents' Attitudes toward Nutrition, Dental Health and the Effects of Sugar Consumption. by Anderson, Joann Clark, Phd from The Florida State University, 1979, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7926710
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON DENTAL HEALTH Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “dental health” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on dental health, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Dental Health By performing a patent search focusing on dental health, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 5Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on dental health: •
Animal dental hygiene device Inventor(s): Shipp; Anthony D. (351 N. Foothill Rd., Beverly Hills, CA 90210) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,647,302 Date filed: August 17, 1995 Abstract: An animal dental hygiene device includes a bone-shaped body, made of a tough rubber-like material into which is formed a plurality of opposing spiral grooves. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to devices used for the cleaning of animal teeth and gums.... Cleaning of teeth is very important because unclean teeth are primarily responsible for the most common disease encountered in human and animal medicine-gingivitis and periodontal disease (or periodontitis). Periodontal disease is a term used to describe diseases of the tooth attachment apparatus, the gums, tooth roots, bone surrounding the teeth, and the periodontal ligament tissue joining tooth to bone. Symptoms range from gum inflammation (gingivitis), formation of plaque (food and bacteria), and bad breath (halitosis), to serious accumulation of tartar (mineralized plaque), bleeding, receded or eroded gums, loose or infected teeth, and eventual loss of teeth. Periodontal disease is also the major cause of bad breath in human beings, dogs, and cats. If untreated, periodontal disease often leads to severe damage of major organ systems, and can shorten the life of the afflicted animal. Thus, teeth cleaning is essential to good health.... The permanent dentition of the dog comprises of 42 teeth, compared to 32 teeth in human beings. There are four different types of teeth, the incisors, the canine teeth (fangs), the premolars and the molars. Incisor teeth are predominantly used for grabbing (prehending) food and grooming (nibbling skin). Canine teeth (fangs) are predominantly used for defense and attack, and tearing apart flesh into smaller pieces in order to eat. Premolar teeth are predominantly used for shearing food into smaller chunks. Molar teeth are predominantly used to grind and chew food into smaller pieces that can be swallowed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05647302__
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Carrying system for dental hygiene supplies Inventor(s): Simister; Nigel (61 E. 57th St., Brooklyn, NY 11203) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,484,732 Date filed: March 23, 2001 Abstract: A carrying system for dental hygiene supplies for promoting dental hygiene of a user by enabling a user to practice dental hygiene when traveling away from home. The carrying system for dental hygiene supplies includes a container that has a bottom wall and a peripheral wall extending upwardly from the bottom wall with an edge of the peripheral wall defining an opening extending into an interior of the container. A plurality of intermediate walls is provided for dividing the interior of the container into a plurality of compartments with each of the intermediate walls extending upwardly away from the bottom wall toward the opening. In one embodiment of the present
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invention, each of the compartments is adapted for receiving the toothbrush, tube of toothpaste, mouthwash and container of dental floss. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to carrying devices and more particularly pertains to a new carrying system for dental hygiene supplies for promoting dental hygiene of a user by enabling a user to practice dental hygiene when traveling away from home with supplies carried in a single compact container having convenient access to the supplies.... The use of carrying devices is known in the prior art. More specifically, carrying devices heretofore devised and utilized are known to consist basically of familiar, expected and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which have been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements.... Known prior art includes U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,328,892; 5,348,028; 5,423,427; 5,701,921; 5,095,924; and Des. 398,150. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06484732__ •
Chewing gum product with dental health benefits Inventor(s): Miskewitz; Regina M. (Somerville, NJ) Assignee(s): Church & Dwight Co., Inc. (Princeton, NJ) Patent Number: 5,693,334 Date filed: October 5, 1995 Abstract: The present invention provides a chewing gum product which has a content of two or more active ingredients for improved dental health. In one embodiment a present invention chewing gum product has a content of ingredients which include a gum base, dispersed particles of organic-encapsulated sodium bicarbonate, a peroxygen compound, a bulking sweetener, and a flavorant. Excerpt(s): The subject matter of this patent application is related to that disclosed in patent application Ser. No. 08/538,215, filed Oct. 3, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,618,517.... Dental research has developed substantial evidence that dental plaque is the predominant etiological factor responsible for both periodontal disease and dental caries. Dental caries is the localized, progressive decay of the teeth. It results from tooth demineralization brought about by acids formed when bacteria in dental plaque ferment carbohydrate foods present in the mouth.... Dental plaque is a deposit which accumulates on the teeth and adjacent surfaces in the oral cavity. The plaque is a product of microbial growth, primarily derived from food residues in the mouth. Mucoproteins and minerals present from the saliva and dead cells in the mouth also assist in plaque formation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05693334__
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Chewing gum with dental health benefits employing calcium glycerophosphate Inventor(s): Greenberg; Michael J. (Northbrook, IL) Assignee(s): The Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 5,378,131 Date filed: February 18, 1993
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Abstract: A method and composition for preventing, or reducing the risk of, dental caries. Pursuant to the present invention, a chewing gum is provided that includes a therapeutically effective amount of calcium glycerophosphate. The chewing gum, by including a therapeutically effective amount of calcium glycerophosphate, not only eliminates any cariogenic effects of the chewing gum itself, but actually improves dental health when chewed before or after a meal containing fermentable carbohydrates. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to chewing gums. More specifically, the present invention relates to chewing gums that can provide dental benefits.... Except for the common cold, dental caries (tooth decay) is the most prevalent human disorder. See, The Merck Manual, Sixteenth Edition, p. 2480. Even though, many steps have been taken to reduce dental caries and tooth decay, such as fluoridation and improved dental care, tooth decay continues to be a significant problem, this is especially true in the adult population; 80% of the tooth decay occurs in 20% of the population. See, Featherstone, An Updated Understanding of the Mechanism of Dental Decay and its Prevention, Nutrition Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990, pp. 5-11.... To protect a normal tooth, a thin layer of dental enamel forms a protective coating over the tooth. This coating consists mainly of calcium, phosphate, and other ions in a hydroxyapatite-like structure. The enamel contains 2-5 percent carbonate; this carbonate content makes the enamel susceptible to acid dissolution. See, Featherstone, id. at 6. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05378131__ •
Compact dental hygiene kit Inventor(s): Ramirez; Jorge (2 Hanover Ave., Whippany, NJ 07981) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,325,076 Date filed: June 25, 1999 Abstract: A compact dental hygiene kit comprising a toothbrush with a foreshortened handle comprising a cap-like fastening means for attachment to the fastening means about the dispensing opening of a tooth paste reservoir, such that the reservoir becomes part of the handle for the toothbrush. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compact dental hygiene kits which require little packing space, or which can be easily carried in a pocket, pocketbook or brief case. In particular, the invention comprises a toothbrush, a supply of tooth paste, and optionally, floss, contained in a kit the size of a large pen.... Over the years there have been many attempts to provide compact tooth brushing kits. The desire for such a kit has grown as people travel more and eat more meals away from home. In addition, the increasingly popular, expensive, and long term cosmetic and orthodontal dentistry for children and adults need to be maintained. This investment and commitment comes with the ADA recommended care of your teeth: brushing after all meals for a minimum of 3 minutes per brushing. For all these smiling faces we are providing a compact sanitary, refillable, colorful, and easy to use all in one dental hygiene kit.... Prior patented devises have failed to meet this need. Cesari, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,741,667 and 4,759,381 describes a toothbrush, which combines a handle with a dispenser for tooth paste. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06325076__
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Cup as a carrier of pastes for dental hygienic Inventor(s): Baffelli; Gianni (Tesserete, CH), Weissenfluh; Beat A.v. (Gentilino, CH) Assignee(s): Hawe Neos Dental Dr. H.v. Weissenfluh AG (Bioggio, CH) Patent Number: 5,775,905 Date filed: April 11, 1997 Abstract: The cup to be used as a paste carrier for dental hygienic consists of a rubber elastic material and can be driven for rotation by a hand piece. The cup comprises a paste receiving part, the inner side enlarging towards its open edge as well as the outer side of the cup enlarging towards its open edge comprising spiraled ribs which are running in the opposite direction to the rotational direction of the hand piece. The structure on the inner side of the paste receiving part allows a continuous supply of paste and a cooling of the cup, and the structure of the outer side of the cup prevents a bale formation of the mucous and guarantees an effective cooling of the cup. Excerpt(s): The present invention refers to a cup for carrying cleaning paste in dental hygienic, the cup consisting of a rubber elastic material and being drivable by a hand piece, the cup comprising a paste receiving portion, the inner side of this paste receiving portion that enlarges towards its open edge and the outer side that also enlarges towards its open edge being structured.... Such a cup, sometimes designed as a “dental prophy cup”, is known from the U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,202. The cup comprises outer longitudinal ribs and inner longitudinal ribs that serve exclusively for a better teeth cleaning.... In modern dentistry, the teeth of the patients are cleaned from films adhering thereto, and this is done for aesthetic as well as dental prophylactic reasons. The cleaning is effected by paste carrier, so-called prophy-cups, which are filled with an abrasive paste, the so-called prophy-paste. These prophy-cups are made to rotate, generally in clockwise direction, are brought into contact with the teeth, and the pastecup system exerts its cleaning effect under varying pressure. Instead of cups, a brush may be used or a powder jet device, but these devices have not found widespread use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05775905__
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Dental health method employing chewing gum Inventor(s): Nevin; Charles S. (Wilmette, IL), Hoerman; Kirk C. (Lake Forest, IL) Assignee(s): Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 4,568,537 Date filed: June 6, 1983 Abstract: A method for promoting dental health in which chewing gum is employed to alter the oral environment to provide natural resistance to dental caries. The method involves chewing a sugarless gum which contains a relatively insoluble, hydrophobic food-grade organic acid, preferably adipic acid. Chewing of the gum gradually releases the acid from the gum at a desirably linear rate over a period of approximately 20 to 30 minutes. Release of the acid from the gum into the mouth stimulates an increase in salivary flow rate greater than that experienced during chewing a non-acidulated chewing gum, resulting in increases in salivary electrolytes and basic proteins and in the concentration of natural salivary bicarbonate to a level in excess of that necessary to neutralize the acidulant being released from the gum. The excess of natural salivary
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bicarbonate raises the salivary pH and plaque pH and neutralizes microbially-formed lactic acid responsible for tooth demineralization and resultant dental caries. Excerpt(s): This invention relates in general to a method for promoting dental health by preventing tooth demineralization and providing tooth remineralization and thereby reducing dental caries. The method employs a chewing gum containing a sparingly soluble food-grade acid.... Efforts have been made over the years to address the problem of dissolution or demineralization of tooth enamel and the resultant formation of dental caries. As is well known, dental plaque accumulates on the teeth as the result of the growth and metabolism of certain bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans, which are nourished by cariogenic comestibles, particularly those containing sugars. Such bacteria are involved in the formation of dental plaque which accumulates as a deposit on the surfaces of teeth. The metabolism of bacteria within the plaque results in the generation of high levels of acids which are detrimental to the teeth and contribute to the production of dental caries. Chewing gums which have been developed in the past to inhibit the production of dental plaque have required therapeutic or anticariogenic agents which sometimes have undesirable side effects, require governmental approval, or both.... The present invention is directed to a method for preventing tooth demineralization and providing tooth remineralization by altering the oral environment to provide natural resistance to dental caries. The method involves chewing a sugarless gum which contains a relatively insoluble, hydrophobic food-grade acid, preferably adipic acid. Chewing of the gum effects gradual release of the acid from the gum at a desirably linear rate over a period of about 20 to 30 minutes during which the acid is effective to stimulate saliva at a flow rate greater than that experienced during chewing a non-acidulated chewing gum, with resultant proportional increases in salivary electrolytes and basic proteins and in the concentration of salivary bicarbonate whereby the salivary pH is elevated above that of unstimulated saliva. Most importantly, gradual release of the hydrophobic acidulant from the gum stimulates a natural secretion of salivary bicarbonate to a level in the mouth in excess of that necessary to neutralize the acidulant. The excess buffer thus generated raises the pH of the saliva and in turn the pH of dental plaque and thus effects a neutralization of harmful, microbially-formed lactic acid which initiates tooth demineralization and resultant dental caries. The chewing of the gum is further effective to achieve mechanical dental cleansing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04568537__ •
Dental hygiene and appointment reminder Inventor(s): Green; Christopher E. (520 E. Denny Way, Seattle, WA 98122) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,116,910 Date filed: June 30, 1999 Abstract: A thin flat body of material, including static cling vinyl, capable of adhering electrostatically to vertical nonporous surfaces such as a bathroom mirror allowing it to be removed and reapplied repeatedly without leaving residue and further permiting writing and printing on the surface thereof. Said body of material also having preprinted on its front surface a depiction of teeth of the upper jaw (12) and of the lower jaw (13) with a means of conveying conditions and advice regarding dental hygiene (22) on the depiction of teeth by writing. In addition, an area is preprinted on the body of material for advertising (18) as well as an area for writing the date and time of a future appointment (20).
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to dental hygiene instructional devices and appointment reminders.... Instructional devices used to teach dental hygiene and remind patients of their appointments have been the subject of patent protection.... Forgetfulness and lack of retention of information by patients are significant problems in the dental industry. Patients find it difficult to remember what problem areas have been identified by a dental service provider (e.g. dentist, hygienist or assistant) during an appointment and where the problem area is located in a patient's mouths. Forgetfulness also causes missed appointments. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06116910__ •
Dental hygiene apparatus having a plurality of rotating brushes Inventor(s): Barth; Frederic (11, Place du Marche, Chevry II, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, FR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,538,315 Date filed: August 17, 1983 Abstract: A dental hygiene apparatus having five incurvated, flexible, rotating brushes mounted in a H-shaped arrangement on a housing which comprises an open brush holder portion matching with two opposed half dental arches and consists of an outer cheek-guard and an inner tongue-guard, and a closed biting portion provided with a pair of opposite restrictions for receiving the incisor teeth of the other two half dental arches. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a dental hygiene apparatus having a plurality of incurvated, either flexible or hinged, rotating brushes, which are rotatively driven so as to simultaneously clean the teeth of the two opposed mandibles by brushing in the gum-tooth direction.... Daily tooth brushing is usually carried out with hand-operated toothbrushes the working portion of which is to be moved from one dental surface to another. With all such brushes, the user must consider the movements he or she has to impart to the brush and despite such consideration some dental surfaces may receive inadequate brushing or be missed altogether. Thus brushing is rendered tedious or incomplete.... It has previously been suggested to replace hand-operated tooth-brushes by a dental hygiene apparatus having a plurality of rotating brushes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04538315__
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Dental hygiene appliance Inventor(s): Levy; Philippe (San Clemente, CA) Assignee(s): Laser Medical Technology, Inc. (San Clemente, CA) Patent Number: 5,306,143 Date filed: October 15, 1992 Abstract: A dental hygiene appliance for brushing teeth composed of a handle; a brushing head connected to the handle and a set of tooth brushing bristles projecting in a given direction from the head; a source of monochromatic radiation having a given wavelength; and elements for directing the radiation from the head in a direction having at least a component in the given direction; wherein the elements for directing radiation are structurally separate from the bristles.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to dental hygiene appliances, and particularly toothbrushes equipped to apply radiation to tooth surfaces.... It has been proposed in the art to equip a toothbrush with a light source which can illuminate the region being brushed. The purpose of such devices is to aid the brushing operation by better illuminating the portion of the teeth being brushed. A device of this type is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,779,173, where the toothbrush bristles are plastic filaments which conduct radiation from a light source in the handle of the brush. This patent also discloses earlier prior art including a dental cleaning apparatus in which the head portion or bristle holding portion is eliminated.... It is also known in the art that laser radiation can have a variety of beneficial effects on teeth. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05306143__ •
Dental hygiene article Inventor(s): Duff, Jr. Ronald R. (Shrewsbury, MA), Spencer; Jean L. (Boston, MA), Guay; Gordon G. (Chemlsford, MA) Assignee(s): Gillette Canada Inc. (Kirkland, CA) Patent Number: 6,145,516 Date filed: April 23, 1999 Abstract: A dental hygiene article, including a dental floss, and a microcapsule associated with a portion of the floss. The microcapsule includes a pigment encapsulated within the microcapsule for changing the color of a portion of the floss associated with the microcapsule upon rupture of the microcapsule as an indication of use or release of an active agent. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to dental hygiene articles and more particularly to dental flosses that provide a visual indication of use of the floss or release of an active.... The most common way of minimizing the number of bacteria in the mouth is to brush and floss the teeth regularly. Dental floss is used to cleanse the interdental and subgingival regions of the mouth. Re-using the same section of floss, however, can result in moving food, bacteria and the like carried by the floss from one region to another rather than removing them entirely from the mouth. Although this is undesirable, it is often difficult to determine the sections of the floss that have already been used, which makes it difficult to avoid re-using sections of the floss. In addition, if the floss releases an active, re-using the same sections of floss decreases the amount of active delivered and accordingly diminishes the benefit derived from the floss.... In one aspect, the invention features a dental hygiene article including a dental floss, a microcapsule associated with a portion of the floss, and a pigment encapsulated within the microcapsule for changing the color of the portion of the floss associated with the microcapsule upon rupture of the microcapsule. Preferably the microcapsule is incorporated within the floss or provided on the surface of the floss. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06145516__
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Dental hygiene case Inventor(s): Heitlinger; Paul (Chemnitzer Strasse 15, 6054 Rodgau 3 (Nieder-Roden) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,328,892 Date filed: August 18, 1980 Abstract: The present invention provides a case-like container having plastic walls, for keeping items used in dental hygiene in which a substantial portion of the container is in the form of a beaker around which there is disposed a folded toothbrush within walls that can at least be partially torn off. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a case-like container having plastic walls for keeping items used in dental hygiene, such as a toothbrush, toothpaste and a beaker.... A case-like container of the type described above, in which a plastic case having rounded corners is made by deep drawing on a square cardboard base and glued or welded thereto, is already on the market. In the space formed between these plastic walls and the level cardboard wall there is disposed a small beaker, a small tube of toothpaste and a toothbrush, which, if required, is provided with a telescopic handle or a collapsible handle. These containers for items for oral hygiene are used, for example, by mountaineers, who can brush their teeth only if water is available. However, not only in sports, for example, hiking, sailing, or quite generally vehicle sports does a need exist for usefully packaged dentifrices, etc., but this need for having these items quickly available can also exist for travellers or in many households, particularly when after the closing hours of stores these items are no longer available in the usual stores.... In fact self-service machines exist for a variety of items, as for example, food, tickets, photographic articles and magazines. However, dentrifices are not yet sold in selfservice machines. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04328892__
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Dental hygiene cleaning tool Inventor(s): Kucar; Smiljana (222 Ocean Ave., Northport, NY 11768) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,700,146 Date filed: December 7, 1995 Abstract: A dental hygiene cleaning tool (12) comprising an elongated generally cylindrical housing (14) to be grasped by a hand (16) of a person. A brush bit (18) is provided. A structure (20) is for coupling the brush bit (18) to a first end of the housing (14). A component (22) within the housing (14) is for rotating the brush bit (18). An element (24) within the housing (14) is for reciprocating the brush bit (18) back and forth, so as to clean plaque build up on teeth (26) and gums (28) of a person (30), to remove bacteria which causes periodontal disease to the gums (28). Excerpt(s): The instant invention relates generally to dental equipment and more specifically it relates to a dental hygiene cleaning tool.... Numerous dental equipment have been provided in prior art that are adapted to be utilized in taking care of the teeth and gums. While these units may be suitable for the particular purpose to which they address, they would not be as suitable for the purposes of the present invention as
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heretofore described.... A primary object of the present invention is to provide a dental hygiene cleaning tool that will overcome the shortcomings of the prior art devices. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05700146__ •
Dental hygiene composition for reducing periodontal disease Inventor(s): Palmer; Jay W. (Tampa, FL), Patterson; Lloyd D. (Ormond Beach, FL) Assignee(s): United States Gypsum Company (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 4,915,936 Date filed: October 31, 1988 Abstract: Gingivitis and related periodontal problems of the gingival tissues may be treated with a dental hygiene composition comprising an effective amount of a calcium sulfate compound such as calcium sulfate hemihydrate. Preferred compositions comprise mouthwashes and oral rinses containing about 5-90% by weight of calcium sulfate hemihydrate, a liquid carrier such as water, a humectant and an alcohol. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a dental hygiene composition for treating gingivitis and related periodontal diseases. More particularly, it relates to a dental hygiene composition for treating periodontal diseases based upon a calcium sulfate compound.... Certain calcium phosphate salts, such as dicalcium orthophosphate dihydrate, have been used in oral preparations such as toothpastes for the polishing and abrasive effects which they provide. Hydroxylapatite, another calcium phosphate salts, has been used in a gel formulation to promote remineralization of tooth enamel, as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 3,679,360. Synthetic fluoroapatite has also been suggested for use in dental preparations to prevent dental caries, as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,139,599.... The search for new dental compositions having therapeutic value continues, particularly products for the treatment of epitheleum and gingival tissue to heal periodontal aggravation. Periodontal disease often is caused by excessive tartar deposits and chronic dental plaque build-up. Advanced periodontal disease is the primary cause of tooth loss in persons over 40 years of age, whereas a mild periodontal disease, gingivitis, frequently occurs in young people under 18 years of age. There are several methods used for treatment of periodontal disease under professional dental supervision, but generally there have been no effective methods available to the individual to treat these problems without professional dental care, beyond good oral hygiene (brushing and flossing). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04915936__
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Dental hygiene compositions Inventor(s): Grewal; Narinder S. (Scarborough, CA), Ambike; Suhas H. (Westhill, CA), Blaser; Eric (Toronto, CA) Assignee(s): Warner-Lambert Company (Morris Plains, NJ) Patent Number: 4,550,018 Date filed: September 26, 1984 Abstract: Dental hygiene compositions containing as antiplaque/antiseptic/deodorizing active ingredient highly pure alkali metal lauryl sulphate substantially free from nonlauryl alkyl salts.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to dental hygiene compositions including, but not limited to, dentifrices in solid, powder, paste, or cream form and liquid mouth washes and rinses.... The primary use of such compositions is in maintaining dental hygiene and it is the function of such compositions to keep the surface of the teeth as clean and shiny as possible, to preserve the health of the teeth and gums, to inhibit the formation of unpleasant odours in the oral cavity and to freshen the user's breath. Known formulations of such compositions have been intended to provide cosmetic, cleansing, refreshing and/or deodorizing benefits, or have provided a therapeutic e.g. anticaries activity.... The compositions of the present invention are formulated to provide a further therapeutic activity, namely an antiplaque activity. Dental plaque is considered to be a material composed largely of microorganisms and an organic matrix derived from bacteria and saliva. Dental experts generally consider that the calculus also known as tartar is a mature plaque which has crystallized with the development of an identifiable crystal structure. It is well known that even with regular and thorough brushing, the plaque (i.e. calcified plaque) deposit adheres tenaciously to the teeth. Such deposits are unattractive and cause tooth decay. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04550018__ •
Dental hygiene demonstration apparatus Inventor(s): Hoisington; William C. (210 Lake Wash. Blvd., Seattle, WA 98112) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,078,311 Date filed: September 29, 1975 Abstract: The apparatus and technique enable an instructor, for example, an elementary grade school teacher, to simulate good and band dental hygiene conditions, including the presence of plaque between the teeth and the removal of the same with flossing; the presence of plaque in the periodontal recesses in the tissue around the bases of the teeth and the removal of the same with proper brushing; and the results of failing to brush and/or floss, including the enlargement of the recesss and the ultimate condition in which one or more of the teeth loses its lateral support and becomes wobbly, or is susceptible to being lost altogether. The apparatus and technique also enable the instructor to demonstrate the various skills necessary to proper brushing and flossing, including the skill of “easing” the floss through each of the contact points between pairs of teeth, to avoid injury to the gum tissue below, and the skill of “wrapping” the floss about the contour of each tooth, to remove the widest possible band of plaque. Using the same apparatus that the instructor used in the simulation and demonstration steps, the student can practice and develop his brushing and flossing skills, and he can do so in stages, for ease of understanding. Excerpt(s): This application is related to United States Design patent application Ser. No. 617,669, filed Sept. 29, 1975 by the inventor herein.... Human teeth are embedded in the bones of the jaw and are aligned in rows with the opposing surfaces of each pair of teeth spaced apart from one another, but also making point contact with one another where their convex curvatures meet. The jaw bones and the basal portions of the teeth are covered by a tough fibroelastic tissue which, though attached securely to the bones and to the basal portions, is slightly offset from the exposed portions of the teeth, to form a slight moat-like periodontal recess around the base of each tooth. Bacterial plaque forms on the teeth, and in and about the recesses in the tissue therearound, and this plaque is etiologic for both cavities and periodontal diseases. A toothbrush can be used to
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dislodge the plaque on the inside and outside faces of the teeth, and from within the periodontal recesses in the tissue about the bases thereof. But a toothbrush will not reach between the teeth and remove the plaque from the opposing surfaces thereof. Consequently, most periodontal disease starts between the teeth, and most cavities occur there. Therefore, in addition to brushing, complete and thorough dental hygiene requires that dental floss be employed to dislodge the plaque between the teeth, including the plaque on the opposing surfaces thereof.... In using the floss, the recommended technique is to grasp it in both hands, wind it about a finger in each hand, and then while using the thumbs and fingers to draw the intermediate length taut, to “saw” the length into the slot between each pair of teeth, and through the contact point of that pair. Thereafter, the sawing motion is continued below the contact point to scrape and dislodge the plaque on first one of the opposing surfaces, and then on the other, whereafter the length of floss is sawed upwardly through the contact point and out of the slot. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04078311__ •
Dental hygiene device Inventor(s): Birkeland; Robert L. (Mound, MN) Assignee(s): T. N. T. Medi Corporation (Mound, MN) Patent Number: 4,922,935 Date filed: October 11, 1988 Abstract: A dental hygiene device includes a housing for storing a toothbrush and tooth powder. The housing further includes a mechanism wherein the head of the toothbrush may be inserted and tooth powder is delivered to the bristles of the toothbrush. The housing also includes a storage reel mechanism for storing floss. A dental flossing tool is detachably attached to the housing along with a dental scraper tool. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to dental hygiene, and in particular, the present invention relates to a tool that is used for storing a toothbrush, tooth powder, dental floss and other dental tools.... With the increase in knowledge in dental hygiene, a number of dental hygiene practices have been developed and have grown in importance. For example, the importance of brushing teeth has been known and emphasized for some time. More recently, the use of dental floss has been emphasized. In addition, a dental tool for use in scraping teeth is also desirable. Soft rubber tips placed on tool help keep gums healthy by massage and picking between teeth.... For each of the above-mentioned dental hygiene practices, separate tools have been developed. Separate tools present storage problems. There is a need to have all the tools used for current dental hygiene practice such that they are storable together in a hygenic manner. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04922935__
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Dental hygiene device Inventor(s): Picard; Pierre E. (121, 9th Ave., Sherbrooke, Quebec, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,950,095 Date filed: September 19, 1989 Abstract: A dental hygiene device comprising a toothpaste compartment a toothbrush compartment and a toothbrush retractable in the latter compartment. A slot is provided in the device to let the toothpaste flow through the bristles while the toothbrush is in its retracted position. A piston arrangement is used to push the toothpaste through the slot. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of dentistry and more particularly to a personal dental hygiene device adapted to be easily carried and comprising a toothbrush, a toothpaste dispenser and a dental floss dispenser.... Proper dental hygiene practice dictates brushing of the teeth after each meal. This practice requires that the necessary implements and supplies be either stored at the location where the user brushes his teeth or be carried to that location. However, it is not always possible to hygienically store the dental hygiene implements. Furthermore, carrying these implements can be both tedious and unhygienic. Prior art devices have been proposed to alleviate the foregoing difficulties. U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,025,591; 4,002,181; 2,253,514; 4,056,110; 3,613,698;, and 4,759,381 are examples of patents disclosing dental hygiene units adapted to be carried on one's person. However, they are either mechanically complex or inefficient.... Furthermore, some of them imply inherent limitations on the type of toothpaste compatible with the system design. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04950095__
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Dental hygiene device Inventor(s): Gathani; Naresh (35 Derwent Gardens, Wembley, Middx. HA9 8SG, GB) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,392,795 Date filed: December 20, 1993 Abstract: A dental hygiene device for interstitial or interproximal cleaning comprising a handle (20) having spaced arms (21,22) and a reusable monofilament (23), which replaces the normal dental floss, stretched across the arms (21,22). The monofilament (23) may be hollow, have elastomeric properties and/or deliver therapeutic agents to the teeth. The tool may be built into the handle (31) of a toothbrush, with a filament fixed in place, for example, by integral molding, or detachably fixed in position. Several embodiments are disclosed, in one example the spaced arms may be movably hinged together. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a dental hygiene device for interstitial cleaning.... It has been common practice for many years to use a material called dental floss for cleaning between teeth, apart from the use of a toothbrush for brushing them. Dental floss, as its name implies, is a filamentary material, like a fine thread, which is usually provided in a small dispenser which includes a cutter device. A user extracts a short length of floss, cuts it off, and then manipulates it using fingers to hold it taut to clean the interstitial spaces. Sometimes, a small tool can be used, having spaced arms, across which a length of floss can be tensioned.... Such a method of cleaning the
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interstitial spaces is generally awkward and less than satisfactory. The individual filaments of the floss tend to fray, and the floss traps material removed from between the teeth in among the fibres. Consequently, the floss can be used only once. The procedure also requires considerable time because of the need to cut a fresh length each time, and a manipulation of the thread by the fingers or the tool is generally inconvenient. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05392795__ •
Dental hygiene device and cleaning solution Inventor(s): Cloonan; Richard A. (16109 Lofty Trail Dr., San Diego, CA 92127), Towle; Lawrence E. (14721 Caminito Orense Oeste, San Diego, CA 92129) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,573,398 Date filed: June 10, 1994 Abstract: A dental hygiene device has a brush assembly and a control unit. The brush assembly has a handle with suction and irrigation conduits passing therethrough. A brush head has two or more parallel rows of bristles. Suction and irrigation ports are positioned between the rows and coupled to the suction and irrigation conduits. Suction and irrigation tubes are coupled to the suction and irrigation conduits. The control unit has an irrigation outlet coupled to the irrigation tube and an irrigation pump, and a supply reservoir coupled to the irrigation pump. The supply reservoir contains a dental hygiene solution that is pumped from the supply reservoir through the irrigation outlet into the irrigation tube. The irrigation tube transmits the solution to the irrigation conduit and then to the irrigation port, where it is expelled. A suction inlet is coupled to the suction tube, and a suction pump is coupled to the suction inlet. A waste reservoir is coupled to the suction pump, which suctions the solution into the suction port to the suction tube, which transmits the solution to the suction inlet. The suction pump draws the solution from the suction inlet and expels the solution into the waste reservoir. The solution is an aqueous solution of sodium fluoride, from 0.5 to 1.0 milligrams per fluid ounce; and ascorbic acid from 350 to 425 times, bioflavinoids from 3 to 4.5 times, calcium ascorbate from 19 to 20 times, magnesium ascorbate from 9 to 10.5 times, and potassium ascorbate from 19 to 20 times the sodium fluoride concentration. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to dental hygiene, and more particularly to the cleaning of teeth in humans and other animals. Even more particularly, the present invention relates to a cleaning solution and a device for irrigating human or other animal teeth with fresh cleaning solution and simultaneously suctioning off spent cleaning solution.... The practice of oral hygiene in hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, home health care and the like has always been a rather vague and ill defined procedure. Some people in such institutions are, of course, able to care for themselves by using conventional tooth brushes and commercially available oral hygiene products such as toothpaste, mouth washes, and the like. However, others both in and out of such institutions are largely or totally dependent on others. For example, people suffering from arthritis, stroke victims, and other medically compromised people, may find it difficult to hold and manipulate a tooth brush while other more severely ill people, such as senile or comatose patients, simply cannot maintain their own oral hygiene programs.... Those people who find it difficult to hold and manipulate a conventional tooth brush are very often ineffective when it comes to accomplishing adequate oral hygiene. Similarly, those attempting to help the people who are unable to help
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themselves, such as the staff personnel of a hospital or nursing home, or the family of such a person, are not trained in the techniques needed for administering proper oral hygiene to others. And, it is very awkward, messy, and otherwise difficult for untrained medical or lay people to help others with the needed oral hygiene. As a result, very often even in medical institutions, the practice of oral hygiene is inadequate and in some cases, non-existent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05573398__ •
Dental hygiene device with easily mounted and identified dental hygiene element Inventor(s): Stvartak; Christopher J. (Skokie, IL), Gekhter; Vladimir (Skokie, IL), Yost; Kevin G. (Winnetka, IL) Assignee(s): John O. Butler Company (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 6,446,640 Date filed: March 22, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to dental hygiene devices carrying dental hygiene elements and to a method for assembling them. The dental hygiene devices have two intersecting cavities, with a dental hygiene element positioned in one cavity and a plug positioned in the other cavity. The plug engages a portion of the stem, thereby locking the dental hygiene element in place in the device. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to dental hygiene devices. More particularly, this invention relates to a device carrying a dental hygiene element that is easy to assemble and that allows the user to easily identify the dental hygiene element mounted to the device. Additionally, this invention relates to a method for conveniently assembling dental hygiene elements to dental hygiene devices.... Various devices are known in the art for cleaning and stimulating the teeth and gums to maintain good dental hygiene. The most ubiquitous of such devices is the conventional toothbrush. Another popular cleaning and stimulating device is an interproximal toothbrush such as one of the many different interproximal toothbrushes available from John O. Butler Company of Chicago, Ill. Still other types of commonly used cleaning and stimulating devices are rubber stimulators and picks mounted in appropriate handles.... A dental hygiene device thus comprises a brush or other cleaning or stimulating element attached to the handle of the device. The present invention is applicable to dental hygiene devices such as those designed with a brush or other element mounted to a separate carrying member that is removably attached to a handle. One such device is described in U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 08/057,195 which is entitled “Dental Hygiene System,” filed Mar. 8, 1998 and assigned to the present assignee, John O. Butler Company, and which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention is also applicable to conventional dental hygiene devices having an element that is mounted to a handle comprising a single, integral unit. Assembly of the brush or other cleaning or stimulating element to the dental hygiene device is accomplished by permanently securing a stem or other part of the element either to a portion of the handle of the device, as in the latter case, or to a separate carrying member that is removably attached to the handle, as discussed above. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06446640__
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Dental hygiene filament Inventor(s): Anderson; Michael R. (Boca Raton, FL) Assignee(s): Vision International Production, Inc. (Boca Raton, FL) Patent Number: 5,967,154 Date filed: May 4, 1998 Abstract: Dental hygiene filament, for use as dental floss or as bristles for a tooth brush for flossing and/or brushing teeth, comprising an elongated body defining an exterior surface having an abrasive, granular substance, such as pumice, uniformly distributed thereon. The granular material is firmly attached to the filament so that, when used as dental floss, pulling on the ends of the floss between the teeth allows for aggressive and efficient removal of plaque while moving the dental floss across the surface, as recommended by dentists. In addition, the irregular surface area acts to cause additional frictional interaction between the filament's granular material and the tooth surface, quickly and efficiently removing the plaque and providing a greater surface area for removing plaque. Each filament embodiment may include a microbicide for preventing bacterial growth. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to dental hygiene filament, and, more particularly to a filament used for dental floss and tooth brush bristles which has an improved ability for removing plaque from teeth by virtue of providing an interdental cleaning filament with an irregular surface profile for improved cleaning efficiency.... The primary aim of dental self-care is the prevention of tooth decay and removal of plaque. Plaque is a gummy film made up of polysaccharides and bacteria that adheres to your teeth, particularly along the gum line. Preventing the buildup of plaque is recognized as one of the best ways to avoid tooth decay and periodontal disease. Plaque not only leads to cavities, but also eventually combines with certain minerals in saliva to form tartar (also called calculus). Such deposits, both above and below the gum line, lead to periodontal disease such as gingivitis. Symptoms of periodontal disease include bleeding, swollen and receding gums, bad breath, and, ultimately, loose teeth. In addition, destruction of underlying bone and loss of teeth occur in advanced stages. Accordingly, a number of devices are known in the art for use in dental self-care to prevent the buildup of plaque and food particles from the teeth and gums.... The primary instruments for removing plaque and preventing tooth decay and gum disease rely on filament devices such as the tooth brush and dental floss. Tooth brushes are well known instruments used in dental self-care. The typical tooth brush includes a handle portion and a head portion containing a plurality of bristles. Tooth brush bristles are typically formed of flexible, water-repellent nylon bristles with rounded or tapered ends. The tooth brush, and, specifically, the brush bristles, are maneuvered by the user around the teeth and gums while brushing. Typically, toothpaste, or even baking soda, is used as an abrasive for cleaning surfaces of the teeth. In addition, interdental brushes, which have a cylindrical or conical array of bristles, are commonly used in cleaning spaces between teeth. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05967154__
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Dental hygiene flossing system Inventor(s): Boudreaux; Raymond E. (4155 Essen La., Apt. 81, Baton Rouge, LA 70809), Thomas; Louis O. (4745 Convention St., Baton Rouge, LA 70806) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,215,478 Date filed: March 6, 1978 Abstract: An article of manufacture for use in dental hygiene is disclosed. The device provides a leader, to which there is attached a thicker “mop” which can be comprised of a plurality of individual string members. The string members can be abrasive to enhance cleaning action. The several string members which form the “mop” would preferably have some absorbent quality in order to retain a desired therapeutic aid such as fluoride or the like. The strings could be alternatively fluoride impregnated. In use, the leader is first passed between gaps in the teeth until the “mop” portion contacts the gap. Sliding action of the abrasive mop between the teeth removes undesirable plaque and massages the gums. In the method of the present invention, individual thread members are added to the leader so that as many strings are placed between the teeth as possible without causing discomfort and the space between the teeth can be filled. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to articles for use in dental hygiene and techniques of dental hygiene and more particularly the present invention relates to a dental hygiene method and apparatus which cleans the spaces between the teeth of food particles, plaque and related undesirable deposits and growths.... Gum disease is common to everyone. It actually begins when teeth first erupt and is present through life. Even though gum disease is present with the baby teeth, the teeth are not in the mouth long enough to be lost as a result. When the permanent teeth arrive, gum disease also begins and after a period of ten to twenty years, damage to the gum usually occurs. Ninety-five percent or more of all gum disease occurs between the teeth primarily because no one effectively cleans these areas. Even though you may use conventional dental floss, it is probable that you are not removing the poisonous bacterial film that is growing on the tooth. If you are not, gum disease (pyorrhea) will surely exist.... Gum disease is actually a slight inflammation of the gums which usually goes unnoticed. This slight inflammation in the gum tissue will cause pyorrhea pockets over a long period of time, usually between the teeth. These pockets that form between the gum and the tooth are called gum pockets, pyorrhea pockets, or periodontal pockets. As pockets deepen they become more and more infected causing loss of supporting bone until eventually the tooth is lost through abscess or looseness. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04215478__
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Dental hygiene instruction display Inventor(s): Savery; Winsor T. (No. 1544 Sawdust Rd., The Woodlands, TX 77380) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,934,940 Date filed: May 15, 1989 Abstract: A dental hygiene instructional display using a humanoid figure providing a facial expressing exhibiting representations of human teeth in adjacent upper and lower jaws. The teeth are divided into sectors and a pair of light emitting diodes of different
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colors are dedicated to flashingly illuminate each of the sectors, in sequence. A circuit for controlling illumination of the light emitting diodes adjustably controls both the duration of the period of brushing devoted to each sector, as well as the flash period during illumination of each cycle. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to visual displays generally and, more particularly, to timed sequentially illuminated audio-visual displays promoting dental hygiene.... Stationary displays and visual devices have long been used by educators and dental hygienists in an effort to educate children about the principles of dental hygiene. There is general agreement among dental hygienists that frequent tooth brushing is an essential component of proper dental hygiene. Both the duration of the tooth brushing effort and the distribution of that effort throughout the accessible surfaces of the teeth and gums within the oral cavity are necessary. Currently available visual devices however, have tended to concentrate primarily upon the duration of the tooth brushing effort, and only secondarily upon the location where the brushing is conducted.... Displays such as wall posters illuminating correct distribution of the brushing effort are not widely distributed and are unsuitable for bathroom use. Currently available electric devices providing written instructions about brushing location have been found to be unsuitable because, at the age during which they are first taught dental hygiene, many children have not yet learned to read. Moreover, some children, although literate, must inconveniently wear eyeglasses while brushing in order to read the instructions. Furthermore, devices depending upon written instructions are unable to capture and hold the attention of children throughout the duration of the tooth brushing effort. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04934940__ •
Dental hygiene instructional display Inventor(s): Williams; John Miles (63 Breezy Point Pl., Woodlands, TX 77381) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,810,601 Date filed: October 2, 1996 Abstract: A dental hygiene display for instructing and educating children on the proper toothbrush stroke technique, brushing duration, and stroke location including a human mouth figure with toothbrush motion simulation utilizing a liquid crystal display a speech processor and a piezo-electric sound emitting devise. The toothbrush stroke movements are simulated by multiple liquid crystal display segments activated and deactivated in sequence. The multiple liquid crystal display is repeated at various locations within the mouth. Additionally, a microprocessor circuit is provided for controlling of the crystal displays, brush stroke, speed, duration, and location within the mouth, as well as the speech processor and the piezo-electric sound emitting device. Excerpt(s): Displays such as wall posters illustrating correct distribution of the brushing effort are not widely distributed and are unsuitable for typical home use. Currently available electric, and electronic devices providing written instructions about brushing location have been found to be unsuitable because, at the age at which children are first taught dental hygiene, many such children have not yet learned to read. Furthermore, devices depending upon written instructions are generally unable to capture and hold the attention of children throughout the duration of the tooth brushing effort. Additionally, prior devices cannot be utilized simultaneously while the user is brushing their teeth while looking in a mirror.... Other currently available devices such as those
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disclosed by Galanis, U.S. Pat. No. 3,783,363, Goldfarb, U.S. Pat. No. 3,170,265, and Stone, U.S. Pat. No. 2,926,487 failed to relate timing of the tooth brushing effort to location and to proper tooth brushing stroke technique. Additionally, the device disclosed by Savery, U.S. Pat. No. 4,934,940 concentrates on duration and the location where brushing is conducted and does not emphasize brush stroke techniques in conjunction with duration and location.... It is therefore an object of the current invention to provide an improved device for promoting dental hygiene and reinforcing proper dental hygiene behavior. It is another object to provide a display indicating duration, brush stroke technique and location of tooth brushing efforts. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05810601__ •
Dental hygiene kit Inventor(s): Manfredi; John A. (309 Nelson St., Brantford, Ontario, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,384,645 Date filed: March 27, 1981 Abstract: A dental hygiene kit having a main body, a toothbrush detachably fastened to one end of the main body, a sleeve or cover for enclosing the toothbrush, and fitting around a portion of the main body, the main body constituting a handle portion having a cavity or recess therein, and a toothpaste container shaped to fit snugly within the cavity, the toothpaste container being formed of a flexible material and having a nozzle and cap at one end, through which toothpaste may be squeezed onto the brush, and at the other end, having an open end, and having a cylindrical member located at the open end, forming an outer wall around the open end of the container, which is expanded or bulged relative to the rest of the container making a push-tight fit within the cavity so that it will remain securely in place until removed for use. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a dental hygiene kit of the type which is personally portable and may be carried in a handbag or pocket for use away from a persons residence.... A wide variety of different proposals have been made for portable toothbrush kits, but few if any have been successful. Many of the designs have been so complex as to be unworkable or uneconomical to manufacture. Many of them incorporate various intricate passageways through which toothpaste or powder is intended to flow from some form of container in a handle to the brush portion of the device. These systems are useless in that the toothpaste will dry or clog the passageway after a single use. Other systems provide a cavity for receiving a separate toothpaste container. However, it is then necessary to supply toothpaste packaged in an appropriate container to fit the cavity, and this causes extra expense, and specialized packaging machinery.... The present invention seeks to overcome the foregoing disadvantages by the provision of a portable dental hygiene kit of the type having a toothbrush and a removable toothpaste container within a handle portion of the brush, said dental hygiene kit comprising a main body portion having brush-attaching means thereon and a toothbrush removably attached thereto, said main body portion constituting a handle portion and a recess within said handle means, said recess having a blind end and an open end and a predetermined internal diameter, a toothpaste container having flexible side walls, a nozzle and a cap at one end, being freely removably disposable within said recess, being of a generally regular cylindrical shape from its said one end to a point short of its other end, and having an external diameter less than said internal diameter of said recess, an opening at said other end, a radially
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outwardly enlarged terminal portion at said other end of said container, such enlarged portion making a tight push fit within said open end of said handle means for retaining said toothpaste container therein, a closure for said other end and being removable therefrom to permit refilling of said toothpaste container, an external annular flange to limit the extent of insertion of said toothpaste container into said handle means, and removable cover means for covering said toothbrush when not in use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04384645__ •
Dental hygiene package Inventor(s): Elbreder; Charles H. (1702 Chase Drive, Fenton, MO 63026) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,019,522 Date filed: May 5, 1976 Abstract: A dental hygiene package comprising a container for a body of viscous material including a dental medicament, such as a topical fluoride gel or a gel including a tooth-desensitizing composition. A supply of dental floss is immersed in the body of material thereby to impregnate the floss and adhere to the strands thereof. The container has an orifice through which the medicament-carrying dental floss may be withdrawn. This orifice has a size and shape relative to that of the floss whereby a predetermined and controlled amount of medicament is supplied per length of medicament-carrying floss drawn through the orifice from the container. A cutter is secured to the container for severing the medicament-carrying floss into desired lengths. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a dental hygiene package and more particularly to one that will dispense dental floss carrying a dental medicament.... Fluoride therapy for the prevention of dental caries in the dental office and in the home is well known. In the dental office, the patient's teeth are treated with a topical fluoride or phosphatefluoride solution or viscous gel for the prevention of dental caries, as described in my U.S. Pat. No. 3,337,412. Also, fluoride tablets or liquids are prescribed for systemic treatment for control of caries, as described in Elbreder and Ross U.S. Pat. No. 2,967,131. In the home, fluorides have been included in drinking water and toothpaste. Also, mouth rinses and topical gels containing the fluoride ion are available for home therapy.... It is also generally known that there is a high incidence of dental caries and other dental problems which occur at the relatively inaccessible interproximal areas of the teeth. Conventional brushing of the teeth does not effectively reach these regions and mouth rinses and home therapy gels do not always reach those areas. Therefore, the regular and routine use of dental floss for dental prophylaxic and hygiene is widely advocated by the dental profession. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04019522__
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Dental hygiene storage apparatus Inventor(s): Wiltshire; Curtis B. (11 Nomas La., Richmond, VA 23233) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,662,130 Date filed: August 9, 1995
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Abstract: A dental hygiene storage apparatus comprising a housing having a removable partition that forms a toothpaste compartment for dispensing toothpaste therefrom. The partition has slots extending along opposite spaced apart side walls with each slot having a removable gear which is connected to a rotating shaft. The shaft is positioned adjacent to and above a compressor plate located within the partition. The shaft is connected to a handle that when turned causes the compressor plate to press against a removable toothpaste container located within the toothpaste compartment. The toothpaste container has a valve extending through the partition's front wall and is adapted to dispense toothpaste. The dental hygiene storage apparatus further includes a top surface with a storage compartment for storing dental floss containers, and several tubular cavities adapted to receive a dental floss device or a toothbrush. The dental hygiene storage apparatus also has a pull out drawer adapted to store toiletries. The dental floss device is comprised of a pair of handles that have spaced apart top and bottom end portions with a gripping section located therebetween. The top end portion of the handles have attachment means for releasably holding a dental floss segment without requiring a user to manipulate with the user's fingers the dental floss segment when attaching the dental floss segment to top end portions of the handles. The dental floss device allows the user to clean a person's teeth without having to manipulate the dental floss segment with the user's fingers. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of dental hygiene and, more specifically, to an improved dental hygiene storage apparatus for flossing and brushing the teeth, and for storing dental hygiene equipment for future use.... Conventional dental storage apparatuses employed to store, dispense and position various dental hygiene components have included storage devices such as the dental storage apparatus set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,215,193 to Dennis wherein a plurality of containers is mounted within a unitary housing having several containers for storing toothpaste, drinking cups, a mouthwash dispenser, a dental floss container and toothbrushes.... U.S. Pat. No. 5,095,924 to Stanfield sets forth a personal toiletry case that has hinged sections for storing toiletry articles within the sections. U.S. Pat. No. 4,481,962 to Pesta sets forth a portable toiletry stand that includes a box portion for containing cosmetic fluid dispensers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05662130__ •
Dental hygiene system Inventor(s): Hidding; David E. (Barrington, IL), Yost; Kevin G. (Winnetka, IL), Stvartak; Christopher J. (Skokie, IL), Gonzalez; Leoncio Angel (Warrenville, IL), Gekhter; Vladamir (Skokie, IL), Gleason; Mark D. (Buffalo Grove, IL) Assignee(s): John O. Butler Company (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 5,934,295 Date filed: April 8, 1998 Abstract: A dental hygiene system in which a single elongated handle having a recess in its distal end receives a plurality of carrying members holding different dental hygiene elements. The carrying members have resilient portions retained in the handle recess by way of either a latching portion in a slot in the handle or by way of a frictional fit in the handle recess. A lever is positioned in the slot in the handle for releasing the carrying members with the latching portion.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to dental hygiene systems intended for manual operation and more particularly to an improved dental hygiene system in which a single handle accepts a series of different dental cleaning or stimulating elements mounted in convenient carrying members which are easily attached and removed from the handle.... Various devices are known in the art for cleaning and stimulating the teeth and gums to maintain good dental hygiene. The most ubiquitous such device is the conventional toothbrush. Another popular cleaning and stimulating device is an interproximal toothbrush such as one of the many different interproximal toothbrushes which are available from John O. Butler Company of Chicago, Ill. Still other types of commonly used cleaning and stimulating devices are rubber stimulators, picks, flossers and even small dental mirrors which aid in monitoring inaccessible areas in the mouth.... Typically, these cleaning and stimulating devices are single units comprising a handle and a brush or other cleaning or stimulating element. Anyone wishing to partake of two or more of these tooth cleaning or stimulating devices must undertake the expense of purchasing, and the inconvenience of storing two or more different unitary devices. Also, as the cleaning or stimulating elements wear out, the entire device (unitary handle and element) must be discarded and replaced. This expense and inconvenience discourages most people from using and maintaining more than a simple unitary toothbrush. As a result, most people achieve less than optimal dental hygiene. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05934295__ •
Dental hygiene system handle Inventor(s): Stvartak; Christopher (Skokie, IL), Yost; Kevin G. (Winnetka, IL) Assignee(s): John O. Butler Company (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 6,601,272 Date filed: July 25, 2001 Abstract: A dental hygiene system handle including a proximal grip section, a central control section, and a distal brush section, the central control section including four elastomeric lands for receiving the thumb and forefinger of a user on opposite sides of the central control section. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to dental hygiene systems intended for manual operation and more particularly to improved dental hygiene handles designed for conveniently manipulating a variety of different dental cleaning or stimulating elements. The present invention includes a particularly important improvement to conventional unitary toothbrushes.... Various devices are known in the art for cleaning and stimulating the teeth and gums to maintain good dental hygiene. The most ubiquitous such device is the conventional toothbrush. Another popular cleaning and stimulating device is an interproximal toothbrush such as one of the many different interproximal toothbrushes which are available from John O. Butler Company of Chicago, Ill. Still other types of commonly used cleaning and stimulating devices are rubber stimulators, picks, flossers and even small dental mirrors which aid in monitoring inaccessible areas in the mouth.... These cleaning and stimulating devices may be unitary, comprising a handle and a brush or other cleaning or stimulating element mounted directly in the distal end of the handle. Alternatively, these cleaning and stimulating devices may be removably mounted to the handle. Examples of known approaches to removable mountings of interproximal brushes, rubber stimulators, picks,
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flossers, and small dental mirrors may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,934,295, 5,758,382, and 5,027,467, which are incorporated by reference. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06601272__ •
Dental hygiene system with detachable head toothbrush Inventor(s): Allison; Duane M. (1250 Ryan Ave. East, Maplewood, MN 55109) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,617,884 Date filed: August 17, 1994 Abstract: A dental hygiene apparatus, comprised of a toothbrush with a detachable, disposable head and an enlarged handle providing a comfortable, secure grip for people with limited rise of the hand, such as persons with arthritis or other crippling diseases of the hands. The apparatus also comprises a rack with projections adapted to securely hold a plurality of brushes along with a toothpaste tube and a mouthwash bottle. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a dental hygiene apparatus, and in particular to a dental hygiene apparatus comprising a toothbrush with a detachable head and an enlarged handle which may be used on a specially designed rack for securely holding multiple brushes, toothpaste, and mouthwash.... The value of a continuous and thorough dental hygiene program for the prevention of dental caries, periodontal diseases and deterioration of tooth surfaces caused by bacterial infection in the mouth is well known. It has been discovered that cavities are developed in teeth as a result of chemical reaction with the tooth surface caused by bacteria constantly present in the mouth. The bacteria produce acids and similar toxins which attack the surface of the teeth and dissolve the surfaces thus producing cavities which must be repaired in order to save the tooth.... Since medical authorities have learned that tooth decay and peridental diseases may be affected by bacterial action, they have come to recognize the need for destroying these bacteria colonies which form on tooth surfaces. The primary function of a toothbrush is to destroy colonies of bacteria and remove plaque so that there will be no buildup in the concentration of plaque and bacteria which will attack the various structures of the mouth. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05617884__
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Dental hygiene teaching tool and storage device Inventor(s): Hernandez; Samson V. (44 W. 10th Dr., Mesa, AZ 85202) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,812,127 Date filed: December 7, 1987 Abstract: A dental hygiene teaching tool and storage device is configured as a caricatured head including a lower jaw member and an upper jaw member which is movably positioned on top of the lower jaw member. The forward portions of both the lower and upper jaw members are molded to simulate realistic human teeth. The lower jaw member includes a well for receiving a container of dental floss which is normally covered and concealed by the upper jaw member. The upper jaw member includes a
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plurality of bores for holding elongated dental hygiene implements such as toothbrushes, mouth mirrors and the like in vertically upright positions. Excerpt(s): This application is related to my co-pending design patent application filed Aug. 12, 1987 and assigned Ser. No. 085,331.... This invention relates in general to dental hygiene educational tools and, more particularly, to a device for stimulating a child's interest in dental hygiene while at the same time serving as a holder for storing dental hygiene equipment such as toothbrushes, mouth mirrors and dental floss.... Dental hygiene educational tools can be grouped into two major categories. The first category includes professional teaching tools such as demonstrator models which are used for teaching dental students and technicians how to make dentures, or to demonstrate proposed tooth repairs to adult patients. Representative samples of this first category of dental hygiene educational tools can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 1,711,947 to Ingwersen, U.S. Pat. No. 1,916,376 to Kohler, U.S. Pat. No. 2,333,795 to Kellerman et al, and U.S. Pat. No. 2,730,805 to Smolka. The demonstration kit of Kellerman et al also provides a secondary function as a storage device since a number of pockets and a receptacle are provided for receiving articles such as inlays and amalgams. However, the structural complexity of the device of Kellerman et al, as well as of the other demonstrator models in the patent referred to above, makes them unsuitable for use by children or for other domestic applications. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04812127__ •
Dental hygiene tool with shield and germicidal seals Inventor(s): Alireza; Ghassan A. (815 Fairfield Cir., Pasadena, CA 91106), Ingram, Jr. William L. (350 S. Lake Ave., #250, Pasadena, CA 91101) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,267,860 Date filed: August 28, 1992 Abstract: An extendable latex shield and internal seals are incorporated in a disposable dental hygiene tool for protecting sterility of standard dental handpieces. The flexible nature of the extendable shield allows storage in a first position, permitting the dental professional to easily attach the tool to the handpiece and to unroll the flexible shield to the extended position, thereby protecting the handpiece from splashing of saliva, blood, or other materials during use of the tool in dental procedures. Internal seals in the tool preclude fluids or other material from transfer through the interior of the tool into the dental handpiece. The combination of the present device precludes the contamination of the handpiece, thereby avoiding sterilization procedures and the inherent time loss, inefficiency, and cost associated with such procedures. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the field of instruments for professional dental hygiene, including cleaning and polishing of teeth. More particularly, the present invention provides a disposable attachment for standard dental handpieces which incorporates internal seals and an external extendable shield to prevent contamination of the motorized handpiece to which the tool is attached for dental procedures.... Dental tools, by the nature of their use, are easily contaminated by saliva or blood of the patient during work by the dentist or dental technician. Further, dental tools and the handpieces to which they connect for power and manipulation are relatively complex pieces of machinery built to close tolerances. Contamination has typically been dealt with by the design of tools and handpieces for separation of the tools to allow
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individual sterilization or disposal separate from the handpiece. The potential for contamination of the handpiece, however, requires separate cleaning or sterilization.... Recent health concerns due to the rise in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has created the need for greater care in assuring that dental instruments are not contaminated for the protection of both patients and professionals using the instruments. Disposable dental tools, particularly for tools used in dental hygiene such as cleaning and polishing of a patient's teeth assures that no contamination will be created by reuse of the tool. Exemplary of this type of tool are disposable prophy angles such as those sold under the trademark DENTICATOR.RTM., produced by the Denticator Co., Inc., and described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,727,313; VANTAGE.RTM. or RITEANGLE.TM., produced by Ash Dentsply. These devices are primarily constructed of various plastic materials to reduce expense and are entirely disposable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05267860__ •
Dental hygiene wipe Inventor(s): Carmody; Shawn J. (27 Manor Rd., Phillipsburg, NJ 08865) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,771,522 Date filed: October 18, 1996 Abstract: A dental hygiene wipe for cleaning exterior surfaces and interproximal areas of teeth. The inventive device includes a flexible base substrate having an abrasive cleaning pad coupled to the base substrate. The abrasive cleaning pad includes a plurality of quarter-spherical projections which can be used to effect cleaning and polishing of tooth enamel. The abrasive cleaning pad is preferably comprised of a porous material which can be impregnated with a dentifrice, mouth wash, or other moist substance. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to dental cleaning implements and more particularly pertains to a dental hygiene wipe for cleaning exterior surfaces and interproximal areas of teeth.... The use of dental cleaning implements is known in the prior art. More specifically, dental cleaning implements heretofore devised and utilized are known to consist basically of familiar, expected and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which have been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements.... Known prior art dental cleaning implements include U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,694; U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,562; U.S. Pat. No. 5,068,941; U.S. Pat. No. 323,305; U.S. Pat. No. 2,419,896; U.S. Pat. No. 3,141,366; U.S. Pat. No. 3,905,113; U.S. Pat. No. 3,368,668; U.S. Pat. No. 3,298,507; U.S. Pat. No. 2,966,691; U.S. Pat. No. 4,879,442; U.S. Pat. No. 3,934,299; U.S. Pat. No. 2,068,400; U.S. Pat. No. 2,099,305; U.S. Pat. No. 4,972,946; and U.S. Pat. No. 2,092,987. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05771522__
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Dental hygienic device Inventor(s): Yoneda; Tsutomu (Kishiwada, JP), Nakagawa; Yoshinori (Nara, JP), Matsuda; Shoji (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Shiken, Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 4,526,570 Date filed: October 25, 1982 Abstract: A dental hygienic device comprising an n-type semiconductor disposed on or in a main body consisting of an inserting portion and a handle. At least one portion of the semiconductor is exposed while at least the other portion being located at the inserting portion of said main body. The semiconductor, when irradiated with a natural and/or man-made light, is activated to produce therein a number of holes whereas teeth becomes reverse-phased due to an electron density higher than that in the semiconductor to thereby give rise to a reduction which decompose tartars and colored scales on the teeth. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a dental hygienic device having a structure based on and utilizing a photoelectric chemical reaction, and more particularly to a dental hygienic device adapted to improve sanitary conditions of teeth by means of an electrical polarization and chemical reduction which are produced by electrical energy that is converted from photoenergy by a semiconductor under coexistence of a light beam, water and the user's teeth.... Tooth powders or pastes contain an adequate amount of fluorine compounds because such flourine compounds have proved to be effective for promoting healthy teeth.... Teeth surfaces however tend to prevent anions, such as fluorine, from permeating the teeth since the teeth are covered with saliva which have a pH value lower than the pH value of the teeth. It has been, therefore, very difficult to obtain satisfactory effects from e.g. fluorine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04526570__
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Disposable dental hygiene kit Inventor(s): Whittaker; Dale (1329 Quail Run Cir., Bentonville, AR 72712) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,972,946 Date filed: January 8, 1990 Abstract: There is disclosed a dental hygiene kit including a sealed flat rectangular package formed of a pair of foil lined synthetic plastic sheets sealed together around all the edges thereof and having an end portion which is tearable to open the package. Within the package is a synthetic felt pad about 3.5 by 7.0 by 0.2 cm. folded once to form a square; within the folded synthetic felt pad is approximately 30 cm. of unwaxed dental floss wound on a plastic or paper spindle about 3 cm. by 1 cm. The pad is impregnated with about two cc of liquid consisting of water, about 15% alcohol, and a dentafrice consisting of one or more of the substances thymol, eucalyptol, menthol or benzoic acid. As an alternative to the spindle for the dental floss, the floss may be contained in a transparent plastic bag about 2.5 by 3.0 cm. or may simply be wound in a flat spiral coil. The kit is used by tearing open one end, removing and using the dental floss in a customary manner, and wiping the teeth with the felt pad in lieu of a toothbrush.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to packs or kits containing dental hygiene materials such as dental floss or tooth cleaning pads with dentifrice solution impregnating the floss or pad. More particularly the present invention provides a small hermetically sealed pack which is easily opened to extract a length of dental floss suitable for one time use together with a folded synthetic felt pad for wiping the teeth, both of which are impregnated with a water, alcohol, dentifrice solution. An important feature of the disposable dental hygiene kit according to the invention is its simplicity and hence the ease with which it may be manufactured and the low cost at which it may be provided to the consumer.... While dental hygiene kits have been known before, they have not combined the small convenient size and economy which can be achieved with the apparatus of the present invention. By use of the disposable dental hygiene kit according to the present invention the user may attend to cleaning the teeth after meals when away from home without carrying a bulky toothbrush or dental floss container and at the same time incurring very little expense for purchase of the disposable kits.... Among the previous endeavors to provide a disposable dental kit is the apparatus shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,120 to Bradberry (U.S. Cl. 206/581). The pack disclosed by Bradberry is formed of biodegradable paper sheets 12 and 14. Since the package does not appear to be hermetically sealed, the package provides a solid dentifrice such as tooth powder which is activated by the saliva of the user (column 1 lines 62-65); a very short length of dental floss 34 is secured in a dental floss holder. It will also be noted that the dental floss holder and scrubber structure of Bradberry is a complex structure which would be relatively costly to manufacture compared with the simple structure of the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04972946__ •
Faucet mounted water jet dental hygiene apparatus Inventor(s): Otani; Tony U. (12438 Eckleson St., Cerritos, CA 90701) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,387,182 Date filed: March 15, 1993 Abstract: A pressurized water jet dental hygiene apparatus which connects to a conventional faucet, composed of a two-component coupling, a flexible tube, and a hand held nozzle connected with the flexible tubing. A first component of the twocomponent coupling is threaded onto a selected faucet. The second component of the two-component coupling is connected with the flexible tubing. In operation, the faucet operates normally when the second component of the two-component coupling is removed. When it is desired to operate the fluid jet dental hygiene apparatus, the second component of the coupling is connected with the first component. Now, when water is turned on, water will squirt out the nozzle with a velocity and volume dependent upon the water pressure delivered at the faucet and relative amount the faucet valve (or valves) is (are) opened. The user then holds the nozzle such as to provide jetable cleansing of his or her dental tissues. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to apparatus for providing a pressurized water stream for dental hygienic cleaning. More particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus of the aforesaid class which is mounted on a faucet and which derives water stream pressure directly from the drinking water supply.... It is well established that regular and thorough dental cleaning is essential for healthy teeth and gums. Yet, individuals consider brushing and flossing to be an onerous chore that must be repeated
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day after day.... In response to this public dissatisfaction, a number of dental products have been introduced with varying amounts of success. For instance, new kinds of toothbrush designs, new kinds of toothpaste, dental floss holders, specialized mouthwashes, and electric toothbrushes have been marketed over the years. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05387182__ •
Modified dextrans in a dental health method deactivating glucosyltransferase enzymes Inventor(s): Scarpa; Ioannis S. (Chicago, IL), Chludzinski; Andrew M. (Westmont, IL), Janic; Milan D. (River Forest, IL) Assignee(s): Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 4,767,614 Date filed: December 16, 1986 Abstract: The compounds of the present invention are linear and branched dextrans having a plurality of their glucose units modified at the 3-position ring carbon with groups selected from the class consisting of keto, amino, halo, benzyl, alkyl, sulfonyl, carboxyl and hydrogen. The modified dextrans reduce and/or modify activity of glucosyltransferase enzymes (GTF) which are produced by oral strains of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. GTF enzymes mediate oral biosynthesis of plaque-forming glucose polymers (glucans) from ingested sucrose. Therefore, the dextrans of the present invention, which reduce and/or modify activity of GTF enzymes, are useful in reducing the formation of dental plaque. The present invention is further directed to a dental health method comprising the step of contacting the oral cavity with linear or branched dextran compounds having a plurality of their glucose units modified at the 3-position carbon with a group such as keto, amino, halo, benzyl, alkyl, sulfonyl, carboxyl or hydrogen. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a dental health composition and method for reducing the onset of dental caries and plaque-associated periodontal disease. More particularly, the invention involves a group of modified dextrans which reduce dental plaque formation by reducing and/or modifying the activity of plaque-producing glucosyltransferase (GTF) enzymes secreted by bacteria in the mouth.... The term “GTF” is used to abbreviate a group of extracellular glucosyltransferase enzymes elaborated by numerous strains of cariogenic Streptococcus Mutans bacteria which are known to inhabit the oral environment, multiplying on the teeth and gums. The bacteria-produced enzymes rapidly convert ingested sucrose into large polymers of glucose, called glucans or dextrans, which adhere to tooth enamel and other oral surfaces including dental appliances.... As is well-known in the art, the gradual accumulation of glucans on oral surfaces results in a film of sticky dental plaque if left untreated. Plaque causes dental caries and related periodontal disorders because it provides a protective matrix within which cariogenic S. Mutans bacteria will readily colonize. Plaque also causes agglomeration of food debris on dental surfaces and prevents salivary neutralization of harmful lactic acid secreted by bacterial cells lodged in the plaque matrix. Despite efforts to counteract plaque with ordinary hygiene measures such as brushing and flossing, plaque deposition in many instances will still result in the gradual appearance of carious lesions in the teeth. Such lesions occur when tooth enamel is dissolved by lactic acid secreted into the plaque matrix as a by-product of metabolic processes ongoing in plaque-bound bacterial cells.
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Notched dental hygiene article Inventor(s): Guay; Gordon G. (Chelmsford, MA), Duff, Jr. Ronald R. (Shrewsbury, MA) Assignee(s): Gillette Canada Inc. (Kirkland, CA) Patent Number: 6,018,840 Date filed: March 9, 1998 Abstract: A dental hygiene article including a notched filament. The dental hygiene article can be a dental floss, or an oral brush (e.g., an electronic toothbrush, a manual toothbrush, or an interdental brush). Excerpt(s): This invention relates to dental hygiene articles.... Most people suffer from tooth decay and/or gingivitis caused by plaque in the mouth. As a result, reducing the amount of plaque in the mouth has long been the target of persons working in the health care field. Regularly brushing the teeth using toothbrushes and flossing between teeth using dental floss are common ways of minimizing plaque build up in the mouth.... Toothbrushes generally include a toothbrush body that includes a handle portion and a head portion. The head portion includes tufts of bristles. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06018840__
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Oscillating disk dental hygiene device Inventor(s): Yu; Michael (1720 Shakespeare Dr., Concord, CA 94521) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,305,617 Date filed: February 1, 2000 Abstract: An oscillating disk dental hygiene device of the present invention includes a quick coupling assembly having a first stage adapted to be coupled to a water source fixture and a second stage adapted to be quickly attachable and detachable from the first stage; a main housing defining a water chamber and having an inlet and an outlet, the inlet being coupled with the second stage of the quick coupling assembly; and a disk defining at least one opening therein and being disposed in the water chamber, the disk adapted to oscillate between a first substantially neutral position and a second position substantially obstructing the outlet when water entering the water chamber via the inlet has a pressure within a predetermined range, the oscillating disk creating a pulsating water stream exiting the water chamber via the outlet. A hand held nozzle is coupled to the outlet and is adapted to concentrate and direct the pulsating water stream into a pulsating water jet. Excerpt(s): This invention is related in general to the field of dental hygiene devices. More particularly, the invention is related to an oscillating disk dental hygiene device (WATERFLOS.TM.).... Many dental hygiene devices are on the market today. Some devices such as WATERPIK.RTM. generate a high-energy pulsating water jet for cleaning teeth. This method of cleaning is particularly useful when dental braces are installed. Pulsating water jets are also used for massaging the gums. These devices typically use a small reservoir of water as a water source. Complex mechanisms powered by electricity are used to create pulsating water waves and to expel them at
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high velocity.... The conventional devices have proven to be helpful in increasing and maintaining healthful teeth and gums and are recommended by dental professionals. However, these devices are inconvenient to use because the water reservoir must be refilled after each use and kept clean. The amount of water that can be used in each cleaning session without refill is also limited by the size of the reservoir. Furthermore, traditional devices are expensive, bulky and not portable for travel, and their complex mechanisms have many parts, which may wear and break down. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06305617__ •
Plaque removing dental hygiene apparatus Inventor(s): Reynolds; Fred W. (8362 Walker, Apt. 20, La Palma, CA 90623) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,036,562 Date filed: October 15, 1990 Abstract: A dental hygiene apparatus for removing plaque which is to connect with the handle of a conventional toothbrush with the toothbrush being used as the instrument to remove plaque. The handle is mounted through the open end of a cylindrical sleevelike handle that is of a size to be readily graspable by a human being. A spring arrangement is located within the interior chamber and is to connect with the handle of the toothbrush to impart a biasing force against the handle of the toothbrush against the handle deflecting. The handle of the toothbrush is secured by a threaded bolt which is threadably engaged to the wall of the sleeve. The apparatus is to be manually used causing the bristles of the toothbrush to be moved in a direction toward the teeth of the user. Excerpt(s): The field of this invention relates to dental hygiene devices and more particularly to an apparatus for removing plaque from the teeth and gingival areas of a human being.... The presence of periodontal diseases within human beings has indicated the need for devices to prevent the formation of bacterial plaque colonies in the periodontal areas. It is well established that plaque bacteria is the primary cause of periodontal disease.... The problems of effectively removing plaque from tooth surfaces is well recognized in the dental field. It is recognized that it is difficult to effectively remove plaque from the tooth surfaces adjacent the gum line and the gingival cuff around each tooth and from those surfaces of the teeth that face adjacent teeth. Conventional manual actuated toothbrushes do not properly clean these surfaces. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05036562__
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Portable dental hygiene system Inventor(s): Cloutier; Cathy L. (2016 N. Bolivar Ct., Simi Valley, CA 93063), Cloutier; John W. (2016 N. Bolivar Ct., Simi Valley, CA 93063) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,463,937 Date filed: May 4, 2001 Abstract: A portable dental hygiene system including a housing which is substantially elongate and hollow, the housing includes a handle portion used to facilitate grasping
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the housing by a human hand and a distribution portion; a quantity of toothpaste is positioned within the housing and is used as a dentifrice for facilitating the cleansing of the user's teeth; and a plurality of bristles is coupled to said distribution portion of the housing, the bristles provide an abrasive surface for facilitating the cleansing of the user's teeth. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to toothbrushes and more particularly pertains to a new portable dental hygiene system for providing a convenient portable dental hygiene system.... The use of toothbrushes is known in the prior art. More specifically, toothbrushes heretofore devised and utilized are known to consist basically of familiar, expected and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which have been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements.... Known prior art includes U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,490,530; 4,987,910; 4,530,129; 5,040,553; 5,044,386; and Des. 336,782. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06463937__ •
Portable device for dental hygiene Inventor(s): Ingemann; Knut (Bendestorf, DE) Assignee(s): DDG Dental Devices GmbH (DE) Patent Number: 6,253,773 Date filed: January 5, 1999 Abstract: This invention concerns a portable dental hygiene device with a treatment space (9) and a spray device (4a) by means of which a treatment medium can be sprayed into the treatment space (9), where the spray device (4a) and the parts (10) to be sprayed with the treatment medium are arranged separately but in spray relation to one another on a holding device (3a, 3b), which surrounds the spray device (4a) and the parts (10), with a release element being provided with which a spray head (11) of the spray device (4a) can be brought into spraying position, characterized in thata) the release element is a detachable cap (14) which can be placed on the holding device (3a, 3b) and has a release projection (14a) on its bottom (16a) on the inside;b) passages (15, 16), one of which is aligned axially with the spray head (11), are provided in the bottom of the holding device (3a, 3b) corresponding to the arrangement of the release projection (14a);c) the detachable cap (14) secures the spray device (4a) against the release of a spray stream when the cap is placed on the holding device (3a, 3b) in one of the possible placement positions, and in the other possible placement position it can cause a spray stream to be released. Excerpt(s): This invention concerns a portable dental hygiene device with a treatment space and a spray device by means of which a treatment medium can be sprayed into the treatment space, with the spray device and the parts to be sprayed with the treatment medium being separated from one another but arranged in spray relation to one another on a holder which encloses the spray device and the parts, with a trigger element being provided with which a spray head of the spray device can be brought into the spraying position.... International Patent WO No. 96/16,750 describes a dental care station where the head part of a toothbrush and the head of a spray can are at the bottom. A two-part case-like holding device is provided. The spray can sits in a receptacle cavity of one part of the holding device, and the toothbrush is in the other part of the holding device, which is designed as a lateral valve. Guide rails position the toothbrush when the device is closed. The spray head of the valve of the spray can sits
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in a brush chamber. A spray mist is released by means of a release button which is provided on the head of the housing and can act on the bottom of the spray can. By depressing the release button, the spray mist can be directed at the bristles of the toothbrush in the brush chamber in a controlled manner.... Such a device is also unsuitable for travel purposes because of its size. There is a lack of possibilities for accommodation of other dental care utensils. A spray stream may be released unintentionally by depressing the release button inadvertently. This danger is especially great in luggage in particular. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06253773__ •
Storage device for personal dental hygiene and oral care products Inventor(s): Wilkinson; William T. (P.O. Box 378, Chesapeake City, MD 21915) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,927,011 Date filed: November 6, 1989 Abstract: This invention discloses a storage system for personal care products used for dental hygiene and oral care. The device has a storage tube with an interior and exterior surface and two ends, one end closed and used as the base and the other end open. A toothbrush ring with outer and inner rims is mounted on the open end of the storage tube, the outer rim of toothbrush ring extends beyond the exterior surface of the storage tube and contains a plurality of apertures in which toothbrushes hang and the inner rim extends inside the interior surface of the storage tube. Inserted in the storage tube is a rinse cup with an exterior flange on the open end which catches the interior rim of the toothbrush ring. The rinse cup lid rests on the inner rim of the toothbrush ring covering the exterior flange of the rinse cup. Alternatively, the rinse cup lid is removably connected to the exterior rim of the toothbrush ring. An optional wall bracket can be used to mount the storage system on the wall. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a storage system for personal care products used for dental hygiene and oral care.... The recent developments in the personal care area of dental hygiene and oral care have resulted in a proliferation of products used for these purposes. Included in this group of items are toothbrushes, toothpicks, gum massagers, dental floss, toothpaste pumps and tubes, mouth mirrors, mouthwash and gargle, dentures and partial plates, denture adhesive, denture rinse and rinse cup. Many of these products are used in the bathroom and most bathrooms do not have adequate storage facilities for these products. Thus, these products are frequently placed on bathroom sink vanity tops, water closet tank and other horizontal surfaces in the bathroom. This results in confusion and unsightly clutter in the bathroom.... An another objective of this invention is to provide a storage system for personal care products used for dental hygiene and oral care usable for travel. In this invention the storage system is waterproof, can easily be constructed of rustproof material, is break and scratch resistant and is leakproof. Thus, the storage system can easily go from bathroom vanity top to suitcase. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04927011__
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Vacuum instrument for dental hygiene and dental treatment Inventor(s): Kasten; Werner (Belt-Schutsloot, NL) Assignee(s): Durr Dental GmbH & Co KG (DE) Patent Number: 5,145,367 Date filed: February 12, 1990 Abstract: A vacuum instrument for dental hygiene and dental treatment which is intended to permit parodontological treatment of the tooth pockets. The instrument has an elastic suction cap which can produce a sealed vacuum over the gum pockets and interdental crevices. A treatment liquid is supplied to the suction cap and removed by the suction. Intermittent application of the vacuum produces a pumping action, which through likewise intermittent rinsing results in optimal cleaning of the interdental crevices as far as the base of the pocket. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a vacuum instrument for dental treatment, T.... A vacuum instrument for the treatment of the root canals of teeth is known from CH A 294 164. It serves for the treatment of tooth cavities for the purpose of rinsing and drying thereof. In this case, a suction cap with a conical wall is used in such a way that by appropriate expansion, as a cap, it encloses the crown of the tooth to be treated. In this state, by means of the reversible valve, instead of the vacuum pump, the supply of treatment solution is connected to the vacuum space produced, which then flows into the tooth as the vacuum disappears and can be removed again by subsequent evacuation. For the removal of the entire device, the valve is completely closed, whereupon the cap can be removed from the tooth.... For disinfectant treatment of the tooth, according to FR A 2 588 469, a U shaped body consisting of porous material, approximately adapted to the shape of a tooth, at the end of a toothbrush-like handle is known, which can be supplied from the grip of the handle with a treatment agent in such a way that on its inside it transfers this agent to the teeth. The treatment agent is placed under slight excess pressure for acting on the teeth. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05145367__
Patent Applications on Dental Health As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to dental health:
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Chemically Active Fiber Compositions As Delivery System For Chemotherpeutic Agents, Epecially For Substances Useful In Dental Hygiene Inventor(s): BURCH, ROBERT R. JR. (EXTON, PA), BURCH, ROBERT R. (NEW ORLEANS, LA) Correspondence: BRUCE M MONROE; RATNER & PRESTIA; P O BOX 7228; WILMINGTON; DE; 19803 Patent Application Number: 20020006415 Date filed: February 5, 1999 Abstract: An imbibed fiber that can be used as a delivery system for chemotherapeutic agents, especially substances useful in dental hygiene, is disclosed. The imbibed fiber comprises a fiber of an elastomeric polymer capable of imbibing the chemotherapeutic agents. A preferred elastomeric fiber is spandex. The fiber may be in the form of a dental floss, dental tape, gauze pad, or the like. A therapeutically effective amount of the agent is imbibed in the elastomeric polymer. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application 60/073,755, filed Feb. 5, 1998, incorporated herein by reference.... This invention relates to dental hygiene. In particular, this invention relates an imbibed fiber that can be used as a delivery system for substances useful in dental hygiene.... Dental floss is a very well known and broadly used article of dental hygiene. There are many benefits attributed to dental flossing, and especially daily dental flossing. Dental flossing removes residual food particles, which cannot be removed by brushing, from in between teeth, and in general maintains the gums in good health. Thus, among other benefits, it decreases the incidence of dental caries, gingivitis, halitosis, and dysgeusia (bad taste). It may also reduce the incidence of plaque formation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Cranberry based dietary supplement and dental hygiene product Inventor(s): St. John, Franklin M. (Wallingford, CT), Selzer, Jonathan; (New Haven, CT) Correspondence: John L. Cordani; Carmody & Torrance LLP; 50 Leavenworth Street; P.O. Box 1110; Waterbury; CT; 06721-1110; US Patent Application Number: 20030108627 Date filed: September 25, 2001 Abstract: A cranberry based dietary supplement or dental hygiene product is revealed with enhanced flavor characteristics. Cranberry sources are combined with extracts of the fruit of Lou Han Kuo and/or extracts from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana and/or extracts from the leaves of Chinese Blackberry. The resulting product is a pleasant tasting dietary supplement, which is easily absorbed by the body in liquid form, and provides substantially therapeutic effects. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cranberry based compositions with improved taste, and to a method for using such compositions as dietary supplements, therapeutic supplements and/or as dental hygiene products.... The uses of cranberry as a therapeutic supplement are manifold and well documented in the scientific literature. Current research around the world is substantiating further claims for traditional herbal medicines.... The most well documented therapeutic effect of cranberry concerns urinary tract infections. For many years it has been recognized that cranberry juice helps to
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relieve and possible cure urinary tract infections such a bladder and urethra infections. Originally, this effect was considered to be a result of lowered urinary pH (increased acidity) after ingestion of cranberry. The lowered pH was thought to make the urine an inhospitable milieu for the growth of pathogenic bacteria, such as E. Coli. The bacteria would not grow and would be washed through the system and excreted from the body with the urine. It has recently been discovered, that certain components of cranberry, the proanthocyanidins, possess specific properties which inhibit the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria to the wall of the urinary tract. Without a hold, the bacteria are easily flushed with the urine and excreted. In some cases, cranberry has been at least as, if not more, effective in preventing urinary tract infections than the commonly prescribed antibiotics. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Dental Hygiene System Handle Inventor(s): Stvartak, Christopher; (Skokie, IL), Yost, Kevin G. (Winnetka, IL) Correspondence: Barry W. Sufrin; Michel Best & Friedrich, LLC; Suite 1700; 401 North Michigan Avenue; Chicago; IL; 60611; US Patent Application Number: 20020170145 Date filed: July 25, 2001 Abstract: A dental hygiene system handle including a proximal grip section, a central control section, and a distal brush section, the central control section including four elastomeric lands for receiving the thumb and forefinger of a user on opposite sides of the central control section. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to dental hygiene systems intended for manual operation and more particularly to improved dental hygiene handles designed for conveniently manipulating a variety of different dental cleaning or stimulating elements. The present invention includes a particularly important improvement to conventional unitary toothbrushes.... Various devices are known in the art for cleaning and stimulating the teeth and gums to maintain good dental hygiene. The most ubiquitous such device is the conventional toothbrush. Another popular cleaning and stimulating device is an interproximal toothbrush such as one of the many different interproximal toothbrushes which are available from John O. Butler Company of Chicago, Ill. Still other types of commonly used cleaning and stimulating devices are rubber stimulators, picks, flossers and even small dental mirrors which aid in monitoring inaccessible areas in the mouth.... These cleaning and stimulating devices may be unitary, comprising a handle and a brush or other cleaning or stimulating element mounted directly in the distal end of the handle. Alternatively, these cleaning and stimulating devices may be removably mounted to the handle. Examples of known approaches to removable mountings of interproximal brushes, rubber stimulators, picks, flossers, and small dental mirrors may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,934,295, 5,758,382, and 5,027,467, which are incorporated by reference. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Portable device for dental hygiene Inventor(s): Abada, Eli Eddy; (Sao Paulo SP, BR) Correspondence: ELMAN TECHNOLOGY LAW, P.C. P O BOX 209; SWARTHMORE; PA; 19081-0209; US Patent Application Number: 20030088930 Date filed: November 8, 2002 Abstract: PORTABLE DEVICE FOR DENTAL HYGIENE comprising a new configuration of handless toothbrush, of easy portability, whose body is manufactured of resilient plastic material with the approximate shape of a through thimble on the sides, to be specially fitted of the first phalange of an index finger, which has, incorporated in its lower surface, a plurality of bristle rows radially laid out and, in its upper surface, a set of slots in relief to massage the gums, constituting a small device that can be carried in the pocket or inside a small pouch or handbag, inside a package specially designed for its conditioning, that includes an internal container to store a small quantity of toothpaste, thus permitting that the user has a complete portable kit of dental hygiene at his disposal and comfort. Excerpt(s): The present utility model is localized, in a general way, in the dental hygiene field, especially in field of toothbrushes that do not use handles, and more particularly, in that of non-disposable portable toothbrushes, to be carried in a specially designed package, in pockets or inside a small pouch or handbag, hence the user may always have at his disposal a good quality toothbrush.... Devices for dental hygiene in the form of toothbrushes are object of daily use, have been known since way back, those usually most found in the market are toothbrushes of the type that have handles to be held in the user's hand during their use.... Thus, the toothbrushes with a handle that, at one end have a head with bristles for brushing are very well known and common. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with dental health, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “dental health” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on dental health. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning dental health. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON DENTAL HEALTH Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to dental health. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on dental health include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “dental health” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on dental health: •
Dental health education: Lesson planning and implementation Source: Stamford, CT: Appleton and Lange. 1998. 224 pp. Contact: Available from Appleton and Lange, Four Stamford Plaza, P. O. Box 120041, Stamford, CT 06912-0041 / e-mail: customerservice@mcgraw- hill.com / Web site: http://www.appletonlange.com. $24.95. Summary: This book is written for the educator of elementary school age children in preparing lesson plans and discussions about dental health. In the first section, topics include community and cultural issues, teaching techniques, and classroom presentation and management. Section two discusses planning and implementing a dental health lesson plan, including good dental habits involving fluoride, plaque control, toothbrushing, flossing, nutrition and healthy teeth, anti-tobacco lessons, visiting the dentist, and children with special needs. The third section provides information on creating a community outreach program through dental health fairs and parent
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education meetings. Section four gives hints to help integrate the dental program into the academic curriculum and visual aid samples are provided. The book concludes with additional resources such as fact sheets (in English and Spanish), a vocabulary list, recommended titles for the classroom, a glossary, and a bibliography.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “dental health” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “dental health” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “dental health” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
6 Minutes to Superior Dental Health (How to Protect Your Family in a Dental Disease Society) by Rodney S. Katayama; ISBN: 1586190024; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1586190024/icongroupinterna
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A Handbook of Dental Health for Health Visitors by E.J. Kay; ISBN: 1854481932; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1854481932/icongroupinterna
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A Handbook of Dental Health for Health Visitors, Midwives and Nurses; ISBN: 0752106236; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0752106236/icongroupinterna
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Adult dental health : a survey conducted by the Social Survey Division of OPCS in collaboration with the Department of Dental Health, University of Birmingham Dental School for the United Kingdom health departments by Jean Elizabeth Todd; ISBN: 0116907894; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0116907894/icongroupinterna
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Adult dental health in England and Wales in 1968; ISBN: 0117000434; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117000434/icongroupinterna
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Adult dental health in Scotland, 1972 : a survey carried out by Social Survey Division of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys in collaboration with the Scottish dental schools for the Scottish Home and Health Department by Jean Elizabeth Todd; ISBN: 0117006858; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117006858/icongroupinterna
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Adult Dental Health in the UK: 1998; ISBN: 0116212683; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0116212683/icongroupinterna
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Adult Dental Health Survey Northern Ireland, 1979 by J.R. Rhodes, T.H. Hair; ISBN: 0337072132; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0337072132/icongroupinterna
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Adult Dental Health: United Kingdom by Jean E. Todd, Deborah Lader; ISBN: 011691324X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/011691324X/icongroupinterna
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All About Us: Crunch Time - Dental Health: (Programme Notes) by John Bennett (2000); ISBN: 1862155275; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862155275/icongroupinterna
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Basic Statistical Concepts and Techniques Applied in Dental Health by E. Marcia Boyer; ISBN: 0895291282; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895291282/icongroupinterna
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Biostats: Data Analysis for Dental Health Care Professionals by Jane A., Weintraub; ISBN: 0932137016; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0932137016/icongroupinterna
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British Columbia children's dental health survey 1980; ISBN: 077198927X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/077198927X/icongroupinterna
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Brushing Well (Frost, Helen, Dental Health.) by Helen Frost, Gail Saunders-Smith; ISBN: 073680112X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/073680112X/icongroupinterna
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Building Assertive Skills: A Practical Guide to Professional Development for Allied Dental Health Providers by Judy C. Morton; ISBN: 0801635209; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801635209/icongroupinterna
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Catalogue of Dental Health Resources by A.S. Blinkhorn (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 1898274193; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1898274193/icongroupinterna
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Catalogue of Dental Health Resources for England, Wales and Northern Ireland by A.S. Blinkhorn (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1898274150; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1898274150/icongroupinterna
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Child Dental Health; ISBN: 0683041118; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683041118/icongroupinterna
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Child dental health: a practical introduction by P. J. Holloway; ISBN: 0723602166; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0723602166/icongroupinterna
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Childen's Dental Health in the United Kingdom: A Survey Carried Out by the Social Survey Division of OPCS, on Behalf of the United Kingdom Health Departments, in Collaboration with the Dental Schools at the Universities of Birmingham and Newcastle: 1993 (Reports: SS 1350) by Maureen O'Brien; ISBN: 0116916079; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0116916079/icongroupinterna
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Children's dental health in England and Wales, 1973 : a survey carried out by Social Survey Division of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys in collaboration with the Department of Dental Health, University of Birmingham for the Department of Health and Social Security by Jean Elizabeth Todd; ISBN: 0117006874; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117006874/icongroupinterna
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Children's dental health in the United Kingdom, 1983 : a survey carried out by the Social Survey Division of OPCS, on behalf of the United Kingdom health departments, in collaboration with the Dental Schools of the Universities of Birmingham and Newcastle by Jean Elizabeth Todd; ISBN: 0116911360; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0116911360/icongroupinterna
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Community Dental Health by Anthony W. Jong (Editor); ISBN: 0801663873; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801663873/icongroupinterna
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Community Dental Health (1993); ISBN: 0801625769; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801625769/icongroupinterna
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Community Oral Health: A Systems Approach for the Dental Health Profession by Patricia P. Cormier, et al; ISBN: 0838511848; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0838511848/icongroupinterna
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Complete Family Guide to Dental Health; ISBN: 0070289131; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070289131/icongroupinterna
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Complete Family Guide to Dental Health by Jacob Himber; ISBN: 0070289190; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070289190/icongroupinterna
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Complete Guide to Dental Health: How to Maintain Your Dental Health and Avoid Being Overcharged and Overtreated by Dds MPH Friedman, Jay W. Friedman (2002); ISBN: 1403335621; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403335621/icongroupinterna
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Complete Guide to Family Dental Health & Treatment by Gareth Hayton; ISBN: 0620232129; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0620232129/icongroupinterna
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Consolidated report of the Conference on Dental Health Education, London, [25th] November 1971; ISBN: 0903652005; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0903652005/icongroupinterna
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Construction and Utilization of Visual AIDS in Dental Health Education: Florean Dearth by F. Dearth (1974); ISBN: 0913590266; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913590266/icongroupinterna
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Dental Anatomy: Its Correlation With Dental Health Service by Julian B. Woelfel; ISBN: 0812109155; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812109155/icongroupinterna
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Dental Care in Society: The Sociology of Dental Health by Marcel A. Fredericks; ISBN: 0899500013; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0899500013/icongroupinterna
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Dental Crowns: Report of a Follow-up to the 1988 Adult Dental Health Survey (Reports) by Jean Todd, et al (1994); ISBN: 0116915943; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0116915943/icongroupinterna
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Dental Health by Refna. Wilkin; ISBN: 0531003213; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531003213/icongroupinterna
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Dental Health by Helen Frost; ISBN: 0516298216; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0516298216/icongroupinterna
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Dental Health (The Encyclopedia of Health: The Healthy Body) by Dorothy Siegel, et al; ISBN: 0791000141; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0791000141/icongroupinterna
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Dental health care in Scandinavia : achievements and future strategies : a symposium held in Oslo, Norway, January 27th to 30th, 1981; ISBN: 0931386462; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0931386462/icongroupinterna
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Dental Health Consultant in Community Based Programs by Ulana Kostiw; ISBN: 0318190958; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0318190958/icongroupinterna
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Dental health education by William Langmaid; ISBN: 090096023X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/090096023X/icongroupinterna
Books 257
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Dental Health Education: Lesson Planning & Implementation by Lori Gagliardi (Author); ISBN: 0838515746; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0838515746/icongroupinterna
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Dental Health Education: Principles and Methods for the Education of Individuals During Dental Treatment in the Dental Office, Public Health Dental by Frances A. Stoll; ISBN: 0812105796; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812105796/icongroupinterna
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Dental Health Education: Theory and Practice by Christina B. Debiase; ISBN: 0812113667; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812113667/icongroupinterna
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Dental health education; for the education of individuals during dental treatment, school dental health programs and in public health programs by Frances A. Stoll; ISBN: 0812103866; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812103866/icongroupinterna
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Dental Health Psychology by Stan Lindsay (Editor), et al (1993); ISBN: 3718653982; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3718653982/icongroupinterna
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Dental Health, Dental Beauty by I D.D.S. Smigel; ISBN: 0871312840; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0871312840/icongroupinterna
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Dental Public Health: An Introduction to Community Dental Health by Geoffrey Slack; ISBN: 0723605785; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0723605785/icongroupinterna
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Diet and dental health : a study of relationships : United States, 1971-74; ISBN: 0840602359; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0840602359/icongroupinterna
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Fluorine and Dental Health: The Pharmacology and Toxicology of Fluorine by Joseph Charles Muhler (Editor); ISBN: 0804617031; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0804617031/icongroupinterna
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Food for Healthy Teeth (Dental Health) by Helen Frost (1999); ISBN: 0736801138; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0736801138/icongroupinterna
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Foods, Nutrition and Dental Health/Order No Z036 by John J. Hefferren, et al (1983); ISBN: 0934510024; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0934510024/icongroupinterna
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Foods, Nutrition and Dental Health/Order No Z037 by John J. Hefferren (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 0934510059; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0934510059/icongroupinterna
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Foods, nutrition, and dental health; ISBN: 0930376277; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0930376277/icongroupinterna
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Foods, Nutrition, and Dental Health: Carcinogenicity of Foods, Beverages, Confections, and Chewing Gum by John J. Hefferren (Editor), Henry M. Koehler (Editor); ISBN: 0930376218; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0930376218/icongroupinterna
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Foods, Nutrition, and Dental Health: Caries Control Through Food Substance/Order No Z034 by John J. Hefferren (Editor) (1982); ISBN: 0934510016; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0934510016/icongroupinterna
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Foods, Nutrition, and Dental Health: Models for Food Carcinogenicity by John J. Hefferren (Editor) (1981); ISBN: 0930376323; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0930376323/icongroupinterna
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From The Horses Mouth/The horsemans Guide To Equine Dental Health And Aging by Len Lookingbill; ISBN: 0964468204; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964468204/icongroupinterna
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Future Scenarios on Dental Health Care: A Reconnaissance of the Period 1990-2020 by O. P. Brenninkmeijer, Burgersdijk (1994); ISBN: 0792326946; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792326946/icongroupinterna
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International dental care delivery systems : issues in dental health policies : proceedings of a colloquium; ISBN: 0884105296; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884105296/icongroupinterna
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Jong's Community Dental Health by George M. Gluck (Editor), Warren M. Morganstein (Editor); ISBN: 0323014674; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0323014674/icongroupinterna
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Measurement of Dental Health Status [R-2902] by Vladimir Spolsky (1983); ISBN: 0833005324; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0833005324/icongroupinterna
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National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Dental Health: Young People, 4 to 18 (2000); ISBN: 0116212667; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0116212667/icongroupinterna
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Notes on Dental Health Education; ISBN: 0903652811; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0903652811/icongroupinterna
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Nutrition and Dental Health by A.F. Hackett, A. J. Rugg-Gunn; ISBN: 0192621092; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192621092/icongroupinterna
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Nutrition and Dental Health; ISBN: 0827325363; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0827325363/icongroupinterna
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Nutrition and Dental Health by Ann, C.D.A. Ehrlich, Ann B. Ehrlich; ISBN: 0827357168; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0827357168/icongroupinterna
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Nutrition Diet and Dental Health: Concepts & Methods; ISBN: 0318177994; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0318177994/icongroupinterna
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Primary Preventive Dentistry + Gagliardi: Dental Health Education, 1e (Package) by Norman O. Harris, et al (1999); ISBN: 013027299X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/013027299X/icongroupinterna
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Public Policy: Options for Better Dental Health, Report of a Study by Institute of Medicine; ISBN: 9995217449; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9995217449/icongroupinterna
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Saliva and Dental Health by W.M. Edgar, D. O'Mullane; ISBN: 0904588300; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0904588300/icongroupinterna
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Scottish children's dental health, 1983-1986 : a survey carried out by the Social Survey Division of OPCS, on behalf of the Scottish Home and Health Department by Jean Elizabeth Todd; ISBN: 0116912286; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0116912286/icongroupinterna
Books 259
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Teeth for Your Lifetime: A Complete, Easy to Read, and Understandable Guide to a Lifetime of Dental Health by Irwin B. Golden; ISBN: 0963604708; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963604708/icongroupinterna
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The Complete Guide to Dental Health: How to Avoid Being Overcharged and Overtreated by Jay W. Friedman, et al; ISBN: 0890434360; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890434360/icongroupinterna
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The Dynamics of dental practice administration : a guide for efficient dental health care delivery; ISBN: 087488974X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087488974X/icongroupinterna
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The Intelligent Consumer's Complete Guide to Dental Health: How to Maintain Your Dental Health and Avoid Being Overcharged and Overtreated by Jay W., Dds Friedman, et al (2002); ISBN: 0759676569; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0759676569/icongroupinterna
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The modern family guide to dental health by A. Norman Cranin; ISBN: 0812813596; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812813596/icongroupinterna
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The Mount Sinai Medical Center Family Guide to Dental Health by Jack Klatell, et al; ISBN: 0025636758; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0025636758/icongroupinterna
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The mouth - who cares?: a new approach to dental health; ISBN: 0950270407; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0950270407/icongroupinterna
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The Perfect Smile: A Consumer's Guide to Dental Health and Cosmetic Dentistry by James Doundoulakis, et al; ISBN: 1578260957; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1578260957/icongroupinterna
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The Scientific Basis of Dental Health Education; ISBN: 185448057X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185448057X/icongroupinterna
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The Scientific Basis of Dental Health Education by E.J. Key; ISBN: 0752105604; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0752105604/icongroupinterna
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Thorsons Complete Family Guide to Dental Health by Barrie Sherman; ISBN: 0722536593; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722536593/icongroupinterna
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Understanding Dental Health (Understanding Health and Sickness Series) by Francis G. Serio (1998); ISBN: 1578060109; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1578060109/icongroupinterna
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Use of Dental Services and Dental Health, 1986 by Su. Jack (1988); ISBN: 9999427618; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9999427618/icongroupinterna
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Use of dental services and dental health, United States, 1986 by Susan S. Jack; ISBN: 0840603983; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0840603983/icongroupinterna
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Yes, You Can Teach Dental Health: Correlation of Dental Health Education With Other Classroom Subjects K-12 by Teresa Mae Perkins Poulos; ISBN: 0883142139; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0883142139/icongroupinterna
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Your Child's Dental Health : Womb to Wisdom Teeth by Joleen Jackson, et al; ISBN: 0967485118; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967485118/icongroupinterna
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Your Teeth (Dental Health) by Helen Frost, Gail Saunders-Smith (1999); ISBN: 0736801154; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0736801154/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “dental health” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:7 •
A dental health guide for the teachers of Kentucky: sponsored by the Division of School Health of the Commonwealth of Kentucky Dept. of Health and the Kentucky Dental Association and Dental Auxiliary, in cooperation with the Kentucky Dept. of Education. Author: Kentucky. Division of Dental Health.; Year: 1973; Frankfort: Division of
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Costs of dental care for adults under specific clinical conditions; an exploration of general issues on the basis of initial and maintenance care experience of 485 patients of Dental Health Service, New York City, by Dorothy Fahs Beck assisted by Mary Frost Jessup. Author: Beck, Dorothy Fahs,; Year: 1972; [Lancaster, Pa.] American College of Dentists, 1943
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Dental health education for dental health educators in school and community dental health programs, with special consideration for the education of adults during dental treatment. Author: Stoll, Frances A.; Year: 1974; Philadelphia, Lea; Febiger, 1960
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Dental health guide for teachers Author: Mississippi. Public Health Dentistry.; Year: 1974; Jackson: Mississippi State Board of
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Dental health in relation to age and dental care. Author: Björn, Anna-Lisa.; Year: 1943; Lund, Gleerup, 1974
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Dental health is our most important product. Summary: A manual for dental health teaching. Author: Florida. Bureau of Dental Health.; Year: 1969; [n.p., 1959?]
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Dental health survey of Indian children in British Columbia, 1972. Author: British Columbia. Division of Vital Statistics.; Year: 1974; [Victoria]
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Evaluation of dental health services. Study on information use for the evaluation of the dental health services in five European countries. Author: World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.; Year: 1974; Copenhagen, 1974
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Study on child dental health services in Europe Author: Duckworth, Roy.; Year: 1975; Copenhagen: Distributed by the Regional Office for Europe, World
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Survey on child dental health in Europe; report on a study. Author: World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.; Year: 1967; Copenhagen, 1974
7 In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a “Books” button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Chapters on Dental Health In order to find chapters that specifically relate to dental health, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and dental health using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “dental health” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on dental health: •
Skin and Dental Care Source: in Franz, M.J., et al, eds. Core Curriculum for Diabetes Education. 4th ed.: (Volume 1) Diabetes and Complications. Chicago, IL: American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE). 2001. p. 87-96. Contact: Available from American Association of Diabetes Educators. AADE Member Service Center, 100 W. Monroe Street, Suite 400, Chicago, IL 60603. (800) 338-3633. Fax (312) 424-2427. Website: www.diabeteseducator.org. PRICE: Individual volume $45.00 for members and $60.00 for nonmembers; complete 4-volume set $149.95 for members and $199.95 for nonmembers; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1881876055 (Volume 1); 1881876098 (4-volume set). Summary: Understanding the effect of diabetes on the health of the skin, oral mucosa, and teeth is important as educators work with patients with diabetes. This chapter on skin and dental care is from a book in a series of four texts that make up a Core Curriculum, designed primarily to help educators prepare for the Certified Diabetes Educator (CDE) exam. Topics include the relationship between metabolic control and healthy skin; the elements of effective skin care; the risk associated with loss of metabolic control when infection occurs in people with diabetes; the relationship between metabolic control and overall dental health; factors that contribute to periodontal disease in people with diabetes; and effective dental care practices. The chapter lists the learning objectives for that chapter, presents information in outline and bulleted format, summarizes the key educational considerations, offers self review questions and questions for discussion, presents an illustrative case report, and concludes with a list of references. A post-test and the answers to the post-test questions are appended to the chapter. 12 references.
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Special Community Health Needs Source: in New Public Health: An Introduction for the 21st Century. Tulchinsky, T.H. Varavikova, E.A. San Diego, CA, Academic Press, pp. 355-400, 2000. Contact: Academic Press, 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495. Internet/Email: http://www.academicpress.com. Summary: Special Community Health Needs, a chapter in The New Public Health: An Introduction for the 21st Century, suggests that society is often judged on how it treats its minorities, poor, prisoners, and refugees as much as how it cares for the population as a whole. All such groups need special attention because they are people in need, but also because they can affect the health of others, such as by transmitting diseases. Public health agencies are often the advocates and pioneers in implementing programs for these groups. These may be special needs of the whole population or needs of special
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groups in the population. The public health approach emphasizes prevention in all its phases. Preparation for emergency health situations can be coordinated with health service systems and other agencies in society. Preparation for handling emergencies is an important challenge to all elements of a health system, from sanitation and pest control to tertiary care neurosurgery. In such a situation, there will be little question of the need for all elements to work together to treat the injured and prevent further damage. Mental and dental health are two areas where community care and prevention are established as effective measures but generally not well linked to the mainstream of organization and funding of health activities. Disasters can affect anyone, and the role of health care providers and public health agencies becomes all too obvious; and the need for preparation reinforced. The new public health seeks to use the resources of prevention and care more effectively for what have been treated as marginal populations or issues. •
Implementing Dietary Guidelines for Elderly People Source: in Implementing Dietary Guidelines for Healthy Eating. Wheelock, V. ed. London, England, Blackie Academic and Professional, pp. 333-359, 1997. Contact: Blackie Academic and Professional, Chapman and Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SE1 8HN, England. Internet/Email: http://www.thomson.com;
[email protected]. Summary: Implementing Dietary Guidelines for Elderly People, a chapter in Implementing Dietary Guidelines for Healthy Eating, focuses on problems peculiar to the elderly and offers many suggested implementations to assist in dealing with these problems. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the population over 60 years of age by the year 2025 will account for 11.9 percent of the total population of the world. While old age does not necessarily mean ill health, ischemic heart disease, stroke, cancer, and diabetes mellitus have a marked correlation with old age. In the United Kingdom, the Health of the Nation program has two major objectives directly relevant to the health of older people. The first is to reduce the death rate for coronary heart disease in people aged 65 to 74 by at least 30 percent by the year 2000. The second is to reduce the death rate for stroke in this same group by 40 percent in the same time frame. The Health Department has cited dietary change as being of paramount importance in achieving these goals. Elderly people should reduce dietary intakes of fat and simple sugars and increase intakes of starchy foods and vitamin D. The dietary targets are to reduce the average percentage food energy derived from saturated fatty acids by at least 35 percent by the year 2005, from 17 percent to no more than 11 percent, and to reduce the average food energy derived by the population from total fat by at least 12 percent, from approximately 40 percent to no more than 35 percent. Four types of malnutrition have been shown to affect elderly people: Specific malnutrition (often associated with the presence of clinical disease such as osteomalacia); sudden malnutrition (generally caused by marked changes in the food intake following a trauma); recurrent malnutrition (following in general a gradually worsening cycle of illness and poor nutrition); and long standing malnutrition. Special problems common among elderly people include ignorance about nutrition, since they left school at younger ages than is now the norm; social isolation due to living alone; physical disabilities; mental health problems; iatrogenic problems; and poverty in old age. Secondary causes of malnutrition include impaired appetites due in some part to losses in the sense of smell, taste, or visual stimulus; dental problems; malabsorption by the gastrointestinal system; alcoholism; use of prescription drugs; and the fact that the need for some nutrients actually increases due to poorer absorption. Several strategies are suggested for
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achieving better health in later life, including (1) comprehensive nutritional education; (2) dissemination of written and oral advice; (3) better nutritional education for medics, community nursing services, and others in close contact with the elderly; (4) making community meal services more affordable and of better quality; (5) monitoring of the severely handicapped; (6) researching mechanisms by which dementias affect nutritional status; (7) extending voluntary and statutory aid for those suffering from depression, particularly due to bereavement; (8) targeting of welfare payments to the poorest and most vulnerable elderly people; (9) improve transport systems to major supermarkets; (10) develop more acceptable flavor enhancements; (11) emphasize the need for adequate fluid intake; (12) initiatives designed to promote dental health; (13) identify those with conditions linked to malabsorption states; (14) comprehensive reshaping of current prescribing practices for older people; (15) educate patients about their drug treatments and any likely side effects; (16) guidance from trained professionals for patients and caterers affected by special diets; (17) increase the use of meal replacements and supplements for those with diseases that raise the metabolic rate; and (18) provide greater use of enteral and parenteral feeding for those in the hospital. •
Progress in Health Education Programs in Swedish Schools Source: in Youth Health Promotion: From Theory to Practice in School and Community. Nutbeam, D. Haglund, B. Farley, P. Tillgren, P., eds. London, England, Forbes Publications, Ltd., pages 170-191, 1991. Contact: Forbes Publications, Ltd., 2 Drayson Mews, London, England W8 4LY. Summary: Progress in Health Education Programs in Swedish Schools, a book chapter in Youth Health Promotion: From Theory to Practice in School and Community, provides an overview of the progress of health education programs and models in Swedish schools and reviews important developments within curriculum development, school environment, and outreach programs. The chapter (1) presents activities that exemplify the different health enhancing components in the areas of the classroom, the health curricula, and the local environments through links with family and the wider community; (2) gives a brief summary of the results of school health enhancement programs; and (3) assesses the degree to which compliance with Swedish regulations and legislation governing school health education has been fulfilled during the 1980's. The primary efforts have been extended in curriculum development but success has been minimal. A student-centered project, It's Your Decision, uses skill-learning models and has demonstrated encouraging results with improvements in mental and physical health of pupils. There are several examples in which school lunch personnel and custodial staff have been included in programs aiming at the creation of a health promotive environment within the school. To date, however, there are no Swedish studies that highlight lasting behavioral changes among school children as a result of school activities. A challenge for the future is to find new models for the involvement of the school and dental health systems within health promotion.
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Some Issues in Compliance With Oral Hygiene Regimens Source: in Advances in Health Education: Current Research. Volume Two. Feldman, R. Humphrey, J.H., eds. New York, NY, AMS Press, pages 145-160, 1989. Contact: AMS Press, Inc., 56 East 13th Street, New York, NY 10003. Summary: Some Issues in Compliance With Oral Hygiene Regimens, a book chapter in Advances in Health Education: Current Research, examines the problem of patient
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noncompliance within the context of oral hygiene regimens. Subjects were 85 dental professionals and 245 nonprofessional members of the general public who filled out Dental Attitude Questionnaires. Researchers distributed anonymous questionnaires at several locations within a southwestern community including dental offices, dental professional meetings, a university campus, a health fair, and a marathon race. Questionnaires included three scales: (1) The Corah Dental Anxiety (DAS) scale, (2) the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scale, and (3) a Dental Control (DC) scale. Researchers collected information about ethnicity and education, individuals' oral hygiene practices, dental anxiety, perceptions of oral and physical health, and beliefs about whether their own actions (internality) or the actions of others (externality) were mainly responsible for health. Professionals reported brushing, flossing, and visiting the dentist more often than nonprofessionals, perceived their physical and dental health as better, and scored lower in dental anxiety than nonprofessionals. Better educated subjects tended to report better health and a lesser perception of control by others, and older subjects reported flossing less often, having poorer physical health, and being lower on internal locus of control. Dental anxiety was negatively correlated with oral hygiene behaviors and perception of dental health. The study found that perceptions of personal control over one's dental health but not over one's general health had a weak positive correlation with frequency of toothbrushing and flossing. The findings suggest that programs to increase compliance with oral hygiene regimens should consider the characteristics of the subjects, including their level of anxiety, perceptions of internal control, and reasons for noncompliance. 3 tables. •
Community Assessment of Nutritional Status Source: in Community Nutrition: People, Policies, and Programs. Wright, H.S. Sims, L.S. Boston, MA, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc., pp. 83-97, 1986. Contact: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc., 20 Park Plaza, Boston, MA 02116. Summary: Community Assessment of Nutritional Status, a chapter in Community Nutrition: People, Policies, and Programs, defines community assessment and describes goals and specific areas of inquiry for community assessment programs. Community assessment involves (1) examining a community as a whole to find out how quality of life relates to the nutritional status of the community, and (2) assessing the nutritional status of individuals within the community. Methods used to conduct community assessment are (1) dietary studies comparing nutrient intake with accepted standards, (2) clinical studies evaluating nutritional health or disease, and (3) laboratory studies providing biochemical measurement of nutrients within the body. An assessment using each of these methods will provide the most comprehensive information. Goals for community assessment include (1) identifying current nutritional high-risk groups and critical community needs, (2) predicting areas of future needs, (3) providing baseline data for program development, (4) identifying areas needing more study, (5) establishing nutritional priorities, and (6) defining public health agency areas of responsibility. Careful planning is required to initiate a community assessment project within available resources. Specific areas of inquiry in community assessment programs include (1) demographic information, (2) socioeconomic status, (3) health statistics resources, (4) local health resources, (5) dental health, (6) cultural factors, (7) community political organization, (8) housing, (9) food supply, (10) school nutrition programs, (11) social welfare programs, (12) transportation, (13) education, (14) occupational data, (15) geography and environment, (16) community awareness, (17) disaster planning, and (18) public institutions. The editor concludes that adequate levels of nutrition and social indicators of malnutrition within a community are not firmly
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established. Community health programs and assessments should continue as part of ongoing surveillance of the population. •
Mysteries Source: in Curtis, E. Hand to Mouth: Essays on the Art of Dentistry. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2002. p. 34-49. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $38.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867154098. Summary: This section of essays is from a textbook for dental students that offers a humanistic approach to delivery of dental care. The text includes a series of dental vignettes filtered through the humanities and popular culture, with the goal of entertaining, instructing, and inspiring students training to become dentists. The author emphasizes that dentistry is as much about people as procedures, and writing ties them together. Through writing these stories, the author can help sensitize students to the nonscientific needs of their patients. In this section, the author includes four essays covering folklore associated with the mouth and dentistry, the development of dental forensics, dentists as the killer in murder-mysteries, and ruminations on dental health and world history. The chapter is illustrated with cartoons, line drawings, historical advertisements, and artistic renditions of dentistry-related themes.
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Changing Times: The Dentate Elderly Source: in Allen, P.F. Teeth for Life for Older Adults. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2002. p.9-17. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $83.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 185097056-4. Summary: This chapter on the dentate elderly, is from a textbook that gives the general dental practitioner insight into the management of older adults. The author describes current trends in the dental status of the elderly, including factors influencing attitudes to oral health care in this age group. Topics include attitudes about teeth, differences in older adults, and a controlled transition to the edentulous state. The author concludes that tooth loss is not an inevitable consequence of old age. dental health of the elderly is variable, and a number of treatment strategies may be used to maintain satisfactory oral function. Total tooth loss may be inevitable in some older adults. Transition to the edentulous state should be planned in a controlled fashion. Implant-retained prostheses can be provided for the older adult. Some older adults may refuse implant therapy on the grounds of financial cost or fear of surgery. 7 references.
Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to dental health have been published that consolidate information across
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various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:8 •
Directory of public health primary dental care programs in Ohio Source: Columbus, OH: Bureau of Oral Health Services, Ohio Department of Health. 1994-. annual. Contact: Available from Janet Pierson, R.D.H., B.S., Ohio Department of Health, Bureau of Oral Health Services, 246 North High Street, P.O. Box 40, , Columbus, OH 43266. Telephone: (614) 466-3543. Available at no charge. Summary: This directory lists primary dental health care programs in Ohio. The programs listed provide dental examinations, cleanings, and dental fillings; the programs are operated by local health departments, hospitals, community health centers, and other community service groups. The directory lists the programs by county and agency; individual entries indicate the name, contact information, types of program and services offered, restrictions on eligibility, payment methods, hours of operation, transportation services, and the provision of off-site services.
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Guidebook for healthy mothers, children, families Source: Pittsburgh, PA: Pittsburgh/Allegheny County Healthy Start Project. n. d. 70 pp. Contact: Available from Carol A. Synkewecz, M.P.H, Pittsburgh/Allegheny County Healthy Start Project, Allegheny County Health Department, 3333 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. Telephone: (412) 578-8003 / fax: (412) 578-8325 / e-mail:
[email protected]. Contact for cost information. Summary: This directory lists a variety of programs and services in the Pittsburgh area that are available to mothers, children, and families. It also contains health tips and fact sheets for infant care. Topics include the following: 1) child health clinics; 2) dental health; 3) family health services; 4) family/home-based support services; 5) family planning services; 6) family support centers; 7) grief support; 8) health and safety programs; and 9) Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].
8 You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “dental health” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “dental health” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.
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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON DENTAL HEALTH Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on dental health. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on dental health is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “dental health” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “dental health” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on dental health: •
Overcoming Obstacles to Dental Health: A Training Program for Caregivers of People with Disabilities. 4th ed Source: San Francisco, CA: University of the Pacific School of Dentistry, Special Needs Program. 1998. (instructional package). Contact: Available from University of the Pacific, Special Needs Program. Room 101, 2155 Webster Street, San Francisco, CA 94115. (415) 929-6428. PRICE: $89.95 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This training program is designed to help caregivers improve the oral health of individuals with special needs who need assistance with health and hygiene activities. These individuals may include persons with developmental disabilities, physical limitations, medical problems, and mental impairment, as well as elderly individuals. The program is designed for use in a pyramid training approach, where someone who is trained initially can then train other individuals using the same materials. The training program consists of a 10 minute videotape demonstrating dental
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and behavioral techniques; a workbook with 11 chapters, review questions, and class and home exercises; a trainer's manual with complete instructions on using the training materials; and a 60 item pre and post test to assess trainee knowledge. The program also includes a brochure that highlights some of the key concepts in the training materials. The brochure is available in English, Spanish, Tagalog, Korean, and Vietnamese versions; the program materials themselves are in English. Those who complete the program should be able to recognize and prevent dental diseases, identify obstacles to dental health for a given individual, use behavioral techniques to improve oral hygiene skills and independence, and develop and carry out an oral health plan. The program is packaged in a plastic case that holds all the materials and the videotape. •
Jody Says 'Love Your Teeth': A Dental Health Teaching Module for Hearing Impaired Preschoolers Source: Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Department of Health Services, Office of Oral Health. 1992. (instructional package). Contact: Available from Arizona Department of Health Services, Office of Oral Health. 1740 West Adams, Room 010, Phoenix, AZ 85007-2698. (602) 542-1866. PRICE: Free loan of single copy; two depositories per state; contact above address for listing of National Depositories. Summary: This instructional program is an introduction to dental health for preschoolers who have hearing impairments. The module is designed so that a week of dental health activities can be presented in the classroom. A suggested set of lessons and activities is included in the module. Components of the program include a 15-minute videotape featuring Jody the Dental Health Coyote communicating in speech and sign language; a 45-page teacher's workbook containing background information for designing lesson plans for a specific class; and several manipulatives and visual aids, including a Jody puppet; four storybooks with signed English illustrations; and three wooden puzzles depicting the parts of the mouth, healthy and unhealthy foods, and the experience of a first visit to the dentist.
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Your Family's Dental Health: A Patient's Video Guide to Dentistry Source: Waco, TX: Health EDCO. 199x. (videocassette). Contact: Available from HEALTH EDCO. P.O. Box 21207, Waco, TX 76702-1207. (800) 299-3366 ext. 295 or (817) 776-6461 ext. 295; Fax (817) 751-0221. PRICE: $80.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This patient education videotape is designed to improve patient compliance and educate and motivate dental patients. Twelve segments cover the following topics: X-rays, brushing and flossing, fluoride, orthodontics, dentistry for children, emergency care, dental specialties, prenatal care, snacking and nutrition, dental labs, and geriatric care. The videotape is recommended for viewing by patients while they wait in the dentist's office. (AA-M).
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Dental Health Update Source: Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities and Sciences. 199x. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences. P. O. Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543-2053. (800) 257-5126; (609) 452-1128. PRICE: $149.00 for purchase; $75.00 for rental. Order Number TF-2026.
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Summary: This videotape looks at the latest developments in dental technology and the prediction that tooth decay will be nonexistent by the end of the century. The videotape is available for rent or purchase. (AA-M). •
Nutrition and Dental Health Source: Evanston, IL: Altschul Group Corporation. 199x. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Altschul Group Corporation. AGC Educational Media, 1560 Sherman Avenue, Suite 100, Evanston, IL 60201. (800) 421-2363 or (847) 328-6700; Fax (847) 328-6706; E-mail:
[email protected]; http://www.agcmedia.com. PRICE: $199.00 for single title; $500.00 for series of three programs. Order Number 7865. Summary: This videocassette on nutrition and dental health is part of a videotape series designed to educate parents on the importance of dental care for the entire family. Topics covered include the role that nutrition plays in keeping a healthy smile; how sugars and starches combine with plaque to form cavities; the importance of a good dental care routine; healthy snack food alternatives; and how fluoride can help promote strong, decay-resistant teeth. (AA-M).
Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “dental health” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on dental health: •
Tattletooth II, a new generation Source: Austin, TX: Texas Department of Health. 1993. 8 curricula (var. pp.), 2 videotapes (26:05 minutes each), 1 audiocassette. Contact: Available from Sandra Tesch, R.D.H., M.S.H.P., Texas Department of Health, Division of Oral Health, 1100 West 49th Street, Austin, TX 78756. Telephone: (512) 4587323 / fax: (512) 458-7249 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.tdh.state.tx.us. Available at no charge; written requests only. Summary: This set of curricula provides a basic, comprehensive resource for educators which will foster parental involvement in the promotion of oral health for Texas children. It includes units for preschool children, including those in Head Start, prekindergarten, and child care for children in kindergarten through grade six. Each unit has an individual title: 'Superbrush,' 'Something to Smile About,' 'Miles of Smiles,' 'Healthy Texas Teeth,' 'Your Teeth: Your Responsibility,' 'Special Care for Special Smiles,' 'Dental Problems and Solutions,' and Personal Choices for dental health;' and each curriculum includes resources for the teacher. The set contains a videotape for use with parents, and an audiocassette with songs; the videotape, which is provided in English and Spanish, is called 'Healthy Teeth: A Guide for Parents of Pre-Schoolers.'.
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Bibliography: Multimedia on Dental Health The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in dental health (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on dental health (for more information, follow the hyperlink indicated): •
Dental health [motion picture]: how and why Source: Coronet Instructional Films; Year: 1949; Format: Motion picture; [United States]: Coronet, c1949
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Dental health and oral hygiene [motion picture] Source: [presented by] Veterans Administration; produced by the Dental Training Center and Medical Illustration Service, VA West Side Hospital, Chicago, Illinois; Year: 1960; Format: Motion picture; [Washington, D.C.]: The Administration, 1960
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Dental health loop [motion picture] Source: Ministry of Health; Year: 1964; Format: Motion picture; [England]: The Ministry, [1964]
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Diet and dental health [motion picture] Source: produced by the Veterans Administration Dental Training Center; Year: 1975; Format: Motion picture; [United States: The Center?, 1975]
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Home dental care for children and young adults with handicaps, the big difference for dental health [videorecording] Source: the University of Michigan; Year: 1983; Format: Videorecording; [Ann Arbor, Mich.]: The University, c1983
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Indian community action in dental health [motion picture] Source: produced by the Crow Indian people... [et al.]; a Medical Cinematography production; Year: 1973; Format: Motion picture; [Denver]: University of Colorado Medical Center, [1973]
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Nutrition and dental health [slide] Source: [produced by Office of Dental Education & Learning Resources Center, School of Dentistry, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]; Year: 1982; Format: Slide; Chapel Hill, N.C:
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Prevention is a prerequisite to dental health [videorecording]. Year: 1981; Format: Videorecording; Washington, D.C.: National Audiovisual Center, 1981
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Prevention-oriented dental health care in the clinical setting [videorecording] Source: Bureau of Health Education and Audiovisual Services; Year: 1985; Format: Videorecording; [Chicago, Ill.]: American
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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON DENTAL HEALTH Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover dental health.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on dental health is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “dental health” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to dental health. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “dental health” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for dental health: •
Poor Dental Health And Chronic Bronchial Infection Linked To Stroke Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 09, 1997 http://www.reutershealth.com/archive/1997/09/09/professional/links/19970909clin 001.html
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “dental health” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “dental health” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to dental health, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “dental health” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly
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to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “dental health” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on dental health: •
Scleroderma and Dental Health Source: Scleroderma Foundation Newsline. 2(3): 14-15. Summer-Fall 1999. Contact: Available from Scleroderma Foundation. 12 Kent Way, Suite 101, Byfield, MA 01922. (800) 722-4673 or (978) 463-5843. Fax (978) 463-5809. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.scleroderma.org. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have scleroderma with information on oral and dental health. Common dental problems complicated by scleroderma include dental decay, periodontal disease, and loss of chewing ability. Tooth decay results from acid, which dissolves the hard outer coating of the tooth, creating a cavity in the dentin. Reducing dental decay involves eliminating decay producing bacteria from every tooth surface and applying fluoride to the teeth to make the enamel less easily dissolved by acid. Periodontal disease is also a concern for people who have scleroderma. One periodontal problem involves active infection of the tissue by harmful bacteria. Another results from the gradual tightening of the lips, cheeks, and gum tissues. As elasticity of these tissues is lost, a tough band of fibrous tissue connecting the inside of the lip to the gum tissue near the necks of the teeth can form. The article provides guidelines on selecting a toothbrush, removing plaque, and making dental visits easier. In addition, the article includes a list of products that people who have scleroderma may find helpful in treating their dental problems.
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JRA and Dental Health Source: Kids Get Arthritis Too. p. 7. November-December 1999. Contact: Available from Kids Get Arthritis Too. P.O. Box 921907, Norcross, GA 300101907. (800) 268-6942. Website: www.arthritis.org. Summary: Children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) are at greater risk than the general population for several dental diseases. This brief article reviews this problem. The author notes that children with JRA often have dental problems caused by anemia; vulnerability to cavities; chemical abnormalities in saliva; the effects of arthritis medications; as well as the improper growth of jaw joints and facial bones. Each of these risk factors is discussed briefly. The author concludes that these risk factors support the use of a multidisciplinary approach to the dental care of these children, involving pediatric rheumatologists, pediatric dentists, orthodontists, and when necessary, physical and occupational therapists.
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Dental Health: Apply Sealants During 'Windows of Opportunity' Source: Migrant Health Newsline. 16(5): 2-3. September-October 1999. Contact: Available from National Center for Farmworker Health, Inc. 1515 Capital of Texas Highway South, Suite 220, Austin, TX 78746. (512) 328-7682. Summary: All molar (back) teeth grow into the mouth with grooves and fissures. Eventually, about 85 percent of these molars end up with decay. This article from a
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newsletter for migrant health care workers reminds readers of the use and benefits of dental sealants to protect these molars. Dental sealants are clear plastic coverings that are painted on the deep grooves and fissures of back teeth to protect them from getting cavities. The author stresses that sealants are preventive, relatively low tech to administer, and ultimately save the public health system in both cost and disease burden. Needy and vulnerable children are the ones who could benefit the most from this intervention and yet they have not yet reaped the profit of this knowledge; there are huge disparities in the proportions of children who have sealants, based on socioeconomic factors. The author contends that one of the most effective ways to counter this disparity is to utilize schools. It is relatively easy to put together portable, mobile systems to deliver dental care such as sealants in the school setting. The article concludes with a contact for getting more information about setting up school based sealant programs. 4 figures. •
Sink Your Teeth into These Facts on Sports Drinks and Dental Health Source: SCAN's Pulse. 17(1): 11-12. Winter 1998. Contact: Available from American Dietetic Practice Group of Sports Cardiovascular and Wellness Nutritionists (SCAN). 90 South Cascade Avenue, Suite 1190, Colorado Springs, CO 80903. (719) 475-7751. Summary: This article, written by a sports nutritionist, provides information about dental erosion and offers some practical dental health recommendations that nutritionists may find appropriate for clients. The author defines dental erosion as the slow and gradual thinning of tooth enamel by acids from the stomach, the environment, or the diet. The author then discusses causes of dental erosion, normal tooth protections against this erosion, how tooth decay differs from dental erosion, reports in the literature of sports drinks linked with dental erosion, the acid levels of sports drinks, and recommendations for active clients and athletes who consume large volumes of fluid each day, including sports drinks. The author concludes that attributing dental erosion to a single food or beverage is neither accurate nor useful. However, since the dietary prescription for an athlete does contain a high percentage of carbohydrates (at least 60 percent) and includes consumption of acidic foods and beverages, such as fresh fruits and vegetables and juices, athletes should be encouraged to closely follow the American Dental Association's recommendations for optimal dental health. 6 references.
Academic Periodicals covering Dental Health Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to dental health. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering dental health that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html. 10
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “dental health” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “dental health” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
History of Dental Health Education Source: London, England, Health Education Authority (Occasional Paper No. 5), 64 p., 1986. Contact: 78 New Oxford Street, London WC1A 1AH, England. Summary: This paper traces the development of dental health education in Great Britain. The author examines the role of the government (Health and Education Acts), the dental profession, the public, and commercial agencies, in dental education. The author summarizes the messages of dental health education promoted at different periods of time and the main trends in dental health education over time, including educational methods and dental health education materials. Individual chapters detail: (1) the period prior to professional responsibility for public dental health, the era before 1870; (2) the period of growing professional responsibility, 1870-1906; (3) the early period of school medical service, 1906-1920; (4) the period of mass dental health propaganda, 1920-1939; (5) World War II and the early postwar period, to 1956; and (6) the period of evaluation and accountability in dental health education, from 1956 to the present. The concluding chapter stresses that in dental health education, the trend has been away from propaganda toward education, with an emphasis on modifying attitudes and changing behavior. Possibly the main change in this field has been the idea of accountability and the need to evaluate what has been done. Dental health education has increased greatly in amount and quality, in keeping with the increase in general health education of the present. 183 references.
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Dental health professional shortage area methodology: A critical review Source: San Francisco, CA: Center for the Health Professions, University of California, San Francisco. 2002. 84 pp., exec. summ. (3 pp.). Contact: Available from University of California, San Francisco, Center for the Health Professions, 3333 California Street, Suite 410, San Francisco, CA 94118. Telephone: (415) 476-8181 / fax: (415) 476-4113 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://futurehealth.ucsf.edu. Available from the Web site at no charge.
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Summary: This report explores the history of the federal Dental Health Professional Shortage Areas (DHPSA) program, critiques the current designation criteria, and provides recommendations for the next steps in revising these criteria. The report also examines the literature on personnel planning with an eye toward developing new shortage criteria to ensure access to adequate oral health care. The recommendations section outlines six focal points gathered from members of the practice community, facility administrations, professional organizations, policy analysts, and state, federal, and local shortage designation authorities. References and an annotated bibliography are also provided. •
A plan to eliminate craniofacial, oral, and dental health disparities Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. 2001. 25 pp. Contact: Available from National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Building 45, Room 4AS19, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-6400. Telephone: (301) 4964261 publications / fax: (301) 496- 9988 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.nidcr.nih.gov. Available from the Web site at no charge. Summary: This report outlines the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research plan to eliminate oral health disparities and increase oral health awareness in all sectors of the nation. The first initiative proposes research to eliminate health disparities in oral infections, oral and pharyngeal cancers, and craniofacial injuries, particularly in concert with the Healthy People 2010 objectives. The second initiative suggests enhancing research capacity through training and career development, as well as ensuring appropriate representation in clinical trials. Initiative three recommends increased information dissemination through existing federal health communication and education programs for the underserved, expanding outreach programs and promoting partnerships with communities and institutions, and targeting information to populations associated with health disparities. The report includes activity plans for each initiative.
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State policy context for school-based health centers: With special focus on development of mental and dental health services Source: No place: Rosenberg and Associates. 2001. 15 pp. Contact: Available from Center for Health and Health Care in Schools, 1350 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 505, Washington, DC 20036. Telephone: (202) 466-3396 / fax: (202) 4663467 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.healthinschools.org. Available from the Web site at no charge. Summary: This memorandum describes financing and other state policy issues that confront staff and sponsors of school-based health centers (SBHCs) and highlights special issues that affect centers seeking to initiate dental services and expand existing mental health services. Topics include funding sources and other financial support for SBHCs, state regulating functions of SBHCs, Medicaid managed care issues, and implications of a state's policy environment on SBHC practice.
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School-based dental health: Considerations for program development Source: Washington, DC: Center for Health and Health Care in Schools. 2001. 19 pp. Contact: Available from Center for Health and Health Care in Schools, 1350 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 505, Washington, DC 20036. Telephone: (202) 466-3396 / fax: (202) 466-
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3467 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.healthinschools.org. Available at no charge; also available from the Web site at no charge. Summary: This printed copy of a PowerPoint presentation summarizes current directions in school-based dental health. It includes recommendations and proposed strategies for developing and implementing successful local school-based dental health programs. Topics include problems with oral health for children and adolescents, disparities, minority enrollment in dental schools, barriers to dental health services, costs, partnerships, program implementation considerations, and measuring service outcomes. •
New Mexico's Dental Health Summit 2000 Source: Albuquerque, NM: New Mexico Primary Care Association. 2000. 7 pp. Contact: Available from Librarian, National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 2000 15th Street, North, Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22201-2617. Telephone: (703) 524-7802 / fax: (703) 524- 9335 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.ncemch.org. Photocopy available at no charge. Summary: This report summarizes the working discussions that took place at New Mexico's Dental Health Summit 2000 held in January, 2000. Five major topics were reviewed. These topics are: (1) health promotion / disease prevention, (2) supply of / demand for dental professionals, (3) access to care / infrastructure, (4) dental education/ training, and (5) finance / Medicaid / insurance issues.
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Heart and Children's Dental Health Month: February 1990 Source: Texas Department of Health, Public Health Promotion Division, 1990. Contact: Texas Department of Health, Public Health Promotion Division, 1100 West 49th Street, Austin, TX 78756. (512) 458-7405. Summary: Heart and Children's Dental Health Month is the February 1990 topic for the Texas Pharmaceutical Association and the Texas Department of Health, Joint Health Promotion Project. The Heart and Children's Dental Health Month information package contains materials on dental hygiene education in the schools, the risks of smokeless tobacco, risk factors for heart disease, diet, exercise, and weight control.
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Featuring Dudley the Dinosaur in There's Magic in a Healthy Smile: The American Dental Association presents National Children's Dental Health Month, February 1995 program planning kit Source: Chicago, IL: Division of Communications, American Dental Association. 1995. 6 items. Contact: Available from American Dental Association, 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611-2678. Telephone: (312) 440-2500 / fax: (312) 440-2800 / Web site: http://www.ada.org. Summary: This information package provides materials that can be used to promote the National Children's Dental Health Month; this package was prepared for use during 1995. It includes materials on program planning, publicity, resources, camera-ready art, a promotional poster, and a listing of other promotional materials available from the American Dental Association. All of the materials but the last one feature a cartoon theatrical character, Dudley the Dinosaur, engaged in some oral health activity: holding
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a toothbrush, holding a container of floss and a toothbrush, pulling oral health care products out of a hat, and so on; the camera ready art also uses these images. The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “dental health” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 12739 816 108 41 53 13757
HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “dental health” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 16 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 12 13
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 17 18
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on dental health can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to dental health. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to dental health. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “dental health”:
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Guides on dental health Dental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dentalhealth.html
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Other Guides Child Dental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childdentalhealth.html Cleft Lip and Palate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cleftlipandpalate.html Gum Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gumdisease.html Health Occupations http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthoccupations.html Oral Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/oralcancer.html Tooth Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toothdisorders.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on dental health. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
The Americans With Disabilities Act and Dental Health Care Workers Contact: Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders AIDS Law, Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders, AIDS Law Project, PO Box 218, Boston, MA, 02112, (617) 4261350, http://www.glad.org. Summary: This pamphlet discusses the American with Disabilities ACT (ADA) and how the law was interpreted in three types of discrimination against people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that were challenged in the courts. In the first case, the dentist refused to treat patients with HIV because of fear of transmission from patient to dental health care worker. In the second case, the dentist illegally referred patients with HIV to another dentist, claiming they
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needed a specialist, and in the third case, hospitals have sought to restrict or terminate the privileges of HIV-positive health care workers who perform invasive procedures. •
Dental Health Matters... When You Have HIV Contact: Impact AIDS, 1069 Dutton Ave, Santa Rosa, CA, 95407, (707) 542-6297, http://www.journeyhome.com/impactaids. Summary: This brochure recommends regular dental care for persons with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), specifically for early prevention and treatment of oral opportunistic infections. It advises the readers on how to find a dentist who is comfortable treating those with HIV, and on how to inform a dentist of HIV status. Confidentiality issues are also discussed. The brochure describes the following HIV-related conditions found in the mouth as well as their symptoms: candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, Kaposi's sarcoma, periodontal disease, warts, herpes simplex, and oral ulcers.
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Shining smiles: Working to improve children's dental health Source: Denver, CO: Blue Cross Blue Shield of Colorado Foundation. 1999. 2 pp. Contact: Available from Blue Cross Blue Shield of Colorado Foundation, 700 Broadway, Denver, CO 80273-0002. Telephone: (303) 831-5899 or (800) 654-9338 / Web site: http://www.bcbsco.com. Available at no charge. Summary: This brochure describes the Shining Smiles initiative in Colorado that provides dental care for low-income children. It was funded by a grant from Blue Cross Blue Shield of Colorado Foundation and Kids in Need of Dentistry. The projects include a dental clinic, a Miles for Smiles mobile dental clinic, a three part effort to shape public policy, and a study to evaluate including dental benefits in Colorado's children's health insurance program.
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Children's dental health in Colorado: Neglected health, neglected hope Source: [Denver, CO]: Blue Cross Blue Shield of Colorado Foundation. 1999. 8 pp. Contact: Available from Blue Cross Blue Shield of Colorado Foundation, 700 Broadway, Denver, CO 80273-0002. Telephone: (303) 831-5899 or (800) 654-9338 / Web site: http://www.bcbsco.com. Available at no charge. Summary: This document describes assumptions about children's oral health care and findings from research in Colorado that identified areas in which these assumptions were not true. It also presents brief case studies of children with severe dental problems, and identifies the reasons for lack of dental care for low income children. This analysis was prepared as part of the Shining Smiles initiative.
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Spanish resources for dental health Source: Lincoln, NE: Dental Health Section, Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services. 1996. 2 pp. Contact: Available from Dr. Kimberly McFarland, Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services , Dental Health Division, 301 Centennial Mall South, Third Floor, P.O. Box 95007, Lincoln, NE 68509-5007. Telephone: (402) 471-0166 / fax: (402) 471-0383 / email:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.hhs.ne.us. Available at no charge.
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Summary: This brochure listing dental health resources is written in Spanish. Topics include baby bottle tooth decay, children's dental health, nutrition, oral hygiene instruction, and periodontal disease. The material on baby bottle tooth decay is also available in Vietnamese and English. •
Easy to read dental health education pamphlets Source: Augusta, ME: Oral Health Program, Maine Department of Human Services. 1995. 8 items (4 pp. each). Contact: Available from Sandy Rodrigue, Maine Department of Human Services, Oral Health Program, State House, 151 Capitol Street, Station Number One, Augusta, ME 04333-0011. Telephone: (207) 287-2361 / fax: (207) 287-4631 / e-mail:
[email protected]. Samples free; $1.00 each for photocopy masters. Summary: This series of eight pamphlets presents dental health education and promotion information for the public. Geared toward a 5th or 6th grade reading level, the pamphlets have been client-tested and can be photocopied. Titles include: Fluoride Facts for Parents, Taking Care of Your Baby's Teeth, Taking Care of Your Child's Mouth, Dental Sealants Help Prevent Tooth Decay, Mouthguards: Don't Play Without One, Keep Your Teeth For Life, Do You Have Dry Mouth? and Prevent Baby Bottle Tooth Decay. An order form and a statement of the Maine program goals for oral health are included.
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Dental health services Source: Jefferson City, MO: Bureau of Dental Health, Missouri Department of Health. 1994. 2 pp. Contact: Available from M. Dean Perkins, D.D.S., M.P.H., Missouri Department of Health, Bureau of Dental Health , 1730 East Elm, P.O. Box 570, Jefferson City, MO 65102. Available at no charge. Summary: This brochure highlights services provided by the Bureau of Dental Health in Missouri. These include fluoridation of community water systems, dental health education programs, dental screenings in cooperation with local schools, an information resource center for dentists, and the promotion of school-based dental sealant education efforts; additionally the bureau can assist with the provision of dental equipment for use in school clinics in certain situations. The brochure also provides contact information about the bureau's district offices.
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Universal Precautions: AIDS and Hepatitis B Prevention for the Dental Health Team Contact: Medcom Incorporated, PO Box 6003, Cypress, CA, (800) 541-0253. Summary: This teaching aid, consisting of a videorecording and an accompanying study guide, teaches dental health professionals about universal precautions to prevent the transmission of the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). Users are asked to first take the pre-test and then to complete the five lessons, which consist of lesson from the study guide and a related video segment. Each lesson includes a summary and a list of videorecording key ideas. At the end of the five lessons, the user should take the post-test. The five lessons cover Hepatitis B infection, symptoms, and treatment; HIV infection, symptoms, and risk of infection through dental work; ways in which both viruses are and are not transmitted; using personal protective equipment; and working safely to avoid puncture wounds, contact with infectious waste, and blood spills.
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Infection Control for the Dental Health Team Contact: Medcom Incorporated, PO Box 6003, Cypress, CA, (800) 541-0253. Summary: This teaching aid, consisting of a videorecording and an accompanying study guide, teaches users about infection-control in the dental practice. It consists of a course introduction, five lessons which include material from the study guide and an accompanying video segment, and a post-test. The lessons address the prevention of various diseases -- including the common cold, influenza, hepatitis B, syphilis, gonorrhea, rubella, mononucleosis, mumps, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), herpes simplex, tuberculosis, and tetanus -- during dental procedures. The lessons look at handwashing, personal hygiene, the use of personal protective barriers, preventing cross-contamination, and disinfection and sterilization.
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Children's dental health needs and school-based services: A fact sheet Source: Washington, DC: Center for Health and Health Care in Schools. [ca. 2002]. 1 p. Contact: Available from Center for Health and Health Care in Schools, 1350 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 505, Washington, DC 20036. Telephone: (202) 466-3396 / fax: (202) 4663467 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.healthinschools.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This fact sheet provides information on the need for school based dental screening and services. Two bar charts illustrate the statistics on racial disparities in untreated tooth decay for children and adolescents. References are included. The printed version has another fact sheet, on children's mental health needs, disparities, and school- based services, on the back; the two fact sheets are available separately on the Web.
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Dental health and the Children's Health Insurance Program Source: Denver, CO: National Conference of State Legislatures. 1998. 2 pp. Contact: Available from National Conference of State Legislatures, 1560 Broadway, Suite 700, Denver, CO 80202. Telephone: (303) 830-2200 or (303) 830-2054 book order line / fax: (303) 863-8003 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.ncsl.org. $3.50; any four briefs $5.00. Summary: This fact sheet presents information about tooth decay among children in underserved populations and includes a review of federal legislation and state actions to provide dental care to these children. Selected references are included.
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Dental Health Fact Sheet: Fluoride Supplementation Source: Madison, WI: Wisconsin Division of Health, Bureau of Public Health. 1992. 3 p. Contact: Available from Wisconsin Division of Health. Oral Health Consultant, Bureau of Public Health, 1414 East Washington Avenue, Madison, WI 53703. (608) 266-5152; Fax (608) 267-3824. PRICE: Single copy free. Reproduction permitted. Summary: Community water fluoridation has long been recognized as the most efficient and cost-effective method of providing recommended levels of systemic fluoride for the prevention of dental caries. This dental health fact sheet provides up-to-date information on fluoride supplementation for dental professionals. Topics covered include primary sources of fluoride consumption, how to know when dietary fluoride supplements are needed, the benefits of dietary fluoride supplements, the forms of
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dietary fluoride available, fluoride supplements for infants who are breastfed, the advantages or disadvantages with prescribing fluoride-vitamin supplements, using fluoride drops versus tablets, changing prescriptions, and when to discontinue fluoride supplements. 4 references. •
Dental Health Fact Sheet: Fluoride Source: Madison, WI: Wisconsin Division of Health, Bureau of Public Health. 1992. 2 p. Contact: Available from Wisconsin Division of Health. Oral Health Consultant, Bureau of Public Health, 1414 East Washington Avenue, Madison, WI 53703. (308)266-5152; Fax (608) 267-3824. PRICE: Single copy free. Reproduction permitted. Summary: This dental health fact sheet provides up-to-date information on the benefits of fluoride. Topics covered include how fluoride prevents dental caries, where fluoride is available, how fluoride benefits both children and adults, the economics of fluoridation, safety considerations, the importance of toothbrushing and fluoride for preventing tooth decay, avoiding fluorosis, health risks of fluoride, and the use of supplemental fluoride.
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Dental Health Fact Sheet: Fluoride Content of Bottled Water Source: Madison, WI: Wisconsin Division of Health, Bureau of Public Health. 1992. 2 p. Contact: Available from Wisconsin Division of Health. Oral Health Consultant, Bureau of Public Health, 1414 East Washington Avenue, Madison, WI 53703. (608) 266-5152; Fax (608) 267-3824. PRICE: Single copy free. Reproduction permitted. Summary: This dental health fact sheet provides up-to-date information on the fluoride content of bottled waters. The fact sheet first discusses the importance of determining fluoride levels in the drinking water before prescribing fluoride supplements, then notes that bottled water may also be appropriate for children living in areas with high natural levels of fluoride. The remainder of the fact sheet lists brand names of bottled water, with the fluoride level contained in each. Information for obtaining sample water test kits from the State Laboratory of Hygiene, including a toll-free number, is noted.
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Dental Health Fact Sheet: Fluorosis of Teeth Source: Madison, WI: Wisconsin Division of Health, Bureau of Public Health. 1992. 2 p. Contact: Available from Wisconsin Division of Health. Oral Health Consultant, Bureau of Public Health, 1414 East Washington Avenue, Madison, WI 53703. (608) 266-5152; Fax (608) 267-3824. PRICE: Single copy free. Reproduction permitted. Summary: Excessive levels of dietary fluoride result in an increased risk of dental fluorosis which can be an esthetic problem. This dental health fact sheet provides up-todate information on the fluorosis of teeth. Four sections discuss the definition and clinical features of dental fluorosis, the risk factors associated with dental fluorosis, trends in the prevalence of dental fluorosis, and the prevention of dental fluorosis. 3 references.
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Dental Health Fact Sheet: Dental Amalgam Source: Madison, WI: Wisconsin Division of Health, Bureau of Public Health. 1992. 2 p.
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Contact: Available from Wisconsin Division of Health. Oral Health Consultant, Bureau of Public Health, 1414 East Washington Avenue, Madison, WI 53703. (608) 266-5152; Fax (608) 267-3824. PRICE: Single copy free. Reproduction permitted. Summary: This dental health fact sheet provides up-to-date information on the use of dental amalgams. Topics covered include the use of metals, including mercury, in dental amalgams; the safety of dental amalgams; the benefits of using dental amalgams; stories of people being cured from illness when amalgam fillings are removed; and allergic reactions to amalgam fillings. •
Dental Health Fact Sheet: Baby Bottle Tooth Decay Source: Madison, WI: Wisconsin Division of Health, Bureau of Public Health. 1992. 2 p. Contact: Available from Wisconsin Division of Health. Oral Health Consultant, Bureau of Public Health, 1414 East Washington Avenue, Madison, WI 53703. (608) 266-5152; Fax (608) 267-3824. PRICE: Single copy free. Reproduction permitted. Summary: This dental health fact sheet provides up-to-date information on baby bottle tooth decay. Topics covered include a definition of the condition, the teeth most likely to be affected by decay, the causes of baby bottle tooth decay, how the teeth decay so rapidly, the incidence of this condition, and how to prevent baby bottle tooth decay. One chart shows the approximate age of eruption of the primary teeth.
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Dental Health Fact Sheet: Dental Sealants Source: Madison, WI: Wisconsin Division of Health, Bureau of Public Health. 1992. 2 p. Contact: Available from Wisconsin Division of Health. Oral Health Consultant, Bureau of Public Health, 1414 East Washington Avenue, Madison, WI 53703. (608) 266-5152; Fax (608) 267-3824. PRICE: Single copy free. Reproduction permitted. Summary: This dental health fact sheet provides up-to-date information on dental sealants. Written in a question-and-answer format, the brochure covers a definition of dental sealants, how sealants prevent decay, which teeth need sealants, the best ages for sealant application, why sealants are important, the role of sealants and fluoridation in preventing tooth decay, how sealants fit into a preventive dental program, how sealants are applied, how long sealants will last, the safety of dental sealants, and cost considerations.
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Dental Health Fact Sheet: Smokeless Tobacco Source: Madison, WI: Wisconsin Division of Health, Department of Health and Social Services, Oral Health Consultant, Bureau of Public Health. 1992. 2 p. Contact: Available from Oral Health Consultant, Bureau of Public Health. 1414 East Washington Avenue, Madison, WI 53703. (608) 266-5152 or (608) 267-3824. PRICE: Single copy free. Stock Number POH 4293. Summary: This dental health fact sheet provides information about smokeless tobacco and young people. The fact sheet lists statistical information in four categories: the types of products available; usage patterns; the U.S. Surgeon General's Report; and health facts. The fact sheet stresses that smokeless tobacco can cause cancer and other mouth disorders and that it contains high levels of nicotine and is addicting. Oral health problems covered include periodontal diseases and tooth loss, bad breath and stained teeth, and dental caries from sugar added to these products.
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Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Dental Resource Linkages - National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research Summary: This Web page provides links to Federal and private organizations, universities, scientific societies and others with a substantial Web presence related to dental health and dental practice. Source: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=331 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to dental health. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources
A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Associations and Dental Health The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to dental health: •
National Foundation of Dentistry For the Handicapped Telephone: (303) 534-5360 Fax: (303) 534-5290 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: www.nfdh.org Background: National Foundation of Dentistry for the Handicapped (NFDH), is a national charitable organization solely dedicated to meeting the needs of citizens with physical, medical, and mental disabilities. Our country's standard of dental care is one of the highest in the world, yet those Americans most desperately in need often go unserved. They may be children or adults that are mentally or physically disabled. They suffer from cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, mental illness, and many other disabilities.The Foundation was established in 1974 and is an affiliate of the American Dental Association and state and local dental associations. Disabled, elderly, and mentally compromised patients are linked with dentists in their communities to receive free comprehensive dental treatment, including prosthetics. There is also a program to provide training to help parents and professionals caring for developmentally disable persons to provide appropriate oral hygiene.
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TMJ Association, Ltd Telephone: (414) 259-3223 Fax: (414) 259-8122 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.tmj.org Background: The TMJ (Temporomandibular Joint) Association, Ltd. is a national not-forprofit voluntary organization that promotes awareness of temporomandibular joint disorders and provides information and support for people with TMJ disorders and their families through the development of a national network of members. In addition, the Association promotes research into the causes of TMJ and the development of safe and effective treatments. Established in 1986, the Association has provided testimony to a special National Institute of Dental Research panel and played an instrumental role in NIH s utilization of a multi-institute approach to basic research of temporomandibular joint disorders. Additional testimony before the Senate Appropriations Committee played a vital role in the creation of an intensive educational program for medical professionals and the public and the stimulation of controlled scientific research into the nature of the disorder. In addition, the Association was instrumental in notifying the national media about the Vitek implant recall and creating a TMJ implant registry. The Association publishes a quarterly newsletter that keeps readers updated on current research and medical, legal, legislative, and insurance issues; the newsletter also provides a forum for sharing ideas and asking questions. In addition, the TMJ Association provides informational brochures and pamphlets.
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to dental health. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with dental health. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about dental health. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “dental health” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “dental health”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “dental health” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “dental health” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
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Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
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Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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DENTAL HEALTH DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Acculturation: Process of cultural change in which one group or members of a group assimilates various cultural patterns from another. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Acute Disease: Disease having a short and relatively severe course. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adolescent Health Services: Organized services to provide health care to adolescents, ages ranging from 13 through 18 years. [NIH] Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element,
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organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Age-Adjusted: Summary measures of rates of morbidity or mortality in a population using statistical procedures to remove the effect of age differences in populations that are being compared. Age is probably the most important and the most common variable in determining the risk of morbidity and mortality. [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Aggravation: An increasing in seriousness or severity; an act or circumstance that intensifies, or makes worse. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH]
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Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allied Health Personnel: Health care workers specially trained and licensed to assist and support the work of health professionals. Often used synonymously with paramedical personnel, the term generally refers to all health care workers who perform tasks which must otherwise be performed by a physician or other health professional. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-Defensins: Defensins found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils and in the secretory granules of intestinal paneth cells. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveolar Bone Loss: The resorption of bone in the supporting structures of the maxilla or mandible as a result of periodontal disease. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]
Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH]
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Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called “classical” anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anthropology: The science devoted to the comparative study of man. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble
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substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of
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bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH]
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Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Behavioral Medicine: The interdisciplinary field concerned with the development and integration of behavioral and biomedical science, knowledge, and techniques relevant to health and illness and the application of this knowledge and these techniques to prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Bereavement: Refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness. [NIH] Beta-Defensins: Defensins found mainly in epithelial cells. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biofilms: Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics. [NIH] Biological Factors: Compounds made by living organisms that contribute to or influence a phenomenon or process. They have biological or physiological activities. [NIH] Biological Sciences: All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. The concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. It should be differentiated from biology, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biophysics: The science of physical phenomena and processes in living organisms. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU]
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Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Borne Pathogens: Infectious organisms in the blood, of which the predominant medical interest is their contamination of blood-soiled linens, towels, gowns, bandages, other items from individuals in risk categories, needles and other sharp objects, and medical and dental waste, all of which health workers are exposed to. This concept is differentiated from the clinical conditions of bacteremia, viremia, and fungemia where the organism is present in the blood of a patient as the result of a natural infectious process. [NIH] Body Burden: The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH]
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Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Sulfate: It exists in an anhydrous form and in various states of hydration: the hemihydrate is plaster of Paris, the dihydrate is gypsum. It is used in building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]
Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Career Choice: Selection of a type of occupation or profession. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin)
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and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the “neck”) of the uterus. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Check-up: A general physical examination. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to
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prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH]
Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: emphysema. [NIH]
Collective term for chronic bronchitis and
Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term “clone” has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cluster Analysis: A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with welldefined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local
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anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Comatose: Pertaining to or affected with coma. [EU] Commensal: 1. Living on or within another organism, and deriving benefit without injuring or benefiting the other individual. 2. An organism living on or within another, but not causing injury to the host. [EU] Communicable disease: A disease that can be transmitted by contact between persons. [NIH]
Communications Media: The means of interchanging or transmitting and receiving information. Historically the media were written: books, journals, newspapers, and other publications; in the modern age the media include, in addition, radio, television, computers, and information networks. [NIH] Community Health Centers: Facilities which administer the delivery of health care services to people living in a community or neighborhood. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Competency: The capacity of the bacterium to take up DNA from its surroundings. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with
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lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the “true” effect of an intervention. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH]
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Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]
Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and
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for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cost Savings: Reductions in all or any portion of the costs of providing goods or services. Savings may be incurred by the provider or the consumer. [NIH] Cotinine: 1-Methyl-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidinone fumarate. Stimulant proposed as antidepressant. Synonym: Scotine. [NIH] Crack Cocaine: The purified, alkaloidal, extra-potent form of cocaine. It is smoked (freebased), injected intravenously, and orally ingested. Use of crack results in alterations in function of the cardiovascular system, the autonomic nervous system, the central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal system. The slang term “crack” was derived from the crackling sound made upon igniting of this form of cocaine for smoking. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniofacial Abnormalities: Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Cross-Cultural Comparison: Comparison of various psychological, sociological, or cultural factors in order to assess the similarities or diversities occurring in two or more different cultures or societies. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Crowns: A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin. [NIH] Curettage: Removal of tissue with a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH]
Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cystatins: A homologous group of endogenous cysteine proteinase inhibitors. Four distinct families are recognized within the cystatin superfamily: cystatin B or stefins; cystatin C or post-gamma-globulin; egg-white or chicken cystatin; and kininogen cystatin. The cystatins inhibit most Cysteine Endopeptidases of the papain type, and other peptidases which have a sulfhydryl group at the active site. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors: Exogenous and endogenous compounds which inhibit cysteine endopeptidases. [NIH] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it
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(phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH]
Defensins: Family of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified in humans, animals, and plants. They are thought to play a role in host defenses against infections, inflammation, wound repair, and acquired immunity. Based on the disulfide pairing of their characteristic six cysteine residues, they are divided into alpha-defensins and beta-defensins. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH]
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Dental Abutments: Natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose. [NIH] Dental Amalgam: An alloy used in restorative dentistry that contains mercury, silver, tin, copper, and possibly zinc. [NIH] Dental Anxiety: Abnormal fear or dread of visiting the dentist for preventive care or therapy and unwarranted anxiety over dental procedures. [NIH] Dental Assistants: Individuals who assist the dentist or the dental hygienist. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental Care for Children: The giving of attention to the special dental needs of children, including the prevention of tooth diseases and instruction in dental hygiene and dental health. The dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Dental Clinics: Facilities where dental care is provided to patients. [NIH] Dental Health Services: Services designed to promote, maintain, or restore dental health. [NIH]
Dental Health Surveys: A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to dental or oral health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area. [NIH] Dental Hygienists: Persons trained in an accredited school or dental college and licensed by the state in which they reside to provide dental prophylaxis under the direction of a licensed dentist. [NIH] Dental implant: A small metal pin placed inside the jawbone to mimic the root of a tooth. Dental implants can be used to help anchor a false tooth or teeth, or a crown or bridge. [NIH] Dental Instruments: Hand-held tools or implements especially used by dental professionals for the performance of clinical tasks. [NIH] Dental Offices: The room or rooms in which the dentist and dental staff provide care. Offices include all rooms in the dentist's office suite. [NIH] Dental Plaque: A film that attaches to teeth, often causing dental caries and gingivitis. It is composed of mucins, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms. [NIH] Dental Staff: Personnel who provide dental service to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] Dental Waste: Any waste product generated by a dental office, surgery, clinic, or laboratory including amalgams, saliva, and rinse water. [NIH] Dentifrices: Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Dentition: The teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. [EU] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and
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adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Dextrans: A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. Dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. They are also commonly used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diagnostic Services: Organized services for the purpose of providing diagnosis to promote and maintain health. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diathesis: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [EU] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]
Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]
Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disabled Children: Children with mental or physical disabilities that interfere with usual activities of daily living and that may require accommodation or intervention. [NIH] Disaster Planning: Procedures outlined for the care of casualties and the maintenance of services in disasters. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH]
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Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Disparity: Failure of the two retinal images of an object to fall on corresponding retinal points. [NIH] Dispenser: Glass, metal or plastic shell fitted with valve from which a pressurized formulation is dispensed; an instrument for atomizing. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Domestic Violence: Deliberate, often repetitive, physical abuse by one family member against another: marital partners, parents, children, siblings, or any other member of a household. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dosage schedule: A scheme set up to determine and regulate size, frequency and number of doses. [EU] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysgeusia: A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality. [NIH] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Economics, Hospital: Economic aspects related to the management and operation of a hospital. [NIH] Ectoderm: The outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Ectodermal Dysplasia: A group of hereditary disorders involving tissues and structures derived from the embryonic ectoderm. They are characterized by the presence of abnormalities at birth and involvement of both the epidermis and skin appendages. They
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are generally nonprogressive and diffuse. Various forms exist, including anhidrotic and hidrotic dysplasias, focal dermal hypoplasia, and aplasia cutis congenita. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Embryology: The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life. [NIH] Emergency Medical Services: Services specifically designed, staffed, and equipped for the emergency care of patients. [NIH] Emergency Medical Technicians: Paramedical personnel trained to provide basic emergency care and life support under the supervision of physicians and/or nurses. These services may be carried out at the site of the emergency, in the ambulance, or in a health care institution. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said
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of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endodontics: A dental specialty concerned with the maintenance of the dental pulp in a state of health and the treatment of the pulp cavity (pulp chamber and pulp canal). [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU]
Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
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Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Health: The health status of the family as a unit including the impact of the health of one member of the family on the family as a unit and on individual family members; also, the impact of family organization or disorganization on the health status of its members. [NIH]
Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH]
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Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Financial Management: The obtaining and management of funds for institutional needs and responsibility for fiscal affairs. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluoridation: The addition of fluorine usually as a fluoride to something, as the adding of a fluoride to drinking water or public water supplies for prevention of tooth decay in children. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluorine Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain fluorine as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Fluorosis: Discoloration of the tooth enamel due to fluorine. [NIH] Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Food Habits: Acquired or learned food preferences. [NIH] Food Preferences: The selection of one food over another. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fructose Intolerance: An autosomal recessive fructose metabolism disorder due to deficient fructose-1-phosphate aldolase (EC 2.1.2.13) activity, resulting in accumulation of fructose-1phosphate. The accumulated fructose-1-phosphate inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, causing severe hypoglycemia following ingestion of fructose. Prolonged fructose ingestion in infants leads ultimately to hepatic failure and death. Patients develop a strong distaste for sweet food, and avoid a chronic course of the disease by remaining on a fructose- and sucrose-free diet. [NIH] Fungemia: The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy. [NIH]
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Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH]
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Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Gestures: Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Gluconeogenesis: The process by which glucose is formed from a non-carbohydrate source. [NIH]
Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gravidity: Pregnancy; the condition of being pregnant, without regard to the outcome. [EU] Group Homes: Housing for groups of patients, children, or others who need or desire emotional or physical support. They are usually established as planned, single housekeeping units in residential dwellings that provide care and supervision for small groups of residents, who, although unrelated, live together as a family. [NIH]
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Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haematuria: Blood in the urine. [EU] Haemophilia: A haemorrhagic diathesis occurring in two main forms: 1. Haemophilia A (classic haemophilia, factor VIII deficiency), an X-linked disorder due to deficiency of coagulation factor VIII; 2. Haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency, Christmas disease), also Xlinked, due to deficiency of coagulation factor IX. Both forms are determined by a mutant gene near the telomere of the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq), but a different loci, and are characterized by subcutaneous and intramuscular haemorrhages; bleeding from the mouth, gums, lips, and tongue; haematuria; and haemarthroses. [EU] Hair Cells: Mechanoreceptors located in the organ of Corti that are sensitive to auditory stimuli and in the vestibular apparatus that are sensitive to movement of the head. In each case the accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system. [NIH] Halitosis: An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods. [NIH] Handwashing: The act of cleansing the hands with water or other liquid, with or without the inclusion of soap or other detergent, for the purpose of removing soil or microorganisms. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural. [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Care Sector: Economic sector concerned with the provision, distribution, and consumption of health care services and related products. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Health Fairs: Community health education events focused on prevention of disease and promotion of health through audiovisual exhibits. [NIH] Health Manpower:
The availability of health personnel. It includes the demand and
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recruitment of both professional and allied health personnel, their present and future supply and distribution, and their assignment and utilization. [NIH] Health Planning: Planning for needed health and/or welfare services and facilities. [NIH] Health Policy: Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Health Resources: Available manpower, facilities, revenue, equipment, and supplies to produce requisite health care and services. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Health Status Indicators: The measurement of the health status for a given population using a variety of indices, including morbidity, mortality, and available health resources. [NIH]
Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hematology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatitis C: A form of hepatitis, similar to type B post-transfusion hepatitis, but caused by a virus which is serologically distinct from the agents of hepatitis A, B, and E, and which may persist in the blood of chronic asymptomatic carriers. Hepatitis C is parenterally transmitted and associated with transfusions and drug abuse. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans
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and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH] Heterogenic: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenous. [NIH] Heterogenous: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenic. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hospitals, Community: Institutions with permanent facilities and organized medical staff which provide the full range of hospital services primarily to a neighborhood area. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Housekeeping: The care and management of property. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1
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isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: (antigens). [NIH]
The activity of the immune system against foreign substances
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign (“non-self”) material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]
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Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incisor: Anything adapted for cutting; any one of the four front teeth in each jaw. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU]
Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant Care: Care of infants in the home or institution. [NIH] Infant Mortality: Perinatal, neonatal, and infant deaths in a given population. [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH] Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH]
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Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Information Systems: Integrated set of files, procedures, and equipment for the storage, manipulation, and retrieval of information. [NIH] Informed Consent: Voluntary authorization, given to the physician by the patient, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures and medical and surgical treatment. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervention Studies: Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized causeeffect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH]
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Intraindividual: Being or occurring within the individual. [EU] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involution: 1. A rolling or turning inward. 2. One of the movements involved in the gastrulation of many animals. 3. A retrograde change of the entire body or in a particular organ, as the retrograde changes in the female genital organs that result in normal size after delivery. 4. The progressive degeneration occurring naturally with advancing age, resulting in shrivelling of organs or tissues. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis: Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca: Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with xerostomia and polyarthritis, it is called Sjogren's syndrome. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice: Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related events such as procedures, diseases, or family planning. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Least-Squares Analysis:
A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of
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parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. [NIH] Leflunomide: An anticancer drug that works by inhibiting a cancer cell growth factor. Also called SU101. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Library Services: circulation. [NIH]
Services offered to the library user. They include reference and
Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a “saw-tooth” pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. [NIH] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or
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cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Litter: Appliance consisting of an oblong frame over which is stretched a canvas or other material, used for carrying an injured or disabled person. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH] Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a “cohort study” or “prospective study“; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Luxation: The displacement of the particular surface of a bone from its normal joint, without fracture. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen,
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thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Nerve: The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura. [NIH]
Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Mechanoreceptors: Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptors include hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with nonneural accessory structures. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU]
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Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Health Services: Organized services to provide mental health care. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH] Menthol: An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically. [NIH] Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbicide: Any substance (gels, creams, suppositories, etc.) that can reduce transmission of sexually transmitted infections. [NIH]
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Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently labeled with radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Minority Groups: A subgroup having special characteristics within a larger group, often bound together by special ties which distinguish it from the larger group. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mononucleosis: The presence of an abnormally large number of mononuclear leucocytes (monocytes) in the blood. The term is often used alone to refer to infectious mononucleosis. [EU]
Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]
Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH]
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Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Moths: Insects of the suborder Heterocera of the order Lepidoptera. [NIH] Motivations: The most compelling inner determinants of human behavior; also called drives, urges, impulses, needs, wants, tensions, and willful cravings. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Multivariate Analysis: A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables. [NIH] Musculoskeletal Diseases: Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Needs Assessment: Systematic identification of a population's needs or the assessment of individuals to determine the proper level of services needed. [NIH] Neocortex: The largest portion of the cerebral cortex. It is composed of neurons arranged in six layers. [NIH]
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Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH]
Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural Crest: A strip of specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonal neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms a column of isolated cells along the dorsal aspect of the neural tube. Most of the cranial and all of the spinal sensory ganglion cells arise by differentiation of neural crest cells. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU]
Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurosurgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil Collagenase: A member of the matrix metalloproteinases that cleaves triplehelical collagens types I, II, and III. EC 3.4.24.34. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH]
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Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nurse Practitioners: Nurses who are specially trained to assume an expanded role in providing medical care under the supervision of a physician. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Nursing Services: A general concept referring to the organization and administration of nursing activities. [NIH] Nursing Staff: Personnel who provide nursing service to patients in an organized facility, institution, or agency. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Occupational Groups: Members of the various professions (e.g., physicians) or occupations (e.g., police). [NIH] Occupational Health: The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Oral Manifestations: Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury. [NIH]
Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH]
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Organization and Administration: The planning and managing of programs, services, and resources. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Orthodontics: A dental specialty concerned with the prevention and correction of dental and oral anomalies (malocclusion). [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Osteomalacia: A condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium. [EU]
Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otosclerosis: The formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule. The ossicles can become fixed and unable to transmit sound vibrations, thereby causing deafness. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papain: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and chymopapain that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2. [NIH]
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Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with gravidity, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Particle Accelerators: Devices which accelerate electrically charged atomic or subatomic particles, such as electrons, protons or ions, to high velocities so they have high kinetic energy. [NIH] Partnership Practice: A voluntary contract between two or more doctors who may or may not share responsibility for the care of patients, with proportional sharing of profits and losses. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Advocacy: Promotion and protection of the rights of patients, frequently through a legal process. [NIH] Patient Compliance: regimen. [NIH]
Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed
Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Patient Participation: Patient involvement in the decision-making process in matters pertaining to health. [NIH] Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or
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beneficial. [NIH] Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Peer Review: An organized procedure carried out by a select committee of professionals in evaluating the performance of other professionals in meeting the standards of their specialty. Review by peers is used by editors in the evaluation of articles and other papers submitted for publication. Peer review is used also in the evaluation of grant applications. It is applied also in evaluating the quality of health care provided to patients. [NIH] Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal Index: A numerical rating scale for classifying the periodontal status of a person or population with a single figure which takes into consideration prevalence as well as severity of the condition. It is based upon probe measurement of periodontal pockets and on gingival tissue status. [NIH] Periodontal Ligament: Fibrous connective tissue surrounding the root of a tooth that separates it from and attaches it to the alveolar bone. [NIH] Periodontal Pocket: An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption. [NIH] Periodontics: A dental specialty concerned with the histology, physiology, and pathology of the tissues that support, attach, and surround the teeth, and of the treatment and prevention of disease affecting these tissues. [NIH] Periodontitis: simplex. [NIH]
Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis
Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pest Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects or other animals. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative
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logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU]
Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physician Assistants: Persons academically trained, licensed, or credentialed to provide medical care under the supervision of a physician. The concept does not include nurses, but does include orthopedic assistants, surgeon's assistants, and assistants to other specialists. [NIH]
Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase “physiologic age,” it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus,
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their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot Projects: Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placebos: Any dummy medication or treatment. Although placebos originally were medicinal preparations having no specific pharmacological activity against a targeted condition, the concept has been extended to include treatments or procedures, especially those administered to control groups in clinical trials in order to provide baseline measurements for the experimental protocol. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasma Volume: Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as “alutiae”. [NIH]
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Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called “change of life.” [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Care: Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a
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designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Preventive Dentistry: The branch of dentistry concerned with the prevention of disease and the maintenance and promotion of oral health. [NIH] Primary endpoint: The main result that is measured at the end of a study to see if a given treatment worked (e.g., the number of deaths or the difference in survival between the treatment group and the control group). What the primary endpoint will be is decided before the study begins. [NIH] Private Practice: Practice of a health profession by an individual, offering services on a person-to-person basis, as opposed to group or partnership practice. [NIH] Private Sector: That distinct portion of the institutional, industrial, or economic structure of a country that is controlled or owned by non-governmental, private interests. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Program Development: The process of formulating, improving, and expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work plans (excluding computer program development). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Prosthodontics: A dental specialty concerned with the restoration and maintenance of oral function by the replacement of missing teeth and structures by artificial devices or prostheses. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation
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by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: “The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature” (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH]
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Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU]
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Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]
Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Research Support: Financial support of research activities. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Response rate: treatment. [NIH]
The percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after
Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH]
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Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rheumatology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of inflammatory or degenerative processes and metabolic derangement of connective tissue structures which pertain to a variety of musculoskeletal disorders, such as arthritis. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Risk-Taking: Undertaking a task involving a challenge for achievement or a desirable goal in which there is a lack of certainty or a fear of failure. It may also include the exhibiting of certain behaviors whose outcomes may present a risk to the individual or to those associated with him or her. [NIH] Root Caries: Dental caries involving the tooth root, cementum, or cervical area of the tooth. [NIH]
Root Planing: A procedure for smoothing of the roughened root surface or cementum of a tooth after subgingival curettage or scaling, as part of periodontal therapy. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU] Rural Health: The status of health in rural populations. [NIH] Rural Population: The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary Ducts: Any of the ducts which transport saliva. Salivary ducts include the parotid duct, the major and minor sublingual ducts, and the submandibular duct. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or
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maintenance of health. [NIH] Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] School Dentistry: Preventive dental services provided for students in primary and secondary schools. [NIH] School Health Services: Preventive health services provided for students. It excludes college or university students. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Selection Bias: The introduction of error due to systematic differences in the characteristics between those selected and those not selected for a given study. In sampling bias, error is the result of failure to ensure that all members of the reference population have a known chance of selection in the sample. [NIH] Senescence: The bodily and mental state associated with advancing age. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording,
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movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Seroconversion: The change of a serologic test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to infection or immunization. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sign Language: A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skilled Nursing Facilities: Extended care facilities which provide skilled nursing care or rehabilitation services for inpatients on a daily basis. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smiling: A facial expression which may denote feelings of pleasure, affection, amusement, etc. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft,
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used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Class: A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income. [NIH]
Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Isolation: The separation of individuals or groups resulting in the lack of or minimizing of social contact and/or communication. This separation may be accomplished by physical separation, by social barriers and by psychological mechanisms. In the latter, there may be interaction but no real communication. [NIH] Social Sciences: Disciplines concerned with the interrelationships of individuals in a social environment including social organizations and institutions. Includes Sociology and Anthropology. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Social Welfare: Organized institutions which provide services to ameliorate conditions of need or social pathology in the community. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Socioeconomic Factors: Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Sodium Fluoride: A source of inorganic fluoride which is used topically to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatosensory Cortex: Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving general sensations. It lies posterior to the central sulcus. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such
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alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Speech Disorders: Acquired or developmental conditions marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or generate spoken forms of language. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Standardize: To compare with or conform to a standard; to establish standards. [EU] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]
Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke
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may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH]
Students, Dental: Individuals enrolled a school of dentistry or a formal educational program in leading to a degree in dentistry. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Sublingual: Located beneath the tongue. [EU] Submandibular: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU]
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Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tartar: A mass of calcium and magnesium salts deposited around the teeth and upon artificial dentures. [NIH] Tear Gases: Gases that irritate the eyes, throat, or skin. Severe lacrimation develops upon irritation of the eyes. [NIH] Technology Transfer: Spread and adoption of inventions and techniques from one geographic area to another, from one discipline to another, or from one sector of the economy to another. For example, improvements in medical equipment may be transferred from industrial countries to developing countries, advances arising from aerospace engineering may be applied to equipment for persons with disabilities, and innovations in science arising from government research are made available to private enterprise. [NIH] Telomere: A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs. [NIH] Temperament: Predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin:
An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
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(Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Plasminogen Activator: A proteolytic enzyme in the serine protease family found in many tissues which converts plasminogen to plasmin. It has fibrin-binding activity and is immunologically different from urinary plasminogen activator. The primary sequence, composed of 527 amino acids, is identical in both the naturally occurring and synthetic proteases. EC 3.4.21.68. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tooth Demineralization: A tooth's loss of minerals, such as calcium in hydroxyapatite from the tooth matrix, caused by acidic exposure. An example of the occurrence of demineralization is in the formation of dental caries. [NIH] Tooth Fractures: Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root. [NIH] Tooth Injuries: Traumatic or other damage to teeth including fractures (tooth fractures) or displacements (tooth luxation). [NIH] Tooth Loss: The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Tooth Remineralization: Therapeutic technique for replacement of minerals in partially decalcified teeth. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH]
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Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]
Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triage: The sorting out and classification of patients or casualties to determine priority of need and proper place of treatment. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigeminal Nerve: The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the trigeminal ganglion and project to the trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem.
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The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the “personal unconscious”. [NIH] Universal Precautions: Prudent standard preventive measures to be taken by professional and other health personnel in contact with persons afflicted with a communicable disease, to avoid contracting the disease by contagion or infection. Precautions are especially applicable in the diagnosis and care of AIDS patients. [NIH] Urban Population: The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Plasminogen Activator: A proteolytic enzyme that converts plasminogen to plasmin where the preferential cleavage is between arginine and valine. It was isolated originally from human urine, but is found in most tissues of most vertebrates. EC 3.4.21.73. [NIH]
Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond
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to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vaginosis: A condition caused by the overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria (e. g., Gardnerella vaginalis), resulting in vaginal irritation and discharge. [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]
Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Video Recording: The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (videodisc recording). [NIH] Videodisc Recording: The storing of visual and usually sound signals on discs for later reproduction on a television screen or monitor. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Viremia: The presence of viruses in the blood. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vital Statistics: Used for general articles concerning statistics of births, deaths, marriages, etc. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
World Health: The concept pertaining to the health status of inhabitants of the world. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH]
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Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zebrafish: A species of North American fishes of the family Cyprinidae. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development. [NIH] Zoonoses: Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to man or may be transmitted from man to non-human animals. [NIH]
369
INDEX A Abdomen, 315, 324, 351, 354, 379 Abscess, 238, 315 Accommodation, 252, 315, 336 Acculturation, 16, 212, 315 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 296, 315 Acrylonitrile, 315, 374 Activities of Daily Living, 315, 336 Acute Disease, 21, 315 Adaptability, 315, 326 Adaptation, 55, 76, 315, 368 Adjustment, 315 Adolescence, 48, 80, 315, 364 Adolescent Health Services, 9, 316 Adoptive Transfer, 64, 316 Adverse Effect, 63, 316, 377 Affinity, 316, 378 Agar, 316, 367 Age Groups, 316 Age-Adjusted, 57, 316 Aged, 80 and Over, 316 Ageing, 316 Aggravation, 230, 316 Agonist, 316, 361 Agoraphobia, 316, 366 Albumin, 63, 316, 367 Alertness, 8, 317 Algorithms, 317, 323 Alimentary, 317, 363 Alkaline, 317, 324 Alkaloid, 317, 328, 361 Allergen, 317, 335 Allied Health Personnel, 317, 345 Allogeneic, 317 Alpha Particles, 317, 372 Alpha-Defensins, 317, 333 Alternative medicine, 280, 317 Alveolar Bone Loss, 48, 317 Alveoli, 317, 335 Ambulatory Care, 317 Amebiasis, 317, 357 Amino Acid Sequence, 318, 319 Amino Acids, 318, 339, 365, 368, 370, 374, 376, 380, 382, 384 Amniotic Fluid, 318, 343 Amplification, 79, 318 Anaerobic, 75, 77, 318, 386
Anaesthesia, 77, 318 Anal, 318, 354, 359 Analogous, 26, 318, 383 Anaphylatoxins, 318, 329 Anatomical, 38, 318, 338, 349, 376 Anemia, 281, 318 Anesthesia, 318 Angiogenesis, 69, 318, 356 Animal model, 29, 318 Anions, 247, 317, 319, 352 Ankle, 5, 319 Anode, 319 Anomalies, 28, 29, 319, 362 Anorexia, 319, 362 Anthropology, 319, 378 Antibacterial, 32, 59, 319, 336, 379 Antibiotic, 319, 339, 342, 365, 379 Antibodies, 21, 50, 64, 319, 320, 349, 355, 367, 376 Antibody, 7, 19, 32, 50, 52, 64, 316, 319, 329, 347, 349, 350, 356, 358, 376, 379 Antidepressant, 319, 331 Antigen, 52, 316, 319, 329, 333, 347, 348, 349, 350, 356, 376 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 319, 329 Antigen-presenting cell, 319, 333 Anti-infective, 319, 326, 377 Anti-inflammatory, 4, 5, 319 Antimicrobial, 320, 333, 335 Antioxidant, 26, 320, 363 Antiseptic, 231, 320 Anus, 318, 320 Anxiety, 270, 320, 334, 366 Aperture, 320, 371 Aplasia, 320, 337 Apoptosis, 64, 320, 325 Applicability, 21, 320 Approximate, 256, 301, 320 Aqueous, 235, 320, 321, 332 Arterial, 320, 348, 370, 381 Arteries, 320, 323, 331, 354, 357, 359 Ascorbic Acid, 235, 320 Aseptic, 320, 379 Assay, 21, 71, 80, 320 Astringents, 320, 357 Asymptomatic, 7, 317, 320, 346 Attenuated, 320 Auditory, 6, 320, 345
370
Dental Health
Autoantibodies, 63, 320, 321 Autoantigens, 63, 321 Autoimmune disease, 63, 321, 359 Autonomic, 321, 331, 381 Autonomic Nervous System, 321, 331, 381 Autosuggestion, 321, 348 B Bacteremia, 321, 323 Bacterial Physiology, 315, 321 Bactericidal, 321, 340 Bacteriophage, 321, 367 Bacteriostatic, 24, 321, 339 Bacterium, 321, 328 Bacteriuria, 321, 385 Base, 15, 59, 76, 79, 223, 229, 232, 246, 253, 254, 321, 322, 333, 352, 381, 382 Base Sequence, 79, 322 Basement Membrane, 322, 340 Basophils, 322, 353 Behavioral Medicine, 33, 322 Benign, 322, 342, 345, 360, 374, 387 Benzoic Acid, 247, 322 Bereavement, 269, 322 Beta-Defensins, 18, 322, 333 Bewilderment, 322, 330 Bilateral, 27, 322 Bile, 322, 347, 354 Bilirubin, 317, 322 Biochemical, 70, 270, 322, 366 Biofilms, 58, 59, 322 Biological Factors, 18, 322 Biological Sciences, 66, 323 Biomarkers, 14, 323 Biophysics, 323 Biosynthesis, 249, 323, 376 Biotechnology, 59, 266, 280, 289, 323 Biotransformation, 323 Bladder, 255, 323, 359, 370, 385 Blood Coagulation, 323, 324 Blood pressure, 323, 325, 348, 358, 378 Blood vessel, 318, 323, 325, 326, 327, 355, 366, 378, 380, 382, 386 Blood-Borne Pathogens, 323 Body Burden, 20, 324 Body Fluids, 323, 324, 337, 378, 384 Body Image, 48, 324 Body Mass Index, 22, 71, 324 Bone Density, 48, 50, 324 Bone Marrow, 324, 349, 355, 358, 378 Bowel, 318, 324, 351 Brain Stem, 324, 384
Branch, 311, 324, 332, 355, 364, 369, 371, 379 Breakdown, 21, 324, 336, 342 Bronchitis, 324, 327 Buccal, 49, 324 C Calcium, 48, 224, 230, 235, 324, 329, 356, 362, 381, 383 Calcium Sulfate, 230, 324 Candidiasis, 76, 297, 324 Candidosis, 325 Carbohydrate, 223, 325, 343, 368 Carcinogen, 325, 357, 359 Carcinogenic, 325, 350, 370 Cardiac, 325, 338, 359 Cardiovascular, 26, 53, 54, 282, 325, 331 Cardiovascular disease, 26, 325 Cardiovascular System, 325, 331 Career Choice, 67, 325 Case report, 267, 325, 327, 340 Case series, 325, 327 Case-Control Studies, 71, 325 Caspase, 64, 325 Cations, 325, 352 Causal, 325, 351, 382 Cell, 25, 34, 64, 71, 316, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323, 325, 326, 327, 329, 332, 333, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343, 344, 349, 350, 351, 353, 356, 358, 360, 363, 366, 367, 372, 373, 376, 381, 384, 387 Cell Death, 25, 64, 320, 326, 360 Cell Division, 321, 326, 332, 358, 367, 376 Central Nervous System, 321, 326, 328, 331, 342, 344, 345, 359 Cerebral, 303, 324, 326, 340, 341, 360, 363 Cerebral Palsy, 303, 326 Cerebrovascular, 325, 326 Cerebrum, 326 Cervical, 326, 374, 375 Character, 293, 326, 333 Check-up, 41, 326 Chemokines, 20, 326 Chemoprevention, 17, 326 Chemotactic Factors, 326, 329 Child Care, 277, 326 Chlamydia, 60, 326 Chlorhexidine, 24, 32, 61, 326 Cholesterol, 322, 327, 331, 337, 348, 354, 375 Cholinergic, 327, 361 Chromatin, 320, 327, 339 Chromosomal, 318, 327, 367, 375, 381
Index 371
Chromosome, 327, 344, 353, 375, 376, 381 Chronic Disease, 7, 327 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 53, 54, 327 Circulatory system, 78, 327, 338 Citrus, 320, 327 Clinical Medicine, 29, 327, 369 Clinical study, 327 Clinical trial, 13, 19, 26, 49, 289, 291, 327, 330, 367, 370, 372 Clone, 64, 327 Cloning, 52, 323, 327 Cluster Analysis, 17, 327 Coagulation, 323, 327, 344, 346, 367 Cocaine, 328, 331 Coenzyme, 320, 328 Cofactor, 328, 370 Collagen, 322, 328, 356, 370 Collapse, 324, 328 Colloidal, 316, 328 Comatose, 235, 328 Commensal, 76, 328 Communicable disease, 328, 385 Communications Media, 328 Community Health Centers, 14, 328 Comorbidity, 328 Competency, 23, 328 Complement, 34, 318, 329, 343, 367 Complementary and alternative medicine, 211, 215, 329 Complementary medicine, 211, 329 Complete remission, 329, 373 Computational Biology, 80, 289, 329 Computed tomography, 68, 324, 329, 330 Computerized axial tomography, 329, 330 Computerized tomography, 329, 330 Conception, 330, 341, 369, 379 Conduction, 330 Confounding, 20, 23, 330 Confusion, 253, 330, 336 Congenita, 330, 337 Conjugated, 322, 330 Conjunctiva, 330, 350, 352, 384 Connective Tissue, 320, 324, 328, 330, 341, 342, 355, 359, 365, 374, 375 Constriction, 330, 375 Consultation, 14, 330 Consumption, 74, 219, 282, 300, 330, 335, 345, 361, 373 Contamination, 245, 299, 323, 330, 346, 347 Continuum, 67, 330 Contraindications, ii, 330
Control group, 10, 16, 24, 40, 45, 330, 367, 369, 372 Conventional therapy, 19, 331 Conventional treatment, 41, 331 Coordination, 331, 359 Cornea, 331, 352 Coronary, 26, 268, 325, 331, 357, 359 Coronary heart disease, 26, 268, 325, 331 Coronary Thrombosis, 331, 357, 359 Cortex, 38, 331, 340, 341, 360 Cortical, 38, 331 Corticosteroids, 4, 5, 331 Cortisol, 317, 331 Cost Savings, 32, 50, 331 Cotinine, 15, 331 Crack Cocaine, 331 Cranial, 25, 48, 331, 345, 356, 360, 384 Craniofacial Abnormalities, 25, 331 Criterion, 28, 64, 332 Cross-Cultural Comparison, 332 Cross-Sectional Studies, 23, 332 Crowns, 262, 332, 335 Curettage, 332, 374 Cutaneous, 325, 332, 352 Cyclic, 57, 332 Cystatins, 16, 332 Cysteine, 326, 332, 333, 380 Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors, 332 Cytogenetics, 332, 375 Cytokine, 5, 20, 41, 332 Cytoplasm, 320, 322, 332, 339, 358, 374 Cytotoxic, 64, 332 D Dairy Products, 332, 375 Data Collection, 27, 36, 71, 73, 332, 341 Databases, Bibliographic, 289, 332 Decision Making, 333 Decubitus, 333, 377 Decubitus Ulcer, 333, 377 Defense Mechanisms, 50, 64, 333 Defensins, 18, 317, 322, 333 Degenerative, 333, 346, 374 Deletion, 320, 333 Delivery of Health Care, 328, 333, 345 Dementia, 4, 315, 333 Dendrites, 333, 360 Dendritic, 41, 333 Dendritic cell, 41, 333 Density, 22, 48, 246, 324, 333, 337, 354, 362, 378 Dental Abutments, 333, 335 Dental Amalgam, 62, 64, 301, 334
372
Dental Health
Dental Anxiety, 270, 334 Dental Assistants, 7, 13, 334 Dental Care for Children, 37, 41, 278, 334 Dental Clinics, 15, 44, 46, 334 Dental Health Surveys, 334 Dental Hygienists, 13, 15, 17, 43, 57, 238, 334 Dental implant, 27, 38, 50, 334 Dental Instruments, 57, 245, 334 Dental Offices, 270, 334 Dental Plaque, 70, 223, 226, 231, 249, 334 Dental Staff, 334 Dental Waste, 323, 334 Dentifrices, 229, 231, 335 Dentists, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 22, 43, 44, 45, 57, 68, 75, 211, 236, 266, 271, 281, 298, 303, 335 Dentition, 33, 38, 39, 40, 41, 45, 46, 47, 63, 73, 222, 335 Dentures, 27, 244, 253, 335, 381 Deprivation, 335 Dermal, 335, 337, 353 Desensitization, 19, 335 Detergents, 335, 377 Deuterium, 335, 348 Developing Countries, 335, 381 Dextrans, 248, 249, 335 Diabetes Mellitus, 268, 335, 344, 346 Diagnostic procedure, 34, 221, 280, 335 Diagnostic Services, 35, 335 Diastolic, 335, 348 Diathesis, 335, 344 Dietary Fats, 71, 335 Dietitian, 336 Diffusion, 336, 350 Digestion, 78, 317, 322, 324, 336, 351, 354, 379 Dilatation, 336, 369 Direct, iii, 42, 50, 62, 64, 67, 80, 250, 327, 336, 343, 372 Disabled Children, 336 Disaster Planning, 271, 336 Discrimination, 296, 336 Disease Progression, 4, 336 Disinfectant, 254, 326, 336, 340 Disinfection, 299, 336 Disorientation, 330, 336 Disparity, 35, 73, 282, 336 Dispenser, 225, 233, 234, 242, 336 Distal, 242, 243, 256, 336, 371 Domestic Violence, 11, 336 Dorsal, 336, 360, 368
Dosage schedule, 336 Drug Tolerance, 336, 383 Duct, 337, 375 Duodenum, 322, 337, 379 Dysgeusia, 255, 337 Dyslipidemia, 11, 337 Dysplasia, 337 E Eating Disorders, 43, 337 Economics, Hospital, 337 Ectoderm, 337, 360 Ectodermal Dysplasia, 337 Effector, 329, 337 Efficacy, 15, 40, 43, 46, 50, 52, 337, 384 Elasticity, 281, 337 Elective, 337 Electrocoagulation, 328, 337 Electrolysis, 319, 325, 337 Electrolyte, 337, 368, 378 Electrons, 320, 322, 337, 352, 363, 364, 372 Emaciation, 315, 338 Embryo, 337, 338, 369, 379 Embryo Transfer, 338, 369 Embryology, 78, 338 Emergency Medical Services, 338 Emergency Medical Technicians, 338 Emphysema, 327, 338 Empirical, 338 Enamel, 14, 18, 32, 224, 226, 230, 246, 249, 281, 282, 334, 338, 341 Encapsulated, 223, 228, 229, 338 Endemic, 338 Endocarditis, 325, 338 Endocardium, 338 Endocrine System, 338, 339 Endocrinology, 69, 338 Endodontics, 30, 44, 339 Endotoxins, 329, 339, 352 Environmental Health, 53, 54, 288, 290, 339 Enzymatic, 324, 329, 334, 339, 363, 373 Enzyme, 16, 21, 325, 328, 337, 339, 340, 363, 365, 367, 368, 370, 380, 382, 385 Eosinophils, 339, 353 Epidemic, 55, 339 Epidemiological, 14, 58, 212, 217, 339, 340 Epidermal, 339, 353, 387 Epidermis, 337, 339, 353 Epithelial, 322, 339, 346, 365 Epithelial Cells, 322, 339, 346 Erythrocytes, 318, 324, 339 Erythromycin, 60, 339
Index 373
Esophagus, 339, 366, 379 Ethanol, 25, 339, 340 Ethnic Groups, 18, 26, 59, 72, 340 Evacuation, 254, 340 Evoke, 340, 379 Excipient, 324, 340 Exogenous, 323, 332, 340 Extracellular, 21, 249, 322, 330, 340, 356, 378 Extracellular Matrix, 21, 330, 340, 356 Extracellular Space, 340 Extremity, 340 F Facial, 5, 6, 25, 33, 238, 281, 331, 340, 364, 377 Family Health, 272, 340 Family Planning, 272, 289, 340, 352 Fat, 11, 268, 324, 331, 333, 340, 353, 359, 374, 375, 378 Fatal Outcome, 340, 372 Fathers, 340 Fatigue, 57, 340 Fatty acids, 317, 340, 377 Fermentation, 340, 341 Fertilization in Vitro, 340, 369 Fetus, 341, 369, 379, 385 Fibrin, 323, 341, 368, 382 Fibrinogen, 26, 341, 367, 368, 382 Fibrosis, 341, 376 Financial Management, 341 Fish Products, 341, 376 Fissure, 217, 341 Flexor, 341, 353 Fluoridation, 20, 51, 224, 298, 300, 301, 341 Fluorine, 247, 263, 341 Fluorine Compounds, 247, 341 Fluorosis, 38, 300, 301, 341 Focus Groups, 8, 14, 55, 341 Fold, 55, 341 Follicles, 41, 341 Food Habits, 212, 341 Food Preferences, 341 Food Preservatives, 55, 341 Fructose, 341, 342 Fructose Intolerance, 342 Fungemia, 323, 342 Fungi, 18, 342, 357, 358, 387 Fungistatic, 322, 342 Fungus, 324, 342 G Ganglia, 342, 360, 381 Ganglion, 342, 360, 384
Gas, 336, 341, 342, 348, 359, 380 Gastrin, 342, 347 Gastrointestinal, 269, 331, 339, 342, 380, 384 Gastrointestinal tract, 339, 342, 384 Gels, 241, 342, 357 Gene, 13, 18, 29, 52, 79, 266, 323, 343, 344, 368, 376 Genetic Engineering, 323, 327, 343 Genetic Markers, 73, 343 Genetics, 25, 69, 80, 332, 343 Genital, 343, 352, 385 Genomics, 28, 30, 59, 62, 80, 343 Genotype, 69, 343, 366 Geriatric, 276, 343 Gestation, 75, 343, 365, 379 Gestational, 50, 343 Gestational Age, 50, 343 Gestures, 4, 343, 377 Giardiasis, 343, 357 Gland, 8, 14, 343, 355, 363, 364, 370, 376, 379, 380, 382 Glucans, 249, 343 Gluconeogenesis, 342, 343 Glucose, 248, 249, 320, 335, 343, 344, 346, 351 Glucose Intolerance, 335, 343 Glutamic Acid, 344, 370 Glycine, 322, 344, 376 Glycogen, 326, 344 Glycoprotein, 341, 344 Gonorrhea, 60, 299, 344 Governing Board, 344, 369 Grade, 11, 217, 218, 219, 226, 231, 277, 298, 344 Graft, 344, 347, 349 Gram-negative, 326, 344 Gravidity, 344, 364 Group Homes, 69, 344 Growth, 5, 11, 45, 49, 75, 78, 223, 226, 236, 255, 281, 315, 316, 318, 319, 320, 321, 326, 335, 342, 344, 347, 353, 355, 360, 367, 386 H Habitual, 326, 344 Haematuria, 344 Haemophilia, 344 Hair Cells, 345, 356 Halitosis, 222, 255, 345 Handwashing, 299, 345 Headache, 345, 350 Health Care Costs, 43, 345
374
Dental Health
Health Care Sector, 345 Health Expenditures, 345 Health Fairs, 259, 345 Health Manpower, 345 Health Planning, 345 Health Policy, 26, 29, 37, 51, 75, 345 Health Promotion, 8, 9, 11, 12, 30, 76, 269, 292, 346 Health Resources, iv, 12, 31, 261, 271, 298, 346 Health Status Indicators, 346 Heart attack, 325, 346 Hematology, 37, 346 Hemoglobin, 318, 339, 346 Hemorrhage, 337, 345, 346, 380 Hemostasis, 5, 346 Hepatic, 317, 342, 346 Hepatitis, 6, 7, 298, 299, 346, 347, 350, 386 Hepatitis A, 7, 346 Hepatitis C, 7, 346 Hepatocytes, 346 Hepatovirus, 346, 347 Hereditary, 337, 347, 365 Heredity, 343, 347 Herpes, 19, 297, 299, 347 Herpes Zoster, 347 Heterogeneity, 316, 347 Heterogenic, 347 Heterogenous, 6, 347 Heterotrophic, 342, 347 Histology, 347, 365 Homogeneous, 330, 347 Homologous, 332, 347, 376, 381 Hormone, 22, 331, 342, 347, 351, 374, 382 Hospitals, Community, 272, 347 Host, 19, 41, 50, 52, 64, 70, 73, 77, 79, 321, 325, 328, 333, 347, 349, 385, 386 Housekeeping, 344, 347 Human papillomavirus, 347 Humoral, 47, 347 Humour, 347 Hybrid, 13, 19, 327, 347, 348 Hybridization, 19, 77, 79, 348 Hydration, 324, 348 Hydrogen, 249, 322, 325, 335, 348, 354, 358, 361, 363, 365, 371 Hydrophobic, 226, 335, 348, 354 Hygienic, 225, 246, 248, 348, 377 Hypercholesterolemia, 337, 348 Hyperlipidemia, 337, 348 Hyperplasia, 348, 353 Hypersensitivity, 317, 335, 348, 374
Hypertension, 10, 11, 325, 345, 348, 382 Hypertriglyceridemia, 337, 348 Hypoglycemia, 342, 348 Hypoplasia, 337, 348 Hysterectomy, 10, 348 I Iatrogenic, 269, 348 Id, 209, 215, 224, 303, 310, 312, 348 Immune function, 34, 348 Immune response, 47, 50, 319, 321, 348, 349, 380, 385, 386 Immune Sera, 349 Immune system, 34, 319, 348, 349, 355, 359, 360, 385, 387 Immunity, 7, 62, 315, 333, 349, 383 Immunization, 7, 52, 316, 349, 376 Immunodeficiency, 47, 296, 297, 298, 299, 315, 349 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 299, 349 Immunoglobulin, 319, 349, 358 Immunologic, 316, 326, 343, 349 Immunology, 34, 39, 58, 59, 69, 80, 316, 349 Immunosuppressive, 4, 349 Immunotherapy, 316, 335, 349 Impairment, 8, 275, 322, 349, 357 In situ, 32, 349 In vitro, 338, 349, 376 Incision, 349, 351 Incisor, 222, 227, 349 Indicative, 260, 349, 364, 386 Infancy, 39, 349 Infant Care, 272, 350 Infant Mortality, 350 Infant, Newborn, 316, 350 Infarction, 350 Infection Control, 7, 299, 350 Infectious Mononucleosis, 350, 358 Infiltration, 19, 350 Influenza, 299, 350 Information Systems, 350 Informed Consent, 48, 49, 350 Ingestion, 39, 55, 61, 255, 342, 345, 350, 368 Initiation, 57, 350, 383 Inlay, 350, 373 Inorganic, 64, 341, 350, 359, 378 Inpatients, 351, 377 Insight, 26, 71, 271, 351 Insulator, 351, 359 Insulin, 351 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 351 Interleukin-1, 69, 351
Index 375
Interleukin-2, 351 Intermittent, 253, 351, 354 Internal Medicine, 338, 346, 351, 374 Interstitial, 234, 340, 351 Intervention Studies, 74, 351 Intestinal, 317, 351, 355 Intestine, 324, 351, 377, 379 Intracellular, 350, 351, 368 Intraindividual, 351 Intramuscular, 344, 351, 363 Intravenous, 342, 351, 363 Invasive, 45, 48, 297, 349, 351 Involution, 34, 351 Ions, 224, 321, 337, 348, 352, 364 Iris, 331, 352, 371 Irrigation, 234, 352 Irritants, 50, 352 J Joint, 4, 5, 62, 69, 292, 304, 341, 352, 355 K Kb, 288, 352 Keratoconjunctivitis, 352 Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, 352 Keratolytic, 334, 352 Keto, 248, 352 Kinetic, 352, 364 Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, 57, 352 L Labile, 329, 352 Labyrinth, 352, 363 Laceration, 352, 382 Lacrimal, 352 Least-Squares Analysis, 352, 373 Leflunomide, 5, 353 Lesion, 353, 354 Leukemia, 353 Leukocytes, 21, 322, 324, 326, 339, 353, 358, 365 Leukoplakia, 297, 353 Library Services, 310, 353 Lice, 10, 353 Lichen Planus, 8, 353 Life cycle, 342, 353 Ligaments, 331, 353, 359 Ligands, 70, 353 Likelihood Functions, 353, 373 Linear Models, 353, 373 Linkage, 59, 60, 72, 343, 353 Lip, 42, 281, 296, 353, 356 Lipid, 351, 352, 353, 354, 359, 363 Lipid Peroxidation, 353, 363 Lipopolysaccharide, 70, 344, 354
Lipoprotein, 337, 344, 354 Litter, 8, 354 Liver, 7, 317, 322, 344, 346, 354 Liver Transplantation, 7, 354 Localization, 6, 18, 354 Localized, 223, 257, 334, 338, 350, 353, 354, 367, 375, 382 Logistic Models, 354, 373 Longitudinal Studies, 14, 41, 332, 354 Longitudinal study, 23, 354 Long-Term Care, 76, 354 Loop, 278, 354 Low-density lipoprotein, 337, 354 Luxation, 355, 383 Lymph, 326, 327, 347, 350, 355, 375, 380 Lymph node, 326, 355, 375 Lymphatic, 350, 355, 374, 378, 382 Lymphatic system, 355, 374, 378, 382 Lymphoblastic, 355 Lymphocyte, 315, 319, 355, 356 Lymphocyte Count, 315, 355 Lymphoid, 41, 64, 319, 331, 355 Lymphoma, 355 M Macrophage, 351, 355 Maintenance therapy, 355 Malabsorption, 269, 355 Malignant, 315, 355, 360, 375 Malnutrition, 268, 271, 317, 355 Mandible, 27, 317, 355, 373 Man-made, 246, 355 Mastication, 6, 24, 356, 384 Matrix metalloproteinase, 356, 361 Maxillary, 356, 384 Maxillary Nerve, 356, 384 Meat, 335, 356, 375 Meat Products, 335, 356 Mechanoreceptors, 38, 345, 356 Mediate, 249, 356 Mediator, 69, 70, 351, 356 Medical Staff, 347, 356 Medicament, 240, 241, 356, 380 MEDLINE, 4, 290, 356 Membrane, 329, 330, 344, 356, 359, 360, 362, 365, 366, 384 Memory, 4, 34, 319, 333, 356 Meninges, 326, 357 Menopause, 357, 368 Mental Health, iv, 9, 11, 12, 31, 43, 44, 269, 288, 291, 293, 299, 357, 361, 371 Mental Health Services, iv, 9, 11, 12, 31, 291, 293, 357
376
Dental Health
Mental Processes, 357, 371 Mental Retardation, 357 Menthol, 247, 357 Mentors, 28, 44, 59, 66, 67, 80, 357 Mercury, 59, 62, 64, 301, 334, 357 Methionine, 357, 380 Metronidazole, 60, 77, 357 MI, 313, 357 Microbe, 20, 357, 383 Microbicide, 236, 357 Microbiological, 47, 69, 78, 357 Microbiology, 34, 39, 59, 78, 80, 315, 321, 322, 357 Microorganism, 328, 357, 364 Micro-organism, 334, 358 Microspheres, 32, 358 Migration, 23, 358, 365 Milliliter, 324, 358 Mineralization, 358, 362 Minority Groups, 358 Mitosis, 320, 358 Modeling, 63, 358 Modification, 6, 343, 358, 371 Molecule, 319, 321, 328, 329, 337, 341, 358, 361, 363, 367, 372 Monitor, 15, 358, 361, 386 Monoclonal, 32, 64, 358 Monocytes, 20, 351, 353, 358 Mononuclear, 350, 358 Mononucleosis, 299, 358 Morphogenesis, 25, 359 Morphological, 316, 338, 342, 359 Morphology, 33, 54, 346, 359 Moths, 47, 359 Motivations, 48, 359 Mucins, 16, 334, 359, 375 Mucosa, 27, 267, 359 Mucus, 359 Multiple sclerosis, 303, 359 Multivariate Analysis, 359 Musculoskeletal Diseases, 70, 359 Mustard Gas, 352, 359 Myalgia, 350, 359 Myelin, 359 Myocardial infarction, 331, 357, 359 Myocardium, 357, 359 N Naive, 34, 359 Nasal Mucosa, 350, 360 Necrosis, 320, 350, 357, 359, 360 Needs Assessment, 16, 43, 56, 360 Neocortex, 38, 360
Neonatal, 14, 37, 49, 60, 350, 360 Neoplasm, 360, 375 Nerve, 318, 333, 342, 356, 359, 360, 364, 376, 379, 382, 384 Nervous System, 53, 54, 321, 326, 345, 356, 360, 372, 380, 381 Networks, 16, 328, 360 Neural, 16, 25, 347, 356, 360 Neural Crest, 25, 360 Neurology, 37, 360 Neuronal, 4, 360 Neurons, 38, 328, 333, 342, 360, 361, 381 Neurosis, 360, 366 Neurosurgery, 268, 360 Neutralization, 226, 249, 360 Neutrons, 317, 361, 372 Neutrophil, 21, 68, 361 Neutrophil Collagenase, 21, 361 Nicotine, 15, 302, 361 Nonverbal Communication, 4, 361 Nuclear, 338, 342, 356, 360, 361 Nuclei, 317, 338, 343, 358, 361, 371, 374 Nucleic acid, 322, 348, 361, 371 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 348, 361 Nucleus, 320, 321, 322, 327, 332, 335, 339, 358, 361, 371, 384 Nurse Practitioners, 17, 57, 361 Nursing Care, 361, 377 Nursing Services, 269, 361 Nursing Staff, 361 Nutritional Status, 269, 270, 361 O Occupational Groups, 361 Occupational Health, 43, 361 Odds Ratio, 362, 373 Ointments, 362, 377 On-line, 313, 362 Opacity, 333, 362 Ophthalmic, 362, 384 Opportunistic Infections, 297, 315, 362 Oral Manifestations, 5, 362 Organelles, 332, 358, 362 Organization and Administration, 361, 362 Orofacial, 49, 362 Orthodontics, 30, 44, 276, 362 Osmotic, 316, 362 Ossicles, 362, 363 Osteomalacia, 268, 362 Osteoporosis, 20, 23, 53, 54, 362 Otitis, 363 Otitis Media, 363
Index 377
Otosclerosis, 20, 363 Outpatient, 363 Ovum, 343, 353, 363 Oxidation, 320, 323, 354, 363 Oxidative Stress, 53, 54, 64, 363 P Palate, 42, 296, 363 Palliative, 363 Pancreas, 323, 351, 363, 384 Papain, 332, 363 Papillomavirus, 363 Parasitic, 353, 363 Parenteral, 269, 363 Parietal, 363, 378 Parietal Lobe, 363, 378 Parity, 364 Parotid, 364, 375 Partial remission, 364, 373 Particle, 356, 364, 378 Particle Accelerators, 356, 364 Partnership Practice, 364, 369 Patch, 353, 364 Pathogen, 7, 76, 78, 364 Pathogenesis, 25, 41, 64, 364 Pathologic, 320, 325, 331, 348, 364, 373 Pathologic Processes, 320, 364 Pathophysiology, 4, 364 Patient Advocacy, 42, 69, 364 Patient Compliance, 276, 364 Patient Education, 8, 276, 296, 308, 310, 313, 364 Patient Participation, 364 Patient Satisfaction, 27, 364 Pediatrics, 14, 24, 29, 364 Peer Review, 22, 31, 207, 364 Penicillamine, 5, 365 Penicillin, 365, 386 Peptide, 18, 52, 365, 368, 370 Perception, 26, 47, 73, 270, 365 Perennial, 365, 384 Perinatal, 60, 350, 365 Periodontal Index, 365 Periodontal Ligament, 222, 365 Periodontal Pocket, 21, 238, 365 Periodontics, 21, 39, 40, 44, 50, 68, 70, 365 Periodontitis, 19, 21, 22, 41, 47, 48, 49, 50, 68, 70, 75, 77, 79, 222, 365 Peripheral blood, 20, 365 Peroxidase, 16, 353, 365 Peroxide, 354, 365 Pest Control, 268, 365 PH, 324, 365
Pharmacodynamics, 366 Pharmacokinetic, 366 Pharmacologic, 318, 366, 383 Pharynx, 350, 366 Phenotype, 29, 33, 366 Phobia, 44, 366 Phobic Disorders, 366 Phospholipids, 340, 354, 366 Phosphorus, 324, 366 Photocoagulation, 328, 366 Physical Examination, 5, 326, 343, 366 Physical Fitness, 10, 366 Physician Assistants, 366 Physiologic, 4, 316, 323, 367, 372, 373 Physiology, 4, 16, 69, 78, 323, 339, 346, 365, 367 Pigment, 228, 229, 322, 367 Pilot Projects, 34, 35, 56, 367 Pilot study, 15, 21, 43, 50, 58, 74, 75, 214, 367 Placebos, 60, 367 Plants, 317, 323, 327, 328, 333, 343, 359, 367, 383, 384 Plasma, 316, 319, 335, 341, 343, 346, 367, 368 Plasma cells, 319, 367 Plasma protein, 316, 367 Plasma Volume, 335, 367 Plasmid, 52, 367 Plasmin, 367, 368, 382, 385 Plasminogen, 367, 368, 382, 385 Plasticity, 38, 368 Platinum, 354, 368 Poisoning, 357, 368 Polyarthritis, 5, 352, 368 Polymers, 249, 322, 335, 368, 370, 380 Polypeptide, 318, 328, 341, 348, 367, 368 Polysaccharide, 319, 368 Port, 234, 368 Port-a-cath, 368 Posterior, 318, 336, 352, 363, 368, 378 Postmenopausal, 22, 362, 368 Postnatal, 14, 368 Potassium, 235, 368, 377 Potentiates, 351, 368 Practicability, 369, 384 Practice Guidelines, 293, 369 Precursor, 52, 337, 339, 368, 369, 386 Pregnancy Outcome, 60, 75, 369 Pregnancy Tests, 343, 369 Prenatal, 10, 14, 49, 60, 75, 276, 338, 369 Prenatal Care, 10, 276, 369
378
Dental Health
Prevalence, 6, 24, 27, 38, 40, 46, 47, 55, 60, 61, 73, 79, 301, 362, 365, 369 Preventive Dentistry, 264, 369 Primary endpoint, 61, 63, 369 Private Practice, 66, 369 Private Sector, 46, 369 Probe, 21, 47, 80, 365, 369 Program Development, 218, 270, 292, 369 Progression, 23, 45, 318, 370 Progressive, 22, 49, 50, 56, 223, 333, 336, 344, 352, 360, 370 Projection, 252, 333, 370 Proline, 16, 328, 370 Promoter, 49, 370 Prone, 18, 370 Prophylaxis, 7, 334, 370, 385 Proportional, 27, 226, 364, 370 Prospective study, 72, 75, 354, 370 Prostate, 323, 370, 384 Prosthesis, 27, 334, 370 Prosthodontics, 27, 30, 44, 370 Protease, 370, 382 Protein C, 317, 318, 321, 354, 370 Protein S, 266, 323, 339, 370, 374 Proteolytic, 329, 341, 363, 368, 370, 382, 385 Protocol, 8, 41, 367, 370 Protons, 317, 348, 364, 371, 372 Protozoa, 357, 358, 371 Proximal, 243, 256, 336, 371 Pruritic, 353, 371 Psychiatric, 53, 54, 371 Psychiatry, 371 Psychology, 33, 38, 45, 263, 371 Psychopathology, 371 Public Policy, 51, 264, 289, 297, 371 Publishing, 8, 31, 271, 371 Pulse, 282, 358, 371 Pupil, 331, 371 Purines, 322, 371, 376 Purulent, 315, 371, 386 Q Quality of Life, 4, 25, 43, 47, 72, 77, 270, 371 Quiescent, 21, 371 R Rabies, 10, 372 Race, 16, 57, 72, 75, 270, 358, 372 Radiation, 228, 355, 357, 372, 387 Radioactive, 324, 348, 355, 361, 372 Radiography, 49, 50, 343, 372 Random Allocation, 372
Randomization, 63, 372 Randomized, 15, 24, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 60, 62, 76, 77, 337, 372 Randomized clinical trial, 46, 48, 49, 76, 372 Receptor, 70, 315, 319, 372 Recombinant, 7, 52, 372 Recombination, 343, 372 Recurrence, 77, 326, 372 Refer, 1, 15, 43, 324, 329, 342, 347, 354, 358, 359, 361, 372 Refraction, 372, 379 Refractory, 19, 337, 373 Regimen, 337, 364, 373 Regression Analysis, 11, 373 Relative risk, 71, 75, 373 Remission, 5, 355, 372, 373 Reproduction Techniques, 369, 373 Research Design, 46, 59, 373 Research Support, 22, 34, 36, 67, 373 Resorption, 317, 365, 373 Respiration, 358, 373 Response rate, 63, 373 Restoration, 19, 63, 332, 370, 373, 375 Retinal, 336, 373 Retrograde, 352, 374 Retrospective, 39, 46, 51, 75, 374 Rheumatism, 374 Rheumatoid, 4, 281, 374 Rheumatoid arthritis, 4, 281, 374 Rheumatology, 5, 70, 374 Ribosome, 374, 384 Risk patient, 17, 374 Risk-Taking, 9, 374 Root Caries, 18, 374 Root Planing, 50, 374 Rubber, 222, 225, 233, 236, 242, 243, 256, 315, 374 Rubella, 299, 374 Rural Health, 375 Rural Population, 24, 375 S Saline, 61, 375 Saliva, 4, 5, 15, 17, 18, 20, 55, 71, 223, 226, 231, 237, 245, 247, 264, 281, 335, 375 Salivary, 8, 14, 16, 18, 21, 46, 63, 213, 226, 249, 334, 375, 380, 387 Salivary Ducts, 21, 375 Salivary glands, 334, 375 Sanitary, 225, 246, 375 Sanitation, 268, 375 Sarcoma, 297, 375
Index 379
Satellite, 35, 59, 375 Saturated fat, 268, 375 School Dentistry, 375 School Health Services, 12, 375 Scleroderma, 281, 375 Sclerosis, 359, 376 Screening, 15, 17, 63, 299, 327, 376, 385 Seafood, 64, 376 Sebaceous, 352, 376 Sebaceous gland, 352, 376 Secretion, 18, 226, 347, 351, 352, 359, 376 Sediment, 376, 385 Segregation, 38, 321, 372, 376 Selection Bias, 51, 376 Senescence, 34, 376 Senile, 235, 362, 376 Sensibility, 318, 376 Sensor, 376 Sequencing, 79, 376 Serine, 376, 382 Seroconversion, 7, 376 Serologic, 376 Serology, 7, 37, 376 Serum, 19, 50, 60, 75, 316, 318, 329, 349, 354, 376 Sex Characteristics, 315, 377, 382 Shock, 377, 384 Side effect, 226, 269, 316, 377, 383 Sign Language, 276, 377 Signs and Symptoms, 8, 373, 377 Skeletal, 22, 53, 54, 377 Skeleton, 6, 352, 377 Skilled Nursing Facilities, 235, 377 Skin Care, 267, 377 Skull, 25, 33, 377, 382 Small intestine, 337, 343, 347, 351, 377 Smiling, 225, 377 Soaps, 377 Social Class, 377 Social Environment, 13, 371, 378 Social Isolation, 269, 378 Social Sciences, 25, 378 Social Support, 15, 378 Social Welfare, 271, 378 Social Work, 5, 378 Socioeconomic Factors, 282, 378 Sodium, 223, 235, 377, 378 Sodium Bicarbonate, 223, 378 Sodium Fluoride, 235, 378 Soft tissue, 324, 377, 378 Solid tumor, 318, 378 Solvent, 340, 362, 378
Somatic, 315, 347, 358, 378 Somatosensory Cortex, 38, 378 Sound wave, 330, 378 Specialist, 297, 304, 379 Species, 19, 41, 64, 69, 77, 79, 80, 317, 326, 347, 348, 358, 363, 372, 379, 380, 384, 386, 387 Specificity, 18, 45, 316, 379 Spectrum, 28, 34, 59, 379 Speech Disorders, 6, 379 Spinal cord, 324, 326, 327, 342, 357, 360, 379, 381 Spirochete, 379, 381 Spontaneous Abortion, 369, 379 Squamous, 379 Standardize, 17, 379 Sterility, 245, 379 Sterilization, 245, 299, 379 Steroids, 331, 379 Stillbirth, 60, 369, 379 Stimulus, 269, 366, 379, 382 Stomach, 282, 339, 342, 347, 366, 377, 379 Streptococcal, 379 Streptococci, 24, 55, 58, 80, 379 Streptococcus, 16, 51, 80, 226, 249, 379, 380 Stress, 6, 10, 57, 64, 321, 331, 363, 374, 380 Stroke, 26, 38, 235, 239, 268, 279, 288, 325, 380 Students, Dental, 24, 380 Styrene, 374, 380 Subacute, 350, 380 Subclinical, 350, 380 Subcutaneous, 344, 363, 380 Sublingual, 375, 380 Submandibular, 375, 380 Subspecies, 379, 380 Substance P, 324, 339, 376, 380 Substrate, 246, 380 Suction, 234, 253, 254, 380 Sulfur, 78, 357, 380 Supplementation, 213, 300, 380 Support group, 380 Suppositories, 357, 380 Suppression, 80, 381 Sympathetic Nervous System, 321, 360, 381 Synaptic, 361, 381 Synaptic Transmission, 361, 381 Syphilis, 299, 381 Systemic, 5, 22, 47, 50, 60, 75, 241, 300, 323, 325, 350, 375, 378, 381, 383 Systemic disease, 60, 381
380
Dental Health
Systolic, 348, 381 T Tachycardia, 321, 381 Tachypnea, 321, 381 Tartar, 222, 230, 231, 237, 381 Tear Gases, 352, 381 Technology Transfer, 29, 37, 381 Telomere, 344, 381 Temperament, 58, 382 Temporal, 23, 382 Testosterone, 20, 382 Tetani, 382 Tetanic, 382 Tetanus, 299, 382 Threshold, 348, 382 Thrombin, 341, 370, 382 Thrombosis, 370, 380, 382 Thymus, 349, 355, 382 Thyroxine, 317, 382 Tin, 334, 368, 382 Tinnitus, 363, 382 Tissue Plasminogen Activator, 26, 382 Tolerance, 55, 315, 343, 383 Tomography, 383 Tooth Demineralization, 223, 226, 383 Tooth Fractures, 57, 383 Tooth Injuries, 383 Tooth Loss, 23, 26, 38, 47, 51, 231, 271, 302, 383 Tooth Preparation, 315, 383 Tooth Remineralization, 226, 383 Topical, 24, 240, 241, 320, 326, 340, 363, 377, 378, 383 Toxic, iv, 53, 54, 64, 349, 361, 380, 383 Toxicity, 53, 54, 59, 65, 357, 383 Toxicokinetics, 383 Toxicology, 53, 54, 59, 263, 290, 383 Toxins, 244, 319, 339, 350, 383 Trace element, 341, 382, 383 Transcription Factors, 64, 383 Transfection, 323, 383 Transfer Factor, 349, 383 Transfusion, 346, 383 Translation, 46, 339, 384 Translational, 384 Translocation, 339, 384 Transmitter, 356, 384, 386 Transplantation, 338, 349, 384 Trauma, 268, 345, 360, 382, 384 Treatment Outcome, 25, 384 Trees, 209, 374, 384 Triage, 384
Trichomoniasis, 357, 384 Trigeminal, 356, 384 Trigeminal Nerve, 384 Tuberculosis, 299, 330, 384 Tumor marker, 323, 384 U Ultrasonography, 343, 385 Unconscious, 333, 348, 385 Universal Precautions, 7, 298, 385 Urban Population, 385 Ureters, 385 Urethra, 255, 370, 385 Urinalysis, 37, 385 Urinary, 63, 255, 321, 382, 385 Urinary Plasminogen Activator, 382, 385 Urinary tract, 255, 321, 385 Urinary tract infection, 255, 321, 385 Urine, 63, 255, 321, 323, 344, 385 Urogenital, 344, 385 Uterus, 326, 348, 385, 386 V Vaccination, 7, 385 Vaccine, 7, 52, 59, 371, 385 Vagina, 60, 325, 386 Vaginal, 60, 386 Vaginitis, 325, 386 Vaginosis, 60, 386 Valine, 365, 385, 386 Valves, 248, 386 Vascular, 70, 350, 386 Vein, 351, 361, 364, 375, 386 Venereal, 381, 386 Venous, 370, 386 Vertigo, 363, 386 Veterinary Medicine, 290, 386 Video Recording, 275, 386 Videodisc Recording, 386 Viral, 7, 26, 350, 372, 386, 387 Viral Hepatitis, 7, 386 Viremia, 323, 386 Virulence, 16, 81, 320, 383, 386 Virus, 7, 47, 296, 297, 298, 315, 321, 343, 346, 347, 350, 367, 374, 386 Vital Statistics, 57, 266, 386 W War, 290, 359, 386 Warts, 297, 347, 387 White blood cell, 319, 350, 353, 355, 359, 361, 367, 387 World Health, 266, 267, 268, 313, 387 X Xenograft, 319, 387
Index 381
Xerostomia, 4, 5, 352, 387 X-ray, 49, 68, 75, 276, 324, 329, 330, 356, 361, 387
Y Yeasts, 325, 342, 366, 387 Z Zebrafish, 25, 387 Zoonoses, 372, 387
382
Dental Health
Index 383
384
Dental Health
